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Buenos  Aires. 


THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 

4£3 


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CountingsI^oujSc  dcDition. 

A 

DICTIONARY 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE, 

EXPLANATORY,  PRONOUNCING,  ETYMOLOGICAL, 

AND  SYNONYMOUS. 

WITH  AN  APPENDIX  CONTAINING  COMMERCIAL  AND  OTHER  USEFUL  TABLES. 
MAINLY  ABRIDGED  FROM  THE  LATEST  EDITION  OF  THE  QUARTO  DICTIONARY  OF 

NOAH  WEBSTER;  LL.  D., 

By  WILLIAM  G.  WEBSTER 

AND  * 

WILLIAM  A  WHEELER 

^Hus'tratctr  fcottl)  more  tljan:  Ojrec  iiRmtfrctf  antf  Jptftj?  (£nrjralmicj£  ou  Oiloott. 


* 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO- 

IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &  CO. 

G.  &  C.  MERRIAM,  SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 

1881. 


/ 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1867,  by 

G.  &  C.  Merriam, 


in  tiie  Clerk’s  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


1 


N4  A 


PREFACE. 


This  work,  originally  prepared  by  Mr.  William  G.  Webster,  with  the  co-oper¬ 
ation  of  the  late  Professor  Chauncey  A.  Goodrich  of  Yale  College,  was  first  pub¬ 
lished  in  1856.  While  it  was  framed  with  a  particular  reference  to  the  wants  of 
students  in  our  colleges,  academies,  and  other  advanced  schools,  and  also  of  those 
engaged  in  private  study,  it  was  at  the  same  time  designed  for  use  in  the  family,  the 
office,  and  the  counting-house,  and  among  all  who  might  desire  to  obtain  a  com¬ 
prehensive  dictionary  of  small  size  and  cost. 

The  present  revision  has  been  made  by  Mr.  William  A.  Wheeler,  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  revised  edition  of  Webster’s  Quarto  Dictionary  issued  in  1864.  Keep¬ 
ing  in  view  the  general  plan  of  the  abridgment  as  just  stated,  he  has  not  only  brought 
the  work  into  full  conformity  with  the  revised  Quarto,  but  has  considerably  enlarged 
its  scope,  and  proportionally  increased  its  usefulness. 

In  its  present  form,  this  volume  comjirises  a  copious  and  careful  selection  of 
English  words  in  actual  use  at  the  present  day,  shows  their  correct  orthography  and 
pronunciation,  gives  their  etymology  in  a  concise  manner,  and  exhibits  their  various 
shades  of  signification  by  means  of  formal  definition  conveyed  for  the  most  part  in 
brief  descriptive  sentences  or  clauses.  In  some  thousands  of  cases,  a  list  of  Syn¬ 
onyms,  printed  in  a  separate  paragraph  and  in  smaller  type,  is  subjoined  to  the  defini¬ 
tions  ;  and,  in  addition,  synonymous  words,  to  the  number  of  about  seventeen  hun¬ 
dred,  are  carefully  discriminated  in  nearly  six  hundred  distinct  articles.  Wood-cuts, 
selected  and  engraved  expressly  for  the  work,  have  been  freely  introduced,  not  as 
mere  embellishments,  but  for  the  purpose  of  leading  to  a  better  understanding  of 
the  terms  under  which  they  occur.  The  Introduction  contains  a  concise  and  authen¬ 
tic  exposition  of  the  subject  of  English  orthoepy,  a  very  full  collection  of  Rules  for 
Spelling,  and  an  explanatory  list  of  Prefixes  and  Suffixes,  with  appropriate  examples 
of  their  use.  The  character  and  range  of  the  Appendix  will  be  best  understood  by 
referring  to  the  various  Tables  included  in  it,  or  by  an  inspection  of  the  Contents 
on  page  v.  Its  leading  object,  however,  is  to  add  to  the  value  of  the  work  as  a 

oh) 


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>0  jH  lT\  Ct 

*VV 


PREFACE. 


MM 


IV 


popular  manual  of  -reference,  by  presenting  in  a  form  adapted  for  ready  consultation 
pronouncing  vocabularies  of  proper  names,  and  brief  explanations  of  certain  other 
matters  concerning  which  information  is  often  desired  by  readers  and  writers  of 
every  class. 


The  attention  of  bankers ,  merchants ,  and  business  men  in  general ,  is  particularly 
requested  to  the  Commercial  Tables  on  pages  549-630.  These  tables  are  in  part 
the  products  of  original  research,  and  in  part  they  are  compilations  from  the  best 
sources.  The  portion  relating  to  Money,  Weights,  and  Measures  has  been  prepared 
by  Mr.  E.  B.  Elliott,  of  the  United  States  Treasury  Department,  at  Washington,  a 
gentleman  well  known  as  a  statistician  and  cambist.  Mr.  Elliott  has  also  revised  with 
scrupulous  care  the  proof-sheets  of  this  portion  of  the  work,  which,  the  Editor  confi¬ 
dently  believes,  will  be  found  comprehensive,  practical,  and  thoroughly  satisfactory. 
The  “  T  ible  giving  the  Currency,  Rate  of  Interest,  Penalty  for  Usury,  and  Laws  in 
regard  to  the  Collection  of  Debts,”  etc.,  presents  in  a  small  compass  much  useful 
information,  and  supplies  a  want  not  filled  by  any  other  similar  work  of  reference. 

Such  are  the  chief  features  of  this  Dictionary,  which,  as  it  now  stands,  revised  in 
all  its  departments,  and  enriched  by  many  important  additions,  considerably  exceeds 
its  original  limits ;  the  size  of  the  page  having  been  somewhat  increased,  and  more 
than  one  hundred  pages  added  to  the  number  contained  in  the  former  edition. 

In  the  arrangement  of  words,  while  a  strict  alphabetical  order  is  followed,  words 
of  the  same  form  —  whether  etymologically  related  or  not  — ■  are  not  treated  in  dis¬ 
tinct  articles,  but  the  definition  of  one  immediately  follows  that  of  another  in  the 
same  paragraph,  being  separated  from  it  only  by  a  dash;  as,  “ Ab^o-rig'i-nal,  a. 
First  or  primitive. — n.  A  first  or  original  inhabitant.”  This  has  been  done  to 
save  space ;  but  the  inspector  will  find  that  facility  of  reference  has  not  been  sacri¬ 
ficed  to  the  necessity  for  compression. 

In  submitting  this  work  to  the  judgment  of  the  public,  the  Editor  indulges  the 
hope  that  the  protracted  labor  and  unremitting  care  he  has  bestowed  upon  it  have 
resulted  in  the  production  of  a  Dictionary  which  will  be  found  to  answer  all  the 
purposes  for  which  it  is  intended. 

v  Wiliiam  A.  Wheeler. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

KEY  TO  THE  PRONUNCIATION . vi 

PRINCIPLES  OP  PRONUNCIATION . .  vii  to  xxii 

Vowels, . vii 

VOWELS  IN  MONOSYLLABLES  AND  ACCENTED  SYLLABLES, . vii 

REGULAR  OR  PROPER  DIPHTHONGS, . xi 

VOWELS  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES . •  .  .  .  .  xi 

SILENT  VOWELS . xii 

Consonants . xiii 

ASSIMILATION  OF  CONSONANTS . xix 

DUPLICATION  OF  CONSONANTS . xix 

Accent  ...  . . f  xix 

DIVIDED  USAGE . xix 

DISSYLLABLES .  XX 

TRISYLLABLES  AND  POLYSYLLABLES  . . XX 

Syllabication . xxii 

RULES  FOR  SPELLING  CERTAIN  CLASSES  OF  AVORDS . xxii  to  xxvi 

PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES  . xxvii  to  xxxi 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  EXPLANATIONS .  xxxii 


A  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  .  .  .  .  1  to  486 


APPENDIX. 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES .  487  to  495 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES .  496  to  601 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARIES  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  '  AND  BIOGRAPHICAL 

NAMES .  602  to  619 

ELEMENTS  OF  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  MODERN  LANGUAGES  OF 

CONTINENTAL  EUROPE  502 

EXPLANATION  OF  ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS  .  .  .  . . 504 

VOCABULARY  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES . 505 

Vocabulary  of  Modern  Biographical  Names . 514 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY  OF  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN  NAMES,  WITH  THEIR  DERIVA¬ 
TION,  SIGNIFICATION,  Etc .  .  520  to  525 

Names  of  Men  - . 520 

Names  of  Women  . 523 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  LANGUAGES .  526.  527 

QUOTATIONS,  WORDS,  PHRASES,  PROVERBS,  ETC.,  FROM  THE  GREEK,  THE  LATIN, 

AND  MODERN  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES .  528  to  533 

METRIC  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  .  .  534 

ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING .  535  to  538 

ARBITRARY  SIGNS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING .  539  to  £41 

A  CONCISE  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CHIEF  DEITIES,  HEROES,  Etc.,  IN  THE  GREEK  AND 

ROMAN  MYTHOLOGY .  542  to  548 

TABLES  OF  MONEY,  WEIGHT,  AND  MEASURE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  COMMERCIAL  COUN¬ 
TRIES  IN  THE  WORLD .  549  to  598 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  INTRINSIC  VALUES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  GOUD  AND  SILVER  COINS 
OF  DIFFERENT  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES,  AND  THE  RATES  FIXED  BY  LAW  AT  WHICH 

THEY  SHALL  BE  RECEIVED  IN  PAYMENT  OF  CUSTOMS  DUES .  599  to  603 

TABLES  OF  THE  CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  OF  DIFFERENT  COUN¬ 
TRIES,  REDUCED  TO  THE  LEGAL  STANDARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES .  604  to  608 

A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  PICTORIAL  ILLUSTRATIONS . 60.9  to  620 


KEY 

TO  THE  PRONUNCIATION. 


VOWELS. 

REGULAR  LONG  AND  SHORT  SOUNDS. 


X,  A,  long,  as  in 
X,  A,  short,  as  in 
E,  E,  long,  as  in 
£,  %,  short,  as  in 
I,  I,  long,  as  in  . 
T,  I,  short,  as  in  . 


.  ale,  Fate,  Chamber,  Gray. 

.  Add,  Fat,  Have,  Random. 

.  Eve,  Mete,  Peace,  Seizure. 
.  End,  Met,  Check,  Leopard. 

.  Ice,  Fine,  MIre,  Thrive. 

.  Ill,  Fin,  Admit,  Tribute. 


0,  5,  long,  as  in  . 
(J,  6,  short ,  as  in 
U,  U,  long ,  as  in 
t5",  tJ,  short ,  as  in 
Y,  Y,  long,  as  in 
Y,  Y,  short,  as  in 


.  Old,  Note,  L5af,  Depose. 

.  Odd,  Not,  Torrid,  Resolve 
.  Use,  Tube,  Lute,  Feudal. 

.  ttSj.TuB,  Bijt,  Study. 

.  Fly,  Style,  Sky,  Edify. 

.  CVst,  Nvtmph,  Lyric,  Ab?ss. 


OCCASIONAL  SOUNDS. 


A,  A, as  in . Air,  Share,  PAir,  BeAr. 

A,  A,  Italian,  as  in  .  .  ARM,  FATHER,  BAr,  PAlm. 

A,  a,  as  in  .  .  .  .  Ask,  Grass,  Dance,  Branch. 
A,  a,  broad,  as  in  .  .  All,  Talk,  Haul,  Swarm. 

A, a,  like  short  o, as  in  What,  Wander,  Wallow. 

ft,  e,  like  h,  as  in  .  .  Lre,  There,  Heir,  Wilere. 
E,e,  like  long  a,  as  in  Eight,  Pr:ev  ,  Obey. 

£,  £,  as  in  .  .  .  .  Ermine,  VErge,  Prf.fEr. 

T,  i,  like  long  e,  as  in  .  Pique,  Machine,  Police. 
i. I,  like  e,  as  in  .  .  .  Irksome,  Virgin,  ThIrsty 


0,6,  like  short  u, as  in  Other,  D6ne,  Son,  Won. 

0,  o,  like  long  oo,as  in  Prove,  Do,  Move,  Tomb. 

0,  o,  like  short  oo,  as  in  Bosom,  Wolf,  Woman. 

6, 6,  like  broad  a,  as  in  order,  Form,  Stork. 

0"0,  o"o,asin  .  .  .  Moon,  Food,  Booty. 

00,  o"o,  as  in  .  .  .  WoTol,  Fo'ot,  Go"bD. 

TJ,  u,  preceded  by  r,  as  in  Rude  ,  Rumor,  Rural. 

U ,  u ,  like  short  oo,  as  in  Bull,  Put,  Push,  Pull. 
ft,  B,  as  in  .  .  .  .  Drge,  BBrn,  FOrl,  ConcBr. 

e,i,  o,  silent  .  .  .  Token,  Cousin,  Mason. 


REGULAR  DIPHTHONGAL  SOUNDS. 

Oi,  oi,  or  Oy,  OY  (unmarked),  as  in . Oil,  Join,  Moist,  Oyster. 

Ou,  ou,  or  Ow,  ow  (unmarked),  as  in . Out,  Hound,  Owl,  Vowel. 


CONSONANTS. 


G,  y,  soft,  like  s  sharp,  as  in  .  Cede,  Cite,  Mer^y. 

€,  €,  hard,  like  k,  as  in  .  .  Call,  Uoncur,  Success. 
Ch,  ch  (unmarked),  as  in  .  Child,  Much,  Touch. 
Gh,  yH,  soft ,  like  sh,  as  in  .  Ghaise,  Marchioness. 
€h,  ch,  hard,  like  k,  as  in  .  €horus,  Echo,  Distich. 
G,  G,  hard,  as  in  .  .  .  .  GET,  TIGER,  Begin. 

G,  G,  soft,  likey,  as  in  .  .  GEM,  ENGINE,  ELEGY. 

S,  s,  sharp  (unmarked),  as  in  Same,  Yes,  Rest. 

S,  £,so/2  or  vocal,  like  z,  as  in  HAg,  AMUgE,  RogEATE. 


Th,  th,  sharp  (unmarked),  as  in 
Th,  ,th  flat  or  vocal,  as  in  .  . 

Ng,  NG  (unmarked),  as  in  .  . 

N,  N,  (See  §  82),  as  in  .  . 

X,  x,  like  gz,  as  in . 

PH,  PH,  like /(unmarked),  as  in 
Qu,  QU,  like  kw  (unmarked), as  in 
WH,  wh,  like  hw  (unmk’d),  as  in 
Zh,  zh,  as  in 


Thing,  Breath. 
T-hine,  Smooth. 
Sing,  Single. 
Linger,  Link. 
Exist,  Auxiliary. 
Phantom,  Sylph. 
Queen,  Conquest. 
What,  Awhile. 
Vision  (vizh'un). 


***  When  one  letter  of  an  improper  diphthong,  or  of  a  triphthong,  is  marked,  it  is  to  be  taken  as  representing  the  sound  of  the 
combination,  and  the  letter  or  letters  which  are  not  marked  are  to  be  regarded  as  silent;  as  in  dim ,  clean ,  ceil, people,  rp.ute,  soul, 
journal,  tow,  &c.  The  combined  letters  ce,  ci,  sci,  se,  si,  or  ti,  occurring  before  a  vowel  in  a  syllable  immediately  preceded  by  an 
accented  syllable,  are  generally  equivalent  to  sh ;  as  in  o/cean,  ceta/ceous,  so/cial,  logician,  suspi/eion,  auspicious,  con /science, 
nau/seous,  controver/sial,  dissen/si'on,  ini/tial,  ora/tion,  flcti/fious,  &c.  Such  syllables  are  not  always  respelled,  as,  in  general,  they 
will  naturally  be  pronounced  correctly  by  an  English  speaker.  But  in  all  exceptional,  doubtful,  or  difficult  cases,  the  appropriate 
respelling  is  used. 

***  For  an  explanation  of  foreign  sounds  occurring  in  the  Dictionary  see  pp.  502-604. 

RESPELLING  FOR  PRONUNCIATION.  —  (1.)  In  respelling  the  French  an,  en,  on,  &c.,  the  letters  ng  tire  not  to  be  pro' 
nouneed  themselves,  being  designed  simply  to  mark  the  vowel  as  nasal,  that  is,  as  pronounced  through  both  tire  nose  and  the  mouth 
at  the  same  time.  —  (2.)  The  respelling  of  a  word  when  a  number  of  related  words  follow,  applies  to  all  of  them  down  to  some  other 
word  which  is  respelled. 

ACCENT.  —  The  principal  accent  is  denoted  by  a  heavy  mark;  the  secondary,  by  a  lighter  mark;  as  in  Su'perixtesd/ent. 
In  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  these  marks,  besides  performing  their  proper  office,  supply  the  place  of  the  hyphen,  except 
in  some  compound  and  derivative  words. 

(vi) 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION, 

WITH  EXPLANATIONS  OF  THE  KEY. 


VOWELS. 

§  1,  The  vowel  sounds  in  monosyllables  and  accented 
syllables  are  marked  in  the  Dictionary  by  pointing  the  let¬ 
ters  according  to  the  Key.  Each  of  the  vowels  will  now  be 
considered  under  three  heads ;  namely,  its  regular  long ,  and 
short ,  and  its  occasional  sounds,  as  heard  in  monosyllables 
and  in  accented  and  unaccented  syllables. 

I.  VOWELS  IN  MONOSYLLABLES  AND  ACCENTED 
SYLLABLES. 

A. 

§  2.  Regular  long  sound,  marked  A,  a,  as  in  ale ;  heard 
also  in  pain ,  day ,  gaol ,  gauge,  aye,  break,  veil ,  whey ,  &c. 

Note.  — This  sound  of  a  is  in  most  cases  dipthongal, 
having  a  slight  “  vanish  ”  in  £  annexed  to  its  “  radical”  or 
initial  souud,  as  in  pay,  where  the  y  may  be  regarded  as 
representing  the  vanish.  Writers  are  not  agreed  as  to  the 
nature  of  the  radical  part,  some  considering  it  to  be  the 
sound  of  short  e,  while  others  assert  that  it  is  a  distinct, 
though  very  similar,  element,  being  like  the  other  long 
vowels  as  compared  with  their  true  corresponding  short 
sounds,  of  a  slightly  less  open  quality.  —  See  §  11,  and  §  8, 
Note. 

§  3.  Regular  short  sound,  marked  A,  5,  as  in  add ; 
heard  also  in  plaid,  bade,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  is  a  distinct  element  from  the  long  a. 
Like  the  other  shut  or  stopped  vowels  (e,  I,  o,  u,  do),  its 
sound  is  exceedingly  short,  and  has  a  certain  abrupt,  ex¬ 
plosive  character,  which  is  hardly  found  in  any  language 
but  our  own.  With  respect  to  its  position  in  the  scale  of 
sounds,  it  is  a  palatal  vowel,  intermediate  between  a  and  £, 
the  tongue  being  raised  higher  than  for  a,  and  not  so  high 
as  for  c. 

Occasional  Sounds  of  A. 

§  4.  Sound  of  a  before  r,  in  such  words  as  air,  care,  fare, 
bear,  prayer,  parent,  marked  A,  §,.  The  letter  e  has  the 
same  sound  in  a  few  words,  such  as  there ,  where,  their, 
heir ,  See. 

Two  errors  in  opposite  extremes  are  here  to  be  avoided : 
1.  That  of  the  vulgar,  who  pronounce  where,  whar  ;  bear , 
bar  ;  careful,  carTul,  &c. ;  2.  That  of  some  among  the 
educated  classes,  who  pronounce  pair,  parent ,  & c.,  as  if 
spelt  pay'er,  payment,  & c. 

Some  have  considered  the  a  in  care  as  a  distinct  element ; 
this,  however,  is  not  admitted  by  Smart,  who  maintains 
that  it  is  our  long  a  in  fate ,  and  owes  all  its  peculiarity  to 
the  subsequent  r.  Such,  also,  is  the  statement  of  Dr  Web¬ 
ster  and  most  English  orthoepists.  The  sound  of  r  in  these 
words  is  what  Smart  calls  a  "guttural  vibration,”  —  a 
sound  which  he  represents  by  ur,  and  Dr.  Webster  by  er. 
In  care  we  touch  lightly  on  the  a  sound  ( the  radical  alone  ( 


without  the  vanish ;  see  §  2),  and  then  pass  fully  and 
strongly  into  the  guttural  vibration  (ca/ur  or  efi'er),  draw¬ 
ing  the  two  as  closely  as  possible  into  the  same  syllable  — - 
so  closely  that  Smart  (not  aiming  at  philosophical  exact¬ 
ness)  speaks  of  the  r  as  actually  blending  with  the  previous 
vowel.  In  like  manner,  parent  is  sounded  pa'ur-ent ,  or  pa', 
er-ent ;  and  fairy  has  the  sound  of  fa'er-y,  as  the  word  was 
actually  spelt  by  Spenser  in  his  "  Faery  Queen.”  Smart 
refers,  also,  with  approbation,  to  another  mode  of  identify¬ 
ing  the  sound  in  question ;  namely,  that  of  prolonging  our 
short  e  before  r.  Thus,  ther  (with  the  e  as  in  then),  drawn 
out  into  long  quantity,  gives  us  there  (thar) ;  and  er  (the 
first  syllable  in  Srror)  gives  us  ere  or  e’er  (ar).  Thus,  in  the 
view  here  presented,  the  initial  sound  should  always  be  that 
of  a  in  fate  (the  radical  without  the  vanish  ;  see  §  2),  though 
the  final  impression  upon  the  ear  is  that  of  an  open  or 
broad  sound,  in  consequence  of  the  "  opening  power  ”  of 
the  r.  In  primitive  words  like  flare,  lair,  pair,  and  the 
others  mentioned  above,  it  is  very  important  not  to  dwell 
so  long  on  the  a  as  to  make  it  diphthongal  ;  for,  if  the  close 
vanishing  element  of  the  vowel  is  retained,  it  is  impossible 
for  the  open  r  to  blend  with  it  in  the  same  syllable.  But 
in  derivative  words  like  flayer,  layer,  payer ,  it  is  essential  to 
preserve  the  terminational  sound  of  the  a,  in  order  to  keep 
up  a  distinction  between  the  two  classes. 

Some,  however,  especially  in  New  England,  give  these 
words  a  slightly  different  sound ;  namely,  that  of  our  short 
a  before  the  r,  in  air,  pronounced  der,  with  a  somewhat 
lengthened  sound  of  the  a.  This  sound  is  rather  more  open 
than  the  one  mentioned  above,  and  is  apt,  in  the  mouths 
of  our  common  people,  to  become  too  broad  and  coarse. 
If  well  executed,  however,  it  is  scarcely  at  all  inferior  to 
the  other  in  smoothness  and  grace.  It  is  frequently  heard 
among  the  well-educated  in  England  ;  there  is  a  tendency 
in  many  to  intermingle  the  two,  and  it  often  requires  a 
nice  ear  to  determine  which  is  used.  Dr.  Webster,  who 
adopted  the  former  in  his  own  practice,  once  remarked  to 
the  writer  that  he  regarded  the  difference  as  unimportant, 
provided  the  New  England  sound  be  given  without  coarse¬ 
ness  or  undue  breadth. 

§  5.  Sound  of  the  Italian  a,  marked  A,  a,  as  in  arm, 
father,  far ;  heard  also  in  ah,  hearth ,  aunt,  guard,  are,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  sound  occurs  in  monosyllables  and  in  the 
accented  syllable  of  many  words,  before  r  final  or  r  fol¬ 
lowed  by  another  consonant  (as  in  scar ,  tar ,  tart,  yard, 
de-bar' ,  de-part'),  and  in  the  derivatives  of  such  words  (as 
in  scarred,  tarry,  of,  or  resembling,  tar,  debarring).  But 
when  a  occurs  in  an  accented  syllable,  before  r  followed  by 
a  vowel  or  by  another  r,  in  a  word  not  a  derivative,  it  has 
its  regular  short  sound,  as  in  arable,  b&rrow ,  tarry,  to 
delay. 

The  Italian  a  is  the  most  open  of  all  the  vowel  sounds, 

fviil 


viii  PRINCIPLES  OF 

and  is  one  of  the  extremes  of  the  vowel  scale,  the  other 
extremes  being  e  and  do.  In  its  formation,  the  mouth  and 
throat  are  opened  widely,  and  the  tongue  is  left  in  its  nat¬ 
ural  position  of  rest.  It  was  formerly  much  more  common 
in  Euglish  than  it  is  at  the  present  day.  The  loss  of  it  to 
so  great  an  extent  has  been  an  injury  to  our  language,  and 
any  further  exclusion  of  it  is  therefore  undesirable.  ' 

§  Sound  of  a  in  certain  words  (chiefly  monosyllables) 
ending  in  ff,  f,  ss,  st ,  sk,  sp,  -with  a  few  in  nee,  and  nt , 
marked  A,  a,  as  in  staff,  graft,  pass,  last,  ask,  gasp ,  chance, 
chant,  & c. 

Note.  —  Down  to  the  close  of  the  last  century,  words  of 
this  class  were  universally  pronounced  with  the  full  Italian 
a.  Some,  especially  among  the  vulgar,  gave  this  too  broad¬ 
ly,  or  with  a  kind  of  drawl  (as  pass  like  pahss,  fast  like 
fahst),  so  that  Walker,  disgusted  with  this  abuse,  and 
having  a  prejudice  against  intermediate  sounds,  marked 
all  such  words  in  his  Dictionary  by  the  sound  of  short  a, 
giving  the  vowel  in  past,  staff,  &c.,  the  sound  of  that  in 
pat,  Staffa  (the  island),  & c.  It  will  not  be  surprising  — 
if  we  bear  in  mind  the  remark  in  §  3  on  the  extreme  short¬ 
ness  and  abruptness  of  this  sound  —  that  this  change  was 
strongly  condemned  by  the  orthoepists.  Jones  declared  it 
to  be  “a  mincing  affectation;”  and  Mitford  said,  “No 
English  tongue  fails  to  express,  no  English  ear  to  perceive, 
the  difference  between  the  sound  of  a  in  passing  and  in 
passive.  No  colloquial  familiarity  will  substitute  the  one 
for  the  other.”  Still,  the  high  character  of  Walker,  and  the 
increasing  disgust  for  every  thing  like  a  drawl  in  speaking, 
gave  currency  to  the  change.  It  prevailed  in  London,  and 
in  some  of  the  larger  cities  of  America,  until  there  sprung 
up,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  what  Smart  has  called  a 
“  new  school  ”  and  an  “  old  school  ”  on  this  subject.  The 
extreme  shortness  of  the  a  as  marked  by  Walker,  vTas  still 
objected  to  ;  and  Smart,  in  his  Dictionary,  first  published 
in  1835,  censured  Walker  on  this  account,  saying,  “He 
allows  no  compromise  between  the  broad  Italian  a,  with 
which  a  vulgar  mouth  pronounces  ass,  and  the  sound  nar¬ 
rower  (if  possible)  than  the  a  in  at,  with  which  an  affected 
speaker  minces  the  same  word.”.  He  therefore  spoke  of  a 
“  medium  sound  ”  of  the  a  in  words  of  this  class,  saying, 
“  We  are  apt,  even  in  London,  to  give  a  slight  prolongation 
to  the  vowel  (&)  which  would,  in  other  cases,  be  quite  rus¬ 
tic.”  This  prolongation  has  passed  into  America,  and  is 
now  heard  extensively  among  the  followers  of  Walker  in 
this  country.  It  is  a  kind  of  drawl  on  the  a  in  such  words 
as  last,  past,  fast,  &c.  Smart  states,  however,  in  a  recent 
letter,  that  in  England  this  prolongation  is  now  wholly  laid 
aside.  “  Custom  with  us,”  he  remarks,  “is  much  changed. 
It  is  no  longer  affectation  to  say  ass ;  and  grant,  graft,  & c., 
at  present  indicate  the  pronunciation  of  well-educated  Lon¬ 
don  people  under  sixty-five  or  sixty  years  of  age.”  In 
other  words,  Walker’s  extreme  short  sound  of  staff ,  like 
Stitffa,  and  pass  like  passive,  is  now  adopted  by  many 
Londoners  as  the  true  and  only  proper  sound. 

The  change  introduced  by  Walker  never  had  any  great 
currency  in  this  countrv,  except  in  a  few  large  cities  and 
in  places  immediately  affected  by  their  influence.  Our 
leading  lexicographers,  Webster  and  Worcester,  declared 
against  it.  Manv  who  were  taught  it  in  childhood  have 
since  laid  it  aside ;  and  there  is  an  increasing  disposition 
among  our  teachers  and  literary  men  to  unite  on  some  in¬ 
termediate  sound  between  the  extreme  broadness,  or  length, 
of  the  a  in  father,  and  the  extreme  narrowness,  or  shortness 
of  the  a  in  fat.  That  of  Smart  (mentioned  above  as  now  dis¬ 
used  was  intermediate  in  quantity :  and  so  also  is  another, 
which  Fulton  and  Knight  have  introduced  into  their  Dic¬ 
tionary,  namely,  a  shortened  sound  of  the  Italian  a.  They 
give  the  word  “  lard  ”  as  an  example  of  the  long  Italian 
sound  (as  in  father,  &c.),  and  “  last  ”  of  their  short  Italian 
sound  ;  and  mark  with  the  latter  the  entire  class  of  words 
now  under  consideration,  such  as  staff,  graft ,  pass,  last, 
ask,  gasp,  and  a  few  words  in  nee  and  nt,  as  dance,  and 
chant.  In  this  way  thev  guard  against  that  undue  prolon¬ 
gation  of  the  a  which  offended  Walker,  and  still  retain  in 


PRONUNCIATION. 

use  one  of  the  finest  sounds  of  our  language.  This  is  the 
sound  recommended  in  this  volume,  and  marked  A,  a. 
Some  might  possibly  prefer  one  a  little  less  open,  verging 
slightly  more  towards  that  of  a  in  an ;  and  there  is  cer¬ 
tainly  room  here  for  a  diversity  of  taste  and  practice  among 
those  who  agree  in  the  main  point  of  rejecting  the  extreme 
shortness  of  Walker’s  sound.  If  it  be  proposed,  however, 
to  give  these  words  a  sound  intermediate  in  quality  between 
the  Italian  a  and  our  short  a,  one  thing  is  important  to  be 
considered.  Mr.  Smart  states,  in  answer  to  an  inquiry  on 
the  subject,  that,  although  he  can  exemplify  such  a  sound, 
he  is  not  aware  that  any  thing  of  the  kind  is  used  among 
the  educated  classes  in  England.  The  only  alternative 
there  seems  to  be  between  the  Italian  a  and  the  extreme 
short  sound  of  Walker  ;  and  it  is  natural  and  desirable 
that  those  among  us  who  reject  the  latter  should  adopt  the 
same  sound  with  those  who  led  the  way  in  that  rejection 
upon  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Any  one  who  heard 
the  lectures  of  Mr.  Thackeray  during  his  visit  to  this  coun¬ 
try  in  1855-56,  and  noticed  his  pronunciation  with  reference 
to  this  subject,  must  have  been  struck  with  the  definite 
sound  of  the  Italian  a  which  he  gave  to  all  words  of  this 
class.  lie  even  gave  that  sound  in  the  word  answer,  which, 
though  common  in  England,  is  comparatively  rare  in  Amer¬ 
ica.  A  gentleman  who  held  for  many  years  a  high  diplo¬ 
matic  station  at  the  court  of  St.  James,  told  the  writer 
that,  except  among  Londoners,  he  almost  uniformly  heard 
the  Italian  a  in  such  cases,  especially  among  the  officers  of 
government,  and  the  nobility  and  gentry  with  whom  he 
was  led  to  asscciate.  Such,  also,  is  said  by  members  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  to  be  the  case  now  at  those  univer¬ 
sities  ;  and  seme  of  the  most  eminent  preachers  of  the  king¬ 
dom,  such  as  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  (Wilberforee),  have  been 
mentioned  in  confirmation  of  this  remark.  It  is  for  such 
reasons  that  the  words  in  question  are  here  marked  with  a 
shortened  or  brief  sound  of  the  Italian  a,  in  accordance  with 
the  views  and  practice  of  Dr.  Webster. 

§  7.  Sound  of  broad  a,  marked  A,  a,  as  in  all ,  talk ,  haul, 
swarm ;  heard  also  in  sauce,  awe,  geCrgic,  fork,  grCat, 
bCught,  &  c. 

N  OTE.  —  This  has  sometimes  been  called  the  German  a, 
but  is  a  broader  and  more  guttural  sound, being  formed  by 
a  depression  of  the  larjnx,  and  a  consequent  retraction  of 
the  tongue,  which  enlarges  the  cavity  of  the  mouth  poste¬ 
riorly. 

§  8.  Short  sound  of  broad  a,  marked  A,  a,  as  in  what, 
wander ,  wallow ,  &c. ;  heard  also  in  knowledge. 

Note.  —  This  is  the  extreme  short  sound  of  broad  a,  and 
coincides  with  the  sound  of  o  in  not.  It  differs,  however, 
in  quality  as  well  as  quantity  from  broad  a,  beiDg  a  more 
open  sound  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  aperture  of  the  lips  and 
the  internal  cavity  of  the  mouth,  though  of  the  same  shape 
in  both  cases,  are  somewhat  larger  for  the  former  (a)  than 
for  the  latter  (a),  while  the  position  of  the  tongue  remains 
unaltered  throughout.  Nor  is  this  difference  peculiar  to 
a  and  a:  it  also  exists  between  the  other  pairs  of  vowel 
sounds ’that  have  essentially  the  same  organic  formation, 
but  differ  in  length  or  duration  :  in  each  case,  that  which 
is  the  briefer  in  quantity  is  the  more  open  in  quality  of  the 
two. 

There  is  a  sound  of  a,  as  heard  in  salt,  although ,  &c., 
which  is  intermediate  betw  een  tha  t  in  nmeand  that  in  what. 
No  distinctive  mark  is  used  to  indicate  this  intermediate 
sound,  but  the  inquirer  is  referred  to  this  section  from  all 
words  in  the  vocabulary  in  which  the  sound  occurs.  —  See 
§  21,  Note. 

§  9.  An  exceptional  sound  of  a  occurs  in  the  words  any \ 
many.  It  is  as  if  they  were  spelled  Hn'y,  mSn'y ,  being  the 
regular  short  sound  of  e. 

E. 

§  10.  Regular  long  sound,  marked  E,  e,  as  in  eve,  m£te, 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


&c. ;  heard  also  in  Ccesar ,  beard ,  feet,  leisure ,  people ,  icy, 
machine,  field,  oesophagus,  quay ,  Sec. 

Note.  —  In  the  formation  of  this  element,  the  tongue  is 
raised  convexly  within  the  dome  of  the  palate,  pressing 
against  its  sides,  and  leaving  only  the  smallest  possible  pas¬ 
sage  through  which  a  vowel  sound  can  be  uttered.  E  is 
therefore  the  closest  lingual  or  palatal  vowel,  and  is  one  of 
the  extremes  of  the  natural  vowel  scale,  a  and  oo  being  the 
other  extremes. 

§  11.  Regular  short  sound,  marked  E,  g.  as  in  end, 
met ;  heard  also  in  many,  apheeresis,  said,  says,  feather, 
heifer ,  leopard,  friend,  asafaetida,  bury,  guess 

Note  .  —  This  is  not  a  short  sound  of  the  long  e.  It  has 
usually  been  considered  as  the  shut  or  extreme  short  sound 
of  the  a  in  fate;  but  most  orthoepists  at  the  present  day, 
while  allowing  it  to  be  a  nearly  related  sound,  regard  it  as 
distinct,  being  slightly  more  open  than  the  radical  part  of 
a,  and  lacking  the  vanish  :  both  are  intermediate  between 
a  and  c,  the  tongue  not  being  so  much  depressed  as  for  the 
former,  nor  raised  so  high  toward  the  palate  as  for  the 
latter.  —  See  §  2,  and  §  3,  Note. 

Occasional  Sounds  of  E. 

§  12.  Sound  of  e  like  a  (as  in  care,  fair,  bear,  & c.y, 
marked  E,  G,  as  in  ere,  there,  Mir,  Per,  Sec.  This,  as  is 
stated  in  §  4,  is  the  same  sound  with  that  of  a  in  care.  — 
See  §  4. 

§  13.  Sound  of  e  like  a,  marked  E,  e,  as  in  eh,  ciaht, 
prey,  vein,  Sec.  —  See  §  2. 

Note.  —  This  is  essentially  the  sound  which  this  letter 
generally  has  in  the  leading  modern  languages  of  Continen¬ 
tal  Europe. 

§  14.  Sound  of  e  before  r,  verging  toward  the  sound  of 
w  in  urge,  marked  E,  e,  as  in  ermine,  verge,  prefer  ;  heard 
also  in  earnest,  mirth,  myrtle ,  Sec. 

Note.  —  The  case  here  contemplated  is  that  of  e  before  r, 
in  a  monosyllable  or  in  an  accented  syllable  in  which  the  r  is 
not  followed  by  a  vowel  or  by  another  r,  or  in  derivatives  of 
such  words,  when  the  syllable  retains  its  accent,  as  in  herd , 
defer ,  deferring,  err,  erring,  term,  mercy ,  maternal.  When 
e  occurs  before  r,  followed  by  a  vowel  or  by  another  r,  in  a 
word  not  derived  as  above,  it  either  has  the  short  sound,  as 
in  ferry,  peril,  perilous,  heritage,  ferule,  or  the  long  sound, 
as  in  period,  hero ,  material. 

The  vulgar  universally,  and  many  cultivated  speakers 
both  in  England  and  America,  give  the  e  in  such  words  the 
full  souud  of  u  in  urge,  as,  murcy  for  mercy,  turm  for  term, 
Sec.  But,  in  the  most  approved  style  of  pronunciation,  the 
organs  are  placed  in  a  position  intermediate  between  that 
requisite  for  sounding  ft  and  that  for  sounding  c,  thus 
making  (as  Smart  observes)  “a  compromise  between  the 
two.”  In  other  words,  this  element  is  radically  distinct 
from  both  ft  and  8,  being  less  guttural  than  the  former  and 
less  palatal  than  the  latter,  from  which  it  was  doubtless 
originally  evolved.  v 

I. 

§  15.  Regular  long  sound,  marked  I,  I,  asin^p  ;  heard 
also  in  aisle,  height,  eying,  eye,  vie,  guile,  buy,  thy,  rye, 
See. ;  in  pint,  in  chili ,  mild,  wild ;  and  in  monosyllables 
ending  with  nd,  as  bind ,  find,  kind,  See.,  except  wind , 
meaning  air  in  motion,  and  wind,  to  scent,  to  cause  to  lose 
or  to  recover  wind  or  breath. 

Note. — This  soiind,  though  represented  by  a  single 
character,  is  not  a  simple  element,  but  a  diphthong.  It  is 
composed  of  a  and  S  as  extremes,  with  the  a  accented,  but 
made  so  very  brief  that  the  ear  with  difficulty  recognizes 
the  precise  character  of  the  sound. 

§  1  6.  Regular  short  sound,  marked  I,  I,  as  in  ill;  heard 
also  in  English,  beaujin ,  been,  sieve ,  women,  busy ,  guinea, 
nymph,  Sec. 


Note.  —  This  is  not  a  short  sound  of  long  i.  Many  have 
considered  it  as  the  shut  or  extreme  short  sound  ot  long  e ; 
but  it  is  really  a  distinct,  though  closely  allied,  element, 
and  is  so  regarded  by  the  best  orthoepists  at  the  present 
time.  In  its  formation,  the  tongue  is  slightly  relaxed  from 
the  position  assumed  for  producing  5 ;  this  is  the  only  dif¬ 
ference  between  the  two  sounds.  —  See  §  3,  Note,  and  § 
8,  Note. 

Occasional  Sounds  of  I. 

§  17.  Sound  of  i  like  that  of  long  e,  marked  I,  T,  as  in 
pique,  machine,  caprice,  Sec.  —  See  §  10. 

Note.  —  This  is  appropriately  the  sound  of  i  in  all  for¬ 
eign  languages.  Most  of  the  English  words  in  which  this 
sound  is  represented  by  this  letter  are  from  the  French. 

§  18.  Bound  of  i  before  r,  verging  toward  u  in  urge , 
marked  l,  i,  as  in  irksome,  virgin ,  thirsty,  Sec.,  identical 
with  that  of  e  in  ermine. 

Note.  —  7  in  this  case  is  sounded  by  many  speakers  like 
ft,  as  vurgin  for  virgin.  The  observations  made  under  §  14 
as  to  short  e  in  words  like  ermine,  verdure,  Sec.,  apply  fully 
to  this  sound  of  the  i. 

O. 

§  19.  Regular  long  sound,  marked  0,  o,  as  in  old ; 
heard  also  in  hautboy,  beau ,  yeoman ,  sew,  roam,  hoe,  door , 
shoulder,  grow,  owe,  Sec. 

Note.  —  This  sound  of  o  is  in  most  cases  diphthongal, 
having  a  slight  “  vanish  ”  in  oo  annexed  to  the  “  radical  ” 
or  initial  sound,  as  in  below,  where  the  w  may  be  regarded 
as  representing  the  vanish.  The  radical  part  of  the  sound 
is  a  simple  element,  intermediate  with  respect  to  the  mode 
of  its  formation,  between  a  and  oo,  the  tongue  being  less 
depressed  than  for  a,  and  the  labial  aperture  greater  than 
for  oo.  It  is  essentially  the  same  element  as  that  described 
in  the  next  section,  but  of  a  slightly  less  open  quality.  The 
vanish  of  the  o  is  omitted  in  unaccented  syllables,  as  in 
o-pin'ion,  to-bac/co,  Sec.,  but  ought  not  to  be  omitted  else¬ 
where.  This  remark  is  important  as  bearing  on  a  very 
prevalent  error,  which  will  be  mentioned  in  the  next  sec¬ 
tion. 

§  20.  It  is  exceedingly  common,  in  some  parts  of  the 
United  States,  to  shorten  the  long  o  of  certain  words,  as 
bolt,  most,  only,  Sec.,  by  dropping  the  vanishing  element 
which  belongs  to  the  vowel,  and  giving  to  the  radical  por¬ 
tion  a  somewhat  more  open  quality  ;  but  this  practice  is 
wholly  opposed  to  English  usage.  The  provincialism  here 
pointed  out  obtains,  more  or  less  widely,  in  respect  to  the 
following  words,  namely  :  boat,  bolster,  bolt,  bone,  both ,  broke , 
broken,  choke,  cloak,  close,  a.,  coach ,  coat ,  coax,  colt,  colter, 
comb,  dolt,  folks ,  goad,  hold ,  holm ,  holster,  home,  homely, 
hope,  jolt ,  load,  molten,  most,  molt ,  none,  only,  open,  pole , 
polka,  poultice,  poultry,  revolt,  road,  rode ,  rogue,  soap , 
sloth,  smoke,  sofa,  sol  (the  name  of  the  note  G  of  the  musi¬ 
cal  scale),  spoke,  v.,  spoken,  stone,  story,  swollen  (or  swoln), 
throat,  toad,  upholsterer,  upholstery,  whole ,  wholly,  whole¬ 
some,  wrote,  yoke,  yolk,  and  possibly  a  few  others.  Most 
persons  in  New  England  sound  the  o  in  a  part  or  all  of 
1  these  words  without  the  vanish,  while  some  among  the 
vulgar  go  further,  and  give  to  a  number  of  them  almost 
the  sound  of  short  u,  as  hum  for  home,  See.  They  should 
all,  however,  have  the  full  sound  of  the  o  as  heard  in  ac¬ 
cented  syllables,  though  not  in  all  cases  with  quite  the 
same  prolongation  of  the  sound.  Thus  the  full  o  of  dome 
should  be  given  to  home ;  of  hole  to  whole ;  of  slope  to 
hope  ;  of  poach  to  coach  ;  of  moat  to  coat ;  of  joke  to  spoke, 
cloak ,  smoke,  and  broke ;  of  hone  to  bone  and  stone ;  and 
similarly  in  the  other  cases.  Still,  the  theoretic  phonolo- 
gist  can  not  but  regard  the  true  short  o  described  in  this 
section  as  an  important  and  legitimate  member  of  the  fam- 


x  PRINCIPLES  OF 

ily  of  vowel  sounds,  and  must  look  upon  its  absence  in  the 
established  orthoepy  of  our  language  as  a  defect  and  an 
anomaly.  To  him,  therefore,  its  rise  and  growth  in  the 
popular  speech  are  interesting  facts,  and  its  final  preva¬ 
lence  and  admittance  to  equal  rights  with  the  other  vowels 
is  a  thing  he  would  rather  desire  than  deprecate. 

§  21.  Regular  short  sound,  marked  o,  6,  as  in  odd, 
nSt ;  heard  also  in  wander ,  knowledge,  &c.  —  See  §  3, 
Note,  and  §  9. 

Note.  —  This  is  the  shut  or  extreme  short  sound  of 
broad  a,  and  coincides  with  the  sound  of  a  in  what.  There 
is  a  medium  sound  of  this  letter  which  is  neither  so  short 
as  in  not,  nor  so  long  as  in  naught.  This  medium  sound  is 
usually  given  to  the  short  o  when  directly  followed  by  ss, 
si,  and  th,  as  in  cross,  cost,  broth;  also,  in  gone,  cough, 
trough ,  off,  and  some  other  words.  To  give  the  extreme 
short  sound  to  such  words  is  affectation  ;  to  give  them  the 
full  sound  of  broad  a  is  vulgar. 

Occasional  Sounds  of  0. 

§  22.  Sound  of  o  like  short  u,  marked  6,  6,  as  in  other , 
dove,  &c. ;  heard  also  in  does ,  gun,  flood ,  double ,  &c.  — 
See  §  31. 

§  23.  Sound  of  o  like  oo  long,  marked  0,  o,  as  in  prove, 
do,  move,  tomb ,  &c.  —  See  §  26. 

§  24.  Sound  of  o  like  o'b  short,  marked  0,  o,  as  in 
bosom,  wolf,  woman,  & c.  —  See  §  8,  Note,  and  §  27. 

Note.  —  This  sound  coincides  with  that  of  u  in  bull, 
which  is  also  used  for  oo  short.  —  See  §  33. 

§  25.  Sound  of  o  like  a  (broad  a),  marked  0,  6,  as  in 
order,  firm,  stOrk,  &c.  —  See  §  7. 

NOTE.  —  The  letter  o  generally  has  this  sound  when  it 
occurs  before  r  in  a  monosyllable  (as  in  fZr,  form,  lord, 
nbrth)  or  in  an  accented  syllable  when  not  followed  by  a 
vowel  or  by  another  r,  as  in  ffr'mer ,  or1  chard,  abhor1,  and 
also  in  the  derivatives  of  such  words,  as  in  formed,  north1 - 
ern^bhor'ring.  Rut  when  o  occurs,  in  an  accented  syllable, 
before  r  followed  by  a  vowel  or  by  another  r  in  a  word  not 
a  derivative,  it  has  its  regular  short  sound,  as  in  for'eign, 
or'ange ,  tor'rid.  These  two  sounds  of  o,  namely,  the  broad, 
like  that  of  a  in  rail,  and  the  short,  like  that  of  a  in  what, 
have  been  confounded  by  some  orthoepists  ;  but  there  is 
an  obvious  difference  between  them,  not  only  in  quantity, 
but  also  in  quality,  the  short  vowel  being  more  open  than 
the  broad.  —  See  §  8,  Note. 

OO. 

§  20.  Regular  long  or  open  sound,  marked  (JO,  do,  as 
in  moon,  food ;  heard  also  in  rheum,  drew ,  to,  canoe,  man¬ 
oeuvre ,  group,  rude ,  rue,  recruit,  & c. 

Note.  —  This  sound  is  the  same  element  with  the  u  of 
the  Germans,  Spaniards,  and  Italians,  and  coincides  with 
the  French  ou  in  route.  It  is  the  closest  labial  vowel ;  that 
is  to  say,  in  forming  it  the  lips  are  more  nearly  closed  than 
for  any  other  vowel,  the  sides  being  brought  into  contact 
with  each  other  so  as  to  leave  only  a  small  central  aperture 
for  the  escape  of  the  voice. 

§  27.  Regular  short  sound  of  oo,  marked  Ofo,  (To,  as 
in  wool,  foot ;  heard  also  in  wolf,  should,  bull,  & c.  —  See  § 
8,  Note. 

§  28.  The  following  words,  rohm,root,  roof,  rood,  broom, 
and  soon,  have  properly  the  long  sound  of  oo,  as  in  food 
(see  §  26) ;  but  many  pronounce  them  with  the  short  sound, 
as  in  foot  (see  §  27).  New  Englanders  especially  are  often 
recognized  abroad  by  their  habit  of  pronouncing  room, 
room;  root ,  root;  roof  roof;  rood,  ro'od ;  broom,  broom, 
and  soon,  soon. 

U. 

§  29.  Regular  long  sound,  marked  U,  u,  as  in  mate, 


PRONUNCIATION. 

unit ,  &c. ;  heard  also  in  beauty,  feodal,  feud,  pew,  ewe, 
lieu,  view,  cue,  suit,  yew,  you,  yule,  & c. 

Note.  —  This  is  a  compound  sound,  formed  of  the  vowel 
oo,  with  a  slight  sound  of  the  consonant  y  or  of  the  vowel 
&  or  i  before  it.  When  the  u  begins  a  syllable,  or  is  pre¬ 
ceded  by  any  one  of  the  palatal  or  labial  sounds  k,  g,  p.  b, 
f,v,m,  the  sound  of  y  is  clearly  perceived,  as  in  the  words 
usage,  cube,  gules,  puny,  burin,  futile,  mule. 

§  30.  When  the  long  u  is  preceded,  in  the  same  syllable, 
by  any  one  of  the  consonants  d,  t,  l,  n,  s,  and  th,  it  i3 
peculiarly  difficult  to  introduce  the  sound  of  y  ;  and  hence 
negligent  speakers  omit  it  entirely,  pronouncing  duty, 
dooty  ;  tunc,  toon  ;  lute,  loot ;  nuisance ,  noosance  ;  suit, 
soot ;  thurible,  thoorible,  &c.  The  reason  is,  that,  in  form¬ 
ing  these  consonants,  the  organs  are  in  a  position  to  pass 
with  perfect  ease  to  the  sound  of  oo,  while  it  is  very  difficult 
in  doing  so  to  touch  the  intermediate  y ;  hence  the  y  in 
such  cases  is  very  apt  to  be  dropped.  .  On  this  point  Smart 
remarks,  "  To  say  tube  (tyoob),  lucid  (lyoocid),  with  the 
u  as  perfect  [i.  e.  with  a  distinct  sound  of  y  prefixed  to  oo] 
as  in  cube,  cubic,  mute,  & c.,  is  either  northern  or  laboriously 
pedantic,”  —  a  description  which  applies  to  the  vulgar  in 
our  Eastern  States,  and  to  those  who  are  over-nice  at  the 
South.  The  practice  of  good  society  is  to  let  the  y  sink 
into  a  very  brief  sound  of  long  e  or  of  short  ?,  both  of 
which  have  a  very  close  organic  relationship  to  consonant 
y.  Special  care  must  be  taken  not  only  to  make  this  sound 
as  brief  as  possible,  but  to  pronounce  it  in  the  same  syllable 
with  the  oo.  We  thus  avoid  the  two  extremes,  of  over¬ 
doing,  on  the  one  hand,  by  making  too  much  of  the  y,  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  of  sounding  only  the  oo  after  the  man¬ 
ner  of  careless  speakers. 

It  ought  to  be  added  that  wherever  the  sound  of  sh,  zh, 
or  y  consonant,  precedes  the  u,  the  y  is  omitted,  as  in 
sure ,  sounded  shoor ;  sugar,  shoogar ;  azure,  azh/oor  ;  yule, 
yool,  &c. 

§  31.  Regular  short  sound,  marked  IT,  0,  as  in  but ; 
heard  also  in  sun ,  does,  blood,  touch,  & c. 

N OTE .  —  This  is  not  the  short  sound  of  long  u.  It  is  a 
distinct  and  simple  element,  and  derives  its  peculiar  gut¬ 
tural  character  from  the  influence  of  the  pharynx  and  back 
part  of  the  mouth.  In  its  organic  formation,  it  is  essential¬ 
ly  the  same  sound  as  u  in  urge,  but  is  shorter  in  quantity, 
and  of  a  rather  more  open  quality.  —  See  §  3,  NOTE,  and 
§  8,  Note. 

Occasional  Sounds  of  U. 

§  32.  Sound  of  u  when  preceded  by  r  in  the  same  syl¬ 
lable,  marked  U,  ij,  as  in  rude,  rumor,  rural,  &c. 

Note.  — All  the  English  orthoepists  agree  that  the  u  in 
this  case  drops  the  y  or  1  which  is  generally  an  element  of 
its  compound  sound  when  preceded,  in  the  same  syllable, 
by  any  other  consonant  than  r,  and  becomes  simply  oo,  so 
that  rue  is  pronounced  rdo  ;  rule ,  robl ;  ruby ,  robby,  &c. 

§  33.  Sound  of  u  like  that  of  short  oo  (ob),  marked 
U,y,  as  in  bull,  put,  push,  pull,  &c.  —  See  §  8,  Note,  and 
§  27. 

§  34.  Sound  of  u  before  r  in  such  words  as  Urge,  btirn, 
furl,  concur,  See.,  marked  t),  fi;  heard  also  in  worm,  joiir- 
ney,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  is  often  called  the  natural  vowel,  because 
it  requires  almost  no  effort  to  utter  it,  the  mouth  being 
slightly  opened  in  the  easiest  or  most  natural  and  uncon¬ 
strained  manner  for  the  passage  of  voice  in  a  nearly  un¬ 
modified  form.  But  the  name  is  scarcely  appropriate  ;  for 
the  sound  is  altogether  wanting  in  many  languages,  and  — 
with  the  single  exception  of  the  English  —  it  occupies  a 
comparatively  subordinate  place  in  the  vowel  systems  of 
the  principal  tongues  in  which  it  occurs.  It  has  been  more 
aptly  termed  the  neutral  vowel ,  with  reference  to  its  want 


! 

PRINCIPLES  OF 

of  any  strongly-marked  distinctive  character ;  and  this 
name  is  here  adopted  as,  on  the  whole,  preferable  to  any 
other.  The  sound  differs  from  that  of  short  u  (with  which 
it  has  often  been  identified)  in  length,  and  in  a  somewhat 
greater  degree  of  closeness.  (See  §  8,  Note.)  It  occurs, 
in  monosyllables,  before  r  not  followed  by  a  vowel  (as  in 
cur,  fur ,  furl ,  hurt ,  burst ,  purr) ;  in  accented  syllables,  be¬ 
fore  r  final  or  r  followed  by  one  or  more  consonants  different 
from  itself  (as  in  recur',  curfew ,  fur' long,  disbursed ') ;  and 
in  derivatives  from  any  such  words  (as  currish ,  furry ,  pur¬ 
ring ,  recurring ).  Except  in  the  cases  here  specified,  the 
letter  u  before  r  has  its  short  sound,  as  in  cur'ry ,  hur'ry. 


Y. 

§  35.  Regular  long  sound,  marked  Y,  y,  as  in  fly ,  style , 
sky,  edify,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  is  the  same  sound  as  long  i.  —  See  §  15. 

§  30.  Regular  short  sound,  marked  Y,  f,  as  in  cyst , 
nymph ,  lyric ,  abyss ,  coinciding  with  the  sound  of  short  i.  — 
See  §  16. 

Occasional  Sound  of  Y. 

§  37.  Y  has  only  one  occasional  sound  ;  namely,  in  such 
words  as  myrrh,  myrtle,  in  which  it  has,  like  the  e  and  i  in 
similar  circumstances  (see  §  14  and  §  18),  very  nearly  the 
sound  of  u  in  urge.  This  is  indicated  in  the  Dictionary  by 
respelling,  the  words  in  which  y  has  this  sound  being  very 
few  in  number. 

II.  REGULAR  OR  PROPER  DIPHTHONGS. 

OI  or  OY. 

§  38.  The  sound  of  oi  or  oy  (unmarked),  as  heard  in  oil, 
join,  oyster,  &c. 

NOTE.  — The  elements  of  this  diphthongare  o  as  in  cord 
(the  same  as  broad  a),  and  I  as  in  fin  (short  i),  with  the 
accent  on  the  former.  Oy  is  always  regular  in  English 
words,  and  oi  is  regular  also,  except  in  the  following  cases ; 
namely,  avoirdupois  (av-wr-du-poiz7),  connoisseur  (kon-is- 
soor7),  shamois  (shamOuy),  choir  ( kwire ),  tortoise  (tor'tis), 
tur-quois  (sometimes  pronounced  tur -keez'). 

Until  near  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  oi  was 
extensively  pronounced  like  long  i,  as  jine  for  join,  rile  for 
roil,  &c.  ;  but  this  pronunciation  is  now  confined  ex¬ 
clusively  to  the  lowest  classes. 

ow. 

§  39.  The  sound  of  ow  (unmarked),  as  heard  in  owl, 
vowel,  flower,  &c. 

Note  .  —  This  diphthong  is  compounded  of  the  elements 
d  and  oo,  the  former  of  which  is  accented,  but  made  ex¬ 
tremely  brief.  In  a  considerable  number  of  words,  ow 
represents  the  sound  of  long  o ;  in  the  single  word  knowl¬ 
edge  and  in  its  derivatives,  it  has  the  sound  of  short  o. 
These  are  accordingly  distinguished  by  the  proper  mark,  as 
blow,  slow ,  know ,  knowledge,  Sec. 

ou. 

§  40.  This  diphthong  has  two  leading  sounds. 

(1.)  That  of  ow  in  words  derived  from  the  Anglo-Saxon, 
as  in  out,  hound,  & c. 

(2.)  That  of  oo  in  words  derived  from  the  French,  as  in 
soup ,  group,  & c. 

§  41.  The  diphthong  ou  has  also,  in  a  number  of  words, 
the  sound  of  long  o.  as  in  soul;  in  a  few  cases,  the  sound 
of  the  broad  a,  as  in  bought  (bawt) ;  sometimes  that  of 
short  u ,  as  in  couple ;  sometimes  that  of  u  in  urge ,  as  in 
adjourn  (adjurn) ;  and,  in  the  three  words  could ,  would , 
should,  that  of  do  as  in  foot.  These  peculiarities  are  indi¬ 
cated  in  this  Dictionary  by  the  appropriate  mark  over  the 
significant  or  sounded  vowel,  or  by  respelling. 


PRONUNCIATION.  xi 

III.  VOWELS  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES., 

§  42.  When  an  unaccented  syllable  ends  in  a  consonant, 
its  vowel,  if  single,  has,  in  strict  theory,  its  regular  short 
or  shut  sound,  though  uttered  somewhat  more  faintly,  or 
with  a  less  proportionate  force,  than  in  an  accented  syllable, 
as  in  as-sign7,  con' duct,  conflict,  See.  In  many  words  of 
this  class,  however,  the  vowel  is  apt  to  suffer  a  change  or 
corruption  of  its  distinctive  quality,  passing  over  into  some 
sound  of  easier  utterance.  Thus  the  vowel  sounds  in  tho 
unaccented  syllables  ar,  er,  ir ,  or,  yr  (as  in  altar,  offer, 
tapir,  mirror ,  zephyr),  are  coincident  with  that  of  the 
second  u  in  sulphur.  As  a  general  rule,  a  and  o,  in  unac¬ 
cented  syllables  ending  in  a  consonant,  verge  toward,  or 
fall  into,  the  sound  of  short  u,  particularly  in  colloquial 
discourse,  as  in  ba Vlad,  bar  'rack,  ver  'bat,  bed  'lam,  cap  'stan, 
ja Vap,  bi7a.s,  ballast,  hav7oc,  methW,  pis'to/,  yen'om, 
compel7,  fiag7cm,  bish7op,  pi  'lot,  prov7ost.  In  such  words, 
it  would  ordinarily  be  the  merest  pedantry  or  affectation 
to  give  the  vowel  its  regular  short  sound. 

The  vowel  e,  in  unaccented  syllables  ending  in  a  con¬ 
sonant,  is,  in  some  words,  liable  to  be  sounded  like  short  i 
(as  in  barrel),  and,  in  others,  like  short  u  (as  in  silent) ;  but 
these  changes  are  usually  avoided  by  good  speakers. 

It  may  here  be  remarked,  that  some  of  the  diphthongs 
are  similarly  affected  by  the  absence  of  accent.  Thus  ai, 
which,  in  an  accented  syllable,  is  usually  sounded  like  long 
a  (as  in  corn-plain '),  sinks  into  S  or  i  in  an  unaccented 
syllable,  as  in  mountain ,  pronounced  moun7ten  or  moun7- 
tln.  So  ei,  ey,  and  ie  become  changed  in  pronunciation 
into  i  (as  in  surfeit,  hon'ej),  car'ried),  and  ou  is  sounded  as 
u  (as  in  griev'ous). 

It  is  also  to  be  observed,  that,  in  the  unaccented  sylla¬ 
bles  of  some  words  from  the  Latin,  the  vowel  is  long, 
though  followed  by  a  consonant  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in 
cantharidcs ;  but,  in  such  cases,  the  long  mark  is,  in  the 
Dictionary,  placed  over  the  vowel. 

§  43.  When  the  unaccented  syllable  does  not  end  in  a 
consonant,  two  cases  arise  ;  namely,  — 

(1.)  The  syllable  may  consist  of,  or  may  end  in,  a  vowel , 
as  in  the  words  a-bound7,  di- rect7,  e-vent7,  mo-lest7,  & c. 

(2.)  The  syllable  may  end  in  a  consonant,  with  final  e 
mute  at  the  close  of  words,  as  in  ul7ti-mate,  fi7n ite,  rep7- 
tile,  Sec. 

The  former  of  these  will,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  be 
called  No.  1,  the  latter  No.  2.  These  will  now  be  con¬ 
sidered  under  each  of  the  vowels. 

A. 

§  44.  (No.  1.  See  §  43.)  Here  the  a  has  properly  a 
brief  sound  of  the  Italian  a,  as  in  Cu'ba,  a-muse7,  A-mer'i- 
ca  ;  but,  in  familiar  speech,  it  is  almost  always  so  slighted 
and  obscured  as  to  be  indistinguishable  from  the  neutral 
vowel,  or  u  in  urge,  murmur ,  &c.  In  some  words,  like 
a-e7ri-al,  cha- ot7ic,  Sec.,  the  a  has  its  regular  long  or  name 
sound,  somewhat  shortened  by  the  omission  of  the  "  van¬ 
ish.”  This  is  due  to  the  influence  of  the  subsequent  vowel, 
which,  in  fluent  utterance,  refuses  to  take  the  Italian  a 
before  it  without  the  intervention  of  one  or  more  con¬ 
sonants.  Some  speakers  in  this  country  give  the  same 
brief  sound  of  long  a  to  this  letter  when  it  occurs  in  an 
initial  unaccented  syllable  followed  by  a  consonant  in  an 
accented  syllable,  as  in  a-bound7,  fa-tal7i-ty  ;  but  this  prac¬ 
tice  is  not  sanctioned  by  the  best  orthoepists.  In  the  ter¬ 
minations  -a-ny  and  -a-ry,  the  a  has  usually  the  same 
sound  as  short  e  unaccented,  as  in  mis7cel-la-ny,  mo7ment- 
a-ry,  &c. 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


xii 

§  45.  (No.  2.  See  §  43.)  Here  the  a  has  sometimes  its 
long  sound,  particularly  in  verbs  ending  in  ate ,  as,  dedi¬ 
cate,  ed'u-cate,  &c.  In  other  parts  of  speech,  the  sound 
of  the  a  is  more  obscure,  verging  toward  short  e,  as  in  ul7- 
ti-mate,  nightin-gale,  pref  ace,  &c.  In  some  instances  it 

is  apt  to  verge  toward  short  i,  as  in  viblage. 

/ 

E. 

§  46.  (No.  1.  See  §  43.)  Here  the  e  has  its  long  sound, 
slightly  obscure  or  abridged,  as  in  e-vent7,  e-mo'tion,  so- 
cbe-ty,  &c.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  sink  the  e  into 
an  indefinite  sound  of  short  u,  as,  society  for  society,  &c. 

§  47.  (No.  2.  See  §  43-)  Here,  also,  the  e  has  usually 
its  long  sound  a  little  shortened  and  slighted,  as  in  ob'so- 
lete.  In  a  few  instances,  it  verges  toward  short  e,  as  in 
college. 

I. 

There  is  great  diversity  in  the  case  of  this  letter.  Hence 
it  is  difficult  to  lay  down  general  rules  ;  and,  as  Smart  re¬ 
marks,  "  The  inquirer  must  be  sent  to  the  Dictionary  to 
learn,  in  each  particular  case,  the  true  pronunciation.” 

§  48.  (No.  1.  See  §  43.)  /,  when  final  in  a  syllable, 

has  more  commonly  its  short  sound,  as  in  phi-los'o-phy, 
direct7,  &c.  But  the  i  is  usually  long  in  the  initial  sylla¬ 
bles  i,  bi ,  chi,  cli ,  cri ,  pri,  tri,  as  in  i-de'a,  bi-ol7o-gy,  crl- 
te7ri-on,  pri-me7val,  &c. 

§  49.  (No.  2.  See  §  43.)  In  these  terminations,  usage 
is  greatly  divided.  On  the  whole,  the  i  is  more  generally 
short,  as  in  ac-conVpltce,  in7fi-nfte,  fer7t?le,  mard-tfme, 
ad-a-man7tme,  an7?se,  pos7i-ttve,  &c.  ;  but  there  are  some 
important  exceptions,  as,  cock7a-trice,  ex7Zle,  gen7tlle,  con7- 
cu-bZne,  ar'chlve,  &c. ;  also  all  names  of  minerals  ending 
in  lite  or  ite ;  as  chrys7o-lite,  ste'a-tlte,  &c.  Here  the  Dic¬ 
tionary  must  be  consulted  for  the  several  words.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  Smart  and  Cull,  chemical  terms  ending  in  ide  (as 
bromide ,  chloride ,  &c.)  should  be  pronounced  with  the  i 
long  ;  but  all  other  orthoapists  are  unanimous  in  making 
the  vowel  short;  and  the  propriety  of  the  latter  mode  of 
pronunciation  is  established  by  the  fact  that  this  whole 
class  of  words  is  not  unfrequently  spelled  without  the  final 
e ,  thus,  bromid,  chlorid. 

O. 

§  50.  (No.  1.  See  §  43.)  Here  the  o  has  usually  its  long 
sound  slightly  abbreviated,  and  without  its  u  vanish  ” 
(see  §  19),  as  in  o-pindon,  croc7o-dile,  to-bac7ca,  & c.  Care 
should  here  be  taken  not  to  sink  the  o  into  short  u,  as  care¬ 
less  speakers  often  do,  pronouncing  o-pinion,  t<p-pin7ion, 
&c.  An  exception,  however,  is  perhaps  to  be  made  in  the 
case  of  the  terminations  -o-ny  and  -o-ry,  in  which,  accord¬ 
ing  to  universal  usage  in  England,  the  o  is  sounded  like 
short  u  unaccented,  as  in  mat7ri-mo-ny,  prom/is-so-ry,  &c. 
Yet  most  speakers  in  this  country  give  the  o  in  such  words 
its  long  sound,  slightly  abbreviated,  as  in  other  unaccented 
syllables.  The  practice  —  too  common  among  us  —  of  lay¬ 
ing  a  secondary  accent  on  the  o  is  a  fault  which  should  be 
sedulously  avoided.  —  See  §  110. 

§  5l.  (No.  2.  See  §  43.)  The  o  in  these  terminations 
has  usually  its  regular  long  sound,  as  in  tel'e-scllpe,  ep'cde; 
&c.  Sometimes  it  has  the  sound  of  short  o,  as  in  di7a- 
Jjgue :  in  other  cases,  it  verges  toward  short  u ,  as  in 
pur7pose. 

TJ. 

§  52.  (No.  1.  See  §  43.)  Here  the  u  generally  has  its 
long  sound  slightly  abridged,  as  in  ac7cj<-rate,  e-mol7x- 
ment,  man-w-mit7,  an7n«-al,  dep'a-tize,  w-til  i-ty.  But 


when  the  u  is  preceded  by  d,  t,  or  s,  these  combinations,  du, 
tu ,  and  su,  are  by  the  great  majority  of  speakers  changed 
into  joo,  choo ,  and  shoo  or  zhoo,  respectively,  as  in  ed7- 
j (.-cate  (ej'oo-kate),  ha-bit7w-al  (ha-blch7oo-al),  sen7s»-ous 
(sen7shoo-us),  vis7u-al  (vizh7oo-al).  (See  §§  66,  77,  92,  93, 

95,  and  107.)  In  the  notation  of  words  of  this  class  in  the 
Dictionary,  the  regular  pronunciation  is  generally  given 
instead  of  the  irregular,  in  conformity  with  the  views  of 
Dr.  Webster ;  but,  in  many  instances,  reference  is  made  to 
the  remarks  contained  in  the  present  section.  When  the 
u  is  preceded  by  r,  it  simply  drops  the  y  sound,  and  is 
pronounced  oo ,  as  in  er-u-di'tion  (er-oo-dish7un).  (See  § 
32.) 

§  53.  (No.  2.  See  §  43.)  The  u  in  these  terminations 
should  generally  retain  its  regular  long  sound  (see  §§  29, 

30)  slightly  abridged,  as  in  grati-tf/de,  in7sti-tfrte,  rid  i¬ 
cule,  tribute,  im-post'liuine,  sub7ter-fuge,  &c.  There  are 
a  few  exceptions,  as  min7wte  (min'it),  n.,  and  let7  twee  (let7- 
tis).  If  the  letter  r  precedes  the  u,  the  initial  element  of 
the  vowel  is  dropped,  as  in  ce'ruse  (se7roos),  per7?/ke  (per7- 
ook),  &c.  (See  §  32.)  On  the  other  hand,  when  the  u  is 
immediately  preceded  by  the  letter  t ,  it  should  never  be 
changed  into  mere  oo,  as  grat'i-tood  for  grat'i-twde,  in7sti- 
toot  for  in/sti-tute  —  a  practice  which  prevails  among  the 
vulgar. 

The  terminations  dure ,  ture,  and  sure,  though  sometimes 
pronounced  with  the  regular  sounds  of  the  letters,  are  more 
commonly  pronounced  joor.  choor,  and  shoor  or  zhoor,  re¬ 
spectively,  as  in  the  words  tenfper-a-ture  (tem7per-a-choor), 
ver  dare  (ver  joor),  cy7no-s;(re  (si  no-shoor),  ex-po's!/re  (eks- 
po'zhoor).  (See  §§  66,  77,  92,  93,  95,  and  107.)  When  these 
terminations  are  immediately  preceded  by  an  accented  syl¬ 
lable,  many  speakers  change  them  still  further  into  chur, 
jur ,  and  shur,  or  zhur,  as  in  na7twre  (na7chur),  ver'dwre 
(ver7jur),  cen7SMre  (sen7shur),  ex-po7sare  (eks-po7zhur).  The 
Dictionary  follows  the  practice  of  Dr.  Webster  in  giving  to 
dure  and  ture  the  regular  sounds  of  d,  t,  and  u  (pronounc¬ 
ing  verdure,  verd7yoor,  creature ,  kreet7yoor,  &c.),  while  sure 
is  respelt  shoor  or  zhoor,  as  in  the  examples  given  above. 
This,  it  is  true,  is  an  inconsistency  ;  but  it  is  one  of  little 
moment,  inasmuch  as  general  usage  is  so  fluctuating,  and 
as  reference  is  in  most  cases  made  to  the  present  section. 

Y. 

§  54.  (No.  1.  See  §  43.)  Here  y  has  usually  its  short 
sound,  as  in  liy-poc7ri-sy,  my-thoBo-gy,  van7i-ty,  mer7ri-ly, 
proph'e-cy,  &c.  ;  but  verbs  ending  in  fy  have  the  y  long, 
as  in  jus'ti-iy,  mag7ni-fy,  &c.  ;  also  the  three  verbs,  oc7- 
cu-py,  mul  ti-ply,  proph  e-sy. 

§  55.  (No.  2.  See  §  43.)  The  y  in  these  terminations 
(which  are  few  in  number)  is  generally  long,  as  in  an7o- 
dyne,  per  i-style;  ne'o-phyte,  pros'e-lyte,  & c. 

IV.  SILENT  VOWELS. 

§  56.  Vowels  which  are  printed  in  Italics  are  not  to 
be  sounded,  as  the  e  in  usrd,  burden,  the  i  in  cous/n,  &c. 
Some  of  these  cases  require  a  more  particular  consideration, 
and  will  now  be  mentioned. 

E  final. 

§  57.  The  letter  e  is  always  mute  when  final,  except  in 
monosyllables  containing  no  other  vowel,  in  classical  words, 
and  in  some  words  from  modern  foreign  languages  ;  but,  in  , 
a  monosyllable  or  in  an  accented  syllable  of  a  word,  though 
silent,  it  generally  serves  the  purpose  of  indicating  that  a 
i  preceding  single  vowel  followed  by  a  single  consonant,  a 


PRINCIPLES  OF 

consonant  digraph,  or  the  combined  letters  st  or  ng,  has  its 
regular  long  sound,  as  in  plane ,  hope ,  cube ,  inscribe ,  paste , 
change.  When  a  silent  e  follo  ws  c  or  g  at  the  end  of  a  word, 
it  serves  also  to  show  that  the  consonant  is  to  have  its  soft, 
and  not  its  hard,  sound,  as  in  ace ,  nice ,  age ,  huge ,  oblige. 
In  a  number  of  monosyllables  (as  bide ,  come,  give,  were , 
done ,  & c.)  and  in  the  accented  syllables  of  a  few  words  de¬ 
rived  from  them  (as  forbade' ,  become' ,  forgive'),  the  e  does 
not  have  its  usual  effect  of  lengthening  the  sound  of  the 
preceding  vowel.  In  unaccented  syllables,  it  sometimes 
keeps  the  vowel  in  its  long  sound,  as  in  gen'tlle,  su'plne, 
finite,  ar'chive  ;  but  in  a  great  many  instances  it  exercises 
no  such  influence,  as  in  jus'tice ,  hos'tile,  mar'i-time,  doc'- 
tfine ,  an'ise,  gran'ite,  plain' live. 

EN  with  E  silent. 

§58  Most  words  ending  in  en  drop  the  e  in  pronuncia¬ 
tion,  as,  often  (of’n),  heaven  (heav’n),  even  (ev’n),  &c.  One 
of  the  most  prevalent  errors  of  the  present  day,  especially 
among  our  clergy  (for  the  laity  have  fallen  into  it  much 
less),  is  that  of  pronouncing  the  words  even  (ev’n)  ev//n, 
heaven  (heav’n)  heaven  or  heaven,  often  (oi’n)  often,  &c. 
Walker  remarks  with  great  keenness  on  this  error,  declar¬ 
ing  it  to  be  a  a  puerile  and  false  pronunciation.”  If  the 
writer  is  correctly  informed,  it  is  never  heard  among  good 
speakers  in  England.  The  following  are  nearly  all  the 
words  in  which  the  e  should  be  sounded  :  asp  en,  chicken, 
hyphen,  kitchen,  jerken,  latten,  iichew,  marten,  mynchen, 
paten,  patten,  platen,  rowen,  wicken,  and  yew  en.  The  e 
is  also  sounded  when  preceded  by  the  liquids  l,  m,  n,  r,  as 
in  woolen,  omen,  linen,  siren,  See.,  though  fallen,  stolen, 
and  swollen  omit  the  e  in  pronunciation.  With  regard  to 
Eden,  bounden,  heathen,  mitten,  sudden,  and  sloven,  there 
is  a  diversity  of  usage  among  good  speakers  in  this  country, 
some  suppressing,  and  some  sounding,  the  e. 

ON  with  O  silent. 

§  59.  Many  words  ending  in  on  preceded  by  c,  clc,  s,  and 
t,  omit  the  o  in  pronunciation,  as  in  reckon  (reck’n),  bacon 
(bak’n),  treason  (treas’n),  mutton  (mutt’n),  & c. 

ED  with  E  silent. 

§  60  The  termination  ed  is  usually  shortened  in  pro¬ 
nunciation  by  dropping  the  sound  of  the  e  (as  in  loved 
(lov’d),  aimed  (aim’d),  diffused  (diffus’d),  &c.),  unless  this 
letter  is  preceded  by  d  or  t  (as  in  amended,  contented ,  &c  ), 
when  its  omission  is  organically  impossible.  But  in  adverbs 
formed  by  adding  ly ,  and  in  nouns  formed  by  adding  ness 
to  words  ending  in  ed,  the  e  of  this  termination  is  uniformly 
sounded,  as  in  assuredly ,  confusedly,  renewedly,  amazed¬ 
ness,  composedness ,  & c.  There  are  also  some  participial 
adjectives,  and  some  adjectives  not  derived  from  verbs,  in 
which  the  e  is  commonly  sounded,  as,  aged,  beloved,  blessed, 
crabbed,  cragged,  crooked,  crutched,  cursed ,  cusped ,  deuced, 
dogged ,  hooked,  jagged ,  learned ,  legged,  naked ,  peaked, 
picked  (sharp),  ragged,  rugged,  stubbed ,  wicked,  winged , 
wretched.  The  e  is  also  pronounced  in  the  derivatives 
formed  from  such  adjectives,  as,  learnedly,  blessedness  ;  but 
is  generally  omitted  in  the  compounds,  as,  fu'l-aged  (ajd), 
sheath-winged  (-wingd).-  In  poetry,  the  meter  often  requires 
us  to  pronounce  ed  as  a  distinct  syllable,  when  it  would  not 
be  so  pronounced  in  prose.  In  all  cases  where  it  should 
properly  be  sounded,  its  omission  is  a  mark  of  great  vul¬ 
garity. 

Note.  —  In  reading  the  Scriptures  and  Prayer-Book, 
some  persons,  chiefly  among  the  clergy,  make  it  a  practice 


PRONUNCIATION.  xiii 

to  pronounce  the  participial  termination  -ed,  in  most  cases 
in  which  it  is  not  preceded  by  a  vowel  (as  in  believed,  re¬ 
vealed),  as  a  distinct  syllable.  Thus,  “  Whom  he  did  predes¬ 
tinate,  them  he  also  call  -ed ;  and  whom  he  coW-ed,  them  he 
also  justified;  and  whom  he  justified,  them  he  also  glo¬ 
rified.”  This  usage,  was  formerly  a  very  prevalent  one,  but 
at  the  present  time  it  is  much  more  limited,  and  is  com¬ 
monly  regarded  as  savoring  of  affectation  or  of  an  old- 
school  education. 

EL  with  E  silent. 

§  61.  As  a  general  rule,  the  e  is  sounded  in  these  ter¬ 
minations,  as  in  grave/,  1  eve/,  vess el,  chape/,  &c.  To  omit 
the  e  in  such  cases,  pronouncing  level,  lev’l,  chapel ,  chap’l, 
&c.,  is  generally  regarded  as  a  vulgarism.  The  following 
are  nearly  or  quite  all  the  words  of  this  kind  in  which  the 
e  is  properly  omitted ;  namely,  barbel,  betel,  chattel,  drazel, 
drivel,  easel,  grovel,  hazel,  mangel  wurzel,  mantel,  mis- 
pickel,  mussel,  navel,  ousel,  ravel,  rivel,  scovel,  shekel, 
shovel,  shrivel,  snivel,  swingel,  swivel,  teasel,  toggel,  towsel, 
weasel,  and,  according  to  a  few  orthoepists,  model. 


CONSONANTS. 

B. 

§  62.  The  sound  represented  by  this  letter  (which  is  un¬ 
marked)  is  heard  in  the  words  barn,  rob,  labor,  table,  & c. 

Note. — This  sound  is  formed  by  the  compression  of 
vocalized  breath  or  voice,  within  the  mouth,  while  the  lips 
are  shut  and  the  back  nostrils  are  closed  by  covering  them 
with  the  soft  palate.  When  preceded  by  m,  or  followed  by 
t,  in  the  same  syllable,  b  is  generally  silent,  as  in  bomb , 
climb ,  tomb,  debt ,  doubt,  subt'le,  & c.  Accumb,  dithyramb, 
iamb,  succumb,  rhomb,  rhumb,  are  said  to  be  exceptions  ; 
yet,  in  this  country,  the  first  and  the  fourth  of  these  words 
are  commonly  pronounced  without  sounding  the  b.  B  is 
also  silent  in  bdellium. 

C. 

§  63.  C  marked  thus,  Q,  g  (soft  c),  has  the  sound  of  s, 
as  in  cede,  trace ,  acid,  cypress,  &c. 

N  ote  .  —  It  takes  this  sound  whenever  it  occurs  before 
e  (even  if  silent),  i,  or  y.  —  See  S,  §  90. 

When  the  letters  ce  or  ci  are  immediately  preceded  by  an 
accented  syllable,  and  are  followed  by  a  vowel  in  the  next 
syllable,  the  c  combines  in  pronunciation  with  the  e  or  i  to 
form  the  sound  sh,  as  in  ocean,  social ,  saponaceous,  &c. 
In  some  words,  c  alone  has  this  sound,  or,  rather,  the  e  or 
i  is  used  twice,  first  combining  with  the  c  to  represent  the 
sound  of  sh,  and  then,  in  the  same  syllable,  taking  on  its 
customary  vowel  sound,  as  in  so-ci-al'i-ty.  — See  SII,  §  95. 

§  64.  C  marked  thus,  €,  c  (hard  c),  has  the  sound  of  k 
when  it  comes  before  a,  o,  u,  l,  or  r,  before  k,  s,  or  t,  and 
when  it  ends  a  word  or  a  syllable,  as  in  call,  cot,  cut,  clot, 
crown,  black,  act,  zinc,  traffic,  pic'ture ,  flae'eid ,  eth'ics.  — 
See  K,  §  78. 

§  65.  C  has  the  sound  of  z  in  the  words  sacrifice,  sice, 
suffice,  and  discern ,  and  in  their  derivatives.  It  is  silent  in 
the  words  czar,  victuals,  indict,  and  their  derivatives,  and 
also  in  the  termination  scle,  as  in  muscle ,  corpuscle,  &c. 

CH. 

§  66.  Ch  unmarked  (English  ch)  has  very  nearly  the 
sound  of  tsh,  as  in  child,  much,  richer ,  speechless,  &c. 

Note.  —  The  compound  sound  signified  by  this  digraph 
is  not  precisely  equivalent  to  that  represented  by  tsh.  The 
ordinary  sound  of  t  is  uttered  with  the  tip  of  the  tongue 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


xiv 

pressed  against  the  gum  of  the  upper  front  teeth.  The  first 
element  of  ch  is  uttered  with  the  upper  fiat  surface  of  the 
tongue,  near  the  tip,  applied  to  the  gum  at  a  point  higher 
up,  just  where  a  relaxation  of  the  contact  produces  the 
configuration  requisite  for  sounding  sh,  the  second  constit¬ 
uent  of  the  compound.  The  two  elements  are  so  closely 
blended  in  pronunciation  that,  like  a  diphthong  or  com¬ 
pound  vowel,  they  have  the  effect  of  only  a  single  sound  or 
beat  upon  the  ear. 

When  the  letter  t  comes  before  u  (—  yoo)  in  an  unac¬ 
cented  syllable,  and  is  at  the  same  time  preceded  by  an  ac¬ 
cented  syllable  (as  in  nature ),  or  when  it  is  preceded  by  s  or 
x  in  an  accented  syllable,  and  is  immediately  followed  by  to 
(=  ya)  or  io  (=  yo)  in  an  unaccented  syllable  (as  in  Chris¬ 
tian ,  question ,  admixtion ),  both  this  letter  and  the  y  vir¬ 
tually  following  it  are,  by  some  speakers,  preserved  in  their 
usual  and  appropriate  sounds ;  thus,  nature  (nat'yoor) 
Christian  (krlst'yan).  question  (kwesUyun),  admixtion  (ad- 
mlkst'yun),  &c.  But  by  others  they  are  suffered  to  sink 
into  the  easier  and  closely  allied  sound  of  ch  in  church ; 
thus,  nature  (na-choor),  Christian  (krls'chan),  question 
(kwes/chun),  admixtion  (ad-mTks/chun),  & c.  In  regard  to 
the  pronunciation  of  words  ending  in  teous,  when  this  ter¬ 
mination  is  not  under,  but  is  immediately  preceded  by,  the 
accent  (as  in  boun'teous ),  usage  is  far  from  being  uniform, 
some  calling  it  t-yus  (as  bount'yus ),  others  reducing  it  to 
chus  (as  boun'chus),  while  others  corrupt  it  into  che-us  (as 
boun'cheus) ;  but  that  mode  which  keeps  both  the  t  and  the 
e  in  their  customary  souuds  (as  boun'te-us ),  is  the  most 
common,  except  in  the  single  word  righteous ,  which  is 
properly  pronounced  rlt'yus,  or  rVchus. 

§  67.  Ch  marked  thus,  Ch,  fh  (French  ch ),  has  the 
sound  of  sh,  as  in  chaise,  marchioness,  machine,  & c.  —  See 
SH,  §  95.  Most  words  of  this  kind  are  derived  from  the 
French. 

§  68.  Ch  marked  thus,  -Ch ,  ch  (Latin  ch),  has  the 
sound  of  k,  as  in  chorus,  epoch,  distich,  & c.  This  is  the 
usual  sound  in  words  derived  from  the  ancient  languages  ; 
but  cherub  and  charity,  with  their  derivatives,  are  excep¬ 
tions.  Ch  is  always  hard  (like  k)  before  l  and  r,  as  in  chlo¬ 
rine,  chrism. 

Note.  —  The  prefix  arch ,  denoting  chief,  is  pronounced 
ark  in  archangel  and  its  derivatives,  and  in  words  from 
foreign  languages  in  which  the  other  component  part  is  not 
separately  current  in  English,  as,  arc/dtecture,  arcAipelago, 
arc/iitrave,  & c.  In  all  other  cases,  it  is  pronounced  artch, 
as  in  arc/t-bishop,  arch-enemy ,  arc/i-fiend,  &c. 

§  69.  Ch  is  silent  in  the  word  drachm  (though  not  in 
drachma,  drak/ma),  and  also  in  sc/iism,  yacht  (yot),  and 
their  derivatives. 

D.  ' 

§  70.  The  sound  of  d  (unmarked),  as  in  dale,  sad,  rider, 
tradesman,  &c. 

Note.  —  The  sound  of  this  letter  is  formed  by  pressing 
the  end  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  gums,  and  then 
forcing  up  vocalized  breath,  or  voice,  into  the  mouth,  the 
soft  palate  being  raised  to  prevent  its  escape  through  the 
nose. 

This  is  the  regular  and  usual  sound  of  d ;  but  when  this 
letter  follows  a  whispered  or  non-vocal  consonant  in  the 
same  syllable,  it  uniformly  takes  the  sound  of  t,  as  in  hissed 
(hist).  (See  §  108.)  D  is  silent  only  in  the  words  Wednes¬ 
day  and  handkerchief. 

F. 

§  71.  The  sound  of f  (unmarked),  as  in  fame,  leaf,  def¬ 
inite,  softly,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  letter,  which  is  never  silent,  is  uttered  by 
applying  the  lower  lip  to  the  upper  front  teeth,  and  emit¬ 
ting  the  breath.  JFhas  only  this  one  sound,  except  in  the 
single  word  of,  in  which  it  has  the  power  of  v.  In  the 


compounds  hereof,  thereof,  and  whereof,  many  speakers 
preserve  the  customary  and  regular  sound  of  the  f;  but 
good  usage  allows  it  to  be  sounded  as  in  the  simple  word. 

G. 

§  72.  G  marked  thus,  G,  g  (g  hard),  has  the  sound  of 
that  letter  in  the  word  go ;  as  in  get,  gave,  give,  begun, 
key,  sluggish,  smuggle,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  sound  is  produced  by  a  compression  of  in¬ 
tonated  breath,  or  voice,  confined  within  the  mouth  by  a 
contact  of  the  root  of  the  tongue  with  the  posterior  part 
of  the  palate,  which  is  at  the  same  time  raised  sufficiently 
to  cover  the  back  nostrils,  or  openings  from  the  pharynx 
into  the  nose. 

G  is  hard  before  a  (except  in  the  single  word  gaol  and  its 
derivatives),  o,  u,  h,  l,  and  r,  as  in  gate,  gore,  gum,  ghastly, 
glad,  grain.  It  is  sometimes,  though  not  usually,  hard 
before  e,  i,  and  y,  as  in  get,  give,  gibbous ,  muggy.  This 
occurs  chiefly  in  words  from  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  in  a  very 
few  from  the  Gi’eek.  It  is  also,  and  always,  hard  at  the 
end  of  words,  and  in  the  derivatives  of  such  words,  even 
when  the  g  is  doubled  and  followed  by  e,  i,  or  y,  as  in  crag, 
drug,  fog,  cragged,  druggist ,  foggy . 

When  a,  i,  or  7,  is  preceded  in  the  same  syllable  by  the 
sound  of  g,  or  of  k,  very  many  speakers,  particularly  in 
England,  interpose  a  slight  sound  of  c,  as  in  card,  kind, 
garden,  guard,  girl,  guile,  guise,  sky.  Some  persons  affect 
the  introduction  of  a  full  and  distinct  sound  of  long  e,  or 
of  consonant  y,  in  such  cases  ;  saying  kee-ard  or  k-yard, 
kee-lnd  or  k-ylnd,  ske-y  or  sk-yi,  & c.  The  practice  of  a 
very  large  portion,  if  not  a  majority,  of  the  best  speakers 
in  the  United  States,  and  also  of  many  educated  persons  in 
England,  is  to  join  the  sound  of  the  g  or  k  to  that  of  the  a 
or  i,  without  suffering  any  other  sound  to  slip  in  between 
them. 

§  73.  G  marked  thus,  6,  g  (g  soft),  has  the  compound 
sound  of  j,  as  in  gem,  rage,  engine ,  caged ,  & c.  —  See  §  77- 

Note.  — The  letter  g  generally  takes  this  sound  when  it 
comes  before  e,  i,  or  y ;  but  there  are  some  exceptions.  (See 
the  preceding  section.)  G  has  also  its  soft  sound  before  a 
in  the  single  word  gaol  (now  commonly  spelled  jail),  and  in 
its  derivatives  and  compounds. 

§  74.  In  a  few  words  from  the  French,  g  retains  the 
sound  of  zh,  which  it  has  before  e  and  i  in  that  language, 
as  in  rouge  (roozh),  mirage  (ml-razh/),  &c. 

G  is  silent  before  m  and  n  final,  and  also  when  initial 
before  n,  as  in  phlegm ,  sign,  gnat. 

For  the  office  which  g  performs  in  such  words  as  longer, 
stronger,  &c.,  see  §  82. 

GH. 

§  75.  This  digraph  (which  is  unmarked)  is  sounded,  at 
the  beginning  of  a  word,  like  g  hard,  as  in  ghastly ,  ghost, 
gherkin,  & c.  It  is  silent  after  the  vowel  i,  as  in  high,  sigh, 
weigh ;  and  it  is  generally  silent  before  t,  as  in  bought, 
fraught,  taught,  & c.  The  words  draught  and  laughter, 
where  it  has  the  sound  off,  are  exceptions.  In  other 
cases,  gh  is  generally  pronounced  like  ./-,  as  in  chough,  cough, 
rough,  tough ,  trough,  enough,  & c. ;  but  it  sometimes  has 
the  sound  of  k,  as  in  hough,  lough,  shough.  In  the  word 
hiccough,  it  is  usually  pronounced  like  p. 

H. 

§  76.  This  letter  (which  is  unmarked)  is  a  mere  aspira¬ 
tion  or  breathing,  and  represents  no  fixed  configuration  of 
the  vocal  organs. 

♦ 

Note.  — It  is  an  emission  of  unvocalized  breath  through 
whatever  position  of  the  mouth-organs  is  required  by  the 
succeeding  element,  the  organs  being  always  placed  to  form 
the  next  following  letter  before  the  h  is  pronounced.  Thus, 
in  he  the  tongue  is  put  in  a  position  to  sound  the  e  before 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION 


xv 


the  h  is  uttered  ;  and  similarly  in  hall,  hard,  home,  & c.  It 
differs,  however,  from  a  mere  whispered  vowel,  in  being  an 
expiration  of  breath  through  the  open  glottis,  whereas  in 
whispering  a  vowel  the  glottis  is  almost  closed  by  the  ap¬ 
proximation  of  the  vocal  cords. 

In  the  following  words,  heir,  heiress,  herb,  herbage,  honest, 
honor,  honorable,  hour,  with  their  derivatives,  and  also  in 
hostler  (more  properly  spelt  ostler ),  h  is  silent.  It  is  also 
marked  as  silent  by  most  orthoepistsin  hospital,  humor ,  and 
humble,  with  their  derivatives.  There  is,  however,  an  in¬ 
creasing  tendency  to  sound  the  h  in  these  words.  H  is 
silent  after  g  initial,  as  in  ghost,  gherkin,  & c. ;  after  r,as  in 
rhyme,  myrrh,  &c. ;  and  also  when  preceded  by  a  vowel  in 
the  same  syllable,  as  in  ah,  eh,  oh,  buhl,  Jehovah ,  &c.  In 
many  parts  of  England,  the  sound  of  this  letter  is  almost 
always  omitted  where  it  ought  to  be  uttered,  and  uttered 
where  it  ought  to  be  omitted  ;  as  'ouse  for  house,  happle  for 
apple,  &c.  This  very  gross  and  vulgar  error  is  rarely,  if 
ever,  heard  among  natives  of  the  United  States. 

J. 

§  77.  This  letter  (which  is  unmarked)  has  very  nearly 
the  sound  of  dzh ,  being  precisely  the  same  as  that  of  g 
soft,  as  in  jar ,  jeer,  joke ,  & c.  —  See  §  73. 

Note. — The  sound  of /,  though  almost  identical  with 
that  of  dzh,  differs  from  it  as  the  sound  of  ch  in  chin  dif¬ 
fers  from  that  of  tsh.  (See  §  63,  Note.)  .7 is  never  silent. 
In  the  word  hallelujah,  it  has  the  sound  of  consonant  y. 

In  words  in  which  d  precedes  a  letter  having  regularly 
the  sound  of  ;?/,and  occurring  in  an  unaccented  syllable,  as 
in  modulate  (mod'u-late),  soldier  (sold/yer),  the  sound  of  j 
is  very  often  substituted  for  the  combined  sounds  of  the  d 
and  y  (thus,  moj'oo-late,  sol'jer) ;  — just  as  the  sound  of  ch 
is  substituted  for  the  combined  sounds  of  t  and  y  in  nat¬ 
ure,  question,  righteous,  & c.  (See  §  66,  Note.)  Smart 
remarks,  “  It  is  possible  to  preserve  the  pure  sound  of  the 
t  and  d  in  nature  and  verdure  ;  yet  nothing  is  more  certain 
than  that  they  are  not  preserved  pure  by  the  best  and  most 
careful  speakers.” 

K. 

§  78.  This  letter  (which  is  unmarked)  has  one  uniform 
sound,  an  heard  in  keep,  king ,  kitchen ,  &c.,  and  is  precisely 
equivalent  to  c  hard.  — See  §  64. 

Note  .  —  The  sound  represented  by  this  letter  differs  from 
that  of  g  in  go  (hard  g)  only  in  being  a  whispered  and  not 
a  vocal  utterance  ;  the  organs  are  placed  in  the  same  posi¬ 
tion  for  forming  both  sounds.  Before  n,  in  the  same  sylla¬ 
ble,  k  is  silent,  as  in  knack,  knell,  knit,  know,  & c.  It.  is 
also  silent  after  c,  as  in  back,  barrack,  &c.  In  regard  to  the 
pronunciation  sometimes  given  to  such  words  as  kind,  sky, 
&c.,  see  §  72,  Note. 

Xi. 

§  79.  The  sound  of  l  (unmarked),  as  heard  in  left,  bell, 
chalice,  melting ,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  letter  has  only  one  sound,  which  consists 
of  an  efflux  of  vocalized  breath,  or  voice,  over  the  sides  of 
the  tongue,  while  its  tip  is  pressed  against  the  gums  of  the 
upper  front  teeth.  L  is  silent  in  many  words,  especially 
before  a  final  consonant,  as  in  almond,  malmsey ,  palmer, 
alms,  calm,  walk,  half,  could,  would,,  should,  &c. 

M. 

§  80.  The  sound  of  m  (unmarked),  as  heard  in  make, 
aim,  clamor,  armed,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  letter  has  one  uniform  sound,  produced  by 
closing  the  lips,  and  letting  the  voice  issue  through  the 
nose.  It  is  silent  when  it  precedes  n  in  the  same  syllable, 
as  in  mnemonics. 

2ST. 

$  81.  The  sound  of  n  (unmarked),  as  heard  in  nail,  ten, 
panel,  entry ,  & c. 


Note.  —  In  the  production  of  this  sound,  the  tip  of  the 
tongue  is  pressed  against  the  upper  gums,  as  for  d ;  but  the 
voice,  instead  of  being  confined  within  the  mouth,  is  suf¬ 
fered  to  escape  uninterruptedly  through  the  nose,  the  nasal 
passages  being  uncovered  for  that  purpose. 

When  final  after  l  or  m,  n  is  uniformly  silent,  as  in  kiln, 
condemn,  solemn ,  hymn ,  limn,  &c.;  but  it  is  generally 
sounded  in  tne  derivatives  formed  from  such  words  by  .add¬ 
ing  to  them  a  termination  beginning  with  a  vowel,  as  in 
condemnatory,  solemnize,  hymnic,  limner,  &c.  In  tho 
present  participles  of  verbs  ending  in  mn,  as  contemn, 
hymn ,  & c.,  the  n,  though  often  unpronounced,  is  moro 
properly  sounded,  as,  contemning ,  hymning,  & c. 

§  82.  The  sound  of  n  as  heard  in  linger ,  link,  uncle, 
&c.  (marked  N,  n). 

Note.  —  This  is  essentially  the  same  sound  as  that  repre¬ 
sented  by  ng ;  but  its  length  varies  greatly  according  as  it 
is  followed  by  a  whispered  or  a  vocal  consonant.  When  it 
.is  followed  in  the  same  syllable  by  the  sound  of  k,  as  in  link, 
it  is  cut  so  short  by  the  instantaneous  and  perfect  closure 
of  the  organs  which  form  this  pure  mute  as  to  add  almost 
nothing  to  the  length  of  the  syllable.  It  seems  undesirable, 
therefore,  to  respell  wordsending  in  nk  by  the  use  of  ngyand, 
in  this  volume,  this  is  not  done,  a  diacritical  mark  being 
placed  below  the  n  instead,  as  a  sufficient  indication  of  the 
true  quality  and  quantity  of  the  sound.  But  when  this 
sound  of  n  is  followed  by  that  of  g  in  a  separate  syllable, 
as  in  the  primitive  words  anger ,  finger,  conger,  hunger, it  is 
long  and  sonorous,  and  increases  the  duration  of  the  syl¬ 
labic  utterance  very  perceptibly.  As  a  general  rule,  the 
change  of  n  into  n  takes  place  only  before  g  and  k  (or  before 
the  equivalents  of  k,  namely,  c,  q,  and  x~ks.  It  takes  place 
before  k  or  its  equivalents  when  any  one  of  these  letters  fol¬ 
lows  n  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  li nk,  circyue,  m\nx,  be¬ 
think,  adungue',  pharynx ;  and  before  g  or  k,  or  an  equiv¬ 
alent  of  k,  when  any  one  of  these  letters  begins  an  unac¬ 
cented  syllable  and  the  n  ends  a  preceding  accented  one, 
as  in  concord,  congress,  un/de,  &c.  Penguin  and  a  few 
other  words  are  exceptions  ;  also  words  beginning  with  the 
prefixes  in,  non,  quinque,  and  un;  as,  income,  non/con- 
form'ity,  qu/n/guevalve,  un/compound'ed,  &c.  It  is  to  be 
observed  that,  if  the  n  ends  an  unaccented  syllable,  and  the 
g  or  k  begins  an  accented  one,  the  n  invariably  retains  its 
regular  sound ;  as  in  con-cord'ant,  con-gres'sional,  & c. 

It  is  also  to  be  observed  that  in  most  derivative  words, 
like  hanger,  singer,  wronger  (from  hang,  sing,  and  wrong), 
the  g  is  not  sounded,  but  unites  with  the  n  to  represent 
the  sound  which  in  the  primitives  just  cited  is  represented 
by  n  alone.  But  in  the  comparative  and  superlative  de¬ 
grees  of  the  three  following  words,  namely,  long ,  strong,  and 
young ,  and  also  in  the  words  diphthongal  and  triphthongal 
(from  diphthong  and  triphthong),  the  g  is  always,  though 
very  irregularly,  pronounced,  taking  its  hard  sound,  as  in 
go;  thus,  lon'ger,  stron'ger,  See.  It  is  further  to  be  ob¬ 
served  that  there  is  a  small  class  of  words  in  which  the  n 
has  its  ordinary  sound,  as  in  nail,  and  the  g  its  soft  sound, 
as  in  gem.  Of  this  class,  the  words  danger,  stranger,  gin¬ 
ger,  and  plunger  are  examples. 

§  83.  The  sound  of  ng  (unmarked),  as  in  sing,  singer , 
singly,  & c. 

Note.  —  This  is  a  simple  elementary  sound,  and  is  not 
(as  might  be  supposed)  a  compound  sound  made  up  of  tho 
sound  of  n  in  conjunction  with  that  of  g.  In  forming  ng, 
the  tongue  is  placed  in  the  same  position  as  for  forming  g; 
the  nostrils,  however,  are  not  completely  closed,  but  yet  so 
much  so  as  to  produce  a  marked  resonance  (somewhat  sim¬ 
ilar  to  the  sound  of  n),  which  may  be  continued  to  any 
length,  as  in  sing,  bring,  & c.  —  See  §  82. 

P. 

§  84.  The  sound  of  p  (unmarked),  as  heard  in  pay,  ape, 
paper,  aptly,  & c. 

Note  . —  The  position  of  the  organs  necessary  for  forming 
this  sound  is  the  same  as  for  b,  but  the  sound  itself  differs 


xvi  PRINCIPLES  OF 

from  that  of  b  in  being  an  utterance  of  the  breath  instead 
of  the  voice. 

P  has  but  one  sound ;  it  is  silent  when  initial  before  n,  s, 
and  t,  as  in  pneumatics,  psalm,  pshaw ,  ptarmigan.  It  is 
also  silent  or  very  indistinct  when  it  occurs  between  m  and 
t  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  tempt,  exempt ,  Se c.  ;  but  when 
preceded  by  m  in  the  same  syllable  and  followed  by  t  or  by 
k  in  the  next  syllable,  it  is  more  properly  sounded ;  as  in 
temp-ta'tion ,  exe.mp' tion, redemption,  consumptive , sump1  - 
turns,  bump1  kin,  pump1  kin,  &c.,  though,  in  colloquial  ut¬ 
terance,  it  is  very  often  suppressed  in  words  of  this  class. 
It  is  also  mute  in  the  following  words,  and  in  their  deriva¬ 
tives  :  namely,  raspberry,  receipt,  sempstress,  accompt,  and 
corps. 

PH. 

§  85.  This  digraph  (which  is  unmarked)  occurs  chiefly 
in  words  of  Greek  derivation,  and  has  usually  the  sound 
of  f  as  in  phantom,  sylph,  philosophy ,  &c.  In  Stephen  it 
has  the  sound  of  v  ;  and,  according  to  most  orthoepists,  it 
has  the  same  sound  in  nephew  (nev'ew),  though  in  this 
country  it  has  commonly  its  regular  sound  of  f  in  that 
word. 

Before  tli  initial,  ph  is  silent,  as  in  p/ithisis  ;  it  is  also  si¬ 
lent  in  apopAthegm.  In  diphthong ,  triphthong ,  ophthalmy, 
naphtha ,  and  other  allied  words,  together  with  their  deriv¬ 
atives,  the  ph  is  often  sounded  as  p,  or  the  h  may  be  re¬ 
garded  as  silent. 

Q. 

§  86.  Q  is  followed  in  all  cases  by  u ,  and  these  two  let¬ 
ters,  taken  together,  have  usually  the  sound  of  kw,  as  in 
queen  (kween),  conquest  (konk'west),  & c.  In  a  few  words 
derived  from  the  French,  qu  is  sounded  like  k,  as  in  co¬ 
quette,  quadrille,  Se c.  It  has  the  same  sound  in  the  com¬ 
mon  termination  que,  as  in  antique ,  oblique,  burlesque,  Sec. 

R. 

§  87.  This  letter  (which  is  unmarked)  may  be  viewed 
under  three  aspects  :  — 

(1.)  R  as  in  rip,  trip,  carol,  Se c.  (sometimes  called  rough, 
trilled,  dental,  or  initial  r). 

In  forming  this  sound,  the  tongue  assumes  nearly  the 
same  position  as  for  d  ;  but  the  voice,  instead  of  being  con¬ 
fined  within  the  mouth,  is  suffered  to  flow  freely  over  the 
tip  of  the  tongue,  producing  a  very  slightly  trilled  and 
peculiarly  liquid  sound,  closely  resembling  that  of  z  in  the 
mode  of  its  formation,  but  not  partaking- of  its  harsh,  buzz¬ 
ing  quality  ;  the  difference  between  the  two  sounds,  in  this 
respect,  resulting  from  the  fact  that  the  tip  of  the  tongue 
is  approximated  more  closely  to  the  upper  gum  for  z  than 
for  r.  R  is  sometimes  strongly  trilled  or  rolled  by  a  forcible 
expulsion  of  the  voice  ;  but  in  customary  speech  it  is  very 
gently  pronounced,  and  any  marked  vibration  of  the  tongue 
should  be  carefully  avoided  as  a  pedantic  affectation.  The 
sound  here  described  is  heard  in  English  in  the  two  follow¬ 
ing  cases  :  1.  When  r  is  not  preceded  by  a  vowel,  as  in  ream, 
dream,  prompt,  spring ;  2.  When  it  stands  between  two 
vowels  of  which  the  first  is  short,  as  in  baron,  merit ,  spirit , 
florid.  Often  the  r  is  doubled  in  the  written  word,  as  in 
barren ,  merry,  torrid ;  but,  in  these  cases,  only  one  r  is 
heard  in  the  pronunciation,  providing  the  preceding  vowel 
is  short.  —  See  §  109. 

(2.)  R  as  in  far, form,  terse,  surge ,  &  c.  (sometimes  called 
smooth,  palatal,  guttural,  obscure,  or  final  r). 

By  most  orthoepists  at  the  present  day,  the  letter  r,  when 
it  occurs  before  any  consonant,  or  when  final,  is  regarded 
as  a  distinct  element  from  the  last,  and  as  formed  by  a 
slight  vibration  of  the  back  part,  or  root,  of  the  tongue 


PRONUNCIATION. 

against  the  extremity  of  the  soft  palate.  Many  writers, 
however,  do  not  admit  any  such  distinction  in  the  sound 
of  r,  maintaining  that  the  value  of  the  letter  (apart  from 
the  obscure  vowel  element  described  in  No.  3)  is  uniform  in 
all  situations. 

(3.)  R,  connected  with  a  guttural  vowel  sound,  as  heard 
in  such  words  as  fare,  mere,  ire,  ore,  cure,  poor,  pure,  &c. 
Here  the  character  r  represents  two  sounds  ;  namely,  an  ob¬ 
scure  vowel  sound  resembling  that  of  u  in  urge,  and  a  smooth 
or  palatal  r,  so  that  the  above  words  are  pronounced  faur  (sec 
§  4),  meur,  iur,  & c. 

$  88.  In  the  pronunciation  of  accurate  speakers,  r  is 
never  silent ;  but  when  it  occurs  after  a  long  vowel  or  a 
dipththong  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  lure,  fur,  murmur , 
our ,  mire,  Se c.,  it  is  commonly  and  entirely  suppressed, 
both  in  the  United  States  and  the  south  of  England.  In 
the  northern  counties  of  England,  and  in  Scotland  and  Ire¬ 
land,  with  equal  impropriety  it  is,  when  so  situated,  always 
trilled. 

§  89.  In  English  usage,  when  the  letter  r  is  preceded  in 
an  accented  syllable  by  a  long  vowel  or  a  diphthong,  and  is 
followed  by  a  vowel  in  the  next  syllable,  it  uniformly  repre¬ 
sents  both  the  palatal,  or  smooth,  and  the  dental,  or  trilled, 
sound  of  this  letter,  as  in  hero,  iris,  glory ,  lurid,  pronounced 
her'ro,  ir'ris,  glor'ry,  lur/rid.  In  the  United  States,  this 
double  power  of  the  letter  r  is  chiefly,  though  not  invari¬ 
ably,  restricted  to  the  derivatives  of  words  ending  in  r  or 
re  preceded  by  a  long  vowel  or  a  diphthong,  as  in  poorer 
(poor'rer),  from  poor ;  boring  (b5r'ring),  from  bore ;  airy  (a r7- 
ry),  from  air ;  peerage  (peeUrage),  from  peer ;  wiry  (wlr'ry), 
from  wire ;  securing  (secur'ring),  from  secure;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  we  say  he'ro,  i'ris,  glo'ry,  lu'rid,  &c.,  because 
these  words  are  not  derived  from  any  other  words  in  the 
language.  In  Scotland,  however,  the  universal  practice  is 
to  join  the  r  in  all  cases  to  the  following  vowel  ;  or,  in  other 
words,  to  give  it  only  its  dental  or  trilled  sound ;  thus, 
peerage  and  he'ro,  ivl'ry  and  Vris,  bo'ring  and  glo'ry,  secu¬ 
ring  and  lu'rid,  &c. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  those  orthoepists  who  maintain 
that  r  has  one  invariable  sound,  assert  that  the  only  pecu¬ 
liarity  in  the  English  pronunciation  of  such  words  as  hero, 
iris,  Sec.,  and  in  the  English  and  American  pronunciation 
of  such  words  as  poorer,  boring,  Sec.,  consists  in  the  inter¬ 
position  between  the  r  and  the  preceding  vowel  of  an  ob¬ 
scure  vowel  sound  like  that  of  u  in  urge ,  which  obscure 
sound  is  omitted  byr  the  Scotch. 

S. 

§  90.  S  unmarked  has  its  regular  sharp  or  hissing 
sound,  as  in  same,  yes,  massy,  resting,  Sec. 

Note.  —  This  sound  is  an  utterance  of  unvocal  breath 
forced  between  the  tip  of  the  tongue  and  the  upper  gum, 
the  tongue  being  placed  in  the  proper  position  for  sounding 
t  and  d.  S  always  has  this  sound  at  the  beginning,  and 
frequently  in  the  middle  and  at  the  end,  of  words.  —  See 
§198. 

§  91.  S,  when  marked  thus,  S,  s,  has  the  buzzing 
sound  of  z  in  zeal,  as  in  has,  amuse,  rosy,  Sec.  — See§  108. 

Note.  —  There  has  been  much  diversity  among  orthoe¬ 
pists  as  to  the  sound  of  s  in  words  commencing  in  dis}  as 
disarm ,  disburse,  Sec.  Walker  laid  down  this  rule  :  —  “  It 
[.<]  ought  always  to  be  pronounced  like  z  when  unaccented 
and  followed  by  an  accented  flat  mute  [6,  d ,  g  hard, 
liquid  [4,  m,  n,  r|,  or  a  vowel.”  Hence  he  gave  pronuncia¬ 
tions  like  the  following:  disbud,  r//zbud :  disedify,  diz- 
edify  ;  disjoin, dizjoin  ;  dislike ,  rf/zlike  ;  dislodge ,  r//zlodge, 
Sec.  Scarcely  any  subsequent  orthoepist  has  gone  so  far. 
Webster’s  Dictionary  gives  s  the  sound  of  z  in  the  following 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


XVI] 


words  only  :  namely,  disarm ,  disaster,  discern ,  disease,  dis¬ 
ked,  dishonest,  dishonor ,  dismal,  disown,  dissolve. 

There  are  a  few  verbs  ending  in  se,  which  are  also  used  as 
nouns  or  adjectives.  To  distinguish  between  them,  the  5  is 
vocalized  in  the  verb,  and  whispered  in  the  noun  or  adjec¬ 
tive  ;  as  close,  a.,  and  close,  v.  ;  house,  n.,  and  house ,  v. ; 
use,  n.,  and  use,  v. ;  diffuse,  a.,  and  diffuse ,  v. 

§  92.  When  the  letter  s,  having  regularly  its  sharp  or 
hissing  sound,  follows  a  liquid  or  another  s,  and  precedes  a 
letter  having  the  sound  of  consonant  y,  as  i  in  reversion , 
mansion,  passion ,  and,  in  a  few  cases,  when  it  precedes  u 
(— yoo),  as  in  sure ,  sugar,  censure ,  sensual ,  the  sounds  rep¬ 
resented  by  these  letters  are  exchanged  for  that  of  the  sim¬ 
ple  but  very  similar  element  represented  by  sh.  Thus  the  ex¬ 
amples  just  given  are  actually  pronounced  re-ver' shun,  man' - 
shun,  pash'un ,  shoor,  shoog'ar ,  cen'shoor ,  sen' shoo-al,  though 
the  theoretical  pronunciation  would  be  re-vers'yun,  mans' - 
yun,  pass' yun,  s-yoor,  s-yoog'ar ,  cens'yoor,  sens' yoo-al. 

In  a  few  words,  s  alone  takes  the  sound  of  sh,  as  in  nau¬ 
sea,  Asiatic  ;  or  rather  the  e  or  i,  in  such  cases,  does  double 
duty,  uniting  with  the  s  to  signify  the  sound  of  sh,  and  at 
the  same  time  retaining  its  usual  vowel  character. 

§  93.  When  $  is  preceded  by  a  vowel  in  an  accented  syl¬ 
lable,  and  is  followed  by  a  vowel  having  regularly  or  theo¬ 
retically  the  sound  of  consonant  y,  these  two  letters  are 
commonly  pronounced  like  zh,  as  in  adhesion,  revision,  ex¬ 
plosion,  confusion,  pleasure,  visual,  usury ,  & c.  (See  §  107.) 
So  also  in  scission,  abscission ,  rescission,  though  the  s  is 
not  preceded  by  a  vowel  in  the  accented  syllable. 

§  94.  S  is  silent  in  the  words  aisle,  isle,  island ,  demesne , 
puisne,  viscount,  and  generally  at  the  end  of  French  words 
adopted  into  English,  as  chamois ,  corps,  vis-a-vis,  &c. 

Sh. 

§  95.  This  digraph  (which  is  unmarked)  represents  the 
simple  sound  heard  in  shelf,  flesh ,  usher ,  &c. 

Note.  — This  element  is  formed  by  a  partial  contact  of 
the  upper  surface  of  the  tongue,  near  the  tip,  with  that 
side  of  the  arch  or  dome  of  the  palate  which  is  just  above 
the  gums  of  the  front  teeth,  and  by  an  effusion  of  unvocal 
breath  through  the  narrow  aperture  left  for  its  escape.  Or¬ 
ganically  considered,  the  sound  is  intermediate  between 
those  of  s  and  consonant  y ;  genetically  considered,  it  has 
been  evolved  from  the  combination  of  these  two  sounds, 
which,  in  rapid  utterance,  do  not  easily  maintain  their  dis¬ 
tinct  character.  Thus,  if  we  pronounce  the  word  special 
in  three  syllables,  speg'i-al,  and  then  try  to  reduce  it  to  two, 
we  shall  find  that  it  is  difficult  to  articulate  the  c  (=s)  and 
the  i  (=  y)  by  one  continuous  effort  of  the  organs,  and  that 
the  intermediate  sh  is  naturally  substituted  as  an  easier  and 
a  closely  allied  sound.  So  with  version ,  mission,  sure,  & c. 
In  motion,  and  other  words  ending  in  tion  not  preceded  by 
s  or  by  x,  we  may  suppose  the  t  to  have  been  originally 
sounded  like  s,  as  in  words  of  the  same  class  in  French  ;  or 
the  process  of  development  may  have  been,  first,  mo'ti-on 
(with  the  t  kept  pure);  then  mot' yun ;  next  mot' shun  or 
mo'chun  (see  §  66) ;  and  finally,  by  sinking  the  t,  mo' shun. 

Sh  is  never  silent.  It  is  expressed  :  1.  By  c,  as  in  o-ce- 
an'ic,  e-ma-d-a'tion  ;  2.  By  s,  as  in  nau'se-ate,  A-si-at'ic  ; 
3.  By  t ,  as  in  ne-go-d-a'tion  :  4.  By  ce,  as  in  o'cean  ;  6.  By 
ci,  as  in  so' dal ;  6.  By  se,  as  in  nau'scous  ;  7.  By  si.  as  in 
ten's  ('on  ;  8.  By  ti,  as  in  cap'd'ous ;  9.  By  the  si  implied  in 
xi  (r=ksi),  as  in  noxious  ;  10.  By  the  sy  implied  in  su  (— 
syoo),  as  in  men-.w-ra'tion  (men-sAoo-ra'shun) ;  11.  By  the 
sy  implied  in  xu  (=:ksyoo),  as  in  lux'wry  (luk's/loo-ry  ;  12. 
By  ch,  as  in  r/iaise,  c/mr'la-tan,  ma-c/nne' ;  13.  By  chs,  as  in 
fu'cA.u  a  ;  14.  By  sc,  as  in  con-sd-en'tious  ;  15.  By  sch,  as 
in  schorl ;  16.  By  sci,  as  in  conscience.  —  See  §§  63,  92, 
97,  104. 

In  some  words,  particularly  those  ending  in  date  and 
date,  some  orthoepists  and  speakers  pronounce  the  vowel 
distinctly  after  the  c  or  t  sounded  as  sh ;  as,  enunciate 


(e-nun'shT-ate),  expatiate  (eks-pa'shY-ate),  & c. ;  others  pro¬ 
nounce  it  with  a  slight  sound,  as  of  a  very  brief  or  half- 
suppressed  e,  represented  in  the  Dictionaries  of  Smart  and 
Cooley  by  an  apostrophe,  thus,  enunciate  (e-ntin'sh’ate), 
expatiate  (eks-pa'sh’ate),  &c. ;  others,  again,  as  Sheridan, 
Perry,  and  Dr.  Webster,  considering  it  an  error  to  use  the 
vowel  twice,  pronounce  these  terminations,  and  others  like 
them,  in  one  syllable;  as,  enunciate  (e-nun'shate),  expa¬ 
tiate  (eks-pa'shate),  &c.  In  this  Dictionary,  however, 
these  terminations  are  given  in  two  syllables  (-shi-ate),  in 
accordance  with  what  is  believed  to  be  the  best  and  most 
general  usage  ;  but  a  reference  to  the  present  section  is 
generally  appended  to  words  of  this  class,  that  the  inquirer 
may  not  be  left  in  ignorance  of  the  fact  that  there  is  a  want 
of  uniformity  in  their  pronunciation. 

T. 

§  96.  The  sound  of  t  (unmarked)  as  heard  in  tone ,  note, 
noted,  assets,  &c. 

Note.  —  This  sound  differs  from  that  of  d  (see  §  70) only 
in  being  a  whispered  and  not  a  vocal  utterance ;  that  is  to 
say,  the  position  or  configuration  of  the  articulating  organs 
is  the  same  in  both  cases,  but  for  d  the  breath,  confined 
within  the  mouth  by  a  close  contact  of  the  fore  part  of  the 
tongue  with  the  upper  gum,  is  vocalized  and  rendered  audi¬ 
ble  in  a  sort  of  murmur  heard  before  the  organs  separate, 
while  for  t  it  is  kept  pure  or  un vocal,  and  caDnot  therefore 
be  heard  until  the  contact  is  forcibly  broken. 

T  is  silent  in  the  terminations  ten  and  tie  after  s,  as  in 
fasten ,  listen ,  often,  castle,  gristle,  throstle ,  See.  It  is  also 
silent  in  the  words  chestnut,  Christmas,  hostler,  or  ostler, 
mistletoe,  and  mortgage. 

§  97.  When  t  precedes  any  one  of  the  diphthongs  ia,  ie, 
and  to,  and  at  the  same  time  follows  an  accented  syllable 
not  ending  in  s  or  x,  it  assumes,  in  some  words,  the  sound 
of  sh,  as  in  negotiation ;  but,  in  most  cases,  the  compound 
sound  resulting  from  the  coalescence  of  t  and  i  is  exchanged 
for  that  of  sh,  as  in  patient ,  station ,  partial ,  &c.  When  s 
or  x  precedes  the  t ,  this  letter  and  the  i  following  it  either 
preserve  their  own  sounds  pure,  or  exchange  them  for  the 
sound  of  ch  in  chin ,  as  in  question  (kwest'yun  or  kwes'- 
chun),  mixtion  (mikst'yun  or  miks'chun),  &c.  —  See  §  60, 
Note,  and  §  95. 

Th. 

§  98.  Th  unmarked  has  its  sharp  or  whispered  sound, 
as  in  thing,  breath,  author ,  athlete ,  & c. 

Note.  —  This  is  the  sound  made  in  lisping.  It  is  pro¬ 
duced  by  putting  the  point  of  the  tongue  between  the 
teeth,  or  by  placing  it  against  the  back  of  the  upper  front 
teeth,  and  forcing  out  unintonated  breath. 

Th  has  this  sound  generally  at  the  beginning  and  at  the 
end  of  words  ;  but  there  are  some  exceptions. 

§  99.  Th  marked  thus,  Th,  th,  has  its  soft,  flat,  or  vo¬ 
cal  sound,  as  in  thine ,  then ,  with,  mother ,  writhed,  & c. 

Note.  —  This  sound  differs  from  the  foregoing  only  in 
being  an  utterance  of  voice  instead  of  simple  breath.  It 
occurs  chiefly  between  two  vowels  in  words  purely  English, 
as  in  leather,  wither,  heathen ;  also  at  the  end  of  the  verbs 
mouth,  bequeath,  and  smooth:  and  when  followed  by  a  final 
e  mute,  as  in  breathe,  clothe,  &c. 

Nouns  which,  in  the  singular,  end  in  th  sharp,  usually 
preserve  the  same  sound  in  the  plural,  as  death,  deaths; 
sabbath ,  sabbaths,  & c.  ;  but  in  the  plurals  of  the  following 
seven  words  the  th  is  vocal ;  namely,  bath ,  cloth ,  lath,  mouth, 
oath,  path,  and  wreath,  as,  baths,  cloths,  laths,  paths,  &c. 
Some  pronounce  truths,  in  the  plural,  with  the  vocal  sound 
(truths),  but  this  is  sanctioned  by  no  orthoepist. 

Although  th  in  with  has  its  vocal  sound,  yet  in  the  com¬ 
pounds  herewith,  therewith,  and  wherewith,  it  is,  according 
to  the  orthoepists,  pronounced  with  its  sharp  or  whispered 
sound.  Good  usage,  however,  allows  it  to  retain  in  the 
compound  the  same  sound  that  it  has  in  the  simple  word- 


xv in  PRINCIPLES  OF 

§  100.  T7i  has  the  sound  of  t  in  phthisic  (tiz/ik),  thyme 
(tan),  and  their  derivatives  ;  and  also  in  the  proper  names 
Thomas  (tom'as)  and  Thames  (teinz.)  This  is  also  its  sound 
in  all  modern  European  languages  except  the  Greek.  In 
asthma  and  isthmus ,  it  is  said  by  the  orthoepists  to  have 
the  same  sound  ;  but  the  great  majority  of  speakers,  in  the 
United  States  at  least,  entirely  suppress  the  th,  pronoun¬ 
cing  the  former  word  az'ma  or  as/ma,  and  the  latter  is/mus 
or  iz/mus.  —  See  §  108. 

V. 

§  101.  The  sound  of  v  (unmarked),  as  in  vane ,  leave , 
civil ,  &c. 

Note.  — This  sound  differs  from  that  of  ./  only  in  being 
an  utterance  of  the  voice-instead  of  the  breath,  the  organs 
assuming  precisely  the  same  position  for  both  sounds. 

Fis  never  silent,  except  in  sevennight  (seiFnit),  which  is 
also  written  sennight ,  and,  according  to  some  orthoepists, 
in  the  word  twelvemonth ,  colloquially  pronounced  twel'- 
munth. 

W. 

§  102.  At  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  of  a  syllable,  as 
wet,  worse ,  inward ,  this  letter  (which  is  unmarked)  is  a 
consonant,  formed  from,  and  nearly  resembling,  the  vowel 
ob,  but  requiring  for  its  utterance  a  closer  position,  or 
greater  contraction,  of  the  labial  aperture  ;  and  this  com¬ 
pression  of  the  lips  changes  the  quality  of  the  sound,  giv¬ 
ing  it  a  buzzing  and  articulative,  instead  of  a  smooth  and 
purely  vocal,  character. 

Note.  —  Some  writers,  however,  maintain  that  the  sound 
is  merely  that  of  a  brief  oo  ;  in  other  words,  that  it  is  no 
consonant  at  all;  but  a  simple  experiment  will  serve  to 
show  the  incorrectness  of  this  view.  If  w  is  the,  same  as 
oo,  the  word  woo  must  be  equivalent  to  oo  pronounced 
twice  in  succession  ;  but  oo-oo /  is  evidently  a  word  of  two 
syllables,  and  woo,  as  universally  pronounced,  is  confess¬ 
edly  a  monosyllable.  Another  consideration  will  help  to 
establish  the  consonantal  nature  of  w.  Like  the  other  con¬ 
sonants,  it  is  capable  of  stopping  or  shutting  a  vowel,  that 
is,  of  causing  it  to  assume  its  regular  short  sound,  as  in 
the  cockney  pronunciation  of  very  as  vehvy,  of  marry  as 
miFwy ,  of  horrid  as  h/Fwid,  &c. 

After  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  tv  is  generally  silent, 
as  in  glow,  thrown,  & c.  ;  though  sometimes  significant,  as 
in  flaw:.  With  e  it  unites  to  form  a  diphthong,  which  is 
generally  sounded  like  long  w,  as  in  dew,  few,  new ;  but  it 
is  sounded  like  oo,  or  like  u  in  rude,  if  the  letter  r  stands 
before  it,  as  in  crew,  shrew,  Sc c.  It  is  often  joined  with  a 
preceding  o  to  represent  the  diphthongal  sound  otherwise 
expressed  by  ou,  as  in  brow,  cow,  town,  & c.  —  See  §  39. 

IF  is  always  silent  before  r  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in 
wring  (ring),  wrote  (r5t),  awry  (a-ry7) ;  also  in  the  words 
answer  (aiFser),  sword  (sord),  toward  (to7ard),  two  (too). 

It  is  often  represented  by  u  occurring  before  another 
vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  as  quail,  query ,  languid,  as¬ 
suage,  Sc  c. 

Wh. 

$  103.  The  true  sound  of  these  letters  is  in  the  reverse 
order,  namely,  hw,  as  they  were  written  by  the  Anglo-Sax¬ 
ons  ;  e.  g.,  whet  is  pronounced  hwet.  The  h  is  here  a  free 
emission  of  breath  through  the  position  taken  by  the  lips  in 
the  formation  of  w,  the  vocal  cords  being  all  the  while  com¬ 
pletely  relaxed.  (See  §  76-)  Many  recent  phonologists,  how¬ 
ever,  contend  that  the  combination  wh  represents  a  simple 
whisper  of  the  ordinary  w,  to  which  it  stands  in  the  same 
relation  as  any  surd  consonant  does  to  its  corresponding  so¬ 
nant.  Those  who  hold  this  opinion  not  only  wrongly  appre¬ 
hend  and  describe  their  own  pronunciation,  but  they  over¬ 
look  the  fact,  that,  as  a  closer  approximation  of  the  lips  in 


PRONUNCIATION. 

pronouncing  oo-et  changes  the  sound  to  wet,  so  lioo-et  in  like 
manner  gives  rise  to  whet ;  and  they  forget  that  all  words 
of  this  class  originally  began  with  an  aspiration  or  a  gut¬ 
tural,  as  their  etymological  history  clearly  shows.  Thus 
what  is  from  the  A.-S.  hwcet,  0.  Sax.  huat,  Icel.  hvater,  See. 
Compare  also  Scot,  quhile  and  English  while ,  Lat.  quid  and 
English  what.  In  who,  whole,  whoop ,  whore,  and  their  de¬ 
rivatives,  the  w  is  silent. 

X. 

§  104.  This  letter  has  two  sounds  ;  namely,  its  regular 
sharp  sound  (unmarked)  like  ks,  as  in  expect ,  tax,  Sc c.,  and 
its  soft  or  flat  sound  (marked  x,)  like  gz,  as  in  exist, 
example,  See. 

Note.  —  This  latter  sound  usually  occurs  when  the  syl¬ 
lable  which  immediately  follows  the  x  begins  with  an  ac¬ 
cented  vowel,  as  in  auxiliary,  exert ,  exalt ,  luxurious ,  and 
sometimes  also  in  the  derivatives  of  such  words,  even 
though  the  x  is  under  the  accent,  as  in  exemplary,  exhala¬ 
tion,  See. 

In  anxious,  noxious,  luxury ,  and  a  few  other  words,  the 
5  which  is  the  second  element  of  the  x,  and  the  following  i 
or  the  first  element  of  the  following  u,  instead  of  retaining 
their  usual  sound  of  y,  ai’e  generally  exchanged  for  the 
sound  of  sh  ;  thus,  anlc'shus,  nok'shus,  luk'shoo-ry,  Sc c. 

At  the  beginning  of  words,  x  has  the  sound  of  z,  as  in 
xanthic  (zan7-),  xebec  {ze'-),  xylography  (zl-),  See. 

Y. 

§  105.  The  sound  of  y  (unmarked),  as  in  yawn,  year, 
young,  beyond ,  See. 

Note.  — This  sound  —  which  is  heard  in  English  onty  at 
the  beginning  of  a  word  or  a  syllable  —  is  formed  from  the 
vowel  e  by  a  closer  approximation  of  the  tongue  to  the  roof 
of  the  mouth,  which  destroys  the  pure  vocality  of  the  e. 
As  w  is  often  confounded  with  oo.  so  y  is  often  confounded 
with  c  ;  but  it  may  be  proved  to  be  a  distinct  sound  by  an 
experiment  on  the  word  ye  similar  to  that  by  which  w  was 
shown  to  be  distinct  from  oo.  —  See  §  102. 

In  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  y  is  a  vowel, 
and  has  precisely  the  sound  that  i  would  have  in  the  same 
situation.  —  See  §§  15, 16,  35,  48,  54,  &c. 

Fis  often  represented  by  i,  when  this  letter  occurs  in  an 
unaccented  syllable  before  another  vowel,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  follows  an  accented  syllable,  as  in  familiar,  minion, 
poniard,  Sec. 

Z. 

§  106.  The  regular  and  leading  sound  of  this  letter 
(which  is  unmarked)  is  heard  in  zone,  maze,  hazy,  frozen , 
Sec.  It  is  the  vocal  or  sonant  form  of  s.  (See  §  90.)  In  a  few 
words  it  takes  the  sound  of  zh,  as  in  seizure  (se/zhoor),  See. 
(See  §  107.)  In  rendezvous  it  is  silent. 

Zh. 

§  107.  This  sound  is  the  vocal  correspondent  of  sh,  and 
is  uttered  with  the  organs  in  precisely  the  same  position. 

NOTE.  — It  has  arisen,  in  all  English  words,  from  an  at¬ 
tempt  to  pronounce  the  sound  of  z  in  maze  (see  §  106)  and 
that  of  consonant  y  (see  §  105)  in  immediate  succession. 
On  account  of  the  vicinity  of  the  contacts  represented  by 
zh  and  y,  the  effort  to  do  this  causes  the  tongue  to  assume 
the  position  requisite  for  sounding  zh,  or  nearly  so  ;  and 
hence  zh  was  naturally  substituted  as  being  a  very  similar 
sound  of  easier  utterance.  Thus,  fusion  may  be  supposed 
to  have  been  originally  pronounced  fuz'yun,  and  then  fu1- 
zhun  ;  grazier ,  first  graz’yer,  and  then  grazh’er. — See  $  95. 

The  combination  zh  is  used  in  works  on  pronunciation  to 
indicate  the  sound  here  described,  on  account  of  the  rela¬ 
tionship  of  this  sound  to  that  commonly  expressed  by  the 
digraph  sh.  But  the  two  letters  zh  never  come  together  in 
the  proper  orthography  of  any  English  word.  The  sound 


PRINCIPLES  OF 

for  which  they  stand  is  represented  by  zi  (when  the  z  occurs 
in,  or  is  immediately  preceded  by,  an  accented  syllable,  and 
the  i  is  followed  by  another  vowel  and  occurs  in  an  unac¬ 
cented  syllable,  as  in  glazier ) ;  by  the  zy  implied  in  zu  (— 
zyoo),  as  in  azure  ;  by  s  in  symposium ,  &c. ;  by  si  in  cer¬ 
tain  situations  (see  §  93) ;  by  ti  in  the  single  word  tran¬ 
sition ,  as  sometimes  pronounced  ;  and  by  g  in  one  or  two 
words  adopted  from  the  French,  as  rouge. 

ASSIMILATION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

§  108.  When  a  whispered  and  a  vocal  consonant  come 
together  in  the  same  syllable,  it  is  generally  very  difficult, 
in  fluent  pronunciation,  to  preserve  each  in  its  regular  and 
appropriate  sound.  Hence  it  frequently  becomes  necessary 
to  change  the  character  of  the  one  or  of  the  other,  in  order 
to  make  the  combination  readily  pronounceable.  This  is 
generally  done,  in  English,  by  assimilating  the  sound  of  the 
second  consonant,  whether  whispered  or  vocal,  to  that  of 
the  first.  Thus,  in  chintz ,  the  vocal  consonant  z  assumes 
the  sound  of  its  whispered  correspondent  s,  in  order  to 
unite  with  the  whispered  t.  On  the  other  hand,  the  s  in 
winds  is  vocalized,  or  assumes  the  sound  of  z,  for  the  sake 
of  corresponding  with  the  vocal  d.  Sometimes,  though 
rarely,  the  sound  of  the  first  consonant  is  assimilated  to 
that  of  the  second,  as  in  spasm  (spazm). 

This  affinity  between  these  two  classes  of  consonants  is 
an  important  fact,  and  one  which  needs  to  be  familiarly 
known.  For  there  are  four  very  common  inflectional  ter¬ 
minations  which  invariably  come  under  its  influence, 
namely  :  1.  Possessive  forms  in  s,  as  maid's  (maidz) ;  2. 
Plural!  in  s,  as  tubs  (tubz),  groves  (gr5vz) ;  3.  S  in  the  third 
person  singular  of  verbs,  as  loads  (loadz),  smooths  (smoothz) , 
4.  Preterits  and  participles  in  d  preceded  by  e  mute,  as  in 
dashed  (dasht),  ingulfed  (ingulft). 

It  is  necessary  to  observe,  that  there  are  a  few  words  end¬ 
ing  in  dth ,  as  breadth ,  hundredth ,  &c.,  where  the  aspirate 
th  is  not  assimilated  to  the  vocal  d ;  and  also  that,  after  ng, 
and  the  liquids  l,  m,  n,  r,  —  all  of  which  are  vocal  conso¬ 
nants, —  a  whispered  consonant  can  be  pronounced  with¬ 
out  difficulty,  and  actually  is  pronounced,  as  in  melt,  terse , 
tempt  (temt),  fence,  strength,  & c. 

DUPLICATION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

§  109.  In  many  words,  a  consonant  is  doubled  between 
two  vowels  ;  yet,  in  such  cases,  no  more  than  one  articula¬ 
tion  is  ever  used  in  speaking.  In  banner,  for  example,  we 
close  the  organs  but  once  between  the  first  and  second  syl¬ 
lables  ;  nor  is  it  possible  to  use  both  of  the  letters  n  with¬ 
out  pronouncing  ban,  then  intermitting  the  voice  entirely, 
opening  the  organs,  and  closing  them  a  second  time. 
Hence,  in  all  cases,  when  the  same  consonant  is  written 
twice  between  vowels,  as  in  banner ,  robbing,  madden ,  let¬ 
ter,  horrid,  one  of  them  only  is  represented  by  an  articula¬ 
tion  of  the  organs ;  and  the  only  reason  for  repeating  the 
consonant  is  to  indicate  the  fact  that  the  preceding  vowel 
has  its  short  sound. 

But,  although  only  one  articulation  is  ever  used,  or,  in 
fluent  speech,  possibly  can  be  used,  where  a  consonant  is 
written  twice,  yet  in  some  words  the  articulation  is  dwelt 
upon  for  an  appreciable  space  of  time,  producing  an  appar¬ 
ent  duplication  of  the  sound.  This  effect  takes  place  in 
many  derived  words  in  which  the  primitive  ends  or  begins 
with  the  same  letter  as  that  with  which  a  superadded  suffix 
or  prefix  of  English  origin  respectively  begins  or  ends,  as 
in  soulless,  fou'ly ,  keenness ,  misstep,  outtravel,  unnatura1. 
The  same  effect  takes  place  in  most  compound  words,  in 
which  the  second  part  begins  with  the  same  sound  as  that 


PRONUNCIATION.  xix 

with  which  the  first  part  ends,  as  in  post-town,  head-dress , 
half-filled.  See  §  127. 


ACCENT. 

§  110.  Accent  is  a  particular  stress  or  effort  of  voico 
upon  certain  syllables  of  words,  which  distinguishes  them 
from  the  others  by  a  greater  distinctness  and  loudness  of 
pronunciation.  Accent  is  of  two  kinds,  primary,  as  in  in¬ 
tend7,  where  the  full  force  of  the  voice  is  on  the  last  sylla¬ 
ble,  and  secondary,  as  in  sWper-in-tend',  where  the  first 
syllable  is  distinguished  by  a  stress  greater  than  that  laid 
on  the  second  and  third  syllables,  though  less  than  that 
laid  on  the  last.  In  some  words  there  are  two  secondary 
or  subordinate  accents,  as  in  in-conflpre-heWsi-bil'i-ty. 

Note.  —  (1.)  The  general  tendency  of  accent,  whether 
primary  or  secondary,  is  to  shorten  all  vowels  but  u,  when 
further  back  than  the  penultimate  syllable,  as  in  ten'ement , 
nefessariness,  an' atom'  ical,  person'  ifica’ lion,  See.  ;  but  we 
say  Intricate,  and  not  lub'ricate ;  tru'cultncy ,  and  not  trued  - 
ulenc.y  ;  su'perabun'dant,  and  not  superabundant,  &c. 
This  tendency  generally  fails,  if  the  accented  syllable  is  fol¬ 
lowed  by  two  unaccented  vowels,  as  in  pe'ri-od ,  ma'ni-ac ; 
or  by  two  vowels  of  which  the  former  only  is  unaccented, 
as  in  dCvi-a'tion,  o'ri-en'tal. 

(2.)  The  primary  and  secondary  accents  are,  in  certain 
cases,  so  nearly  equal  that  we  interchange  them  freely, 
“  making,”  as  IValker  remarks,  “  the  secondary  principal 
and  the  principal  secondary.”  He  specifies  violin,  referee, 
privateer,  artisan,  courtesan,  charlatan ,  and  might  have 
added  ambuscade,  cavalcade,  caricature,  etiquette,  reverie , 
confidante ,  governante,  invalid ,  n.,  parachute,  and  others. 
Nearly  all  of  these,  except  the  first  three,  have  now  (ac¬ 
cording  to  able  orthoepists)  transferred  the  primary  accent 
from  the  last  to  the  first  syllable,  as  in  artisan,  & c.,  under 
the  operation  of  a  principle  which  is  stated  in  §  117. 

(3.)  Many  in  this  country  give  a  marked  secondary  accent 
in  certain  words  which  properly  have  but  one  accent,  and 
that  on  a  pre-antepenultimate  syllable,  as  in  ter'ri-tcFry, 
dif'fi-citFty,  cir'cum-stdn'ces,  in'ter-estdng,  &  c.  This 
droning  fault  may  be  corrected  by  giving  the  accented  syl¬ 
lable  a  sharp  percussion,  which  carries  the  voice  lightly 
through  the  rest  of  the  word.  It  is  also  a  vulgar  American 
custom,  in  many  words  having  an  unaccented  initial  sylla¬ 
ble  followed  by  an  accented  one,  to  lay  a  nearly  equal  stress 
of  voice  on  both,  as  in  cx'act'ly ,  gVgan'tic,  Vtal'ic,  po'lit'- 
ical,  pre' cise'ly ,  sdUva'tion,  stu'pen'dous. 

DIVIDED  USAGE. 

§  HI.  In  quite  a  large  number  of  words,  there  is  a  di¬ 
versity  of  practice  among  good  speakers  as  to  the  place  of 
the  primary  accent.  This  arises  mainly  from  a  conflict  be¬ 
tween  certain  great  principles  which  affect  the  seat  of  the 
accent.  A  few  of  these  will  now  be  mentioned,  with  a  view 
to  account  for  this  diversity.  It  is  all  that  can  be  done  in 
a  brief  sketch  like  this. 

§  112.  First  Principle. — Derivatives  take  for  a  time, 
if  not  permanently,  the  accent  of  the  original  words  from 
which  they  are  formed,  as  resolve1 ,  from  resoUvo,  aspect 1 
(Shakespeare,  Milton),  from  aspectus,  Hindostan'ee,  from 
Hind o stan' ,  &c.  So  also  words  derived  from  other  English 
words  by  adding  one  or  more  syllables  to  their  beginning 
or  end,  as  within ',  from  in,  improp'er ,  from  prop'er,  po'et- 
ess,  from  po'et,  pleas'antly,  from  pleas'ant,  serviceable, 
from  service,  re-adjust1  ment,  from  adjust ',  & c. 

§  113.  Second  Principle.  —  Ease  of  utterance  has  some 
influence  in  deciding  the  place  of  the  accent.  Acceptable, 
receptacle,  and  u'tensil,  fashionable  in  the  days  of  Walker, 
have  now  taken  the  easier  accentuation  of  acceptable,  re- 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


cept'acle,  and  uten'sil.  Discrepant  and  discrepancy  are 
marked  discrep' ant  and  discrepancy  by  Richardson,  Boag, 
Craig,  Wright,  Clarke,  and  others.  Subal'tern  (instead  of 
Walker’s  sub'altem)  is  the  accentuation  of  Richardson, 
Knowles,  Barclay,  Craig,  Clarke,  and  many  more.  Dys- 
pep'sy  has  taken  the  place  of  dys'pepsy  in  the  marking  of 
Webster,  Smart,  Cull,  Wright,  Clarke,  Cooley,  &c.,  and  is 
now  the  prevailing  accentuation.  On  the  same  ground, 
ances'tral  is  preferred  to  anCestral  by  Jameson,  Webster, 
Boag,  Clarke,  and  Cull,  in  conformity  with  campesCral 
and  other  similar  words.  Confes'sor ,  like  profes'sor,  has 
superseded  confessor  in  this  country,  and  has  the  support 
of  Perry,  Ash,  Rees,  Barclay,  Boag,  Clarke,  Cull,  Webster, 
and  Worcester.  RemCdiless ,  from  the  difficulty  of  the 
sound,  has  been  changed  in  this  country  into  remed'iless , 
as  sanctioned  by  Perry,  Ash,  Rees,  Fulton  and  Knight, 
and  Webster.  Con'sistory  has  given  way  to  consist'ory  in 
the  marking  of  Knowles,  Barclay,  Reid,  Brande,  Craig, 
Boag,  Clarke,  Cooley,  and  others.  In  like  manner,  ac¬ 
cessary  and  accessory  (as  marked  in  most  English  Dic¬ 
tionaries)  are  commonly  pronounced  in  this  country  acces¬ 
sary  and  accessory,  as  recommended  by  Bailey  and  Ash. 
These  may  serve  as  instances  of  the  application  of  this 
principle.  It  is  an  important  one  in  its  place  ;  and,  though 
it  may  give  rise  for  a  time  to  a  diversity  of  pronunciation 
(since  some  will  cling  to  that  which  is  older  and  harder), 
changes  of  this  kind,  which  promote  ease  of  utterance,  will 
finally  prevail. 

Dissyllables. 

§  114.  Third  Principle.  —  In  words  of  two  syllables, 
there  is  a  tendency  (though  with  numerous  exceptions)  to 
accent  the  former  or  penultimate  syllable,  as  in  a'gue ,  har’- 
on,  com'mon ,  dis'cord,  & c. 

Note.  —  (1.)  This  tendency  meets  with  a  powerful  coun¬ 
teraction  in  Principle  No.  1,  namely,  that  of  derivatives  re¬ 
taining  the  accent  of  their  primitives,  as  in  amuse1 ,  deter' , 
offend' ,  &c.  It  is  natural,  in  such  formatives,  to  place  the 
accent  on  the  radical  part  of  the  word  ;  and  hence  some 
hundreds  of  our  dissyllables,  especially  verbs  and  adverbs, 
have  their  accent  on  the  last  syllable. 

(2.)  Still,  there  is  a  constant  struggle  (especially  among 
the  common  people,  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  deriva¬ 
tion  of  words)  to  draw  back  the  accent  to  the  first  syllable. 
Here  arises  another  conflict,  which  produces  a  diversity  of 
accent ;  and  the  common  people,  being  a  majority,  are,  on 
the  whole,  slowly  gaining  upon  those  who  are  tenacious  of 
Principle  No.  1.  Hence,  con'nate  and  in'nate  (instead  of 
connate'  and  innate ')  are  generally  prevalent  in  this  coun¬ 
try,  and  are  now  sanctioned  by  Reid,  Boag,  Craig,  and 
others.  Al'cove  (for  alcove')  is  more  common  among  us, 
and  it  is  so  marked  by  recent  English  orthoepists,  Boag, 
Craig,  Cull,  and  others.  Con'tents  (for  contents')  has  be¬ 
come  the  general  usage  of  this  country,  as  sanctioned  by 
Cull,  Clarke,  Webster,  and  Worcester.  Re'tail  (for  retail') 
is  now  the  marking  of  a  majority  of  the  orthoepists.  De'- 
tail  (for  detail')  is  less  prevalent,  but  is  sanctioned  by 
Smart,  Clarke,  Cull,  Cooley,  & c.  Pro'lix  and  pre'text  (for 
prolix'  and  pretext')  are  widely  prevalent  (especially  the  for¬ 
mer),  and  are  authorized  by  some  recent  lexicographers. 
Bom'bast  (for  bombast ')  is  the  accentuation  of  Walker,  Bar¬ 
clay,  Richardson,  Cull,  and  Webster ;  it  is  admitted  by 
Worcester,  and  is  extensively  used  in  this  country.  Bu'- 
reau  (for  bureau')  was  admitted  by  Dr.  Webster,  and  is  very 
generally  applied  to  the  article  of  furniture,  while  bureau ' 
is  sometimes  used  in  reference  to  a  department  of  the  gov¬ 
ernment.  Ac'cess  (for  access')  is  authorized  by  a  number 
of  orthoepists,  and  especially,  among  the  later  ones,  by 
Knowles,  Boag,  Wright,  Clarke,  and  Cull. 

(3.)  No  orthoepist  has  given  any  sanction,  it  is  be’ieved, 
to  ro'mance  and  finance  (for  romance'  and  finance'),  or  to 
xe' search  and  re' source  (for  research'  and  resource'),  though 


these  pronunciations  are  not  infrequently  heard  In  America. 
The  two  last  ought  especially  to  be  discountenanced ;  for 
search  and  source  are  English  words,  and  should  tnerefore 
remain  (as  they  were  from  the  first)  the  chief  objects  of 
thought. 

§  115.  We  have  about  eighty  cases  among  our  dissylla¬ 
bles  in  which  the  same  word  is  used  for  a  verb  on  the  one 
hand,  and  a  noun  or  an  adjective  on  the  other.  To  distin¬ 
guish  between  them,  we  accent  the  nouns  and  the  adjec¬ 
tives  on  the  fast  syllable,  and  the  verbs  on  the  last ,  as,  a 
con'vert ,  to  convert'  ;  a  con' tract,  to  contract ' ,  & c.  It  is 
unnecessary  to  give  the  list  in  full,  since  the  accent  of  nearly 
all  these  words  has  been  long  settled  by  general  usage. 

Note.  —  There  are  a  few  cases  of  divided  use  in  nouns, 
which  will  sooner  or  later  be  made  to  conform  to  the  gen¬ 
eral  rule.  For  example,  usage  will  probably  soon  fix  per¬ 
manently  on  perfect  for  the  adjective,  and  perfect'  for  the 
verb  ;  per'mit  for  the  noun,  and  permit'  for  the  verb  ;  pro'- 
test  for  the  noun,  and  protest'  for  the  verb  ;  perfume  for 
the  noun,  and  perfume'  for  the  verb;  pro'ceeds  for  the 
noun,  and  proceed'  for  the  verb  ;  de'tail  for  the  noun,  and 
detail'  for  the  verb  ;  increase  for  the  noun,  and  increase' 
for  the  verb  ;  re'tail  for  the  noun,  and  retail'  for  the  verb  ; 
sur'vey  for  the  noun,  and  survey'  for  the  verb. 

There  is  a  tendency  among  many  to  accent  the  fast  sylla¬ 
ble  of  the  noun  ally,  allies ;  and,  although  without  sanc¬ 
tion  as  yet  from  a  single  orthoepist,  it  would  not  be  sur¬ 
prising  if  this  tendency  should  prevail  on  the  ground  stated 
above,  making  the  noun  al'ly,  aides,  and  the  verb  ally'. 
The  noun  cement  has  been  extensively  pronounced  cem'ent , 
as  distinguished  from  the  verb  to  cement' ;  but  Smart  thinks 
this  will  not  finally  prevail ;  and  the  tendency  does  certainly 
now  seem  to  be  toward  cement '  for  the  noun  as  well*  as  the 
verb. 

§  110.  We  have  a  few  dissyllables  which  are  at  once 
nouns  and  adjectives.  These  are  distinguished  by  accent¬ 
ing  the  nouns  on  the  fast  syllable,  and  the  adjectives  on 
the  last. 


NOUNS. 


ADJECTIVES. 


Au'gust,  the  month. 
Com'pact,  an  engagement. 
Ex'ile,  banishment. 
Instinct,  an  impulse. 
Min'ute  (of  time). 

Su'pine  (in  grammar). 


August',  noble. 
Compact',  close. 
Exile',  small,  slender. 
Instinct',  animated. 
Minute',  very  small. 
Supine',  indolent. 


The  word  gallant  departs  from  the  above  rule.  When  It 
denotes  a  suitor,  or  "  attentive  to  ladies,”  it  is  accented 
gallant',  and  is  changed  into  gal'lant  when  it  means  high- 
spirited  or  daring. 


Trisyllables  and  Polysyllablfs. 

§  117.  Fourth  Principle.  —  In  words  of  three  or  more 
syllables,  there  is  a  strong  tendency  to  accent  the  antepe¬ 
nult,  or  third  syllable  from  the  end,  as  in  el'oquent,  acci¬ 
dent,  opportunity. 

N  OTE .  —  This  tendency  is  counteracted  by  that  of  deriva¬ 
tion  (Principle  No.  1.  See  §  112) ;  and  here  arises  another 
“conflict,”  which,  to  some  extent,  arrays  our  scholars  on 
the  one  side,  and  the  body  of  the  people  on  the  other. 
Many  scholars,  for  example,  are  strongly  inclined  to  say 
conlem'plate,  demonstrate,  confiscate ,  obdu'rate,  & c.  (for¬ 
getting  that  they  come  from  participles,  conte mpla'tus,  dem- 
onstra'tus,  &c.),  because  by  Latin  rules  their  second  sylla' 
ble  is  long ;  while  the  mass  of  the  people,  who  know  noth¬ 
ing  of  Latin ,  and  are  governed  by  English  analogies,  are 
equally  bent  on  saying  con' template ,  demonstrate,  ob'du - 
rate,  &  c.  The  latter  pronunciation  is  now  very  extensively 
heard,  and  thus  we  have  a  “ divided  usage”  in  respect  to 
these  and  similar  words.  There  is  a  class  of  botanical  and 
mineralogical  terms  ending  in  phyllous  and  phyllite  (from 


PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION. 


Gr.  4>v\\oi>,  a  leaf),  as  quadriphyllous ,  anthophyllite,  &c., 
in  which  the  same  struggle  is  going  on.  Words  having 
these  terminations  are  differently  accented  by  different  au¬ 
thorities,  and  sometimes  even  by  the  same  authority. 
Knowles,  Gray,  and  Worcester  are  the  only  authorities 
who  are  self-consistent  in  their  pronunciation  of  such 
words  —  Knowles  accenting  them  all  on  the  antepenult, 
Gray  as  uniformly  on  the  penult,  and  Worcester  giving  an 
alternative  in  every  case,  the  penultimate  accentuation 
being  his  preference.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  that 
mode  of  pronunciation  which  places  the  accent  on  the  an¬ 
tepenult  is  most  in  accordance  with  the  genius  of  our  lan¬ 
guage  ;  and,  in  all  probability,  it  will  ultimately  prevail 
over  the  learning  or  the  pedantry  of  those  who  contend  for 
the  penultimate  accentuation.  In  like  manner,  bal'cony 
(for  balco'ny )  has  now,  according  to  Smart,  become  the  true 
English  pronunciation,  and  is  so  marked  by  Knowles,  Web¬ 
ster,  Cull,  Wright,  Cooley,  and  many  more. 

Ele'giac  (for  e/cgi'ac)  is  the  general  pronunciation  of  this 
country  (in  accordance  with  maniac  and  most  other  words 
in  -vac),  and  has  the  sanction  of  Perry,  Knowles,  Wright, 
Clarke,  Cull,  Cooley,  and  Webster.  Quan'dary  (for  quan- 
da'ry ),  in  accordance  with  boundary  and  nearly  every  other 
word  of  three  syllables  in  -ary,  is  our  prevailing  pronunci¬ 
ation,  and  is  sanctioned  by  Maunder,  Cull,  Craig,  Clarke, 
Cooley,  Worcester,  and  Webster.  Many  are  disposed  to 
reduce  vaga'ry  to  the  same  accentuation  ( va'gary ). 

§  118.  It  is  a  just  principle,  laid  down  by  Walker,  that 
”  when  words  come  to  us  whole  from  the  Greek  or  Latin, 
the  same  accent  ought  to  be  preserved  as  in  the  original.” 
Hence  the  following  words  ought  to  be  accented  as  here 
marked  :  namely,  Abdo'men ,  hori'zon ,  deco'rum ,  diplo'ma, 
muse'um ,  sonorous,  acu'men ,  bilu'men ,  and,  on  like 
grounds,  farra'go ,  and  others.  Yet  the  strong  tendency 
of  our  language  to  accent  the  antepenultimate  in  all  words 
of  three  or  more  syllables  has  caused  this  principle  to  be 
violated  in  some  cases,  as  in  am'azon ,  cic'atrix ,  min'ister , 
or  ator ,  plethora ,  & c. 

§  119.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  having  the 
same  orthography  are  generally  distinguished  by  a  differ¬ 
ence  of  accent,  as  attribute,  n.,  and  attrib'uie,  v.,  mi  scon' - 
duct ,  n.,  and  misconduct ',  v.,  overthrow,  n.,  and  over¬ 
throw',  v.  In  such  cases,  the  nouns  have  the  accent  fur¬ 
ther  from  the  end. 

§  120.  With  a  very  fesv  exceptions,  words  of  more  than 
two  syllables  having  the  following  terminations  take  the 
accent  on  the  antepenult,  or  last  syllable  but  two  :  — 

-cracy ;  as,  democracy ,  theoc'racy  ; 

-ferous  ;  as,  somnif  erous,  umbelliferous ; 

-fluent ;  as,  affluent ,  circumfluent ; 
fluous;  as,  mellifluous ,  superfluous ; 

-gonal ;  as,  diag'onal,  hexag'onal ; 

-gony  ;  as,  cosmog'ony ,  theog'ony  ; 

-grapher ;  as,  lexicographer ,  stenographer ; 

-grapky ;  as,  photography ,  typography  ; 

-loger ;  as,  philoVoger ,  astroVoger  ; 

-logist ;  as,  entomologist,  physiol' ogist ; 

-logy ;  as,  chronol'ogy ,  mythology  ; 

-loquy .  as,  col'loquy ,  solid oquy  ; 

-machy;  as,  logom'achy ,  theom'achy  ; 

-mathy ;  as,  chrestom'athy,  polym'atliy  ; 

-meter;  as,  barom'eter ,  hygrom'eter ; 

-metry ;  as,  altim'etry,  geom'etry ; 

-nomy;  as,  astron'omy ,  econ'omy ; 

-parous;  as,  ovip'arous,  vivip'arous  ; 
pathy ;  as,  ap'athy ,  antip'athy  ; 

-phony;  as,  antiphony ,  coloph'ony ; 

- scop] / ;  as,  acros'copy ,  deuteros' copy  ; 

-strophe  ;  as,  apos'trophe,  catastrophe ; 


XXI 

-tomy  ;  as,  anat'omy ,  lithot'omy  ; 

-trophy ;  as,  atrophy ,  hyper' trophy ; 

- vomous ,  as,  flammiv'omous,  igniv'omous  ; 

- vorous ,  as,  carniv' orous,  graminiv' orous. 

§  121.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  ending  in 
-cate,  -date,  -gale,  -fy,  - tude ,  and  -ty,  preceded  by  a  vowel, 
have,  for  the  most  part,  the  accent  on  the  antepenult :  as, 
dep'recate,  rus'licate,  reciprocate ;  an'tedate,  elu'cidate,  ac- 
com'modate ;  prop' agate,  del'egate ,  fu'migate  ;  rar'efy, 
sanc'tify ;  qui' etude,  lat'itude ;  soci'ety ,  acid'ity,  dep'uty. 

§  122.  The  penultimate  syllable  is  to  be  accented  in  al¬ 
most  all  words  having  the  sound  of  sh,  of  zh,  or  of  conso¬ 
nant  y  immediately  before  their  last  vowel  or  diphthong  ; 
e.  g.,  dona'tion,  concession ,  illu'sion ,  controversial,  ver- 
mil'ion,  opin'ion. 

The  Terminations  IC  and  ICS. 

§  123.  Words  ending  in  ic  and  ics  (derivatives  from 
words  in  u cos  or  icus,  in  Greek  or  Latin,  or  formed  after  the 
same  analogy)  have  their  accent  on  the  penult ;  as,  epi- 
dem'ic,  scientific,  &c.  The  following  words  are  exceptions, 
having  the  accent  on  the  antepenult ;  namely^  ag'aric,  Ar'- 
abic,  arithmetic,  ar'senic,  n.,  catholic,  chol'cric,  ephem' eric, 
her'etic,  lu'natic,  plethoric ,  pol'itic ,  rhet'oric,  and  tur'meric. 
Climacteric  has  usually  the  antepenultimate  accent,  though 
some  pronounce  it  climacter'ic.  In  like  manner,  the  nouns 
empiric  and  schismatic,  and  the  noun  and  adjective  sple¬ 
netic,  are  sometimes  accented  on  the  penult,  and  sometimes 
<5n  the  antepenult. 

The  Terminations  E-AL,  E-AR,  and  E-UM. 

§  124.  A  part  of  the  words  having  these  terminations 
follow  the  English  analogy,  and  take  the  antepenultimate 
accent ;  as.  ceru'lean.  hyptrbo'rean ,  Hercu'lean,  Mediterra'- 
nean ,  subterra'nean,  Tarta'rean,  marmo'rean  ;  petro'leum , 
perios'teum,  succeda'neum.  A  part  accent  the  penult ;  as, 
j  adamante' an,  Atlant'ean ,  colossSan,  empyre'an,  Epicure' an, 

\  Europe' an,  pygme'an ;  mausole'um ,  muse'um.  Orphean, 
j  being  derived  from  Or'pheus  (orff'us),  is  more  properly  ac- 
!  cented  Or'phean.  Most  words  ending  in  eal  accent  the  ante- 
i  penult ;  as,  lin'eal,  ethe'real,  funSreal ;  but  hymene'al  and 
ide'al  take  the  accent  upon  the  penult. 

The  Termination  OSE. 

§  125.  There  is  a  considerable  number  of  adjectives 
ending  in  ose,  as  animose,  comatose,  operose,  &c.,  in  the 
accentuation  of  which  the  dictionaries  are  at  variance  with 
each  other,  and  many  of  them  inconsistent  with  them¬ 
selves.  But  all  words  of  this  class,  as  Walker  remarks, 
ought,  from  their  form  and  derivation,  to  be  pronounced 
alike.  Walker  himself  accents  them  all  upon  the  last  syl¬ 
lable,  and  in  this  he  is  followed  by  Worcester  and  Cooley ; 
but,  in  trisyllables  having  this  termination,  most  recent 
authorities,  following  the  natural  tendency  of  the  language, 
as  well  as  the  prevailing  usage,  give  only  a  secondary  ac¬ 
cent  to  the  last  syllable,  placing  the  principal  accent  on  the 
antepenult.  (See  §  110,  Note,  second  paragraph.)  As  to 
dissyllabic  adjectives  ending  in  ose,  as  jocose ,  verbose,  mo¬ 
rose,  & c.,  they  take  the  accent  on  the  last  syllable,  with  a 
few  exceptions. 


§  126.  In  poetry,  words  are  frequently  used  with  an  ac¬ 
centuation  different  from  that  adopted  in  ordinary  speech, 
as  in  the  following  examples  :  — 


xxii 


RULES  FOR  SPELLING. 


’Twixt  that  and  reason  what  a  nice  barrier 1 ! 

Forever  separate,  yet  forever  near.  Pope. 

Ye  icefalls  !  ye  that  from  the  mountain’s  brow 

Adown  enormous  rav'ines  slope  amain.  Coleridge. 

§  127.  When  two  words  of  similar  formation  and  the 
same  accentuation  are  contrasted  with  each  other,  the  ac¬ 
cent  is  transferred  to  the  syllable  of  difference  (unless  this 
is  already  accented,  as  in  em'inent ,  im'minent ),  and  the 
regularly  accented  syllable  takes  a  secondary  accent ;  thus, 
undo1  is  pronounced  vn'do1  when  opposed  to  do  or  to  out>- 
do',  and  intervene'  is  pronounced  intervene/  when  used 
antithetically  to  su'perveneC  So  also  with  am' put  a1 1  ion 
and  im'puta'tion ,  bi'en'nial  and  tri'en'nial ,  op'pose' ,  and 
sup'poseJ ;  ex'er'cise ,  and  ex'or'cise,  al-le'ga'tion  and  al-li'- 
ga'tion ;  proph'et'  and  prof  it' ;  do'ncrr'  and  do'nee ',  guar¬ 
antor'  and  guarantee.'. 

§  128.  When  separately  pronounced,  all  monosyllabic 
words  have  their  vowel  as  distinctly  sounded  as  if  under  ac¬ 
cent.  But  in  connected  discourse,  certain  classes  of  mono¬ 
syllables,  such  as  articles,  prepositions,  pronouns,  conjunc¬ 
tions,  and  auxiliary  verbs,  are  usually  unemphasized,  and 
their  vowel  is  liable  to  the  same  corruption  of  quality  as 
that  in  an  unaccented  syllable  of  a  word.  But  when  used 
antithetically  to  other  words,  they  are  emphasized,  receiv-  J 
ing  a  full  and  distinct  stress  of  voice.  Thus,  the  possessive  j 
pronoun  their ,  when  emphatic,  should  take  the  full  sound 
of  e;  as,  "  Their  (ther)  interests,  and  not  yours ,  are  to  be 
consulted.”  But  when  unemphatic,  the  sound  becomes 
more  obscure,  verging  toward,  or  falling  into,  that  of  the  1 
neutral  vowel  (u  in  urge) ;  as,  "  They  will  not  neglect  their  1 
(thur)  interests.”  So,  also,  there ,  when  used  as  an  adverb 
of  place,  is  distinctly  pronounced  with  the  appropriate  j 
sound  of  the  vowel ;  as,  "  I  shall  be  there  (ther).”  When,  i 
however,  it  serves  merely  to  introduce  a  verb  or  a  sentence,  j 
it  takes  the  obscui’er  sound  ;  as,  n  There  (thur)  is  no  diffi¬ 
culty  in  the  case.”  In  like  manner  we  say  5,  your,  that , 
the,  from,  f Or,  &c.,  when  we  pronounce  the  words  by  them¬ 


selves  ;  but  in  actual  use  they  become  nearly  or  quite  u, 
yur,  thut,  thu,  from,  fur,  &c.  The  following  passage  from 
the  "  Spectator,”  No.  80,  well  illustrates  this  tendency  to  a 
corruption  of  the  vowel  sound  in  unemphasized  monosylla¬ 
bles  :  —  "  My  lords,  with  humble  submission  that  that  I 
say  is  this,  that  that  that  that  gentleman  has  advanced  is 
not  that  that  he  should  have  proved  to  your  lordships.” 


SYLLABICATION. 

§  129.  Words  are  sometimes  divided  into  syllables  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  showing  their  proper  pronunciation  (as, 
a-dorn,  o-void)  ;  and  sometimes  in  order  to  exhibit  their 
etymological  composition  merely,  without  the  least  regard 
to  their  pronunciation  (as,  ad-orn,  ov-oid).  In  ordinary 
cases  —  as  where  a  word  requires  to  be  divided  at  the  end 
of  a  line  —  these  modes  of  syllabication  are  to  a  certain 
extent  combined.  In  the  United  States,  the  etymological 
principle  is  allowed  to  operate  only  in  separating  prefixes, 
suffixes,  and  grammatical  terminations  from  the  radical 
part  of  the  word,  where  this  can  be  done  without  misrepre¬ 
senting  the  pronunciation.  In  English  practice,  however, 
words  are  usually  divided  in  such  a  manner  as  to  show  their 
constituent  parts  independently  of  the  pronunciation  (as, 
hypo-thesis,  philosophy,  belli-gerent,  &c.),  and  a  single 
consonant  or  a  consonant  digraph  between  two  vowels  goes 
to  the  latter  (as,  a-na-to-my ,  de-li-cate ,  ma-the-ma-tics , 
&c.).  In  this  Dictionary,  words  are  uniformly  divided  so 
as  to  represent  their  pronunciation  in  the  most  accurate 
manner  ;  but  very  frequently  the  root  of  a  word  may  be 
exhibited  to  the  eye  without  violating  the  orthoepical  prin¬ 
ciple  of  syllabication,  and  where  this  is  possible  it  has 
generally  been  done,  more  particularly  in  the  case  of  ac¬ 
cented  syllables. 


EULES  FOE  SPELLING  CEETAIN  CLASSES  OF  WOEDS. 

FOUNDED  ON  THE  ORTHOGRAPHY  OF  DR.  WEBSTER,  AS  EXHIBITED  IN  THIS  YOLUME. 


§  130  (1).  The  letters  f  and  l,  at  the  end  of  monosyl¬ 
lables,  and  standing  immediately  after  single  vowels,  are 
generally  doubled  ;  as  in  staff,  cliff ,  doff,  puff;  all ,  bell, 
hill,  toll,  null.  The  words  clef,  if,  of,  and  sol,  are  excep¬ 
tions. 

§  131  (2).  The  letter  s,  at  the  end  of  a  monosyllable, 
and  standing  immediately  after  a  single  vowel,  is  generally 
doubled,  except  when  it  is  used  to  form  the  possessive  case 
cr  plural  of  a  noun,  or  the  third  person  singular  of  a  verb  ; 
as  in  grass,  press,  hiss,  moss,  truss.  The  only  impor¬ 
tant  exceptions  are  as,  gas,  has,  was,  yes,  his,  is,  thus,  and 
us. 

§  132  (3).  Besides  f  l,  and  s,  the  only  consonants  that 
are  ever  doubled  at  the  end  of  a  word  are  b,  d,  g,  m,  n,  p, 
r,  t,  and  z.  The  following  list  contains  all,  or  nearly  all, 
the  words  in  which  these  letters  are  doubled  ;  namely,  abb, 


ebb;  add,  odd,  rudd ;  bigg ,  egg,  snigg ;  lamm ,  scomm, 
mumm  (to  mask) ;  inn,  bunn  ;  wapp  ;  gna.rr,  parr,  err ,  birr, 
shirr,  shirr,  burr,  hurr ,  murr,  purr  ;  mitt,  plitt,  smitt,  butt ; 
fizz,  fuzz,  buzz,  buzz,  muzz. 

Note.  —  The  words  let , net ,  and  set  are  sometimes  incor¬ 
rectly  spelled  lett,  nett,  and  sett ;  and  some  other  words 
which  should  have  the  final  letter  single  are  spelled,  by 
some  writers,  with  it  doubled. 

§  133  (4).  A  consonant  standing  at  the  end  of  a  word 
immediately  after  a  diphthong  or  double  vowel  is  never 
doubled.  The  words  ail,  peat ,  haul,  door,  and  maim,  are 
j  examples.  The  word  guess  is  only  an  apparent  exception, 

'  as  the  u  does  not  strictly  form  a  diphthong  with  the  e, 
but  serves  merely  to  render  the  g  hard. 

§  134  (5).  Monosyllables  ending,  as  pronounced,  with 
the  sound  of  k ,  and  in  wuich  c  follows  the  vowel,  have 


RULES  FOR 

usually  k  added  after  the  c ;  as  in  black,  fleck,  click ,  knock , 
and  buck.  The  words  lac ,  sac.  talc ,  zinc ,  ploc,  roc ,  soc,  arc, 
marc,  ore,  and  jfoc,  are  exceptions. 

Words  of  more  than  one  syllable,  ending  in  ic  or  iac , 
which  formerly  ended  in  k ,  also  words  derived  from  the  Lat¬ 
in  or  Greek  languages,  or  from  other  sources,  and  similar  to 
these,  or  formed  in  an  analogous  manner,  are  now  written 
without  the  k;  as,  maniac ,  elegiac ,  cubic,  music ,  public. 
The  word  derrick  is  an  exception.  Words  of  more  than 
one  syllable,  in  which  c  is  preceded  by  other  vowels  than  i 
or  ia,  commonly  end  in  ck ;  as,  arrack,  barrack,  hammock , 
hillock,  wedlock.  The  words  a lmanac,sandarac,  limbec,  xebec, 
manioc,  and  havoc ,  are  exceptions.  Almanac ,  limbec,  and 
havoc ,  however,  are  sometimes  written  with  k  after  the  c, 
especially  in  England. 

§  135  (6).  In  derivatives  formed  from  words  ending  in 
c,  by  adding  a  termination  beginning  with  e,  i,  or  y,  the 
letter  k  is  inserted  after  the  c,  in  order  that  the  latter  may 
not  be  inaccurately  pronounced  like  s  before  the  following 
vowel:  as,  colic ,  colicky;  traffic,  trafficked ,  trafficking , 
trafficker  ;  talc,  talcky ;  zinc,  zincky. 

§  136  (7).  In  derivatives  formed  by  adding  a  termina¬ 
tion  beginning  with  a  vowel  to  monosyllables  and  words 
accented  on  the  last  syllable,  when  these  words  end  in  a 
single  consonant  (except  x)  preceded  by  a  single  vowel, 
that  consonant  is  doubled  ;  as,  dan,  clannish ;  plan ,  planned, 
planning,  planner ;  bag ,  baggage  ;  hot,  hotter ,  hottest ;  wit, 
ivitty  ;  cabal',  cabal' ler ;  abet',  abet' ted,  abet' ting,  abet' t  or  ; 
begin',  begin'ning,  begin' ner ;  infer',  inferred',  infenririg. 
The  consonant  is  doubled  in  these  words  in  order  to  pre¬ 
serve  the  short  sound  of  the  vowel,  as  otherwise  the  latter 
would  be  liable  to  be  pronounced  long.  Thus,  planned, 
hottest,  and  abetted,  would  naturally  be  pronounced  planed , 
hbtesl,  and  abated,  if  the  consonant  were  not  doubled. 
Words  of  this  class,  in  which  the  final  consonant  is  pre¬ 
ceded  by  qu  followed  by  a  single  vo  wel,  form  no  exception 
to  the  rule,  since  the  u  performs  the  office  of  the  consonant 
w  ;  as,  squab,  squabbish,  squabby ;  squat,  squatting,  squat¬ 
ter ;  quit,  quitted,  quitting;  acquit ',  acquit' ted,  acquit' ting. 

The  derivatives  of  the  word  gas  (except  gassed,  gassing, 
and  gassy)  are  written  with  but  one  s ;  as,  gaseous,  gaseity, 
gasify.  Excellence,  as  being  from  the  Latin  excellens,  re¬ 
tains  the  double  l,  though  one  l  has  been  dropped  from  the 
termination  of  excel' .  Besides  these,  the  only  exceptions 
to  the  rule  are  those  derivatives  in  which  the  accent  of  the 
primitive  is  thrown  back  upon  another  syllable  :  as,  cabal', 
cab’alism,  cab'alisl ;  prefer',  preference;  refer',  reference; 
defer',  deference.  It  is  no  exception  to  this  rule  that  chan¬ 
cellor,  and  the  derivatives  of  metal  and  crystal,  as  metalloid, 
metallurgy,  crystalline ,  crystallize,  and  the  like,  are  written 
with  the  l  doubled,  since  they  are  derived  respectively  from 
the  Latin  cancellarius  (through  the  French),  and  metallum, 
and  the  Greek  KpvvTakkos.  So  also  the  word  tranquillity 
retains  the  double  l  as  being  from  the  Latin  tranquillitas , 
while  the  English  derivatives  of  tranquil,  though  often 
written  with  two  Vs,  are  more  properly  written  with  only 
one.  as  tranquilize,  tranquilizer,  and  the  like. 

§  137  (8).  When  a  diphthong,  or  a  digraph  represent¬ 
ing  a  vowel  sound,  precedes  the  final  consonant  of  a  word, 
or  the  accent  of  a  word  ending  in  a  single  consonant  falls 
on  any  other  syllable  than  the  last,  or  when  the  word 
ends  in  two  different  consonants,  the  final  consonant  is  not 
doubled  in  derivatives  formed  by  the  addition  of  a  termina¬ 
tion  beginning  with  a  vowel :  as,  daub,  daubed,  dauber ; 
need ,  needy ;  brief,  briefer ,  briefest ;  rev' el,  rev'eled,  rev'eling ; 
trav'el,  trav'eling,  trav'eler;  profit,  profited ;  act,  acted, 
actor;  perform,  performer ;  stand,  standing. 


SPELLING.  xxiii 

The  final  consonant  is  doubled  in  the  derivatives  of  a  few 
words  ending  in  g,  in  order  to  diminish  the  liability  to  its 
being  pronounced  like  j,  before  e  or  i :  as,  humbug,  hum¬ 
bugged,  humbugging  ;  periwig,  periwigged.  The  word 
woolen  is  more  generally  thus  written,  in  the  United  States, 
with  one  l ;  but  in  England  it  is  written  woollen. 

Note  .  —  There  is  a  large  class  of  woi’ds  ending  in  a  single 
consonant,  and  accented  on  some  other  syllable  than  the 
last,  the  final  consonants  of  which  are,  by  very  many 
writers  and  lexicographers,  doubled  in  their  derivatives, 
unnecessarily  and  contrarily  to  analogy.  This  practice  ap¬ 
pears  to  have  arisen  from  a  desire  to  prevent  the  vowel  of 
the  final  syllable  of  the  primitive  from  being  inaccurately 
pronounced  long  in  the  derivatives.  These  words  are  chiefly 
those  ending  in  l,  with  also  a  few  of  other  terminations.  The 
following  list,  the  words  in  which  are  chiefly  verbs,  includes 
the  most  important  of  those  in  regard  to  which  usage 
varies :  namely,  apparel,  barrel,  bevel ,  bias,  bowel,  and  its 
compounds,  cancel,  carburet,  and  all  similar  words  ending  in 
uret,  cavil,  carol ,  channel,  chisel,  compromit,  counsel ,  cud¬ 
gel,  dial,  dishevel,  dowe'l,  drivel,  duel,  empanel,  enamel, 
equal,  funnel,  gambol,  gravel,  grovel,  handsel,  hatchet,  im¬ 
peril,  jewel,  kennel,  kidnap,  label,  laurel,  level,  libel,  mar¬ 
shal,  marvel ,  medal,  metal,  model ,  panel,  parallel,  parcel, 
pencil ,  peril,  pistol,  pommel ,  quarrel,  ravel,  revel,  rival, 
rowel ,  shovel,  shrivel,  snivel ,  tassel,  tinsel,  trammel ,  travel, 
tunnel,  unravel,  vial,  victual,  worship.  Worcester  doubles 
the  final  letters  of  all  these  words,  except  parallel,  in  form¬ 
ing  derivatives  by  the  addition  of  terminations  beginning 
with  vowels,  though  he  remarks,  with  respect  to  those  end¬ 
ing  in  l,  that  “  it  better  accords  with  the  analogy  of  the 
language”  to  spell  their  derivatives  with  but  one  l.  Smart 
retains  the  double  consonant  in  this  class  of  words  solely 
on  the  ground  that  usage  favors  it,  but  remarks  that  “  the 
double  p  in  worshipped ,  worshipper ,  &c.,  the  second  l  in 
travelling,  traveller,  &c.,  are  quite  unnecessary  on  any 
other  score  than  to  satisfy  the  prejudices  of  the  eye.” 
Cooley  doubles  the  consonant  in  a  majority  of  the  deriva¬ 
tives  of  words  of  this  class,  but  writes  a  single  consonant  in 
many,  as  in  those  of  apparel,  barrel,  bevel,  channel,  drivel, 
gambol,  & c.  Perry  wrote  the  derivatives  of  these  words 
with  but  one  l,  according  to  the  rule,  and  the  same  prac¬ 
tice  was  advocated  by  Walker.  Conformity  to  the  regular 
rule  has  been  advocated  also  by  Lowth  and  other  eminent 
scholars. 

§  138  (9).  Derivatives  formed  from  words  ending  in  a 
double  consonant,  by  adding  one  or  more  syllables,  com¬ 
monly  retain  both  consonants  :  as,  ebb,  ebbing ;  odd,  oddly  ; 
stiff,  stiffness ;  fell,  fellable ;  skill,  skillful,  skillfulness ;  will, 
willful ,  willfulness  ;  dull,  dullness ;  full ,  fullness.  So  also 
the  double  l  is  retained  in  the  words  installment ,  inthrall- 
ment,  thralldom ,  and  enrollment  (from  install,  inthrall, 
thrall,  and  enroll),  in  order  to  prevent  the  false  pronuncia¬ 
tion  they  might  receive  if  spelled  with  one  l.  Many  writers 
and  lexicographers,  especially  in  England,  omit  ono  l  in 
these  words,  as  also  in  the  derivatives  of  skill,  will,  dull, 
and  full,  formed  by  adding  the  syllables  ly  and  ness. 

The  derivatives  of  pontiff  are  exceptions  to  the  rule,  be¬ 
ing  written  with  only  one  f ;  as,  pontific,  pontifical,  ponti- 
ficial ,  and  the  like.  One  l  also  is  dropped  in  a  few  words 
formed  by  adding  the  termination  ly  to  words  ending  in 
ll,  in  order  to  prevent  the  concurrence  of  three  Vs :  as,  ill, 
illy  ;  dull,  dully  ;  full,  fully.  Words  similarly  formed  by 
adding  the  termination  less,  however,  are  written  either 
with  three  Vs,  a  hyphen  being  inserted  before  the  termina¬ 
tion,  or  with  two  Vs  and  without  the  hyphen  :  as,  bell-less, 
or  belle ss,  skill-less  or  skilless,  smell-less  or  smelless. 

$  139  (10).  In  derivatives  formed  from  words  ending 
with  silent  e,  the  e  is  generally  retained  when  the  termina¬ 
tion  begins  with  a  consonant :  as,  pale,  paleness ;  hate,  hate¬ 
ful ;  incite,  incitement ;  chaste,  chastely,  chasteness ;  move , 
movement.  When,  however,  the  e  is  immediately  preceded 


RULES  FOR  SPELLING. 


xxiv 

by  another  vowel  (except  el),  it  is  often  di'opped  from  the 
derivative:  as,  due,  duly;  argue,  argument ;  true,  truly ; 
awe,  awful ;  and  the  derivatives  and  compounds  of  these 
words. 

The  words  wholly,  nursling,  wisdom,  abridgment,  ac¬ 
knowledgment,  lodgment,  judgment,  and  the  compounds  of 
some  of  these,  are  exceptions.  The  last  four,  however,  are 
written,  by  many  authors,  abridgement,  acknowledgement, 
lodgement ,  judgement. 

§  140  (11)-  In  derivatives  formed  from  words  ending 
with  silent  e,  when  the  termination  begins  with  a  vowel, 
the  e  is  generally  omitted,  except  in  the  cases  mentioned  in 
the  next  paragraph  :  as,  bride,  bridal ;  guide,  guidance ; 
plume,  plumage ;  use,  usage ;  grieve,  grievance ;  come,  com¬ 
ing  ;  shape,  shaping ;  move ,  movable  ;  sale,  salable  ;  fleece , 
fleecy ;  force,  forcible ;  true,  truism. 

The  e  is  retained  in  the  word  hoeing,  shoeing,  and  toeing 
(from  hoe,  shoe,  and  toe),  in  order  to  prevent  a  doubt  as  to 
the  pronunciation,  that  might  arise  in  case  it  were  omitted. 
Jt  is  retained,  also,  in  the  words  dyeing,  singeing,  springe- 
vug,  swingeing ,  tingeing  (from  dye,  singe ,  springe,  swinge , 
tinge),  to  distinguish  them  from  dying,  singing,  springing , 
swinging,  tinging  (from  die,  sing,  spring,  swing,  ting.) 
The  word  mileage,  as  commonly  written,  does  not  omit  the 
e,  though  it  is  sometimes,  and  more  correctly,  spelled  mil¬ 
age.  The  words  lineage,  lineal,  and  pineal ,  though  appar¬ 
ently  exceptions,  are  not  really  such,  since  they  are  derived 
not  directly  from  line  and  pine,  but  from  the  Latin  linea 
(through  the  French),  linealis ,  and  pine  a.  The  e,  standing, 
in  a  derivative,  before  a  termination  beginning  with  a  or  o, 
and  immediately  after  c  or  g,  is  retained  in  order  to  pre¬ 
serve  the  soft  sounds  of  these  consonants :  as,  peace, 
peaceable;  notice,  noticeable ;  manage,  manageable ;  change, 
changeable  ;  advantage ,  advantageous ;  outrage,  outrage¬ 
ous  ;  mortgage ,  mortgageor.  The  latter  word  is  sometimes 
very  improperly  written  mortgagor ,  and  pronounced  mor'- 
ga-jor. 

§  141  (12).  In  derivatives  formed  from  words  ending  in 
ie,  by  adding  the  termination  ing,  the  e  is  dropped,  and 
the  i  changed  to  y,  in  order  to  prevent  two  i's  from  coming 
together  :  as,  die,  dying ;  hie,  hying  ;  lie,  lying ;  tie,  tying ; 
vie,  vying. 

§  142  (13).  In  derivatives  of  words  ending  in  y  pre¬ 
ceded  by  a  consonant,  and  formed  by  appending  any  ter¬ 
mination  except  one  beginning  with  i,  the  y  is  usually 
changed  into  i :  as,  icy ,  iciest,  icily  ;  mercy ,  merciless ;  tidy, 
tidiness ;  modify,  modifies  ;  foggy,  fogginess ;  earthy,  earth¬ 
iness  ;  pity,  pitiful. 

The  derivatives  of  adjectives  of  one  syllable  ending  in  y 
preceded  by  a  consonant,  are  exceptions,  and  usually  re¬ 
tain  the  y:  as,  shy,  shyness;  sly,  slyest ;  dry,  dryly;  spry, 
spryer,  spryest ;  wry,  wryness.  But  the  adjectives  drier 
and  driest ,  from  dry,  are  commonly  written  with  i  instead 
of  y.  Derivatives  formed  by  adding  the  termination  ship, 
as  secretaryship,  suretyship,  ladyship,  and  the  like,  also  re¬ 
tain  the  y,  though  some  authors  write  them  with  i,  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  rule.  The  words  babyhood  and  ladykin  are 
likewise  exceptions.  The  y  is  also  retained  in  the  possessive 
case  singular  of  nouns,  when  formed  by  adding  s  with  the 
apostrophe  :  as,  country's,  everybody's. 

§  143  (11)-  Derivatives  formed  by  affixing  a  termina¬ 
tion  to  words  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  vowel,  generally 
retain  the  y  unchanged  :  as,  gay,  gayety,  gayly ;  play, 
player,  plays ;  sway,  swayed, ;  obey,  obeying  ;  joy,  joyful ; 
enjoy,  enjoyed;  buy ,  buying ;  gluey ,  glueyness. 

The  words  daily,  laid,  paid,  said,  saith,  slain,  and  staid 
(from  day,  lay,  pay,  say,  slay,  and  stay),  with  their  com¬ 


pounds,  are  exceptions.  Staid,  however,  is  sometimes 
written  stayed.  Derivatives  from  words  ending  in  uy,  as 
colloquies,  from  colloquy ,  are  not  exceptions  to  the  rule,  as 
u,  in  such  cases,  is  not  strictly  a  vowel,  but  stands  for  the 
consonant  w. 

§  144  (15)-  Derivatives  formed  by  appending  a  syllable 
beginning  with  a  vowel  to  words  ending  with  a  vowel 
sound,  generally  retain  the  letter  or  letters  representing 
such  sound  :  as,  huzza,  huzzaed ;  agree,  agreeable,  agree¬ 
ing  ;  weigh,  weighing;  dough,  doughy;  echo,  echoed;  woo, 
wooes  ;  bow,  bowed  ;  beau ,  beauish. 

Derivatives  of  words  of  this  class  ending  in  silent  e,  as 
also  those  formed  from  words  ending  in  double  e  by  adding 
a  termination  beginning  with  e,  drop  the  final  e  :  as,  hoe, 
hoed  ;  sue,  sued  ;  owe,  owed  ;  free,  freer,  freest ;  agree , 
agreed.  The  cases  mentioned  in  sections  11,  12,  and  13  are 
also  exceptions. 

§  145  (16).  Derivatives  formed  by  prefixing  one  or 
more  syllables  to  words  ending  in  a  double  consonant  com¬ 
monly  retain  both  consonants  :  as,  tipstaff,  rebuff ,  befall, 
inthrall,  disinthr all,  foretell,  undersell,  fulfill,  enroll,  emboss, 
(from  staff,  buff,  fall,  thrall,  tell,  sell,  fill,  roll ,  boss). 

The  word  until  is  an  exception,  being  always  written 
with  one  l.  Those  words  of  this  class  which  end  in  ll  are 
written  by  some  authors,  especially  in  England,  with  one  l : 
as,  befal,  inthral,  foretel ,  fulfi1 ,  enrol.  The  words  distill  and 
instill  should  be  written  with  the  l  doubled,  though  they 
are  often  written  distil  and  instil ,  with  only  one  l. 

§  146  (17).  Compound  words  formed  by  joining  two  or 
more  words  commonly  retain  all  the  letters  of  the  simple 
words :  as,  stiff-necked,  well-bred,  dull-eyed,  save-all,  wide¬ 
mouthed. 

There  are  numerous  exceptions  to  this  rule,  many  of 
them  compounds  which  by  long  use  have  acquired  the  force 
of  single  words.  They  are  the  following  :  namely,  some 
compounds  of  all  and  well;  as,  almighty ,  almost,  alone , 
already,  also,  although,  altogether ,  always ,  withal,  there¬ 
withal,  wherewithal,  welcome ,  welfare  ;  —  compounds  of 
mass ;  as,  Candlemas ,  Christmas,  Lammas,  Michaelmas. 
& c.  ;  —  words  of  which  the  second  part  is  the  adjective 
full;  as,  artful,  hateful,  rueful,  woeful; — also,  the  words 
chilblain,  fulfill ,  namesake,  neckerchief,  numskull, pastime, 
standi sh,  and  wherever. 

§  147  (18).  The  plural  of  nouns  regularly  ends  in  s,  or, 
in  certain  classes  of  words,  in  es. 

When  the  noun  in  the  singular  ends  with  such  a  sound 
that  the  sound  of  s  can  unite  with  it  and  be  pronounced 
without  forming  a  separate  syllable,  s  only  is  added  in  form¬ 
ing  the  plural :  as,  sea,  seas  ;  tree,  trees ;  woe,  woes;  canto, 
cantos;  virtue,  virtues:  purlieu,  purlieus ;  claiv,  claws;  cab, 
cabs ;  panic ,  panics  ;  bead,  beads  ;  chief,  chiefs ;  bag,  bags  ; 
path,  paths;  lock,  locks  ;  bell,  bells;  gem,  gems ;  fan,  fans; 
cup,  cups ;  car,  ears;  act ,  acts.  A  few  plurals  from  nouns 
ending  in  o  preceded  by  a  consonant,  end  in  es:  as,  echo, 
echoes;  cargo,  cargoes ;  embargo,  embargoes;  motto,  mot¬ 
toes  ;  potato,  potatoes.  Other  nouns  of  this  class  gener¬ 
ally  form  their  plurals  regularly,  though  usage  differs  with 
regard  to  some  of  them.  Those  in  which  final  o  is  pre¬ 
ceded  by  a  vowel  form  their  plurals  regularly.  The  plural 
of  alkali  is  written  alkalis  or  alkalies  ;  that  of  rabbi,  either 
rabbis  or  rabbies.  With  regard  to  other  nouns  ending  in  i 
usage  differs,  though  they  are  more  properly  written  with 
the  termination  is. 

When  the  noun  in  the  singular  „nds  with  such  a  sound 
(as  that  of  ch,  sh,  j,  s,  x,  or  z )  that  the  sound  of  s  can  not 
unite  with  it  in  pronunciation,  but  must  form  a  separate 
syllable,  e  is  inserted  before  s  in  forming  the  plural,  unless 


RULES  FOR  SPELLING. 


the  word  ends  with  silent  e,  in  which  case  the  latter  serves 
to  form  a  separate  syllable  with  s :  as,  church ,  churches ; 
rush ,  rusi.es;  age ,  ages;  lace ,  laces;  gas ,  gases: ;  box, 
boxes  ;  maze ,  mazes. 

To  express  the  plural  of  a  letter,  figure,  or  any  character 
or  sign,  or  of  a  word  mentioned  without  regard  to  its 
meaning,  the  letter  s,  generally  preceded  by  the  apostrophe, 
is  appended,  as  in  the  phrases,  "  The  two  Vs  in  all ;  "  Two 
*’s  in  Orion  ;  ”  "  The  why's  and  wherefore's  of  the  question.” 
Some  writers,  however,  omit  the  apostrophe  in  such  cases, 
joining  the  5  immediately  to  the  letter,  character,  or  word, 
as  in  the  phrases  •'  The  two  Is  in  all ;  ”  ”  Two  *s  in  Orion  ;  ” 
Others  still  write  the  names  of  the  letters  with  their  proper 
plural  endings,  instead  of  the  letters  themselves  :  as,  the 
two  ees,  efs ,  ells ,  esses ,  and  the  like.  The  plurals  of  letters 
are  also  rarely  expressed  by  simply  doubling  them,  without 
adding  any  plural  sign  :  as,  the  two  ee  in  bee ,  the  two  U  in 
all ;  but  this  practice  is  not  to  be  commended,  as  ee ,  ll,  &c., 
are  properly  read  double  e,  double  l ,  &c. 

§  148  (19)*  Nounsending  in  y  preceded  by  a  consonant 
form  their  plural  by  adding  es  and  changing  y  into  i:  as, 
mercy ,  mercies ;  lady ,  ladies ;  sky ,  skies ;  army ,  armies ;  pity , 
pities.  This  rule  includes  words  ending  in  quy,  in  which 
u,  being  pronounced  like  w ,  is  strictly  a  consonant :  as, 
colloquy ,  colloquies.  The  plural  of  proper  nouns  ending  in 
y  preceded  by  a  consonant,  is  formed  by  changing  y  into 
ies,  according  to  the  rule  :  as,  "  The  three  Maries."  Many 
writers,  however,  form  the  plural  of  such  words  by  simply 
adding  s:  as,  "  The  three  Marys." 

When  the  singular  of  a  noun  ends  in  y  preceded  by  a 
vowel  (except  u  having  the  power  of  w),  the  plural  is  regu¬ 
larly  formed  by  adding  s  only  :  as,  day,  days ;  key ,  keys  ; 
■ money ,  moneys;  attorney ,  attorneys;  alloy ,  alloys;  guy , 
guys.  Smne  plurals  of  the  latter  class  are  often  inaccu¬ 
rately  written  with  the  termination  ies :  as,  monies ,  attor- 
nies ,  and  the  like. 

§  149  (20).  The  plurals  of  a  few  nouns  ending  in  for 
fe  are  irregularly  formed  by  changing  jf  or. /e  into  ves.  The 
following  words,  with  their  compounds,  are  the  principal 
examples :  namely,  life,  lives ;  knife ,  knives ;  wife ,  wives  ; 
leaf  leaves  ;  sheaf,  sheaves  ;  loaf,  loaves ;  beef,  beeves  ; 
thief  thieves  ;  calf,  calves ;  half,  halves  ;  elf,  elves ;  shelf, 
shelves;  self ,  selves ;  wolf,  wolves.  The  plural  of  staff  is, 
sometimes  written  staffs,  but  more  commonly  staves,  ex¬ 
cept  when  it  means  a  corps  of  o 'deers,  either  military  or 
civil,  in  which  sense  it  is  always  written  staffs.  The  plural 
of  wharf  is  generally  written  wharfs  in  England;  in  the 
United  States  it  is  more  commonly,  but  improperly,  written 
wharves,  as  it  is  also  by  some  recent  English  writers.  The 
plurals  of  hoof  and  turf  \  formerly  written  hooves  and  turves, 
are  now  written  hoofs  and  turfs.  The  plurals  of  other 
nouns  ending  in  f  fe,  or  ff,  are  formed  regularly  by  the 
addition  of  w  only. 

§  150  (21).  In  the  following  nouns,  the  plural  is  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  the  singular  only  by  a  change  of  the  vowel 
or  vowel  sound  of  the  word  :  namely,  man,  men;  woman , 
women  ;  goose ,  geese ;  foot ,  feet ;  tooth,  teeth  ;  brother, 
brethren ;  louse ,  lice ;  mouse,  mice.  Compounds  ending 
with  these  words  form  their  plurals  in  the  same  manner : 
as,  foeman ,  foemen;  dormouse,  dormice.  AVords  which 
end  in  the  syllable  man,  and  are  not  compounds,  form 
their  plurals  regularly,  by  adding  s  only  :  as,  cayman,  cay¬ 
mans;  desman,'  desmans;  firman ,  firmans  ;  talisman, 
talismans;  German,  Germans;  Mussulman,  Mussulmans. 
The  plurals  of  talisman  and  Mussulman  are  sometimes,  by 
a  gross  blunder,  written  talismen  and  Mussulmen. 

§  151  (22).  A  few  plurals  end  in  en  :  namely,  brother, 


brethren;  child,  children;  ox,  oxen.  To  these  may  be  added 
the  obsolete  forms  eyne,  kine,  shoon,  hosen,  housen,  (from 
eye,  cow,  shoe,  hose,  house),  the  first  three  of  which,  though 
they  have  received  a  slightly  different  form,  end,  as  pro¬ 
nounced,  with  the  sound  of  n. 

§  152  (23).  Tire  words  brother,  die,  pea ,  and  penny, 
have  each  two  plurals  of  different  forms  and  with  different 
significations  :  as,  brothers,  male  children  of  the  same  parent, 
also,  members  of  the  same  society,  association,  class,  or 
profession ;  brethren,  members  of  the  same  religious  or  ec¬ 
clesiastical  body,  the  word  in  this  form  being  rarely  used 
except  in  religious  writings,  or  in  scriptural  language, 
where  it  also  has  the  same  meaning  that  brother  has 
j  in  ordinary  language  ;  dies,  implements  for  making  im- 
|  pressions  by  stamping,  or  for  making  screws,  also  the 
cubical  parts  of  pedestals  ;  dice,  the  cubical  blocks  used  in 
games  of  chance  ;  peas,  seeds  of  the  pea-plant,  when  a  defi¬ 
nite  number  is  mentioned ;  pease,  the  same  in  bulk,  or 
spoken  of  collectively  ;  pennies,  the  coins,  especially  when 
a  definite  number  is  mentioned  ;  pence,  the  amount  reckoned 
by  these  coins. 

§  153  (24).  A  few  words,  mostly  names  of  animals, 
ave  the  same  form  in  the  plural  as  in  the  singular :  as, 
deer,  sheep,  trout ,  and  the  like. 

§  154  (25).  Many  words  adopted  from  foreign  languages 
retain  their  original  plurals:  as,  datum ,  data;  criterion, 
criteria ;  genus,  genera ;  larva,  lame  ;  crisis,  crises  ;  mat¬ 
rix,  matrices  ;  focus,  foci ;  monsieur,  messieurs. 

Many  words  of  this  class,  while  retaining  the  original 
plurals,  have  also  a  second,  formed  after  the  analogy  of 
English  words  of  similar  termination  :  as,  formula ,  form¬ 
ula  or  formulas;  beau,  beaux  or  beaus  ;  index,  indices  or 
indexes;  stratum,  strata  or  slratums ;  bandit,  banditti  or 
bandits ;  cherub,  cherubim  or  cherubs;  seraph,  seraphim  or 
seraphs.  The  plurals  of  the  last  two  words  are  sometimes 
incorrectly  written  cherubims  and  seraphims,  with  double 
plural  terminations,  from  ignorance  or  forgetfulness  of  the 
fact  that,  in  Hebrew  words,  ini  is  a  plural  ending. 

§  155  (26).  In  certain  loose  compounds  consisting  of  a 
noun  followed  by  an  adjective  or  other  qualifying  expres¬ 
sion,  the  plural  is  commonly  formed  by  making  the  same 
change  in  the  noun  as  when  it  stands  alone  :  as,  court- 
martial,  courts-martial ;  cousin-german ,  cousins-german  ; 
son-in-law,  sons-in-law.  4\Then,  however,  the  adjective  is 
so  closely  joined  to  the  noun  that  the  compound  has  the 
force  of  a  simple  word,  the  plural  of  the  compound  is  com¬ 
monly  formed  like  that  of  any  other  word  of  the  same 
termination  :  as,  cupful,  cupfuls ;  handful,  handfuls. 

§  156  (27).  There  are  many  words,  besides  those  men¬ 
tioned  in  the  preceding  paragraphs,  in  respect  to  which 
usage,  even  that  of  the  best  authors,  is  variable.  The 
most  important  of  these  words  are  mentioned  in  this  and 
the  succeeding  sections. 

The  derivatives  of  the  word  villain,  as  villainous,  vil¬ 
lainy,  &c.,  though  often  written  villanous ,  villany,  See., 
properly  retain  the  i,  according  to  the  practice  of  many 
writers,  like  those  of  other  words  similarly  ending  in  ain : 
as,  mountainous,  from  mountain ;  captaincy ,  from  captain; 
and  the  like. 

The  words  connection ,  deflection,  inflection ,  and  reflec¬ 
tion  follow  the  spelling  of  the  words  connect ,  deflect ,  inflect, 
and  reflect,  though  often  written,  especially  in  England,  con¬ 
nexion,  deflexion,  inflexion ,  and  reflexion. 

The  word  woe,  though  often  written  without  the  final  e, 
should  retain  it,  like  most  other  nouns  of  one  syllable  and 
of  similar  form  :  as,  doe,  floe ,  foe ,  hoe,  sloe ,  toe ,  and  the 
like.  Monosyllables  other  than  nouns,  and  words  of  more 


xxvi 


RULES  FOR  SPELLING. 


than  one  syllable,  having  a  similar  termination,  omit  the 
e ;  as,  do,  go,  no,  so,  canto,  motto,  potato. 

The  words  defense ,  expense,  offense,  and  pretense  are 
properly  written  thus,  though  often  spelled  with  c  instead 
of  s,  for  the  5  belongs  to  the  words  from  which  they  are 
derived,  and  is  also  used  in  all  their  derivatives. 

The  words  drought  and  height  were  formerly  written 
drouth  and  /light,  and  are  still  very  often  thus  written  in 
America. 

The  verb  practice  is  thus  written  like  the  noun,  in 
preference  to  the  form  practise,  though  the  latter  spell¬ 
ing  is  used  by  many  writers,  especially  in  England.  The 
difference  in  spelling  between  the  noun  and  the  verb  is 
properly  observed,  in  words  of  this  kind,  only  in  such  as 
are  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  as  device,  devise. 

Derivatives  of  the  Greek  eSpa  (seat,  base,  side  ;  pro¬ 
nounced  hsd'ra ),  as  polyhedron,  tetrahedron,  octahedral , 
and  the  like,  are  properly  thus  written  with  h  before  the  e 
of  the  termination,  but  are  sometimes  written  polyedron , 
tetracdron,  octacdral ,  See.,  without  the  h. 

§  157  (28).  There  is  a  class  of  adjectives  ending  either  in 
able  or  in  ible,  of  which  a  large  majority  have  the  termina¬ 
tion  able ;  as,  blamable,  laudable,  legible,  mutable,  naviga¬ 
ble,  vendible.  Many  of  them  are  from  Latin  words  ending 
in  abilis  or  ibilis ;  some  are  from  the  French  ;  and  not  a 
few  are  formed  by  adding  the  termination  to  English  words. 
Those  from  Latin  words  end  respectively  in  able  or  ible , 
according  as  they  are  derived  from  words  ending  in  abilis  or 
ibilis  :  as,  mutable  (Lat.  mutabilis) ;  credible  (Lat.  credibilis). 
Those  formed  from  English  words  generally  end  in  able ; 
as,  avoidable ,  eatable ,  laughable ,  liable,  salable,  serviceable. 
There  are  a  few  words  respecting  which  usage  is  variable  : 
as,  addible  or  addable ;  conversable  or  conversible ;  infer¬ 
able  or  infer'rible ;  referable  or  refer1 rible. 

§  158  (29).  There  is  a  class  of  words  beginning  with  en 
or  in,  as  enclose  or  inclose,  enquire  or  inquire,  ensure  or  in¬ 
sure,  and  the  like,  many  of  which  take  either  form  of  the 
prefix  indifferently.  They  are  chiefly  derived  from  the 
Latin,  either  directly  or  through  the  French,  the  prefix  in 
belonging  to  the  former  language,  and  en  to  the  latter.  In 
some  of  these  words,  en  is  to  be  preferred  ;  in  others,  in ; 
in  many  of  them,  either  may  be  used  indifferently. 

§  159  (30).  There  was  formerly  considerable  diversity  of 
usage  in  respect  to  the  terminations  ant  and  ent,  both  of 
which  were  in  certain  cases  used  almost  indifferently ;  as  in 
the  words  confidant  or  confident,  dependant  or  dependent , 
and  the  like.  Present  usage,  however,  is  definitely  settled 
in  favor  of  one  or  the  other  form,  in  nearly  or  quite  every 
word  of  this  class,  though  not  always  upon  uniform  princi¬ 
ples.  In  the  few  words  in  which  both  these  terminations 
are  retained,  it  is  the  more  general  practice  to  write  the 
adjective  with  ent,  and  the  common  noun  with  ant,  while 
the  corresponding  abstract  noun  ends  in  ence,  as  in  the 
adjectives  confident  and  dependent,  the  common  nouns  con¬ 
fidant  and  dependant ,  and  the  abstract  nouns  confidence 
and  dependence.  In  the  case  of  very  many  words,  however, 
the  adjective  ends  in  ant,  as  also  the  common  noun  ;  while 
the  abstract  noun  ends  in  ance,  as  in  the  adjectives  attend¬ 
ant  and  repentant ;  the  common  nouns  attendant  and  re¬ 
pentant  ;  and  the  abstract  nouns  attendance  and  repent¬ 
ance.  It  may  be  remarked  that  the  terminations  ant  and 
ance  belong  properly  to  words  derived  from  the  French 
or  from  Latin  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  ;  ent  and 
ence  to  words  derived  from  Latin  verbs  of  the  other 
three  conjugations. 

§  160  (31).  There  is  a  class  of  words  ending  in  er,  some 
of  which  are  written  by  most  authors  with  the  termination 


re ;  as,  center,  meter,  theater ,  & c.,  which  are  often  written 
centre,  metre,  theatre ,  See.  Acre,  chancre,  lucre ,  nacre,  mas¬ 
sacre,  and  ogre,  retain  the  termination  re,  in  order  to 
preserve  the  hard  sound  of  the  c  and  g. 

§  161  (32).  There  are  two  classes  of  chemical  words  end¬ 
ing  respectively,  as  more  commonly  written,  in  ide  and  ine, 
in  regard  to  which  usage  has  been  variable.  Most  of  them 
were  formerly  written  without  the  final  e ;  but  it  is  now  the 
almost  universal  practice  to  retain  it :  as,  bromide ,  iodide , 
chlorine, fluorine,  & c.  The  word  tannin  is  always  written 
without  the  final  e.  Oxide  is  now  generally  written  with 
the  termination  ide,  though  formerly  by  many  written  oxyd, 
from  the  supposition  that  the  y  of  the  last  syllable  repre¬ 
sented  the  v  of  the  Greek  ofvs ,  from  which  the  word  is  de¬ 
rived  ;  whereas  the  last  syllable  is  simply  the  same  as  the 
termination  of  the  words  bromide,  sulphide,  and  the  like. 

§  162  (33).  There  is  a  class  of  words  ending,  as  pro¬ 
nounced,  with  the  sound  of  long  i,  followed  by  z,  some  of 
which  are  differently  written,  by  different  authors,  with 
either  ise  or  ize  to  represent  this  sound :  as.  criticize  or 
criticise;  civilize  or  civilise;  naturalize  or  naturalise; 
patronize  or  patronise.  These  words  are  mostly  verbs,  and 
are  chiefly  derived  from  Greek  words  ending  in  or 
from  French  words  ending  in  iser  or  ise.  There  are  a  few 
from  other  sources,  but  formed  in  analogy  with  those 
derived  from  these  languages.  Those  formed  from  Greek 
words  have  the  termination  ize ;  as,  anathematize,  char- 
acteiize,  dramatize,  tantalize.  The  words  catechise  and 
exorcise  are  exceptions.  Those  formed  in  an  analogous 
manner  from  English  words  are  likewise  written  with  ize : 
as,  albumenize,  bastardize ,  memorize,  sensitize.  Those 
derived  from  the  French  verb  prendre  (participle  pris  or 
prise)  end  in  ise:  as,  apprise,  comprise,  emprise,  enterprise, 
surprise.  Of  those  formed  from  French  words  other  than 
prendre ,  or  which  have  corresponding  foims  in  the  French, 
a  majority  end  in  ize,  though  in  respect  to  some  of  them 
usage  is  variable  :  as,  civilize,  formalize,  organize,  satirize. 
The  following  are  the  principal  English  verbs  ending  in 
ise :  namely,  advertise,  advise,  affranchise,  apprise,  cate¬ 
chise,  chastise,  circumcise ,  comprise ,  compromise ,  criticise, 
demise ,  despise,  devise,  disenfranchise,  disfranchise,  dis¬ 
guise,  divertise,  emprise,  enfranchise,  enterprise,  exercise , 
exorcise,  franchise,  manumise ,  misprise,  premise,  reprise , 
revise,  supervise,  surmise,  surprise.  It  may  be  remarked 
that  most  of  those  in  respect  to  which  usage  varies  are 
more  frequently  written  in  England  with  the  termination 
ise,  and  in  the  United  States  with  the  termination  ize. 

§  163  (34).  The  words  mold  and  molt,  and  their  com¬ 
pounds  and  derivatives,  are  written  in  this  Dictionary  with 
o  instead  of  ou,  in  analogy  with  the  words  bold,  bolt,  colt, 
gold,  &  c..  from  which  the  u  has  been  dropped.  Mast 
authors,  however,  write  these  words  mould  and  moult,  and 
their  derivatives  in  like  manner. 

§  164.  (35).  There  is  a  numerous  class  of  words  almost 
universally  written,  in  the  United  States,  with  the  termina¬ 
tion  or,  many  of  which  are  written,  in  England,  with  the 
termination  our:  as,  candor,  favor,  honor,  labor,  rumor, 
vigor.  English  usage,  however,  is  not  uniform  with  respect 
to  these  words,  many  of  them  being  written  with  or  in 
English  books. 

§  165  (36).  There  is  a  small  class  of  words  ending  with 
the  syllable  ped  (from  Lat.  pes,  pedis,  foot),  the  termination 
of  some  of  which  was  formerly,  and  is  still  frequently, 
written  pede  :  as,  biped,  centiped ,  milliped,  quadruped,  soli- 
ped ,  & c.  The  words  biped  and  quadruped  are  universally 
written  without  the  final  e,  and  the  others,  according  to 
the  best  usage,  should  be  written  in  the  same  manner. 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 


The  £t  Exercises  ”  given  below  are  designed  to  furnish  material  for  instruction  and  practice  in  the  etymological 
analysis  of  English  words.  For  some  remarks  as  to  the  mode  of  using  them,  see  the  Preface,  p.  iv. 


PREFIXES. 

A,  a  prefix  to  many  English  words,  is 
in  some  cases  a  contraction  of  on, 
in,  at,  of,  to,  for;  as,  ablaze  for  in 
a  blaze,  aboard  for  on  board ,  afoot 
for  on  foot ,  aground  for  on  the 
ground,  ado  for  to  do,  await  for 
wait  for.  In  other  cases,  it  is  con¬ 
tracted  from  the  A.-S.  inseparable 
particle  ge-,  which  forms  verbs  from 

_  verbs,  substantives,  adjectives,  and 
is  a  sort  of  augment  to  the  past  par¬ 
ticiple.  In  some  cases,  it  only  in¬ 
creases  the  force  of  the  word,  with¬ 
out  any  essential  addition  of  mean¬ 
ing.  —  Iu  some  words  of  Greek  orig¬ 
in,  a  gives  them  a  negative  sense  ;  be¬ 
fore  a  vowel  it  becomes  an.  In  a 
few  words  of  Latin  origin,  it  is  an¬ 
other  form  of  the  prefix  ab. 

Exercise.  —  Awake,  asleep,  ahead, 
aside,  afar,  aweary;  apathetic,  amorph¬ 
ous,  atheist,  abyss,  aorist,  anonymous, 
anomaly,  anecdote,  anarchy;  abate, 
avert. 

Ab,  a  prefix  to  words  of  Latin  origin, 
and  a  Latin  preposition,  is  the  same 
as  the  Greek  airo.  Goth,  af,  A.-S. 
and  Eng.  of.  It  denotes  from ,  .sepa¬ 
ration,  or  departure.  Before  c  and  t,  it 
is  generally  changed  into  abs.  See  A. 

Exercise.  —  Abduct,  abject,  abjure, 
abrupt,  abrogate,  absurd,  abuse,  abrade, 
absolve;  abscess,  abscond,  abstemious, 
abstain. 

Ad.  [Cf.  W.  at,  to,  toward.  Goth, 
and  Eng.  at.]  A  Latin  preposition, 
signifying  to.  In  composition,  the 
last  letter  is  usually  changed  into 
the  first  letter  of  tlW  word  to  which 
it  is  prefixed. 

Exercise.  —  Adhere,  adjoin,  addict, 
adjure,  admit,  admonish,  adorn,  ad¬ 
vent,  acclaim,  ai/gravute,  a/hrm,  allege, 
applaud,  arrogate,  ascribe,  attain. 

Al.  1.  In  Arabic,  an  article  or  insep¬ 
arable  prefix,  answering  to  the  Ital¬ 
ian  il,  and  the  Sp.  el.  Its  use  is  to 
render  nouns  definite,  like  the  Eng¬ 
lish  the. 

Exercise.  —  Alcove,  alchemy,  alem¬ 
bic,  almanac,  alcohol,  alkali. 

2.  A  form  of  the  prefix  ad.  See  Ad. 

Ambi.  [Lat.  ambi ,  amb,  am,  an  (as 
ambideus,  ambages,  amicire,  anhe- 
lare),  Gr.  d( a<j>t,  A.-S.  emb,  ymb.] 
About ;  around;  —  a  prefix  used  in 
composition  in  words  derived  from 
the  Latin. 

Exercise.  —  Ambidexter,  ambient, 
ambition,  ambiguous;  anhelation. 

Am/phi,  n.  [See  supra.]  A  prefix  in 
words  of  Greek  origin,  signifying 


about,  around,  on  both  sides ,  on  all- 
sides,  &c. 

Exercise.  —  Amphibious,  amphithe¬ 
ater,  amphibology,  amphibrach. 

A'nA.  [Gr.  avd.]  A  prefix  in  words 
from  the  Greek,  denoting  on,  up¬ 
ward,  up  to,  throughout,  backward , 
back  to,  again,  previously,  or  against. 

Exercise.  —  Analogy,  analytic,  an¬ 
atomy,  anabaptist,  anachronism,  an¬ 
agram,  awapest,  anathema. 

ANT-,  1  [Gr.  avri,  against.]  A  prefix 

AN'Tl-.  I  in  words  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  against ,  over  against ,  or 
opposed  to. 

Exercise.  —  Antarctic,  anthelmintic, 
antidote,  antipathy,  antithesis,  antife¬ 
brile,  antipodes,  ajdichristian, antiseptic, 
antitype. 

An'te.  A  Latin  preposition,  the  Gr. 
avri,  A.-S.  &  Goth.  and.  (cf.  AN¬ 
SWER)  ;  used  in  the  composition  of 
English  words,  esp.  in  words  from 
the  Latin  and  Greek.  It  signifies 
before  in  place,  in  front ;  and  figura¬ 
tively,  before  in  time. 

Exercise.  —  Antechamber,  anteced¬ 
ent,  antediluvian,  antemundane,  ante¬ 
date,  antepenult. 

A'po.  [Gr.  airo.  See  Ab.]  A  Greek 
preposition  used  in  composition,  and 
signifying  from,  away  from,  off,  or 
asunder.  It  sometimes  has  the  con¬ 
tracted  form  ap. 

Exercise.  —  Apoplexy,  apothecary, 
apologue,  apostacy,  apostrophe,  apostle; 
aphelion,  aphorism. 

Be,  is  originally  the  same  word  as  by, 
A.-S.  be  and  bi  or  big,  Goth.  61.  It 
denotes  nearness,  closeness,  about, 
on,  at,  and  generally  has  an  intensive 
force. 

Exercise.  —  .Beset,  bedeck,  become, 
bestow,  bedim,  becalm,  becloud,  befriend, 
because,  before,  betimes. 

BI.  [From  Lat.  bis,  twice,  which  in 
composition  drops  the  s.]  In  most 
branches  of  science,  bi  in  composi¬ 
tion  denotes  two,  twice,  doubly.  In 
chemistry,  it  denotes  that  the  com¬ 
pound  contains  two  parts  of  the 
first-mentioned  ingredient  to  one  of 
the  other  ;  thus,  a  bichromate  of 
potash  contains  two  parts  of  chromic 
acid  to  one  of  potash. 

Exercise. —  Bidentate,  bitornate,  bi- 
axal,  blcapsular.  bicephalous,  bicipitous, 
bifoliate,  bisect,  biweekly,  binominal. 

Bis,  adv.  [Lat.  bis,  twice,  for  duis, 
from  duo,  two,  like  bellum  from  duel- 
lum.]  Twice.  See  Bi. 

Exercise.  —  .Bissextile. 


fy’A'TA.  [Gr.  Kara.]  The  Latin  and 
English  form  of  a  Greek  preposition 
used  in  composition  to  signify  down, 
downward,  down  upon,  downright , 
completely ,  &c.  It  sometimes  drops 
the  final  vowel,  and  is  sometimes 
changed  to  cath. 

Exercise.  —  Cataclysm,  catacomb, 
catalogue,  cataract,  catarrh,  catacaus- 
tic,  catalepsy,  catastrophe;  catoptric, 
category;  cathartic,  catholic,  eat/iedral. 

(^IR'EtiM.  [Accusative  of  circus,  a 
circle,  Gr.  xlp/cos.]  A  Latin  prepo¬ 
sition,  used  as  a  prefix  in  many  Eng¬ 
lish  words.  In  a  few  words  the  m 
is  dropped. 

Exercise.  —  Circumscribe,  circum¬ 
spect,  circumvent,  circumjacent,  circum¬ 
navigate,  circumlocution ;  circuit,  cir¬ 
cuitous,  circulate. 

■Com-  or  -Bon-.  [The  same  as  cum , 
which  is  akin  to  Gr.  ervv.]  A  Latin 
preposition  signify  ing  with  or  against, 
used  iu  composition  as  an  inseparable 
prefix.  The  form  com  is  used  before 
b,  p,  and???.,  and  con  before  the  other 
consonants.  Before  l,  however,  con 
or  com  is  changed  into  col ;  before  r 
into  cor ;  while  before  a  vowel  or  h, 
the  n  or  m  is  dropped. 

Exercise.  —  Compose,  commotion, 
commerce,  command,  compact,  connect, 
concur,  construct,  convoke,  contract,  col¬ 
lect,  corrupt,  coalesce,  cohabit,  co-oper¬ 
ate,  coheir,  cohere. 

•Con'tra.  A  Latin  preposition,  sig¬ 
nifying  against,  in  opposition,  en¬ 
tering  into  the  composition  of  some 
English  words.  In  old  English,  it 
took  the  form  counter. 

Exercise. —  Contradict,  contravene, 
contrail  istin  g  u  ish,  contra vallation ;  coun¬ 
teract,  countermarch,  counterpart,  coun¬ 
tercharm,  counterbalance. 

€o.  See  Con. 

Eoun'ter.  See  Contra. 

De.  A  Latin  prefix  denoting  a  mov¬ 
ing  from,  separation.  Hence,  it  often 
expresses  a  negative.  Sometimes  it 
augments  the  sense.  It  coincides 
nearly  in  sense  with  the  French  des 
and  Latin  dis. 

Exercise. —  Debark,  _  decline,  de¬ 
cease,  deduct,  decamp,  deject,  deter,  de¬ 
scend,  detain,  depart,  detract,  denude, 
denominate,  denounce,  derange,  de¬ 
prave,  despoil. 

Dl.  1.  [Gr.  fits,  twice.]  In  chemistry, 
a  prefix  denoting  two  equivalents  of 
the  substance  indicated  by  the  noun 
following  that  of  which  the  prefix 
forms  a  part ;  as,  di’chloride  of  mer¬ 
cury  ;  i.  e.,  a  compound  formed  of 
(xxvii) 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 


xxviii 

two  equivalents  of  mercury  and  one 
of  chlorine.  2.  See  Dis 

BI'A  [Gr.  Sid,  akin  to  Lat.  dis.]  A  pre¬ 
fix  denoting  through,  right  through. 

Exercise.—  .Diameter,  (/digram,  di¬ 
alogue,  diagonal,  diacritical,  diatribe, 
dialect. 

Bis.  An  inseparable  prefix,  from  the 
Latin  (whence  Fr.  des),  denoting 
separation ,  a  parting  from ;  hence 
it  generally  has  the  force  of  a  nega¬ 
tive.  It  sometimes  passes  into  the 
forms  di  and  dif. 

Exeucise.  —  .Distribute,  disconnect, 
disarm,  disoblige,  disagree,  disorder,  dis¬ 
pel,  discover;  divert;  differ,  diffuse. 

BYS-.  An  inseparable  prefix,  from 
the  Greek  Sva--,  hard,  ill,  and  signi¬ 
fying  ill.  bad ,  hard ,  unlucky,  dan¬ 
gerous,  &c. 

Exeucise.  —  Dysentery,  dyspepsy. 

E.  A  Latin  prefix  ;  the  same  as  Ex. 

EM.  See  En. 

£n.  A  prefix  to  many  English  words, 
chiefly  borrowed  from  the  French  ; 
it  coincides  with  the  Latin  in,  Gr.  lv. 
For  ease  of  pronunciation,  it  is 
changed  to  em,  particularly  before  a 
labial. 

Exeucise.  —  Enchant,  enamor,  en¬ 
core,  encamp,  engrave,  enjoy,  enlarge, 
ennoble,  enrich;  employ,  empower,  em¬ 
boss,  embrace. 

F, p,  )  [Gr.  eiri'.  See  Ob.]  A  prefix, 

}  signifying  on,  above ,  toward, 
by,  to,  among,  near,  & c. 

Exercise.  —  Epilogue,  epithet,  epi¬ 
demic,  epitaph,  epidermis,  epitomize, 
ephemeral. 

Eu.  A  prefix  from  the  Gr.  ev,  well, 
signifying  well ,  easy ,  advantageous, 
good,  and  the  like. 

Exercise.— Eulogy,  euphony",  eu- 
charist,  euphemism. 

Ex.  A  Latin  preposition  or  prefix 
(Gr.  e£  or  eu),  signifying  out  of,  out , 
proceeding  from.  Hence,  in  compo¬ 
sition,  it  signifies  sometimes  out  of; 
sometimes  off,  from,  or  out;  some¬ 
times  beyond.  In  some  words,  it  in¬ 
tensifies  the  meaning.  The  x  regu¬ 
larly  remains  only  before  the  vowels 
and  before  c,  h,  p,  q,  s,  t ;  it  is  as¬ 
similated  to  a  following/,  and  drops 
away  altogether  before  the  other  con¬ 
sonants.  In  a  few  words  it  changes 
into  ec.  Prefixed  to  names  of  office, 
it  denotes  that  a  person  has  held  that 
office,  but  has  resigned  it,  or  been 
left  out,  or  dismissed. 

Exercise. —  Exhale,  exclude,  ex¬ 
scind,  excess,  exceed,  excel,  exact,  exert, 
exist,  exonerate,  exult,  excel,  exhaust, 
expend,  exquisite,  exsiccant,  extort,  ef- 
flux,  effect,  e/'fusion,  elect,  event,  edi¬ 
tion,  emigrate,  eject,  eccentric;  ex-chau- 
cellor,  ex-governor,  ex-president. 

Ex'TRA.  [Contr.  from  extern  (parte), 
from  exter,  being  on  the  outside,  from 
ex,  out  of,  from.]  A  Latin  preposi¬ 
tion,  denoting  beyond  or  excess,  often 
used  iu  composition  as  a  prefix  sig¬ 
nifying  outside  of, ,  or  beyond  the  lim¬ 
its  or  jurisdiction  of  that  denoted  by 
the  word  to  which  it  is  joined. 

Exercise.  —  Extradition,  extrava¬ 
gant,  extraneous,  extraordinary,  extra¬ 
judicial. 


FOR.  [A.-S.  for,  allied  to  Goth,  fair, 
Ger.  ver.)  As  a  prefix  to  verbs,  for 
has  usually  the  force  of  a  negative  or 
privative,  denoting  forth,  away,  out, 
without. 

Exercise.  —  Forbid,  /orsake,  for¬ 
swear,  forego. 

Fore.  [A.-S.  fore,  kindred  with  for, 
prep.]  An  adjective  used  in  compo¬ 
sition,  to  denote  advancement  in 
place  or  time. 

Exercise.  —  forebode,  fore  father, 
foreshorten,  foreground,  foresee,  fore- 
tell,.  foreordain,  /oreshow,,  forearm,  fore¬ 
warn,  .foreknowledge,  forerunner,  fore¬ 
stall. 

IlY'PER.  [Gr.  vnep,  allied  to  Lat.  su¬ 
per,  Skr.  upare,  Eng.  over.]  A  prefix 
used  in  composition  to  denote  excess, 
or  something  over  or  beyond. 

Exercise.  —  .Hyperbolical,  hypertro¬ 
phy,  hyperborean,  Ziypercritical,  hyper¬ 
bole. 

IlY'PO.  A  prefix  from  the  Greek 
preposition  ui to  [allied  to  Lat.  sub, 
Skr.  upar],  tinder,  beneath,  frequent¬ 
ly  used  in  composition  to  signify  a 
less  quantity,  or  a  low  state  or  degree 
of  that  denoted  by  the  word  with 
wdiich  it  is  joined,  position  beneath  it, 
&c.  In  chemistry",  prefixed  to  the 
name  of  a  compound  containing  oxy¬ 
gen,  it  designates  another  compound 
containing  less  oxygen;  as  hypo-ni¬ 
trous  acid,  which  contains  less  oxygen 
than  nitrous  acid. 

Exercise.  —  Hypochondriac,  hypo¬ 
static,  hypothesis,  hypotenuse,  hyphen. 

IL.  The  form  of  in  when  used  before 
words  beginning  with  l.  SeelN 

IM.  A  prefix  from  the  Lat.  in,  n  being 
changed  to  m,  before  a  labial,  for 
the  sake  of  easy  utterance.  The 
same  prefix  is  sometimes  used  in 
compounds  not  of  Latin  origin.  For 
im,  the  French  write  em,  which  is 
used  in  words  introduced  into  Eng¬ 
lish  from  the  French  language.  See 
Em. 

Exercise.  —  /mbibe,  immense,  im- 
artial,  immoral,  import,  imprint,  im- 
ank,  imbitter,  imprison. 

IN.  1.  [Allied  to  Gr.  iu,  Skr.  ina.]  A 
prefix  from  the  Latin  in,  often  used 
in  composition,  and  signifying  with¬ 
in,  into,  or  among,  or  serving  to 
render  emphatic  the  sense  of  the 
word  to  which  it  is  prefixed.  —  In 
before  l  is  changed  into  il;  before  r, 
into  ir  ;  before  a  labial,  into  im.  2. 
[Allied  to  Eng.  un.  See  UN.]  A 
Latin  particle  of  negation.  Before  b 
and  p,  it  becomes  im  ;  before  l,  m,  r, 
the  n  assimilates  itself  to  these  con¬ 
sonants.  In  a  few  words  in  is 
changed  into  ig. 

Exercise.  —  1.  /nbred,  incase,  inject, 
inspect,  induce,  infuse,  inclose,  increase; 
illegal,  illumine,  illusion ;  irradiate,  ir  ra¬ 
tional,  irregular;  imbitter,  immaterial, 
impatient. — 2.  Inactive,  incapable,  in¬ 
vincible,  intolerable,  infirm,  impassable; 
i/licit,  illimitable,  immortal,  irrepressi¬ 
ble,  irresolute,  iynoble,  iynorant. 

In'ter.  [From  in,  with  an  adverbial 
ending.]  A  Latin  preposition,  sig¬ 


nifying  among  or  between;  —  used 
as  a  prefix. 

Exercise.  —  Intercept,  interfere,  in¬ 
terrupt,  intercede,  interpose,  inter¬ 
change,  inter  mingle,  interview,  inter¬ 
pose,  intervene,  intersperse. 

IN'TRO.  [Lat.,  contr.  from  intero 
(loco).]  A  prefix  signifying  within, 
into,  in,  and  the  like. 

Exercise.  —  Introduce,  intromission, 
introvert,  introit,  introspection. 

Met'a.  [Gr.  pera,  allied  to  pe'eros, 
Lat.  medius ,  Eng.  mid ,  middle.]  A 
prefix  in  words  of  Greek  origin,  sig- 
fiifying  in  the  midst  of;  also,  beyond, 
over ,  after,  behind,  with,  between, 
reversely. 

Exercise.  —  Metaphor,  metaphysics, 
metamorphose,  metaphrase. 

Mis.  [A.-S.,  having  the  same  origin 
with  the  verb  to  miss.]  A  prefix  de¬ 
noting  error,  wrong,  defect,  unlike¬ 
ness,  &c. 

Exercise.  —  Histake,  mismanage, 
mispronounce,  mistrust,  misbehave,  mis-: 
believer,  miscreant,  misdemeanor. 

Non,  adv.  [Lat.  non,  0.  Lat.  noenum. 
nenum,  from  ne-cenum,  or  neunum, 
not  one.]  Not;  —  used  in  English 
as  a  prefix,  generally  and  properly  to 
substantives  and  verbs  only,  giving 
them  a  negative  sense,  ordering  and 
varying  their  meaning,  as  do  the 
prefixes  un  and  in  those  of  adjec¬ 
tives  ;  also,  in  some  cases,  prefixed  to 
adjectives. 

Exercise.  —  Aon-residenco,  von- per¬ 
formance,  non-arrival,  non-intercourse, 
non-intervention,  non-conductor,  non¬ 
acid.  non-electric,  non-existent,  non- com¬ 
missioned. 

Ob.  [Kindred  with  Gr.  eiri.]  A  Latin 
preposition,  signifying,  primarily,  in 
front ,  before ,  and  hence  against,  to¬ 
ward.  In  composition  the  b  is  often 
changed  into  the  first  letter  of  the 
word  to  which  it  is  prefixed.  In  a 
few  cases  the  b  becomes  s.  1 1  means  re¬ 
versed  or  back  in  o&ovate,  occiput,  &c. 

Exercise.—  Object,  objmgatory, occa¬ 
sion,  offer,  oppose,  ostentation. 

Pa'ra.  [Gr.,  prob.  akin  to  Lat. prx and 
prseler.]  A  preposition,  used  in  com¬ 
position,  and  signifying  beside,  to  the 
side  of,  to,  amiss,  wrong,  beyond, 
contrary  to,  &c.  It  is  sometimes 
contracted  into  par. 

Exercise.  —  Paradox,  paragon, 
paralysis,parasito,  parallel,  paragraph, 
paraclete,  paraphrase ;  parody",  par¬ 
oxysm,  parhelion. 

Per.  A  Latin  preposition  often  used 
in  composition  as  a  prefix  denoting 
through,  passing,  or  over  the  whole 
extent.  The  r  is  sometimes  assimi¬ 
lated.  In  chemistry,  it  signifies  very , 
fully ,  or  to  the  utmost  extent ;  as 
in  peroxide,  a  substance  oxidated  to 
the  utmost  degree. 

Exercise.  —  Perambulate,  perfunc¬ 
tory,  persecute,  perforate,  permanent, 
permit,  percussion,  pervade,  peruse, 
perfection ,  perd  i  tion ,  pe/luc  id ;  per  on  ide. 

PfiR'I.  [Gr.  wept,  Skr.  pari.]  A  pre¬ 
fix  used  in  many  words  derived  from 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES 


XXIX 


the  Greek,  and  signifying  with, 
around,  about,  near,  and  the  like. 

Exercise.  —  Pericarp,  period,  peri- 
phrase,  peripatetic,  periphery,  periheli¬ 
on,  perimeter. 

Post.  A  Latin  preposition,  used  in 
composition  as  a  prefix,  signifying 
after. 

Exercise.  —  /’oslpone,  postscript, 
posterior,  posthumous,  postobit. 

Pre.  4^1  English  form  of  the  Latin 
prefix,  pree,  before.  It  expresses  pri¬ 
ority  of  time,  place,  or  rank. 

Exercise.  —  Preclude,  predict,  pre¬ 
fer,  preponderate,  p?-ecursor,  precede, 
prefix,  prelude,  premonition,  pre-emi¬ 
nent. 

Pre'ter.  A  prefix,  from  the  Lat. 
prseter  (from  prse,  with  the  adverbial 
termination  ter),  used  in  the  compo¬ 
sition  of  some  English  words,  and 
having  the  signification  of  past,  be¬ 
yond ;  hence,  beside,  more. 

Exercise.  —  Preterit,  pretermit,  pre¬ 
ternatural. 

Pro.  [Orig.  neuter  dative  for  proi,  Gr. 
wpo.]  A  Latin  preposition,  used  in 
composition  as  a  prefix,  and  denoting 
fore,  forth,  forward,  in  front  of,  in 
favor  of ,  for,  in  the  place  of. 

Exercise.  —  Produce,  project,  pro¬ 
fess,  promise,  protract,  pronoun,  pro¬ 
ceed,  provoke,  promote,  protrude. 

Pros.  [Gr.  n-pos.  Cf.  Skr.  prati.]  A 
Greek  preposition,  used  in  composi¬ 
tion,  and  signifying  motion  towards, 
a  being  on,  at,  by,  or  beside,  a  re¬ 
maining  beside,  and  hence  connec¬ 
tion  and  engagement  with  any  thing. 

Exercise.  —  Proselyte,  prosody. 

Pseu'do  (su'do).  [From  Gr.  i/zevSifc, 
lying,  false,  from  xjjevSeiv,  to  belie.] 
A  prefix  used  in  words  from  the 
Greek,  and  signifying  false,  counter¬ 
feit,  pretended,  or  spurious. 

Exercise.  —  Pseudo-martyr,  pseudo- 
philosophy,  pseudonym. 

Ra.  An  inseparable  prefix  or  preposi¬ 
tion  in  words  from  the  French  and 
Italian,  coming  from  the  Lat.  re  and 
ad  combined.  See  Re  and  Ad. 

Exercise. —  Pally,  ramble. 

Re.  [Lat.]  A  prefix  or  inseparable  par¬ 
ticle  in  the  composition  of  words,  de¬ 
noting  return,  repetition ,  iteration. 
It  is  abbreviated  from  red,  which  the 
Latins  retained  in  words  beginning 
with  a  vowel. 

Exercise. —  Pecitr,  reduce,  refrain, 
re  tract,  revert,  rebuild,  reform,  restore, 
resound,  resist,  renew,  recall,  remove, 
resume,  revolve;  redeem,  redintegrate. 

Re'TRO.  [Lat.,  from  re,  and  the  ad¬ 
verbial  termination  ter.]  A  prefix  in 
words  from  the  Latin,  signifying  back 
or  backward. 

Exercise.  —  Retrocede,  retrospect, 
retrograde,  retroact. 

Se.  [Orig.  form  of  sine.]  An  insepa¬ 
rable  preposition  used  in  some  words 
from  the  Latin,  and  signifying  with¬ 
out,  aside ,  by  itself. 

Exercise.  —  Secure,  seduce,  seclude, 
secede,  sequester,  separate,  sedition,  se¬ 
gregate. 

SI'NE.  A  Latin  preposition  signifying 


without,  and  used  in  composition. 
It  drops  the  final  e  in  sincere,  and 
also  changes  the  n  into  m  in  simple. 

Exercise.  —  Sinecure. 

Step.  [A.-S.  steop,  fr.  steopan,  stepan, 
to  bereave.]  A  prefix  used  in  compo¬ 
sition  before  father,  mother,  brother, 
&c.,  to  indicate  that  the  person  thus 
spoken  of  is  not  a  blood-relative,  but 
is  a  relative  by  the  marriage  of  a  pa¬ 
rent. 

Exercise.  —  Stepson,  stepsister,  step¬ 
child. 

SftB.  [Allied  to  Gr.  vi ro.]  A  Latin 
preposition,  denoting  under  or  below, 
used  in  English  as  a  prefix,  to  express 
an  inferior  position,  or  intention,  and 
also  a  subordinate  degree,  or  imper¬ 
fect  state  of  a  quality.  Before  e,f  g, 
p,  r,  and  m,  the  b  is  changed  into 
those  letters. 

Exercise.  —  Subscribe,  subsequent, 
submarine,  submerge,  submit,  subtract, 
subacid,  substitute,  subside,  subordinate, 
subterranean ;  succeed,  sif/Ter,  suggest, 
suppose,  surrogate,  summon. 

When  prefixed  to  the  name  of  a 
chemical  compound,  sub  denotes  that 
this,  if  an  oxysalt,  contains  a  less  number 
of  equivalents  of  the  acid  than  of  the 
base,  or  that  the  base  is  a  sub-oxide;  or, 
if  it  is  a  haloid  salt,  or  analogous  com¬ 
pound,  that  the  electro-negative  is  in  a 
smaller  proportion  than  the  electro-posi¬ 
tive  constituent,  or  is  combined  with  it  in 
the  smallest  proportion  possible;  as  in 
sub-bromide,  sub-iodide,  &c. 

Sub'ter.  [From  sub,  and  the  adverbial 
termination  ter.]  A  Latin  preposi¬ 
tion,  signifying  .  under,  used  as  a 
prefix  in  English  with  the  same 
meaning  as  sub ;  but  it  is  less  general 
in  its  application. 

Exercise.  —  Subterfuge. 

Su'per.  A  Latin  preposition  (same  as 
Gr.  vnep ),  used  as  a  prefix,  and  sig¬ 
nifying  above ,  over,  or  in  excess. 

Exercise.  —  Supei-fine,  superintend, 
svperv ise,  supern umerary,  superadd,  su¬ 
perhuman,  superfluous,  superlative,  su¬ 
perstructure. 

SU'PRA.  [Orig.  supera,  from  super.] 
A  Latin  preposition,  signifying  above, 
over,  or  beyond,  and  used  in  composi¬ 
tion. 

Exercise.  —  S'upralapsarian. 

SBr.  A  prefix,  from  the  French,  con¬ 
tracted  from  the  Latin  super,  supra, 
and  signifying  over ,  above,  beyond, 
upon. 

Exercise.  —  Surcharge,  surmount, 
surprise,  surfeit,  surmise,  surcoat,  sur¬ 
face,  surplus. 

S?N.  A  prefix  from  the  Greek  prepo¬ 
sition  avv  [Lat.  cum,  akin  to  Lat. 
simul ,  Skr.  sa-,  sam],  with,  along 
with,  together  with,  at  the  same 
time.  Before  b,  m,  p,  ph,  it  changes 
into  sym ;  before  l,  into  syl ;  and 
sometimes  the  n  is  dropped. 

Exercise.  —  Synonym,  syntax,  syn¬ 
thesis,  synod,  synopsis,  synchronous, 
synovial;  symbol,  symmetry,  sympathy, 
symphony,  syllogism,  system. 

Trans.  A  Latin  preposition,  used  in 
English  as  a  prefix,  signifying  over, 
beyond,  through,  on  the  other  side. 
Hence,  in  a  moral  sense,  it  denotes  a 
complete  change.  It  sometimes  drops 


the  last  consonant,  and  sometimes 
the  two  last  consonants. 

Exercise.  —  Transalpine,  trans-  At¬ 
lantic,  transport,  transfer,  transmit, 
transit,  transgress,  transform,  transcend; 
tradition,  traduce. 

TrI,.  A  prefix,  signifying  three,  thrive, 
from  Gr.  rpt?,  thrice,  rpets,  rpia,  Lat, 
tres,  tria,  three. 

Exercise.  —  TViangle,  trident,  tri¬ 
ennial,  tricennial,  tricuspid,  triune. 

UL'TRA.  [Lat.,  orig.  fem,  of  ulter, 
being  beyond.]  A  prefix  from  the 
Latin,  having  in  composition  the  sig¬ 
nification  beyond,  on  the  other  side , 
chiefly  when  joined  with  words  ex¬ 
pressing  relations  of  place.  In  other 
relations,  it  has  the  sense  of  excess¬ 
ively,  exceedingly,  beyond  what  is 
common,  natural,  right,  ox  proper. 

Exercise.  —  Ultramarine,  ultramon* 
tane,  ultramundane,  ullratropical;  uL 
tra-conservative,  ultra-despotic. 

t?N.  [A.-S  un,  and  sometimes  on,  aL 
lied  to  Gr.  av,  a,  Skr.  an,  a,  Lat.  in.] 
A  negative  prefix  attached  at  will  to 
almost  any  English  adjective,  or  par¬ 
ticiple  used  adjectively,  and  to  less 
numerous  classes  of  nounsand  verbs. 
See  UN  in  the  Dictionary. 

Exercise. —  Unable,  unfriendly,  un¬ 
certain,  undo,  unbar,  untruth,  unworthy. 

WITH.  [A.-S.  widh,  wid,  with,  at, 
against,  Icel.  vidh,  against.  Com¬ 
pare  A.-S.  mid,  midh,  Goth,  mith, 
Ger.  mit,  with.]  An  English  prepo¬ 
sition,  used  in  composition,  and  sig¬ 
nifying  opposition,  privation,  sepa¬ 
ration,  ox  departure. 

Exercise.  —  IFtl/tdraw,  withstand, 
withhold. 


SUFFIXES. 

A€.  [Gr.  -a/ros.]  A  suffix  signifying 
of  or  pertaining  to. 

Exercise.— Demoniac,  hypochon¬ 
driac,  cardiac,  elegiac,  prosodiac. 

Age.  [Fr.]  A  termination  of  nouns 
having  a  collective  or  abstract  mean¬ 
ing. 

Exercise.  —  Advantage,  average, 
herbage,  foliage,  pillage,  vassalage,  ap¬ 
panage,  homage,  parentage,  fruitage. 

Al.  [Lat.  -alis.]  A  termination  of 
words  from  the  Latin,  denoting  of,  or 
pertaining  to.  See  CAL. 

Exercise.  —  Annual,  cordial,  final, 
legal,  martial,  regal,  frugal,  filial,  car¬ 
nal,  casual,  floral,  manual,  judicial,  lo¬ 
cal,  decennial. 

AN.  [Lat.  -anus.]  A  termination  of 
some  nouns  and  adjectives  from  the 
Latin,  denoting  office, profession,  ox 
character. 

Exercise.  —  Christian,  comedian, 
tragedian,  elysian,  tertian,  hyperborean, 
sylvan,  republican,  pagan,  Roman. 

Xn^e,  1  [Lat.  -antia.]  Terminations 

Xn-£Y.  j  of  some  nouns  having  an 
abstract  signification. 

Exercise.  — Elegance,  abundance, 
brilliancy,  vacancy,  dissonance,  toler¬ 
ance,  ignorance,  circumstance,  repent¬ 
ance,  infancy,  necromancy. 


XXX 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 


Ant.  [Lat.  -ans,  -antis.]  A  termina¬ 
tion  of  adjectives  from  the  Latin,  ex¬ 
pressing  quality  or  habit ;  and  of 
nouns  denoting  the  doer  of  a  thing. 

Exercise.  —  Vagrawf,  abundant,  ver- 
d ant,  extravagant,  triumphant,  vigilant, 
dominant,  exorbitant,-  assistant,  com¬ 
mandant,  dependant,  intendant,  lieu¬ 
tenant. 

,\.R.  [Lat.  -arts.]  A  termination  of 
adjectives  derived  from  the  Latin, 
and  denoting  of,  or  pertaining  to. 

Exercise.  —  Angular,  jocular,  per¬ 
pendicular,  similar,  linear,  familiar, 
solar,  secular,  regular. 

ARD,  the  termination  of  many  English 
words,  is  taken  from  the  Goth,  har- 
dus ,  A.-S.  heard ,  Icel.  &  Eng.  hard , 
and  appears  in  proper  names :  as, 
Ren ard,  strong  in  counsel ;  Goddard, 
strong  in,  or  through,  God,  &c.  We 
find  it  also  in  appellatives,  usually 
with  a  bad  signification. 

Exercise.  —  Drunkard,  dotard,  bas¬ 
tard,  niggard,  sluggard,  dullard,  cow¬ 
ard,  wizard,  laggard,  dastard. 

A-RY.  [Lat.  -arius.]  A  termination 
of  adjectives  from  the  Latin,  denot¬ 
ing  of,  or  pertaining  to;  and  of 
nouns,  denoting  the  doer  of  a  thing. 

Exercise.  —  Auxiliary,  _  military, 
biliary,  stipendiary,  pecuniary,  pri¬ 
mary,  plenary,  ordinary,  sublunary, 
adversary,  mercenary,  vocabulary,  lap¬ 
idary,  boundary,  granary. 

ATE.  [Lat.  -atus.]  A  termination; 
—  1.  Of  verbs.  2.  Of  adjectives, 
implying  nature,  likeness,  quality , 
agreement,  effect,  & c.  3.  Of  nouns, 
denoting  (a.)  office  or  dignity;  (b.) 
the  possessor  o  f  an  office  or  dignity ; 
(c. )  salts  containing  one  degree  or 
more  of  oxygen. 

Exercise. —  1.  Deliberate,  initiate, 
extricate,  permeate,  suffocate,  navigate, 
ventilate,  fascinate,  anticipate,  vener¬ 
ate.  2.  Moderate,  ultimate,  temperate, 
obdurate,  fortunate,  insensate,  passion¬ 
ate,  effeminate,  immaculate.  3.  Pontif¬ 
icate,  electorate,  palatinate;  magistrate, 
delegate,  legate,  candidate,  advocate, 
laureate,  surrogate;  sulphate,  phos¬ 
phate. 

Ble.  [Lat.  -bilis.]  A  termination  of 
adjectives  derived  from  the  Latin,  or 
formed  on  the  same  model,  and  sig¬ 
nifying  capable  of  being,  or  worthy 
to  be. 

Exercise.  —  Flexible,  muta&le,  sensi¬ 
ble,  warrantable,  capable,  curable,  blam- 
able,  commendable,  incredible,  accessi¬ 
ble,  excusable. 

■Gal.  [Lat.  -cus  ]  A  termination  of 
adjectives  derived  from  the  Latin  or 
following  the  analogy  of  such,  and 
signifying  of  or  pertaining  to. 

Exercise. —  Anatomical,  comical, 
magical,  practical,  technical,  classical, 
analytical,  botanical,  practical,  dogmat¬ 
ical,  periodical. 

BOM.  A  termination  denoting  juris¬ 
diction,  or  property  and  jurisdiction. 
It  was  originally  doom,  judgment. 
Hence  it  is  used  to  denote  state,  con¬ 
dition,  or  quality. 

Exercise.  —  Kingdom,  sheriffdom, 
dukedom,  earlrlom,  Christendom,  wis¬ 
dom,  freedom,  thralldom. 


E-AN.  [Gr.  -aios,  or  -eios,  Lat.  -xus, 
-eus.]  A  termination  of  adjectives 
derived  from  Greek  adjectives,  or 
formed  on  the  pattern  of  such  ad¬ 
jectives,  and  denoting  of  or  pertain¬ 
ing  to. 

Exercise. —  Cerulean,  herculean 
hyperborean,  subterranean,  epicurean, 
adamantean,  tartarean,  empyrean. 

Ee.  A  termination  of  nouns,  denoting 
one  on  or  to  whom  something  is  done. 

Exercise.  —  Appellee,  donee,  referee, 
trustee,  lessee,  grantee,  legatee,  patentee. 

Eer.  See  IER. 

En.  A  plural  termination  of  nouns 
and  of  verbs  formerly  in  use,  as  in 
housen,  escapen,  and  retained  in  oxen 
and  children.  It  is  also  still  used  as 
the  termination  of  some  verbs,  as  in 
hearken,  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  in¬ 
finitive.  It  is  also  used  to  form  from 
nouns  adjectives  expressing  the  ma¬ 
terial  of  which  a  thing  is  made. 

Exercise. —  Glisten,  listen;  leaden, 
wooden,  golden,  birchen,  earthen,  oaken, 
hempen,  oaten,  flaxen,  waxen. 

ENCE,  1  [Lat.  -entia.]  A  termination 

En-9Y.  }  of  abstract  nouns  from  the 
Latin,  or  of  nouns  that  follow  the 
analogy  of  nouns  so  derived. 

Exercise.  —  Abstinence,  circumfer¬ 
ence,  reticence,  agency,  contingency,  in¬ 
nocence,  coalescence,  diffidence,  provi¬ 
dence,  intelligence,  prudence,  presidency, 
tendency,  despondency,  exigency,  clem¬ 
ency,  transparency,  solvency. 

Ent.  [Lat.  -ens,  -entis.]  A  termina¬ 
tion  of  nouns  from  the  Latin,  denot¬ 
ing  the  doer  of  a  thing ;  or  of  par¬ 
ticipial  adjectives  expressing  quality 
or  habit. 

Exercise.  —  Dependent,  recipient, 
student,  president,  agent,  adherent;  fer¬ 
vent,  ardent,  indolent,  esculent,  reful¬ 
gent,  incumbent,  evanescent,  evident, 
omnipotent. 

Er.  A  termination  of  many  English 
words,  and  the  Teutonic  form  of  the 
Latin  or.  It  denotes  an  agent ,  and 
was  originally  of  the  masculine  gen¬ 
der,  but  is  now  applied  to  men  or 
things  indifferently.  At  the  end  of 
names  of  places,  er  signifies  a  man 
of  the  place;  thus,  Londoner  is  the 
same  as  London  man. 

Exercise.  —  Hater,  farmer,  heater, 
grater,  builder,  waiter,  lover,  doer,  mak¬ 
er,  strainer,  poker,  ruler,  pointer,  paint¬ 
er,  voter. 

Es'^ENT.  [Lat.  -escens,  -escentis.]  A 
termination  of  participial  adjectives 
from  the  Latin ,  denoting  progression, 
growing ,  or  becoming. 

Exercise.  —  Convalescent,  putres¬ 
cent,  quiescent,  effervescent,  phosphor¬ 
escent,  incandescent. 

Ess.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  -ix.]  A  termina¬ 
tion  of  nouns  feminine,  distinguish¬ 
ing  them  from  correspondent  nouns 
masculine. 

Exercise.  —  Authoress,  lioness,  ne- 
gr ess,  shepherdess,  actress,  giantess,  sor¬ 
ceress,  tigress,  huntress,  countess,  priest¬ 
ess,  hostess,  poetess. 

FyL.  [The  same  as  full.]  A  termina¬ 
tion  of  adjectives  denoting  plenitude 
or  abundance,  and  generally  formed 
from  substantives. 


Exercise.  —  Artful,  beauti/wl,  peace- 
ful,  grateful,  care/wi,  useful,  bashful,  fan¬ 
ciful,  pain/ul,  po’wer/ul,  doubtful. 

Fy.  [Lat .  facere ,  fieri ,  Fr -fier.]  A  ter¬ 
mination  of  verbs,  denoting  to  make, 

to  become. 

Exercise.  —  Amplify,  deify,  gratify, 
lique/y,  rarefy,  stupefy,  pacify,  qualify, 
signify,  glorify,  ratify,  testify,  rectify, 
puri/y. 

IIcfOD.  [A.-S.  held,  from  held,  state, 
sex,  order,  degree,  person,  form, 
manner,  Goth,  haidus.]  A  termina¬ 
tion  denoting  slate  or  f  redness,  con¬ 
dition,  quality,  character,  totality. 
Sometimes  it  is  written  head. 

Exercise.  —  Manhood,  childhood, 
knighthood,  brotherhood,  boyhood,  wid¬ 
owhood,  neighborhood,  priesthood;  god¬ 
head. 

Ie.  [Gr.  -lkos,  Lat.  - icus .]  A  termi¬ 
nation  of  adjectives  denoting  of,  or 
pertaining  to. 

Exercise.  —  Authentic,  concentric, 
magnetic,  seraphic,  academic,  dogmatic, 
per  odlc,  theoretic,  botanic,  cubic,  pro¬ 
saic,  apostolic. 

l€S.  A  termination  of  nouns,  plural 
in  form  but  singular  in  signification, 
applied  to  certain  arts  or  sciences. 

Exercise.  —  Optics,  mathematics, 
hydraulics,  mechanics,  physics,  acous¬ 
tics,  statics,  hermeneutics. 

Id.  [Lat.  -idus.]  A  termination  of 
adjectives  denoting  quality. 

Exercise.  —  Acid,  liquid,  rigid,  sor¬ 
did,  arid,  fervid,  fluid,  horrid,  humid, 
torpid,  timid,  rancid,  torrid,  vivid. 

Ter,  1  [Fr.  -ier,  -iere.]  A  termination 

Eer.  )  of  nouns  denoting  men  from 
their  occupations  or  employment. 

Exercise.  —  Brigadie?-,  grenadier, 
cavalier,  mountaineer,  volunteer,  finan¬ 
cier,  engineer,  auctioneer,  buccaneer. 

Ile.  [Lat.  -ilis.]  A  termination  of 
adjectives  from  the  Latin,  denoting 
of,  or  pertaining  to. 

Exercise.  —  Agile,  docile,  fragile, 
versatile,  facile,  puerile,  volatile,  fertile, 
hostile,  futile,  mercantile. 

INE.  [Lat.  -inus.]  A  termination  of 
adjectives  from  the  Latin,  denoting 
of,  or  pertaining  to. 

Exercise.  —  Adamantine,  feminine, 
pristine,  aquiline,  canine,  clandestine, 
alpine,  serpentine,  genuine,  equine. 

Ion.  [Lat.  -io,  genitive  -ionis.]  A  ter¬ 
mination  of  abstract  nouns  derived 
from  the  Latin,  or  formed  after  the 
same  analogy. 

Exercise.  —  Ambition,  conception, 
probation,  evasion,  version,  crucifixion, 
union,  action,  addition,  compassion,  ex¬ 
tension,  opinion,  vermilion. 

Ish.  [A.-S.  -isc,  Goth,  -isk,  N.  H.  Ger. 
-isc/i  ]  A  termination  of  English 
words  denoting  diminution,  or  a 
small  degree  of  the  quality.  Ish  an¬ 
nexed  to  proper  names  forms  a  pos¬ 
sessive  adjective.  Annexed  to  com¬ 
mon  nouns,  it  forms  an  adjective  de¬ 
noting  a  participation  of  the  quali¬ 
ties  expressed  by  the  noun. 

Exercise.  — Whitish, yellowish ;  Swe¬ 
dish,  Danish,  English,  Spanish,  Scottish; 
foolish,  roguish,  brutish,  childish,  doltish, 
boorish,  slavish,  feverish,  knavish,  girl¬ 
ish,  womanish. 


PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 


I§M.  [Gr.  -lo-ftos.]  A  termination  of 
nouns  from  the  Greek,  or  of  nouns 
formed  on  the  same  model  as  these, 
denoting  tenets,  doctrines ,  or  princi¬ 
ples. 

Exercise.  —  Atheism,  catechism,  he¬ 
roism,  mechanism,  sophism,  skepticism, 
archaism,  barbarism,  heathenism,  ego¬ 
tism,  magnetism. 

1st.  [Gr.  -lorps.]  A  termination  of 
nouns  denoting  men  from  their  occu¬ 
pations,  pursuits,  or  principles. 

Exercise.  —  Baptist,  chemist,  eulo¬ 
gist,  the/st,  oculist,  moralist,  novelist, 
philologist,  sophist,  annalist,  chemist, 
botanist. 

Ite.  [Lat.  -?tws.]  A  termination  of 
nouns  and  adjectives.  It  is  often 
used  to  form  collective  or  gentile 
names. 

Exercise Appetite,  exquisite,  fa¬ 
vorite,  recondite,  definite,  opposite, 
requisite,  bedlamite.  Jacobite. 

I-TY.  See  Ty. 

]ve.  [Lat.  -tints.]  A  termination  of 
nouns  and  adjectives  from  the  Latin, 
denoting  ability,  power,  or  activity. 

Exercise.  —  Au  thoritatire,  in  cen  tire, 
persuasire,  vindictive,  convulsive,  delu¬ 
sive,  negative,  formative,  conducive, 
furtive,  derisive. 

Tze,  [  [Gr.  -tfetv.]  A  termination  of 

I§E.  )  verbs  from  the  Greek,  or  of 
verbs  formed  on  the  same  model,  and 
denoting  to  make,  to  cause  to  be,  to 
become. 

Exercise.  —  Agonize,  characterize, 
tantalize,  criticise,  exercise,  equalize, 
civilize,  enfranchise,  exorcise,  memorize, 
organize,  satirize. 

KIN.  [A.-S.  cyn ,  cynd,  kin,  kind,  off¬ 
spring,  race;  allied  to  Lat.  genus, 
Gr.  yeVo?,  y 61/09  ]  A  diminutive  ter¬ 
mination,  denoting  small ,  from  the 
sense  of  child. 

Exercise.  —  Lambfcin,  manifcm,  nap- 
kin,  pipkin,  bodhiu. 

Le.  A  diminutive  termination. 

Exercise. —  CrumbZe,  bundie,  girdle, 
joggfe,  fond/e,  dimple,  throttle,  thimble, 
canticle,  ruffle,  speckle,  suckle,  sparkle, 
stopple. 

L£ss.  A  terminating  syllable  of  many 
nouns  and  some  adjectives.  It  is  the 
A.-S.  leas ,  allied  to  Eng.  loose ,  from 
A.-S.  leosan,  to  lose.  Hence,  it  is  a 
privative  word,  denoting  destitution  ; 
as,  a  witless  man,  a  man  destitute  of 
wit;  childless,  without  children. 

Exercise.  —  Fatherless,  faithless, 
penniless,  lawless,  boundless,  needless, 
lifeless,  nameless,  careless,  hopeless, 
nerveless,  worthless,  pitiless. 

LfiT.  [French  dim.  termination  et,  as 
in  islet,  eaglet,  circlet ,  goblet,  floweret, 
baronet:  with  1  inserted,  as  in  stream¬ 
let,  branchlet.]  A  termination  of  di¬ 
minutives  ;  as,  hamlet,  a  little  house  ; 
rivulet,  a  small  stream. 

Exercise.— Eyelet,  front  let,  tab  let, 
ring  let. 

IAngt.  [A.-S.]  A  termination  denoting 
condition ,  offspring ,  or  progeny. 

Exercise.  —  Hireling,  earthling, 
worldling,  foundling,  darling,  firstling, 
under  ling,  star  ling,  groundling,  gosling, 
sapling,  cliang  cling,  failing,  nest  ling. 


Ly.  [0.  Eng.  lich,  being  an  abbrevia¬ 
tion  of  A.-S.  lie ,  Goth,  leiks,  Eng. 
like.]  A  termination  of  adjectives, 
as  in  lovely,  man  ly,  that  is,  love- 
like,  man -like.  It  is  also  a  termina¬ 
tion  of  adverbs  [0.  Eng.  liche,  A.-S. 
lice]. 

Exercise.  —  Courtly,  costly,  priestly, 
portly,  gristly,  hilly,  shelly,  bravely, 
coarsely,  purely,  chiefly,  rashly,  tardily, 
sillily,  angrily,  meekly. 

Ment.  A  termination  of  nouns  (formed 
often  from  verbs),  denoting  con¬ 
dition,  state,  or  act. 

Exercise.  —  Engagement,  manage¬ 
ment,  impediment,  embarrassment,  judg¬ 
ment,  amusement,  investment,  arbitra¬ 
ment,  infringement. 

Mo-ny.  [Lat.  -monium,  -monia.]  A 
termination  of  nouns  from  the  Latin, 
signifying  action,  or  an  active  faculty , 
being,  or  a  slate  of  being,  viewed  ab¬ 
stractly. 

Exercise.  —  Alimony,  matrimony, 
testimony,  ceremony,  parsimony,  acri¬ 
mony,  sanctimony,  patrimony. 

Ness.  [A.-S.  -ness,  -niss,  Goth,  -nas- 
sw.w]  A  termination  of  abstract 
names,  denoting  state,  or  quality. 

Exercise.  —  Blindness,  goodness, 
greatness,  sweetness,  godliness,  weariness, 
stiffness,  rashness,  boyishness,  blackness, 
usefulness,  zealousness. 

OCK.  [A.-S.  -ca  or  -uca.]  A  diminutive 
termination  of  nouns. 

Exercise.  —  Bullocfc,  hillocfc,  mat- 
t ock,  paddoc/j,  pollock. 

Or.  A  termination  of  Latin  nouns, 
denoting  an  agent.  It  is  annexed  to 
many  words  of  English  origiu  ;  as  in 
lessor.  In  general,  or  is  annexed  to 
words  of  Latin,  and  er  to  those  of 
English,  origin.  See  Er. 

Exercise.  —  Actor,  creditor,  editor, 
captor,  conductor,  pastor,  inspector, 
pretor,  orator,  dictator,  professor. 

0-RY.  [Lat.  -orius.]  A  termination 
of  words  from  the  Latin,  denoting 
of,  or  pertaining  to. 

Exercise. —  Amatory,  consolatory, 
promissory,  satisfactory,  compulsory, 
cursory,  prefatory,  nugatory,  valedic¬ 
tory. 

Ose,  I  [Lat.  -osus,  -ms.]  A  termina- 

00s.  J  tion  of  English  adjectives 
(many  of  which  are  derived  directly 
from  the  Latin),  denoting  quality  or 
property). 

Exercise.  —  Dubious,  conscious,  atro¬ 
cious,  conspicuous,  onerous,  generous, 
dangerous,  populous,  morose,  comatose, 
oper ose,  verbose. 

life.  [A.-S.  rice,  ric  ;  fr.  the  same  root 
as  Lat.  regere,  to  rule,  and  regio,  re¬ 
gion.]  A  termination  signifying  juris¬ 
diction,  or  a  district  over  which  gov¬ 
ernment  is  exercised. 

Exercise.  —  Bishopric. 

Sh'Ip.  [A.-S.  scipe,  scype,  fr.  scyppan , 
to  mold,  form,  shape.]  A  termina¬ 
tion  denoting  state ,  office,  dignity, 
profession,  or  art. 

Exercise.  —  Lordship,  friendship, 

chancellorship,  stewardship,  horseman¬ 


xxxi 

ship,  copartnership,  hardship,  clerkship, 
worship,  scholarship,  censor ship. 

Sion.  See  Ion. 

Some.  [A.-S.  sum ,  Goth,  sama,  like, 
the  same.]  A  termination  of  certain 
adjectives.  It  indicates  a  considera¬ 
ble  degree  of  the  thing  or  quantity ; 
as,  mettlesome,  full  of  mettle  or 
spirit ;  gladsome,  very  glad  or  joy- 
ous. 

Exercise.  —  Blithesome,  wearisome 
loathsome,  troublesome,  wholesome,  lone¬ 
some. 

Ster.  [A.-S.  -estre,  -istre.]  A  termi¬ 
nation  denoting  skill  or  occupation. 
It  was  originally  applied  to  denote 
the  female  agent  in  an  action. 
Thus,  song  ster  signified,  at  first,  a 
female  who  sings ;  but  the  ending 
ster  having  at  length,  in  a  measure, 
lost  its  peculiar  force,  the  feminine 
termination  ess  was  appended  to  it ; 
thus,  songster  became  songstress,  or 
songstress,  with  a  double  ending. 

Exercise.  —  Gamester,  songster, 
spinster,  youngster,  punster,  maltster, 
tapster. 

T,  1  [A.-S.]  A  termination  of  abstract 

Th.  j  nouns  of  Anglo-Saxon  origiu. 

Exercise.  —  Depth,  growth,  strength, 
wealth,  width,  warmth,  birth,  breadth, 
depth,  mirth,  health,  truth  ;  draft,  joint, 
flight,  height,  drift,  gift,  theft. 

Tion.  See  Ion. 

Tube.  [Lat.  -tudo.]  A  termination 
of  abstract  nouns  from  the  Latin, 
signifying  action  or  an  active  fac¬ 
ulty,  being,  or  a  state  of  being. 

Exercise.  —  Amplitude,  fortitude, 
gratitude,  solitude,  infinitude,  turpitude, 
altitude,  rectitude,  servitude,  aptitude, 
magnitude. 

Ty.  [Lat.  -tas,  -tatis,  Fr.  - tc .]  A  ter¬ 
mination  of  words  denoting  action  or 
an  active  faculty,  being,  or  a  slate  of 
being,  viewed  abstractly. 

Exercise.  —  Antiquity,  difficulty, 
humility,  necessity,  probability,  laxity, 
impiety,  society,  modesty,  majesty,  lib¬ 
erty,  fatuity. 

URE.  [Lat.  -ura.]  A  termination  of 
words  derived  from  the  Latin  (often 
through  the  Italian  or  French),  and 
denoting  action  or  an  active  faculty, 
being,  or  a  state  of  being,  viewed  ab¬ 
stractly. 

Exercise.  —  Creature,  fracture,  legis¬ 
lature,  nature,  superstructure,  lecture, 
fissure,  flexure,  exposure,  tenure,  junc¬ 
ture,  verdure. 

Ward,  or  WARDjj.  [A.-S.  - weard 
-weardes;  Goth,  -vairths,  allied  to 
Lat.  vertere,  to  turn,  versus,  toward/ 
A  suffix  used  in  the  composition  of* 
large  class  of  words,  and  denoting 
direction,  or  tendency  to,  motion  to¬ 
ward,  and  the  like. 

Exercise.  —  Up  word,  onwards,  west- 
ivard,  backwards,  forward,  homeward, 
down  wards,  in  ward. 

Wise.  [A.-S.  wise,  allied  to  guise.]  A 
termination  of  adverbs  implying  in 
the  direction  or  manner  of 

Exercise.  —  Endwise,  lengthwise, 
sidewise,  likewise. 


ABBREVIATIONS 

AND  EXPLANATIONS. 

a. .  .stands  for  adjective. 

Goth,  .stands  for  Gothic. 

peril . .  stands 

for  perhaps. 

Gr . 

pers . 

adv . 

adverb. 

Gram . 

Peruv . 

Alg . 

Algebra. 

Pg . 

Am .,  Amer... 

America,  American. 

H. . 

. High. 

Pi . 

Anat . 

Anatomy. 

Heb . 

Poet . 

Anc . 

.Ancient. 

Her . 

Pol . 

Anliq . 

.Antiquities. 

Hind . 

v-p . 

Ar . 

.Arabic. 

Hist . 

p.  pr . 

Arch . 

.Architecture. 

hypoth. . . . 

Pref,  pref... 

Arith . 

Arithmetic. 

prep . 

Armor . 

Armorican. 

Icel . 

pret . 

A.-S . 

.Anglo-Saxon. 

i.  e . 

Prin . 

Astrol . 

.Astrology. 

imp . 

prin . 

Astron . 

•  Astronomy. 

impers . . . . 

Print . 

augm . 

•  augmentative. 

Ind . 

priv . 

infra . 

Prob.,  prob.. 

Bisc . 

.Biscayan. 

intens. . . . 

1  Pronunciation,  pro- 

Bot . 

.Botany. 

inter j.  . . . 

JL/Ofl.j  p)  Oil*  • 

'  (  nounced  ;  pronoun. 

Braz . 

.  Brazilian. 

Ir . 

prop . 

It.,Ilal.  .. 

Pros . 

Cf. . 

Confer  (compare). 

Prov . 

Chald . 

.Chaldee. 

Japan.  . . . 

Chem . 

Chemistry. 

Rhet . 

Chin . 

.Chinese. 

L . 

Rom . 

Colloq . 

.Colloquial,  colloquially. 

Lat . 

Rom.  Calh... 

Com . 

.Commence,  common. 

Russ . 

comp . 

.compound,  compound- 

compar . 

.comparative.  [ed. 

M. . 

Sax . 

corn . 

.conjunction . 

7)1. ...  r  »  .  . 

sc . 

contr . 

.  contracted. con  traction. 

Mach.  .  » . 

Scot . 

corrupt . 

.corrupted,  corruption. 

Malay.  . 

. Malayan. 

Script . 

Math . 

sing . 

D . 

.Dutch. 

Mech . 

Skr . 

Dan . 

.Danish. 

Med . 

Sp . 

dat . 

.dative. 

Mil . 

superl . 

Dun.,  dim. . . 

.diminutive. 

Min . 

supra . 

modif. .... 

Sw . 

Eccl . 

.Ecclesiastical. 

Mus . 

Syn . 

Eng . 

.England,  English. 

Myth . 

Syr. .  . . 

esp . 

.especiallv. 

N. . 

term . 

f. . 

.feminine. 

n . 

T/ieol . 

Far . 

.  Farriery. 

Naut . 

Turk . 

fig . 

.figuratively. 

neut . 

Fort . 

.Fortification. 

Norm.  Fr. 

U.  S . 

fr . 

.  from . 

Fr . 

French. 

0 . 

V . 

fat . 

.future. 

Obs . 

vb.  n . 

orig . 

v.  i . 

Gael . 

.Gaelic. 

V.  t . 

gen . 

genitive 

P . 

Geol . 

.Geology. 

p.  a . 

W. . 

Geom . 

.Geometry. 

Paint.  . . . 

Ger . 

.German. 

Per . 

Zool . 

*#*  In  this  Dictionary,  words  from  foreign  languages,  both  ancient  and  modern,  are  usually  printed  in  Italics, 

though  many  of  them  are  not  ordinarily  so  printed  in  other  works  ;  as,  ADOBE.  ADDENDUM,  ALIBI. 

%*  Compound  words,  which  in  ordinary  writing  and  printing  have  their 

constituent  parts  separated  by  a  hy- 

phen,  are  here  distinguished  from  those  which  are  usually  and  properly  written  and  printed  without  one,  by  the  use 

of  a  longer  hyphen  than  that  employed  for  the  mere  division  of  words  into  syllables  ;  as,  Ale- 

-HOUSE.  Words  having 

prefixes  or  initial  syllables  which  are  commonly  separated  from  other  syllables  by  a  hyphen, 

are  distinguished  in  tho 

same  way  ;  as, 

Re-enforce,  Electro-magnetic. 

*#'*  The  syllables  -ed  ;  -ING,  inclosed  within  brackets  (see  Abandon),  represent  respectively  the  imperfect  tense  and 

past  participle 

and  the  present  participle  —  which 

may  in  all  cases  be  used  as 

a  verbal  noun 

—  of  regular  verbs.  In 

like  manner,  the  syllables  -ER ;  -est  (see  Dark)  represent  the  comparative  and  superlative  degrees  of  regular  adjectives. 

The  principal  parts  of  irregular  verbs  (as  Make)  and  the  comparative  and  superlative  of  irregular  adjectives  (as  Good)  are 

given  in  full. 

***  The  figures  which  immediately  follow  certain  words  in  the  Vocabulary  refer  to  corresponding  sections  in  the 

Principles  of  Pronunciation  on  pp.  vii.- 

xxii.,  or  in  the  Rules  for  Spelling,  on  pp 

xxii.-xxvi. 

*#*  For  the 

“KEY  TO  TIIE  PRONUNCIATION,”  see  page  vi.  It  is  desirable  that  those  who  use  this  Dictionary 

should  make  themselves  familiar  with  the  Key,  as  they  will  then  find  it  easy  to  understand  the  notation  by  which  the 

pronunciation  of  every  word  is  expressed. 

(xxxii) 

A 

DICTIONARY 

OF  THE 

ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


A 


ABECEDARIAN 


A  (2-8,  44, 45),  an  adjective,  com¬ 
monly  called  the  indefinite  arti¬ 
cle,  and  signifying  one  or  any,  but 
less  emphatically.  It  is  a  contrac¬ 
tion  of  an,  and  is  substituted  for  it 
before  all  words  beginning  with  a 
consonant  sound,  except  words  be¬ 
ginning  with  the  sound  of  h  and  hav¬ 
ing  the  accent  on  any  other  syllable 
than  the  first. 

A-bXck/,  ad u.  Backward,  against 
the  mast ;  —  said  of  the  sails  when 
pressed  by'  the  wind. 

XB'A-eus,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  The  upper 
plate  upon  the 
capital  of  a  col¬ 
umn.  2.  An  in¬ 
strument  for  per¬ 
forming  a  r  i  t  h-  Abacus, 
metical  calculations  by  means  of 
sliding  balls. 

A-bAft'  (6),  prep.  Towards  the  stern 
from  ;  back  of. 

A-bXn'don,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  137.] 
[Lat.  ad,  and  Low  Lat.  bandum.] 
To  give  up  wholly  and  finally,  or 
with  a  view  never  to  resume. 

Syn. —  To  relinquish;  forsake;  desert; 
surrender;  leave;  forego.  —  We  abandon 
what  we  give  up  finally,  as  vice  ;  we  re¬ 
linquish  what  we  have  prized  or  sought, 
as  a  claim  or  hopes;  we  desert  what  we 
ought  to  adhere  to,  as  duty ;  we  surren¬ 
der  (usually  under  a  necessity)  what  we 
have  held  as  our  own  or  in  trust,  as  a 
fortress;  we  renounce  a  thing  publicly 
or  as  a  duty,  as  allegiance  or  the  world. 

A-bXn'doned,  p.  a.  Given  up  en¬ 
tirely,  as  to  a  vice. 

A-Ban'don-ment,  n.  Entire  deser¬ 
tion  or  relinquishment. 

A-base',  f .  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  140.]  [Fr. 
abaisser.]  To  bring  low,  as  to  the 
ground  ;  to  cast  down. 

Syn.  —  To  depress;  degrade;  reduce; 
humiliate;  humble. 

A-base'ment,  n.  Act  of  abasing,  or 
bringing  very  low. 

Syn.  —  Humiliation;  depression;  deg¬ 
radation.  —  Abasement  is  a  humbling,  as 
of  the  proud ;  debasement  is  a  corrupting, 
as  of  coin;  depression  is  a  sinking  down, 


as  of  spirits ;  degradation  is  a  bringing 
down  from  a  higher  rank  or  grade,  as  of 
a  peer. 

A-bXsh',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
abaisser.]  To  destroy  the  self-pos¬ 
session  of ;  to  strike  with  sudden 
shame  or  fear. 

Syn.  —  To  confuse  ;  confound.  —  We 
are  confused  when  we  lose  our  self-pos¬ 
session  ;  we  are  confounded  when  our 
faculties  are  overwhelmed  and  brought 
to ji  stand. 

A-bat'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
abated. 

A-bate',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  ah 
and  batuere.]  To  bringdown  or  reduce 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  state,  num¬ 
ber,  degree,  or  the  like  ;  specifically , 
(Law.),  (a.)  to  cause  to  fail  as  a 
writ ;  (b  )  to  destroy  as  a  nuisance. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  decrease  ;  to  become 
less  in  strength  or  violence.  2.  To 
be  defeated  ;  to  fail,  as  a  writ. 

Syn.  —  To  decline  ;  subside  ;  dimin¬ 
ish.—  Lessen,  decrease,  diminish,  refer  to 
quantity  or  size  ;  decline  is  to  fall  off ; 
abate  supposes  previous  violence,  as, 
the.  storm  abates ;  subside,  previous  com¬ 
motion,  as,  the  tumult  subsides. 

A-bate 'ME  NT,  n.  Act  of  abating,  or 
state  of  being  abated  ;  decrease  ;  spe¬ 
cifically,  (a.)  a  remitting,  as  of  a 
tax;  (b.)  failure,  as  of  a  writ;  (c.) 
removal,  as  of  a  nuisance. 

Ab'a-tIs,  In.  [Fr.  See  Abate.] 

AB'AT-TIS,  [  A  row  of  sharpened 
branches  of  trees  turned  outward  for 

w  defense. 

Ab’ba,  n.  A  Syriac  word  meaning 
father,  used  to  denote  a  religious 
superior.  ,  .  . 

Ab'ba-CY,  n.  The  condition  or  priv¬ 
ileges  of  an  abbot.  [abbey. 

Ab-ba'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 

AbbLZ  (ab'ba),  n.  -r  [Fr.]  Originally, 
an  abbot ;  but  now,  an  ecclesiastic 

w  devoted  to  teaching,  literature,  &c. 

Xb'bess,  n.  Governess  of  a  nunnery. 

Ab'bey,  n. ;  pi.  XB'BEYg.  1.  A  res¬ 
idence  of  monks  or  nuns.  2.  The 
dwelling  of  an  abbot.  3.  A  church 
attached  to  a  monastery. 


Ab'bot,  n.  [Lat.  abba.  See  ABBA.] 
Head  of  a  society  of  monks. 

Ab'bot-ship,  n.  The  state  or  office 
of  an  abbot. 

Ab-bre'vi-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  ing.] 
[Lat.  ab  and  breviare .]  To  bring  with¬ 
in  less  space. 

Syn.  —  To  abridge;  contract;  curtail; 
compress  ;  condense. 

Ab-bre'vi-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  ab¬ 
breviating.  2.  The  form  to  which 
a  word  or  ph'rase  is  reduced  by  con¬ 
traction  or  omission ;  as,  Gen.  for 
Genesis. 

Ab-bre'vi-a'tor,  n.  One  who  ab¬ 
breviates. 

Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Abbrevi- 

w  ating ;_ shortening. 

AB'DI-EATE,  t\  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
abdicare.]  To  give  up  right  or  claim 
to;  to  withdraw  from  (as  an  office) 
with  or  without  formal  resignation. 
—  v.  i.  To  relinquish  an  office,  right, 
trust,  &c.,  with,  or  without  resign¬ 
ing. 

Syn.  —  To  relinquish;  renounce;  for¬ 
sake  ;  quit. 

Xb'di-ea'tion,  n.  Abandonment 
of  a  public  office  or  of  a  right  or  trust, 
with  or  without  a  formal  surrender. 

Xb'di-EA'tIve,  a.  Causing,  or  im¬ 
plying,  abdication. 

Ab-d6'men,  n.  [Lat.]  The  belly,  or 
the  upper  part  of  the  belly. 

Ab-dom'i-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
abdomen.  [belly ;  pursy. 

Ab-dom'I-noPs,  a.  Having  a  big 

Ab-du^e',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
abducere .]  To  draw  away ;  to  draw 
to  a  different  part. 

Ab-dOet',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
abductus.]  To  take  away  by  stealth 
or  by  unlawful  force. 

Ab-dOe'tion,  n.  A  drawing  or  car¬ 
rying  away,  especially  of  a  person, 
by  fraud,  or  stealth,  or  force. 

Ab-dOe'tor,  n.  1.  A  person  guilty 
of  abduction.  2.  A  muscle  which 
serves  to  draw  a  part  out. 

A'BE-^E-DA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who 


X,  E ,  1, 5,  f],  Y,  long ;  X ,  £ ,  Y,  6, 
6r,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  U 


ft, ¥,  short ;  cARE,  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6n, 
rn,rue,pvll;  e,i,  o,  silent’;  q,(i,soft;  E,G ,hard;  A§;  E^IST;  n  as^NG  ;  this. 


ABED 

teaches  or  who  learns  the  a,  b,  c,  or 
letters  of  the  alphabet. 

A- bed',  adv.  In  bed ;  on  the  bed. 

A-bele',  or  A'bel-tree,  n.  The 
white  poplar.  [or  Syrian  mallow. 

A'BEL-MOSK,  n.  The  musk-mallow, 

Ab-ER'RAN^E,  n.  [Lat.  aberrans .] 

w  Deviation  trom  rectitude. 

Ab'er-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Deviation,  es¬ 
pecially  from  truth  or  moral  recti¬ 
tude,  or  from  the  natural  state.  2. 
Alienation  of  mind.  3.  A  small  pe¬ 
riodical  change  of  position  in  a 
star. 

A-bet',  v.  t.  [-ted;  -ting,  136.] 
[From  the  root  of  buit.]  1.  To  encour¬ 
age  or  incite  by  aid  or  countenance ; — 
used  chiefly  in  a  bad  sense.  2.  To  en¬ 
courage  or  assist  in  a  criminal  act. 

Syr. —  To  aid;  support;  sustain; 
help  ;  assist  ;  favor  ;  further  ;  succor  ; 
promote. 

A-bet'ter,  1  n.  One  who  abets,  aids, 

A-Bet'tor,  )  or  encourages  ;  an  in¬ 
stigator. 

Syn.  —  Accomplice;  accessary.  —  An 
abettor  incites  to  a  crime ;  an  accomplice 
takes  partin  it;  an  accessary  is  involved 
in  it  by  giving  countenance  or  aid. 

A-bey'an^e,  n.  [0.  Fr.  baer,  beer.] 

1.  A  state  of  suspension  or  temporary 
extinction,  with  the  expectation  of  a 
revival.  2.  Expectation  or  contem¬ 
plation  of  law. 

Ab-h6r',  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring,  136.] 
[Lat  abhorrere.]  To  regard  with  hor¬ 
ror,  detestation,  or  extreme  dislike. 

Syn.  —  To  detest  ;  loathe  ;  abomi¬ 
nate  ;  hate. 

Ab-iior'ren^e,  n.  Detestation; 

great  hatred. 

Ab-iior'rent,  a.  1.  Abhorring;  de¬ 
testing.  2.  Contrary ;  repugnant. 

A-bide',  v.  i.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  abode  ; 
p>.  pr.  &  vb.  n.  ABIDING.]  [See 
Hide.]  1.  To  continue  in  a  place. 

2.  To  continue  firm  or  stable.  —  v.  t. 

1.  To  endure  or  bear  without  shrink¬ 
ing,  or  patiently.  2.  To  await  firmly. 

Syn. —  To  sojourn  ;  reside  ;  dwe[l  ; 
stay  ;  tarry  ;  remain  ;  hold  to  ;  persist. 

A-BII/I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  habilitas.]  Pow¬ 
er  to  act,  whether  bodily,  moral,  in¬ 
tellectual,  conventional,  or  legal ;  — 
in  the  plural,  intellectual  capacity. 

Syn.  —  Force;  might;  potency;  capa¬ 
bility;  faculty;  talent;  skill:  dexterity; 
efficiency;  address.  —  As  to  mental  pow¬ 
ers,  ability  is  tire  generic  term;  capacity 
is  the  power  of  easily  gaining  or  retain¬ 
ing  knowledge  ;  talent  is  tire  power  of 
executing  ;  dexterity ,  skill,  and  address 
relate  to  ease  of  execution. 

Xb'tn-tEs'tate,  a.  Inheriting  the 
estate  of  one  dying  without  a  will. 

Xb'JEET,  a.  [Lat.  abjectus.]  Sunk 
to  a  low  condition ;  hence,  low  in 
estimation. 

Syn.  —  Mean:  worthless;  base;  grov¬ 
eling;  debased;  despicable. 

Ab-j£g'tion,«.  Meanness  of  spirit ; 
baseness. 

XbMe-gt-ly,  adv.  Meanly  ;  wretched¬ 
ly  ;  basely. 

Ab'JE€T-ness,  n.  State  of  being  ab¬ 
ject;  baseness. 

2 

Xb'JU-rA'TION,  n.  Act  of  abjuring. 

Ab-ju'ra-to-ry,  a.  Containing,  or 
relating  to,  abjuration. 

Ab-jure',  V.  t.  [  ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
abjurare.]  To  renounce  under  oath, 
or  with  great  solemnity. 

Xb'lau-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  ab  and 
lac,  milk.]  1.  A  weaning  of  a  child. 
2.  A  method  of  grafting. 

Ab-LA'QUE-A'TION,  n.  [Lat.  ablaque- 
atio.]  A  laying  bare  the  roots  of 
trees. 

AB'LA-TlVE,  a.  [Lat.  ablativus .] 

Taking  away  or  removing ;  — applied 
to  the  sixth  case  of  Latin  nouns.  — 
n.  The  sixth  case  of  Latin  nouns. 

A-blaze',  adv.  1.  On  fire  ;  in  a  blaze. 
2.  Highly  excited. 

A'BLE  (a/bl),  a.  [Lat.  liahilis.]  Hav¬ 
ing  ability  or  competency  of  any  or 
every  kind. 

Syn.  —  Strong  ;  powerful  ;  efficient ; 
effective;  mighty;  skillful;  dexterous. 

Ab-LU'TION,  n.  [Lat.  ablutio.]  1. 
Act  of  cleansing  or  washing.  2.  Re¬ 
ligious  purification. 

A'bly,  adv.  With  ability  or  skill. 

AB'ne-GA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  abnegatio.] 
Denial  and  renunciation. 

Ab-norm'AL,  a.  [Lat.  ab  and  norma.] 
Contrary  to  rule  ;  irregular. 

A-eoard',  adv.  In  a  vessel ;  on  board. 
—  prep.  On  board  of. 

A-bode',  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  abide. — n. 
[From  abide.]  State  or  place  of  resi¬ 
dence. 

Syn.  —  Dwelling;  continuance;  hab¬ 
itation;  domicile. 

A-BOL'ISH,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
abolescere.]  To  do  away  with  utterly  ; 
to  put  an  end  to  ;  hence,  to  make  void. 

Syn.— To  subvert;  overturn;  de¬ 
stroy;  nullify;  abrogate;  annul;  repeal. 
—Abolish,  subvert,  overturn,  and  destroy 
express  under  different  images  the  same 
idea,  that  of  doing  wholly  away  with. 
We  abrogate  and  annul  by  an  authorita¬ 
tive  act,  as  customs  or  a  treaty,  &c.  ;  we 
repeal  by  a  legislative^  act,  as  laws;  we 
nullify  when  we  set  la  ws,  &c.,  aside,  with¬ 
out  their  being  repealed. 

A-bol'ish-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  abolished.  [ing. 

A-bol'ish-ment,  n.  Act  of  abolish- 

AB'O-lI'TION  (-lish'un),  «.  A  doing 
away  with  finally  and  for  ever ;  —  ap¬ 
plied  particularly  to  slavery. 

Xb'o-li'tion-Yrm (-lish'un-),  n.  Prin¬ 
ciples  or  measures  of  an  abolitionist. 

Xb/o-lI,tion-ist,  n.  One  who  favors 
abolition,  especially  the  abolition  of 
slavery. 

A-bom'i-NA-ble,  a.  Odious  in  the 
highest  degree. 

Syn.  —  Execrable  :  detestable;  loath¬ 
some;  hateful;  shocking. 

A-b5m'i-na-bly,  adv.  Detestably ; 
execrably. 

A-bom'i-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  abominare,  abominari.]  To 
turn  from  ns  ominous  of  evil;  to 
hate  in  the  highest  degree. 

Syn.  —  To  hate  ;  detest ;  loathe  ;  ab¬ 
hor. 

A-bom'i-na'tion,  n.  1.  Strong  aver¬ 
sion.  2.  An  object  of  hatred. 

ABRUPT 

Xb'o-rID'i-nal,  a.  First,  or  primi¬ 
tive.  —  n.  A  first  or  original  inhab¬ 
itant. 

Xb/o-r'ig'i-ne2,  n.pl.  [Lat.]  Theorig- 
inal  inhabitants  of  a  country.  ! 

A-bor'tion,  n.  [Lat.  abortio.]  1. 

An  immature  product  of  conception. 

2.  Any  thing  which  fails  to  come  to 

maturity.  ‘  [its  effect. 

A-bor'tive,  a.  Immature;  failingin 

A-BOUND',  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING,]  [Lat. 
abundare .]  1.  To  be  in  great  plenty; 
to  be  prevalent.  2.  To  b,e  copiously 
supplied.  ; 

A-BOUT',  prep.  [A.-S .  abutan.]  1.  All 
over  or  around.  2.  Through  or  over 
in  various  directions.  '3.  Near,  in 
place,  time,  quantity,  & c.  4.  Ready 
to;  relating  to. — adv.  1.  On  all 
sides ;  around.  2.  Here  and  there. 

3.  Nearly.  4.  In  the  opposite  direc¬ 
tion.  | 

A-bOve'  (a-bhv');  prep.  [A.-S.  abu- 
fan.]  1.  Higher  in  place  than.  2. 
Superior  to  in  any  respect. — adv. 
Overhead;  higher;  before. 

Xb'ra-ua-dab'rA,  n.  A  combination 
bf  letters  abracadabra 

without  A*B  RACADABR 

sense,  form-  ^.Y/cV’nV 

erly  used  as  ^bracad 

a  charm  abraca 

against  fe-  r  a  o 

vers ,  and  ar- .  ®  K  A 

ranged  as  in  B 

the  margin  ;  *■  a 

hence,  unmeaning  babble. 

Ab-rade',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
abradere.]  To  rub  or  wear  off. 

Ab-ra'^ion,  n.  1.  A  rubbing  off.  2. 
Substance  worn  off.  [line. 

A-breast',  adv.  Side  by  side  ;  on  a 

A-brid6e',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
abreger  ]  1.  To  bring  within  less 

space.  2.  To  deprive ;  to  cut  off. 

Syn.  —  To  contract;  shorten  ;  con¬ 
dense;  compress;  curtail;  lessen;  re¬ 
duce  ;  diminish. 

A-brIdg'ment,  n.  1.  A  cutting  off ; 
contraction  or  diminution.  2.  A 
work  abridged. 

Syn.  —  Reduction  ;  restriction  ;  re¬ 
straint  ;  compend  ;  compendium  ;  epit¬ 
ome;  summary;  abstract;  synopsis.  —  A 
compendium  or  epitome  is  a  condensed 
abridgment ;  an  abstract  or  summary  is 
a  brief  statement  of  a  thing  in  its  main 
points:  a  synopsis  is  a  bird’s-eye  view 
of  a  subject  or  work  in  its  several  parts. 

A-broach',  adv.  Letting  out  liquor, 
or  in  a  condition  to  do  so. 

A-BROAD',  adv.  1.  At  large  ;  out  of 
any  inclosure.  2.  In  foreign  coun¬ 
tries. 

Xb'RO-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
abrogare.]  To  annul  by  an  authori¬ 
tative  act. 

Syn.— To  abolish  ;  repeal;  revoke; 
rescind  ;  cancel  ;  annul. 

Xb'ro-ga'tion.  n.  Act  of  annulling 
or  setting  aside. 

Ab-rApt',  a.  [Lat.  abrvptus ,  p.  p.  of 
abrumpere.]  1.  Broken,  steep,  and 
craggy  ;  precipitous.  2.  Without 
notice  ;  sudden.  3.  Having  sudden 
transitions. 

A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y, long;  A,  E,I,  6(  0, 1?,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  WHAT  ;  Ere.  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6n, 

ABRUPTION 


ACCEPT 


Syn.  —  Bold  ;  broken  ;  unconnected  5 
unceremonious. 

Ab-rOp'tion,  n.  A  violent  separa¬ 
tion  of  bodies.  [ner. 

Ab-RUPT'LY,  adv.  In  an  abrupt  man- 

Ab-rOpt'ness,  n  Steepness;  sud¬ 
denness  ;  great  haste. 

Ab's^ess  (149),  n.  [Lat.  abscess  us.]  A 
collection  of  pus  in  an  accidental 
cavity  of  the  body. 

AB-syls'sA, n. ;  pLLat.  AB-spis' s^e, 
Eng.  AB-scis'SAg.  [Lat.  absci-ssus.] 
(Geom.)  One  of  the  elements  of 
reference  by  which  a  point,  as  of  a 
curve,  is  referred  to  a  system  of  fixed 
rectilineal  co-ordinate  axes. 

AB-se5nd',  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
absrondere.\  To  secrete  one’s  self,  in 
order  to  avoid  a  legal  process. 

Ab-seond'er,  n.  One  who  absconds. 

AB'SEN^E,  n.  [Lat.  absentia.]  1.  A 
being  absent.  2.  Want ;  destitution. 
3.  Heedlessness.  i 

Xb'sent,  a.  1.  Not  present  in  a  place. 
2.  Inattentive  to  what  is  passing. 

Ab-sent',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  take 
to  such  'a  distance  as  to  prevent  in¬ 
tercourse.  , 

Xb'sen-Tee',  n.  One  who  absents 
himself  from  his  country,  office,  post, 
or  duty,  and  the  like. 

Xb'sen-tee'ism,  n.  State  or  habit 
of  an  absentee. 

Ab'so-lute,  a.  [Lat.  absolutus ,  p.  p. 
of  absolvere.]  1.  Freed  or  loosed  from 
any  limitation  or  condition.  2.  .Fin¬ 
ished  ;  perfect ;  total.  3.  Capable 
of  being  conceived  by  itself  alone. 

Syn. —  Unlimited  ;  arbitrary;  despot¬ 
ic;  tyrannical;  unconditional;  positive; 
peremptory;  certain. 

Ab'so-lute-ly,  adv.  Positively  ;  ar¬ 
bitrarily. 

Xb'so-lute-ness,  n.  Completeness ; 
arbitrary  power. 

Xb'so-lu'tion,  n.  1.  An  acquittal. 
2.  A  remission  of  sin. 

Xb'so  -LU/TigM,  n.  Absolute  govern¬ 
ment  or  its  principles. 

Ab-sol'u-to-ry,  a.  Absolving;  that 
absolves. 

Ab  solv'A-to-RY,  a.  Containing  ab¬ 
solution  ;  having  power  to  absolve. 

Ab-solve',  v.  t.  [-Ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
ahsolvere .]  To  set  free  or  release 

from,  as  from  some  obligation,  debt, 
or  responsibility,  & c. 

Syn. —  To  exonerate;  acquit. —We 
speak  of  a  man  as  absolved  from  some¬ 
thing  that  binds  conscience,  as  guilt  or 
its  consequences  ;  exonerated  from  some 
load,  as  an  imputation  or  debt;  acquitted 
with  reference  to  a  trial  and  a  decision 
thereon. 

Ab-sorb',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  ing.]  [Lat. 
ahsorbere .]  1.  To  drink  in ;  to  suck 

up ;  to  imbibe,  as  a  sponge.  2. 
Hence,  to  overwhelm  ;  to  engage 
wholly. 

Ab-sorb'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
absorbed. 

Ab-sorb'ent,  a.  Sucking  up;  im¬ 
bibing.  —  n.  A  substance  or  a  bodi¬ 
ly  organ  which  absorbs. 

Ab-sorb'tion  (-sorp'shun), n.  1.  Act 
or  process  of  being  absoi’bed.  2.  En- 


3 

tire  engrossment  or  occupation  of 
mind.  [absorb. 

Ab-sorp'tive,  a.  Having  power  to 

Ab-stain',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
abstinere .]  To  forbear,  or  refrain, 
voluntarily. 

Ab-STE'mi-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  abstemius .] 
Sparing  in  diet ;  temperate ;  absti¬ 
nent.  [ly. 

Ab-ste'mi-oijs-ly,  adv.  Temporate- 

Ab-ste'mi-ous-ness,  n.  A  sparing 
use  of  food  or  strong  drink. 

Ab-STJErge'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  ING.] 
[Lat.  abstergere.]  To  make  clean 
by  wiping. 

Ab-st£r'gent,  a.  Serving  to  cleanse. 

Ab'sti-nen^e,  n.  [See  Abstain.] 
Act  or  practice  of  abstaining. 

Syn.  —  Temperance.  —  Abstinence  is 
shown  in  refraining,  temperance  in  a 
moderate  and  guarded  use. 

Xb'sti-nent,  a.  Refraining  from  in¬ 
dulgence  ;  temperatel 

Ab-straet', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
abslractus.]  1.  To  draw  from  or 
separate.  2.  To  consider  by  itself.  3. 

w  To  epitomize  or  reduce.  4.  To  purloin. 

Xb'STRAET,  a.  1.  Distinct  from  some¬ 
thing  else.  2.  Withdrawn  from  the 
concrete  ;  separate  ;  hence,  difficult ; 
abstruse.  —  n.  1.  A  summary,  or 
epitome.  2.  State  of  separation  from 
other  things. 

Ab-straet'ed-ly,  )  adv.  By  itself; 

Ab'straet-LY,  J  separately. 

Ab-strae'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  sepa¬ 
rating.  or  state  of  being  separated. 
2.  Analysis.  3.  An  abstract  or  the¬ 
oretical  notion.  4.  Absence  of  mind. 

Ab-straet'ive,  a.  Having  the  pow¬ 
er  of  abstracting.  [abstract. 

Xb'straet-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Ab-struse'  (32),  a.  [Lat.  abstrusus .] 
Literally ,  thrust  away  ;  hidden  ; 
hence,  hard  to  be  understood. 

Ab-struse'ly,  adv.  Not  plainly. 

Ab-struse'ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  abstruse. 

Ab-sUrd',  a.  [Lat.  absurdus .]  Op¬ 
posed  to  manifest  .truth,  reason,  or 
sound  judgment. 

Syn.  —  Foolish;  irrational;  preposter¬ 
ous;  ridiculous. — Absurd  is  strongerthan 
foolish  or  irrational ,  but  not  so  strong  as 
preposterous ,  which  supposes  a  total  in¬ 
version  of  the  order  of  things. 

Ab-sOrd'I-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
absurd.  2.  That  which  is  absurd. 

Ab  sBrd'ly,  adv.  Preposterously. 

Ab-sOrd'ness,  n.  Absurdity. 

A-bGn'DANCE,  n.  [Lat.  abundantia.] 
An  overflowing  fullness ;  great  plenty. 

Syn.  —  Exuberance  ;  plenteousness  ; 
riches;  wealth  ;  affluence.  —  We  have  a 
plenty  when  we  have  enough;  but  abun¬ 
dance  is  more  than  enough ,  it  is  an  over¬ 
flowing.  Exuberance  is  still  stronger,  it 
is  a  bursting  forth. 

A-bOn'dant,  a.  Fully  sufficient ;  plen¬ 
tiful  ;  copious  ;  ample.  [amply. 

A-bIjn'dant-ly,  adv.  Plentifully ; 

A-BUgE',  v.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
abusus.]  1.  To  use  ill ;  to  misuse.  2. 
To  treat  rudely ;  to  revile.  3.  To 
deceive. 

A-buse',  n.  1.  Ill  use  ;  improper 


treatment.  2.  A  corrupt  practice. 
3.  Rude  or  reproachful  language. 
A-bu'sive,  a.  1.  Marked  by  abuse. 

2.  Perverted ;  .misapplied ;  improper. 

Syn.— Scurrilous;  insulting;  reproach¬ 
ful;  opprobrious. 

A-bu'sive-ly,  adv.  In  an  abusive 
manner. 

A-bu'sIve-ness,  n.  Ill  usage. 
A-bijt',«\  i.  [-ted  ;  -ting,  136.]  [Fr. 

about ir.]  To  terminate  or  border. 
A-b&t'ment,  n.  That  on  which  c, 
thing  abuts,  or  that  which  abuts  on 
any  thing  solid.  [ary  of  land. 

A-BUT'TAL,  n.  The  butting  or  bound- 
A-byss',  n.  [Gr.  d/3 ucrao?.]  A  bot¬ 
tomless  depth  ;  a  gulf;  hell. 
A-ea/CI-A  (-ka/shi-),  n.  [Gr.  dxa/cia.] 
A  genus  of  leguminous  trees  and 
^  shrubs. 

Xe'a-dem'ie,  )  a.  Belonging  to 
Ae/A-dem,IE-AL,  }  an  academy  or 
w  other  institution  of  learning. 
Xe'a-dem'IE,  n.  1.  A  Platonic  phi¬ 
losopher.  2.  A  member  of  an  acad¬ 
emy  or  university. 

Xe'a-de-mi'cian  (-mlslFan),  n.  A 
member  of  an  academy,  or  society 
for  promoting  arts  and  sciences. 
A-ead'e-my,  n.  1.  The  school  of 
philosophy  of  which  Plato  was  the 
head.  2.  A  place  of  education  of 
high  or  of  middle  rank.  3.  A  soci¬ 
ety  for  the  promotion  of  arts  and 
sciences. 

A-E.Xn'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  aKav0os.]  1. 
An  ornament  resembling  the  foliage 
or  leaves  of  the  acanthus.  2.  A 
prickly  plant. 

A-EAT'A-LEE'TIE,  n.  [Gr.  aKara \r\n- 
to;.]  A  verse  which  has  the  com¬ 
plete  number  of  syllables. 
Ae-£ede',  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
accedere .]  To  agree  or  assent;  to 
become  a  party. 

AE-^ELi'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  accelerate.]  To  quicken  the 
motion  or  action  of ;  to  hasten ;  to 
expedite. 

Ae-^el/er-a'tion,  n.  Increase  of 
motion  or  action. 

Ae-^el'er-a-tive,  )  a.  Accelerat- 
Ae-^el'er-a-to-ry,  }  ing  ;  quick¬ 
ening  motion. 

Xe'^ent,  n.  [Lat.  accentus.]  1.  A 
superior  force  of  voice  on  some  par¬ 
ticular  syllable  of  a  word.  (See  Prin. 
of  Pron.  §  110.)  2.  A  mark  in  writ¬ 
ing  to  regulate  the  pronunciation. 

3.  A  peculiar  modulation  of  the 

voice.  r 

Ae-^ent',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
pronounce,  utter,  or  mark  with  ac¬ 
cent.  [cent. 

Ae-eent'u-ae,  a.  Relating  to  ac- 
AE-^ENT'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.J 
To  mark  or  pronounce  with  an  ac¬ 
cent. 

Ae-£ENT/u-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  writ¬ 
ing  or  of  pronouncing  accents. 
Ae-^ept',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
acceptare.]  1.  To  receive  with  a  con¬ 
senting  mind.  2.  To  admit  and 
agree  to.  3.  To  receive  as  obligatory 
and  promise  to  pay. 

G,  hard  ;  A§ ;  ejist  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


or,  do,  wqTjF,  too,  to'ok-,  Orn,  rue,  pyuL, ;  e,  /,  o,  silent ;  y,  g,  soft; 


ACCEPTABLE 


ACCUSATORY 


4 


AE-9EPT'A-BLE,  a.  Worthy  or  sure 
of  being  accepted ;  hence,  pleasing 
to  a  receiver. 

Syn.—  Agreeable;  welcome. 
Ae-9EPT'a-ble-ness,  1  n.  Quality  of 
Ae-^ept'a-bil'i-ty,  j  being  ac¬ 
ceptable  or  agreeable. 
Ae-^EPT'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  accept¬ 
able  manner. 

Ae-9fiPT'AN9E,  n.  1.  Favorable  re¬ 
ception.  2.  (a.)  An  assent  and  en¬ 
gagement  to  pay  a  bill  of  exchange 
when  due.  (b.)  The  bill  itself  when 
accepted.  [2.  Meaning. 

Xe^EP-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Acceptance. 
Ae-^ept'er,  n.  One  who  accepts. 
AE-9ESS'  or  AE'9ESS,  n.  [Lat.  acces- 
sus.  See  Accede.]  1.  Near  ap¬ 
proach,  admittance.  2.  Means  or  way 
of  approach.  3.  Increase. 
Ac-^ES'SA-RY,  a.  1.  Additional;  ac¬ 
cessory.  2.  Uniting  in,  or  con¬ 
tributing  to,  a  crime. — n.  One  who 
in  some  way  becomes  concerned  in 
a  crime,  either  before  or  after  the 
deed  is  committed. 

Ae^es'si-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  approachable.  [approach. 
A€-9ES'si-ble,  a.  Easy  of  access  or 
Ac-^es'sion  (-sesh/un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
acceding.  2.  Increase  by  something 
added ;  that  which  is  added. 

Syn.  — _Addition ;  augmentation. 
Xc^es-so'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
accessory. 

Ac-^ES'SO-RY,  a.  1.  Contributing;  — 
used  in  a  bad  sense.  2.  Additional ; 
accompanying. — n.  1.  One  guilty 
of  a  felonious  offense,  though  not 
present  at  its  perpetration.  2.  An 
accompaniment. 

Xg'CI-den^e,  n.  A  book  containing 
_  the  rudiments  of  grammar. 
Xe'91-DENT,  n.  1.  A  chance  event ; 
casualty;  contingency.  2.  A  property 
or  quality  of  a  being  which  is  not 
_  essential  to  it. 

Ae'91-DENT'AL,  a.  1.  Happening  by 
chance.  2.  Not  necessarily  belonging. 

Syn. —  Casual;  fortuitous;  contingent; 
incidental.  —  A  thing  is  accidental  when 
it  comes  without  being  planned  or  sought, 
as  a  meeting ;  it  is  incidental  when  it 
comes  in  as  secondary  or  out  of  the  gen¬ 
eral  course,  as  a  remark ;  it  is  casual  or 
fortuitous  as  opposed  to  what  is  constant 
and  regular,  as  an  occurrence  ;  it  is  con¬ 
tingent  as  opposed  to  what  is  settled  and 
fixed,  as  an  event. 

Xc^i-DENT'AL-LYjCrrft’.  By  chance  ; 
unexpectedly. 

Ae-elaim',  )  n.  A  shout  of  as- 

Ae'ela-ma'tion,  j  sent,  or  appro¬ 
bation.  [plause. 

Ae-el X M'A-TO-EY ,  a.  Expressing  ap- 
Ac-GLI'mate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
habituate  to  a  climate  not  native. 
Xe'GLI-MA'TION,  n.  Process  of  be¬ 
coming,  or  state  of  being,  acclimated. 
Ae-ELIV'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  accli vitas.]  A 
slope  considered  as  ascending ;  rising 
ground. 

Ae-GLPvofJS,  a.  Rising  with  a  slope. 
AE-e5m'MO-DATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  accommodate .]  1.  To  render 

lit,  suitable,  or  correspondent.  2. 


To  furnish  with  something  desired, 
needed,  or  convenient.  3.  To  recon¬ 
cile. 

Syn. —  To  suit;  adapt;  conform;  har¬ 
monize;  compose;  adjust;  furnish. 

Ae-eom'mo-dat'ing,  a.  Affording, 
or  disposed  to  afford,  accommoda¬ 
tion  ;  kind. 

Ae-eom'mo-da'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
fitting,  or  state  of  being  fitted.  2. 
pi.  Whatever  supplies  a  want  or  af¬ 
fords  ease,  refreshment,  or  conve¬ 
nience.  3.  Reconciliation. 

Af-eOM'PA-Nl-MENT,  n.  Something 
that  attends  as  a  circumstance,  or  is 
added  by  way  of  ornament  to  the 
principal  thing. 

Ae-eom'pa-nist,  n.  The  performer 
in  music  who  takes  the  accompany¬ 
ing  part. 

AE-e6m'PA-NY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING, 
142.]  [See  Company.]  To  go  with  or 
attend  as  a  companion  or  associate. 

Ag-gom'PLI9E,  n.  An  associate  in  a 
crime. 

Ag-gom'plish.u.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
accomplir.]  1.  To  finish  entirely  in 
time.  2.  To  bring  to  pass. 

Syn. —  To  execute;  fulfill;  effect;  re¬ 
alize. 

AG-GOM'PLlsiijED  (-kom'plisht),  p.  a. 
Complete  and  perfected. 

Ae-eom'plish-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of 
accomplishing.  2.  Acquirement ;  at¬ 
tainment. 

Ae-eompt'ant  (-kount'-),  n.  See 
Accountant. 

Ae-GORD',  n.  [From  Lat.  cor,  cordis, 
heart.]  1.  Concurrence  of  opinion, 
will,  or  action ;  agreement.  2.  Har¬ 
mony  of  sounds. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 

1.  To  make  to  agree  or  correspond. 

2.  To  grant ;  to  concede.  —  v.  i.  To 
be  in  accordance ;  to  agree,  [formity. 

Ag-€ORD'AN9E,  n.  Agreement;  con- 

Ae-GORD'ANT,  a.  Corresponding ; 
consonant;  agreeing;  agreeable. 

Ae-GORD'ING-LY,  adv.  In  accordance 
with.  [wind-instrument. 

Ae-eor'di-on,  n.  A  small  keyed 

Ae-eost'  (21),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  ad  and  costa.]  To  speak  first  to. 

Ae-eost'a-ble,  a.  Easy  of  access; 
affable. 

Ac co  uchement  ( ak'kooslffmSng') 
n.  [Fr.]  Delivery  in  child-bed. 

Accoucheur  (ak'koosh'fir'),  n. 
[Fr.]  A  man  who  assists  women  in 
childbirth  ;  a  man-midwife. 

Ag-gount',  n.  1.  A  reckoning ;  a 
computation.  2.  A  statement  in 
general.  3.  Importance  ;  value  ;  ad¬ 
vantage.  4.  Reason ;  consideration. 

Syn.  —  Narrative  ;  narration  ;  recital ; 
description  ;  detail.  —  In  giving  an  ac¬ 
count  of  a  thing,  if  we  make  it  a  contin¬ 
uous  story,  it  is  a  narrative  or  narration ; 
if  we  dwell  on  minute  particulars,  it  is  a 
recital  or  detail;  if  we  picture  a  thing 
out,  it  is  a  description. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING  ]  [Lat.  ad  and 
computare.]  1.  To  reckon.  2.  To 
hold  in  opinion  ;  to  estimate.  — v.  i. 
1.  To  render  an  account.  2.  To 
constitute  a  reason.  3.  To  render 
reasons  or  answer. 


Ae-eount'a-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Liability 
to  give  account,  and  to  suffer  pun¬ 
ishment. 

Ag-gount'a-ble,  a.  Liable  to  be 
called  to  account,  and  to  suffer  pun¬ 
ishment  or  pay  damages. 

Syn.  —  Amenable  ;  responsible. 

Ag-gount'ant,  n.  One  who  keeps, 
or  is  skilled  in,  accounts. 

Ag-gou'ter  1  (160),  v.  1.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

Ag-cou'tre  j  [Fr.  aacoutrer.]  To 
furnish  with  dress  or  equipments. 

Ag-gou'ter-ments,  I  n.  pi.  Dress; 

Ag-gou'tre-ments,  j  equipage  ; 
trappings. 

Ag-gred'it,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
accreditus.]  1.  To  receive,  as  an  en¬ 
voy,  in  his  public  character.  2.  To 
send  with  credentials,  as  an  envoy. 

Ag-gre'TION,  n.  [Lat.  accretio.]  1. 
An  increase  by  natural  growth.  2. 
A  growing  together. 

Ae-erue''  (32),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
accrue,  increase.]  To  increase  ;  to  be 
added,  as  increase,  profit,  or  damage. 

Syn.  — To  spring  up;  follow;  arise. 

Xe'EU-BA'TlON,  n.  A  reclining  on  a 
couch,  as  practiced  by  the  ancients 
at  their  meals. 

Ae-eum'ben-9Y,  n.  State  of  being 
accumbent. 

Ae-eum'bent,  a.  Reclining,  as  the 
ancients  did  at  their  meals. 

Ae-eu'mu-late,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  accumulatus.]  To  heap  up ;  to 
collect  or  bring  together.  — v.  i.  To 
increase  greatly. 

Ae-eu'mu-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  accu¬ 
mulating,  state  of  being  accumulat¬ 
ed,  or  that  which  is  accumulated. 

Syn.  —  Pde;  mass;  heap. 

Ae-eu'mu-la-tive,  a.  Causing  ac¬ 
cumulation  ;  accumulating. 

Ae'eu-ra-9Y,  )n.  State  of  be- 

Xg'eu-rate-ness,  J  ing  accurate  ; 
exactness  ;  correctness. 

Xe'EU-RATE,  a.  [Lat.  accuratus.]  In 
careful  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a 
standard  or  rule. 

Syn.  —  Correct;  precise;  just;  nice.— 
A  man  is  accurate  or  correct  when  he 
avoids  faults  ;  exact  when  he  attends  to 
all  the  minutise,  leaving  nothing  neglect¬ 
ed  ;  precise  wThen  he  does  any  thing  ac¬ 
cording  to  a  certain  rule  or  measure. 

Ae'eu-rate-ly,  adv.  In  an  accurate 
manner. 

Ae-eOrse',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  de¬ 
vote  to  destruction  ;  to  curse. 

Ae-eOrs'ed,  p.  p.  or  a.  (part,  pro¬ 
nounced  ak -karst',  a.  ak-kQrs'ed). 

1.  Doomed  to  destruction  or  misery. 

2.  Detestable  ;  execrable. 

Xe''eu-§a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  accus¬ 
ing^  2.  That  of  w'hich  one  is  accused. 

Ae-eu'§a-tIve,  a.  (  Gram .)  Applied 
to  the  case  on  which  the  action  of  a 
verb  terminates  or  falls.  —  n.  The 
fourth  case  of  Greek  and  Latin  nouns, 
corresponding  to  the  objective  in 
English. 

Ae-eu'sa-tIve-LY,  adv.  In  relation 
to  the  accusative  case. 

AE-EU'gA-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  containing,  an  accusation. 


A,  e,  1,  o,  u,  y,  long ;  A,e,I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n. 


ACCUSE 

AE-EUSE',  V.  t.  [-ed ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
accusare .]  To  charge  with  a  crime, 
offense,  or  fault. 

Syn. —  To  arraign;  censure;  impeach. 
—  We  censure  or  accuse  a  man  for  what 
is  wrong  ;  we  arraign  him  for  trial  ;  we 
impeach  him  for  maladministration  or 
impropriety. 

Ae-eu§'er,  n.  One  who  accuses. 

I  AE-EUS'TOM,  V.  t.  f-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 

make  familiar  by  use  ;  to  habituate 
_  or  inure. 

A9E,n.  [Lat.  as.]  1.  A  single  point 
on  a  card  or  die  ;  or  the  card  or  die 
so  marked.  2.  A  particle;  anatom. 
A-^eph'A-loDs,  a.  [Gr.  <Lce'0aAos.] 
Without  a  head ;  headless. 

:  A-^Erb'i-ty,  n.  [Lat .  acerb itas.]  1. 

Sourness  of  taste,  with  bitterness  and 
astringency.  2.  Harshness,  bitter¬ 
ness,  or  severity.  [ing  sour. 

A-9ES'CENT,a.  [Lat.  acescens.]  Turn- 
A^'E-TATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
acetic  acid  united  to  a  base. 

A-^ET'IE,  or  A-^e'tic,  a.  [Lat.  ace- 
tum,  vinegar.]  Composed,  as  a  cer¬ 
tain  acid,  of  four  parts  each  of  car¬ 
bon,  hydrogen ,  and  oxygen. 
A-9ETG-fi-ea'tion,  n.  Act  of  mak¬ 
ing  sour ;  the  operation  of  making 
vinegar. 

A-cet'i-fy,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing, 
142.]  [Lat.  acetum  and  facere .]  To 
turn  into  acid  or  vinegar. 
A^e-tIm'e-ter,  n.  [Lat.  acetum, 
and  metrum.]  An  instrument  for 
ascertaining  the  strength  of  vinegar 
or  other  acids. 

AC'e-tIm'e-try,  n.  Art  of  ascertain¬ 
ing  the  strength  of  acids. 

A-^e'toiJs,  a.  1.  Sour.  2.  Causing 
acetification. 

Ache  (ak),  v.  i.  [-el  ,  -ing,  140.] 

1  [A.-S.  acan ,  Gr.  d^eiv.]  To  have,  or  be 

in,  pain,  or  in  continued  pain.  —  n. 
Continued  pain.  [achieved. 

A-chiev'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
A-CHIEVE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;,-ING.]  [Fr. 
ackever .]  To  carry  on  to  a  final  close. 

Syn. —  To  complete;  accomplish;  ful¬ 
fill;  realize. 

A-chieve'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  achiev- 
:  ing;  accomplishment.  2.  A  great  or 

heroic  deed. 

Syn. — Feat;  deed;  completion., 
A-CHIEV'ER,  n.  One  who  accom¬ 
plishes  a  purpose. 

j  Aeh'RO-MAT'IE,  a.  [Gr.  ixpuparos .] 

Not  showing  color,  from  the  decom¬ 
position  of  light. 

Aeh/ro-ma-t^'I-ty,  1  n.  State  of 
>  A-EHRO'MA-TlgM,  j  being  ach¬ 

romatic. 

A-9I€'U-LAR,  a.  Slender,  like  a  needle. 
X^'id,  a.  Sour,  sharp,  or  biting  to  the 
taste  ;  tart.  —  n.  A  sour  substance. 
A-CID'I-fFA-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
acidified.  [iug. 

A^YdG-fi-EA'TION,  n.  Act  of  acidifi- 
A-91WI-FY,  v.  t.ori.  [-ED;  -ING, 142.] 
w  To  make  or  become  acid. 
XcG-dim'e-ter,  n.  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  strength  of  acids. 
A-cTd'i-ty,  1  n.  Quality  of  being  acid 
Ac'id-NESS,  j  or  sour  ;  sharpness  ; 
sourness. 

5 

A-91d'u-late, v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  slightly  acid. 

A-oid'u-lous,  a.  [Lat.  acidulur.] 
slightly  sour ;  sourish. 

Ao-knowl'edge  (-noFej), v. t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [From  prefix  a  and  knowl¬ 
edge .]  To  own,  avow,  or  admit ;  to 
recognize  as  a  fact,  truth,  or  benefit. 

Syn.  —  To  concede  ;  confess  ;  allow  ; 
recognize.  —  We  acknowledge  what  we 
feel  bound  to  make  known,  as  &  fault  or 
a  favor ;  we  concede  and  allow  what  is 
claimed  or  asked  ;  we  recognize  when  at 
first  we  were  doubtful ;  we  confess  what 
is  wrong  or  may  appear  so. 

Ac-knowl’edg-ment  (-noF-,  137), 
11.  1.  Act  of  acknowledging.  2.  Some¬ 
thing  given  or  done  in  return  for  a 
favor. 

Ae'me,  n.  [Gr.  d/cp.77.]  Height,  top,  or 
highest  point,  of  a  thing. 

X-e'o-LYTE,  1  n.  [Gr.  d.KoAoi/0o?.]  An 

Ae'o-lyth,  j  inferior  church  serv¬ 
ant. 

Ae'o-nIte,  n.  Wolf’s-bane,  a  poison. 

A'eorn,  n.  [A.-S.  secern.]  The  seed 
or  fruit  of  an  oak. 

A-eot'y-le'don,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and 
/cotuAtjScov.]  A  plant  in  which  the 
seed-lobes  are  not  present. 

A-eot'y-led'o-noOs,  a.  Having 

either  no  seed-lobes,  or  such  as  are 
indistinct. 

A-EOU'STIE  (-kow'stik),  a.  [Gr.  on cov- 
ctti/cos.]  Pertaining  to  hearing,  or 
to  the  doctrine  of  sounds. 

A-EOU'STIES,  n.  sing.  The  science  of 
sounds. 

AE-QUAINT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Fr.  accointer.]  1.  To  make  familiar. 
2.  To  communicate  notice  to. 

Syn.  —  To  apprise;  to  inform. 

Ac-quaint'an9e,  n.  1.  Familiar 

knowledge.  2.  A  person  or  persons 
well  known. 

Syn. — Familiarity  ;  fellowship  ;  inti¬ 
macy.  —  Intimacy  is  the  result  of  close 
connection,  and  hence  is  the  stronger 
word;  familiarity  springs  from  frequent 
intercourse. 

Ac/qui-es9E',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  acquiescere.]  To  rest  satisfied, 
or  apparently  satisfied. 

Syn.  —  To  accede  ;  assent;  consent; 
comply;  concur. 

Ac/QUI-ES'9EN9E,  n.  A  silent  assent 
or  submission. 

Ae'QUI-ES^ENT, a.  Submitting;  dis¬ 
posed  to  submit.  [acquired. 

Ae-quir'a-ble.  a.  Capable  of  being 

AE-QUIRE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
acquirere.]  To  gain,  usually  by  one’s 
own  labor  or  exertions. 

Syn. —  To  attain  ;  obtain  ;  procure  ; 
earn;  win;  secure; 

Ae-QUIRE'MENT,  n.  Act  of  acquiring, 
or  that  which  is  acquired. 

Syn. —Attainment;  gain;  acquisition. 

Ae'QUI-gl'TlON  (-zish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  acquiring.  2.  The  thing  acquired. 

Ae-QUIs'i-tive,  a.  Disposed  to  make 
acquisitions. 

AE-QUlg'l-TiVE-NESS,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  acquisitive. 

AE-QUYt',  V.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  [Fr. 
ac.quitter.]  1.  To  set  free;  to  release 

ACTIONABLE 

or  discharge,  especially  from  an  obli¬ 
gation,  accusation,  suspicion,  &c.  2. 
Rffiexively ,  to  bear  or  conduct  one’s 
self. 

.  Syn.  —  To  clear;  absolve. 

A€-QUIT'TAL,  n.  Formal  deliverance 
from  the  charge  of  an  offense. 
Ae-QUIT'tan9E,  n.  Discharge  from 
debt. 

A'ERE  (a/ker,  160),  n.  [A.-S.  acer, 
secer.]  A  piece  of  land  containing  160 
square  rods  or  perches,  or  4840  square 
yards.  [pungent. 

AE'RID,  a.  Of  a  biting  taste  ;  sharp  ; 
Ae'rid-ness,  n.  A  sharp,  harsh  qual¬ 
ity  ;  pungency. 

Ae'ri-mo'ni-oOs,  a.  1.  Abounding 
with  acrimony.  2.  Sarcastic. 

Syn.  —  Sharp;  severe;  bitter;  caustic. 

Ae'RI-MO-NY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  cor¬ 
roding  or  dissolving.  2.  Sharpness 
or  severity,  as  of  language  or  temper. 

Syn.  —  Asperity;  harshness;  tartness. 

—  Acrimony  springs  from  an  embittered 
spirit;  tartness  from  an  irritable  temper; 
asperity  and  harshness  from  disregard  for 
the  feelings  of  others. 

Ae'ri-tude  (53),  n.  [Lat.  acritudo .] 

An  acrid  quality. 

Ae'ro-at'ie,^  [Gr.  axpoaTiKos.]  De- 
w  signed  only  to  be  heard  ;  oral. 
Ae'ro-bXt,  n.  [Gr.  a/epo?.  and  fiaC- 
veiv.]  One  who  practices  high  vault- 
w  ing,  rope-dancing,  & c.  [acrobat. 

Ae'ro-bXt'IE,  a.  Belonging  to  an 
A-ERON'ye-AL,  a.  [Gr.  aKpovu/cTos.] 

( Astron .)  Rising  at  sunset  and  set¬ 
ting  at  sunrise,  as  a  star. 

A-erop'o-lYs,  n.  Upper  or  higher 
part  of  a  Grecian  city  ;  hence,  the 
w  citadel  or  castle. 

Ae'RO-SPIRE  ,  n.  [Gr.  dxpo?  and  o"7rei- 
pa.]  A  sprout  at  the  end  of  a  seed. 
A-ER5SS'  (21),  prep.  From  side  to 
side  of;  crosswise  of.  —  adv.  From 
side  to  side  ;  crosswise. 

A-EROS'TIE,  n.  [Gr.  aKpvaTtxou.]  A 
composition,  in  which  the  first  or 
the  last  letter  of  every  line,  or  of 
every  word,  read  collectively,  form 
a  name  or  sentence. 

Aet,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing,  137.]  [Lat. 
actus.]  1.  To  exert  power.  2.  To  be  in 
action  or  motion.  3.  To  behave 
or  conduct.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  perform, 
especially  on  the  stage.  2.  Hence,  to 
feign  or  counterfeit.  3.  To  assume 
the  office  or  character  of.  —  n.  1. 
That  which  is  done  or  doing;  per¬ 
formance  ;  deed.  2.  A  decree,  edict, 
law,  judgment,  or  award.  3.  One  of 
the  principal  divisions  of  a  play.  4. 

A  state  of  reality,  or  real  existence. 

5.  A  state  of  preparation. 

Ae'tin-ism,  n.  A  property  in  the  so¬ 
lar  rays  which  produces  chemical 
changes,  as  in  photography. 

Ae'TION,  n.  1.  Exertion  of  power; 
or  the  effect  of  power  exerted ;  agen¬ 
cy.  2.  An  act  or  thing  done  ;  a  deed; 
hence,  conduct ;  behavior.  3.  A  le¬ 
gal  suit  or  process.  4.  An  engage¬ 
ment  between  troops. 

Ae'tion-a-ble  ,  a.  Admitting  a  suit, 
or  an  action  at  law. 

I  OR,  DO,  WOLF,  Too,  took  ;  Orn,rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  4,  soft;  e,  G,  hard;  Ag;  e>cist;  n  as  NG  ;  THIS- 

ACTIVE 


ADJURATION 


Xct'ive  ,  n.  1.  Having  the  power  or 
quality  of  acting.  2.  Constantly  en¬ 
gaged  in  action  ;  hence,  energetic  ; 
busy.  3.  Practical;  operative;  pro¬ 
ducing  real  effects.  4.  Expressing 
the  passing  of  an  action  from  an 
agent  to  an  object,  as  certain  verbs 
do;  transitive. 

Syn.  —  Brisk  ;  alert  ;  agile  ;  nimble  ; 
sprightly;  prompt. 

Act'ive-ly,  ado.  In  an  active  man- 
^  ner ;  nimbly. 

Act'Ive-ness,  (  n.  Quality  of  being 
Ao-tiv'i-ty,  j  active ;  nimble- 

ness ;  agility. 

ACT'OR,  n.  One  who  acts  ;  one  who 
w  plays  on  the  stage.  [plays. 

Act'ress,  n.  A  female  who  acts  or 
ACT'U-al,  a.  1.  Existing  in  act;  re¬ 
ally  acted  or  acting.  2.  Existing  at 
the  present  time. 

Aet'u-al-ly,  adv.  In  act  or  fact; 
really ;  truly. 

Xct'u-A-ry,  n.  1.  A  registrar  or 
clerk.  2.  Manager  of  a  joint-stock 
company. 

ACT'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
put  into  action  ;  to  incite  to  action. 

Syn. —  To  move;  impel;  instigate;  in¬ 
duce;  rouse;  animate. 

A-CU'LE-ATE,a.  Having  prickles,  or 
sharp  points. 

A-cu'men,  n.  Penetration  of  mind; 
nice  discrimination. 

Syn. — Acuteness;  astuteness;  shrewd¬ 
ness;  perspicuity;  discernment. 
A-cu'mi-nate,  a.  Having  a  long, 
tapering  point. 

A-C'U'mi-na'TION,  n.  A  sharpening; 

termination  _in  a  sharp  point. 
A-C'U-PUNCT'URE,  n.  Introduction  of 
needles  into  the  living  tissues  for 
remedial  purposes. 

A-euTE',n.  1.  Sharp  at  the  end  ;  point¬ 
ed.  2.  Penetrating;  shrewd.  3.  Sus¬ 
ceptible  of  slight  impressions.  4. 
High,  or  shrill,  in  respect  to  some 
other  sound.  5.  Coming  speedily  to  a 
crisis. 

Sy^n.— Penetrating;  piercing;  pointed; 
shrewd:  subtle. 

A-cute'ly,  adv.  Sharply  ;  shrewdly  ; 
keenly. 

AD'AGE,  n.  [Lat.  adagiuiv.]  An  old 
saying,  which  has  obtained  credit  by 
long  use. 

Syn.  —  Maxim  ;  proverb  ;  aphorism  ; 
axiom;  saw. 

A-da'gio  (-jo),  a.  [It.]  ( Mus .)  Mov¬ 
ing  slowly,  leisurely,  and  gracefully. 
Xd'A-mXnt,  n.  [Gr.  dfid.ju.as.]  A 
stone  imagined  to  be  of  impenetrable 
hardness;  —  a  name  given  to  the 
diamond  and  other  very  hard  sub¬ 
stances.  [mant. 

Id'A-MAN-te'AN.  a.  Hard  as  ada- 
Ad'A-mXnt'Ine,  a.  Made  of,  or  hav¬ 
ing  the  qualities  of,  adamant. 
Ad'am'2-Xp'ple,  n.  The  projection 
formed  by  the  thyroid  cartilage  in 
the  neck. 

A-dXpt',  v.  t.  [-ET) ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
adaptare .]  To  make  fit  or  suitable. 

Syn.— To  suit;  accommodate;  adjust; 
apply;  attune. 


6 

A-dXpt'a-bil'i-ty.  1  n.  Quality  of 

A-dXpt'a  ble-ness,  j  being  adapt¬ 
able  :  suitableness.  [adapted. 

A-dXpt'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

AD'AP-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  adapting, 
or  fitting  ;  the  state  of  being  adapted ; 
fitness. 

ADD,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat.  addere.] 
To  join  or  unite,  as  one  thing  or  sum 
to  another. 

Syn.  — To  subjoin;  to  annex.  —  We 
add  numbers,  &c.  ;  we  subjoin  an  after¬ 
thought;  we  annex  some  adjunct,  as  ter¬ 
ritory. 

Ad-den'dum,  n. ;  pi.  a  d-den'  da. 
[Lat.]  A  thing  to  be  added. 

AD'der,  n.  [A.-S.  setter.]  A  venom¬ 
ous  serpent ;  a  viper. 

Ad-dIct',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
addictus.]  To  apply  habitually ;  to 
accustom ;  to  habituate. 

Syn. — To  devote;  to  dedicate  to.—  Ad¬ 
dict  is  commonly  used  in  a  bad  sense, 
the  other  two  in  a  good  one;  addicted  to 
vice;  devoted  to  literature;  dedicated  to 
religion. 

Ad-dict'ed-ness,  n.  Devotedness. 

Ad-di'tion  (-dlsh'un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
adding.  2.  Any  thing  added ;  in¬ 
crease.  3.  A  branch  of  arithmetic. 
4.  A  title  annexed  to  a  man’s  name. 

Syn.  —  Accession ;  augmentation. 

Ad-di'tion-al  (-dlsh'un-),  a.  Added. 

Ad-dI'tion-al-LY,  adv.  By  way  of 

_  addition. 

AD'dle,  a.  [A.-S.  adl.]  Putrid  ;  cor¬ 
rupt  ;  hence,  unfruitful  or  barren,  as 
brains. 

Ad-dress',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
directus.]  1.  To  direct  words  or  dis¬ 
course  to.  2.  To  direct  in  writing, 
as  a  letter.  3.  To  court;  to  woo. 
4.  To  consign  to  the  care  of  another. 

—  n.  1.  A  formal  application,  speech, 
discourse,  petition,  & c.  2.  Manner 
of  speaking  to  another.  3.  pi.  At- 
ention  in  the  way  of  courtship.  4. 
Skill ;  dexterity.  5.  Direction  or 
superscription  of  a  letter. 

Ad-du^e'  (30),  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  adducere.]  To  present  or  offer ; 
to  bring  forward  by-way  of  proof. 

Syn.  —  To  allege;  cite;  quote  ;  ad¬ 
vance;  introduce. 

Ad-du'^ent,  a.  Bringing  forward. 

AD-DU'(tl-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
adduced.  [ward. 

Ad-due'tion,  n.  Act  of  bringing  for- 

Ad-due'tive,  a.  Bringing  forward. 

Ad'e-nol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  dfipv  and 
Aoyo? . ]  The  doctrine  of  the  glands, 

their  nature,  and  their  uses. 

A-dept',  n.  One  well  skilled  in  any  art. 

—  a.  [Lat.  adeptus .]  Well  skilled  ; 

_  skillful. 

Ad'e-QUA-<^y,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  adequate. 

Ad'e-quate,  a.  [Lat.  adsequatus.] 
Equal,  proportionate,  or  correspond- 
ent ;  fully  sufficient.  [fitly. 

Ad'e-QUATE-ly,  adv.  In  proportion  ; 

AD'E-QUATE-NESS,  n.  Adequacy; 
sufficiency. 

Ab-HERE'.’r.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
adhxrere.]  1.  To  stick  fast  or  cleave. 
2.  To  hold,  be  attached,  or  devoted. 


Ad-her'en<?e  )  (89),  n.  Quality  or 
Ad  her'en-^y  )  state  of  adhering. 
Ad-her'ent,  a.  United  with  or  to; 
sticking. — n.  One  who  adheres. 

Syn.  —  Partisan  ;  follower;  supporter; 
advocate. 

Ad-he'^ion,  n.  Act  or  state  of 
sticking,  or  being  attached. 
Ad-he'sive,  a.  Sticky;  tenacious. 
Ad-he'sIve-ly,  adv.  In  an  adhe¬ 
sive  manner. 

Ad-he'sIve  -ness,  n.  Quality  of 
sticking,  or  adhering. 
Ad-hor'ta-to-ry,  a.  Containing 
counsel  or  warning. 

A-DIEU'  (a-dd',  30),  adv.  Good-by  ; 

farewell.  —  n.  A  farewell ;  commen- 
w  dation  to  the  care  of  God. 
Ad'i-po-cere',  7i.  [Lat.  adeps  and 
cera.]  A  soft,  unctuous,  waxy  sub¬ 
stance,  into  which  the  fat  and  mus¬ 
cular  fiber  of  dead  bodies  are  changed 
by  long  immersion  in  water  or  spirit. 
AD'i-POSE7,  a.  [Lat.  adeps,  fat.]  Fat; 
w  fatty. 

Ad'it,  n.  [Lat.  aditus.]  1.  A  hori¬ 
zontal  or  inclined  entrance  into  a 
mine.  2.  Passage  ;  access. 
Ad-ja'cen-^Y,  v.  State  of  being  ad¬ 
jacent.  [actually  touching. 

Ad-ja'cent,  a.  L} ing  near,  but  not 
Ad'jec-tT'val,  or  Ad'jec-tiv-al, 
a.  Pertaining  to  an  adjective. 
Ad'jeg-tive,  n.  [Lat.  adjectivum.] 
A  word  used  with  a  noun  or  substan¬ 
tive,  to  describe,  specify,  limit,  or  de¬ 
fine  it,  or  to  denote  some  property 
of  it. 

AD'JEG-Tl VE-LY,  adv.  In  the  man¬ 
ner  of  an  adjective. 

Ad-join',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  be 
contiguous  or  next ;  to  be  in  contact 
or  very  near.  —  v.t.  To  join  or  unite 
to. 

Ad-journ',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
adjourner .]  To  put  off  to  another 
time. — v.i.  To  suspend  business 
for  a  time ;  to  close  the  session  of  a 
public  body. 

Syn.— To  postpone;  defer;  delay; 
prorogue.  —  A  court.,  legislature,  or  meet¬ 
ing  is  adjourned ;  parliament  is  pro¬ 
rogued  at  the  end  of  a  session ;  we  delay 
or  defer  a  thing  to  a  future  time  ;  we 
postpone  it  when  we  make  it  give  way  to 
something  else. 

Ad-journ'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  ad¬ 
journing.  2.  The  interval  during 
which  a  public  body  defers  business. 
Ad-jDdge',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
adjvdicare.]  1.  To  award  or  decree 
judicially  or  by  authority.  2.  To 
sentence. 

AD-JU'DI-CATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  try  and  determine,  as  a  court. 
Ad-ju'di-ca'tion,  n.  Judicial  sen- 
^  tence,  judgment,  or  decision. 
Ad'junct,  n.  Something  joined  to 
another  thing,  but  not  an  essential 
part  of  it;  an  appendage.  —  a.  Added 
or  united. 

Ad-JUNCT'i VE ,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  joining.  —  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  is  joined. 

AD'JU-RA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  adjur¬ 
ing.  2.  The  form  of  oath. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  E,  I,  6,  ft,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


1 


ADJURE 


ADVANCEMENT 


Ad-jure',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
adjurare.]  To  charge,  command,  or 
entreat  solemnly  and  earnestly,  as  if 
under  oath. 

Ad-jGst',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ins.]  [L.  Lat. 
adjustare .]  1.  To  make  exact  or 

conformable.  2.  To  reduce  to  or¬ 
der.  3.  To  set  right. 

Syn.  —  To  fit ;  adapt ;  suit ;  regulate. 

Ad-jOst'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
adjusted. 

Ad-jOst'ment,  n.  Act  of  adjusting ; 
arrangement  ;  disposition  ;  settle- 

^  ment.  [tant. 

AD'JU-TAN-C  Y,  n.  Office  of  an  adju- 

Xd'ju-tant,  n.  An  officer  who  assists 
the  superior  officers  in  the  execution 
of  orders,  conducting  correspond- 

^  ence,  placing  guards,  &c. 

AD'ju-yant,  a.  Helping  ;  assisting. 

AD-MEAg'URE  (-mezh'ur),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  take  the  dimensions,  size, 
or  capacity  of. 

Ad-meas'ure-ment,  n.  1.  Act  or 
process  of  admeasuring.  2.  Dimen¬ 
sions  ascertained.  [ment. 

Ad-MEN'su-ra'tion,  n.  Admeasure- 

AD-MIN'IS-TER,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  manage,  as  public  affairs.  2. 
To  dispense,  as  justice.  3.  To  give, 
as  an  oath.  4.  To  settle,  as  an  estate. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  contribute.  2.  To 
perform  the  office  of  administrator. 

Ad-mIn'is-te'ri-al,  a.  Pertainiug 
to  administration. 

Ad-min'is-tra-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  administered. 

AD-MIn'IS-TRA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of 
administering.  2.  Executive  part 
of  the  government.  3.  Management 
of  an  estate  of  a  deceased  person. 

Ad-min'is-TRA'TIVE,  a.  Administer¬ 
ing. 

Ad-min'is-tra'tor.  n.  One  to  whom 
the  right  of  administration  has  been 
committed  by  competent  authority. 

Ad-mIn'is-tra'tor-ship,  n.  Office 
of  administrator. 

Ad-min'is-tra'trix,  ti.  A  woman 
who  administers.  [ration. 

Ad'MI-RA-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  admi- 
Syn. —  Wonderful;  rare;  excellent. 

Ad'mi-ra-bl y,  adv.  In  an  admira¬ 
ble  manner. 

Ad'mi-ral,,  ti.  [Ar.  a7nh-al-bd.hr.] 
A  naval  officer  of  the  highest  rank. 

Ad'mi-ral-ty  (112),  n.  The  body  of 
officers  appointed  for  the  manage¬ 
ment  of  naval  affairs. 

Xd'mi-ra'tion,  71.  Wonder  mingled 
with  pleasing  emotions,  as  approba¬ 
tion,  esteem,  or  love. 

Ad-mTre',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
admirari.]  1.  To  regard  with  wonder 
or  surprise,  mingled  with  approba¬ 
tion,  reverence,  or  affection.  2.  To 
estimate  or  prize  highly. 

Ad-Mir'er,  n.  One  who  admires. 

Ad-mis'si-bil'i-ty,  ti.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  admissible. 

Ad-mIs'si-ble  ,  a.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  admitted. 

Ad-mIs'sion  (-mish'un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
admitting.  2.  Leave  to  enter  ;  access. 


*  7 

Ad-mIt',  V.  t.  [-TED  ; -TING.]  [Lat. 
admittere ,  concession  in  argument.] 
1.  To  grant  entrance  to.  2.  To  re¬ 
ceive  as  true.  3.  To  be  capable  of. 

Syn.  — To  concede  ;  grant  ;  permit  ; 
allow.  —  Admit  has  the  widest  sense. 
We  (/rant  or  concede  what  is  claimed  : 
we  allow  what  we  suffer  to  take  place  or 
yield  ;  we  permit  what  we  consent  to. 

Ad-mit'tan^e,  ti.  1.  Act  of  admit¬ 
ting.  2.  Permission  to  enter. 

Ad-mix',  v.  t.  To  mingle  with  some¬ 
thing  else. 

Ad-mix'tion  (-mTkst'yun,  97),  n. 
[Lat.  admixtio .]  A  union  by  mixing 
different  substances  together. 

Ad-mixt'ure,  71.  1.  A  mixing.  2. 

What  is  mixed. 

AD-MON'ISH,!’.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
admonere.]  1.  To  reprove  gently.  2. 
To  counsel  against  wrong  practices. 
3.  To  instruct  or  direct ;  to  inform. 

Syn.  —  To  reprove;  caution  ;  rebuke; 
reprimand  ;  warn  ;  advise.  —  We  advise 
as  to  future  conduct;  we  warn  of  danger 
or  by  way  of  threat;  we  admonish  with  a 
view  to  one’s  improvement;  we  reprove , 
reprimand,  and  rebuke  by  way  of  pun¬ 
ishment. 

Ad-mon'ish-er,  71.  A  reprover. 

Ad'mo-ni'tion  (-nlsh'uu),  n.  Gentle 
or  friendly  reproof  or  counsel. 

Ad-mon'I-tive,  )  a.  Containing  ad- 

Ad-mon'i-to-ry,  j  monition  ;  ad¬ 
monishing. 

Ad-nas'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  adnascens .] 
Growing  to  or  on  something  else. 

A-DO'(23),  ti.  [Prefix  a,  for  to,  and 
do.]  Trouble  ;  labor  ;  difficulty. 

Adobe  (a-do'bi),  n.  [Sp.]  An  un- 

^  burnt  brick  dried  in  the  sun. 

AD'o-lLs'^ence,  n.  Youth. 

Ad'o-lLs'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  adol.esce.71s.] 
Advancing  from  childhood  to  man¬ 
hood. 

A-dopt',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ac/optare.]  To  select  and  take  as 
one’s  own  when  not  so  before. 

A-dop'tion,  ti.  1.  Act  of  adopting, 
or  state  of  being  adopted.  2.  The 
receiving  as  one’s  own  what  is  new 
or  not  natural.  [Adopting. 

A-dopt'ive,  a.  1.  Adopted.  2. 

A-dor'a-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  adora¬ 
tion.  [being  adorable. 

A-dor'a-ble-ness,  ti.  Quality  of 

A-dor'a-BLY,  adv.  With  adoration. 

AD'o-ra'tion,  71.  1.  Worship  paid 

to  a  di  vine  being.  2.  Homage  to  one 
in  high  esteem. 

A-dore',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ad  or  are.]  1.  To  worship  with  pro¬ 
found  reverence.  2.  To  love  in  the 
highest  degree. 

A-dor'er,  n.  A  worshiper  ;  a  lover. 

A-d6rn',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
adornare.]  To  render  beautiful ;  to 
decorate. 

Syn.  —  To  deck  ;  embellish  :  set  off ; 
beautify;  ornament.  —  We  decorate  and 
ornament  for  the  sake  of  show  ;  we  em¬ 
bellish  and  adorn  to  heighten  beauty. 

A-dorn'ment,  71.  Embellishment. 

Ad-os'cu-la'TION,  ti.  1.  Impregna¬ 
tion  of  plants  by  the  falling  of  the 
farina  on  the  pistil.  2.  A  species  of 
ingrafting. 


A-DOWN',  prep.  Down  ;  toward  the 
ground. — adv.  Downward. 
A-drift',  a.  or  adv.  Floating  at  ran¬ 
dom  ;  at  large. 

A-droit',  a.  [Fr.  d  droit,  to  the  right.] 
Possessing  or  exercising  skill  or  dex¬ 
terity. 

Syn. —  Skillful;  expert;  clever;  dex¬ 
terous;  ingenious. 

A-droit'ly,  adv.  Ingeniously. 
A-droit'ness,  n.  Dexterity  ;  readi¬ 
ness^  of  body  or  mind. 

A-dry',  a.  Thirsty. 

AD's^l-Ti'Tiotis  (-tish'us),  a.  [Lat. 

adsciscere.]  Taken  as  supplemental. 
AD'u-E A'TION,  71.  [Lat.  adulatio.] 
^  Servile  flattery  ;  sycophancy. 
Ad'u-la'tor,  n.  A  servile  flatterer ; 
w  a  sycophant.  [cess. 

Xd'u-la'to-ry,  a.  Flattering  to  ex- 
A-dijlt',  a.  [Lat.  adultus.]  Having 
arrived  at  mature  years.  —  n.  A  per¬ 
son  or  thing  grown  to  maturity. 
A-dGl/ter-ant,w.  A  person  or  thing 
that  adulterates. 

A-dOl'ter-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  ING.] 
[Lat.  adulterare.]  To  debase  or  cor¬ 
rupt  by  admixture  of  baser  materials. 
A-dAl'ter-ate,  a.  Debased;  cor¬ 
rupted  ;  contaminated. 
A-dOl'ter-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  adul¬ 
terating,  or  state  of  being  adulter¬ 
ated.  [adultery. 

A-dOl'ter-ER,  ti.  A  man  guilty  of 
A-dul'ter-ess,  71.  A  woman  who 
commits  adultery. 

A-dGl'ter-ine,  or  A-dul'ter-ine, 
a.  Proceeding  from  adultery.  —  n. 
A  child  born  in  adultery. 
A-dul'ter-oGs,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
guilty  of,  adultery. 

A-due'ter-y,  n.  1.  A  violation  of 
the  marriage-bed.  2.  (Script.)  Vio¬ 
lation  of  one’s  religious  covenant. 
A-dult'ness,  ti.  State  of  being  an 
adult.  [shadow. 

Ad-um'brant,  a.  Giving  a  faint 
AD-Gm'BRATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  adumbrare.]  To  shadow  faintly 
^  forth  ;  to  typify. 

AD'UM-BRA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  shad¬ 
owing  forth.  2.  A  faint  resemblance. 
A-dun'ci-ty,  n.  [Lat.  aduncitas.] 
Hookedness. 

A-dust',  a.  [Lat.  adustus.]  1.  Burnt 
or  scorched.  2.  Looking  as  if  burnt 
or  scorched. 

AD-VAN9E'  (6),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[0.  Fr.  advancer.]  1.  To  bring  for¬ 
ward.  2.  To  raise  to  a  higher  rank. 
3.  To  accelerate  the  growth  or  pro¬ 
gress  of.  4.  To  offeror  propose.  5.  To 
supply  beforehand.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
move  or  go  forward.  2.  To  improve. 
3.  To  rise  in  rank,  office,  or  conse¬ 
quence.  —  71.  1.  A  moving  forward  ; 
approach.  2.  Improvement  or  pro- 
gi'ession  of  any  kind-  3.  Additional 
price  or  profit.  4.  A  tender  ;  an  offer  ; 
a  furnishing  of  something  before  an 
equivalent  is  received  toward  a  capi¬ 
tal  or  stock,  or  on  loan.  —  a.  Before 
in  place,  or  beforehand  in  time. 
Ad-van^e'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  ad¬ 
vancing  or  state  of  being  advanced  ; 

G,  hard ;  A$;  E^IST  ;  N  as  NG;  THIS- 


6r,do,wqlf,too,  took;  urn,  rue,  pyLL ;  e,  1,  o,  silent;  9,6  ,soft;  e, 


ADVANTAGE 

progression  ;  improvement ;  promo¬ 
tion.  2.  Payment  of  money  in  ad¬ 
vance. 

Ad-van'tage  (6),  n.  [See  Ad¬ 
vance.]  1.  Any  state,  opportuni¬ 
ty,  or  means  particularly  favorable 
to  some  desired  end.  2.  Superiority  ; 
benefit  ;  gain.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  benefit  ;  to  promote. 
.Xd'VAN-TA'GEOOs  (-ta'jUS,  140),  a. 
Being  of  advantage;  furnishing  ad¬ 
vantage  ;  profitable  ;  useful ;  bene¬ 
ficial. 

Xd'van-ta'geous-ly,  adv.  In  an 
w  advantageous  manner.  [ableness. 

Xd'van-ta'geous-ness,  n.  Profit- 
AD'VENT,  n.  1.  A  coming;  specifi¬ 
cally, ,  the  first  or  the  second  coming 
of  Christ.  2.  A  season  of  devotion 
including  four  Sundays  before  Christ¬ 
mas. 

Xd'ven-ti'tious  (-tTsh'us),  o.  Added 
w  extrinsically  ;  accidental ;  casual. 
Xd'ven-ti'tious-ly  (-tish'us-),  adv. 

In  an  adventitious  manner. 
Ad-vent'ure,  n.  [L.  Lat.  adventu- 
ra .]  1.  Hazard  ;  risk  ;  chance.  2. 
An  enterprise  of  hazard.  3.  A  re¬ 
markable  occurrence  or  event.  4.  A 
thing  sent  to  sea  at  the  risk  of  the 
person  sending  it.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  put  at  hazard  ;  to  risk. 
2.  To  run  the  risk  of  attempting.  — 
v.  i.  To  try  the  chances  ;  to  dare. 
Ad-vent'ur-er,  n.  One  who  ad¬ 
ventures  ;  one  who  relies  for  success 
on  his  boldness  or  good  fortune. 
Ad-vent'ure-some,  a.  Incurring 
hazard  ;  bold. 

AD-VENT'UR-of;s,  a.  1.  Daring ; 

courageous ;  enterprising.  2.  Full 
of  hazard.  [daringly. 

Ad-vent'ur-oOs-ly,  adv.  Boldly; 
AD'VERB  (14),  n.  [Lat.  adverbiurn.] 
A  word  used  to  modify  the  sense  of  a 
verb,  participle,  adjective,  or  other 
adverb. 

Ad-verb'i-al,  a.  Relating  to  or  like 
an  adverb.  [of  an  adverb. 

Ad-v£rb'i-AL-LY,  adv.  In  manner 
AD've  r-sa-ry,  n.  [Lat-  adversarius .] 
One  who  is  hostile  or  opposed. 

Syn. —  Opponent;  antagonist;  ene¬ 
my,  &c.  — -  Unfriendly  feelings  mark  the 
enemy  ;  habitual  hostility  the  adversary  ; 
active  hostility  the  foe.  Opponents  are 
those  who  are  pitted  against  each  other; 
antagonists ,  those  who  struggle  in  the 
contest  with  all  their  might. 
w  — a.  Adverse  ;  opposed  ;  antagonistic. 
AD'vErse  (14),  a.  [Lat.  adversus.]  1. 
Acting  in  a  contrary  direction.  2. 
Contrary  to  the  wishes,  or  to  sup¬ 
posed  good;  hence,  unfortunate; 
calamitous.  [unfortunately. 

.Xd'verse-ly,  adv.  With  opposition  ; 
Ad'v£rse-ness,  n.  Opposition  ;  un- 
prosperousness. 

Ad-vEr'si-ty,  n.  An  event  or  series 
of  events  attended  with  severe  trials 
or  misfortunes. 

Syn. —  Calamity;  affliction;  distress; 
misery. 

Ad-v£rt'  (14),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  advertere.)  To  turn  the  mind. 

Syn.— To  attend;  regard;  observe. 

8  ‘ 

Ad-v£rt'ence,  1  n.  Attention  ;  con- 
Ad-vErt'en-^y,  )  sideration. 
Ad-vert'ent,  a.  Attentive  ;  heedful. 
AD'VER-TigE'  (162),  V.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  advertere.]  1.  To  inform 
or  apprise.  2.  To  make  known 
through  the  press. 

Ad-v£r'ti§e-ment,  or  Ad'ver- 
TI£E'MENT,  n.  1.  Information.  2. 
Public  notice  through  the  press. 
AD'VER-Tlg'ER,  n.  One  who  adver¬ 
tises. 

Ad-vT^E',  n.  1.  An  opinion  offered 
as  worthy  to  be  followed ;  counsel ; 
suggestion.  2.  Information  as  to  the 
state  of  an  affair  or  affairs  ;  intelli¬ 
gence. 

Ad-vis'a-ble,  a.  Fit  to  be  advised 
or  to  be  done ;  expedient. 
Ad-vis'a-ble-ness,  n.  Fitness  to  be 
done ;  propriety  ;  expediency. 

Ad- VI§E' (162), r.  t.  [-ed;-ING.]  [See 
Advice.]  1.  To  give  advice  to.  2.  To 
apprise;  to  inform.  —  v.  i.  To  deliber¬ 
ate;  to  consider,  [edge;  purposely. 
Ad-vIs'ed-ly,  adv.  With  full  knowl- 
AD-vlgE'MENT,  n.  1.  Counsel.  2. 

Consultation ;  deliberation. 
Ad-vi§'er,  n.  One  who  gives  advice. 
Ad-vi'§o-ry,  a.  1.  Having  power  to 
^  advise.  2.  Containing  advice. 
Ad'vo-GA-c Y,  n.  A  pleading  for  or 
supporting  ;  vindication  ;  defense. 
Xd'vo-cate  ,  n.  One  who  pleads  any 
cause,  especially  the  cause  of  another 
w  before  some  tribunal. 
AD'VO-€ATE,f.  {.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
advocare.]  To  plead  in  favor  of ;  to 
maintain  by  argument. 

Syn.—  To  defend;  support;  vindicate. 
AD'vo-CA'tion,  n.  Act  of  advocat- 
w  ing  or  pleading. 

AD'vow-EE',  n.  [Fr.  advoue,  avoue.] 
One  who  has  the  right  of  presenting 
to  a  benefice. 

Ad-vow'§on,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  The 
right  of  presenting  or  nominating  to 
^  a  vacant  benefice. 

Adz,  1  n.  A  car-  jL 

ADZE,  j  penter’s  ^||ji 

tool  for  chip- 

iE'DlLE,n.  [Lat.  |Jf 

xdilis.\  An  of-  Adze. 

ficer  in  ancient 

Rome  who  had  the  care  of  the  public 
buildings,  streets,  &c. 
iE'Gis,  n.  [Gr.  aiyi's.]  A  shield ; 

hence,  any  thing  that  protects. 
2E-o'li-an  Harp.  A  box  with 
stretched  strings,  on  which  the  wind 
produces  musical  notes. 

A'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Air.]  1.  To  combine  with  carbonic 
acid.  2.  To  supply  with  common 
air.  3.  To  arterialize. 

A-e'ri-al,  a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to, 
air.  2.  High  ;  lofty.  3.  Growing, 
or  existing  in  the  air. 

Ae'rie  (e'rA  or  a/ry),  n.  [L.  Lat. 

acria.]  The  nest  of  an  eagle,  or 
_  other  bird  of  prey.  [ing. 

A'ER-I-Fl-CA'TION,  n.  Act.  of  aerify- 
A'er-i-form,  a.  Having  the  form  of 
air,  as  gas. 

AFFECTING 

A'ER-I-FY,  v.  t.  [Lat.  a'cr  and  facere.] 

To  change  into  an  aeriform  state. 
A/ER-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  dyp  and 
ypd(j)et.v.)  A  description  of  the  air. 
A'er-o-lite,  n.  [Gr.  ir/p  and  At0os.] 

A  stone  falling  from  the  air ;  a  mete¬ 
oric  stone. 

A'ER-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ay  p  and 
Aoyos-]  That  science  which  treats 
_  of  the  air  and  its  phenomena. 
A'ER-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  arjp  and 
perpor .]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
_  ing  the  density  of  air  and  gases. 
A'er-om'e-try,  n.  Art  or  science  of 
ascertaining  the  mean  bulk  of  gases. 
A'er-o-naut',  n.  [Gr.  dyp  and 

_  vauTTjs  ]  An  aerial  navigator. 
A'ER-o-NAUT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to 

aeronautics. 

A'ER-o-NAUT'IGS,  v.  sing.  The  sci¬ 
ence  or  art  of  sailing  in  the  air  by 
means  of  a  balloon. 

A'ER-O-PHYTE',  n.  [Gr.  ayp  and 
4>vtov.]  A  plant  deriving  its  support 
from  the  air  alone. 

A'ER-O-STAT',  n.  [Gr.  drip  andararo?.] 

A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining 
_  weights  in  the  air ;  —  an  air  balloon. 
A/er-o-stat'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to 
_  aerostatics  or  aerostation. 

A'E  R-O-ST A  T'ICS ,  n.  sing.  The  sci¬ 
ence  that  treats  of  the  equilibrium 
of  elastic  fluids,  or  that  of  bodies  sus- 
_  tained  in  them.  [tion. 

A'er-os-ta'tion,  v.  Aerial  naviga- 
iE-RU'Gl-NOUS,  a.  [Lat.  xruginosus .] 
Pertaining  to  copper-rust. 
iEs-THET'IG,  (  a.  Pertaining  to  ass- 
Es-thet'ig,  J  thetics. 
iEs-THET'lGS,  (  n.  sing.  [Gr.  ai<r- 
Es-THET'i-es,  )  8r)TU(6<;.]  The  theory 

or  philosophy  of  taste ;  the  science 
of  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  art. 

A-far',  adv.  At  a  great  distance  ;  re¬ 
mote. 

Af'fa-bTl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
affable  ;  ease  of  access.  ! 

Syn. —  Courtesy;  complaisance;  ur¬ 
banity;  civility. 

Af'fa-ble,  a.  [Lat.  affabilis.]  Ready 
to  converse  ;  easy  of  access. 

Syn.  —  Courteous  ;  civil  ;  complais¬ 
ant;  condescending;  accessible. 

Af'fa-bly,  adv.  In  an  affable  manner. 
Af-fair'  (4),  n.  [Lat.  ad  and  facere .] 

1.  Business  of  any  kind.  2.  An  en¬ 
gagement  of  troops,  usually  partial 
or  of  minor  importance. 

Af-fegt',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
affectare.]  1.  To  act  upon  ;  to  pro¬ 
duce  a  change  in.  2.  To  influence, 
as  the  feelings  or  passions.  3.  To  aim 
at ;  to  desire.  4.  To  tend  to.  5.  To 
put  on  a  pretense  of. 

Syn.  — To  concern;  melt;  subduej 
assume. 

Xf'feg-ta'tion,  n.  Assumption  of 
what  is  not  natural  or  real ;  artificial 
appearance ;  false  pretense. 

Af-fEct'ed,  p.  a.  1.  Pretending  to 
possess  what  is  not  natural  or  real. 

2.  Assumed  artificially. 

Af-feet'ed-ly,  adv.  In  an  affected  i 

manner. 

Af-f£gt'ing,  p.  a.  Having  power,  or 

A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  y, long ;  a,  £,1,6,0 short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  son, 

AFFECTINGLY 


i 


9 


AGE 


tending,  to  move  the  affections  ;  pa¬ 
thetic.  [ing  manner. 

Af-fe€T'ing-ly,  adv.  In  an  affect- 

Af-fe€'tion,  n.  1.  An  attribute, 
quality,  or  property,  inseparable  from 
its  subject.  2.  A  state  of  the  mind 
in  which  it  is  bent  toward  a  particu¬ 
lar  object.  3.  Love  ;  zealous  or  ten¬ 
der  attachment.  4.  Disease. 

Af-FE€'tion-ate,  a.  1.  Having  af¬ 
fection.  2.  Proceeding  from  affection. 

Syn.  —  Loving  ;  tender  ;  fond  ;  de¬ 
voted;  warm-nearted. 

Af-feg'tion-ate-ly,  adv.  With  af¬ 
fection  ;  tenderly. 

Af-fe€'tioned,  a.  Inclined;  dis¬ 
posed  ;  affected. 

Af-FE€T'IVE,  a.  Affecting,  or  ex¬ 
citing  emotion. 

Af-fI'AN^e,  n.  [0.  Fr.]  1.  Plighted 
faith  ;  the  marriage  contract  or  prom¬ 
ise.  2.  Trust;  reliance. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  betroth ;  to  pledge 
one’s  faith  in  marriage.  2.  To  trust. 

Af-fi'an-^er,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
contract  of  marriage  between  parties. 

Af-fI'ANT,  7i.  Oue  who  makes  an  af¬ 
fidavit. 

Xf'fi-da'vit,  n.  [Lat.]  A  statement 
in  writing,  signed  and  made  upon 
oath  before  an  authorized  magistrate. 
See  Deposition. 

Af-fil'i-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  affiliate .]  1.  To  adopt  as  a  son ; 

to  ally.  2.  To  receive  into  a  society 
as  a  member,  and  initiate  in  its  mys¬ 
teries,  plans,  &c. 

Af-fIl/i-a'tion,  n.  Adoption  ;  asso¬ 
ciation  in  the  same  family  or  society. 

Xf'FIN-AGE,  7i.  A  refining  of  metals. 

Af-fin'i-ty,  n.  [Lat  affinitas .]  1. 
Relationship  by  marriage.  2.  Close 
agreement:  conformity  ;  connection. 
3.  Chemical  attraction  which  takes 
place  at  an  insensible  distance. 

Syn. —  Agreement;  conformity;  re¬ 
semblance;  alliance;  relationship. 

Af-fIrm'  (18),  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
affirmare.]  1.  To  confirm, establish, 
or  ratify.  2.  To  assert  positively 

Syn.  —  To  aver;  protest;  assert. — 
We  affirm  a  thing  with  confidence  ;  we 
assert  it  against  all  denial;  we  aver  its 
truth  with  solemnity;  we  protest  it,  as 
what  ought  not  to  be  called  in  question. 

—  v.  i.  To  declare  or  assert  positively. 

Af-firm'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
affirmed. 

Af-firm'ance,  n.  Confirmation. 

Af-fIrm'ant,  n.  One  who  affirms. 

Xf'fir-ma'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  af¬ 
firming.  2.  That  which  is  asserted. 
3.  Confirmation  ;  ratification.  4. 
(Law.)  A  solemn  declaration  made 
by  persons  who  conscientiously  de¬ 
cline  taking  an  oath. 

Af-firm'a-tive,  a.  1.  Affirming  or 
asserting.  2.  Confirmative ;  ratify¬ 
ing. —  n.  1.  A  word  expressing  af¬ 
firmation  or  assent.  2.  An  affirma¬ 
tive  proposition.  3  That  side  of  a 
question  which  affirms  or  maintains. 

Af-firm'A-tIVE-LY,  adv.  Positive¬ 
ly  :  —  the  opposite  of  negatively. 

Af-fix', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  af- 


Jigere.\  1.  To  add  at  the  close  or  end. 
2.  To  attach,  unite,  or  connect.  3.  To 
fix  or  fasten  in  any  manner. 

Af'FIX,  n.  A  syllable  or  letter  joined 
to  the  end  of  a  word ;  a  suffix ;  a 
postfix. 

Af-fla'tion,  n.  A  blowing  or  breath¬ 
ing  on. 

Af-FLI€T',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
afflictare.]  1.  To  strike  down.  2.  To 
give  continued  pain  ;  to  cause  to  suf¬ 
fer  dejection,  grief,  or  distress. 

Syn. —  To  trouble;  distress;  harass; 
torment;  grieve. 

Af-fl,I€T'ing,  p.  a.  Causing  pain; 
grievous ;  distressing. 

Af-flie'tion,  n.  1.  Cause  of  con¬ 
tinued  pain  of  body  or  mind,  &c.  2. 
State  of  being  afflicted. 

Syn.  —  Trouble;  distress;  sorrow; 
adversity;  misfortune.  —  Affliction  is  the 
strongest  of  these  terms,  being  a  state  of 
prolonged  suffering:  adversity  and  mis¬ 
fortune  are  general  states  ;  distress  is 
particular,  being  the  case  of  one  under 
the  stress  or  pi'essure  of  severe  pain, 
bodily  or  mental;  the  other  two  words 
are  less  strong. 

Af-fli'€T'i ye  ,  a.  Giving  pain  ;  caus¬ 
ing  affliction. 

Xf'flu-ence,  n.  Abundance  of  any 
thing,  especially  riches. 

Syn.  —  Opulence;  wealth;  plenty. 

Af'feu-ent,  a.  Wealthy  ;  plentiful; 
abundant. — n.  A  stream  flowing 
into  a  river  or  lake. 

Xf'flu-ENT-LY,  adv.  In  abundance. 

Xf'flux,  )  n.  1.  Act  of  flow- 

Af-flux'ion,  f  ing  to.  2.  That 
which  flows  to. 

Af-ford',  v.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
afforare ,  aforare.]  1.  To  produce  as 
the  natural  result.  2.  To  grant,  sell, 
or  expend,  with  profit  or  without  loss. 

Syn: —  To  yield;  give;  impart;  confer. 

Af-fray',  n.  1.  The  fighting  of  two 
or  more  persons,  in  a  public  place. 
2.  A  tumultuous  assault. 

Syn.  —  Quarrel  ;  scuffle  ;  brawl. 

Af-freight'  (-fratQ,  v.  t.  To  hire, 
as  a  ship,  for  the  transportation  of 
goods  or  freight. 

Af-fright' (-irlP),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  afyrhtan .]  To  impress  with 
sudden  fear. 

Syn.— To  terrify  ;  appall  ;  dismay  ; 
shock;  alarm. 

—  7i.  Sudden  and  great  fear ;  terror. 

AF-FRONT'(-frflnt/),'U.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

[Lat.  ad  and  frons .]  To  offend  by 
some  manifestation  of  disrespect. 

Syn.  —  To  insult;  provoke;  abuse. 

—  n.  Any  reproachful  or  contempt¬ 
uous  action  or  conduct. 

Syn.  —  Insult;  offense;  ill  treatment. 

Af-FRONT'Ive,  a.  Giving  offense. 

Af-fuse',  v.  t.  To  pour  out ;  to 
sprinkle. 

Af-fu'sion,  n.  Pouring  upon,  or 
sprinkling  with,  a  liquid  substance. 

A-FIEL,D',.ariY.  To,  in,  or  on,  the  field. 

A-FIRE',  a.  or  adv.  On  fire. 

A-float',  adv.  1.  In  a  floating  state. 
2.  Passing  from  place  to  place.  3. 
Unfixed  ;  without  control. 


A-foot',  adv.  1.  On  foot.  2.  In  ac 
tion  ;  in  a  condition  for  action. 

A-FORE',  adv.  or  prep.  Before. 

A-fore'said  (-sed),  adv.  Spoken  of 
or  named  before.  [old. 

A-FORE'TIME,  adv.  In  time  past ;  of 

A-foui/,  a.  or  adv.  Not  free  ;  entan¬ 
gled. 

A-fraid',  a.  [p.  p.  of  affray  (obs.),to 
frighten.]  Struck  with  fear. 

Syn.  —  Fearful  ;  apprehensive;  timid; 
timorous;  frightened;  alarmed;  appalled. 


A-fresh',  adv.  Anew;  over  again. 

A-front'  (-frtinP),  adv.  In  front. 

Aft,  adv.  or  a.  Astern,  or  toward 
the  stern. 

AFT'ER,  prep.  [A.-S.  sefter.]  1.  Be¬ 
hind  in  place.  2.  Later  in  time.  3. 
Moving  toward  from  behind.  4.  In 
imitation  of.  5.  According  to  the 
direction  and  influence  of.  6.  In  re¬ 
lation  to. 

AFT'ER,  adv.  Subsequently  in  time 
or  place.  —  a.  1.  Later  in  time; 
subsequent.  2.  Toward  the  stern. 

Aft'er-bIrth,  n.  Membrane  inclos¬ 
ing  the  fetus,  and  coming  away  after 

.  delivery. 

Aft'er-€LAP,  n.  An  unexpected 
subsequent  event.  [quent  crop. 

Aft'er— crop,  n.  A  second  or  subse- 

Aft'er-math,  n.  A  second  or  sub¬ 
sequent  crop  of  grass  in  the  same 

.  year ;  rowen. 

Aft/er-no_on',  n.  Time  from  noon  to 
evening. 

AFT'ER-PAINS,  7i.  pi.  Pains  attend¬ 
ing  the  delivery  of  the  after-birth. 

AFT'er-pie^e,  7i.  A  piece  performed 
after  a  play. 

Aft'er-thought  (-thawt),  n.  Later 
thought  or  expedient. 

Aft'er-ward,  )  adv.  In  later  or 

AFT'er-wards,  j  succeeding  time  ; 
subsequently. 

A-GAIN'  (a-geffl),  adv.  [A.-S.  6g<?n, 
OTigen .]  1.  Ano'ner  time;  once 

more.  2.  In  return ;  back. 

A-gainst'  (a-gensU),  prep.  [A.-S. 
agen.\  1.  Opposite  to.  2.  In  oppo¬ 
sition  to.  3.  In  preparation  for. 

A-gape',  adv.  Gaping,  as  with  wonder. 

AG'A-RIG,  7l.  [Gr.  ayapiKOV.]  1.  A 
family  of  fungi,  including  the  com¬ 
mon  mushrooms.  2.  Touch-wood. 

Xg'ATE,  71.  [Gr.  axa-TT) ?■]  1.  A  pre¬ 

cious  stone,  a  variety  of  quartz.  2. 
A  kind  of  type. 

E ©“  This  line  is  printed  in  Agate. 


A-GA'VE,  77.  [Gr.  ayavr/.] 

The  American  aloe,  or  cen- 
_  tury  plant. 

AGE  (147),  n.  [Lat.  set  as.]  1. 

Whole  duration  of  a  being. 

2.  That  part  of  the  duration 
of  a  being  between  its  be¬ 
ginning  and  any  given  time. 

3.  Latter  part  of  life.  4.  A 
certain  period  of  human 
life,  marked  by  a  difference 
of  state.  5.  Mature  years 
when  one  may  act  for  himself.  6 
A  particular  period  of  time  in  his¬ 
tory.  7-  People  living  at  a  partic- 


Agave. 

period 


OR,  Dp,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9, 


AGED 

ular  period;  hence,  a  generation.  8. 
A  century. 

Syn.  —  Epoch;  date;  era;  maturity. 

AGED  (a/jed),  a.  1.  Advanced  in  age 
or  years  ;  old.  2.  Having  lived. 

A'GEN-^Y,  n.  [Low  Lat.  agent ia.]  1. 
Quality  of  actiug  ;  state  of  being  in 
action  ;  instrumentality.  2.  Office  or 

^duties  of  an  agent  or  factor. 

Agent,  n.  1.  A  person  or  thing  that 
exerts  power  ;  an  actor.  2.  A  sub¬ 
stitute  ;  a  deputy  ;  a  factor.  3.  An 
active  power  or  cause. 
Ag-slom'er-ate,  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
Lat.  agglomere.]  To  wind  into  a  ball ; 
to  gather  into  a  mass. 

Ag-glom'er-a'tion,  n.  A  gathering 
into  a  ball  or  mass. 

AG-GLU'Tl-NANT,a.  Uniting,  as  glue. 

—  n.  Any  viscous,  adhesive  sub¬ 
stance. 

Ag-glu'ti-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  agglutinare.]  To  unite,  or  cause 
to  adhere,  as  with  glue. 

Ag-glu'ti-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  unit¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  united,  as  by 
glue.  _  [unite. 

Ag-glu'TI-NA'TIYE,  a.  Tending  to 

AG'GRAN-DIZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ad  and  grandis.]  1.  To  enlarge  ; 

—  applied  to  things.  2.  To  make  great 
or  greater  in  power,  rank,  or  liouor. 

Syn. —  To  augment;  exalt ;  promote; 
advance;  increase. 

Ag-gran'dize-ivient,  or  .Xg'gran- 
dize'ment,  it.  Act  of  aggrandiz¬ 
ing  or  state  of  being  aggrandized. 

Xg'gran-diz'er,  n.  One  who  ag¬ 
grandizes. 

AG'GRA-VATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  aggravare.]  1.  To  make  worse, 
more  severe,  more  enormous.  2.  To 
give  an  exaggerated  representation  of. 
3.  To  provoke  or  irritate ;  to  tease. 
[Improper.] 

Syn. —  To  enhance  ;  heighten  ;  raise  ; 
increase;  magnify;  tease. 

AG7 GRA-Y  A/TION,  ii.  1.  Act  of  aggra¬ 
vating.  2.  That  which  aggravates. 
3.  Provocation;  irritation.  [Not  le¬ 
gitimate.] 

AG'GRE-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  aggregare.]  To  bring  together  ; 
to  accumulate. 

Xg'gre-gate,  a.  1.  Formed  into  a 
whole  mass  or  sum.  2.  Ft  rmed  into 
clusters.  —  n.  Assemblage  of  par¬ 
ticulars  ;  sum  total ;  mass. 

Xg'GRE-ga'TION,  n.  Act  of  aggre¬ 
gating,  or  state  of  being  aggregated. 

AG'GRE-GA/TIVE,  a.  Causing  aggre¬ 
gation  ;  collective. 

Ag-grLs'sion  (-gresh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
aggressio .]  First  attack,  or  act  of 
hostility  or  injur)'. 

Syn. —  Attack;  assault  ;  invasion;  en¬ 
croachment. 

Ag-GrLs'sIve,  a.  Making  the  first 
attack  or  encroachment. 

Ag-gres'sor,  n.  One  who  first 
makes  an  aggression. 

Syn.  —  Assaulter;  invader. —  An  ag¬ 
gressor  is  one  who  begins  a  quarrel  or 
encroachment;  an  assaulter  is  one  who 
makes  a  violent  onset;  an  invader  is  one 


10 

who  enters  by  force  into  the  possessions 
of  another. 

AG-GRIEVE',U.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
ad  and  gravis.]  To  give  pain  or 
sorrow  to  ;  to  oppress  or  injure. 

Ag-group',  v.  t.  To  group. 

A-GHAST'  (-gastQ,  a.  or  adv.  [Acontr. 
of  agazed,  p.  p.  of  ( obs. )  agaze.]  Stu- 

w  pefied  with  sudden  fright  or  horror. 

.Xg'ile,  a.  [Lat.  agilis.]  Quick  of 
motion. 

Syn.  — Nimble;  active;  lively;  brisk. 

Xg'ile-ness,  1  n.  Power  to  move 

A-GIL'I-TY,  )  quickly ;  actively. 

A'GI-O,  n.;  pi.  A'Gl-os.  [It.]  1. 

Difference  in  value  between  metallic 
and  paper  money,  or  between  one 
sort  of  metallic  money  and  another. 

_  2.  Premium. 

A'GI-O-TAGE,  n.  Maneuvers  of  spec¬ 
ulators  to  raise  or  depress  the  funds  ; 
stock-jobbing. 

AG'I-TATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
agitare.]  1.  To  move  with  a  violent, 
irregular  action.  2.  To  disturb  or 
excite.  3.  To  discuss  earnestly.  4. 
To  consider  on  all  sides. 

AG'I-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  agitating, 
or  state  of  being  agitated.  2.  Per¬ 
turbation  of  mind.  3.  Discussion. 

Syn.  —  Disturbance;  excitement;  de¬ 
bate;  deliberation. 

AG'I-TA'TOR,  n.  One  who  agitates. 

AG'NAIL,  n.  An  inflammation  round 
the  nail ;  a  whitlow. 

AG'NATE.  a.  Related  on  the  father’s 
side.  —  n.  Any  male  relation  by  the 
father’s  side.  [ther’s  side. 

Ag-na'tion,  it.  Relation  by  the  fa- 

A-go',  adv.  or  a.  [Old  Eng.  agone.] 
Past ;  gone. 

A- GOG',  a.  or  adv.  [From  a-going.] 
Highly  excited  by  eagerness  after  an 
object. 

A-GO'ING,  p-  pr.  In  motion  ;  going  ; 
ready  to  go. 

Xg'o-nism,  ii.  Contention  for  a  prize. 

AG'o-NiST,n.  [Gr.aywei.cmjs.]  Aeon- 
tender  for  the  prize  in  public  games. 

AG'O-NIST'IG,  I  a.  Relating  to 

Xg'o-nist'ig-al,  )  prize-fighting,  or 
to  any  violent  contest. 

AG'o-nTze,  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Gr. 
dyaW^eu'.]  To  writhe  with  agony. 
—  v.  t.  To  distress  with  great  pain ; 
to  torture. 

AG'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  dywn'a.]  Extreme 
pain  of  body  or  mind. 

Syn. —  Anguish;  pang. —  Agony  and 
pang  denote  a  severe  paroxysm  of  pain 
(agony  being  the  greatest);  anguish  is 
prolonged  suffering.  The  anguish  of  re¬ 
morse  ;  th  a  pangs  or  agonies  of  dissolution. 

A-gra'ri-an  (89),  a.  Relating  or 
tending  to  equal  division  of  lands.  — 
n.  One  who  favors  an  equal  division 
of  property. 

A-gra/ri-an-Ism,  n.  Equal  division 
of  land  or  property,  or  the  principles 
of  those  who  favor  such  a  division. 
A-gree',  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing,  144.] 
[Lat.  ad  and  grad  us.]  1.  To  har¬ 
monize  in  opinion,  statement,  or  ac¬ 
tion.  2.  To  yield  assent.  3.  To  come 
to  terms.  4.  To  resemble.  5.  To  cor- 


AIMLESS 

respond  in  gender,  number,  case,  or 
person. 

A-gree'a-ble,  1.  Suitable ;  con¬ 
formable.  2.  In  pursuance,  or  ac¬ 
cordance.  3.  Pleasing,  either  to  the 
mind  or  senses.  4.  \V  filing  to  agree 
or  consent. 

A-gree'a-ble -ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  agreeable. 

A-gree'a-bly,  adv.  1.  Pleasingly. 

2.  In  accordance  ;  conformably. 
A-gree'ment,  n.  1.  A  state  of 

agreeing,  or  being  in  harmony  or  re¬ 
semblance.  2.  Concord  or  corre¬ 
spondence  of  one  word  with  another 
in  gender,  number,  case,  or  person. 

3.  A  bargain,  compact,  or  contract. 
A-gres'TI€,  1  a.  [Lat.  agrestis.] 
A-GRES'Tl-e-AL,  |  Pertaining  to  the 
w  fields  ;  rural ;  rustic.  [agriculture. 
X G'RI-C'fJLT'UR-AL ,  a.  Relating  tc 
AG'RI-GULT'URE,  it.  [Lat.  agricul¬ 
tural  Cultivation  of  the  ground; 
tillage  :  husbandry  ;  farming. 

AG'ri-gOlt'ur-ist,  n.  One  skilled 
in  agriculture ;  a  farmer. 
A-ground',  adv.  On  the  ground; 
stranded. 

A'GUE ,  it.  1.  Chilliness.  2.  An  in- 
termittent  fever,  attended  by  alter- 
_  nate  cold  and  hot  fits. 

A'GU-ISH,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of 
__  an  ague  ;  chilly. 

AH,  interj.  An  exclamation, expressive 
of  surprise,  pity,  complaint,  joy,  &c. 
A-HA',  interj.  An  exclamation,  ex¬ 
pressing  triumph,  contempt,  or 
simple  surprise,  [advance  ;  onward. 
A-head',  adv.  Farther  in  front  or  in 
AID,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  adju- 
tare.]  To  support,  by  furnishing 
strength  or  means  to  effect  a  purpose. 

Syn.  —  To  assist ;  help  ;  succor  ;  sup¬ 
port;  relieve:  sustain. 

—  n.  1.  Help.  2  A  helper.  3.  An 
aid-de-camp. 

AID'-DE-EAMP  (-kong),  n. ;  pi  AIDES- 
de-gamp.  [t)’r  ]  An  officer  selected 
by  a  general  officer  to  assist  him  in  his 
_  duties.  [ \Y' ritten  also  Aide  -de-camp.] 
AI'GRET,  1  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The  small 

AI'GRETTE,  f  white  heron.  2.  A 
tuft,  as  of  feathers,  diamonds,  &c. 

AIL,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  eglait.] 
To  affect  with  pain  or  uneasiness  ; 
to  trouble;  to  be  the  matter  with. 

—  v.  i.  To  feel  pain  ;  to  be  troubled. 
_  —  n.  Disorder ;  indisposition  ;  pain. 
AI-LAN'TUS,  n.  A  genus  of  beautiful 

trees,  natives  of  the  East,  [lm- 
_  properly  spelt  ailanthus  ] 

AIL'MENT,  it.  Morbid  affection  of  the 
_  body ;  disease. 

AIM,  v.  i.  [Lat.  sestirnare.]  1.  To 
point  with  a  missive  weapon.  2.  To 
direct  the  intention. — v.t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  direct  or  point,  as  a 
weapon.  —  n.  1.  Pointing  or  di¬ 
rection  of  any  thing  to  a  particular 
point  or  object,  with  a  view  to  strike 
or  affect  it.  2.  Point  intended  to  be 
hit,  or  object  to  be  affected.  3.  Pur¬ 
pose  ;  intention. 

Syn. —  Direction;  end;  scope:  scheme. 
AIM'LESS,  a.  AY'ithout  aim  or  purpose. 


AIR 

XlR  (4),  it.  [Gr.  i.rjp.]  1.  The  fluid 
we  breathe  ;  atmosphere.  2.  A  mel¬ 
ody  ;  a  tune.  3.  Peculiar  look,  ap¬ 
pearance,  or  manner.  4.  pi.  An  af¬ 
fected  manner.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  expose  to  the  air ;  to  ventilate. 

2.  To  expose  to  heat,  for  drying  or 

A  warming. 

Air'-gun,  n.  A  gun  discharged  by  the 
elastic  force  of  air. 

Air'-iiole,  n.  An  opening  for  air. 

Air'i-ly,  adv.  Gayly  ;  merrily. 

AIR'i-ness,  n.  1.  Openness  to  the  air. 

„  2.  Levity  ;  gayety. 

Air'ing,  n.  1.  A  short  excursion  in 
the  open  air.  2.  Exposure  to  air  and 
warmth. 

AIR'-PUMP,  n.  A 
machine,  variously 
constructed,  for  ex¬ 
hausting  the  air 
from  a  closed  ves¬ 
sel.  Air-pump. 

Xir'-shaft,  n.  A  passage  for  air  into 
a  mine. 

Air'-tight  (-tit),  a.  So  tight  as  not 
to  admit  air. 

AIR'Y,  a.  1.  Having  the  nature  or 
properties  of  air.  2.  Belonging  to 
air  ;  high  in  air.  3.  Exposed  to  the 
air.  4.  Unsubstantial.  5.  Having 
no  solid  foundation.  6.  Full  of  vi¬ 
vacity  and  levity. 

Aisle  (11),  ».  [Arch.)  (a.)  The  wing 
of  a  building.  ( b .)  One  of  the  lat¬ 
eral  divisions  of  a  Gothic  church,  (c.) 
A  passage  in  a  church  into  which  the 
pews  open. 

A-JAR',  adv.  Partly  open,  as  a  door. 

A-kim'bo,  a.  With  a  crook;  bent. 

A-kin',  a.  1.  Related  by  blood.  2. 

w  Allied  by  nature. 

Xl'a-bas'ter,  n.  [Gr.]  1.  A  variety 
of  sulphate  of  lime,  or  gypsum.  2. 
A  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

A-lack',  inter j.  [Corrupted  from  ate.] 
An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow. 

A-lack/ A-DAY,  interj.  An  exclama¬ 
tion  expressive  of  regret  or  sadness. 

A-lae'ri-ty,  n.  [Lat.  alacritas .] 
Cheerful  readiness. 

Syn.  —  Briskness;  liveliness;  glee. 

AL'A-MODE',  adv.  According  to  the 
mode  or  fashion.  —  n.  A  thin,  glossy, 
black  silk. 

A-larm/,  n.  [It.  allarme ,  lit.  to  arms.] 
1.  A  summons  to  arms.  2.  Any  sound 
or  information  of  approaching  dan¬ 
ger.  3.  Sudden  surprise  with  fear  or 
terror.  4-  A  contrivance  for  awaking 
persons  from  sleep. 

Syn.  —  Fright;  terror;  consternation; 
apprehension.  —  Alarm  is  the  dread  of 
impending  danger  ;  apprehension ,  fear 
that  it  may  be  approaching;  terror  is 
agitating  and  excessive  fear;  consterna¬ 
tion  is  terror  which  overpowers  the 
faculties.  * 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  call  to 
arms  for  defense.  2.  To  fill  with  ap¬ 
prehension  ;  to  disturb. 

A-larm'-€Lock,  n.  A  clock  made  to 
ring  loudly  at  a  particular  hour. 

A-'LARM'ist,  n.  One  who  intentionally 
excites  alarm. 

A-larm'-watcii,  n.  A  watch  that 


II 

can  be  so  set  as  to  strike  frequently 
J  at  a  particular  hour. 

A-lar'UM,  n.  Same  as  ALARM. 
A-lAs',  interj.  [Lat.  lassus ,  weary.] 
An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow, 
w  grief,  pity,  or  concern. 

ALB,  n.  [Lat.  albus.]  An  ecclesiasti¬ 
cal  vestment  of  white  linen. 
Al'ba-tross,  n.  [Sp.  alcatraz.]  A 
very_  large  web-fobted  sea-bird. 
Al-be'it,  conj.  or  adv.  Although ; 
notwithstanding. 

AL'ber-type.  [From  the  inventor, 
Albert.]  ( P/iotog .)  A  picture  printed 
from  a  gelatine  plate  produced  by 
means  of  a  photographic  nega¬ 
tive. 

AL-BES'<jENT,  a.  [Lat.  albescere .] 
Becoming  white  ;  whitish. 
AL'bi-nism,  n.  State  of  an  albino. 
Al-bi'no,  n. ;  pi.  al-bi  nos,  n.  [Lat. 
albus ,  white.]  Any  person  of  a  pre¬ 
ternatural  whiteness  of  the  skin  and 
hair,  and  a  peculiar  redness  of  the 
iris  and  pupil  of  the  eye. 
AL'bu-gIn'e-ous,  a.  [Lat.  albugo .] 
w  Like  the  white  of  an  egg. 

AL'BUM,  n.  [Lat.  albus.]  1.  A  white 
table  or  register.  2.  A  blank  book 
for  autographs  or  literary  memorials. 
Al-bu'men,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  thick, 
viscous  substance,  found  nearly 
pure  in  the  white  of  an  egg.  2.  A 
white  matter  found  in  seeds. 
Al-bu'mi-no&s,  a.  Like  albumen. 
Al-bDr'num,  n.  [Lat.]  The  white 
and  softer  part  of  wood  next  to  the 
bark,  called  sap-wood. 

AL'ca-iiest,  1  n.  A  pretended  uni- 
Xl'KA-hest,  j  versal  solvent. 
Al-€AI  Dr,  n.  1.  In  Spain ,  the  gover¬ 
nor  of  a  castle  or  fort.  2.  A  jailer  or 
warden.  [trate  or  judge. 

Al-cal'de,  n.  In  Spain,  a  magis- 
Al-€IIEM'I€-AL,  a.  Relating  to  al- 
w  chemy.  [chemy. 

AL'€HE-mIst,  n.  One  skilled  in  al- 
Al/€HE-mist'il'-al,  a.  Practicing 
alchemy,  or  relating  to  it. 
XlThe-my,  n.  [Ar.  al-kimt&.]  An 
ancient  science  which  aimed  to  trans¬ 
mute  the  baser  metals  into  gold,  to 
find  the  panacea,  the  universal  solv¬ 
ent,  &c. 

Xl'EO-hol,  n.  [Ar.  al-kohl.]  Pure 
or  highly  rectified  spirits  ;  more  loose¬ 
ly  applied  to  ardent  spirits  in  gen- 
w  eral. 

AL'co-hol'IE,  a.  Relating  to  alc-ohol. 
AL'eo-ran,  n.  See  Koran  and  Al- 
koran. 

Al'-gove,  or  Al-eove'  (114),  n.  [Ar. 
al-gubba.]  A  recess,  or  part  of  a 
room,  separated  from  the  rest  by  a 
partition. 

Al'der,  n.  [A.-S .'aler.']  A  tree  of  sev¬ 
eral  varieties. 

Al'der-man,  n.;  pi.  al'der-men. 
”  [A.-S.  ealdorman.]  A  magistrate 
of  a  city  or  town,  next  below  the 
mayor. 

ALE,  n.  [A.-S.  eale.]  A  liquor  made 
from  malt  by  fermentation 
ALE  '-house,  n.  A  place  where  ale  is 
retailed. 


ALIKE 

A-lem'bie,  n.  [Ar.  al- 
ambiq.]  A  chemical  ves¬ 
sel,  used  in  distillation. 

A-l£rt'  (14),  a.  [It.  alV- 
erta.]  1.  Watchful ;  vig¬ 
ilant  ;  hence,  upon  the 
alert ,  upon  the  watch. 

2.  Moving  with  celerity.  Alembic. 

Syn.  —  Brisk;  prompt;  lively;  nimble. 
A-l£rt'ness,  n.  Watchful  activtiy 
_  or  readiness. 

ALE 'WIFE,  n. ;  pi.  ALE'WIVEg.  [Ind. 
aloof.]  An  American  fish  resem¬ 
bling  a  herring.  .  [syllables. 

ALT x-A N'DRINE ,  n.  A  verse  of  twelve 
A-lex/i-phar'mie,  n.  [Gr.  dAe|i- 
(fxxppaKos .]  What  expels  or  resists 
poison.  —  a.  Expelling  poison  or  in- 
w  fection. 

AL'ge-bra,  n.  [Ar.  al-gabr ,  al-jabr.] 
That  branch  of  analysis  whose  ob¬ 
ject  is  to  investigate  the  relations  and 
properties  of  numbers  by  means  of 
w  letters  and  other  symbols. 
AL'GE-BRA/re,  la.  Pertaining  to, 
AL'GE-BRA/ie-AL,  J  or  performed 
by,  algebra.  [of  algebra. 

AL'GE-BRA'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means 
AL'GE-BRA'IST,  n.  One  who  is  skilled 
w  in  algebra. 

Al'go-rItiim,  n.  [Sp.  algoritmo .]  Art 
of  computing  in  any  particular  way. 
Al'i-as,  adv.  [Lat.]  Otherwise  called ; 
—  a  term  used  in  legal  proceedings  to 
connect  the  different  names  of  a  party 
who  has  gone  by  two  or  several. — 
n.  1.  A  second  or  further  writ.  2. 
Another  name. 

Al'i-bI,  n.  [Lat.]  A  being  in  another 
place  at  the  time  of  the  commission 
_  of  a  crime. 

AL'IEN  (al'yen),  a.  [Lat.  alienus.]  1. 
Foreign.  2.  AUholly  different  in 
nature. — n.  A  foreigner  ;  a  foreign- 
born  and  unnaturalized  resident  of  a 
_  country. 

AL'ien-a-bIl'i-ty,  v.  Capacity  of 
_  being  alienated. 

AL'IEN-A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
_  alienated. 

AL'IEN-ATE,  V.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
alienare.]  1.  To  transfer  to  another, 
as  title,  property,  or  right.  2.  To 
estrange.  [to. 

AL'IEN-ATE,  a.  Estranged;  stranger 
AL'IEN-A'TION,  n.  1.  Legal  convey¬ 
ance  of  property  to  another.  2.  State 
of  being  alienated.  3.  Estrangement, 
as  of  the  affections.  4.  Insanity. 
AL'IEN-A/TOR,  n.  One  who  alienates 
or  transfers  property. 

AL'IEN-EE',  n .  One  to  whom  a  thing 
_  is  sold.  [an  alien. 

AL'IEN-ISM,  n.  The  state  of  being 
A-light'  (-IIP),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  alihtan.]  1.  To  get  down  or 
descend ;  to  dismount.  2.  To  fall 
and  settle,  or  lodge. 

A-lIgn'ment  (-lnF-),  n.  [Fr.  aligne- 
ment.]  1.  Act  of  adjusting  to  a 
line;  line  of  adjustment.  2.  Ground- 
plan  of  a  railway  or  other  road. 
A-LIKE',  a.  Having  resemblance ; 
similar. — adv.  In  the  same  man¬ 
ner,  form,  or  degree. 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  TO~OK  ;  Orn,  RUE ,  PyLL  :  E,  I .  o,  silent ;  £,  G ,  soft ;  E,  G,  hard ;  A§s;  EJCIST  ;  N  as  KG;  this. 


ALIMENT 


12 


ALLUDE 


Al'I-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  alimentum. ]  That 
which  feeds  or  supports. 

Syn.  —  Food  ;  nourishment ;  sup¬ 
port;  nutriment. 

Xl'i-ment'al,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 

Xl'i-ment'A-ry,  j  food  or  aliment ; 
nutritive. 

AL'i-men-ta'tion,  n.  Act  or  power 
of  affording  nutriment. 

Xl'I-ment'ive-ness,  n.  The  phren¬ 
ological  organ  of  appetite  for  food. 

Al'i-MO-NY  (50),  n.  [Lat.  alimonia, 
cilimonium .]  An  allowance  to  a  wife 
out  of  her  husband’s  estate  or  income 
for  her  support. 

Xl'I-QUANT,  a.  [Lat.  aliquantus.] 
Not  dividing  another  number  with¬ 
out  a  remainder. 

Xl'I-QUOT,  a.  [Lat.  aliquot.]  Divid¬ 
ing  exactly,  or  without  remainder. 

A-LlVE',  a.  Having  life;  active;  sus¬ 
ceptible. 

Xl'ka-hest,  7i.  A  pretended  univer¬ 
sal  solvent. 

Xl/KA-RES^ENT,  a.  Tending  to  the 
properties  of  an  alkaU. 

Xl'KA-LI,  or  AL'KA-LI,  n.  ;  pi.  AL'KA- 
LlEg,  or  AL/KA-LlEg.  [Ar.  al-qali.] 
One  of  a  class  of  caustic  chemical 
bases,  soda,  potash,  ammonia,  and 
lithia. 

AL-kXL'I-FY,  or  Xl'KA-LI-FY,  V.  i. 
To  become  changed  into  an  alkali. 

Xl'ka-lIne  (or  -lln),  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  alkali. 

Xl'ka-lin'i-ty,  n.  Quality  which 
constitutes  an  alkali. 

Xi/kA-lTze,  v.  t.  To  make  alkaline. 

Al'ka-loid,  7i.  A  salifiable  base  ex¬ 
isting  in  some  vegetables  as  a  proxi¬ 
mate  principle.  [ble. 

Al'KO-rXn,  n.  The  Mohammedan  Bi- 

All,  a.  [A.-S.  eall,  al.]  Every  one,  or 

"  the  whole  number  of ;  the  whole 
quantity,  extent,  duration,  amount, 
quality,  or  degree  of. —  adv.  Wholly  ; 
completely  ;  altogether  ;  entirely.  — 
7i.  The  whole  number,  quantity,  or 
amount ;  the  whole  ;  the  total. 

Al’laii,  ti.  The  Arabic  name  of  the 
SupremeBeing.  [allantois. 

Xl'lan-to'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

Al-lXn'tois,  or  Xl'lan-tois,  ) 

Al-lXn'toid,  or  Xl'lan-toid,  j 
ti.  [Gr.  aAAai/ToetSijs.]  A  thin  mem¬ 
brane  in  animals. 

Al-lay',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Partly 
from  A.-S.  alecgan,  to  lay  down,  les¬ 
sen,  depress;  partly  from  Fr.  allier. 
to  ally.]  1.  To  make  quiet  or  put  at 
rest.  2.  To  abate,  mitigate,  or  sub¬ 
due. 

Syn. —  To  check;  appease;  calm; 
soothe;  pacify;  assuage. 

Al-lay'er,».  He  who,  or  that  which, 
allays.  _ 

Xl'le-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Positive  as¬ 
sertion  ;  affirmation.  2.  That  which 
is  alleged. 

Al-lLge'  (al-lej'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  allegare.)  1.  To  bring  forward 
with  positiveness.  2.  To  produce, 
as  an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse. 

Syn.  —  To  declare  ;  affirm  ;  assert; 
urge;  adduce;  advance;  cite;  quote. 


Al-lE6e'a-ble  (140),  n „  Capable  of 
being  alleged. 

Al-le'Gi-an^e,  ti.  [L.  Lat.  allegi- 
antia.]  Obligation  which  a  subject 
owes  to  his  prince  or  government ; 
loyalty. 

Xl'le-GOR'IC,  la.  In  the  manner 

ALTE-GOR'IC-AL,  j  of  allegory  ; 
figurative. 

Xl'le-gor'if-al-ly,  adv.  In  an 
allegorical  manner. 

Xl'le-go-rist,  7i.  One  who  teaches 
by  allegory  . 

Xl'LE-GO-RIZE,  V.  t.  [-EB  ;  -ING.] 
To  form  or  turn  into  allegory.  —  v.i. 
To  use  allegory. 

Xl'LE-GO-RY  (50),  n.  [Gr.  oAArjyopta.] 
A  story  in  which  the  direct  and 
literal  meaning  is  not  the  real  or 
principal  one  ;  a  figurative  manner 
of  speech  or  description. 

Al-le-gret’  to,  a.  [It.]  {Mus.) 
Quicker  than  andante ,  but  not  so 
quick  as  allegro. 

Al-le'gro,  n.  [It.]  {Mus.)  A 
quick,  sprightly  strain  or  piece. 

Xl'le-lu'iaii,  71.  Praise  to  Jehovah. 
See  Halleluiah. 

Al-le'vi-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  alleviare.]  To  make  light  or  easy 
to  be  borne ;  hence,  to  remove  in 
part ;  to  make  easier  to  be  endured. 

Syn.  —  To  lessen  ;  diminish  ;  miti¬ 
gate;  assuage;  allay. —  These  words  are 
all  figurative.  Alleviate  supposes  a  load, 
as  of  care,  which  is  lightened;  mitigate , 
something  fierce,  which  is  made  mild,  as 
suffering  ;  assuage,  something  violent, 
which  is  quieted,  as  sorrow;  allay, 
something  excited,  but  now  brought 
down,  as  grief;  lessen  and  diminish  refer 
lo  amount  or  degree. 

Al-le'vi-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  al¬ 
leviating.  2.  That  which  mitigates. 

Syn.  —  Mitigation ;  diminution ;  relief. 

Al-le'vi-a-tive,  n.  Something  mit- 

w  igating. 

Xl'ley  (148),  n.  [Fr.  allee .]  1.  A 
walk  in  a  garden.  2.  A  narrow  pas¬ 
sage,  as  distinct  from  a  public  street. 

All-fools'-day,  n.  The  first  of 
April,  when  it  is  a  popular  custom  to 
play  off  tricks  or  make  fools. 

All-fours',  n.  pi.  [From  all  and 
four.)  A  game  at  cards. 

All-hail',  interj.  All  health  ; — a 
phrase  of  salutation. 

All-hXl'low,  \  n.  All-Saints’- 

ALL-HAL'LOWg,  s  day,  the  first 

All-Hal'low-mas,  )  day  of  No¬ 
vember  ;  a  feast  in  honor  of  all  the 
saints.  _  [All-Saints’. 

All-HAL'LOW-TIDE,  71.  Time  near 

Al-li'an^e,  n.  [Fr  .alliance..]  1.  A 
union  or  connection  of  interests.  2. 
The  compact  which  is  the  instru¬ 
ment  of  allying.  3.  The  persons  or 
parties  allied. 

Syn.  —  League  ;  confederacy  ;  af¬ 
finity;  coalition. 

Xl'li-gate,  v.  t.  To  tie  together  ;  to 
unite. 

Al'li-ga'tion,  ti.  [Lat.  alligatio.] 
A  rule  relating  to  the  solution  of 
questions  concerning  the  compound¬ 
ing  together  of  different  ingredients, 


or  ingredients  of  different  qualities 
or  values. 

Xl'li-ga'tor,  n. 

[Sp.  el  lagarto , 
the  lizard.]  A 
large  carnivor¬ 
ous  amphibious 
reptile,  peculiar 
to  America.  Alligator. 

AL-Llg'lON  ( -lizh'un),  n.  [Lat.  allisio.] 
A  striking  against. 

Alxit'er-a'tion,  n.  [Lat.  ad  and 
litera.]  Repetition  of  the  same  letter. 

Al-lit'er-a-tive,  a.  Pertaining  to 
alliteration. 

Al'lo-ga'tur,  n.  [Low  Lat.]  Al¬ 
lowance  of  a  thing  or  proceeding,  by 
a  court  or  judicial  officer. 

Xl'lo-UU'tion,  n.  An  address;  par¬ 
ticularly  an  address  of  the  pope  to 
his  clergy. 

Al-lo'bi-al,  a.  Freehold;  free  of 
rent  or  service  ;  —  opposed  to  feudal. 

Al-lo'di-um,  7i.  [L.  Lat.]  Freehold 
estate ;  land  which  is  the  absolute 
property  of  the  owner, 

Al-l6n4e'  ( -lunj/ ),  n.  [Fr.]  A  pass 
or  thrust  with  a  sword.  [lopathy. 

Xl'lo-patii'iu,  a.  Pertaining  to  al- 

Al-l&p'a-thist,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  medicine  according  to  the  rules 
of  allopathy. 

Al-lop'a-thy,  n.  [Gr.  aAAo?,  and 
7rd0o?.]  The  ordinary  practice  of 
medicine,  as  opposed  to  homeopathy. 

Al-LOT',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Old  Fr. 
allotir,  alloter.)  1.  To  divide,  as  by 
lot.  2.  To  distribute  in  parts  or  por¬ 
tions  ;  hence,  to  grant,  as  a  portion. 

Syn.  —  To  divide;  assign;  apportion. 

Al-lot'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  allotting. 
2.  Part  allotted. 

Al-low',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  ad 
and  locare.)  1.  To  give,  afford,  or 
yield.  2.  To  own  or  acknowledge.  3. 
To  abate  or  deduct.  4.  To  permit. 

AL-LO w'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being, 
or  proper  to  be,  allowed. 

Al-low'a-bly,  adv.  In  an  allowa¬ 
ble  manner. 

Al-lo  w'ance,  n.  1.  Act  of  allowing. 
2.  That  which  is  allowed :  a  stated 
quantity,  as  of  food  or  drink.  3 
Abatement;  deduction. — v.t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  put  upon  allowance. 

Al-LOY',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  aloi, 
loi.]  1.  To  reduce  the  purity  of  by 
mixing  with  a  less  valuable  metal.  2. 
To  abate,  impair,  or  corrupt. —  n. 
(148)  1.  Any  compound  of  two  or 

more  metals.  2.  A  baser  metal  mixed 
with  a  finer.  3.  Evil  mixed  with  good. 

AL-LO Y'AGE ,  n.  1.  Act  of  alloying. 
2.  A  mixture  of  different  metals. 

All-saints’'-day,  n.  First  day  of 
November ;  a  feast  in  honor  of  all  tho 
saints. 

All-souls’'-day,  ti.  Second  day  of 
November  ;  a  Roman  Catholic  solem¬ 
nity  held  to  pray  for  the  souls  of  the 
faithful. 

All 'spice,  n.  The  berry  of  the  pi¬ 
mento,  an  aromatic  tree  of  the  West 
Indies. 

Al-lude',  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  al- 


Ji,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long ;  A,  £,  I,  6,  tt,  f , short; 


CARE,  FAR.  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


ALLURE 

ludere.]  To  refer  to  something  not  di¬ 
rectly  mentioned  ;  to  have  reference. 

Syn.  —  To  suggest ;  intimate. 

Al-lure',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -INS.]  [From 
ad  and  lure.]  To  tempt  by  the  offer 
of  some  good,  real  or  apparent. 

Syn.  —  To  entice  ;  decoy;  seduce. — 
We  are  allured  to  evil  by  some  promised 
good;  we  are  enticed  into  it  through  our 
passions  ;  we  are  seduced  when  drawn 
aside  from  the  path  of  rectitude. 

Al-lure'ment,  n.  That  which  al¬ 
lures. 

Al-lOr'er,  n.  One  who  allures  ;  a 
tempter. 

Al-lu'§ion,  n.  Indirect  reference. 

Al-lu'sive,  a.  Referring  to  indi¬ 
rectly. 

Al-lu'vi-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
contained  in,  or  composed  of,  alluvi¬ 
um.  2.  Of  fresh -water  origin. 

Al-lu'vi-on,  n.  Same  as  Alluvium. 

Al-lu'vi-um,  n. ;  pi.  al-lu'vi-a. 
[Lat.,  from  ad,  to,  against,  and  luere , 
to  wash.]  Deposits  of  earth,  sand, 
gravel,  &c.,  made  by  rivers,  floods,  or 
other  causes. 

Al-ly',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  141,  142.] 
[Lat.  alligare ,  from  ad,  to,  and  ligare, 
to  bind.]  1.  To  unite,  or  form  a  con¬ 
nection  between.  2.  To  connect  by 
similitude,  resemblance,  or  friend¬ 
ship.  —  n.  (115,  148)  1.  One  who  is 
united  by  compact,  marriage,  &c.  ; 
a  confederate.  2.  One  related  to  an¬ 
other  by  any  tie. 

Al'ma-gest,  n.  [Ar.  al ,  the,  and  Gr. 
jue'yitrros,  greatest.]  A  book  of  prob¬ 
lems  in  astronomy  and  geometry, 
drawn  up  by  Ptolemy. 

Al'ma  Ma'ter.  [Lat.]  A  college 
or  seminary  where  one  is  educated. 

Al'ma-nae  (134),  n.  [Ar.  manakh.]  A 
book  or  table,  containing  a  calendar 
of  days,  weeks,  months,  & c. 

Al-might'y  (-mit'-),  a.  All-power¬ 
ful  ;  omnipotent.  —  n.  God  ;  the 

_  Supreme  Being. 

Xl'MOND  (abound),  n.  [Gr.  apvy- 
fiaArj.]  1.  The  fruit  of  the  almond- 
tree.  2.  One  of  the  two  glands 
called  tonsils. 

Al'mon-er,/l  [See  Alms.]  One  who 
distributes  alms  for  another. 

Al'mon-ry,  n.  A  place  for  distribut¬ 
ing  alms. 

Al-MOST'  (146),  adv.  Nearly  ;  well- 
nigh  ;  for  the  greatest  part. 

Alm§  (amz),  n.  pi.  [A.-S.  dimes, 
xlmesse ,  from  Gr.  ekcrifj.oavpr) ,  fr.  eAe- 
etv,  to  have  pity.]  Any  thing  gratu¬ 
itously  given  to  relieve  the  poor  ;  a 
charitable  donation. 

XLMg'-HOUSE  (amz7-),  n.  A  house  for 
the  use  of  the  poor;  a  poor-house. 

Il'oe  (al'o),  n. ;  pi.  AL'SEg.  [Gr. 
aAorj,  Heb.  ahalhn.]  1.  A  genus  of 
evergreen  plants.  2.  pi.  The  inspis¬ 
sated  juice  of  several  species  of  aloe, 
used  as  a  purgative. 

.Xl'o-et'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 

Al'o-et'ie-AL,  j  obtained  from ,  or 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of,  aloes. 

A-LOFT'  (21),  adv.  1.  On  high.  2. 
At  the  mast-head  ;  above  the  deck. 


13 

A-l5ne',  a.  [From  all  and  one.] 
Apart  from  others;  single;  solitary. 
A-LONG'  (21),  adv.  [A.-S.  andlang, 
ondlong,  from  and,  ond ,  against,  to¬ 
ward,  and  long,  long.]  1.  Lengthwise. 
2.  In  a  line  ;  onward  ;  forward.  3.  In 
company  ;  together.  — prep.  By  the 
length  of,  as  distinguished  from 
across.  [ship. 

A-LONG'side,  adv.  By  the  side  of  a 
A-loof'  (26),  adv.  [Cf.  aloft.]  At  or 
from  a  small  distance.  — prep.  At  or 
to  a  distance  from  ;  away  from. 
A-loud',  adv.  With  a  loud  voice; 
loudly. 

Al-pXe'a,  n.  1.  An 
animal  of  Peru,  hav¬ 
ing  long,  fine,  woolly 
hair.  2.  A  thin  kind 
of  cloth  made  of  the 
wool  of  the,  alpaca 
mixed  with  silk  or 
w  with  cotton. 

Xl'pha,  n.  The  firsts 
letter  of  the  Greek  " 
alphabet,  used  to  de-  Alpaca, 
note  first. 

Xl'pha-bet,  n.  [Gr.  iA^d^To?,  fr. 
a\<f>a  and  /S^to.,  the  first  two  Gr.  let¬ 
ters.]  The  letters  of  a  language  in 
the  customary  order.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  arrange  in  the  order  of 
an  alphabet. 

Ax/pha-bet'IU,  1  a.  Pertaining 
Xl'pha-bet'ig-al,  (  to,  furnished 
with,  or  in  the  order  of,  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet. 

Xz/PHA-BET'IU-AL-LY,  adv.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  alphabet. 

Al'pine  (-pin  or  -pin),  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  Alps,  or  to  any  lofty  moun¬ 
tain.  [now. 

Al-read'y,  adv.  Before  this  time  ; 
Al'so  (146),  adv.  or  conj.  [all  and  so.j 
w  In  like  manner  ;  likewise  ;  too. 

Alt,  a.  or  n.  [Lat.  altus,  high.]  The 
higher  part  of  the  scale. 

Al'tar,  n.  [Lat. 
altare ,  from  altus , 
high.]  1.  A  table 
or  elevated  place 
on  which  gifts  and 
sacrifices  are  of¬ 
fered  to  some  de¬ 
ity.  2.  A  com¬ 
munion  table. 

Al'tar-fie^e,  n. 

A  painting  placed 
over  the  altar. 

AL'TERjt'.  l.  [-ed  ; 

-ING.]  [Low  Lat.  alterare,  from  Lat. 
alter,  another.]  1.  To  make  some 
change  in.  2.  To  change  entirely  or 
materially.  —  v.  i.  To  become,  in 
some  respects,  different. 
Al'ter-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
altered.  [manner. 

Al'TER-a-BLY,  adv.  In  an  alterable 
Al'TER-a'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  alter¬ 
ing  or  state  of  being  altered.  2.  The 
change  made. 

Al'ter-a-tIve,  a.  Having  power  to 
"  restore  the  healthy  functions  of  the 
body  without  sensible  evacuations. — 
n.  A  medicine  having  this  power. 


Altar. 


ALVEARY 

Xl'TER~€ATE,  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  alter  care,  altercari,  from  Lat.  al¬ 
ter,  another.]  To  contend  in  words  ; 
to  wrangle. 

Xl'ter-ua'tion,  n.  Warm  conten¬ 
tion  in  words  ;  controversy. 

Syn. —  Wrangle  ;  dispute.— An  alter¬ 
cation  is  an  angry  dispute  between  two 
parties  ;  a  wrangle  is  a  noisy  altercation. 

Al-tLr'NATE  (14),  a.  [Lat.  alter- 
natus.]  Being  by  turns  ;  reciprocal. 

—  n.  That  which  happens  by  turns  ; 
vicissitude. 

XL'TER-NATE,or  AL-TER'n!TE ,  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  perform  by  turns,  or 
in  succession  ;  to  change  reciprocally. 

—  v.  i.  To  happen  or  to  act  bv 
turns. 

Al-tEr'nate-LY,  adv.  In  recipro¬ 
cal  succession ;  by  turns. 

Xl'ter-na'tion,  n.  1.  Reciprocal 
succession  of  things  in  time  or  place. 
2.  (Math.)  The  different  changes  of 
orders  in  numbers  ;  permutation. 

Al-tEr'na-tive  ,  a.  Offering  a  choice 
of  two  things.  —  n.  A  choice  of  two 
things. 

Al-t£r'na-tIve-ly,  adv.  In  an  al¬ 
ternative  manner. 

Al-though'  (awl-thoO,  conj.  [ all  and 
though.]  Grant  all  this;  be  it  so;  sup¬ 
pose  that ;  notwithstanding. 

Al-tIl'o-quen^e,  n.  [Lat.  altus, 
lofty,  and  loquentia ,  a  speaking.] 
Pompous  language. 

Al-tim'e-ter,  n.  [Lat.  altus,  high, 
and  metrum,  measure.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  taking  altitudes  by  geomet¬ 
rical  principles. 

Al-tIm'e-try,  n.  Art  of  ascertaining 
altitudes  by  means  of  a  proper  in¬ 
strument. 

Al-tIs'o-nant,  )  a.  [Lat.  altus, 

Al-tTs'o-noDs,  )  high,  and  sonans, 
sounding.]  High-sounding ;  pomp¬ 
ous. 

Al'ti-tude  (53),  n.  [Lat.  altitudo,  fr. 
altus,  high.]  1.  Space  extended  up¬ 
ward  ;  height.  2.  ( As  ron .)  Eleva¬ 
tion  of  a  celestial  object  above  the 
horizon.  3.  Highest  point. 

Al'to,  n.  The  part  sung  by  the  low¬ 
est  female  voices.  In  instrumental 
music,  the  tenor. 

Al'to-geth'er  (146),  adv.  [all  and 

"  together.]  1.  Conjointly.  2.  Without 
exception  ;  wholly  ;  completely. 

Xl'to-re-lie'vo,  n.  [It.  alto  rilie - 
vo.]  High  relief.  [each  end. 

Xl'u-del,  n.  A  chemical  pot  open  at 

Al'UM,  n.  [Lat.  alumen.]  A  double 
sulphate  of  alumina  and  potassa.  It 
is  very  astringent. 

A-lu'mi-nA,  )  n.  (Min.)  One  of  tho 

Al'u-mIne,  )  earths. 

Al'u-mIn'i-um,  )  n.  A  very  light, 

A-lu'mi-num,  j  white  metal,  with 
a  bluish  tinge. 

A-lu'mi-noi)s,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
containing,  alum,  or  alumina. 

A-l&m'nits,  n.  pi. ;  A-LtdM'm.  A 
graduate  of  a  college,  or  other  semi¬ 
nary. 

Il'VE-A-RY,  n.  [Lat.  alvearium ,  al- 
veare,  from  alvus,  belly,  bee-hive.]  1. 


Al  lilt/  IIlui8l~Ilt3(lU  }  dUO Vc  lilt/  UcLn>i  A  IHvUlvlLlv  lidVlug  Hilo  pUWcr»  uf  c j  IlOLIl  (.It  l  tto  ^ 

OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK ;  Orn,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €,5,  hard;  Ag;  EjciST  ; 


ALVEOLATE 


A  bee-hive,  or  something  like  one.  2. 
The  hollow  of  the  external  ear. 

Xi/ve-o-late,  a.  Pitted  like  a 
honey-comb. 

Xl'VINE,  a.  [Lat.  alvus,  belly.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  lower  belly  or  intes¬ 
tines. 

AL'way,  )  adv.  1.  Perpetually ;  con- 

Al/tVAYg,  j  tinually.  2.  Invariably. 

Xm.  First  person  singular  present  in¬ 
dicative  of  Be. 

A-main',  adv.  1.  Violently  and  sud¬ 
denly.  2.  Suddenly,  or  at  once. 

A-MAL/GAM,  n.  [Gr.  (j.aAayp.a.,  any 
emollient.]  1.  A  compound  of  mer¬ 
cury  with  another  metal.  2.  Any 
mixture. 

A-MXL'GAM-ItE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  mix,  as  quicksilver,  with  an¬ 
other  metal.  2.  To  mix,  so  as  to  make 
a  compound.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  unite  in 
an  amalgam.  2.  To  coalesce,  as  a  re¬ 
sult  of  growth. 

A-mXl/ga-ma'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or 
operation  of  compounding  mercury 
with  another  metal.  2.  The  mixing 
of  different  things  or  races. 

A-mXn'u-en'sis,  n.  ,•  pi.  a-mXnGj- 
iiN'SEg.  [Lat.,  from  ab,  from,  and 
mantis,  hand.]  One  who  writes  w'hat 
another  dictates  ;  a  copyist. 

Xm'A-RANTH,  n.  [Gr.  djuapahrov,  lit., 
not  withering.]  1.  A  genus  of  orna¬ 
mental  annual  plants  of  many  spe¬ 
cies.  2.  An  imaginary  flower  that 
never  fades.  3.  A  color  inclining  to 
purple. 

Xm'A-rXnth'Ine,  a.  1.  Not  fading 
or  decaying.  2.  Of  a  purplish  color. 

A-m.ass'(6),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  amassare ,  from  Lat.  massa , 
mass.]  •  To  collect  into  a  mass  or 
heap. 

Syn.  —  To  accumulate ;  gather. 

A-mAss'ment,  n.  Aheap;  accumu¬ 
lation. 

Xm/a-teur',  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  cul¬ 
tivates  any  study  or  art,  without 
pursuing  it  professionally. 

Xm'A-tive,  a.  Amorous;  amatory. 

Xm'a-tive-ness,  n.  Propensity  to 
love. 

Xm'a-to'ri-al,  1  a.  Relating  to,  in- 

Xm/a-to-ry,  j  duced  by,  or  ex¬ 
pressive  of,  love. 

Am' A  v-ro'sis,  n.  [Gr.  d/xaupcoo-is.] 
A  loss  or  decay  of  sight,  without  any 
visible  defect  in  the  eye. 

A-MAZE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  con¬ 
found  with  fear,  sudden  surprise,  or 
wonder  ;  to  astonish.  —  n.  Aston¬ 
ishment  ;  amazement. 

A-Xiaz'ed-ly,  adv.  With  amazement. 

A-maze'ment,  n.  A  feeling  of  sur¬ 
prise  and  wonder. 

Syn.  —  Astonishment  ;  admiration  ; 
perplexity;  confusion. 

A-maz'ing-ly,  adv.  In  an  amazing 
degree. 

Xm'A-zon,  n.  [Gr.  d/xa^tov.]  One  of 
a  fabulous  race  of  female  warriors  ; 
—  hence,  a  warlike  or  masculine  wo¬ 
man  ;  a  virago. 

Am-bXs'sa-dor,  n.  An  envoy  of  the 
highest  rank.  See  Embassador. 


14 

Am-bXs'sa-dress,  n.  A  female  am¬ 
bassador. 

Xm'ber.w.  [Ar.  ‘‘anbar,  anbarum.]  A 
yellowish  resin  found  as  a  fossil.  — a. 
Consisting  of  or  resembling  amber. 
Xm'ber-gris  (-grees),  n.  A  fragrant 
substance  used  in  perfumery,  &c. 
Xm'bi-dex'ter,  n.  [Lat.  ambo,  both, 
and  dexter ,  right.]  1.  One  who  uses 
both  hands  with  equal  facility.  2.  A 
double-dealer. 

Xm'bi-dex-ter'i-ty,  n.  1.  Power 
of  using  both  hands  with  equal  ease. 
2.  Double-dealing. 

Xm'BI-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  ambiens ,  fr.  am- 
bire,  to  go  around.]  Encompassing  ; 
surrounding. 

Xm'BI-gu'i-ty,  n.  Doubtfulness  or 
uncertainty,  esp.  of  signification. 
Am-bIg'u-ous,  a.  [Lat.  ambiguus.] 
Doubtful  or  uncertain,  particularly 
in  respect  to  signification. 
Am-bIg'u-oOs-ly,  adv.  In  an  am¬ 
biguous  manner. 

Am-big'U-ous-ness,  n.  Ambiguity. 
Xm'bit,  n.  [Lat.  ambitus .]  Circuit 
or  compass. 

Am-bI'TION  (-bishrim),  n.  [Lat.  am- 
bitio,  a  going  around,  esp.  to  get 
votes.]  An  eager  desire  of  preferment, 
honor,  superiority,  or  power. 
Am-bY'tioCs  (-blshhrs),  a.  1.  Possess¬ 
ing,  or  controlled  by,  ambition.  2. 
Springing  from,  or  indicating,  am- 
^  bition. 

Xm'ble,  v.  i.  [Lat.  ambulare .]  1.  To 
move,  as  a  horse,  by  lifting  together 
the  two  legs  on  one  side  ;  to  pace.  2. 
To  move  affectedly.  —  n.  A  peculiar 
gait  of  a  horse,  in  which  both  legs  on 
w  one  side  are  moved  at  the  same  time. 
Xm'bler,  n.  A  horse  which  ambles. 
AM-BRO^glA  (-bro^zha),  n.  [Gr.  ap.|3po- 
crta.]  The  fabled  food  of  the  gods. 
Am-bro'§ial,  a.  Partaking  of  the 
nature  of  ambrosia;  delicious. 
Xm'bro-type,’  n.  [Gr.  dp|3poTos,  im¬ 
mortal,  and  TV7ros,  impression.]  A 
photographic  picture  taken  on  a  pre¬ 
pared  glass. 

AMBg'ACE  (amz'as),  n.  [0.  Fr.  ambes, 
ambs ,  both,  and  ace.]  A  double  ace. 
Xm'bu-ean^e,  n. 

[Lat.  ambulare, 
to  walk.]  A  hos¬ 
pital  wagon,  for 
carrying  sick  or 
wounded  sol¬ 
diers. 

Xm'bu-lant,  a. 

Walking ;  moving  from  place  to 
w  place. 

Xm'BU-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  walking. 
AM'bu-la-to-ry,  a.  1.  Walking.  2. 
Not  fixed  in  its  legal  character,  but 
capable  of  being  altered,  as  a  will. 
—  n.  Any  part  of  a  building  in¬ 
tended  for  walking  in. 

Xm'bu-ry,  )  n.  [A.-S.  ampre,  a  crook- 
Xn'bu-ry,  (  ed,  swelling  vein.]  A 
soft  swelling  on  ahorse,  full  of  blood. 
Xm'bus-eade',  n.  [It.  imboscata,  fr. 
im,  in,  and  bosco,  a  wood.]  1.  A  ly¬ 
ing  concealed,  for  the  purpose  of  at¬ 
tacking  an  enemy  by  surprise.  2.  A 


AMIABLE 

concealed  place  in  which  troops  lie 
hid;  ambush.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  lie  in  wait. 

Xm'bush,  n.  [See  Ambuscade.]  1. 
Act  of  attacking  an  enemy  from  a 
concealed  station.  2.  An  ambus¬ 
cade.  3.  Troops  posted  in  a  con¬ 
cealed  place,  for  attacking  by  sur¬ 
prise. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  lie 
in  wait  for  ;  to  place  in  ambush. 

A-MEL/IO-RATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ad  and  meliorate,  to  make  bet¬ 
ter.]  To  make  better  ;  to  improve.  — 
v.  i.  To  grow  better. 

A-mel/io-ra'tion,  n.  Improvement. 

A-MEN'  (in  singing ,  pron.  a'men'). 
[Heb.]  An  expression  used  at  the 
end  of  prayers,  meaning,  Bo  be  it. 

A-me'na-ble,  a.  [Fr.  amener,  to 
bring  to  account,  fr.  Lat.  minare,  to 
threaten.]  1.  Liable  to  be  brought 
to  account ;  answerable  ;  responsi¬ 
ble.  2.  Willing  to  yield  ;  submissive. 

A-mend',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
Lat.  emendare,  fr.  e,  out,  and  menda , 
a  fault.]  To  change  in  any  way  for 
the  better. 

Syn. —  To  correct;  reform  ;  rectify.— 
To  amend  is  literally  to  take  away  blots, 
and  hence  to  remove  faults;  to  reform  is 
to  form  over  again  for  the  better;  to  cor¬ 
rect  is  to  make  straight  or  right;  to  recti¬ 
fy  is  to  set  right.  We  rectify  abuses,  mis¬ 
takes,  &c.  ;  we  correct  errors;  we  reform 
or  amend  our  lives. 

—  v.  i.  To  grow  better  ;  to  improve 
morally.  [amended. 

A-m£nd'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

A-mend'a-to-ry,  a.  Containing 
amendment;  corrective. 

Amende  (arinongd'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
pecuniary  fine  or  punishment ;  rep¬ 
aration  ;  retraction. 

A-mend'ment,  n.  1.  A  change  for 
the  better.  2.  In  public  bodies,  any 
alteration  in  a  bill  or  motion  by  add¬ 
ing,  changing,  or  omitting. 

A-MilNDg',  n.  sing.  &  pi.  Recom¬ 
pense  ;  satisfaction ;  equivalent. 

A-MEN'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  amcenitas.] 
Quality  of  being  pleasant  or  agree¬ 
able,  whether  in  respect  to  situation, 
climate,  manners,  or  disposition. 

A-m£r<^e'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  merces ,  wages,  penalty.]  1.  To 
punish  by  a  pecuniary  penalty.  2. 
To  punish,  in  general. 

A-mLr^e'ment,  n.  A  pecuniary  pen¬ 
alty  inflicted  at  the  discretion  of  the 
court. 

A-mer'i-can,  a.  Pertaining  to  Amer¬ 
ica; —  in  a  restricted  sense,  pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  United  States.  —  n.  A 
native  of  America  ;  —  applied  esp.  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States. 

A-m£r'I-uan-I§m,  n.  A  w  ord,  phrase, 
or  idiom  peculiar  to  America. 

Xm'e-th¥st,w.  [Gr.  apeOvo-Tos ,  with¬ 
out  drunkenness.]  A  subspecies  of 
quartz,  of  a  bluish  violet  color.  It  was 
anciently  thought  to  have  the  power 
of  preventing  intoxication. 

Xm'e-th¥st'Yne,  a.  Pertaining  to, 

_  or  resembling,  amethyst. 

A'mi-A-bTl/i-ty,  n.  Amiableness. 

A'MI-A-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  amicabilis, 


AMIABLENESS 


ANALEPTIC 


15 


\ 


friendly,  and  amabilis,  lovely.]  Wor¬ 
thy  of  love ;  lovable. 

Syn.  — Lovely;  charming;  delightful. 
X'mi-a-ble-ness,  n.  The  quality  of 
_  deserving  love  ;  loveliness. 
A'mi-a-bly,  adv.  In  an  amiable 
manner. 

Xm/I-AN'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  ajuiavTOs  Atdos, 
lit.,  unsoiled  stone.]  A  mineral  sub¬ 
stance  somewhat  resembling  flax. 
Xm'1-ea-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
amicable  ;  friendliness. 
Xm'I-€A-ble,  a.  [Lat.  amicabilis .] 
Harmonious  in  mutual  intercourse. 

Syn.  —  Friendly ;  peaceable;  fraternal. 
—  Amicable  always  supposes  two  parties; 
as,  an  amicable  arrangement.  We  cannot 
say  of  a  single  individual  that  he  was  am¬ 
icable,  though  we  can  say  he  w&sfriend- 
ly. 

AM'I-€A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Friendliness; 

kindness.  [manner. 

XmM-ca-bly,  adv.  In  an  amicable 
Am'I^E  (funds), n.  [Lat.  amictus.]  l.A 
loose  flowing  garment  formerly  worn 
by  pilgrims.  2.  An  oblong  piece 
of  embroidered  linen  worn  by  priests. 
A-mId',  1  prep.  In  the  midst  or 
A-mIdst',  |  middle  ;  among. 
A-M'id'siiips,  adv.  Half-way  between 
the  stem  and  the  stern. 

A-MISS',  a.  Wrong ;  faulty  ;  improper. 
_ — adv.  Wrongly;  improperly. 
Xm'i-ty,  n.  [Fr.  amitie.]  Friendship, 
in  a  general  sense  ;  harmony. 
AM-MO'NI-A,  n.  [From  sal  ammoniac .] 
A  volatile  alkali  of  a  pungent  smell ; 
spirit  of  hartshorn. 

AM-MO'NI-AC,  [  a.  Pertaining  to 
Xm/MO-nPAE-AL,  j  ammonia,  or 
possessing  its  qualities. 
AM-mu-nI'tion  (-nish'un),  n.  [Low 
Lat.  admunitio.]  Military  stores  or 
provisions  for  attack  or  defense. 
Xm'NES-TY,  n.  [Gr.  apvpcrTM,  a  for¬ 
getting.]  A  general  pardon  of  politi¬ 
cal  offenses. 

A-MONG',  1  prep.  [A.-S.  amang,on- 
A-M6NGST',  J  mang .]  1.  Mixed  or 

mingled  with.  2.  Associated  with, 
or  making  part  of  the  number  of. 
Xm'O-ROLJS,  a.  [Low  Lat.  amorosits.] 

1.  Having  a  propensity  to  sexual  en¬ 

joyment.  2.  In  love  ;  enamored.  3. 
Relating  to  love.  [manner. 

Xm'o-rous'ly,  adv.  In  an  amorous 
A-mor'phoOs,  a.  [Gr.  dpop(f>o s,  fr.  d 
priv.,and  popcfrr),  form.]  1.  Having 
no  determinate  form.  2.  Of  no  par¬ 
ticular  kind  or  character ;  anomalous. 
A-mor'ti-za'tion,  )  n.  1.  Act  or 
A-mor'tIze-ment,  ]  right  of  alien¬ 
ating  lands  to  a  corporation.  2.  Ex¬ 
tinction  of  debt,  particularly  by 
means  of  a  sinking  fund. 

A-MOUNT',  v.  i.  [-ED;-ING.]  [Lat. 
ad,  to,  and  mons ,  mountain.]  1.  To 
come  in  the  aggregate  or  whole.  2.  To 
beequivalent.  —  n.  1.  The  sum  total. 

2.  The  effect,  substance,  or  result. 
A-MOUR',  n.  [Fr.]  A  love  intrigue. 
Am-phIb'i-AN,  n.  An  amphibious 

animal. 

Am-phib'i-oOs,  a.  1.  Having  the 
power  of  living  in  air  and  water.  2. 
Adapted  for  living  on  land  or  water. 


Am-phIb'i-oOs-ness,  n.  Ability  to 
live  in  two  elements. 

Xm'PHI-BOL/O-Gy,  n.  [Gr.  ap.<£i/3o- 
Aoyta.]  A  phrase,  proposition,  or 
discourse  susceptible  of  two  inter- 

_  pretations. 

Am/PHI-BRA€H,  n.  [Gr.  ap^Cfipaxw;.] 
A  foot  of  three  syllables,  tne  middle 
one  long,  the  first  and  last  short. 

Am-PHIG'TY-on'IG,  n.  Pertaining  to 
the  council  of  the  Amphictyons. 

AM-PHle'TY-ONg,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ’’Aptyiic- 
Tuovt?.]  (  Gr.  Hist.)  An  assembly  or 
council  of  deputies  from  the  different 
states  of  Greece. 

Am-phYs'ci-I  (-fTshG-I),  In.  pi. 

AM-PHls'ci-ANg  (-fish'i-anz),  J  [Gr. 
aijjfiLaKLOs,  from  apfyi,  on  both  sides, 
and  cnaa,  shadow.]  The  inhabitants 
between  the  tropics,  whose  shadows  in 
one  part  of  the  year  are  cast  to  the 
north,  and  in  the  other  to  the  south. 

Xm/phi-the'a-ter,  )  n.  [Gr.  dp^n- 

Xm'PHI-THE'A-TRE,  j  Oearpov,  from 
apcfri,  about,  and  Oearpov,  theater  ] 
An  oval  or  circular  edifice  having 
rows  of  seats  one  above  another, 
around  an  open  space,  called  the 
arena,  and  used  for  combats  of  gladi¬ 
ators  and  of  wild  beasts,  and  other 
public  sports. 

Xm/piii-the-  a  T'RIC-AL ,  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  exhibited  in,  an  amphithe¬ 
ater. 

Xm'ple,  a.  [Lat,  amplus .]  1.  Of 

large  dimensions.  2.  Fully  sufficient. 

3.  Extended ;  diffusive. 

Syn. —  Spacious;  capacious;  exten¬ 
sive;  abundant;  plenteous.  —  When  we 
mean  by  ample  large  in  extent,  we  say 
spacious  or  extensive ;  large  in  size,  capa¬ 
cious;  large  in  quantity,  abundant  or 
plenteous. 

Xm/pli-FI-€A'tion,  n.  1.  Enlarge¬ 
ment.  2.  Exaggerated  description 
or  diffuse  narration. 

Xm'PLI-fi-ga'tive,  1  a.  Serving  or 

Xm'PEI-FI-CA'TO-ry,  j  tending  to 
amplify  _or  enlarge. 

Xm'pli-fPer,  n.  One  who  amplifies. 

Am/pli-fy,  y.  t.  [-ed;  -1NG,  142.] 
[Lat.  amplificare ,  fr.  amplus ,  ample, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  1.  To  render 
larger,  more  extended,  or  more  in¬ 
tense,  and  the  like.  2.  To  treat  copi¬ 
ously. —  v.  i.  1.  To  grow  or  be¬ 
come  large.  2.  To  be  diffuse. 
Xm'pli-tude  (53),  n.  1.  State  of 
being  ample ;  largeness  of  dimen¬ 
sions.  2.  Largeness,  in  a  figurative 
sense.  3.  An  arc  of  the  horizon  in¬ 
tercepted  between  the  true  east  or 
west  point  and  the  center  of  the  sun 
or  a  star  at  its  rising  or  setting. 

Xm'ply,  adv.  Largely  ;  liberally  ; 
fully. 

Xm/pu-tate ,V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
amputare ,  from  amb,  about,  and  pu- 
tare,  to  prune.]  To  cut  off,  as  a 
limb. 

Xm/pu-ta'tion,  n.  Act  or  operation 
of  cutting  off  a  limb*or  other  part. 

A-mOck/,  n.  [Malay.]  Act  of  killing. 

To  run  amuck,  to  rush  out  frantically, 
attacking  all  that  come  in  the  way,  as  is 
done  by  fanatics  in  the  East. 


Xm/U-LET,  n.  [Ar.  hamhlat,  himctlat , 
anything  worn.]  Something  worn  to 
prevent  evil. 

A-MU§E',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
amuser.]  1.  To  entertain  agreeably. 
2.  To  keep  in  expectation. 

Syn.  —  To  divert;  entertain. — We 
are  amused  by  that  which  occupies  us 
lightly  and  pleasantly ;  entertained  by 
that  which  brings  our  minds  into  agree¬ 
able  contact  with  others,  as  conversation 
or  a  book  ;  diverted  by  that  which  draws 
off  our  thoughts  to  something  of  livelier 
interest,  especially  of  a  sportive  nature, 
as  a  humorous  story  or  a  laughable  in¬ 
cident. 

A-MfigE'MENT,  n.  That  which  amuses. 

Syn. —  Diversion;  pastime;  entertain¬ 
ment;  sport. 

A-mu'sIve,  a.  Entertaining;  divert¬ 
ing  ;  pleasing. 

A-MYG'DA-LATE,  n.  [Gr.  dpvySakov, 
almond.]  An  emulsion  made  of  al¬ 
monds.  [almonds. 

A-m^G'da-lIne,  a.  Pertaining  to 

XM/Y-LA'CEOlis,  a.  [Gr.  dpv\ov, 
starch.]  Pertaining  to  starch. 

An,  a.,  commonly  called  the  indefinite 
article.  [A.-S.  an,  ane .]  It  signifies 
one  or  any,  but  somewhat  less  em¬ 
phatically. 

Xn/A-BXp'TIST, n.  [Gr.  dva^anri^eiv, 
from  ava,  again,  and  fiaTni^eiv,  to 
baptize.]  One  who  denies  the  validi¬ 
ty  of  infant  baptism. 

AN-X-GH'RO-NlgM,  n.  [Gr.  ava\pov ca¬ 
pos,  from  ava,  against,  and 
time.]  An  error  in  chronology. 

Xn'A-con'da,  n.  A  large  snake  which 
lives  in  South  America. 

A-nXc're-on'ttg,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  after  the  manner  of,  the  Greek 
poet  Anacreon  ;  amatory  ;  convivial. 
—  n.  A  little  poem  in  praise  of  love 

^  and  wine. 

Xn'A-deM,  n.  [Gr.  avdSppa.]  A  gar¬ 
land  or  fillet. 

Xn'jes-thLt'k:,  a.  [Gr.  dv  priv., 
and  olaQria-v;,  feeling.]  1.  Capable 
of  rendering  insensible  by  being  in¬ 
haled.  2.  Characterized  by  insensi¬ 
bility. —  n.  That  which  produces 
insensibility,  as  chloroform,  & c. 

Xn'A-GL^PH,  n.  [Gr.  dvdy\vcf>ov,fi’om 
ava,  up,  and  y\v<f>eiv,  to  engrave.] 
An  embossed  or  chased  ornament, 
worked  in  relief,  as  a  cameo. 

Xn^A-gl^P^TKI,  a.  Relating  to  the 
art  of  carving,  engraving,  enchasing, 
or  embossing  plate. 

XnA-GoGGE-AL,  a.  [Gr.  dvaymyrj, 
from  ava,  up,  and  ayeiv,  to  lead.] 
Mysterious ;  mystical ;  spiritual. 

Xn'A-GRXm,  n.  [Gr.  dvdypappa,  from 
ava,  back,  again,  and  ypdppa,  letter.] 
A  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a 
name,  by  tvhich  a  new  word  is 
formed.  Thus,  astronomers  may  bo 
turned  into  moon-starers. 

Xn'A-GRAM-mXt'K!,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  making,  an  anagram. 

Xn/a-lL€,tI€,  a.  Collecting  or  se¬ 
lecting  ;  made  up  of  selections. 

AN'A-LE€TS,  )n.  pi.  [Gy.  dvd-Acura.] 

An'a-lep'tA,  j  A  collection  of  lit¬ 
erary  fragments. 

XN'A-LfiP'TIE,  a.  [Gr.  dva\r}mLKo s-] 


6r,do,  wolf,  too,  TCK3K  ;  pRN,  RTiE.pyEL;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  q,&,soft;  €,&,hard;  A§;  E>asT;  n 


as  ng  ;  this. 


ANALOGICAL  16 


ANGLE 


Corroborating;  invigorating. — n. 
Restorative  medicine. 
An'a-l56'I€-al,  a.  According  to, 
or  founded  on,  analogy. 
An'A-LOG'IG-AL-LY,  a'dv.  By  way  of 
analogy.  [or  consider  by  analog}". 
A-nXl'o-6Ize  (162),  v.  t.  To  explain 
A-nXl'O-go0s,  a.  [Gr.  avaAoyos,  pro¬ 
portionate,  fr.  and,  according  to,  and 
|  Aoyo?,  proportion.]  Having  analogy  ; 

correspondent,  [to  some  other  thing. 
Xn'A-loGUE,  n.  A  thing  analogous 
A-nXl'o-GY,  n.  1.  Likeness  between 
things  in  some  circumstances  or  ef¬ 
fects  ,  when  the  things  are  otherwise 
entirely  different.  2.  Equality,  pro¬ 
portion,  or  similarity  of  ratios. 
A-nXl'y-sIs,  n. ;  pi. ,  A-NXi/Y-SEg. 
[Gr.  dvaAvms,  from  ava,  again,  and 
Aveiv,  to  loose.]  A  resolution  of  any 
thing,  whether  an  object  of  the 
senses  or  of  the  intellect,  into  its 
constituent  or  original  elements. 
An'a-l?st,  n.  One  who  analyzes. 
An'A-lyt'ig,  ( a.  Pertaining  to 
AN'A-LifT'lE-AL,  j  analysis;  resolv¬ 
ing  into  component  parts.  [alysis. 
Xn/A-ly'T'I€S,  n.  sing.  Science  of  an- 
An'a-lyze  (162),t'.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
separate  into  the  component  parts  ; 
to  resolve  into  first  principles  or  ele¬ 
ments.  [which,  analyzes. 

An'a-lyz'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
AN'A-MdR'JPHO-SIS,or  An'a-mor- 
PIIO'SIS ,  n.  [Gr.  avapdp^cooas.]  A 
distorted  representation  of  an  image 
on  a  plane  or  curved  surface,  which, 

.  viewed  in  a  certain  way,  appears  reg¬ 
ular  and  in  proportion. 

An'A-PjEST,  n .  [Gr.  avojraicrnx;.]  A 
metrical  foot  consisting  of  three  sylla¬ 
bles,  the  first  two  short,  the  last 
long,  or  the  first  two  accented  and 
the  last  unaccented. 

Xn'AREH,  n.  [Gr.  avap^os,  from  av 
priv.,  and  apxv,  beginning.]  Author 
of  anarchy. 

A-nar€H'I€,  1  a.  Being  without 
A-naR€H'I€-ae,  )  government ;  law¬ 
less  ;  confused.  [disorder. 

Xn'arch-Kst,  n.  One  who  promotes 
An'arch-Y,  n.  1.  Want  of  govern¬ 
ment  in  society  ;  lawlessness.  2.  Con¬ 
fusion. 

Xn/A-sXre'oOs,  a.  [Gr.  ava,  and 
crap£.]  Dropsical. 

A-nXth'e-MA  (147),  n.  [Gr.  avadepa, 
anything  devoted,  esp.  to  evil.]  A 
ban  or  curse  pronounced  by  ecclesi¬ 
astical  authority,  and  accompanied 
by  excommunication . 
An-Xth'e-ma-tIze  (162),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 

-ING.]  To  denounce  with  curses. 
Xn'a-toM'ic,  1  a.  Belonging  to 
An'A-tom'ic-AL,  j  anatomy  or  dis¬ 
section.  [of  dissection. 

An'a-tom'ig-al-ly,  adv.  By  means 
A-nXt'o-mKst,  n.  One  who  dissects 
bodies,  or  is  skilled  in  anatomy. 
A-nXt'o-mi-za'tion,  n.  The  act  of 
anatomizing. 

A-nXt'o-mIze  (162),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  dissect.  2.  To  lay  open  the 
interior  structure  of ;  to  analyze. 
A-nXt'o-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ava.T0p.7j,  from 


ava,  up,  and  to prj,  a  cutting.]  1.  Art 
of  dissection.  2.  Science  of  the  struct¬ 
ure  of  animal  bodies.  3.  A  skeleton. 
iN'gES-TOR,  n.  [From  Lat.  anteces¬ 
sor ,  one  who  goes  before.]  One  from 
whom  a  person  is  descended  at  any 
distance  of  time. 

Syx.  —  Forefather;  progenitor. 
Xn-^es'TRAL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  de¬ 
scending  from,  ancestors. 
AN'9ES-TRY,n.  1.  A 
series  of  ancestors ; 
lineage.  2.  Birth  or 
honorable  descent. 

Aneh'or,  n.  [Gr. 
ay Kvpa..]  An  iron 

instrument  for  hold-  Anchor 
ing  a  vessel  at  rest  a  stock'.  b 
in  water ;  any  firm  Phank  ;  c  c, 
support. — ii.  (.  [-ED  ;  flukes;  d  d, 
-ING.]  1.  To  place  arms, 
at  anchor.  2.  To  fasten  ;  to  fix.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  come  to  anchor.  2.  To 
stop ;  to  rest. 

Aneh'or-AGE,  n.  1.  A  place  where 
a  ship  can  anchor.  2.  The  anchor 
and  all  necessary  tackle.  3.  A  duty 
on  ships  for  anchoring  in  a  harbor. 
Ancii'or-ess,  n.  A  female  hermit. 
Xngh'or-ET,  1  n.  [Gr.  avaxa>p7jr>js.] 
An€H'or-Ite,  )  A  hermit;  a  re¬ 
cluse  ;  a  monk. 

An-ch5'vy,  n.  [Bisc.  antzua ,  anchn- 
va,  dry.]  A  small  sea-fish  of  the 
herring  family. 

AN'CIENT  (aWshent),  a.  [L.  Lat.  anti¬ 
anus,  anteanus,  fr.  Lat.  antea,  ante, 
before.]  1.  Old  ;  that  happened  or 
existed  in  former  times.  2.  Of  great 
age. 

Syx. —  Primitive  ;  pristine  ;  antiqua¬ 
ted  ;  obsolete.  —  A  thing  is  ancient  when 
it  is  old ;  it  is  antiquated,  antique ,  or  obso- 
Zefewhen  it  is  gone  out  of  use  or  fashion. 

—  n.  1.  pi.  Those  who  lived  in  former 
ages.  2.  pi.  Very  old  men.  3.  Bear¬ 
er  of  a  flag  ;  —  now  called  an  ensign. 
AN'cient-ly,  adv.  In  old  times ; 

formerly.  [lineage. 

Xn'cient-ry,  n.  Honor  of  ancient 
Xn'cie-LA-ry,  a.  [Lat.  ancillaris,  fr. 
ancilla,  a  female  servant.]  Subservi¬ 
ent  or  subordinate,  like  a  handmaid. 
An-^IP'I-tal,  a.  [Lat.  anc.eps ,  two- 
headed.]  Compressed,  and  forming 
^  two  opposite  angles. 

AN'EO-NY,  n.  [Gr.  ay»ccov,abentarm.] 
A  piece  of  half-wrought  iron,  in  the 
shape  of  a  bar  in  the  middle,  but 
rude  and  unwrought  at  the  ends. 
And,  conj.  [A.-S.]  A  particle  which 
expresses  the  relation  of  addition. 
AN-daN' TE,  a.  [It.]  Rather  slow. 
And'I-ron  (-I-urn),*  n.  [A  corrupt, 
of  brand-iron,  or  of  hand-iron,  or  of 
end-iron.]  A  utensil  for  supporting 
wood  in  a  fire-place. 
An-DRO&'Y-NAL,  1  a.  [Gr.  avSpoyv- 
An-dro6'y-no0s,  j  vos,  from  dvijp, 
avSpos,  man,  and  yvvrj,  woman.] 
Having  both  sexes,  or  the  mental 
characteristics  of  both  sexes. 
An'DROID,  1  n.  [Gr.  dvrjp,  av- 
An-droi'd E£,  j  Sp os,  and  elSos.] 
A  machine  in  the  human  form. 


Xn'eg-do'tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  an¬ 
ecdotes  ._ 

An'ee-dote,  n.  [Gr.  dve/cSoTOs,  not 
published.]  A  particular  or  detached 
incident  or  fact  of  an  interesting  na¬ 
ture. 

Syx.  —  Story;  tale;  memoir. 

An'ee-dot'ie-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
anecdotes. 

An''e-mog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  dvepos, 
wind,  and  ypa<f>rj,  description.]  A 
description  of  the  winds. 

An'E-MOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  avepos, 
wind,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  measuring  the  force  of 
the  wind. 

A-NEM'O-NE,  n.  [Gr.  avepiavrj,  from 
avepos,  wind  (which  easily  strips  off 
its  leaves).]  A  genus  of  plants  of  the 
crowfoot  family. 

A-nem'o-seope,  n.  [Gr.  avepos,  wind, 
and  (TKoneLV ,  to  view.]  A  contrivance 
for  bringing  clown  the  indications  of 
a  wind-vane  to  a  dial  below. 

An'e-ROID,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.,  vijpos, 
wet,  moist,  and  eiSos,  form.]  A  port¬ 
able  barometer,  shaped  like  a  watch. 

An'EU-rIsm,  n.  [Gr.  avevpverpa,  a 
widening.]  A  soft  tumor,  arising 
from  dilatation  or  rupture  of  the 
coats  of  an  artery,  [again  ;  afresh. 

A-new'  (a-niF),  adv.  Newly  ;  over 

AN'gel,  n.  [Gr.  ayyeAos,  messenger.] 
1.  A  spirit,  or  a  spiritual  being.  2. 
An  ancient  gold  coin  of  England, 
worth  about  ten  shillings. — a.  Re¬ 
sembling,  or  belonging  to,  angels. 

An-gel'IU,  1  a.  Belonging  to,  or 

AN-&£i/I€-al,  j  resembling,  angels. 

AN'GEL-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ayyeA os, 
angel,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Doc¬ 
trine  of  angelic  beings. 

An'ger  (82),  n.  [Lat.  angor.]  A 
strong  passion  or  emotion  of  the 
mind  excited  by  a  real  or  supposed 
injury. 

Syx.  —  Indignation  ;  resentment  ; 
wrath;  fury;  rage.  —  Anger  is  a  stronger 
term  than  resentment,  but  not  so  strong 
as  indignation,  which  is  awakened  by 
what  is  flagitious  in  character  or  conduct; 
nor  as  wrath,  fury,  rage,  in  which  anger 
is  wrought  up  to  a  still  higher  point  in 
the  order  of  these  words. 

— v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  excite  to  an¬ 
ger  ;  to  rouse  to  resentment. 

Syx.  -t  To  provoke  ;  vex;  displease; 

An/GI-0E'0-6y,  n.  [Gr.  ayyeiov,  ves¬ 
sel,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  treatise 
or  discourse  on  the  vessels  of  the  hu¬ 
man  body. 

An'GI-oT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ayyeiov,  ves¬ 
sel,  and  Top.7j,  a  cutting.]  A  dissec¬ 
tion  of  the  vessels  of  the  body. 

An'gle  (SLng'gl)  C 

n.  [Gr.  ay/cvAos.j  q 
1.  A  corner.  2. 

( Geom .)  The 
difference  of  di- 

rection  of  two  E - 

lines  in  the  A 

same  plane  that  CAE,  right  angle;  C 
meet  or  tend  to  A  D,  acute  angle;  B 
meet  in  a  point ;  A  obtuse  angle, 
or  the  difference  of  direction  of  two 
planes  intersecting,  or  tending  to  in- 


A,  e,  I,  o,u,  y , long X,  e, I,  6,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n, 


ANGLER 


ANOINTMENT 


tersect,  each  other.  3.  Fishing 
tackle.  — v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
fish  with  line  and  hook.  2.  To  in¬ 
trigue. 

Xn'gler,  rc.  One  who  fishes  with  a 
hook.  [to  England. 

Xn'glI-€AN,  a.  English  ;  pertaining 

XN'GLitpIsM,  n.  An  English  idiom 
or  expression. 

Xn'gli-^ize,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
render  conformable  to  the  English 
idiom,  or  to  English  analogies. 

Xn'glo-.  A  prefix  meaning  the  same 
as  English ; —  used  in  composition. 

Xn'gor,  n.  Intense  bodily  pain. 

Xn'GRI-ly,  adv.  In  an  angry  manner. 

Xn'GRY,  a.  [See  Anger.]  1.  In¬ 
flamed,  as  a  sore.  2.  Touched  with 
anger.  3.  Showing  anger.  4.  Stimu¬ 
lated  ;  roused. 

Syn.  —  Passionate;  resentful;  irritated; 
indignant;  provoked;  furious;  wrathful; 
choleric;  inflamed;  infuriated. 

An-guIl'li-form,  a.  [Lat.  anguilla , 
eel,  and  forma ,  form.]  In  the  form 
of  an  eel. 

Xn'guisii,  ft.  [Lat  angustia.]  Ex¬ 
treme  pain,  either  of  body  or  mind. 

Syn.  —  Agony ;  torture ;  torment;  grief; 
pang;  throe. 

Xn'gu-lar,  a.  1.  Having  an  angle  or 
angles ;  pointed.  2.  Consisting  of 
an  angle.  3.  Sharp  and  stiff  in 
character.  [ing  angular. 

Xn'GU-lar'i-TY,  ft.  Quality  of  be- 

Xn'gu-lar-ly,  adv.  With  angles  ;  in 
the  direction  of  the  angles. 

Xn'gu-lat'e  d  (ang'gu-),  a.  Formed 
with  angles. 

Xn'he-la'tion,  n.  [Lat.  anhelatio.] 

_  Difficult  respiration. 

Xn'il,  n.  [Ar.  an-nil ,  from  Skr.  nila , 
dark  blue.]  A  shrub  from  whose 
leaves  and  stalks  indigo  is  made. 

Xn'ILE,  a.  [Lat.  anilis ,  fr.  anus ,  old 
woman.]  Old-womanish ;  imbecile. 

A-nIl'i-ty,  [  ft.  State  of  being  an 

Xn'ile-ness,  )  old  woman  ;  old  age 
of  a  woman. 

Xn'I-MAD-v£r'SION.  n.  Remarks  by 
way  of  criticism,  censure,  or  reproof. 

Syn.— Strictures;  comment;  blame. 

Xn'i-mad-vert'  (14),  v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  animadvertere,  from  an¬ 
imus,  mind,  and  vertere,  to  turn.]  1. 
To  turn  the  mind  with  intent  to 
notice.  2.  To  consider  by  way  of 
criticism  or  censure 

Syn.  —  To  remark;  comment. 

Xn'I-MAL, ft.  [Lat.,fr.  anima ,  breath, 
soul,  animus ,  mind.]  1.  An  organized 
living  being  endowed  with  sensation 
and  the  power  of  voluntary  mo¬ 
tion.  2.  An  irrational  being,  as  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  man. —  a.  1.  Of,  or 
relating  to,  animals.  2.  Pertaining 
to  the  merely  sentient  part  of  a 
creature.  [animalcules. 

Xn'i-mXl'cu  lar,  a.  Pertaining  to 

Xn'i-mXl'cule  ,  n.  [Dim.  of  animal.} 
An  animal  that  is  invisible,  or  nearly 
so,  to  the  naked  eye. 

Xn'i-mXl'€U-lIsT,  ft.  One  versed  in 
the  knowledge  of  animalcules. 

An'i-mAl'eu-lum,  ft.;  pi.  X'NI- 


17 

mIVcv-la.}  [See  Animalcule.] 
An  animalcule. 

GSf*  Animalcules,  as  if  from  a  Lat.  sin¬ 
gular  animalculu,  is  a  gross  barbarism. 

An-i-mal'i-ty,  ft.  State  of  animal 
w  existence. 

Xn'i-MATE,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
animate ,  fr.  anima ,  breath,  soul.]  1. 
To  give  natural  life  to.  2.  To  give 
powers  to,  or  to  heighten  the  powers 
or  effect  of.  3.  To  give  spirit  or  vigor 
w  to.  [imal  life. 

Xn'i-mate,  a.  Alive  ;  possessing  an- 
Xn'i-MAT-ED,  p.  a.  1.  Endowed  with 
w  animal  life.  2.  Spirited;  lively. 
Xn'i-ma'tion,  ft.  Act  of  animating, 
or  state  of  being  animated. 

Syn.  —  Vivacity;  spirit;  buoyancy; 
sprightliness;  liveliness;  promptness. 

Xn'i-MOS'i-TY,  n.  [Lat.  animosilas .] 
Violent  hatred  ;  active  enmity. 

Syn. —  Rancor;  malevolence;  malig¬ 
nity;  rage;  wrath. 

An' i-mus,  n.  [Lat.]  Intention ;  pur¬ 
pose  ;  spirit ;  temper. 

Xn'ise,  ft.  [Gr.  avto’ot'.]  A  plant 
w  bearing  aromatic  seeds. 

Xn'kle,  n.  [A.-S.  anr.leow,  dim.  of 
anke,  bent,  neck.]  The  joint  con¬ 
necting  the  foot  and  leg. 
Xn'nal-ist,  n.  A  writer  of  annals. 
Xn'nals,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  annalis,  fr.  an¬ 
nus,  a  year.]  1.  A  history  of  events 
in  chronological  order.  2.  A  series 
of  historical  events. 

Xn'NATS,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  annus ,  a  year.] 
First  year’s  whole  profits  of  a  spirit¬ 
ual  preferment. 

An-neal',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
anxlan,  onxlan,  to  kindle.]  1.  To 
heat  nearly  to  fluidity,  and  then  cool 
slowly,  to  render  less  brittle.  2.  To 
heat,  as  glass,  in  order  to  fix  colors. 
An-nex',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
annectere,  annexum,  from  ad,  to,  and 
nectere,  to  tie.]  1.  To  unite  at  the 
end ;  to  affix.  2.  To  add,  as  a  smaller 
thing  to  a  greater.  3.  To  connect, 
especially  as  a  consequence. 
Xn'nex-a'tion,  1  n.  Act  of  annex- 
An-nex'ion,  |  ing;  addition. 
An-ni'hi-la-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  annihilated. 

An-ni'hi-late,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  annihilate,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  nihil, 
nothing.]  1.  To  cause  to  cease  to  be. 
2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  properties  of. 
An-ni'hi-la'tion,  n.  A  reducing  to 
nothing ;  destruction. 
Xn'NI-yEr'sa-ry  (14),  a.  [Lat.  an- 
niversatius ,  fr.  annus,  year,  and  ver¬ 
tere,  to  turn.]  Returning  with  the 
year,  at  a  stated  time. — n.  A  day 
celebrated  yearly  as  it  returns. 
An-nom'I-nX'tion,  n.  [Lat.  annom- 
inatin.}  1.  A  pun.  2.  Alliteration. 
An-no'nA,  n.  [Lat.]  A  year’s  pro¬ 
duction  ;  hence,  provisions  for  a 
year’s  use. 

Xn'no-TATE,  v.  i.  [Lat.  annotate,  fr. 
ad,  to,  and  nota,  mark.]  To  make 
annotations  or  comments. 
Xn'no-ta'tion,  n.  An  explanatory 
remark,  note,  or  commentary. 
Xn'no-ta'tor,  n.  A  commentator. 


An-noT'to,  n.  A  species  of  red  or 
yellowish-red  dyeing  material. 

AN-NOUN9E',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  annunciate,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  nun- 
cius,  messenger.]  To  give  public 
notice,  or  first  notice  cf. 

Syn.  —  To  proclaim  ;  publish  ;  adver¬ 
tise.  —  To  piihlish  is  to  make  publicly 
known;  to  announce  is  to  make  known 
for  the  first  time  ;  to  proclaim  is  to  give 
the  widest  publicity;  to  advertise  is  to 
make  known  through  the  public  prints. 

An-noun^e'ment,  n.  Act  of  an¬ 
nouncing  ;  proclamation ;  declaration. 

An-noy',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Fr.  en- 
nuyer,  fr.  Lat.  in  odio,  in  hatred.]  To 
injure  or  disturb  by  repeated  acts. 

Syn.  —  To  incommode;  vex;  disturb; 
pester  ;  molest ;  tease  ;  bother  ;  plague. 

AN-NOY'AN^E,  n.  1.  Act  of  annoy¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  annoyed.  2. 
That  which  annoys. 

Syn. — Vexation;  disturbance;  injury. 

Xn'nu-al  (Xn'yij-al),  a.  [Lat.  annua- 
lis,  fr.  annus ,  year.]  1.  Returning  or 
happening  every  year ;  yearly.  2.  Per¬ 
formed  in  a  year.  3.  Lasting  only  one 
year  or  season.  —  n.  1.  A  literary 
work  published  once  a  year.  2.  A 

w  plant,  living  but  one  year  or  season. 

Xn'nu-al-ly,  adv.  Yearly  ;  year  by 
year.  [an  annuity. 

An-nu'I-tant,  n.  A  person  who  has 

An-nu'i-ty,  11.  [L.  Lat.  annuitas,  fr. 
Lat.  annus,  a  year.]  A  sum  of  money, 
payable  yearly,  for  a  term  of  years. 

AN-NUL',n.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing,  136.]  [Low 
Lat.  annullare,  from  Lat.  ad,  to,  and 
nullum,  nothing.]  To  make  void  or 
of  no  effect. 

Syn.  —  To  repeal  ;  nullify  ;  abolish  ; 
abrogate;  revoke;  cancel;  6et  aside. 

Xn'nu-LAR,  la.  1.  Having  the  form" 

Xn'nu-la-ry,  )  of  a  ring.  2.  Marked 

w  with  circles,  dots,  &c. 

Xn'nu-let,  n.  [Lat.  annulus .]  1.  A 
little  ring.  2.  A  small, flat  fillet,  en¬ 
circling  a  column,  &c. 

An-nOl'ment,  n.  Act  of  annulling. 

An-nu'MER-ATE  (30),  v.  t.  [Lat.  an- 
numerare,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  numerate, 
to  number.]  To  add  to  a  number. 

An-nu'mer-a'tion,  n.  Addition  to 
a  former  number. 

An-nOn'ci-ate  (-shT-at),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  annunciate.  See  AN¬ 
NOUNCE.]  To  announce. 

An-n&n'gi-a'tion  (-shi-a'shun),  n. 
1.  Act  of  announcing.  2.  A  festival 
celebrated  (March  25)  in  memory  of 
the  angel’s  announcement  to  the 
Virgin  Mary. 

Xn'O-DYNE,  a.  [Gr.  avwSwos,  fr.  av 
priv.,  and  oSvur],  pain.]  Serving  to 
assuage  pain.  —  n.  Any  medicino 
which  allays  pain. 

A-NOiNT',n.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat.  in- 
ungere,  fr.  in,a,rulunguere,  to  smear.] 
1.  To  rub  over  with  oil  or  unctuous 
substances ;  also  to  spread  over,  as 
oil.  2.  To  consecrate,  by  unction.  3. 
To  smear  or  daub. 

A-noint'ED,  n.  The  Messiah. 

A-noint'er,  n.  One  who  anoints. 

A-noint'ment,  n.  Act  of  anointing; 
state  of  being  anointed. 


OR,  do,  wqlf,  TOO^TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue,  PVLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  4,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  A§  ;  exist  ;  N  as  NG : 


1 


ANOMALISM 

A-NOM'A-LlgM,  n.  A  deviation  from 
rule  ;  anomaly. 

A-NOM'A-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  avu>p.a\o<;,  fr. 
av  priv.,  and  ojaaXos,  even.]  Deviat¬ 
ing  from  a  general  rule  or  method  ; 
irregular. 

A-NOM'A-LY,n.  Deviation  fr.  the  com¬ 
mon  rule  or  analogy  ;  irregularity. 

A-Non',  adv.  [0.  Eng.  anon ,  onane , 
lit.  in  one  (moment).]  1.  Quickly  ;  im¬ 
mediately.  2.  At  another  time  ;  again. 

Ever  and  anon ,  now  and  then  ;  fre¬ 
quently;  often. 

A-NON'y-moCs,  a.  [Gr.  droivujaos,  fr. 
avpriv.,  and  ovojua,name.]  Without 
the  real  name  of  the  author  ;  name¬ 
less.  [name. 

A-non'y-moOs-ly,  adv.  Without  a 

An-oth'er,  a.  1.  Not  the  same: 
different.  2.  One  more.  3.  Any 
other  ;_any  one  else. 

An'SER-jne,  a.  [Lat.  anserinus,  from 
anser ,  a  goose.]  Pertaining  to,  or  like, 
a  goose,  or  its  skin. 

Xn'swer  (Sn'ser),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  andswarjan ,  fr.  and ,  against, 
and  swarjan ,  to  affirm.]  1.  To  speak 
or  write  in  return  to.  2.  To  refute.  3 
To  be  or  act  in  return  to.  —  v.  i.  1. 
To  make  response.  2.  To  make  a 
satisfactory  response ;  hence,  to  be 
accountable,  liable,  or  responsible. 
3.  To  be  or  act  in  return.  —  n.  1. 
Something  said  or  written  in  return. 

2.  Something  done  in  return  for,  or 
in  consequence  of,  something  else. 

3.  A  mathematical  solution. 

An'swer-a-ele  (an/ser-a-bl),  a.  1. 

Capable  of  being  answered.  2.  Obliged 
to  answer,  pay,  or  makegood ;  amena¬ 
ble  ;  responsible.  3.  Correspondent ; 
hence,  comparable.  4.  Suitable ; 
suited ;  proportionate.  5.  Equal  ; 
equivalent.  [answers. 

An'swer-er  (an'ser-),  n.  One  who 

ANT,  n.  [A  contraction  of  emmet.]  An 
emmet ;  a  pismire.  [the  stomach. 

Ant-A(,:'id,  n.  A  remedy  for  acidity  of 

An-TAG'O-n'ism,  n.  [Gr.  avrl,  against, 
and  ayuv,  contest.]  Counteraction  or 
contrariety  of  things  or  principles. 

An-Tag'o-nIst,  n.  One  who  contends 
with  another. 

Syn.—  Enemy;  adversary;  opponent; 
foe. 

AN-tAg/o-nTst,ig,  a.  Opposing  ;  act¬ 
ing  in  opposition. 

An-t.Tg'o-nize,  v.  i.  To  act  in  oppo¬ 
sition  ;  to  contend. 

AN-tXl'&K  ,  a.  [Gr.  avrl,  against,  and 
dXyos,  pain.]  Alleviating  pain. 

Xnt'APH-RO-dLs'I-AU,  a.  [Gr.  avrl, 
against,  and  (’.^poSitriaKos,  venereal.] 
Having  the  quality  of  extinguishing 
or  lessening  venereal  desire. 

ANT-AR€'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  avrap/cruco?,  fr. 
avrl,  against,  ar  cl  dp/cros,  bear,  the 
constellation  called  Northern  Bear.] 
Opposite  to  the  arctic  pole  ;  relating 
to  the  souther/?  pole  or  to  the  region 
near  it. 

Xnt'Xr-thrBt'k;,  a.  [Gr.  dvri, 
against,  and  apdpms,  gout.]  Counter¬ 
acting  the  gout.  -  n.  A  remedy 
against  the  gout. 


18 

AN'te-^ed'en^e,  )  n.  Act  or  state 

Ak'TE-^ed'en-^y,  )  of  preceding  in 
time  ;  precedence. 

An/te*9ED,ent,  a.  [Lat.  antecedent , 
from  ante,  before,  and  cedtre ,  to  go.] 
Going  before  in  time . 

Syn.  —  Prior  ;  preceding  ;  foregoing  ; 
previous.  —  Antecedent  is  specific,  refer¬ 
ring  to  something  consequent ;  foregoing , 
preceding ,  and  previous,  are  more  gen¬ 
eral,  being  opposed  to  subsequent ;  prior, 
like  priority,  implies  a  preference  if  there 
is  competition,  as,  a  prior  claim. 

—  n.  1  That  which  goes  before  in 
time.  2.  The  first  of  two  things  re¬ 
lated  to  each  other.  3.  pi.  The  ear¬ 
lier  events  of  one’s  life.  4.  The  noun 
to  which  a  relative  refers. 

AN'TE-^ed'ENT-LY,  adv.  Previously. 

An'te-^es'sor,  n.  One  who  goes  be¬ 
fore  ;  a  leader. 

AN'TE-CHAM'BER,  n.  A  chamber 
leading  to  the  chief  apartment. 

AN'TE-eCrR'soR,  n.  A  forerunner. 

AN'TE-DA  TE ,  ft.  A  date  before  the  true 
time.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  1.  To  date 
before  the  true  time.  2.  To  anticipate. 

AN'TE-DI-LU'VI-AN,  a.  Before  the 
deluge. — n.  One  who  lived  before 
the  flood. 

An'TE-LOPE,  n.  [Gr.  avOdkoxp.]  One 
of  a  group  of 
quadrupeds  be¬ 
tween  the  deer 
and  goat. 

Xn'TE-LU'GAN,  a. 

[Lat.  anteluca- 
nus,  fr.  ante,  be¬ 
fore,  and  lux, 
light.]  Being  be¬ 
fore  light. 

AN''TE-ME-RID'IAN,  a. 
noon. 

An'te-mOn'dane,  a. 
the  creation  of  the  world. 

AN-TEN'NA,  n.  ;  pi.  AN-TEN'NA 2. 
[Lat.]  A  movable,  ar-  a 
ticulated  organ  of  sen-**- 


Antelope. 
Being  before 


Being  before 


sation,  attached  to  the 
heads  of  insects  and 
Crustacea.  a  a  Antennas. 

AN'TE-nCp'TIAL,  (-nup/shal),  a.  Be¬ 
ing  before  marriage. 

AN'te-pas'GIIAL  (-pas'kal),  a.  Being 

w  before  Easter. 

AN'TE-PAST,  n.  [Lat.  ante,  before, 
and  pastus,  pasture,  food.]  A  fore¬ 
taste. 

Xn'te-pe-nult',  n.  [Lat.  antepte- 
nultimus,  fr.  ante,  before,  pxne,  al¬ 
most,  and  ultimas,  last.]  The  last 
syllable  but  two  of  a  word. 

Xn'te-pe-nBlt'i-mate,  a.  Of  the 
last  syllable  but  two.  — n.  The  an¬ 
tepenult.  [time  or  place. 

An-te'RI-or,  a.  [Lat.]  Before  in 
Syn.  —  Antecedent ;  prior  ;  previous; 
precedent;  preceding;  former;  foregoing. 
—  Anterior  is  opposed  to,  and  iniplies, 
posterior  ;  the  ether  words  are  opposed 
to  subsequent. 

An-te'ri-Sr'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
anterior^  precedence. 

Xn'te-room,  n.  A  room  forming 
the  passage  to  another. 

AN'THEL-M'In'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  avTL, 
against,  and  eXpuvs,  worm.]  (Med.)  I 


ANTIFEBRILE 

Destroying  or  expelling  worms.  —  «. 
A  medicine  which  destroys  or  expels 
w  worms ;  a  vermifuge. 

AN'TI-IEM,  n.  [Gr.  dvTiifnnva,  fr.  clvtl, 
against,  and  sound.]  Church 

music  adapted  to  passages  from  the 
Scriptures ,  a  motet. 
another,  n.  [Gr.  avOr/pos, 
flowery,  from  dvdos,  flower.] 

That  part  of  the  stamen 
containing  the  pollen. 

AN'ttier-al,  a.  Pertaining 
w  to  anthers. 

AN-thol'o-GY,  n.  [Gr.  av-  a  An- 
doXoyi'a,  from  avdos,  flower,  ther. 
andXeyeu',  to  gather.]  1.  A  collection 
of  flowers.  2.  A  collection  of  beau¬ 
tiful  passages  from  authors. 
AN'tho-ny’s  -  FIRE  (an'to-niz),  n. 
w  The  erysipelas. 

AN'TIIRA-CITE,  n.  [Gr.  dedpa/ctrrjs, 
fr.  avdpatj,  coal.]  A  hard,  compact 
w  variety  of  mineral  coal.  [thracite. 
AN/TtiRA-(j’lT'lc,  a.  Pertaining  to  an- 
AN'THRO-POID,  a.  [Gr.  avtipu) nos, 
man,  and  e!6os,  form.]  Resembling 
man. 

Xn'thro-pol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  drdpw- 
ttos ,  man,  and  Xoyos,  description.]  1. 
Natural  history  of  the  human  species. 

2.  The  science  of  man,  consideied  in 
his  entire  nature. 

Xn'thro-po-m6r'ph1§:m,  n.  [Gr.  dv 
Optonoi,  man,  and  iJ.op<pi),  form.]  Rep¬ 
resentation  of  the  Deity  as  having  a 
human  form  or  attributes.  [bals. 
An' THRO-PUPH'A-Gl,n.  pi.  Canni- 
AN'THRO-POPH'A-GY,  n.  [Gr.  av- 
dpcoxros,  man,  and  <f>ayelv,  to  eat.] 
Cannibalism. 

Xn'TIE,  a.  [From  antique .]  Odd; 

fanciful ;  fantastic  ;  ludicrously  wild. 
_  —  n.  A  buffoon  or  merry -andrewr. 
AN'Tl-CHRlsT,  n.  A  great  adversary 
of  Christ. 

AN/Tf-€HR'fs'TiAN  (-knst'yan), n.  An 
opposer  of  Christianity.  —  a.  Oppos¬ 
ing  Christianity. 

An-t!9'i-pate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  anticipare,  fr.  ante ,  before,  and 
capere ,  to  take.]  1.  To  take  or  do 
before  another.  2.  To  take  up  be¬ 
forehand,  or  before  the  proper  time. 

3.  To  foretaste  or  foresee. 
An-tI^VI-pA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  an¬ 
ticipating.  2.  Previous  view  or  im¬ 
pression.  3.  Preconceived  opinion. 

AN-Tl9'l-PA'T'fVE,  a.  Anticipating; 

or  containing  anticipation.  [pates. 
An-tic,i-pa/tor,  n.  One  who  antici- 
An/ti-€LI7max,  n.  A  sentence  or  ex¬ 
pression  in  which  the  ideas  become 
less  important  and  striking  at  the 
close.  _  [contagion. 

Xn'tT-con-ta'GioBs,  a.  Opposing 
An'ti-dotal,  a.  Efficacious  against; 
_  poison  or  other  evil. 

Xn'tL-DOTE ,  7i.  [Gr.  avr iSotov,  from 
dvri,  against,  and  SiSovac,  to  give.] 
That  which  tends  to  counteract  poi¬ 
son  or  other  evil. 

AN''TJ[-FEB'R](LE  or  X  N'TI-FE'BR'fLE , 
a.  Having  the  quality  of  abating 
fever.  —  n.  A  medicine  having  a 
tendency  to  cure  fever. 


A,  E,  I,  0,U,  Y .long;  x,ii,t,6,  0,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WH^T;  RrE,  VEIL,  TfiRMj  PIQUE,  FIRM J  s6N. 


ANTIMASON 


19  APOCOPATE 


XN'Tl-MA'SON,  n.  One  opposed  to  free¬ 
masonry.  [to  monarchy. 

AN'Tf-MO-NAReH'ie-AL,  a.  Opposed 
Xn't'I-MO'NI-ALi,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining 
to,  antimony.  — n.  A  preparation  of 
antimony. 

Xn't'I-MO-ny,  n.  [Ar.  al-itnmidun ,  or 
al-uthmudun .]  A  whitish,  brittle 
w  metal  used  in  medicine  and  the  arts. 
Xn'tI-no'mi-an,  n.  One  of  a  sect 
charged  with  maintaining  that,  un¬ 
der  the  gospel  dispensation,  the 
moral  law  is  of  no  use  or  obligation. 
—  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Antinomians. 
Xn't'I-nO'mi-an-Ism,  n.  The  tenets 
of  Antinomians. 

Xn'ti-no-my,  or  An-tIn'o-my,  n. 
[Gr.  acTti'0/j.ta,  fr.  avr L,  against,  and 
vo/aos,  law.]  1.  Opposition  of  one  law 
or  rule  to  another.  2.  A  law  or  other 
thing  opposite  or  contrary. 
Xn'tI-PA'PAL,  a.  Opposing  popery. 
Xn'tI-pa-pist'ie,  l  a.  Opposing 
AN'Ti-PA-pisT'ir-Ai, ,  j  the  papacy 
w  or  popery  ;  antipapal. 
AN'tI-PA-thet'ic,  la.  Having  a 
Xn'ti-pa-thet'ic-al,,  j  natural 
contrariety  or  aversion. 
AN-tIp'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  dvrindOeia,  fr. 
avri,  against,  and  n ados,  suffering.] 

1.  Aversion  at  the  presence  of  a  par¬ 
ticular  object.  2.  A  contrariety  in 
the  properties  or  affections  of  matter. 

Syn.  — Dislike;  contrariety;  repug¬ 
nance;  disgust;  distaste. 

Xn'tI-phlo-GIS'TIG,  a.  Counter¬ 
acting  inflammation.  —  n.  Any  med¬ 
icine  or  diet  which  tends  to  check 
inflammation. 

An-tYph'o-NAL,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

AN/Tl-PHON,i€,  v  antiphonies, 

Xn'tI-phon'I€-AE, )  or  alternate 
singing. 

An-tIph'o-ny,  n.  [Gr.  dvTt^tovos. 
See  Anthem.]  An  anthem  or  psalm 
sung  in  alternate  parts  ;  a  response. 
An-tYph’RA-sis,  n.  [Gr.]  Use  of 
words  in  a  sense  opposite  to  their 
proper  meaning. 

An-tIp'o-dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
antipodes ;  diametrically  opposed. 
Xn'tY-pode,  n. ;  pi.  an/ti-pode§, 
or  AN-TfP' O-OKg.  [Gr.  avriVovs, 
from  dvrt,  opposite,  and  nous,  foot.] 
One  of  those  who  live  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  globe.  [popedom. 

Xn'tY-POPE,  n.  Oue  who  usurps  the 
Xn'tY-QUA'ri-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to 
antiquity.  — n.  An  antiquary. 
Xn'tY-QUX/RI-AN-Y§M,  n.  Love  of  an¬ 
tiquity.  [antiquities. 

Xn'tY-QUA-ry  (44),  n.  One  versed  in 
Xn'tY-QUATE,  v.  t.  [Lat .  antiquatus.] 
To  make  obsolete,  old,  or  void. 
Xn'tY-quat'ed,  p.  a.  Grown  old,  or 
out  of  fashion  ;  obsolete. 

An-TIQUE',  a.  [Lat.  antiquus,  fr.  ante, 
before.]  1.  Old  ;  ancient.  2.  Of  old 
fashion.  3.  Made  in  imitation  of  an¬ 
tiquity. —  n.  1.  Any  thing  very  old. 

2.  A  relic  of  antiquity. 

An-tIq'UI-TY  ( -tlk/wl- ),  n.  1.  Ancient 

times.  2.  The  people  of  ancient 
times.  3.  Great  age.  4.  pi.  Any  or 
all  of  the  remains  of  ancient  times. 


A N'tY-sgrYpt'C R-AE ,  a.  Not  accord- 
_  ant  with  Scripture. 

Xn'tY-sep'tig,  a.  Opposing  putre¬ 
faction.  —  n.  A  substance  which  re- 
w  sists  or  corrects  putrefaction. 
Xn'ti-slav'er-y,  ii.  Opposition  to 
slavery.  [spasm. 

Xn'tY-spas-mod'ig,  a.  Opposing 
AN/t!-SPAS,TI€,  a.  [Gr.  avTicnracm- 
«6?.]  Causing  a  revulsion  of  fluids 
or  humors;  counteracting  spasm. 
An-Tis’tro-PHE ,  n.  [Gr.  ivricr- 
Tpo<f> p.]  (Anc.  Lyric  Poetry.)  Part 
of  a  song  or  dance,  around  the  altar, 
performed  by  turning  from  the  left 
to  the  right,  in  opposition  to  the 
strophe ,  which  was  performed  by 
w  turning  from  the  right  to  the  left. 
AN'Ti-STROPH're,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  antistrophe. 

AntIth’  E-ais,  n. ;  pi.  an-titiP- 
E-SE£.  [Gr.  avridecris,  a  setting 
against.]  1.  An  opposition  of  words 
or  sentiments  occurring  in  the  same 
sentence ;  contrast.  2.  Hence,  any 
thing  directly  opposed  to  another. 
Xn'tY-THET'IG,  1  a.  Pertaining 
An'ti-thet'ie-al,  )  to  antithesis. 
Xn'tY-trYn'i-ta'ri- AN,  a.  Opposing 
w  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 
Xn'tY-type,  n.  That  which  is  pre¬ 
figured  by  the  type  ;  thus  the  paschal 
lamb  was  a  type  of  which  Christ  is 
w  the  antitype. 

Xn'tY-TYP'ig-AL,  a.  Relating  to  an 
w  antitype  ;  explaining  a  type. 
ANT'LER,  n.  [0.  Fr.  antoillier,  prob. 
from  Lat.  ante,  before.]  A  start  or 
branch  of  a  horn  of  a  stag,  moose, 
&c.. 

AN'viL,  n.  [A.-S.  an  fill. \  An  iron 
block,  on  which  metals  are  ham¬ 
mered  and  shaped. 

Anx-PE-TY  (ang-zFe-ty),  n.  Solici¬ 
tude  about  some  future  or  uncertain 
w  event. 

Xnx'io&s  (Snk'shus),  a.  [Lat.  anx- 
ius.]  1.  Greatly  concerned  respect¬ 
ing  something  future  or  unknown. 
2.  Accompanied  with  anxiety. 

Syn. — Disturbed;  distressed;  disquiet¬ 
ed;  uneasy. 

Xnx'io&s-ly,  adv.  With  anxiety. 
A'NY  (eWy),  a.  [A.-S.  anig,  senig, 
fr.  an,  ein,  one.]  1.  Oneoutof  many, 
indefinitely.  2.  Some  ;  an  indefinite 
number  or  quantity.  —  adv.  To  any 
_  extent ;  at  all. 

A-d'Nl-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

_  Muses,  or  to  Aonia  in  Boeotia. 
A'O-rYst,  n.  [Gr.  abpurro?,  from  a 
priv.  and  opo? ,  limit.]  A  tense  in 
Greek,  expressing  an  action  as  com- 
_  pletedin  indeterminate  past  time. 
A-OR'TA,  n.  [Gr.  aopn),  from  aeipeiv, 
to  lift.]  The  great  artery  from  the 
heart. 

A-pa^E',  adv.  Quickly  ;  hastily  ; 

speedily ;  fast.  , 

Xp'A-g5g'I€-AE,  a.  [Gr.  anayoyf),  a 
leading  away.]  Proving  indirectly 
by  showing  the  absurdity  of  the  con¬ 
trary. 

A-part',  adv.  1.  Separately;  aside. 
2.  In  a  state  of  separation,  exclusion, 


or  of  distinction.  3.  In  two  or  more 
parts  ;  asunder. 

A-part'MEnt,  n.  [Lat.  ab,  or  a,  from, 
and  pars,  a  part.]  A  room  in  a  build- 
w  ing  or  house. 

Xp/A-THET'I€,  a.  Void  of  feeling  ; 
^  insensible. 

Xp'a-thist,  n.  One  destitute  of  feel¬ 
ing. 

Xp'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  anaOeLa,  from  a 
priv.  and  ndd os,  suffering.]  Want, 
or  a  low  degree,  of  feeling  ;  —  applied 
either  to  the  body  or  the  mind. 

Syn.  —  Insensibility  ;  indifference  ; 
_  unconcern. 

APE,n.  [A.-S.apa, 

Skr.  kapi ,]  1.  A 

kind  of  monkey 
having  neither  a 
tail  nor  cheek 
pouches.  2.  One 
who  imitates 
servilely. — v.  t. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  Ape. 

imitate  servilely  ;  to  mimic. 
A-pe'ri-Ent  (89),  a.  [Lat.  aperiens.] 
Having  the  quality  of  opening  ;  laxa¬ 
tive.  —  n.  A  laxative  medicine. 
Xp'er-tOre  (53),  /?.  [Lat.  apertura.] 
An  opening  through  some  solid  sub¬ 
stance  ;  a  hole. 

A-PET'AL-oOs,  a.  [Gr.  dnera\os, 
fr.  a.  priv.  and  nerahov,  leaf.]  Hav¬ 
ing  no  petals. 

A'pex,  nL;  pi.  A'PEX-Eg ;  Lat.  pi. 
AP' I-fES.  Top,  tip,  or  summit  of 
any  thing. 

A-piiel'ion  (-fePyun),  n. ;  pi.  a 
PIIE' LI-a.  [Gr.  an 6,  from,  and 
ij Aioy,  sun.]  That  point  of  a  planet’s 
or  comet’s  orbit  most  distant  from 
the  sun. 

Xpii'o-rism,  n.  [Gr.  d^opurpo?.]  A 
precept  or  principle  expressed  in  a 
few  words. 

Syn.  — Axiom;  maxim;  adage.  —  An 
axiom  is  a  self-evident  proposition  of 
high  importance;  a  maxim  expresses 
some  great  practical  truth;  an  adage  is  a 
saying  which  has  gained  credit  by  long 
use. 

XpH'o-rYst,  n.  A  writer  of  aphorisms. 
Xpii/o-rIst'I€,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  an  aphorism . 

Xpii'tiiong  (ilffthong  or  ap'thong, 
85),  n.  A  letter  or  combination  of 
^  letters  having  no  sound. 
XPH'YL-LOtfs,  or  A-PHYE'LOi?S 
(117),  a.  [Gr.  a</>u'AAos,  fr.  a  priv.  and 
_  <j> uAAov,  leaf.]  Destitute  of  leaves. 
A'PI-A-RY,  n.  [Lat.  apiarinm,  fr.  apis, 
a  bee.]  A  place  where  bees  are  kept. 
A-Pie^e',  adv.  1.  To  each  ;  to  the 
_  share  of  each.  2.  Each  by  itself. 
AP'ISH,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an 
ape  ;  hence,  foolish  ;  silly  ;  trifling; 
insignificant. 

A-POE'A-LYPSE ,  n.  [Gr.  anOKakv^is , 
disclosure.]  Revelation ;  the  last 
book  in  the  Bible. 

A-POE'A-LYP'TIG,  |  a.  Containing 
A-POG'a-lyp'TIG-AL,,  J  or  pertain¬ 
ing  to  revelation. 

A-POC'O-PATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.1 
To  cut  off  or  omit  the  last  letter  or 
syllable  of. 


OR,  DO,  wpLF,  TOO, TOOK  ;  Crn,  RUE ,  PyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  e,  5,  hard;  A§;  EJIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


APOCOPE 


APPETITE 


A-Poe’  O-P E,n.  [Gr.]  Omission  of  the 
last  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word. 

A-pog'ry-phA,  n.pl.  [Gr.  anoKpvfios, 
hidden,  spurious.]  Books  which  are 
not  considered  a  part  of  the  sacred 
canon  of  the  Scripture. 

A-PO€'ry-phal,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  Apocrypha.  2.  Of  uncertain  au¬ 
thority  ;  false ;  spurious. 

XPrODE,M.  [Gr.  arrows,  from  a  priv. 
and  7rows,  foot.]  An  animal  that  has 
no  feet._ 

XP'o-DElE'Tre,  1  a.  [Gr.  curo- 

Ap'O-DeYg'TIE-AL,  J  SetKTCKoi,  from 
a7ro ,  from,  and  Konreiv,  to  cut.] 
Demonstrative ;  evident  beyond  con¬ 
tradiction. 

A-pod'o-sis,  n.  [Gr.]  The  conse¬ 
quent  clause  or  conclusion  in  a  con¬ 
ditional  sentence,  expressing  the 
result. 

Ap'O-GEE,  71.  [Gr.  anoyaios,  fr.  a7ro, 
from,  and  yala,  earth.]  That  point 
in  the  orbit  of  the  moon  at  the 
greatest  distance  from  the  earth. 

A-POL'o-GET're,  I  a.  Excusatory 

A-POL'o-GET'be-AL, j  or  defensive. 

A-pol/o-get'I€s,  n.  sing.  That 
branch  of  theology  which  defends 
the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  sets  forth 
the  evidence  of  their  divine  au¬ 
thority. 

A-poi/o-gist,  n.  One  who  makes  an 
apology. 

A-POL/O-GIZE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

w  To  make  an  apology. 

Xp'O-LOGUE  (-log),'/l.  [Gr.  ano Aoyos. 
See  below.]  A  moral  fable. 

A-pol'o-GY,  7i.  [Gr.  anoXoyCa,  from 
ano,  from,  and  Aoyos,  speech.]  1. 
Something  said  or  written  by  way  of 
defense  or  justification.  2.  Expressed 
regret  of  some  improper  or  injurious 
remark  or  act. 

Xp'OPH-tiiegM  )  (Sp'o-them),  w.  [Gr. 

Jp'O-THEGM  j  ano(}>6eyp.a,fr.  ano, 
from,  and  <f>6eyp.a ,  saying.]  A  short, 
sententious,  instructive  remark. 

Ap'o-PLEG'TIE,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  in,  apoplexy.  2.  Pre- 

^  disposed  to  apoplexy. 

XPrO-PLEX/Y,  71.  [Gr.  anon\r)£ia,  fr. 
a7ro,  from,  away,  and  7rArjcrcreiv,  to 
strike.]  A  disease  characterized  by 
sudden  loss  of  sense  and  voluntary 
motion. 

A-POS'TA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  anoaracrla,  fr. 
ano,  from,  and  orgeat,  to  stand.]  A 
total  desertion  of  one’s  faith,  princi¬ 
ples,  or  party. 

A-pos'tate,w.  One  who  has  forsaken 
his  faith,  principles,  or  party.  —  a. 
Falling  from  the  faith  ;  renegade. 

A-pos'ta-tize,  v.  i.  [-E d  ;  -ING.] 
To  abandon  one’s  faith,  party,  or 
profession. 

A-Pos'te-mate,  n.  i.  To  form  into 
an  abscess  and  fill  with  pus. 

AP'OS-teme  ,  n.  [Gr.  anoa-Truxa.]  An 
abscess. 

A-pos'tle  (-pos'l),  n.  [Gr.  ano(T- 
roAov,  sent  forth.]  A  person  sent 
forth  on  some  important  business ; 
one  of  the  twelve  disciples  of  Christ 
sent  forth  to  preach  the  gospel. 


20 

A-pos'tle-ship  )  (-pos'l-),  n.  Office 

A-pos'to-late  j  of  an  apostle. 

Ap'os-tol'ie,  )  a.  1.  Pertaining 

Ap^s-tol/ie-ae,  j  to  an  apostle, 
or  to  the  apostles.  2.  According  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  apostles. 

A-pos'tro-phe,m.  [Gr.]  1.  A  turn¬ 
ing  away  from  the  real  auditory,  and 
addressing  an  absent  or  imaginary 
one.  2.  Contraction  of  a  word  by 
the  omission  of  a  letter  or  letters.  3. 
A  mark  [  ’  ]  used  to  denote  that  a 
word  is  contracted. 

A-POS'TRO-PIIIZE  (162),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  address  by  apostrophe. 
2.  To  contract  by  omitting  a  letter 
or  letters. 

A-POTH'E-EA-RY,  n.  [Gr.  ino6r)Kp, 
repository.]  One  who  prepares  and 
sells  drugs  for  medicinal  purposes. 

Xp'o-thegm  ( (Sp'o-them ),  n .  [Gr. 

Ap'OPH-THEGM  j  ino^Oeypa.]  A 
short,  pithy,  and  instructive  saying  ; 

^  a  sententious  precept  or  maxim. 

Xp/o-theg-m:at'I€,  ( a.  In  the 

Ap'o-theg-mat'ig-al,  j  manner  of 
an  apothegm. 

Xp'o-the'o-sIs,  n.  [Gr.]  The  act  of 
placing  a  mortal  among  the  number 
of  the  gods  ;  deification. 

Xp'o-the'o-size,  v.  t.  To  exalt  to 
the  dignity  of  a  deity  ;  to  deify. 

Ap-pall',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
appalir ,  lit.,  to  grow  or  make  pale.] 
To  depress  or  discourage  with  fear. 

Syn.  — To  dismay;  daunt;  terrify; 
scare;  intimidate. 

—  v.  i.  To  occasion  fear  or  dismay. 

Xp'PAN-age,  n.  [Low  Lat.  appanagi- 
um,  from  appanare,  to  furnish  with 
bread.]  1.  Land  assigned  by  a  sover¬ 
eign  prince  for  the  subsistence  of  his 
younger  sons.  2.  Means  of  nour¬ 
ishing^ 

Xp'pa-ra'tus,  n. ;  pi.  Ap'pa-ra'tus 

or  AP'PA-RA'TUS-Eg.  [Lat..]  Things 
provided  as  means  to  some  end ;  a 
full  collection  or  set  of  scientific  im- 
plem  ents .  [ing  for  the  b  ody . 

Ap-par'el,  n.  [Fr.  appareil.]  Cover- 

Syn. —  Clothing;  clothes;  dress;  rai¬ 
ment;  vesture;  vestment. 

—  V.  t.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING, 
137  ]  1.  To  dress  or  clothe  ;  to  attire. 
2.  To  cover  with  something  orna¬ 
mental  ;  to  adorn ;  to  embellish. 

Ap-pAr'ent  (4),  a.  [Lat.  apparere , 
apparens,  to  appear.]  1.  Capable  of 
being  seen,  or  easily  seen.  2.  Beyond 
question.  3.  Appearing  to  the  eye, 
but  not  true  or  real. 

Syn.  —  Visible ;  distinct;  plain;  obvi¬ 
ous;  clear;  certain;  evident;  manifest; 
indubitable;  notorious.  What  is  obvious 
is  certain  beyond  doubt  or  dispute;  what 
is  plain,  clear,  or  evident,  has  ample 
proof  or  illustration. 

Ap-pAr/ent-ly,  adv.  Evidently  ;  in 
appearance  only. 

Xp'PA-rI'tion  (-rlslPun),  n.  1.  Ap¬ 
pearance.  2.  A  visible  object ;  a 
ghost ;  a  specter. 

Ap-par'i-tor,  n.  A  messenger  or 
officer  who  serves  the  process  of  a 
spiritual  court. 

Ap-peal',  n.  1.  Removal  of  a  cause 


or  suit  from  an  inferior  to  a  superior 
judge  or  court  for  re-examination.  2. 
Right  of  appeal.  3.  A  summons  to 
answer  to  a  charge.  4.  A  call  upon 
a  person  for  proof  or  decision,  or  to 
grant  a  favor.  5.  Resort ;  recourse 
—  v.  i.  [Lat.  appellure,  from  ad,  to, 
and  pellere,  to  drive.]  1.  To  re¬ 
move  a  cause  from  an  inferior  to  a 
superior  judge  or  court  for  re-exam¬ 
ination.  2.  To  refer  to  another ; 
hence,  to  call  on  for  aid.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  remove  from  an 
inferior  to  a  superior  judge  or  court. 
2.  To  charge  with  a  crime. 

Ap-peal'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
appealed. 

Ap-pear',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
apparere.]  1.  To  come  or  be  in  sight. 
2.  To  be  obvious  or  manifest.  3.  To 
seem. 

Ap-pear'an^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  coming 
into  sight.  2.  A  thing  seen ;  a 
phenomenon.  3.  Apparent  likeness. 
4.  Personal  presence. 

Syn.— Coming;  arrival;  presence; 
semblance;  pretense;  air;  look;  man¬ 
ner;  mien;  figure;  aspect. 

AP-PEAg'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
appeased. 

Ap-pease',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  144.] 
[Lat.  ad,  to,  and  pax,  peace.]  To 
make  quiet. 

Syn. —  To  pacify;  allay;  assuage; 
compose;  calm. 

Ap-pease'ment,  n.  Act  of  appeasing. 

Ap-pel'lant,  n.  A  person  whe 
makes  an  appeal. 

Ap-pel'late,  7i.  Belonging  to,  or 
having  cognizance  of,  appeals. 

Ap/pel-la,tion,  n.  Name  by  whicli 
a  person  or  thing  is  called ;  title. 

Ap-pel'la-tIve,  a.  [Lat.  appel, 
lativus.]  Pertaining  to  a  common 
name.  —  n.  A  common,  as  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  a  proper,  name. 

Xp'pel-lee',  n.  1.  The  defendant 
in  an  appeal.  2.  One  who  is  prose¬ 
cuted  by  a  private  man  for  a  crime. 

Xp^el-lor',  n.  He  who  prosecutes 
another  for  a  crime. 

Ap-pend',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
appendere,  from  ad,  to,  and  pendere, 
to  hang.]  1.  To  hang  or  attach.  2. 
To  add,  as  an  accessory. 

Ap-pend'age,  n.  Something  added 
as  subordinate  or  incidental. 

Ap-pend'ant, n.  Any  thing  append¬ 
ed. —  a.  Hanging;  annexed. 

AP-PEND'IX,  n.  ;  pi.  AP-PEND/IX-E§  ; 
Lat.  pi.  AP-PF.N'Dl-pp £.  Some¬ 
thing  appended  ;  an  adjunct;  an  ad¬ 
dition. 

Xp'per-tain',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  appertinere,  from  ad,  to,  and 
pertinere,  to  pertain.]  To  belong  ;  to 
relate. 

Ap'pe-tence,  \n.  1.  Strong  natu- 

Xp'pe-ten-cy,  J  ral  desire;  sen¬ 
sual  appetite.  2.  Tendency  to  seek 
or  select. 

Xp'pe-tIte  ,  7i.  [Lat.  appetitus,  from 
appetere,  to  seek.]  Desire  of  gratifica¬ 
tion,  especially  a  desire  of  food  or 
drink. 


APPETIZE 


APSIS 


Ap'pe-tize,  v.  i.  To  create,  or  whet, 
an  appetite. 

Xp'pe-TIZ'er,  n.  Something  which 
creates  or  whets  an  appetite. 

Ap-plaud',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  :  -ing.] 
[Lat.  applaudere,  from  ad,  to,  and 
plaudere ,  to  clap  the  hands.]  1.  To 
praise  by  clapping  the  hands,  &c.  2. 
To  praise  by  words  ;  to  commend. 

Ap-PLAUD'er,  n.  One  who  applauds. 

Ap-plau§e',  n.  Approbation  and 
praise  publicly  expressed  ;  commen¬ 
dation. 

Xp'ple  (57),  n.  [A.-S.  seppel.]  1.  A 
well-known  tree  and  its  fruit.  2. 
The  pupil  of  the  eye. 

Ap-plI'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
applied ;  applicable. 

Ap-pli'AN^e,  n.  Act  of  applying  or 
thing  applied  ;  instrument  or  means. 

Xp'pli-oa-bil'i-t  y.  In.  Quality  of 

Xp'pli-€A-ble-ness,  j  being  appli¬ 
cable  or  suitable. 

AP'pli-€A-ble  (147),  a.  Capable  of 
being,  or  fit  to  be,  applied  ;  suitable  ; 

^  fit.  [petitioner. 

AP'PLI-€ANT,  n.  One  who  applies  ;  a 

Ap'pli-ha'tion,  r.  [See  Apply.]  1 
Act  of  applying.  2.  The  thing  ap¬ 
plied.  3.  Act  of  making  request. 
4.  Act  of  fixing  the  mind ;  intense¬ 
ness  of  thought. 

Xp'pli-ca-t  Y  ve  ,  a.  Applying. 

Ap-ply',v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
applicare ,  from  art,  to,  and  plicate, 
to  fold.]  1.  To  lay  or  place  ;  to 
put,  bring,  or  carry.  2.  To  use  for 
a  particular  purpose.  3.  To  engage 
and  employ  diligently.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
suit  or  to  agree.  2.  To  have  recourse. 

AP-POG1  GIA-TU'R  \  (-prid'ji-),  n. 
[It.]  (Mas.)  A  passing  tone  preced¬ 
ing  an  essential  tone  or  an  accented 
part  of  a  measure. 

Ap-point',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  appunclare ,  from  art,  to,  and 
punctum,  a  point.]  1.  To  fix  ;  to  es¬ 
tablish.  2.  To  constitute  ;  to  ordain. 

3.  To  allot,  assign,  or  set  apart.  4. 
To  provide  with  every  necessary. 

Ap-point'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
appointed. 

Xp'point-ee',  n.  A  person  appointed. 

Ap-point'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  ap¬ 
pointing.  2.  Stipulation  ;  arrange¬ 
ment.  3.  Decree  ;  established  order. 

4.  pi.  Whatever  is  appointed  for  use 
and  management. 

Ap-por'tion,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  apportionare,  from  art ,  to,  and 
portio.  a  portion.]  To  divide  and 
assign  in  just  proportion. 

Ap-por'tion-ment,  n.  Act  of  ap- 
portioning. 

AP'po-site,  a.  [Lat.  appositus ,  from 
art,  to,  and  ponere,  to  put,  place.] 
Very  applicable  ;  well  adapted. 

Xp'PO-glTE-LY,  artv.  Properly  ;  fitly. 

Xp'PO-gl'TlON  (-zish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  adding.  2.  State  of  two  nouns 
(one  of  which  explains  the  other) 
put  in  the  same  case,  without  a  con¬ 
necting  word  between  them. 

Ap-prai§'al,  n.  A  valuation  by  au¬ 
thority. 


21 

Ap-praise',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING,  144.] 
[Lat.  appretiare,  fr.  art,  to,  and  pre- 
ti.um,  value,  price.]  To  estimate  the 
worth  of,  particularly  by  persons  ap¬ 
pointed  for  the  purpose. 
Ap-prai§e'ment,  n.  Act  of  apprais¬ 
ing  ;  valuation. 

AP-PRAig'ER,  n.  One  who  appraises. 
Ap-pre'ci-a-ble  (-pre'shi-),  a.  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  estimated  or  appre¬ 
ciated. 

Ap-pre'ci-ate  (-pre'shY-,  95),  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  appretiare.  See 
Appraise.]  To  set  a  price  or  value 
on  ;  to  estimate  justly. 

Syn. —  To  esteem;  estimate;  value. — 
We  estimate  things  when  we  learn  by  cal¬ 
culation  theirreal  amount,  as  profits,  &-c. ; 
we  appreciate  when  we  prize  them  ac¬ 
cording  to  their  true  value  or  worth,  as  a 
man’s  services ;  we  esteem  when  we  regard 
them  with  moral  approbation. 
Ap-pre'ci-a'tion  (-pre-shi-),  n.  A 
just  valuation  or  estimate. 
Ap-pre'ci-a-tive  (-shl-a-tiv),  ) 
Ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry  (-shi-a-),  )  a' 

Having  or  implying  a  just  apprecia- 
^  tion. 

AP'PRE-HEND',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  apprehendcre ,  from  art,  to,  and 
prehendere,  to  seize.]  1.  To  seize  or 
lay  hold  of.  2.  To  understand.  3. 
To  entertain  suspicion  or  fear  of. 

Syn.  —  To  catch;  arrest;  conceive; 
imagine;  believe;  fear;  dread. 

—  v.  i.  To  be  of  opinion  ;  to  believe. 
Xp'PRE-ijEn'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
w  being  apprehended. 
Ap'pre-hen'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  seiz¬ 
ing.  2.  A  taking  by  legal  process.  3. 
Mere  contemplation  of  things.  4. 
Opinion  ;  conception  ;  idea.  5.  Dis¬ 
trust  or  fear  at  the  prospect  of  evil. 

Xp'pre-iien'sYve,  a.  Tearful;  sus- 
w  picious ;  perceptive. 
Xp'pre-Hen'sive-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  apprehensive ;  fearfulness. 
AP-PREN'tY^E,  n.  [L.  Lat.  appren- 
ticius.  See  Apprehend.]  One 
bound  to  another  to  learn  a  trade  or 
art. — v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  To  bind 
out  as  an  apprentice. 
Ap-pren'tY^e-siiip,  n.  Condition  of 
an  apprentice ;  time  for  which  he 
serves. 

Ap-prIse'  (162),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Fr.  apprise.  See  Appehend.]  To 
inform ;  to  give  notice,  verbal  or 
written  ;  to  make  known, 

Syn.  —  To  acquaint;  communicate. 
Ap-prTze',  v.  t.  See  Appraise. 
Ap-proacii',1'.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ad,  to,  and  propiare,  to  draw  near.] 
1.  To  come  or  go  near.  2.  To  ap¬ 
proximate.  —  v.  t.  To  come  near  to. 

—  n.  1.  Act  or  opportunity  of  draw¬ 
ing  near ;  access.  2.  A  passage  by 
which  buildings  are  approached.  3. 
pi.  (Fori.)  Works  thrown  up  to 
cover  an  approach. 

Ap-pr6ach'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  approached  ;  accessible. 
AP'PRO-BA'TION,  n.  Act  of  approv¬ 
ing  ;  consent  to  a  thing  on  the  ground 
of  its  propriety  ;  approval. 

Syn.  —  License;  liking;  attestation. 


Xp'pro-ba'to-ry,  1  a.  Approving. 
Ap'pro-ba'TIVE,  j  containing  ap. 
probation. 

Ap-pro'pri-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  appropriated. 
Ap-pro'pri-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  appropriate ,  from  ad,  to,  and 
proprius ,  one’s  own.]  To  set  apart  for 
a  particular  purpose,  or  for  one’s 
self,  to  assign. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate,  a.  (45)  Set  apart 
for  a  particular  use  or  person  ;  hence, 
belonging  peculiarly. 

Syn. —  Fit;  suitable;  proper;  adapted; 
pertinent;  well-timed. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly,  adv.  In  an  ap¬ 
propriate  manner.  [ness. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness,  n.  Suitable- 
Ap-pro'pri-A'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  set¬ 
ting  apart  for  a  purpose.  2.  Any 
thing,  especially  money,  thus  set 
apart. 

Ap-pro'pri-a'tor,  n.  1.  One  who 
appropriates.  2.  One  who  is  pos¬ 
sessed  of  an  appropriated  benefice. 
Ap-prov'a-ble,  «.*  Worthy  of  ap¬ 
probation.  [probation. 

Ap^proy'AL,  n.  Act  of  approving  ;  ap- 
Ap-prove',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
approbate,  from  ad,  to,  and  probus, 
good.]  1.  To  think  well  of.  2.  To 
prove.  3.  To  commend.  4.  To  sanc¬ 
tion  officially. 

Ap-prox'i-mXte  (45),  a.  Near  to.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  approx¬ 
imate,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  proximate,  to 
come  near.]  To  carry  or  advance 
near;  to  cause  to  approach. —  v.  i. 
To  come  near ;  to  approach. 
Ap-prox'i-ma'tion,  n.  An  ap¬ 
proach  ;  a  coming  near. 
Ap-prox'i-ma-tive  ,  a.  Approxi¬ 
mating  ;  approaching. 

Ap'pulse,  or  Ap-pIilse',  7i.  [Lat. 
appulsus ,  from  ad,  to,  and  pellere, 
pulsum ,  to  drive.]  1.  Act  of  striking 
against.  2.  A  touching,  or  very  near 
approach.  [a  moving  body. 

Ap-pul'sion,  n .  A  striking  against  by 
Ap-pOr'te-nance,  7i.  That  which 
appertains  to  something  else ;  ad¬ 
junct.  [by  right. 

Ap-pur'te-nant,  a.  Belonging  to 
AP'RI-cot,  n.  [From  Lat.  prxcoquus 
or  prxcox  (early  ripe),  through  the 
_  Arab.]  A  fine  fruit,  allied  to  the  plum. 
A'pril,  7i.  [Lat.  aprilis,  from  aperire , 
_  to  open.]  Fourth  month  of  the  year. 
A'PRIL— Fo  OL,  7i.  One  sportively  im- 
_  posed  upon  on  the  first  of  April. 
A'PRON  (a'purn  or  a'prun),  n.  1. 
Something  worn  on  the  fore  part  of 
the  body,  to  keep  the.  clothes  clean. 
2.  A  cover  ;  a  boot. 

1p'ro-p5s'  (ap'ro-po'),  adv.  [Fr.]  1. 
Opportunely.  2.  By  the  way  ;  to  tho 
purpose. 

A>'sia\  ti.  ;  pi.  1p'- 
si-de£.  [Gr.]  1. 

One  of  the  two 
points  in  an  ellipti¬ 
cal  orbit  which  are  Apsides, 
at  the  greatest  and  least  distance 
from  the  central  body.  2.  Domed 
part  of  a  church. 

G,  hard;  Ag;  E^IST ;  N  as  NG  ;  this 


OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Brn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €, 


APT 

APT,  a.  [Lat.  aptus,  from  apere ,  to 
fasten,  fit.]  1.  Fit  ;  suitable.  2. 
Having  a  tendency  ;  liable.  3.  Dis¬ 
posed  customarily.  4.  Ready ;  quick  ; 
prompt. 

Syn.  —  Appropriate  ;  qualified  ;  in¬ 
clined  ;  disposed;  dexterous;  fitted. — 
One  who  is  disposed  or  inclined  to  any 
thing  is  apt  to  do  it.  lie  who  is  apt  at 
any  employment  is  qualified  or  dexterous. 
An  apt  quotation  is  one  which  is  appro¬ 
priate,  suitable,  or  fitted  to  the  case. 

Zp'TER-AL,  a.  [Gr.  amepos,  from  a 
priv.  and  nrepov,  wing.]  1.  Des¬ 
titute  of  wings.  2.  Having  columns 
only  in  front. 

Ap'TER-oiJS,  a.  Destitute  of  wings. 
APT'I-TUDE  (53  a),  n.  1.  Natural  or 
acquired  disposition  or  tendency. 
2.  Readiness  in  learning  ;  docility  ; 
aptness. 

APT'LY ,adv.  Properly  ;  fitly;  readily. 
Apt'ness,  n.  Fitness  ;  readiness. 
AP'TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  aa-Tcoros.]  An  in- 
_  declinable  noun. 

A' qua  For’ tis.  [Lat.]  Nitric  acid. 
A-QUa' ri-um; n. ;  pi.  a-qua'ri-a. 
[Lat.]  1.  An  artificial  pond  for 
aquatic  plants.  2.  A  tank  of  glass 
for  aquatic  animals. 

A-QUat'I€,  la.  Pertaining  to,  or 
A-QUAT'ic-AL,  )  inhabiting  water. 
A'QUA-tInt,  In.  [It.  acqua  tinta , 
A/QUA-TINT'A,  j  dyed  water.]  Etch¬ 
ing  on  copper  by  means  of  aqua  fortis. 
Aq'ue-duct  (Sk'we-).  [Lat.  aqux- 
ductus ,  fr.  aqua,  water,  and  ductus, 
a  leading  ]  An  artificial  conduit  for 
_  water. 

A'QUE-OUS  (a'kwe-us),  a.  Partaking 
of  the  nature  of  water,  or  abound¬ 
ing  with  it ;  watery. 

Aq'UI-line  (-lin  or  -lin),  a.  [Lat. 
aquilinus ,  from  aquila,  eagle.]  1. 
Belonging  to  the  eagle.  2.  Curving  ; 
w  hooked ;  like  the  beak  of  an  eagle. 
AR'AB,  n.  A  native  of  Arabia. 
AR'A-besque  (-besk),  n.  A  species  of 
ornamentation  after  the  Arabian 
manner,  often  intricate  and  fantastic. 
A-ra'BI-an,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  Ara- 
AR'A-BIC,  }  bia,  or  to  its  inhabit- 
w  ants.  ^  [Arabians. 

Ar'a-bic,  n.  The  language  of  the 
Ar'a-bist,  n.  One  versed  in  Arabic 
w  literature. 

AR'a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  arabilis,  from  ar- 
are,  to  plow.]  Fit  for  tillage  or  plow- 
_  ing ;  plowed. 

AR'bi-ter,  n.  [Lat.]  Any  person  who 
has  the  power  of  judging  and  de¬ 
termining,  without  control. 
Ar'bi-tra-ble,  a.  1.  Arbitrary.  2. 
Determinable. 

Ar-bit'ra-ment,  n.  [L.  Lat.  arbi- 
tramentum.]  1.  Will;  determina- 
e  tion.  2.  Award  of  arbitrators. 
.Xr'bi-tra-ri-ly,  adv.  By  will  only. 
Zr'bi-tra-ry,  a  [Lat.  arbitrarius.\ 

1.  Depending  on  will  or  discretion. 

2.  Founded  on  mere  will  or  choice. 

3.  Despotic ;  bound  by  no  law. 

Syn.  —  Tyrannical  ;  imperious  ;  un¬ 
limited;  capricious.  —  When  a  ruler  has 
absolute,  unlimited ,  or  arbitrary  power, 
he  is  apt  to  be  capricious,  if  not  imperi¬ 
ous,  tyrannical,  and  despotic. 


22 

AR'BI-TRATE,  V.  7.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  144.] 
1.  To  decide ;  to  determine.  2.  To 
judge  or  act  as  arbitrator. 

Ar'bi-tra'tion,  n.  The  hearing  and 
determination  of  a  cause  between 
parties  in  controversy,  by  a  person 
or  persons  chosen  by  the  parties. 

Ar'bi-tra'tor,  n.  1.  A  person 
chosen  by  contending  parties  to  de¬ 
termine  their  differences.  2.  An 
umpire.  3.  One  who  has  the  power 
of  deciding  without  control. 

Ar'bor,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  bower ;  a  seat 
shaded  by  trees.  2.  A  spindle  or  axis. 

Ar-bo're-oDs,  1  a.  Belonging  to,  or 

AR'bor-al,  }  having  the  nature 
of,  trees.  [blance  of  a  tree. 

Ar'bo-res'CEN^e,  n.  The  resem- 

AR'BO-RES'^ENT,  a.  [Lat. arborescere , 
arborescens,  to  become  a  tree.]  Re- 

m  sembling  a  tree. 

AR'BO-RET,  n.  A  small  tree ;  a  shrub. 

AR'BOR-l-Cb’LT'URE,  n.  [Lat.  arbor, 
tree,  and  outturn,,  culture.]  Art  of 

__  cultivating  trees  and  shrubs. 

ARE,  n.  [Lat.  arcus .] 

Part  of  the  circum¬ 
ference  of  a  circle  or 

..  curl'e-  Arc. 

AR-CADE',  n.  [L.  Lat. 

areata,  fr.  Lat.  arcus,  bow,  arch.]  1. 
A  series  of  arches.  2.  A  walk  arched 
above ;  a  range  of  shops  along  an 
arched  passage. 

Ar-ua’num,  u.  ; 

[L;it.]  A  secret. 

Arch  (68),  a. 

[From  Gr.  prefix 
apxi--]  Chief ;  of 
the  first  class ; 
principal  ;  — 
much  used  as  a 
prefix ;  cunning 
or  sly  ;  mischiev¬ 
ous  in  sport ; 
roguish. — 7i.  1. 

A  curve  line  or 
part  of  a  circle. 


ARDUOUS 


A  princess  of 


pi.  AR-RA'NA 


Arcli. 


2.  Any  work  in  that  form, or  covered 
by  an  arch.  —  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

__  To  form  an  arch. 

Ar'ehae-o-log'IG-al,  a.  Relating 

_  to  archaeology. 

Ar'cHjE-ol'o-gist,  n.  One  versed 
in  archaeology. 

AR/€HAE-6l,0-GY,  71.  [Gr.  apxa io- 

Aoyi'a,  fr.  ap^uios,  ancient,  and  Aoyos, 
discourse.]  Science  of  antiquities  ;  a 
treatise  on  antiquities. 

Ar-cha'IC,  1  a.  Ancient  ;  anti- 

Ar-eha'I€-al,  )  quated. 

AR'GHA-IRM,?j.  [Gr.  apyalo?, ancient.] 
An  ancient  or  obsolete  word,  ex¬ 
pression,  or  idiom. 

Arcii-an'gel,  71. 
highest  order. 

Arch-bIsh'op,  n. 

Xrc  h-bish'op-ric 
or  diocese  of  an  archbishop. 

ARCH-dea'con  (-d3'kn),  n.  An  ec¬ 
clesiastical  dignitary  next  in  rank 
below  a  bishop. 

Arch-dea'con-ry,  In.  Office  and 

ARC h-de  A'c on-ship,  )  jurisdiction 
of  an  archdeacon. 


An  angel  of  the 
[a  metropolitan. 
A  chief  bishop ; 
n.  Jurisdiction 


ARCH-DBcII'ESS,  n. 

_  the  house  of  Austria. 
Arch-duch'y,  n.  The  territory  or 
jurisdiction  of  an  archduke  or  arch¬ 
duchess. 

ARCH-DUKE',  n.  A  grand  duke;  a 
chief  prince  ;  now,  strictly,  a  son  of 
an  Emperor  of  Austria.  [bow. 

ARCH'ER,  n.  One  who  shoots  with  a 
Arch'er-y,  n.  Art  of  shooting  with 
a  bow  and  arrow. 

Ir'uhe-typ'al,  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  model  or  pattern  ;  original. 

A R 'CHE -TYPE,  71.  [Gr.  apxeTVTTOV, 

fr.  apxp,  begining,  and  Tvaos,  type  ] 
Original  pattern ;  the  model  from 
.  which  a  thing  is  made. 
ARCH-FIEND',  7i.  The  chief  of  fiends. 
Arch'i-di-Xc'o-nal,  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  archdeacon. 

Arch'i-e-pis'co-pal,  a.  Belonging 
to  an  archbishop. 

Ar-ciiim'e-de'an,  a  Pertaining  to 
Archimedes. 

Archimedean  screw,  or  Archimedes' 
screw,  an  instrument  for  raising  waiter, 
formed  by  winding  a  flexible  tube  round 
a  cylinder  in  the  form  of  a  screw. 

AR'CTII-PEE'A-GO,  n.  [Gr.  apxi-, 
chief,  and  7re'Aayos,  sea.]  Any  water 
interspersed  with  many  isles,  or  a 
group  of  isles. 

ARCIl'I-TECT,  n.  [Gr.  op^iTe/CTom, 
from  apx i-,  chief,  and  tcktwv,  work¬ 
man.]  1.  One  who  plans  and  super¬ 
intends  the  construction  of  a  build¬ 
ing.  2.  A  contriver. 
AR'CIII-TECT'IVE,  a.  Adapted  to  use 
in  architecture 

Ar'CHI-tect'UR-AL,  a.  Of,  or  per¬ 
taining  to,  architecture. 
AR'cmi-tEct'ure,  n.  1.  Art  or 
science  of  building.  2.  Frame  or 
structure. 

AR'chi-trave,  n.  [Gr.  and  Lat.  ar- 
chi-,  chief,  and  Lat.  trabs,  beam.] 
Lower  division  of  an  entablature,  or 
that  part  which  rests  immediately  on 
_  the  column. 

AR'chives,  n.  [Lat.  archivum .]  1. 

Place  in  which  public  records  are 
__  kept.  2.  Public  records  and  papers. 
Xrch'ly,  adv.  With  sly  humor; 

shrewdly.  [ness! 

Arch'ness,  n.  Sly  humor  ;  shrewd- 
AR(['o-graph,  n.  [Lat.  arcus,  bow, 
and  Gr  ypd&eip,  to  vrrite.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  drawing  arcs  of  circles 
without  the  use  of  a  central  point. 
AR€'Tl€,a.  [Gr.  dp/cTiKos.]  Northern; 
lying  far  north. 

ARC'u-ate,  1  a.  [Lat..  arcuatus.] 
Arc'u-a'ted,  )  Bent  like  a  bow. 
ARC'u-A'tton,  7i.  A  bending;  con- 
__  vexity  ;  incurvation.  [zeal. 

AR'den^Y,  n.  Ardor;  eagerness; 
Sr'dent,  n.  [Lat.  ardens,  burning.] 
1.  Hot  or  burning.  2.  Having  the 
quality  of  fire.  3.  Passionate  ;  af¬ 
fectionate. 

Syn.  —  Fiery;  fierce;  vehement;  eager; 
zealous;  fervid;  fervent. 

AR'DOR,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  Heat.  2. 
Warmth,  or  heat  of  passion  or  affec¬ 
tion  ;  eagerness. 

ARD'u-oOs  (29,  52),  a.  [Lat.  arduus.] 


1,  E,  1,  °,  U,  Y ,  long ;  A,  E,  1,6,  ft,  t,  short  ;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  t£rji  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


ARE 

1.  High  or  lofty.  2.  Attended  with 
_  great  labor  ;  difficult. 

Are  (ar).  Present  indicative  plural  of 
the  substantive  verb  to  be. 

A'RE-A,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  Any  plane  sur¬ 
face.  2.  The  inclosed  space  on  which 
a  building  stands ;  a  sunken  space 
around  the  basement  of  a  building. 
f3.  Superficial  contents  of  any  figure. 
AR'E-faU'TION,  n.  [Lat.  arefnr.ere.\ 
Act  of  dryiug;  dryness. 

A-RE'nA,  n.  [Lat.,  sand,  a  sandy 
place.]  1.  (Rom.  Antiq.)  The  area 
for  gladiators,  &c.,  in  the  central 
part  of  an  amphitheater.  2.  Any 
place  of  public  contest. 
AR/E-NA'CEOlJs,  a.  [Lat.  are.naceus.] 
Having  the  properties  of  sand ;  fri¬ 
able. 

A-RE'O-EA,  71.  ;  pi.  A-RE'  O-LJE. 
[Lat.]  The  colored  ring  around  the 
nipple,  and  around  certain  vesicles. 
A-re'o-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like, 
an  areola  ;  filled  with  interstices. 
AR/e-6p,a-gite,  n.  A  member  of 
w  the  Areopagus. 

AR/E-OPrA-GUS,  n.  [Gr.  ’ApeiOTrayo?, 
lit. ,  hill  of  Ares,  or  Mars.]  A  sovereign 
__  tribunal  at  Athens. 

Ar'gal,  n.  Unrefined  or  crude  tartar. 
AR'gand  Lamp.  A  lamp  in  which  a 
hollow  wick  is  surrounded  by  a  glass 
_  chimney  ;  —  invented  by  A.  Argand. 
AR'gent,  a  [Lat.  argentum,  silver.] 
Silvery ;  bright  like  silver.  —  n.  The 
white  color  on  a  coat  of  arms. 
Ar-gent'al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  like, 
or  containing,  silver.  [silver. 

AR/gen-tiP;er-ous,  a.  Containing 
Ar'gen-tine,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
_  like,  silver  ;  silvery. 

Ar'gil,  n.  [Gr.  dpy <AAos  or  apyiAos.] 
Clay  or  potter’s  earth ;  sometimes 
_  pure  clay. 

AR'gil-lA'ceous,  a.  Partaking  of 
the  properties  of  clay. 

Ar-gil'lous,  a.  Clayey. 

AR'gol,  n.  Crude  tartar. 
AR'GO-NAUT,  n.  [Gr.  ’ApyovavTr)?.] 
1.  One  of  the  persons  who  sailed  to 
Colchis  with  Jason,  in  the  Argo,  in 
quest  of  the  golden  fleece.  2.  The 
__  nautilus.  [Argonauts. 

AR'GO-NAUT'IG,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Ar'go-sy,  n.  [Prom  Argo.  See  Ar¬ 
gonaut.]  A  large  ship,  either  for 
merchandise  or  war. 

AR'gue,  m  i.  [-ed;  -ING,  144.]  [Lat. 
arguere. J  1.  To  use  arguments;  to 
reason.  2.  To  contend  in  argument ; 
to  dispute. — v.  t.  1.  To  debate  or 
discuss.  2.  To  prove.  3.  To  per- 
__  suade  by  reasons. 

Ar'gu-er,  n.  A  disputer  ;  a  reasoner. 
Ar'gu-MENT  (139),  n.  1.  A  proof  or 
means  of  proving.  2.  Process  of 
reasoning.  3.  Subject-matter,  or  an 
abstract  of  the  subject-matter,  of  a 
discourse,  writing,  &c. 
JCr'gu-men-ta'tion,  n.  Process  or 
act  of  reasoning. 

Ar'gu-mLnt'a-tTve,  a.  1.  Contain¬ 
ing  argument.  2.  Addicted  to  argu- 
..ment.  [tune. 

A'RI-a,  7i.  [It.]  An  air  or  song;  a 


23 

X'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arius,  or  to 
his  doctrines.  —  n.  A  follower  of 
Arius,  who  held  Christ  to  be  only  a 
_  a  superangeJic  being. 

A/Ri-AN-isM,  n.  Doctrineof  the  Arlans. 
Ar'id,  a.  [Lat.  aridus.]  Dry  ;  parched 
up  with  heat. 

A-rid'i-ty,  )  n.  Absence  of  moisture  ; 
AR'id-ness,  j  dryness. 

A-right'  (a-rlC),  adv.  Rightly  ;  duly  ; 
without  mistake. 

A-RigE',  v.  i.  [imp.  arose  ;  p.  pr.  8c 
vb.  n.  ARISING;  p.  p.  ARISEN.] 
[A.-S.  arisan.\  1.  To  come  or  get  up 
higher;  to  mount;  to  ascend;  to 
rise.  2.  To  come  into  action,  being, 
or  notice.  3.  To  proceed  ;  to  issue. 
ARGS-T OG'R A-£ Y ,  n.  [Gr.  apicTTO/cpa- 
Tta,  fr.  aptcTTOs,  best,  and  Kparecv,  to 
rule.]  1.  A  government  in  which 
the  supreme  power  is  vested  in  a 
privileged  order.  2.  The  chief  per¬ 
sons  in  a  state. 

A-RIS'TO-€RAT,  or  AR'IS-TO-GRAT, 
n.  1.  One  who  favors  an  aristocracy. 

2.  A  proud  or  haughty  person. 
ArGs-to-€RAT'I€,  "I  a.  Pertain- 
AR/is-to-erat'ig-al,  j  ing  to,  con¬ 
sisting  in,  or  partaking  of,  aris- 

w  tocracy. 

Ar'is-to-te'ei-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
w  Aristotle,  a  Greek  philosopher. 
AR'ITH-MANGjY,  or  A-RITH'M AN-C  Y, 
n.  [Gr.  apiO/Aos,  number,  and  pav- 
reila,  divination.]  The  foretelling  of 
future  events,  by  means  of  numbers. 
A-rIth'me-tI'€,  n.  Science  of  num- 
w  bers  ;  art  of  computation  by  figures. 
XrGth-metGe-AL,  a.  According  to 
arithmetic. 

A-RITH/me-TI'CIAN  (-tislPan),  n. 
_  One  skilled  in  arithmetic. 

Ark,  n.  [Lat.  area,  A.-S.  ark.]  1.  A 
small,  close  chest.  2.  The  vessel  in 
which  Noah  was  preserved  during 
the  deluge.  3.  A  large  boat  for 
transporting  produce. 

ARM,  71.  [A.-S.  arm ,  Lat.  annus. \  1. 

The  limb  which  extends  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  hand.  2.  Any  thing 
resembling  an  arm.  3.  Power ; 
might.  4.  (Mil.)  (a.)  A  branch  of 
the  military  service,  (b.)pl.  An  in¬ 
strument  of  warfare.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  furnish  or  equip  with 
weapons.  2.  To  furnish  with  what¬ 
ever  svill  add  strength ,  force,  security, 
or  efficiency.  3.  To  furnish  with 
means  of  defense.  —  v.  i.  To  be 
provided  with  arms  or  weapons  ;  to 
take  arms.  [armed  ships. 

Ar-ma'da,  n.  [Sp.]  A  fleet  of 
AR'MA-DIL'LO,  71.  ;  pi.  Xk-ma- 
DIL/lo§.  [Sp.,  dim.  of  armado, 
armed.]  An  animal  peculiar  to  South 
America,  having  the  body  encased  in 
__  armor. 

AR'ma-ment,  n.  [Lat.  annamenta.] 
1.  A  body  of  land  or  naval  forces 
equipped  for  war.  2.  All  arrange¬ 
ments  made  for  the  defense  of  a  forti¬ 
fication  with  musketry  and  artillery. 

3.  Guns  and  other  munitions  of  a 
__  ship. 

AR'MA-TURE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  armatura, 


ARRAIGNMENT 

from  armare,  to  arm.]  A  piece  of 
iron  used  to  connect  the  two  poles  of 
a  magnet,  or  electro-magnet,  in  order 
to  complete  the  circuit. 

Xrm'FUL,  n. ;  pi.  ARM-'FiiLg.  As 
__  much  as  the  arms  can  bold. 
Xr'MIL-la-RY,  a.  [L.  Lat.  armilla- 
rius .]  Of,  or  resembling,  a  bracelet; 
consisting  of  rings  or  circles. 
Ak-MIN'I-an,  n.  A  follower  of  Ar 
minius,  who  denied  predestinatio' 

_  and  the  kindred  doctrines. 
AR-MIN'l-AN-lgM,  7i.  Tenets  of  the 
Arminians. 

AR'MIS-TI^E,  n.  [Lat.  arma,  arms, 
and  stare,  to  stand  still.]  A  tempo- 
__  rary  cessation  of  arms  ;  a  truce. 
ARM'let,  7i.  A  kind  of  bracelet. 
ARM'OR,  7i.  [Lat.  amiatura.]  1.  De¬ 
fensive  arms  for  the  body.  2.  Steel 
__  or  iron  covering  of  ships. 
Arm'or-beArGsr,  n.  One  who  car- 
__  ries  the  armor  or  arms  of  another. 
Ar'MOR-ER,  7i.  One  who  makes  or 
has  care  of  arms  or  armor. 
Ar-mo'ri-al,  a.  Belonging  to  armor, 
__  or  to  the  escutcheon  of  a  family. 
AR'mo-ry,  n.  1.  A  place  where  arms, 
& c.,  are  kept.  2.  A  place  in  which 
__  arms  are  manufactured. 

Arm'pit,  n.  The  hollow  under  the 
__  shoulder. 

ARMS,  7i.  pi.  [Lat.  anna.)  1.  Instru¬ 
ments  or  weapons  of  offense  or  de¬ 
fense.  2.  Deeds  of  war.  3.  Ensigns 
__  armorial. 

Ar'MY,  7i.  [From  Lat.  anvatus.]  1. 
A  body  of  men  armed  for  war.  2. 
A  great  number  ;  a  host.  [cine. 
AR'ni-eA,  7i.  A  plant  used  in  niedi- 
A-RO’MA,  7i.  [Gr.]  The  fragrant 

w  quality  in  plants. 

AR'o-MAT'ie,  \a.  Of,  or  contain - 
Ir'o-mat'ic-al,  j  ing,  aroma; 
w  fragrant ;  spicy. 

Ar/o-mat'I€,  7i.  A  fragrant  plant, 
drug,  or  medicine,  having  usually  a 
warm,  pungent  taste. 
A-ro'ma-tize,  or  AR'o-ma-tize, 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  impregnate 
with  aroma. 

A-rose'.  Past  or  preterit  tense  of  arise. 
A-round',  prep.  1.  On  all  sides  of. 
2.  From  one  part  to  another  of.  — 
adv.  1.  On  every  side.  2.  Here  and 
there.  [awaken  suddenly. 

A-ROUgE',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
Syn.  —  To  excite;  animate;  rouse. 
Xr'QUE-bOse  (-bas),  7i.  [D.  haak-bus, 
a  gun  with  a  hook,  or  forked  rest.] 
A  sort  of  hand-gun. 

AR'QUE-bus-ier',  7i.  A  soldier  armed 
with  an  arquebuse. 

Ar-raciU,  n.  [Ar.  araq,  from  araqa , 
to  sweat.]  A  spirit  obtained  from 
rice  or  the  cocoa-nut-tree,  & c. 
Ar-raign'  (-ran7),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[From  Lat.  ad  and  ratio,  reason,  in 
Low  Lat.  cause,  judgment.]  1.  To 
call  or  set  to  answer  at  the  bar  of  a 
court.  2.  To  call  in  question. 

Syn.  —  To  accuse;  impeach;  charge; 
censure. 

Ar-raign'MENT  (-ran7-),  n.  Act  of 
arraigning. 

G,  hard;  A§;  e^ist  ;  NoiNG;  this. 


6r,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  e,  i,  o,  silent;  9,  (A,  soft;  €, 


ARRANGE 


ASCENDENCY 


24 


AR-RANGE',  l\  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
arranger,  from  ad,  to,  and  rang, 
rank.]  1.  To  put  or  place  in  proper 
order.  2.  To  adjust  or  settle. 

Ar-range'ment,  n.  1.  Act  or  result 
of  arranging  ;  classification  ;  state 
of  being  arranged.  2.  Preparatory 
measure.  3.  Settlement ;  adjust¬ 
ment. 

Xr'RANT,  a.  [From  Eng.  errant, 
wandering.]  Very  b  id  ;  notorious. 

AR'RAS,  n.  Tapestry  ;  hangings  ;  — 
first  made  at  Arras  in  the  French 
Netherlands. 

Ar-raY',  n.  [0.  Fr.  arrai,  from  ad, 
to,  and  rai,  order.]  1.  Order  ;  dis¬ 
position  in  regular  lines.  2.  An  or¬ 
derly  collection.  3.  Dress  ;  raiment. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  place  in 
order,  as  troops  for  battle.  2.  To 
deck  or  dress.  3.  To  set  in  order, 
as  a  jury. 

AR-REAR',  n.  sing. )  That  which  is 

Ar-rears ',n.pl.  |  behind  in  pay  - 

Ar-re  ar'age,  n.  )  ment,  or  re¬ 
mains  unpaid,  though  due. 

Ar-regt',  I  a.  [Lat.  arrectus .] 

Ar-rect'ed,  ]  Lifted  up;  raised; 
erect. 

Ar-rest',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ad, 
to,  aud  restare,  to  remain.]  1.  To 
check  or  hinder  the  motion  or  action 
of.  2.  To  seize  by  authority  of  law. 
3.  To  engage. 

Syn. —  To  check:  stop;  apprehend. 
—  To  arrest,  like  seize,  denotes  a  forcible 
and  usually  a  sudden  act,  by  which  we 
check,  stop,  or  detain.  When  we  arrest 
a  criminal,  we  seize  and  detain  him; 
when  we  apprehend ,  we  lay  hold  of,  for 
the  same  purpose. 

—  n.  1.  The  taking  of  a  person  by 
authority  of  law.  2.  Any  seizure,  or 
taking  by  power. 

X  r/res-T action,  n.  Arrest  or  seizure. 

Ar-rUval,  n.  1.  Act  of  arriving.  2. 
Attainment  of  any  object.  3.  Person 
or  thing  arriving. 

AR-rTve',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
arrivare,  from  Lat.  ad,  to.  and  ripa, 
bank,  shore.]  1  To  come  in  progress 
by  water,  or  by  land.  2.  To  gain  an 
object  by  effort,  practice,  study,  & c. 

Xr'RO-GAN(1e,  n.  [Lat.  arroganlia , 
fr.  ad,  to,  and  rogare,  to  ask.]  Un¬ 
due  assumption  of  importance. 

Syn.  — Haughtiness;  lordliness.  —  Ar¬ 
rogance  disgusts  by  its  assumption, 
haughtiness  and  lordliness  by  their  con¬ 
temptuous  claims  to  superiority. 

AR'RO-GANT,  a.  1.  Assuming  undue 
importance.  2.  Containing,  or  char¬ 
acterized  by,  such  assumption. 

Syn.  —  Magisterial;  lordly;  overbear¬ 
ing;  presumptuous;  haughty. 

Xr'RO-GANT-ly,  adv.  Haughtily  ; 

w  very  proudly. 

Xr'ro-gate,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
claim  unduly  ;  to  assume. 

Ar'ro-ga/tion,  n.  Act  of  arrogating. 

Xr'RO-ga'tive,  a.  Making  undue 
pretension. 

Xr'rSw,  n.  [A.-S.  arewe,  arewa.\ 
A  weapon  to  he  shot  from  a  bow.. 

Xr'row-root,  n.  A  tropical  plant, 
and  the  starch  which  it  yields. 


Xr'se-nal,  n.  [Ar.  d&rcinah,  lit. 
house  of  industry.]  A  public  estab¬ 
lishment  for  the  manufacture  and 
storage  of  arms  and  military  equip- 
__  ments. 

AR'SE-NIG  (123),  n.  [Gr.  aparevutov, 
from  appijr,  male,  on  account  of  its 
strength.]  1.  A  metal  of  a  steel 
gray  color,  and  brilliant  luster.  2.  A 
virulent  poison. 

Ar-sen'ig,  )  a.  Belonging  to, 
Ar-sen'i-g-al,  j  composed  of,  or 
containing,  arsenic. 

Ar-se'ni-ous,  a.  Composed  of,  or 
containing,  arsenic. 

Ar' SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  (Pros.)  Part  of  a 
foot  distinguished  from  the  rest  by  a 
_  greater  stress  of  voice. 

AR'SON,  n.  [From  Lat.  ardere,  arsum, 
to  burn.]  Malicious  and  voluntary 
_  burning  of  buildings  and  ships. 

ART.  Second  person,  indie,  mode, 
pres,  tense,  of  the  substantive  verb 
to  be. — n.  [Lat.  ars.)  1.  Employ¬ 
ment  of  means  to  accomplish  some 
desired  end.  2.  A  system  of  rules. 

3.  Acquired  power  of  performing 
certain  actions.  4.  Cunning  ;  artifice. 

Ar-te'ri-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
contained  in,  the  arteries. 
AR-TE'RI-AL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  communicate  the  qualities  of  ar¬ 
terial  blood  to. 

AR'TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  aprrjpia,  fr.  aepeev, 
to  raise,  to  lift.]  One  of  the  vessels 
which  convey  the  blood  from  the 
heart. 

Ar-te'sian,  a.  Pertaining  to  Artois 
(anciently  Artesium),  in  France. 

Artesian  wells,  wells  made  by  boring 
into  the  earth  till  the  instrument  reaches 
water,  which,  from  internal  pressure, 
flows  spontaneously  like  a  fountain. 

Art'ful,  a.  1.  Made,  performed  with, 
characterized  by,  or  using,  art.  2. 
Practicing  art  or  stratagem. 

Syn. —  Cunning;  crafty;  dexterous. 
ART'ful-ly,  adv.  With  art;  cun- 
..  ningly.  [ty. 

ART'ful-ness,  n.  Cunning;  dexteri- 
Ar-thrit'IG,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 
Ar-tiirit'ie-al,  j  or  affecting,  the 
joints. 

Ar-tiirV tis,  n.  [Gr.]  Inflamma- 
_  tion  of  the  joints  ;  the  gout. 
Ar'TI-CHOKE,  n.  [Ar.  ardi  schaukl , 
lit. ,  earth-thorn.]  An  esculent  plant 
_  somewhat  resembling  a  thistle. 
Ar'ti-cle  (ai-/ti-kl),  n.  [Lat.  arti- 
culus,  dim.  of  artus ,  a  joint.]  1.  A 
distinct  portion  of  any  writing,  con¬ 
sisting  of  two  or  more  particulars ; 
hence,  a  clause  in  a  contract,  ac¬ 
count,  &c.  2.  A  distinct  part.  3.  A 
particular  commodity  or  substance. 

4.  (Gram.)  One  of  the  three  words, 
a,  an,  the. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  set  forth  in  distinct  articles.  2. 
To  hind  by  articles. 

Ar-tig'u-lar,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
joints. 

Ar-tig'u-late,  a.  1.  Formed  with 
joints.  2.  Distinctly  uttered.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -TNG.]  1.  To  unite  by  means 
of  a  joint.  2.  To  form  into  ele¬ 


mentary  sounds.  —  v.  i.  To  utter 
articulate  sounds  ;  to  enunciate. 
Ar-tig'u-late-ly,  adv.  Distinctly; 
clearly. 

AR-Tie/u-lJA,TroN,  n.  1.  Junction, 
as  of  bones.  2.  A  joint,  as  in  cane. 
__  3.  Utterance  of  elementary  sounds. 
AR'TI-fTce, n.  [Lat.  artificium ,  from 
ars,  art,  and  facere,  to  make.]  Art¬ 
ful  or  skillful  contrivance  ;  device. 

Syn. —  Stratagem;  finesse;  deception; 
cheat;  fraud. 

AR-Ti'F'I-CER,  n.  1.  A  skillful  work¬ 
man.  2.  One  who  constructs  and 
contrives. 

AR'ti-fi'cial  (-fTsh'al),  a.  1.  Made 
or  contrived  by  art.  2.  Feigned ; 
fictitious.  3.  Cultivated. 
AR/ti-fi,gtal-ey,  adv.  By  art. 
Ar-til'le r-Ist,  n.  One  skilled  in 
gunnery. 

Ar-til/ler-y,  n.  [L.  Lat.  artilleria, 
from  Lat.  ars,  art.]  1.  Offensive 
weapons  of  war.  2.  Cannon  ;  great 
guns.  3.  Those  who  mauage  cannon 
__  and  mortars. 

XRT'i-gAN,  n.  One  skilled  in  any 
__  mechanical  art. 

Xrt'ist,  n.  One  who  professes  and 
practices  one  of  the  liberal  arts. 
Ar-tist'ig.  1  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
Ar-tIst'ig-AL,  )  marked  by,  art. 
ART'less,  a.  1.  Free  from  art  or 
craft  ;  ingenuous.  2.  Contrived 

without  skill  or  art.  [naturally. 
Art'less-ly,  adv.  Without  art ; 
ART'LESS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
artless. 

A-RiJN/Dl-NA,CEOUS, a.  [Lat.  arundi- 
naceus,  from  arundo ,  reed.]  Of  or 
w  like  a  reed  or  cane. 
Ar'un-din'e-ous,  a.  Abounding  in 
reeds. 

A-RUS'PiyE,  n.  [Lat.  arvspex.]  A 
priest,  in  ancient  Rome,  who  fore¬ 
told  the  future  by  inspecting  the  en- 
w  trails  of  victims  killed  in  sacrifice. 
Xg,  adv.  [A.-S.  use.]  1.  Like;  simi¬ 
lar  to.  2.  While ;  during.  3.  In 
the  idea,  character,  nature,  or  condi- 
w  tion  of.  4.  For  instance  ;  thus. 
As/A-FET,I-DA,  1 7 1.  [N.  Lat.  asa 

AS/a-fcet'i-da,  )  and  Lat .fatidns, 
fetid.]  A  fetid,  inspissated  sap  from 
the  East  Indies.  [asbestus. 

As-bes'tine,  a.  Pertaining  to 
As-BES'TUs;  [  71.  [Gr.  aofieaTOs,  fr.  a 
AS-BES'TOS,  )  priv.  and  o-fki'vuVai, 
to  extinguish.]  A  fibrous  variety  of 
hornblende  and  pyroxene. 

As-yEND',  v.  7.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
ascend ere,  from  ad,  to,  and  scandere, 
to  climb.]  To  mount ;  to  go  up;  to 
rise.  — v.  t.  To  go  or  move  upward 
upon  ;  to  climb.  [ascended. 

As-^end'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
As-y END'ANT,  a.  1.  Above  the  hori¬ 
zon.  2.  Superior;  predominant. — 
n.  1.  Superior  influence.  2.  (Astrol.) 
The  horoscope,  or  that  degree  of  the 
ecliptic  which  rises  above  the  horizon 
at  the  time  of  one's  birth. 
As-yLND'EN-y  Y,  ?r.  Superior  or  con¬ 
trolling  influence. 

Syn. —  Authority;  sway;  control. 


ASCENSION 


25 


ASSERTOR 


As-£EN'slON,  n.  Act  of  ascending. 
As-^ent'.  n.  1.  Act  of  rising.  2. 
Way  by  which  one  ascends.  3.  A  hill, 
or  high  place.  4.  Inclination. 
As'^ER-TAIIM',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ad,  to,  and  certum ,  sure.]  1. 
To  make  certain.  2.  To  find  out  for 
a  certainty. 

As'<;'er-tain'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  ascertained. 

As'^er-tain'ment,  n.  Amakingor 
gaining  certainty. 

As-^et'IC,  n.  One  who  practices  un¬ 
due  rigor  or  self-denial  in  religious 
things.  —  a.  [Gr.  dcrfo/Ti/co?,  from 
ao-K eiv.  to  exercise.]  Unduly  rigid  in 
religious  things. 

As-tjET'i-c'l’sM,  n.  Practice  ofascetics. 
As-C('1T'I€,  )  a.  [Gr.  dcna/rr)?,  from 

As-ctT'lG-AL,  j  ao-Kos,  belly.]  Tend¬ 
ing  to  dropsy  of  the  abdomen. 
As-grib'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
ascribed. 

AS-ERIBE',  V.  it.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
ascrihere,  from  ad,  to,  and  snribere,  to 
write.]  To  attribute  to,  as  a  cause 
or  quality  ;  to  impute  ;  to  assign. 
As-ERIP'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  ascrib¬ 
ing.  2.  Thing  ascribed. 

Ash,  n.  [A.-S.  xsc.]  A  forest  tree. 
A-shajied',  a.  [See  Shame.]  Af¬ 
fected  by  shame  ;  abashed  by  a  con- 
^  sciousness  of  guilt,  &c. 

Asii'en,  a.  1.  Made  or  formed  of  ash- 
wood.  2.  Of  the  color  of  ashes. 
Ash'er-y,  n.  A  place  for  putting 
ashes. 

Xsii'es ,n.  pi.  [A.-S.  asca.\  1.  Earthy 
or  mineral  particles  remaining  after 
combustion.  2.  Remains  of  a  dead 
w body. 

Ash'lar,  1  n.  1.  Free-stones  <as  they 
Ash'ler,  )  come  from  the  quarry. 

2.  Hewn  stones  for  facing  of  walls. 
A-shore',  adv.  On  or  to  shore. 
Ash'-Wednes'day  (-wCnz'dy),  n. 
^  The  first  day  of  Lent. 

Ash'Y,  a.  Ash-colored  ;  like  ashes. 

A -side',  adv.  On,  or  to,  one  side  ;  out 
w  of  the  way  ;  apart. 

As'I-nine ,  a.  [Lat.  asininus,  fr.  asi- 
nus,  ass.]  Belonging  to,  or  having 
the  qualities  of,  an  ass. 

Ask  (6),  v.  t.ov  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
asnian,  a  c.  si  an.]  To  request ;  to  seek 
to  obtain  by  words  ;  to  petition. 

Syn. — To  solicit;  beg:’  entreat;  claim; 
demand;  require;  interrogate. 

As-KAN^E',  1  adv.  [D.  schuin,  schu- 
As-kant',  )  ins.]  Obliquely  ;  side- 
wise. 

A-skew'  (a-sku'),  adv.  Sideways; 
askant. 

A-SlAnt'.  adv.  In  a  slanting  man¬ 
ner  ;  obliquely. 

A -sleep',  adv.  1.  In  a  state  of  sleep. 

2.  Dead.  [scent. 

A-slope',  adv.  With  a  slope  or  de- 
Asp.  n.  [Gr.  derm'?.]  A  small,  hooded, 
and  poisonous  serpent. 

As-PAR'A-G  US,  n.  [Gr.  dcr7rdpayo?.]  A 
w  culinary  plant  cultivated  in  gardens. 
As'PEGT,  n.  [Lat.  aspect  us,  from  ad, 
to,  and  spicere,  to  look.]  1.  Look  ; 
countenance  ;  mien.  2.  Appearance 


to  the  eye  or  the  mind.  3.  Position 
or  situation  in  relation  to  the  points 
of  the  compass. 

As'pen,  n.  [A.-S.  xspe,  xsp  ]  One 
of  several  species  of  poplar.  —  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  aspen. 

As-per'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  asperitas ,  from 
asper,  rough.]  1.  Roughness  of  sur¬ 
face,  taste,  or  sound.  2.  Harshness 
of  spirit  and  language. 

Syn.  —  Acrimony  ;  bitterness  ;  rough¬ 
ness  ;  sourness  ;  tartness  ;  crabbedness  ; 
moroseness. 

As-p£rse'  (14).  v.  t.  [-ed:  -ing.] 
[Lat.  aspergere,  aspersum,  fr.  ad,  to, 
at,  and  spargere,  to  strew,  scatter.] 
To  bespatter  with  foul  reports  or  false 
and  injurious  charges. 

Syn.  — To  calumniate;  slander;  de¬ 
fame.  — To  slander  and  calumniate  are  to 
charge  with  a  crime  falsely  and  knowing¬ 
ly;  to  asperse  is  to  cast  blots  upon  the 
character  of  some  one;  to  defame  is  to 
assail  reputation  by  falsehood. 

As-p£r'siON,  n.  1.  A  sprinkling,  as 
of  water  or  dust.  2.  Calumny. 

As-PHALT',  )  n.  [Gr.  dcr^aAro?.] 

As-phal'tum,  )  Compact  native  bit¬ 
umen  . 

As-phalt'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
containing,  asphalt. 

As-PHYX'I-a,  (  n.  [Gr.  acrfyv^Ca,  fr.  a 

As-phyx'y,  )  priv.  and  cr</>v£  i?, 
throbbing  pulse.]  Apparent  death, 
or  suspended  animation 

As-pTr'ant,  a.  Aspiring. — n.  One 
who  aspires  or  seeks  eagerly. 

As'pi-RATE,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
aspirare,  from  ad,  to,  and  spirare,  to 
breathe,  blow.]  To  pronounce  with 
a  breathing  or  full  emission  of  breath. 

AS'PI-RATE  (45),  n.  1.  A  letter  marked 
with  a  note  of  breathing.  2.  A  mark 
of  aspiration  (')  used  in  Greek.  3.  A 
whispered  or  non-vocal  consonant. 
—  a.  Pronounced  with  a  rough 
breathing. 

As'PI-RA'tion,  n.  1.  Pronunciation 
of  a  letter  with  a  full  emission  of 
breath.  2.  Strong  wish  or  desire. 

As-pire',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
desire  with  eagerness ;  to  long.  2. 
To  rise ;  to  ascend. 

As-PIR'ER,  n.  One  who  aspires  or 
seeks  earnestly. 

A -SQUINT',  adv.  To  the  corner  of  the 
eye ;  obliquely. 

Ass,  n.  [A.-S.  as- 
«a.]  1.  A  quad¬ 
ruped  of  the 
horse  family, 
having  a  pecul¬ 
iarly  harsh  bray, 
and  long,  slouch¬ 
ing  ears.  2.  A 
dull,  heavy,  stu¬ 
pid  fellow ;  a  dolt. 

As'sa-fcet'i-dA,  n.  See  Asafcet- 

IDA. 

As-sail',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ad,  to,  on,  andsabVe,  to  leap.]  1.  To 
attack  with  violence,  or  in  a  hostile 
manner.  2.  To  attack  morally. 

Syn.  —  To  assault;  beset;  fall  upon. 

As-sail'a-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
assailed. 


As-sail'ant,  n.  One  who  attacks  or 
assaults. — a.  Assaulting;  assailing, 

As-sas'SIN,  n.  [Ar.  ‘/ lashishin ,  lit., 
one  who  is  drunk  with  hashish.]  One 
who  kills  or  attempts  to  kill  by  secret 
assault. 

AS-SAS'SIN-ATE.  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  murder  by  secret  assault  or  by 
sudden  violence.  [sinating. 

As-sas'sin-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  assas- 

As-sas'sin-a'tor,  n.  An  assassin. 

As-sault',  n.  [Lat.  ad,  to,  on,  and 
salius,  a  leaping.]  1.  A  violent 
attack  with  blows,  weapons,  &c. 
2.  A  violent  attack  with  words,  ar¬ 
guments,  appeals.  &c.  3.  [Law.) 

An  attempt  to  beat  another,  accom¬ 
panied  by  a  degree  of  violence,  but 
without  touching  his  person. 

Syn.  —  Attack  ;  invasion  ;  incursion; 
descent;  onset;  onslaught;  charge;  storm. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  attack 
with  great  physical  violence.  2.  To 
attack  with  moral  means,  or  with  a 
view  of  producing  moral  effects. 

Syn.  —  Assault  is  the  strongest  term, 
being  literally  to  leap  upon;  to  attack  is 
to  commence  an  onset;  to  invade  is  to 
enter  upon  forcibly  or  by  arms;  to  assail 
is  nearly  the  same  as  assault. 

As-SAY',  n.  [Lat.  exagium,  a  weigh¬ 
ing,  a  balance.]  1.  Determination  of 
the  quantity  of  gold  or  silver  in  an 
ore,  or  other  compound  alloy.  2. 
The  substance  to  be  assayed.  3.  A 
trial  of  weights  and  measures.  —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  subject,  as  an  ore 
or  alloy,  to  chemical  examination.  — 
v.  i.  To  attempt,  try,  or  endeavor. 

As-say'er,  n.  One  who  tries  or  ex¬ 
amines  metals. 

As-sem'blage,  n.  A  collection  of 
individuals,  or  of  particular  things. 

As-sEm'ble,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
ad,  to,  and  simul,  together.]  To 
bring  or  call  together  ;  to  congregate. 

—  v.  i .  To  meet  or  come  together. 

As-sem'bly,  n.  A  company  of  per¬ 
sons  collected  together  in  one  place. 

Syn.  —  Assemblage;  company;  meet¬ 
ing;  collection;  group. 

As-sent',  n.  Act  of  assenting. 

Syn.  —  Consent.  —  Assent  is  an  act  of 
the  understanding,  consent  of  the  will  or 
feelings.  We  assent  to  a  statement  ora 
proposition ;  we  consent  to  a  proposal. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  assen- 
tire,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  sentire,  to  feel, 

w  think.]  To  admit  a  thing  as  true. 

AS'SEN-TA'TION,  n.  Assent  by  way 
of  flattery  or  dissimulation. 

As-sErt'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  asserere,  assertum,  from  ad ,  to, 
and  severe ,  to  join  together.]  1.  To 
affirm  positively.  2.  To  defend  by 
words  or  measures. 

Syn.  —  To  maintain  ;  aver  ;  affirm.— 
We  assert  against  denial,  as  a  right  or 
claim;  we  maintain  against  opposition, 
as  the  ground  we  have  taken;  we  affirm 
with  a  great  confidence  or  firmness  ;  we 
aver  in  a  peremptory  manner. 

As-sEr'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  asserting, 
2.  Maintenance ;  vindication. 

As-sErt'ive,  a.  Affirming  confi¬ 
dently. 

As-sErt'OR,  n.  An  affirmer. 

G,  hard;  A§-.  EJIST  ;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 


or,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  took;  Orn,  rue,  PULL ;  e,i,  o,  silent ;  q,G,soft;  e, 


ASYMPTOTE 


ASSESS 


26 


As-s£ss',  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Low 
Lat.  assessare ,  fr.  Lat.  assidere,  to  sit 
by.]  1.  To  tax.  2.  To  value  for  the 
purpose  of  taxation.  3.  To  fix  or 
ascertain ;  to  estimate. 

As-sBss'a-ble,  a.  Liable  to  be  as¬ 
sessed. 

As-sess'ment.  n.  1.  Act  of  assess¬ 
ing.  2.  A  valuation  for  the  purpose 
of  taxation.  3.  Sum  charged. 

As-sess'or,  n.  One  appointed  to  as¬ 
sess  persons  or  property. 

.Xs'SETS,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  ad.  to,  and  sat 
or  satis ,  enough.]  Property  in  pos¬ 
session  or  money  due. 

As-sEv'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  asseverate,  fr.  ad ,  to,  and  seve- 
rus ,  severe,  serious.]  To  affirm  with 
solemnity.  [mation. 

As-sev'er-a/tion,  n.  Positive  affir- 

As'si-du'i-ty,  n.  Constant  or  close 
application. 

As-siu'u-o C;s,  a.  [Lat.  assiduus,  fr. 
ad,  to,  and  sedcre,  to  sit.]  Constant 
in  application  or  attention. 

Syn. —  Unwearied  ;  sedulous  ;  perse¬ 
vering;  indefatigable. 

As-siD'u-otrs-LY,  adv.  Diligently. 

As-sign'  (-sin7),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  assignare,  from  ad,  to,  and  sig- 
nare,  to  mark.]  1.  To  appoint ;  to 
allot.  2.  To  fix,  specify,  or  designate. 
3.  To  transfer  to  another.  —  n.  One 
to  whom  property  or  an  interest  is 
transferred. 

As-sign'a-ble  (-sln'a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  assigned. 

As'sig-na/TION,  n.  An  appointment 
to  meet ;  —  used  of  love  meetings. 

Xs'SIGN-EE'  (ds'sT-ne'),  n.  One  to 
whom  something  is  assigned,  [signs. 

As-sign'er  (-sin/-),  n.  One  who  as- 

As-slGN'MENT  (-sin'-),  n.  1.  Act  of 
assigning.  2.  Transfer  of  title  or  in¬ 
terest  or  property.  3.  Writing  by 
which  an  interest  is  transferred. 

As'si&N-or'  (-si-norQ,  n.  (Law.) 
One  who  assigns  an  interest. 

As-SIM/I-L ATE ,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  assimilate ,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  sim- 
ilis,  like.]  1.  To  cause  to  resemble. 
2.  To  convert  into  a  like  substance. 

—  v.  i.  To  become  similar. 

As-simO-la/tion,  n.  Act  of  assim¬ 
ilating.  [of  assimilating. 

As-sIm'i-la-tive,  a.  Having  power 

As-si'sT',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
assistere,  from  ad,  to,  and  sistere,  to 
cause  to  stand.]  To  give  support  to  ; 
to  succor.  [relief. 

As-sI'st'ance,  n.  Help  ;  aid  ;  succor; 

As-sist'ant,  a.  Helping;  auxiliary. 

—  n.  One  who  assists. 

As-sIze',  n.  [From  Lat.  assidere,  to 

sit  by.  See  Assess.]  1.  Lit.,  a  sit¬ 
ting.  2.  A  regulation,  particularly 
about  the  weight  of  bread,  &c.  3. 
Periodical  sessions  of  the  superior 
courts  in  the  counties  of  England; 
■ — usually  in  the  pi. — v.t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  fix  the  weight,  measure, 
or  price  of,  by  authority. 

As-so'cia-ble  (-sha-),  a.  1.  Capable 
of  being  associated.  2.  Sociable ; 
companionable. 


As-so'ci-ate  (-soCshi-,  95), m  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  associate,  from  ad,  to, 
and  socius,  companion.]  1.  To  join 
in  company.  2.  To  unite  in  the 
same  mass. — a.  Closely  connected 
or  joined  with  some  other.  —  n.  A 
companion  ;  a  mate  ;  a  partner. 

As-so'CI-A'TION  (-shl-a/shun),  n.  1. 
Union;  connection.  2.  Union  of 
persons  in  a  society  for  some  partic¬ 
ular  purpose. 

As-scyci-A/TlON-AL  (-shi-),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  an  association. 

As-s5'ci-A-tive  (-shi-),  a.  Tending 
or  pertaining  to  association. 

AS'SO-NANt^E,  n.  A  kind  of  imperfect 
rhyme. 

As-sort',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ad,  to,  and  sots,  lot.]  To  distribute 
into  classes. 

As-SORT'ment,  n.  1.  Distribution 
into  classes.  2.  Things  assorted. 

As-suage'  (-swaj/),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  ad,  to,  and  suavis ,  sweet.]  To 
allay  or  lessen,  as  pain  or  grief ;  to 
appease. 

Syn.  —  To  relieve  ;  soothe  ;  mitigate  ; 
alleviate;  pacify. 

As-suage'ment,  n.  Abatement; 
mitigation.  [ing ;  easing. 

As-sua'sivE,  a.  Mitigating  ;  soften- 

As-sume',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
assumere ,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  sumere,  to 
take.]  1.  To  take  on  one’s  self. 

2.  To  take  for  granted.  3.  To  pre¬ 
tend  to  possess,  —v.  i.  To  be  arro¬ 
gant  ;  to  claim  unduly. 

As-sum'er,  ii.  An  arrogant  person. 

AS-SUMP'SIT,  n.  [Lat.]  (Law.)  A 
promise  or  an  action  to  recover  dam¬ 
ages  for  a  breach  of  a  contract  or 
promise. 

As-sijmp'TION  (84),  n.  1.  Act  of  as¬ 
suming;  supposition.  2.  Thing  sup¬ 
posed.  [assumed. 

As-sGmp'tive,  a.  That  is  or  may  be 

As-sur'an<;e  (-shiir'-),  n.  1.  Act  of 
assuring.  2.  Freedom  from  doubt. 

3.  Firmness  of  mind.  4.  Impudence. 
5.  Insurance. 

As-sure'  (a-shijr',  30),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [L.  Lat.  assecurate,  fr.  Lat 
ad,  to,  and  securus ,  sure]  1.  To 
make  sure  or  certain.  2.  To  confirm. 
3.  To  covenant  to  indemnify  for  loss. 

Syn.  —  To  assert;  declare;  avouch  ; 
protest;  insure. 

As-sur'ed-ly,  adv.  Without  doubt. 

AS'TER-Isk,  n.  [Gr.  dcrrepicrKos,  dim. 
of  aarrrip,  star.]  The  mark  [#]  in 
printing  and  writing. 

A-stLrn',  adv.  ].  In,  at,  or  toward, 
the  hinder  part  of  a  ship.  2.  Behind 
a  ship. 

AS'ter-oid,  n.  [Gr.  acrrepoiSps,  star- 
like.]  One  of  the  small  planets  be- 

w  tween  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

As/ter-oid'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
asteroids. 

As-thLn'IG,  a.  [Gr.  dcrdevucd?,  from  a 
priv.  and  crdeVos,  strength.]  Char¬ 
acterized  by  debility. 

AsTH'MA  (iist'ma,  its'ma,  or  Sz'm^, 
100),  n.  [Gr.,  fr.  aeiv,  to  blow.]  A 
disorder  of  respiration. 


Asth-mat'IG  )  (ast-,  as-,  or  az-), 
Astii-mat'ic-AL  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  affected  by,  asthma. 

As-ton'ish,  v.  t.  [Lat.  altonare,  fr. 
ad,  to,  and  tonare,  to  thunder.  See 
Astound.]  To  strike  dumb  with 
sudden  fear,  terror,  surprise,  or  won¬ 
der  ;  to  amaze. 

As-ton'ish-ing,  a.  Of  a  nature  to 
excite  astonishment. 
As-t6n'ish-ment,  n.  Confusion  of 
mind  from  fear  or  surprise,  at  an  ex¬ 
traordinary  or  unexpected  event. 

Syn. — Amazement;  wonder;  surprise. 
AS-TOUND',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Eng.  astone,  to  astonish.]  To  as- 
tonish. 

AS'TRA-GAL,  11 .  [Gr.  daTpayaAos.] 
A  little  round  molding  around  a 
w  column.  [starry. 

/s'tral,  a.  Belonging  to  the  stars; 
A-stray',  adv.  Out  of,  or  from  the 
right  way  ;  wrong. 

A-stride',  adv.  With  the  legs  apart. 
As-tringe',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
astringere,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  stringere, 
to  strain .]  To  bind  fast ;  to  constrict. 
As-trin'gen-£Y,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  astringent. 

As-TRIN'GENT,  a.  Binding;  contract¬ 
ing.  —  n.  A  medicine  that  causes 
vital  contraction  in  the  organic  text¬ 
ures. 

AS'TRO-LABE ,  11. 

[Gr  acrrpoAd/3os, 
from  acrrpoi',  star, 
and  AapjSaveiv,  Aa- 
/3eiv,  to  take.]  An 
instrument  for  tak¬ 
ing  the  altitude  of 
the  sun  or  stars  at 
sea. 

Xs-TROL'O-GER,  n.  Astrolabe. 

[Gr  dcrrpoAoyo?,  fr.  acrrpov,  star,  and 
Aoyos,  discourse.]  One  who  pretends 
to  foretell  events  by  the  aspects  of 
w  the  stars. 

AS'tro-log'ig,  1  a.  Pertaining 
AS'TRO-LOG'IG-AL,  j  to  astrology. 
As-troe'o-gy,  n.  The  science  of 
predicting  events  by  the  aspects  or 
situation  of  the  stars. 
As-tron'o-MER,  ii.  [Gr.  dcrTpovopos, 
from  dcrrpov,  star,  and  ovopos,  law, 
w  rule.]  One  versed  in  astronomy. 
Xs'tro-nom'ig,  In.  Pertaining 
AS'tro-nojvi'ig-al,  )  to  astronomy. 
As-tron'o-my,  ii.  The  science  that 
teaches  the  knowledge  of  the  hea¬ 
venly  bodies. 

As-tute'  (29),  a.  [Lat.  astvtus.] 
Critically  examining  or  discerning. 

Syn. —  Shrewd  ;  discerning  ;  subtle  ; 
cunning;  sagacious. 

As-tute'ness,  n.  Shrewdness;  cun¬ 
ning;  subtlety. 

A-sHn'der,  adv.  Apart;  separately. 
A-SY'LUIM,  it.  [Gr.  aavkov,  fr.  dcrvAos, 
inviolable.]  1.  A  place  of  r’efuge.  2. 
An  institution  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  or  the  insane. 
A-sfM'ME-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  atruppeTpia, 
from  a  priv.  and  cruppeTpt'a,  symme- 
w  try.]  Want  of  proportion. 
Xs'YMP-tote  (sometimes  pron.  a- 


ASYNDETON 


ATTIRE 


sj/’m'tot),  n.  [Gr.  dcnJ/x7rra)TOs.]  A 
line  which  approaches  some  curve, 
but,  though  infinitely  extended, 
would  never  meet  it. 

A-syn' DE-TON,  n.  [Gr.]  A  figure 
which  omits  the  connective,  as,  I 
came,  saw,  conquered. 

At  ,  prep.  [A.-S.  set,  Lat.  ad.]  Prima¬ 
rily,  this  word  expresses  the  relations 
of  presence ,  nearness  in  place  or  time, 
or  direction  toward.  From  this 
original  import  are  derived  all  the 
various  uses  of  at,  which  denotes,  — 

1.  The  relation  of  an  external  or 
outward  situation,  or  of  attendant 
circumstances  or  appendages.  2. 
The  relation  of  some  state  or  con¬ 
dition.  3.  The  relation  of  some  em¬ 
ployment  or  action.  4.  A  relation 
of  degree.  5.  The  relations  of  occa- 
w  sion,  reason,  consequence,  or  effect. 
AT'A-BAL,  n.  [Ar.  ‘ at-Habl .]  A  ket- 
_  tie-drum ;  a  tabor. 

Ate,  pret.  of  Eat.  See  Eat. 
A'THE-ISM,  n.  A  disbelief  in  the  being 
of  a  God. 

A'the-'ist,  n.  [Gr.  d0eos,  without 
God.]  One  who  denies  the  existence 
_  of  God. 

iVTHE-lST're,  ]  a.  Pertaining  to 
A/the-ist,I€-al,  f  atheism;  deny¬ 
ing  a  God ;  impious. 

ATH'E-NE'UM,  )  n.  [Gr.  'A.6pvolov, 
ATH/E-NA^UM,  |  a  temple  of  Ath¬ 
ena  at  Athens.]  1.  A  literary  or 
scientific  association.  2.  A  public 
library  and  reading-room. 
A-the'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Athens, 
in  Greece. 

A-thTrst'  (18),  a.  1.  Thirsty.  2. 

Having  a  keen  desire. 

Ath'lete,  n.  [Gr.  ddArj-n]?,  fr.  adAov, 
aQ\ov,  prize.]  A  contender  for  vic¬ 
tory  in  wrestling,  &c. 

ATH-LET're,  «.  Belonging  to  wrest¬ 
ling,  &c.  ;  hence,  strong  ;  vigorous. 
A-THWART',  prep.  Across.  —  adv. 
1.  Sidewise.  2.  So  as  to  cross  and 
perplex. 

A-txlt',  adv.  1.  So  as  to  make  a 
thrust.  2.  With  one  end  raised. 
Xt'lan-te'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  Atlas. 

At-lan'TEs,  n.  pi.  Figures  of  men, 
^  used  to  support  an  entablature. 
Xt'las,  n. ;  pi.  at'las-es.  1.  A  col¬ 
lection  of  maps.  2.  A  volume  of 
plates.  3.  A  kind  of  large  drawing 
paper. 

Xt'MOS-PHERE  ,  n.  [Gr.  arpos,  vapor, 
and  aficupa,  sphere.]  1.  The  aeriform 
fluid  surrounding  the  earth.  2. 
Pressure  of  the  air  on  a  unit  of 
surface. 

Xt'MOS-phEr'ID,  1  a.  Relating  to 
Xt'mos-phEr'ie-al,  j  the  atmos¬ 
phere. 

Xt'om,  n.  [Gr.  d-rop-os,  indivisible, 
fr.  a  priv.  and  repveiv,  to  cut.]  1. 
An  ultimate  or  a  constituent  particle 
of  matter.  2.  Any  thing  extremely 
small. 

A-S£al,  }  *■  RelatinS  t0  atomfi- 

Xt'OM-xSM.  n.  Doctrine  of  atoms. 


27 

Xt'om-ist,  n.  One  who  holds  to  the 
atomical  philosophy. 

A-tone',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 
at  one ,  i.  e.,  to  be,  or  cause  to  be, 
atone.]  To  stand  as  an  equivalent ; 
to_expiate. 

A-tone'ment,  n.  1.  Reconciliation. 

2.  Satisfaction  by  giving  an  equiva¬ 
lent  for  an  injury  ;  expiation. 

A-top',  adv.  At  or  on  the  top  ;  above. 

At^a-bi-la'ri-oBs,  a.  [Lat.  atm 
bilis,  black  bile.]  Affected  with  mel- 

w  anclioly. 

AT/RA-MEN'TAL,  la.  [Lat.  atra- 

At'ra-men'tous,  )  mentum,  ink.] 
Black,  like  ink  ;  inky. 

A-TRO'CIOUS,  a.  [Lat.  atrox,  cruel.] 
Extremely  heinous  ;  very  wicked. 

Syn.  —  Flagitious  ;  flagrant.  —  Flagi¬ 
tious  points  to  an  act  as  grossly  wicked  or 
vile;  flagrant,  ( literally ,  flaming)  marks 
the  vivid  impression  made  upon- us  by 
some  great  crime;  atrocious  represents  it 
as  springing  from  a  violent  and  cruel 
spirit. 

A-tro'cious-ly,  adv.  Enormously. 

A-TltorG-T v,  n.  Extreme  heinous- 
ness ;  enormity,  as  of  guilt. 

AT'RO-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  arpotfiLa,  from  a 
priv.  and  rpecjieiv,  to  nourish.]  A 
wasting  away  from  lack  of  nourish¬ 
ment. 

At-tach',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
attacker  ;  Eng.  tack,  to  fasten.]  1.  To 
bind,  fasten,  or  tie.  2.  To  take  by 
legal  authority.  3.  To  take  or  seize 
by  force.  4.  To  connect. 

Syn. —  To  fasten;  affix;  win. 

Attache  (at'ta/sha'),  n.  [Fr.]  One 
attached  to  the  suite  of  an  embassa¬ 
dor. 

At-tach'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  at¬ 
taching  or  state  of  being  attached.  2. 
Any  affection  that  binds  a  person.  3. 
That  which  attaches.  4.  An  adjunct. 
5.  Seizure  by  legal  process  or  a  writ 
for  this  purpose. 

At-tack',  r.  f.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Attach.]  To  fall  upon  with  force. 

Syn. —  To  assail;  assault.  —  To  attack 
is  to  commence  the  contest;  to  assail  ( lit¬ 
erally ,  spring  at)  is  to  attack  suddenly; 
to  assault  ( literally ,  leap  upon)  is  to  at¬ 
tack  violently :  to  invade  is  to  enter  by 
force  on  what  belongs  to  another. 

—  n.  Assault ;  onset;  inroad;  charge. 

At-TAIN',  v.  i.  [Lat.  attinere,  to  hold 
to,  and  attingere ,  to  touch,  reach.] 
To  come  or  arrive,  by  motion  or  ef¬ 
forts;  to  reach. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  reach  by  efforts;  to  gain;  to 
compass.  2.  To  equal. 

Syn. —  Obtain;  acquire.  —  To  obtain 
is  generic,  viz.,  to  get  possession  of  ;  to 
attain,  is  to  arrive  at  or  reach  something 
aimed  at  and  thus  obtained,  as  knowl¬ 
edge,  or  one’s  object;  to  acquire  is  to 
make  one’s  own  by  progressive  advances, 
ns,  property  or  a  language. 

At-tain'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
attained. 

At-tain'der,  n.  [Fr.  atteindre.  See 
Attain.]  Act  of  attainting. 

At-tain'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  attain¬ 
ing,  or  obtaining.  2.  That  which  is 
attained,  or  obtained. 

At-taint',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.  See 


Attainder]  1.  To  stain;  to  dis¬ 
grace.  2.  (Law.)  (a.)  To  taint  or 
corrupt,  as  blood,  (b.)  To  taint,  as 
the  credit  of  jurors.  —  n.  A  stain, 
spot,  or  taint. 

AT-TEM'PER,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  attemperare,  fr.  ad,  and  temper- 
are,  to  temper.]  1.  To  reduce  or 
qualify,  by  mixture.  2.  To  soften. 

3.  To  make  suitable  ;  to  adapt. 

At-t£mpt'  (84),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  attentare,  from  ad,  to,  and  ten- 
tare,  to  try.]  1.  To  make  trial 
or  experiment  of.  2.  To  make  an 
attack  upon.  —  n.  An  essay,  trial, 
or  endeavor ;  an  effort  to  gain  a 
point. 

Syn. —  Trial  is  the  generic  term;  at¬ 
tempt  is  specific,  being  directed  to  some 
definite  object;  an  endeavor  is  a  con¬ 
tinued  or  repeated  attempt;  an  eflort 
and  exertion  is  a  straining  of  the  facul¬ 
ties,  the  latter  being  the  stronger  term. 

At-tend',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
atlendcrc,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  te.ndere,  to 
stretch.]  To  go  or  stay  with  ;  to 
wait  on ;  to  serve ;  to  accompany ; 
to  be  united  to.—v.i.  1.  To  pay 
attention ;  to  heed.  2.  To  wait  or 
be  in  waiting. 

Syn.  —  To  listen;  hearken.  —  We  at¬ 
tend  with  a  view  to  hear  or  learn;  we 
listen  with  a  view  to  hear  correctly  or.  to 
consider.  Hearken  is  to  hear  with  in¬ 
terest,  and  with  reference  to  obeying. 

At-tend'ance  (159),  n.  1.  Act  of 
attending  or  being  in  waiting.  2. 
Persons  attending ;  a  train ;  a  ret¬ 
inue. 

At-tend'ANT,  a.  Accompanying  or 
connected,  as  consequential.  —  n. 
One  who,  or  that  which,  attends. 

At-ten'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  attend¬ 
ing.  2.  Act  of  civility. 

Syn. —  Care;  heed;  consideration;  re¬ 
spect;  regard;  notice. 

At-TENT'ive,  a.  Full  of  attention. 

Syn.  —  Heedful;  intent;  regardful; 
mindful;  civil;  polite. 

At-tentOve-ly,  adv.  Cheerfully ; 
heedfullv ;  diligently. 

At-tent'ive-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
attentive  ;  carefulness. 

At-ten'u-ANT.  a.  Making  less  viscid ; 
thinning.  —  n.  A  medicine  that 
thins  or  dilutes  the  fluids. 

AT-TEN'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  attennatus,  fr.  ad,  to,  and  tenu¬ 
is,  thin.]  To  make  thin,  or  slender. 

At-TEN'u-A/TION,  n.  A  making  thin, 
or  slender. 

At-test',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
attestari,  from  ad,  to,  and  testis,  wit¬ 
ness.]  1.  To  bear  witness  to.  2. 
To  give  proof  of.  3.  To  call  to  wit¬ 
ness. 

AT/te ST- Action,  n.  Official  testi- 

^  mony. 

AT'TI-G,  a.  Pertaining  to  Attica,  in 
Greece. —  Attic  wit,  Attic  salt,  a 
poignant,  delicate  wit.  —  n.  A  story 
in  the  upper  part  of  a  house. 

AT'TI-^JgM,  n.  Peculiar  style  or 
idiom  of  the  Greek  language. 

At-tire',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [O.Fr. 
attirer.]  To  dress  ;  to  array.  —  n.  1. 

Gr,  hard;  A§;  e^ist;  NasNG;  this. 


OR,DO,WQLF,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  E,I,  o,  silent;  Q,G,soft;  E, 


ATTITUDE 


Clothes ;  ornamental  dress.  2.  Homs 
of  a  buck. 

Xt'ti-tude  (53),  n.  [For  aptitude.] 
Posture  or  position  of  a  person. 

Syx.  —  An  attitude ,  like  a  gesture,  is 
suited,  and  usually  designed  to  express, 
some  mental  state,  as  an  attitude  of 
wonder,  &e. ;  a  posture  is  either  not  ex¬ 
pressive,  as  a  reclining  posture,  or  is  less 
dignified  and  artistic. 

At-TOR'ney  (-tur'ny)  (148),  n.  [0. 
Fr.  attornc,  fr.  Lat.  ad,  to,  and  tor- 
nare,  to  turn.]  One  legally  appointed 
by  another  to  transact  any  business 
for  him. 

AT-TOR'NEY-SHiP(at-tdr-ny-),  n.  Of¬ 
fice  of  an  attorney. 

AT-TRACT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  attractare,  from  Lat.  ad,  to,  and 
trahere ,  to  draw.]  To  draw  or  cause 
to  tend  toward  ;  to  draw  to,  or  cause 
to  adhere  or  combine. 

Syn.  —  To  allure;  to  invite;  to  engage. 

At-tr.A€T'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  attracted. 

At-tract'ile,  a.  Having  power  to 
attract. 

At-TRA€'tion,  n.  1.  An  invisible 
power  in  a  body  by  which  it  draws 
any  thing  to  itself.  2.  Act  of  at¬ 
tracting.  3.  Power  or  act  of  allur¬ 
ing,  or  engaging. 

At-tract'IVE,  a.  Llaving  the  power 
of  attracting. 

Syx.  —  Alluring;  enticing;  inviting. 

At-tractOve-ly,  adv.  With  the 
power  of  attracting. 

At-tractG  VE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
being  attractive. 

At-tr.act'or,  n.  One  who  attracts. 

At'tra-hent,  n.  That  which  at¬ 
tracts.  [being  attributed. 

At-trib'u-ta-bre,  a.  Capable  of 

AT-TRIB'UTE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  attribuere ,  attributum,  from  ad, 
to,  and  tribuere,  to  bestow.]  To  con¬ 
sider  as  belonging  to  ;  to  ascribe  to. 

Syn. — To  impute;  refer;  charge. 

At'TRI-BUTE  (119),  n.  A  thing  that 
may  be  attributed ;  inherent  quali¬ 
ty  ;  necessary  property. 

At'tri-bu'tion,  n.  L  Act  of  at- 

w  tributing.  2-  Quality  attributed. 

At'trib'u-tive,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
expressing,  an  attribute. — n.  A 
word_ denoting  an  attribute. 

At-TRITE/,  a.  [Lat.  attritus,  from  ad, 
to,  and  terere ,  to  rub.]  Worn  by 
rubbing  or  friction. 

At-tri'tion  (-tnsh'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  wearing  by  friction.  2.  State  of 
being  worn. 

At-tune',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [From 
ad,  to,  and  tune.]  1.  To  put  in  tune. 
2.  To  arrange  fitly. 

Au'burn,  a.  [Low  Lat.  alburnus.] 
Reddish  brown. 

Auc'tion,  n.  [Lat.  audio,  fr.  augere , 
to  increase.]  A  public  sale  of  property 
to  the  highest  bidder  ;  a  vendue. 

Auc'tion-a-ry,  a.  Belonging  to  an 
auction. 

Auc'tion-eer',  n„  One  who  sells  by 
auction,  —  v.  t.  To  sell  by  auction. 

Au-da'cious,  a.  [Lat.  audax,  fr.  au- 


28 

dere,  to  dare.]  Contemning  the  re¬ 
straints  of  law  ;  bold  in  wickedness. 

AU-da'CIoOs-LY,  adv.  Impudently. 

AU-DA^'I-TY,  n.  1.  Daring  spirit  or 
resolution.  2.  Presumptuous  im¬ 
pudence. 

Syn.  —  Hardihood;  boldness;  impu¬ 
dence.—  Hardihood  and  boldness  may  he 
used  either  in  a  good  or  bad  sense,  the 
former  indicating  a  disregard  of  conse¬ 
quences,  the  latter  more  of  spirit  and  en¬ 
terprise. 

Au'di-BLE,  a.  [L.  Lat.  audibilis,  fr. 
audire,  to  hear.]  Capable  of  being 
heard. 

Au'di-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  audible.  [heard. 

Au'di-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be 

Au'di-en^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  hearing. 
2.  Admittance  to  a  hearing.  3.  As¬ 
sembly  of  hearers. 

Au'dit,  n.  [Lat..  fr.  audire,  to  hear.] 
An  examination  of  accounts  by  pro¬ 
per  officers. — v.  t  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  examine  and  adjust,  as  accounts. 

Au'dit-or,  n.  1.  A  hearer.  2.  One 
authorized  to  adjust  accounts. 

Au'di-to'ri-uai,  n.  The  portion  of 
a  public  building  in  which  the  au 
dience  is  placed 

Au'dit-or-ship,  n  Office  of  auditor. 

AU'dit-o-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
sense  of  hearing.  —  n.  An  audience- 

Au-GE'an,  a.  Belonging  to  Augeas 

"  or  his  stable,  which  contained  3000 
oxen  ;  hence  filthy  ;  dirty. 

Au'ger,  n.  [A.-S.  nafegar,  lit.,  a  nave- 
borer.]  A  carpenter’s  tool  to  bore 
holes  with. 

Aught  (awt),  n.  [A.-S.  aulit ,  Goth. 
vaihts ,  a  thing.]  Any  thing. 

AUG-MENTf,  r.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
augmentare ,  fr.  augere,  to  increase.] 
To  enlarge  or  increase  ;  to  make  big¬ 
ger. —  v.  i.  To  grow  larger. 

AUG'ment,  n.  1.  Enlargement ;  in¬ 
crease.  2.  ( Gr.  Gram.)  A  sign  of 
past  time. 

Aug'men-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  aug¬ 
menting,  or  state  of  being  augment¬ 
ed  ;  enlargement. 

Aug-ment'a-tive,  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  augmenting. 

Au'gur,  )i.  [Lat.]  One  who  pretend¬ 
ed  to  foretell  future  events  by  the 
flight  of  birds,  & c. ;  a  soothsayer.  — 
v.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  conjecture  or 
foretell  by  signs  or  omens. 

Au'gu-RAL,  I  a.  Pertaining  to  au- 

Au-gu'ri-al,  I  gurs  or  augury. 

Au'GU-ry,)i.  1.  A  foretelling  of  events 
by  the  actions  of  birds,  &c.  2.  An 
omen  ;  prediction. 

Au-gust',  a.  [Lat.  augustus,  fr.  au¬ 
gere,  to  increase.]  Creating  extra¬ 
ordinary  respect  and  veneration. 

Syn.  —  Grand;  imposing;  majestic. 

Au'gust,  n.  Eighth  month  of  the 
year. 

Au-gus'tan,  a.  Pertaining  to  Au¬ 
gustus  or  to  his  times. 

Au-gust'ness,  n.  Dignity  ;  majesty  ; 
grandeur. 

Au-LET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  avXprutos ,  from 
avAos,  flute.]  Pertaining  to  pipes. 


AUTHENTICITY 

Au'LIE,  a.  [Gr.  c.vKucos.]  Pertain- 
ing  to  a  royal  court. 

Aunt  (tint),  n.  [Lat.  amita. ]  A  fa¬ 
ther’s  or  mother’s  sister. 

AU'RA,  n. ;  pi.  AU'ras.  [Lat.]  Any 

"subtile,  invisible  fluid,  supposed  to 
flow  from  a  body. 

Au'ra-ted,  a.  [Lat.  auratus.]  Re¬ 
sembling  gold. 

A  u-re'o-la,  ( 7i.  [Lat.  azoYo/i/Sjdim. 

Au're-ole,  )  of  aureus,  golden.] 
The  circle  of  rays,  with  which  paint¬ 
ers  surround  the  body  of  Christ, 
saints,  See. 

Au'RI-CLE,  7i.  [Lat.  auricula,  dim. 
of  auris,  ear  ]  1.  The  external  ear. 

2.  One  of  two  sacs  at  the  base  of  the 
heart. 

Au-ric'u-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
told  in,  the  ear.  [ear. 

Au-ric'u-late,  a.  Shaped  like  an 

Au-rif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  aurifer,  fr. 
aurum .  gold,  and  ferre,  to  bear.] 
Yielding  gold. 

Au'ri-form,  a.  [Lat.  auris ,  ear,  and 
forma,  form.]  Ear-shaped. 

Au'rist,  n.  One  skilled  in  disorders 
of  the  ear. 

Au-ro'ra,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  The  dawning 
light.  2.  A  species  of  crowfoot. 

Auro/ra  borea/Jis,  a  luminous  meteoric 
phenomenon,  seen  only  at  night;  called 
also  nortliei-n  lights. 

Au-rO'ral,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  re¬ 
sembling,  the  aurora. 

Aus'cul-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  auscul. 
tatio,  fr.  auris,  ear.]  Act  of  listening, 
especially  to  sounds  in  the  chest,  by 
means  of  a  stethoscope. 

Au'spi^e,  n. ;  pi.  atj'spi-ce§.  [Lat. 
auspicium.]  Omens;  augury;  fa¬ 
vor  shown  ;  patronage. 

Au-SP'PciotJS  (-spTsh'us).  a.  Having 
omens  of  success  or  favorable  ap¬ 
pearances. 

Syn.  —  Prosperous;  fortunate;  lucky; 
favorable;  propitious. 

Au-sp'PcioDs-ly  (-spTsh'us-).  adv. 
With  favorable  tokens ;  prosperous¬ 
ly  ;  happily. 

Au-stere',  a.  [Gr.  avo-rr/po?.]  1. 
Sour  with  astringency.  2.  Severe  in 
modes  of  judging,  living,  or  acting. 

Syn.  —  Rigid;  harsh;  rough;  stern. 

Au-STERE'LY,  adv.  Severely  ;  rigidly. 

Au-stLr'I-TY,  n.  Severity  of  man¬ 
ners  or  living ;  strictness. 

Au'stral,  a.  [Lat.  auster,  south 
wind.]  Of  or  tending  to  the  south  ; 
southern. 

Au-THEN'TIE,  1  a.  [Gr.  aiiflevn- 

Au-then'tic-al,  j  Kds.j  Of  ap¬ 
proved  authority  ;  to  be  relied  on. 

Syn.  —  True;  certain;  faithful;  credi¬ 
ble;  reliable;  genuine.  Authentic  and 
genuine  were  once  used  as  convertible 
terms,  but  a  distinction  is  now  made 
between  them,  the  former  being  opposed 
to  false,  and  the  latter  to  spurious,  as,  an 
authentic  history,  a  genuine  manuscript. 

Au-then'ti-cate,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  establish  bv  proof,  [thenticating. 

Au-then'ti-ca'tion,  n.  Act  of  au- 
Au'then-t!(;:'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  authentic  ;  reliability ;  gen¬ 
uineness. 


A  F  -  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  CARE.  FAR,  ASK,  ALE,  WHAl ;  Lre,  veil,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6n, 


AUTHOR 


29 


AWARD 


Au'THOR,  n.  [Lat.  auctor ,  fr.  augere , 
to  increase,  produce.]  1.  Beginner  or 
former  of  any  thing  ;  creator;  orig¬ 
inator.  2.  One  who  writes  a  book. 
Au'thor-ess,  n.  A  female  author 
or  writer. 

Au-TH5r'i-TA-tj(ve,  a.  1.  Haying 
authority.  2.  Positive. 
Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ly,  adv.  With 
authority  ;  positively. 
AU-thor'i-tv,  n.  1.  Legal  or  right¬ 
ful  power  ;  rule  ;  influence  ;  credit. 
2.  pi.  Sayings  which  carry  weight ; 
persons  in  power. 

Syn. —  Force;  rule;  sway;  command; 
dominion;  control;  influence;  warrant. 

Au'thor-i-za'tion,  n.  Establish- 
""  ment  by  authority. 

Au'thor-ize,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
*’  To  clothe  with  authority.  2.  To  le¬ 
galize.  3.  To  establish  by  authority. 
4.  To  give  authority  to.  [authdr. 
Au'thor-ship,  n.  State  of  being  an 
Au'to-bi-og'ra-pher,  n.  One  who 
’’  writes  a  life  of  himself. 
Au'to-bI'o-gr Xph'io-al,,  a.  Per- 
"  taining  to  autobiography. 
Au'TO-BI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  avros, 
"  self,  and  Eng.  biography .]  A  memoir 
or  biography  of  a  person  written  by 
himself. 

AU-Toc'RA-qy,  n.  An  absolute  gov¬ 
ernment  by  one  person ;  uncon¬ 
trolled  authority. 

AU'TO-eRAT,  n.  [Gr.  avTOKparps,  fr. 
avTo s,  self,  and  fcpdro?,  strength.] 
An  absolute  prince  ,or  sovereign. 
Au'to-ORXt'IO,  a.  Absolute. 
Au'to-da-fe'  (-fa'),  n.  [Pg.]  1. 

"  Punishment  of  a  heretic  by  burning. 

2.  The  sentence  then  read. 
Au'TO-GRXPH,  n.  [Gr.  avToypa^os, 
fr.  aiiro?,  self,  and  ypd<f>eiv,  to  write.] 
A  person’s  own  hand-writing;  an 
original  manuscript. 
Au'to-grXph'IO,  1  a.  Pertaining 
Au'TO-GRXPH'ie-AL, j  to,  or  con- 
”  sistiug  in  one’s  own  handwriting. 
Au-t5g'RA-PHY,  n.  A  person’s  own 
writing. 

Au'to-mXt'io,  1  a.  Pertaining  to, 
Au'to-mXt'ie-al,  )  or  performed 
’’  by,  an  automaton  ;  self-acting. 
Au-t5m'A-TON,  n. ;  pi.  Al’-TOM'A- 
tonjs  ;  Lat.  pi.  au-tQm'a-tA. 
[Gr.  avTopoLTOv,  from  auroy,  self,  and 
puxetv,  to  move.]  A  machine  moved 
by  interior  machinery  which  imitates 
the  actions  of  men  or  animals. 
Au-t5n'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  avrovopia,  fr. 
avros,  self,  and  vo/xoy,  law.]  Power 
or  right  of  self-government. 
Au'TOP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  avToi/ua,  fr.  auTos, 
and  ot//is,  sight.]  A  post-mortem 
examination. 

AU'TO-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  avros,  self,  and 
Tiiwoy,  an  impression.]  (Photog.)  A 
photographic  transcript  of  a  picture, 
by  a  certain  process. 

^U'TUMN  (aw'tumi,  n.  [Lat.  auc- 
tumnus ,  from  augere ,  to  increase,  to 
furnish  abundantly.]  The  third 

season  of  the  year  ;  fall. 
Au-tOm'nal,  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
autumn. 


Aux-Tl'IA-ry,  a.  [Lat.  auxiliaris ,  fr. 
augere,  to  increase.]  Helping;  assist¬ 
ing.  —  n.  1.  A  helper  ;  an  assistant ; 
,esp.  in  the  pi.,  foreign  troops  in  the 
service  of  a  nation  at  war.  2.  A  verb 
helping  to  form  the  moods  and  tenses 
of  other  verbs. 

A-VAII/,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ad, 
to,  and  valere,  to  be  strong;  to  be 
worth.]  To  profit ;  to  assist ;  to 
promote.  —  v.  i.  To  be  of  use  or  ad¬ 
vantage. —  n.  Advantage;  use;  — 
pl._,  profits  or  proceeds. 

A-vail'a-bil'i-ty,  )  n.  State  of  be- 

A-vail'a-ble-ness,  J  ing  available. 

A-VAIL/A-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
used  to  advantage  ;  profitable  ;  able 
toeffect  the  object ;  valid. 

A-vail'a-bly,  adv.  With  success  or 
effect. 

Av'a-lXn^he',  n.  [Fr.,from  Lat.  ad, 
to,  and  vallis,  valley.]  A  vast  body 
of  snow,  ice,  or  earth  sliding  down  a 

^  mountain. 

Xv'A-Rf^E,  n.  [Lat.  avarilia,  fr.  avere, 
to  covet.]  Excessive  love  of  gain. 

Xv'a-rPcioOs  (-rish'us),  a.  Greedy 
after  wealth  or  gain. 

Syn.  —  Covetous;  parsimonious;  pe¬ 
nurious  ;  miserly  ;  niggardly.  —  The 
covetous  eagerly  desire  wealth,  even  ut 
the  expense  of  others;  the  avaricious 
hoard  it ;  the  penurious ,  parsimonious, 
and  miserly  save  it  by  disgraceful  self- 
denial;  and  the  niggardly,  by  meanness 
in  their  dealings. 

Xv'A-Ri'ciotJS-LY  (-rish'us),  adv. 
Covetously  ;  greedily. 

Xv'a-rPcioOs-ness  (-rlsh'us-),  n. 
Undue  love  of  money,  [hold  ;  stop. 

A-vAst  ’,interj.  [D.  hand  fast.]  Cease; 

Xv'A-tar',  n.  [Skr.  avatara,  descent.] 
An  incarnation  of  a  Hindoo  deity. 

A-VAUNT',  interj.  Begone. 

A've-Ma'ry,  n.  A  prayer  to  the 
Virgin  Mary,  beginning  Ave  Maria 
[Hail,  Mary.] 

Xv'e-na'ceoOs,  a.  [Lat.  avena,  oats.] 
Relating  to  oats. 

A-VENGE',  v.  t.  [0.  Fr.  avengier,  from 
Lat .  vindicare.]  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
vindicate  by  inflicting  pain  or  evil  on 
the  wrongdoer. 

Syn.  —  Revenge.  —  It  may  be  right  to 
avenge  injuries,  but  never  to  indulge 
revenge,  which  is  a  spirit  of  malicious 
resentment. 

A-v£n4'er,  n.  One  who  takes  ven¬ 
geance. 

Xv'E-NUE , n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat  advenire, 
to  come  to.]  1.  An  entrance  to  any 
place.  2.  A  shady  alley  or  walk.  3. 
A  wide  street. 

A-VEr'  (14),  v.  t.  [ -ED;  -ING.]  [Low 
Lat.  averare,  from  ad,  to,  and  verus, 
true.]  To  declare  positively. 

Syn.  —  To  affirm ;  protest;  avouch. 

Xv'er-a&e  (45),  a.  1.  Medial ;  con¬ 
taining  a  mean  proportion.  2.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  the  laws  of  average.  —  n. 
[0.  Fr.  See  Ayer.]  A  mean  pro¬ 
portion  ;  medial  sum,  quantity,  or 
estimate. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
reduce  to  a  mean  ;  to  proportion.  — 
v.  i.  To  be  or  form  a  medial  sum  or 
quantity. 


A-vEr'ment,  n.  Positive  assertion. 

A- vErse'  (14),  a.  [See  Avert.]  1. 
Turned  away.  2.  Having  a  repug¬ 
nance  or  opposition  of  mind. 

Syn.  —  Disinclined  ;  backward  ;  re¬ 
luctant.  —  Averse  is  stronger  than  disin¬ 
clined  and  backward,  but  not  so  strong 
as  reluctant. 

A-v£rse'ly,  adv.  1.  Backwardly.  2. 
Unwillingly. 

A-v£r'sion,  n.  Opposition  of  mind  ; 
dislike. 

Syn.— Disgust ;  reluctance;  repug¬ 
nance;  antipathy.  —  Disgust  is  a  repug¬ 
nance  of  feeling  or  taste;  antipathy  is 
properly  a  constitutional  disgust,  though 
sometimes  an  acquired  one. 

A-yErt',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  avertere ,  from  a,  ab,  from,  and 
vertere ,  to  turn.]  To  turn  or  cause 

_'Xo  turn  off,  aside,  or  away. 

A'VI-A-RY,  n.  [Lat.  aviarium  ]  An 
inclosure  for  keeping  birds. 

A-vLd'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  aviditas.]  An 
intense  desire  ;  strong  appetite. 

Xv'o-eA'TlON,  n.  [Lat.  avor.alio ,  fr. 
a,  ab,  from,  and  vocare ,  to  call.] 
Aside  ;  business  that  calls  off. 

©3“  Sometimes  improperly  used  for 
vocation. 

A- VOID',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Prefix 
a  and  void.]  1.  To  keep  at  a  distance 
from.  2.  To  make  void. 

Syn.  —  To  shun.  —  Avoid  is  negative; 
it  is  simply  to  keep  away  from.  Shun  is 
positive;  it  is  to  turn  from.  Prudence 
may  induce  us  to  avoid,  fear  or  dislike 
lead  us  to  shun.  We  avoid  bad  habits; 
we  ought  to  shun  vices. 

A-void'a-ble  (157),  a.  Capable  of 
being  avoided. 

A- void'an<^e  ,  n.  Act  of  avoiding. 

Av'oir-du-pois'  (Xv'er-du-poiz'),  n. 
or  a.  [Fr.  avoir  du  poids,  to  have  (a 
fixed)  weight.]  A  weightof  16  ounces 
to  the  pound. 

A-VOUCH',  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat. 
advocare,  from  ad,  to,  and  vocare,  to 
call.]  To  declare  positively. 

A-VOW',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
avouer,  fr.  Lat.  ad,  to,  and  vovere,  to 
vow.]  To  declare  openly  ;  to  own. 

A-vow'al,  n.  An  open  or  frank 
declaration. 

A-vow'ed-LY,  adv.  In  an  avowed 
manner  ;  openly. 

A-vow'ER,  n.  One  who  avows. 

A-vPl'sion,  n.  [Lat.  avulsio,  from  a 
for  ab,  from,  and  vellere,  to  pluck.] 
A  tearing  asunder ;  forcible  separa¬ 
tion. 

A-wait',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
wait  for.  2.  To  be  in  store  for. 

A-WAKE',  V.  t.  [imp.  AWOKE,  A- 
WAKED  ;  p.  p.  AWAKED  ;  p.  pr.  & 
vb.  n.  AWAKING.]  1.  To  rouse  from 
sleep.  2.  To  put  into  action  or  new 
life.  —  v.  i.  To  cease  to  sleep  ;  to 
come  out  of  a  state  resembling  sleep. 
—  a.  Not  sleeping;  in  a  state  of 
wakefulness. 

A-wak'en,  v.  t.  &  ?.  [-ED ;  ING.] 
To  rouse  from  sleep  or  torpor 
A-ward',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [O.Fr. 
awarder.  See  Guard.]  To  assign 
by  sentence  ;  to  adjudge.  — v.  i.  To 
make  an  award.  —  r .  1 .  A  sentence, 


OR,  DOjWQLF,  TOO,  TOTOK  ;  ORN,  RUE,  PfiLL  ; 


E,  I,  o,  silent ;  c,  4, soft;  €,  5,  hard;  A§  ;  e^ist  ;  ft  as  ng  ;  this 


AWARDER 


BADGER 


or  final  decision  ;  the  decision  of  ar¬ 
bitrators. 

A-WARO'ER,  n .  One  who  awards. 

A-ware',  a.  Apprised;  cognizant. 

A- way',  adv .  At  a  distance.  —  inter j. 
Begone. 

iV WE,  n.  [A.-S.  oga ,  fr.  Goth,  agan , 
ogan ,  to  fear.]  Fear  mingled  with 
admiration  or  reverence. 

Syn.  —  Dread  ;  veneration. —  Rever¬ 
ence  is  a  strong  sentiment  of  respect  and 
esteem,  sometimes  mingled  slightly  with 
fear.  Dread  is  strong  personal  fear;  as, 
dread  of  punishment.  Veneration  is 
reverence  in  its  strongest  manifestation  ; 
it  is  the  highest  emotion  we  can  exer¬ 
cise  toward  human  beings. 

—  v.  1.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  strike 
with  fear  and  reverence. 

.AW'fVl,  a .  Striking  with  awe  ;  ter¬ 
rible.  [ner. 

AW'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  an  awful  man- 

.A  W'FUL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  striking 
with  awe. 

A  -WHILE',  adv.  For  a  short  time. 

^.WK'WARD,  a.  [0.  Eng.  aivk,  left, 
’  and  the  termination  ward.]  Want¬ 
ing  dexterity,  readiness,  or  grace. 

Syn.  —  Clumsy ;  uncouth.  —  One  who 
is  c lumen  is  heavy,  and,  of  course,  un¬ 
graceful  in  everything;  one  who  is  awk¬ 
ward  wants  grace  of  movement;  one 
who  is  uncouth  is  so  for  want  of  training. 

^WK'WARD-LY,  adv.  In  an  awk- 
’  ward  manner, 


30 

AWK'WARD-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  awkward. 

^WL,  n.  [A.-S.  sel,  al .]  A  pointed 
"  instrument  for  making  small  holes. 

Awn,  n.  [Goth,  ahana.]  Beard  of 
barley,  oats,  grasses,  &c. 

AWN'ING,  n.  [Of.  A.-S.  helan ,  to 
cover.]  A  covering  from  the  sun, 
wind,  or  rain. 

AWN'less,  a.  Without  awn  or  beard. 

A- WOKE',  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Awake. 

A-wry'  (a-rP),  a.  or  adv.  1.  To  one 
side  ;  asquint.  2.  Aside  from  truth 
or  reason. 

Ax,  In.  [A.-S.  eax,  sex;  Gr.  a^iVrp] 

Axe,  )  An  instrument  for  hewing 
timber,  chopping  wood,  &c. 

Ax-iF'ER-otJS.  a.  [Lat.  axis  and  fer- 
re.  to  bear.]  Having  an  axis,  without 
leaves  or  other  appendages. 

AX'IL-LAR,  I  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

Ax'il-la-ry,  )  armpit. 

Ax'I-OM.  n.  [Gr.  d£«oua.]  A  self- 
evident  truth  or  proposition. 

Syn.  — Maxim;  aphorism;  adage. — 
Axioms  are  the  foundations  of  science; 
maxims  are  guiding  principles  in  our 
practical  concerns.  An  aphorism  is  a 
detached  sentence  expressing  a  weighty 
sentiment;  an  adage  is  a  saying  of  long- 
established  authority. 

Ax'I.-o-mA t'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

having  the  nature  of,  an  axiom. 


Ax'is,  n.;  pi.  Xx'Eg.  [Lat.]  The 
straight  line,  real  or  imaginary,  on 
which  a  body  revolves,  or  may  br 
supposed  to  revolve. 

Ax'le  (ilks'i),  n.  [A.-S. 
sex,  eax.]  A  trans¬ 
verse  bar  or  shaft  on 
which  wheels  turn. 

Ax'le-tree  (aks'l-),  n. 

__  An  axle.  c,  Axle. 

AY  Hal),  adv.  Yes;  —  used  to  af- 

AAe  )  firm  or  assent.  —  n.  1.  An 
affirmative  vote.  2.  A  voter  in  the 
affirmative. 


AYE  (a),  adv.  [A.-S.  a,  aa.]  Always; 

^  ever ;  continually. 

AZ'i-muth,  n.  [Ar.  as-samt,  pi.  as- 
sumfit .]  An  arc  of  the  horizon 
between  the  meridian  of  the  place 
and  a  vertical  circle  passing  through 
the  centre  of  any  object.  —  Magnet- 
ical  azimuth ,  an  azimuth  from  the 
magnetic  meridian. 

A-zote',  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  cjitop, 
life.]  Nitrogen  gas. 

A-zoT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  azote. 

Az'Ure  (Xzh'ur  or  a'zhur),  a.  [Per. 
lajaward  or  lajuward,  a  blue  color.] 
Of  a  sky-blue;  cerulean. — n.  1. 
Blue  color  of  the  sky.  2.  The  blue 
vault  above. 


1^  [be),  is  the  second  letter,  and  the 
>  first  consonant,  in  the  English  al¬ 
phabet.  (See  Prin.  of  Pron.,  §  62  ) 
BXA,  v.  i.  To  cry  or  bleat  as  sheep. 
BXb'ble,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [D. 
babbelen.]  1.  To  utter  words  imper¬ 
fectly  or  unintelligibly.  2.  To  prate. 
BXb'ble,  I  n.  Idle  talk  ;  un- 

BXb'ble-MENT,  }  meaning  words. 
BXb'bler,  n.  An  idle  talker  ;  a  tell¬ 
tale.  [baby. 

Babe^w,  [W.  baban.]  An  infant ;  a 
BAB-OON',  n.  [Prob. 
akin  to  babe.]  A  kind 
of  monkey.  flB? 

Ba'by,  n.  [See  BABE.] 

1.  An  infant.  2.  A  JuSti 

-ING,  142  ]  To  treat 
Jike  a  young  child. 

BA'BY-HOOD,  n.  State 
of  being  a  baby. 

Ba'BY-ISH,  re.  Like  a  Baboon, 

baby  ;  childish. 

BXc'CA-LAU'RE-ATE,  n.  tSeeBACH- 
E  L  o  R .  ]  Degree  of  bachelor  of  arts . 
BXc'CA-TED,  re.  [Lat.  baccatus.] 
Having  many  berries. 
BXc'CHA-NAL,  )«.  A  noisy 
BXc'CHA-NA'LI-AN,  )  drunkard.  — 
re.  Reveling  in  intemperance. 
BXe'efTA-NA'DI-A,  n.  pi.  [Lat.] 
Feasts  in  honor  of  Bacchus  ;  drunk¬ 
en  revels. 


Bac-^If'ER-ous,  a.  [Lat.  baccifer.] 
Producing  berries. 

Bac-^IV'o-roOs,  a.  [Lat.  bacca,  a 
berry,  and  vorare ,  to  devour.]  Sub¬ 
sisting  on  berries. 

BXch'e-LOR,  n.  [L.  Lat.  baccalarius , 
from  W.  bach.]  1.  A  man  who  has 
not  been  married.  2.  One  who  has 
taken  the  first  degree  in  the  liberal 
arts.  3.  A  young  knight.  [elor. 

BXch'e-lor-shLp,  n.  State  of  abach- 

BXcK,  n.  [A.-S.  base,  bac .]  1.  Upper 
or  hinder  part  of  an  animal.  2.  The 
rear.  3.  Outward  or  upper  part  of 
a  thing.  4.  The  part  out  of  sight. 
—  adv.  1.  To  or  toward  a  former 
place,  state,  or  time.  2.  Away  from 
the  front. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  get  on  the  back  of.  2.  To  sup¬ 
port  or  strengthen.  8.  To  force 
backward. — v.  i.  To  move  or  go 
back.  —  re.  In  the  rear  ;  remote. 

BXcK'BiTE,  v.  t.  To  speak  evil  of,  in 
the  absence  of  the  person  traduced. 

BXcK'biT-er,  n.  A  secret  calum¬ 
niator.  [Moral  principle. 

BXcK'BONE,  n.  1.  The  spine.  2. 

BXck-gXm'MON,  n.  [W.  bach,  little, 
and  cammawn,  combat.]  A  game 
played  by  two  persons,  with  box  and 
dice. 

BXcK'GROUNd,  v.  1.  Ground  in  the 
rear.  2.  A  place  of  obscurity. 

BXcK'sIde,  n.  Hinder  part ;  rear. 


BXck-sl?de',  v.  i.  [imp.  back¬ 
slid;  p .  p.  BACKSLIDDEN,  BACK¬ 
SLID.]  To  fall  back  or  off ;  to  apos¬ 
tatize.  _  [slides  ;  a  renegade. 

BXck-slid'er,  n.  One  who  back- 
BXck'stAff,  n.  An  instrument  for 
taking  the  altitude  of  heavenly  bod¬ 
ies.  _  [with  one  sharp  edge. 
BXcK'sWORD  (-sord),  n.  A  sword 
BXck'Ward,  I  adv.  1.  With  the 
BAck'Wards,  )  back  in  advance.  2. 
Toward  the  back.  3.  Toward  or  in 
past  time.  4.  From  a  better  to  a 
worse  state.  —  re.  1.  Unwilling; 
averse.  2.  Dull.  3.  Late  or  behind¬ 
hand.  [luctance. 

BXck'W ard-ness,  n.  Aversion  ;  re- 
BXc*K-wo'o.Dg'MAN,  n.  An  inhabitant 
of  the  forest  in  new  settlements. 
Bacon  (ba'kn),  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  bacho, 
back.]  Hog's  flesh  salted  or  pickled 
and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. 

BXd,  a.  [comp.  WORSE  ;  superl. 
worst.]  [Cf.  Per.  bad,  Goth. 
bauths.]  "Wanting  good  qualities,' 
evil ;  ill ;  vicious. 

BXde  I  (^7).  ^ast  tense  Bid* 
BXdge,  n.  [A.-S.  &cag\]  A  mark  of 
distinction. 

BX  D'GE R,  n.  [L.  Lat.  bladarius ,  from 
blada,  corn.]  A  burrowing  quadru¬ 
ped  related  to  the  bear.  —  v.t.  [-E  D ; 
-ING.]  To  pester  or  worry. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  0,  Y , long ;  X,£,1, 6,  0,  ¥,  short;  CARE,  far,  ask,  ^ll,  what  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  fIrm  ;  SON, 


BADINAGE 


BANDIT 


31 


Badinage  (bSd'e-nazh'),  n.  [Fr.] 
Light  or  playful  discourse.  [well. 

BX  d'ly,  adv.  In  a  bad  manner ;  not 

BXd'ness,  a.  State  of  being  bad; 
want  of  good  qualities.' 

BXf'FLE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Prov. 
Ger.  baffen,  bdjfen.\  To  check  by 
shifts  and  turns,  or  by  perplexing. 

Syx.  —  To  balk;  frustrate;  disappoint; 
confound;  defeat;  elude;  foil. 

BXg,  n.  [Goth.  6a6gs.]  A  sack  or 
pouch.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
put  into  a  bag.  2.  To  seize  or  intrap. 
—  v.  i,  To  swell  like  a  full  bag. 

Bagatelle  (bag'a-tel'),  n.  [Fr.] 

1.  A  tritie  ;  a  thing  of  no  importance. 

2.  A  game  played  with  balls  and  a 
rol  on  a  board  with  holes  at  one  end. 

B AG'GAGE ,  ft.  [See  BAG.]  1.  Tents, 
clothing,  utensils,  & c.,  of  an  army. 
2.  Trunks,  carpet-bags,  &c.  ;  lug¬ 
gage.  3.  A  playful,  saucy  young 
woman.  [bags. 

BXg'ging,  ft.  Cloth  or  materials  for 

Bagn'IO  (bln'yo),  ft.  [It.]  1.  A  bath¬ 
house.  2.  A  brothel. 

Bag'pjpe,  n.  A  musical  instrument, 
used  in  Scotland.  [bagpipe. 

BXg'pIp-er,  ft.  One  who  plays  on  a 

Bail,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  6a- 
julare,  to  bear  a  burden.]  1.  To  set 
free  on  giving  security  for  appearance 
at  a  certain  day  and  place.  2  To 
deliver,  as  .mods,  upon  acontract, ex¬ 
pressed  or  implied.  3.  To  free  from 
water. — n.  1.  One  who  becomes 
su.ety  for  a  prisoner’s  appear  mce  in 
court.  2.  The  security  given.  3. 
Handle  of  a  kettle,  &c. 

Bail'A-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
bailed.  2  Admitting  of  bail. 

Bail'-b5nd,  n.  A  bond  or  obligation 
given  by  a  prisoner  and  his  surety. 

Bail-ee',  n.  One  to  whom  goods  are 
committed  in  trust. 

Bail'er  I  (126),  n.  One  who  delivers 

Bail'OR  j  goods  to  another  in  trust. 

Bail'iff,  n.  [See  Bail,  v.  «.]  A 
sheriff's  deputy. 

BailG-wick,  n.  [0.  Fr.  baillie,  juris¬ 
diction  of  a  bailiff,  and  A.-S.  wic, 
station,  abode.]  Precincts  in  which  a 
bailiff  has  jurisdiction.  [trust. 

BAlL'MENT,  ft.  A  delivery  of  goods  in 

BAIT,  n.  1.  Any  substance  to  catch 
fish,  &c.  2.  Temptation.  3.  Re¬ 

freshment  on  a  journey.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  batan,  fr.  bitnn, 
to  bite.]  1.  To  put  on  or  in,  to  al¬ 
lure  fish,  &c.  2.  To  give  food  and 
drink  to,  upon  the  road.  3.  To  pro¬ 
voke  and  harass.  — v.  i.  To  stop  to 
take  refreshment. 

Baize,  a.  A  coarse  woolen  stuff. 

Bake,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
bacan.]  1.  To  heat,  dry,  and  harden, 
to  prepare  for  food,  in  an  oven.  — 
v.  i.  To  be  baked. 

Bake'house,  n.  A  house  for  baking. 

Bak'er,  a.  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  bake  bread,  biscuit,  &c. 

Bak'er-y,  a.  1.  Trade  of  a  baker.  2. 
A  place  for  baking. 

Bak'ing,  a.  Quantity  baked  at  once. 

BXl'an^E,  a.  [Lat.  bilanx ,  from  bis, 


twice, and  lanx,  plate,  scale.]  1.  An 
apparatus  for  weighing  bodies.  2. 
That  which  is  necessary  to  make  two 
quantities  or  sums  equal.  3.  Esti¬ 
mate.  4.  An  equipoise  or  just  pro¬ 
portion.  5.  A  regulating  wheel  in  a 
watch.  6.  A  sign  in  the  zodiac.  — 
v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  bring  to 
an  equipoise.  2.  To  render  equal. 

3.  To  estimate.  4.  To  settle  and 
adjust,  as  an  account.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
be  in  equipoise.  2.  To  hesitate.  3. 
( Dancing.)  To  move  toward  a  person 
opposite,  and  then  back. 

BAl'an^e-SHEet,  n.  A  paper  giv¬ 
ing  a  summation  and  balance  of  ac¬ 
counts. 

BXl'EQ-NY,  ft.  [0.  II.  Ger.  balcho , 
palcho,  Eng.  balk,  beam.]  A  kind 
of  gallery  on  the  outside  of  a  building. 

Bald,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  the  natural 
covering,  as  of  hair,  feathers,  foliage, 
&c.  2.  Unadorned. 

BAl^da-ehin  (-kin),  n.  A  canopy. 

Bal'der-dasii,  n.  [Cf.  XV.  baldor- 
duss,  prattle.]  1.  A  worthless  mixt¬ 
ure.  2.  Senseless  jargon  ;  ribaldry. 

BALD'NESS,  ft.  State  of  being  bald. 

Bald'pate,  n.  A  pate  without  hair ; 
a  bald  person. 

Bal'drie,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  balderich.) 
A  girdle,  or  belt,  hanging  from  one 
shoulder  across  the  breast,  and  under 
the  opposite  arm. 

Bale,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  balla.]  A  bundle 
of  goods  corded  for  transportation. 

—  [A.-S.  beal,  balo .]  Misery  ;  calam¬ 
ity  ;  misfortune;  sorrow.  —  v.  t . 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  make  up  in  a  bale. 

Bale'-fire,  n.  A  signal-fire;  an 
alarm-fire. 

Bale'ful,  a.  1.  Full  of  bale  or 
misery.  2.  Full  of  grief  or  sorrow. 

Ba-lize'  (-leez'),  n.  [Fr.]  A  pole 
raised  on  a  bank. 

Balk  (bawk),  n.  [A.-S.  bale.]  1.  An 
unplowed  ridge.  2.  A  great  beam. 
3.  A  hindrance  or  disappointment. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  leave 
untouched  in  plowing.  2.  To  disap¬ 
point  ;  to  frustrate.  —  v.  i.  To  stop 
abruptly  in  one’s  course. 

B^VLK'y  (bawk'y),  a.  Apt  to  turn 
aside  or  stop  abruptly. 

Ball,  n.  1.  [0.  II.  Ger.  balla.}  Any 
round  body.  2.  A  well-known  game. 
3.  [From  Gr.  paWeiv,  to  toss,  throw, 
or  ndWeiv,  to  leap,  bound.]  A  so¬ 
cial  assembly  for  dancing.  — v.  i.  To 
form,  as  snow,  into  balls  on  the  feet 

BXl'LAD,  ft.  [It.  ballata.]  A  popu¬ 
lar  song,  narrative  or  sentimental,  in 
simple,  homely  verses. 

BAl'lasT,  n.  Some  heavy  substance, 
in  the  hold  of  a  vessel,  to  steady  it.  — 
v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  load  or  fur¬ 
nish  with  ballast. 

BAl'LET  (or  bal'la),n.  [Fr.]  A  the¬ 
atrical  exhibition  of  dancing,  &e. 

Bal-lIs’ta,  n. ;  pi.  bal-lDs' tm. 
[Lat.]  A  machine  used  by  the 
ancients  for  throwing  stones. 

Bal-lis'TIE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
ballista.  [projectiles. 

BXl-lIs'TIE9,  n.  sing.  Science  of 


BAL-LdoN',  n.' 

[Augm.  of  Fr. 
balle,  ball,  bale.] 

A  bag  filled  with 
gas  or  heated  air, 
so  as  to  rise  and 
float  in  the  at¬ 
mosphere. 

BXl'LOT,  n.  [Fr. 
ballot  e.  See 
Ball.]  1.  A 
written  or  print¬ 
ed  vote.  2.  Act  of  voting  by  balls  ov 
tickets.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
vote  or  decide  by  ballot. 

BAl'LOT-BOX,  n,  A  box  for  receiving 
ballots. 

Balm  (barn),  n.  [Gr.  jSdAcrcqxov.]  1. 
An  aromatic  plant.  2.  Sap  or  juice 
of  certain  trees.  8.  Any  fragrant 
ointment.  4.  Any  thing  which  heals. 

- — v.  t.  1.  To  anoint  with  balm.  2. 
To  assuage. 

Bal-Mor'AL,  ft.  [From  Balmoral ,  in 
Scotland.]  A  kind  of  figured  petti¬ 
coat. 

Balm'Y  (bam^),  a.  1.  Having  the 
qualities  of  balm  ;  odoriferous  ;  aro¬ 
matic  ;  soothing.  2.  Producing  balm. 

BAL'SAM,  ft.  [Gr.  ^aKaafxov .]  1.  An 

aromatic  resinous  substance.  2.  A 
species  of  tree  ;  also,  an  annual 
garden  plant. 

BAl-sXm'IE,  la.  Havingthequal- 

Bal-sXm'ie-AL,  )  ities  of  balsam  ; 
containing,  or  resembling,  balsam. 

BXl-sXm'ie,  a.  That  which  has  the 
properties  of  a  balsam. 

BAl'US-TER,  ft.  [Gr.  j3aAccu<rTiov, 
flower  of  wild  pomegranate,  on  ac¬ 
count  of  the  similarity  of  form.]  A 
small  column  used  as  a  support  to  a 
rail. 

BXl'US-TRADE,  ft.  A  row  of  balus¬ 
ters,  joined  by  a  rail. 

BAM-bocP,  ft.  [Malay.]  A  plant  grow¬ 
ing  injropical  countries.  [upon. 

BAM-BOCVZLE,  v.  t.  To  play  tricks 

BAN,  ft.  [L.  Lat.  bannus ,  bannum ,  0. 
II.  Ger.  6aft.]  1.  Edict.  2.  pi.  Pub¬ 
lic  notice  of  a  marriage  proposed. 
3.  Prohibition.  4.  A  curse. 

Ba-na'nA,  ft.  [Sp.  6afta«a.]  A  species 
of  the  plantain-tree,  and  its  fruit. 

BAND,  ft.  [A.-S.  banda ,  fr.  bindan,  to 
bind.]  1.  That  with  which  a  thing 
is  bound  or  fastened.  2.  Means  of 
union  or  connection.  3.  A  linen 
neckcloth  worn  by  clergymen.  4.  A 
company  of  persons.  •—  v.  t.  or  i. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  unite  in  a  com¬ 
pany  or  confederacy. 

BXnd'age,  ft.  [See  Band.]  1.  A 
fillet,  roller,  or  swathe,  used  in  bind¬ 
ing  up  wounds,  &c.  —  v.  t.  To  bind 
with  a  bandage. 

Ban-dA  N'a,  )  n.  [Sp.  bandana .]  A 

Ban-dX N'NA, )  species  of  silk  os 
cotton  handkerchief. 

BXnd'box,  ft.  A  slight  paper  box  for 
right  articles. 

BXn'dIt,  ft. ;  pi.  bXn'dits  or  BAN- 
dIT't'L  [It.  bandito,  proclaimed, 
banished.]  A  lawless  or  desperate 
fellow;  a  brigand. 


Balloon. 


BANDLET 


BXnd-let,  \  n.  [See  Band.]  Any 

BXnd'e-let,  )  little  band  or  flat 
molding. 

BXn'Dog,  n.  [band  and  dog.]  A 
large,  fierce  kind  of  dog,  kept  chained. 

BXn'do-leer',  n.  [Fr.  bandouliere, 
fr.  bande ,  band.]  A  large  leathern 
belt,  thrown  over  the  right  shoulder. 

BXn'dy,  n.  [See  Band.]  A  club  for 
striking  a  ball. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ING, 

/  142.]  1.  To  beat  to  and  fro.  2.  To 
exchange.  3.  To  agitate. 

BXn'dy-legg.ed  (-iegd),  a.  Having 
crooked  legs. 

Bane,  n.  [A.-S.  bana.]  1.  A  deadly 
poison.  2.  Ruin  ;  destruction. 

Bane'ful,  a.  Having  poisonous 
qualities. 

BXng,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Icel. 
banga]  To  beat,  as  with  a  cudgel; 
to  handle  roughly.  —  n.  A  blow,  as 
with  a  club ;  a  heavy  blow. 

BXN'IAN  [or  ban-y&u'),  n.  1.  [Slir 
pan ,  to  sell,  banik ,  merchant.]  A 
Hindoo  merchant.  2.  A  morning 
gown.  3.  [Cf.punya,  holy,  the  banian 
tree  being  held  sacred.]  The  Indian 
fig-tree. 

BXn'ish,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Low 
Lat.  bannire.  See  .Ban.]  1.  To 
compel  to  leave  one’s  country.  2.  To 
drive  away. 

Syn.  —  To  exile,  expel.  —  A  man  is 
banished  when  forced  to  depart;  exiled 
when  sent  from  his  own  into  a  foreign 
country;  expelled  when  forcibly  ejected, 
usually  with  disgrace. 

BXn'ish-ment,  n.  Act  of  banishing, 
or  state  of  being  banished. 

BXn'is-ter,  n.  [A  corrupt,  of  balus¬ 
ter.]  A  baluster. 

BXnMo,  n.  [A  corruption  of  bandore.] 
A  stringed  musical  instrument. 

BXnic  (82),  n.  [A.-S.  banc.  See 
Bench.]  1.  A  ridge  of  earth.  2. 
Any  steep  acclivity.  3.  A  flat ;  a 
shoal.  4.  A  bench  of  rowers.  5. 
Place  where  a  collection  of  money  is 
deposited.  6.  A  company  of  persons 
concerned  in  a  bank.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  raise  a  mound  or  dike 
about.  —  v.  i.  To  deposit  money  in 
a  bank. 

BXnk'A-ble,  a.  Receivable  at  a  bank, 
as  bills  ;  or  discountable,  as  notes. 

BXnk'-bIll,  n.  1.  In  America,  a 
promissory  note  of  a  bank  payable  to 
the  bearer  on  demand  ;  a  bank-note. 
2.  In  Eng.,  a  note,  or  a  bill  of  ex¬ 
change,  of  a  bank,  payable  to  order. 

BXnk'er,  n.  One  who  receives  and 
remits  money,  negotiates  bills  of  ex¬ 
change,  &c. 

BXnk/ing,  n.  Business  of  a  banker. 

BXnk'-note,  n.  A  promissory  note 
issued  by  a  bank,  payable  to  bearer 
on  demand. 

BXnk'rupt,  n.  [Fr.  banque,  bank, 
and  Lat.  ruptus ,  broken.]  A  person 
unable  to  p  /  his  debts.  — a.  Unable 
to  pay  debts ;  insolvent.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  insolvent. 

BXnk'RUPT-^y,  n.  State  of  being 
bankrupt ;  failure  in  trade. 

BXnk'-stock,  n.  Shares  in  the 
capital  stock  of  a  bank. 


32 

BXn'NER,  n.  [Fr.  banniere ,  fr.  bande, 
band.]  A  military  ensign  ;  a  flag. 

BXn'ner-ET,  n.  [From  L.  Lat.  ban- 
neretus.  See  BANNER.]  A  military 
rank  conferred  only  on  such  as  were 
able  to  bring  a  certain  number  of 
vassals  into  the  field. 

Ban'nock,  n.  [Gael,  bonnach.]  A 
cake  made  of  oatmeal,  &c. 

BXn'QUET  (bSnk'wet),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
feast;  a  rich  entertainment. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  treat  with  a  feast. 

—  v.  i.  To  regale  one’s  self;  to  feast. 

Banquette  (ban-keU),  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 

banc,  bench,  seat  ]  A  little  raised 
way,  along  the  inside  of  a  parapet. 

BXn'SHEE,  I  n.  [Ir.  bean ,  woman,  and 

Ben'siiie,  )  sith,  fairy.]  An  Irish 
fairy. 

BXn'tam,  n.  A  very  small  variety  of 
fowl,  brought,  probably,  from  Ban¬ 
tam,  in  Java. 

BXn'ter,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Per¬ 
haps  from  Fr.  badiner,  to  joke  .]  To 
play  upon  in  words  and  in  good  hu¬ 
mor. 

S yn.  —  To  rally.  —  We  banter  in  good 
humor,  turning  the  laugh  upon  a  person 
for  something  lie  has  done  or  neglected 
to  do.  W e  rally  when  wc  attack  a  person 
with  ridicule,  raillery,  or  sarcasm.  This 
is  always  more  pungent,  and  often  ill- 
natured. 

—  n.  Humorous  raillery ;  pleasantry. 

BXnt'ling,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Cer. 

bankling,  bastard.]  A  young  or  small 
child  ;  an  infant.  [of  fig-tree. 

BXn'yan,  or  Ban-yXn',  n.  A  kind 

Ba'o-BAB,  n.  [Ethiopic.]  The  largest 
known  tree  in  the  world,  a  native  of 
tropical  Africa. 

BXP'TIgM,  n.  [Gr.  /Sdn-rio-pia,  from 
flanTeiv,  to  dip  in  water.]  Applica¬ 
tion  of  water  to  a  person,  as  a  re¬ 
ligious  ceremony.  [tism. 

Bap-tI§'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to  bap- 

BXp'tist,  n.  1.  One  who  administers 
baptism;  esp.  John,  the  forerunner 
of  Christ.  2.  One  who  rejects  infant 
baptism,  and  holds  to  adult  baptism 
by  immersion. 

BXp'tis-TER-y,  n.  A  place  where 
baptism  is  administered. 

Bap-tist'ig-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
baptism ;  baptismal. 

Bap-tize',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
auminister  the  sacrament  of  baptism 
to ;  to  christen. 

Bap-tiz'er,  n.  One  who  baptizes. 

Bar,  n.  [From  W.  bar ,  branch  of  a 
tree,  bar,  bolt.]  1.  A  long  piece  of 
wood,  metal,  or  other  solid  matter. 
2.  An  obstacle ;  a  barrier.  3.  Bank  of 
sand,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  har¬ 
bor.  4.  (a.)  The  legal  profession,  (b.) 
A  sufficient  answer  to  the  plaintiff's 
action.  6.  Inclosed  place  of  a  tavern, 
where  liquors  are  sold.  6.  ( Mus .) 
A  line  drawn  across  the  staff.  —  v.  t. 
[-RED  ;  -RING,  138.]  1.  To  fasten 

with  a  bar.  2.  To  hinder ;  to  ob¬ 
struct.  3.  To  except. 

BXrb,  n.  [Lat.  barba,  beard.]  1. 
Beard.  2.  The  point  that  stands 
backward  in  an  arrow,  fish-hook, 
&c.  3.  A  horse  of  the  Barbary 


BARILLA 

stock.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  furnish  with 
barbs,  as  an  arrow,  See.  2.  To 
clothe,  as  a  horse,  with  armor. 
Bar'ba-can,  I  n.  [Fr.,  of  Arabic 
Bar'bi-€AN,  J  origin.]  An  ad¬ 
vanced  work  defending  the  entrance 
to  a  castle  or  city. 

Bar-ba'ri-an  (89),  n.  [Gr.  /3dp/3apos.] 
A  cruel,  savage,  brutal  man.  —  a. 
Rude  ;  uncivilized  ;  cruel ;  inhuman. 
Bar-bar'ig,  a.  1.  Foreign.  2.  Bar¬ 
barous. 

Bar'ba-ri^ivt,  n.  1.  An  uncivilized 
state.  2.  Any  form  of  speech  con¬ 
trary  to  the  pure  idioms  of  a  partic¬ 
ular  language. 

Bar-bar'i-ty,  n.  Savageness;  cru¬ 
elty  ;  inhumanity. 

Bar'ba-rize,  v.  i.  To  use  a  barba¬ 
rous  mode  of  speech.  —  v.  t.  To 
make  barbarous. 

Bar'ba-rous,  a.  1.  Uncivilized  or 
savage.  2.  Cruel ;  ferocious.  3. 
Contrary  to  the  pure  idioms  of  a 
language.  [rous  manner. 

Bar'ba-rous-ly,  adv.  In  a  barba- 
Bar'bate,  a.  [Lat.  barbatvs,  from 
barba,  beard.]  Bearing  tufts  of  hair; 
bearded.  [points. 

Bar'ba-ted,  a.  Having  barbed 
Bar'be-€UE,  n.  [Fr.  barbe-d-queve,  i. 
e.,  from  snout  to  tail.]  1.  A  large 
animal  roasted  whole.  2.  A  large 
social  entertainment,  in  the  open  air, 
at  which  animals  are  roasted  whole. 
BXr'ber,  n.  [Lat.  barba,  beard.] 
One  who  shaves  beards,  &c. 
Bar'ber-ry,  n.  [Ar.  barbaris.]  A 
shrubby  plant,  common  in  hedges. 
Bard,  n.  [W.  bardd.]  A  minstrel 
among  the  ancient  Celts  ;  hence,  in 
modern  usage,  a  poet. 

Bard'ig,  a.  Pertaining  to  bards. 
BARE,  a.  [A.-S.  bar,  bser.]  1.  With¬ 
out  covering  ;  naked.  2.  Without 
adjuncts  of  any  kind.  — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-1NG.]_  To  strip  off  the  covering  of. 
BAre'fac.ed  (-fast-),  a.  1.  With  the 
face  uncovered.  2.  Shameless ;  im¬ 
pudent.  [feet  bare. 

BAre'foot,  a.  &  adv.  With  the 
BAre'foot-ed,  a.  Having  the  feet 
bare.  [uncovered. 

BAre'head-ed,  a.  Having  the  head 
BAre'-legged,  a.  Having  the  legs 
bare.  [kedly. 

BAre'ly,  adv.  Only;  merely;  na- 
BAre'ness,  n.  State  of  being  bare. 
Bar'gain  (42),  n.  [Low  Lat.  bar- 
gania.]  1.  An  agreement  concern¬ 
ing  the  sale  of  property.  2.  An  agree¬ 
ment  of  any  kind.  3.  A  gainful 
transaction. 

Syn.  —  Contract  ;  stipulation;  pur¬ 
chase;  engagement. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  transfer 
for  a  consideration.  — v.  i.  To  make 
a  contract ;  to  agree.  [bargain. 

BXr'GAIN-er,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
Bar6e,  n.  [Low  Lat.  irrrgm.]  See 
Bark.]  1.  An  elegant  pleasure- 
boat.  2.  A  large  boat  for  passengers 
or  goods. 

Ba-rIl'lA  ,n.  Impure  soda  obtained 
from  the  ashes  of  any  sea-shore  plant. 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,  Y, long]  X , E, I,  6,  0,¥,  short ;  cAre,  fXr,  Ask,  (ALL,  wh^t;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n, 


BARITONE 


33 


BASS-VIOL 


BXr'i-tone,  a.  &  n.  See  Bary¬ 
tone. 

Bark,  ft.  [Teel.  borkr.]  Exterior  cov¬ 
ering  of  a  tree  ;  the  rind.  [Cf  Icel. 
barki,  throat.]  The  noise  made  by 
a  dog.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  strip 
the  bark  from. — v.i.  1.  To  make 
the  noise  of  dogs.  2.  To  clamor. 

Bark,  ) 

Barque,  j  n% 

[lcel.  barter , 
skiff,  bar/ci, 
pro\v,Gr.  £d- 
pi?,  a  small 
row-boat.]  1. 

A  three- 
masted  ves¬ 
sel.  2.  Any  small  vessel. 

Bar'ley,  n.  [Goth,  ban's,  W.  barlys.] 
A  grain,  used  for  making  malt,  &c. 

Barm,  n.  [A.-S.  beorma.]  The  foam 
rising  upon  fermenting  beer  or  other 
malt  liquors,  used  as  leaven. 

Barm'y,u.  Containing  barm  or  yeast. 

Barn,  n.  [A.-S.  berern ,  bern ,  fr.  bere, 
barley,  and  era,  xrn,  a  secret  or 
close  place.]  A  building  for  storing 
grain,  hay,  & c.  ;  also  for  stabling. 

Bar'na-ele  (b'Ar/na-kl),  n.  [LowLat. 
bernacula.]  1.  A  shell-fish.  2.  A 
species  of  wild  goose.  3.  pi.  An  in¬ 
strument  for  holding  horses  by  the 
nose  4.  pi.  A  pair  of  spectacles. 

Ba-roM'e-ter,  n.  [Gr. /3dpo?,  weight, 
and  /xerpoc,  measure.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  determining  the  weight  or 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere. 

BXr'O-MET'RIE,  )  a.  Pertaining 

BXr'O-MET'RIE-AL,  )  to  the  barom¬ 
eter. 

BXr'ON,  n.  [Prob.  from  Goth,  vair, 
Lat.  vir,  man.]  In  England,  one 
who  holds  rank  between  a  viscount 
and  baronet. 

BXr'on-age,  n.  1.  TVhole  body  of 
barons.  2.  Dignity  of  a  baron. 

BXr'on-ess,  n.  A  baron’s  wife. 

Bar'on-ET.  ft.  [Dim.  of  baron.]  A 
degree  of  nonor  next  below  a  baron. 

BXr'on-et-Age,  n.  Collective  body 
of  baronets.  [baronet. 

BXr'on-et-^y,  7t.  The  rank  of  a 

Ba-ro'NI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  baron. 

BXr'o-ny,  n.  Lordship,  honor,  or  fee 
of  a  baron. 

Ba-rou^he'  (-rcTosh'),  n.  [Lat.  biro- 
tus ,  two-wheeled.]  A  four-wheeled 
carriage,  with  falling  top. 

Barque  (bark),  n.  See  Bark. 

BXr'RACK,  n.  [Sp.  barraca,  from  bar- 
ra,  bar.]  A  hut  or  house  for  soldiers. 

BXr'RA-TOR,  ft.  [Prob.  from  Gr.  npaT- 
Tf-Lv,  to  do,  to  use  practices.]  1.  An 
encourager  of  litigation.  2.  A  ship¬ 
master  who  manages  fraudulently. 

BXr'ra-try,  n.  1  Practice  of  encour¬ 
aging  lawsuits.  2.  Fraud  on  the  part 
of  a  ship-master,  or  of  thA  mariners. 

BXr'REL,  n.  [Gael,  baraitl,  fr.  bnrra, 
bar.]  1.  A  round,  bulgy  vessel.  2. 
Quantity  which  such  a  vessel  con¬ 
tains,  varying  from  31^  to  33  gallons. 
3.  Any  tube. — v.  t.  [-ED,  -ING;  or 
-LED, -LING,  137.]  To  put  or  pack 
in  a  barrel. 


BXr'ren,  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  barein.]  1. 
Incapable  of  producing  offspring.  2. 
Producing  nothing. 

Syn.  —  Unfruitful;  sterile;  scanty; 
dull;  uninventive. 

—  n.  pi.  Elevated  plains  on  which 
grow  small  trees. 

BXr'REN-ly,  ado.  Unfruitfully. 

BXr'ri-uade',  n.  [Orig.  a  barring  up 
with  casks,  from  Fr.  barrique,  cask.] 

1.  (Mil.)  A  defensive  fortification, 
made  in  haste.  2.  Any  bar,  or  ob¬ 
struction. —  v.t.  [-E D  ;  -ing.]  To 
fortify  with  any  slight  work. 

BXr'RI-ER,  ft.  [Fr.  barriere,  fr.  bane , 
bar.]  1.  A  kind  of  fence  made  to 
stop  an  enemy.  2.  Any  obstruction. 
3.  Any  limit  or  boundary. 

BXr'ris-ter,  «.  A  counselor  admit¬ 
ted  to  plead  at  the  bar. 

Bar'eow,  ft.  T.  [A.-S.  berewe ,  fr. 
beran,  to  bear.]  A  light,  small  hand- 
carriage.  2.  [A.-S.  bearg,  Skr.  baralia, 
hog.]  A  male  hog  castrated.  3.  [A.- 
S.  beorg ,  beorh.]  A  mound  of  earth 
raised  over  the  dead. 

Bar'-shoTjU.  Shot,  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  bar  with  a 
round  head  at  each  end. 

Bar'ter,  v.  i.  [0.  Fr.  Bar'shot 
barater ,  to  exchange.]  To  traffic  by 
exchanging  one  commodity  for  an¬ 
other. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  ex¬ 
change,  or  give  in  exchange.  —  ft.  1. 
Practice  of  exchanging  commodities. 

2.  Thing  given  in  exchange. 

Ba-ry'ta,  ft.  [Gr.  /3apvs,  heavy.] 

The_ heaviest  of  the  earths. 

BA-RY'TEg,  ft.  Sulphate  of  baryta. 

Ba-r\"T'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  baryta. 

BXr'Y-tone  ,  a.  [Gr.  /3api>Tovos,  from 
/3apvs,  heavy,  and  tovos,  tone.] 
Grave,  and  deep,  as  a  kind  of  male 
voice.  —  ft.  A  male  voice,  the  com¬ 
pass  of  which  partakes  of  the  com¬ 
mon  bass  and  the  tenor. 

Ba'SAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base. 

Ba-salt',  m.  [Lat.  basaltes .]  A  green¬ 
ish-black  rock  of  igneous  origin. 

BA-SALT'IE,  a.  Pertaining  to  basalt. 

Bas-BLEU  (ba/blu/  or  ba-block),  n. 
[Fr.]  A  literary  lady ;  a  blue-stocking. 

Base,  a.  [L.  Lat.  bassus,  thick,  short, 
humble.  Cf.  W*  bas,  shallow.]  1 
Of  humble  birth.  2.  Low  in  value 
or  estimation.  3.  Morally  low.  4. 
Deep  or  grave  in  sound. 

Syx.  —  XTile;  mean.— Case  is  a  stronger 
term  than  vile ,  and  vile  than  mean.  The 
two  first  denote  what  is  wicked  as  well  as 
low,  the  latter  what  is  disgraceful  or  dis¬ 
honorable. 

—  ft.  [Gr. /3a<ns,  step,  base.]  1.  The 
bottom  ;  part  of  a  thing  on  which  it 
stands.  2.  Principal  element  of  a 
chemical  compound.  3.  The  gravest 
male  voice.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
put  on  a  base  or  basis  ;  to  found 

Base'-ball,  ft.  A  game  of  ball,  so 
called  from  the  bases  or  bounds  des¬ 
ignating  the  circuit  each  player  must 
make  after  striking  the  ball. 

Base '-born,  a.  Born  of  low  parent¬ 
age.  [or  support. 

Base 'LESS,  a.  Having  no  foundation 
I  Base'ly,  adv.  In  a  base  manner. 


Base'ment,  ft.  [See  Base.]  Lower 
story  of  a  building. 

Base'ness,  ft.  Quality  of  being  base. 

Ba-siiaw',  ft.  A  Turkish  title  of  honor. 

Basii'ful,  a.  [See  Abasii.]  Having 
a  down-cast  look  ;  very  modest. 

Bash'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  bashful 
manner.  [bashful. 

Bash'fvl-ness,  ft.  Quality  of  being 

BA'SI-FY,  v.  t.  [Lat.  basis,  base,  and 
facere,  to  make.]  To  convert  into  a 
salifiable  base. 

Ba§'IL,  ft.  1.  [From  base.]  Angle  to 
which  the  cutting  edge  of  a  tool  is 
ground.  2.  [From  Gr.  /3acriAucd?, 
royal.]  A  fragrant  aromatic  plant. 
3.  [Corrupt,  fr.  L.  Lat.  basanium.] 
Skin  of  a  sheep  tanned. — v.  t.  [-E  D  ; 
-ING.]  To  grind  or  form  the  edge  of 
to  an  angle. 

BA-SIL're,  (  ft.  [Gr.  jSaaaAifo)  (sc. 

Ba-SIL'I-EA ,  f  ot/a'a,  or  erroa),  from 
/3a<riAeds,  king.]  1.  A  large  hall  ol 
court  of  justice.  2.  A  church,  chapel, 
or  cathedral. 

Ba-£IL'I€,  )  a.  In  the  manner  of 

BA-siL're-AL,  )  a  public  edifice  or 
cathedral. 

BXg'I-LISK,  ft.  [Gr.  /3aaaAio-/cos,  dim. 
of  /SaoxAeds,  a  king  ;  so  named  from 
some  prominences  on  the  head  re¬ 
sembling  a  crown.]  1.  A  fabulous 
serpent,  said  to  be  produced  from  a 
cock’s  egg  brooded  by  a  serpent ;  a 
cockatrice.  2.  A  large  piece  of  ord*- 
nance 

Ba'sjn  (ba'sn),  ft.  [L.  Lat.  bacchinus, 
from  bacca,  a  water  vessel.]  1.  A 
hollow  vessel,  for  water  for  washing, 
&c.  2.  Any  hollow  place  containing 
water.  3.  The  entire  tract  of  coun¬ 
try  drained  by  a  river. 

Ba'sis,  ft./ pi. ’BA'siig.  [See  Base.] 
1.  That  on  which  a  thing  rests.  2. 
Groundwork  or  first  principle. 

Bask(G),  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Cf.  D. 
balceren,  Eng.  bake.]  To  lie  exposed 
to  genial  heat. 

BAs'ket,  ft.  [W.  basgawd,  basged.] 
A  vessel  made  of  twigs,  rushes,  &c., 
interwoven. 

BASQUE  (bask),  ft.  [Prob.  so  called 
because  it  came  from  the  Basques.] 
Part  of  a  lady’s  dress,  resembling  a 
jacket  with  a  short  skirt. 

Bass,  ft. smg-.  &  pi.  1-  [A.-S.  bears,  Gr. 
vepK-r).]  A  fish  of  several  species.  2. 
[A  corrupt,  of  6asL]  The  teil-tree,  or 
its  bark,  used  for  mats,  &c. 

Bass,  n.  The  lowest  part  in  a  musical 
composition.  [Written  also  base.] 

Bas'set,  or  Bas-s£t',  n.  [See  Base, 
ft.]  An  old  game  at  cards. 

Has'so,  m.  [It.  See  Base,  a.]  The 
bass  or  lowest  part.  One  who  sings 
this  part. 

Bas-soon',  ft.  [It.  bassojie,  augm.  of 
basso,  low.]  (Mas.)  A  wind  instru¬ 
ment  with  holes,  which  are  stopped 
by  the  fingers. 

BXss'-re-lief'  (bas're-leeP),  ft.  [Fr., 
from  bas,  low,  and  relief,  raised 
work.]  Sculpture,  whose  figures  pro¬ 
ject  but  little. 

Biss'- vi'ol,  ft.  A  stringed  instru- 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  to'ok;  Prn,  rue,  pi/ll  ;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  9, 

3 


— j  > 


BAST 

ment  for  playing  the  bass  or  gravest 
part;  the  violoncello. 

BXst,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  bast,  past.]  In¬ 
ner  bark  of  the  lime-tree  ;  matting, 
cordage,  &c.,  made  of  the  bark. 

Bas'TARD,  n.  [0. Fr.  bast,  a  pack-sad¬ 
dle  used  as  beds  by  the  muleteers, 
and  the  term,  ard,  art.]  An  illegit¬ 
imate  or  spurious  child.  — a.  1.  Ille¬ 
gitimate.  2.  Spurious  ;  adulterate. 

BXs'tard-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  make  or  prove  to  be  a  bastard. 

BXs'TAR-dy,  n.  State  of  being  a  bas¬ 
tard  ;  illegitimacy. 

Baste,  v.  t.  [Cf.  Icel.  beysta,  to  strike, 
powder.]  [-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To 

beat ;  to  cudgel.  2.  To  put  flour, 
salt,  and  butter  on,  as  on  meat  in 
roasting.  [0.  H.  Ger.  bestan,  to  sew.] 
To  sew  slightly,  or  with  long  stitches. 

Bas-tile'  (bas-teeF  or  bas'teel),  n. 
[0.  Fr.  bastille,  from  bastir,  to  build.] 
Any  tower  or  fortification. 

BXs'TI-NADE',  )  n.  [0.  Fr.  baslon ,  a 

BXs'ti-na'do,  )  stick  or  staff.  Cf. 
Baste.]  A  sound  beating,  especi¬ 
ally  on  the  soles  of  his  feet.  —  v.  t. 
To  beat,  especially  on  the  soles  of  the 
feet. 

BXs'tion  (bXst'yun, 
n.  [0.  Fr.  bastir,  y) 

to  build.]  A  part  >\// 

of  the  main  inclo- 
sure  which  projects 
toward  the  exterior.  A,  Bastion. 

Bat,  n.  [A.-S.  bat,  allied  to  beatan,  to 
beat.]  1.  A  heavy  club,  used  in  play¬ 
ing  ball.  2.  A  sheet  of  cotton.  3.  A 
piece  of  a  brick.  [0.  Eng.  back,  backe, 
Scot,  back,  back - 
ie,  bird.]  An  an- 
imal  that  looks 
as  if  it  were  a 

a  bat,  or  play  Bat. 

with  one. 

Batch,  n.  [From  bake.]  1.  Quanti¬ 
ty  of  bread  baked  at  one  time.  2. 
Any  business  dispatched  at  once. 

Bate  ,  v  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Abbrev. 
from  abate.]  To  lessen  ;  to  abate. 

Bateau  (bat-o'),  n. ;  pi.  bateaux 
(bat-oz').  [Fr.]  A  light  boat,  long 
in  proportion  to  its  breadth. 

BXt'-fo  WL'ING,  n.  A  mode  of  catch¬ 
ing  birds  at  night,  by  torch-light. 

Bath,  n. ;  pi.  BX/mg.  [A.-S.  baeth, 
Skr.  bad,  vad,  to  bathe.]  1.  A  place 
to  bathe  in.  2.  Act  of  exposing  the 
body  to  water  or  vapor.  3.  A  medi¬ 
um,  as  heated  sand,  through  which 
heat  is  applied  to  a  body. 

Bathe,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  wash 
by  immersion.  2.  To  moisten  with  a 
liquid.  — v.  i.  1.  To  be,  or  lie,  in  a 
bath.  2.  To  immerse.  —  n.  Immer¬ 
sion  in  water  ;  bath  [ing. 

Bath'ing-tub,  n.  A  vessel  for  bat, h- 

Ba'thos,??.  [Gr.  f3a9os,  from  pa6v<s, 
deep.]  ( Rhet .)  A  ludicrous  descent 
from  the  elevated  to  the  mean. 

Bat'ING,  prep.,  or  a  part.  With  the 
exception  of ;  excepting.  [linen. 

BXt'let,  n.  A  small  bat  for  beating 

34 

Ba  ton  (ba-tfingQ  )  n.  [Fr  .baton.] 

Ba-toon' (ba-totm')  j  A  staff  or 

truncheon. 

Bat-tal'ia  (-ya),  n.  [Lat.]  Dispo¬ 
sition  or  arrangement  of  troops,  as 
for  action. 

Bat-tXl'ION  (-tal'yun),  n.  [Fr.  ba- 
taillon.  See  Battle.]  A  body  of 
infantry  comprising  from  two  to  ten 
or  twelve  companies. 

Bat'TjEN,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Eng. 
bat,  increase,  and  A.-S.  dsd,  deal.]  1. 
To  fatten.  ,2.  To  fertilize, as  land.  3. 
To  form  or  fasten  with  battens.  — v. 
i.  To  grow  fat ;  to  live  in  luxury.  — 
n.  [Fr.  baton,  stick.]  A  narrow 
piece  of  board,  or  scantling. 

Bat'ter,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
batuere,  to  strike,  beat.]  1.  To  beat 
repeatedly  and  with  violence.  2.  To 
wear  or  impair  with  beating  or  by 
use. — n.  A  mixture  of  several  in¬ 
gredients,  beaten  up  with  some  liq¬ 
uid,  in  cookery. 

BXt'ter-ing-rXm,  n.  An  engine 

body  of  can- 

non  taken  col-  Battering-ram. 

lectively.  3.  An  apparatus  for  gen¬ 
erating  electricity.  4.  Unlawful  beat¬ 
ing  of  another.  [sheets. 

BXt'ting,  n.  Cotton  or  wool  in 

BXt'tle,  n.  [Lat.  battalia,  fighting 
and  fencing  exercises,  fr.  batuere ,  to 
strike,  to  beat.]  A  fight  or  encounter 
between  enemies  or  opposing  forces. 

Syr.  —  Combat;  fight;  engagement. — 
Combat  is  a  close  encounter,  and  may  be 
(like  fight)  between  single  individuals  ; 
a  battle  is  more  general  and  prolonged  ; 
engagement  supposes  large  numbers  on 
each  side  engaged  or  intermingled  in  the 
conflict. 

—  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  contend  in 
fight. 

BXt'TLE-Xx,  In.  A  kind  of  ax  for- 

BXt'tle-Xxe,  ]  merly  used  in  war. 

Bat'tle-DOOR,  n.  [Sp.  battallador, 
a  great  combatant.]  An  instrument 
used  to  strike  a  shuttlecock. 
BXt'tle-ment,  , — Tk 

n.  [Either  from 

battle,  or  from  — 

L.  Lat.  bast  ilia,  1 'j' 1 

bastillus,  tower,  J 

fortification.] 

An  indented  Battlement, 

parapet,  originally  used  only  ou  for¬ 
tifications. 

Bau'ble,  n.  [Fr.  babiole,  Lat.  babu- 
lus,  foolish.]  A  trifling  piece  of 
finery ;  a  gew-gaw. 

Bawd,  n.  [Goth,  balths,  Eng.  bold.] 
A  person  who  keeps  a  brothel,  and 
conducts  criminal  intrigues. — v.  i. 
To  procure  women  for  lewd  purposes. 

Bawd'I-LY, adv.  Obscenely;  lewdly. 

Bawd'i-ness,  n.  Obscenity ;  lewd- 
ness.  [chaste. 

Bawd'y,  a.  Obscene  ;  filthy  ;  un- 

BEAMY 

Bawl,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Icel.  baula , 
to  low,  A.-S.  bellan.]  To  cry  with 
vehemence,  esp.  as  a  child.  —  v.  t. 

To  proclaim  by  outcry  ;  to  cry. 

Bay,  a.  [Lat.  badius.]  Red,  inclining 
to  a  chestnut  color.  —  n.  [Ir.  & 

Gael,  bad/i  or  bagh.]  1.  An  inlet  of 
the  sea.  2.  [Lat.  baca,  bacca,  berry.] 

The  laurel- tree.  3.  A  state  of  being 
obliged  to  face  an  antagonist.  —  v.  i . 

[Lat.  ad,  to,  at,  and  bavbari,  to  bark 
moderately.]  To  bark,  as  a  dog  at 
his  game.  ; 

Bay'o-net,  n.  [First  made  at  Bay¬ 
onne.]  A  kind  of  dagger  fitted  to  a 
gun.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  stab 
with  a  bayonet. 

Bay'ou  (bFob),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  bo- 
tellus,  a  small  sausage.]  Outlet  of  a 
lake;  a  channel  for  water.  [ South¬ 
ern  States.] 

Bay'-rum,  n.  A  fragrant  liquor  ob¬ 
tained  from  the  leaves  of  the  bay-tree. 

Bay'— SALT,  n.  Salt  obtained  from 
sea- water,  by  natural  evaporation. 

Bay'— win 'do  w,  n.  A  projecting 
window  forming  a  recess  in  a  room. 

Ba-zaar',  1  n.  [Per.  bazar,  market.] 

Ba-zar',  (  A  spacious  hall  or  suite 
of  rooms  for  the  sale  of  goods. 

Bdell'ium  (del'yum),  n.  [Heb.].  A 
gummy,  resinous  juice  from  the  East. 

Be,  v.  i.  and  auxiliary,  [imp.  WAS;  i 

p.  p.  BEEN.]  [A.-S.  beon,  beonne, 

Skr.  bhii,  to  be.]  1.  To  exist  logical¬ 
ly,  or  actually.  2.  To  exist  in  some 
particular  state,  or  in  some  relation. 

3.  To  become. 

Beach,  n.  A  sandy  shore;  strand. 

—  v.t.  To  run  upon  a  beach. 

Beaton,  n.  [A.-S.  bracen ,  bece?i.]  1. 

A  signal-fire.  2.  (Naut.)  A  signal 
as  a  guide  to  mariners.  3.  That 
which  gives  notice  of  danger. 

Be A'c on-age,  n.  Money  to  maintain 
a  beacon. 

Bead,  n.  [A.-S.  bead,  prayer;  from 
biddan,  to  pray.]  1.  A  little  perfo¬ 
rated  ball.  2.  Any  small  globular 
body. 

Bea'dle,  n.  [A.-S.  bydel ,  bsedel ;  from  ; 

beodan,  to  bid.]  1.  A  messenger  or 
crier  of  a  court.  2.  An  inferior  parish 
officer. 

Bea'dle-ship,  n.  Office  of  beadle. 

Bead'-roll,  n.  A  catalogue  of  de¬ 
ceased  persons  to  be  prajed  for. 

Bead§'-man,  n.  A  man  employed  in 
praying. 

Bea'gle,  n.  A  small  hound. 

Beak,  n.  [W.  pig;  D.  bek.]  1.  Bill 
or  nib  of  a  bird,  turtle,  &c.  2.  Any 
thing  ending  in  a  point. 

Beaked  (beekt),  a.  Having  a  beak; 
ending  in  a  point. 

Beak'er,  n.  [Lat  bacar,  baczio,  win«- 
glass.]  A  large  drinking-cup. 

Beam,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  main  timber 
of  a.  building,  ship,  loom,  &c.  2. 

The  part  of  a  balance,  from  which 
the  scales  hang.  3.  A  collection  of 
parallel  rays.  —  v.  t.  To  send  forth  ; 
to  emit.  —  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
emit  rays  of  light. 

Beam'y,  a.  Shining  ;  radiant. 

A,  E,  l,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,  £,  I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask;  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 

BEAN 

Bean,  n.  [A.-S.]  A  -well-known  le¬ 
guminous  plant,  and  its  seed. 
Bean'-FLY,  n.  A  beautiful  fly,  of  a 
pale  purple  color,  found  on  bean 
flowers. 

BeAr,  v.  t.  [imp.  BORE  (formerly 
BARE)  ;  p.p.  BORN,  BORNE.]  [A.-S. 
beran,  Goth,  bctiran,  Skr .bhri.]  1.  To 
support  or  sustain.  2.  To  convey. 
3.  To  wear.  4.  To  possess.  5.  To 
endure ;  to  suffer.  6.  To  carry  on. 
7.  To  behave  ;  to  act.  8.  To  give 
birth  to.  —  v.i.  1.  To  produce,  as 
fruit.  2.  To  press.  3.  To  relate  or  re- 

specified  future 

time,  stocks  Black  Bear, 

which  he  does  not  own. 

Beard,  n.  [A.-S.  beard ,  Lat.  barba .] 

1.  The  hair  that  grows  on  the  chin, 
lips,  &c.  2.  Long  stiff  hairs  on  a 
plant;  awn. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  1. 
To  seize,  pluck,  or  pull  the  beard  of. 

2.  To  set  at  defiance. 

Beard'ed,  a.  Having  a  beard. 
Beard'less,  a.  Without  a  beard. 

Be Ir'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

bears,  sustains,  or  carries. 
BeAr'-gar'dun,  n.  1.  A  place  where 
bears  are  kept  for  sport.  2.  A  rude, 
turbulent  assembly. 

BeAr'ing,  n.  1.  The  manner  in  which 
a  person  bears  himself.  2.  Relative 
situation  of  an  object. 

Syjt.  —  Deportment;  mien;  behavior; 
relation;  tendency;  influence. 
Bear'ish,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of 
a  bear. 

Beast,  n.  [Lat.  bestia,  II.  Ger.  bestie.] 
Any  four-footed  animal,  which  may 
be  used  for  labor,  food,  or  sport ;  a 
brute.  [ness. 

Beast'li-ness,  n.  Brutality;  filthi- 
Beast'LY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like, 

-  a  beast ;  brutal. 

Beat,  v.  t.  [imp.  beat  ;  p.p.  beat, 
beaten.]  [A.-S.  beatan ,  Lat.  batu- 
ere.]  1.  To  strike  repeatedly.  2.  To 
break  or  pulverize  by  beating.  3.  To 
form  b  /  beating.  4.  To  range  over. 
5.  To  overcome  in  contest.—  v.  i. 
1.  To  strike  repeatedly.  2.  To  throb. 

3.  To  come  or  act  with  violence.  4. 
To  be  in  agitation  or  doubt.  5. 
To  sail  in  a  zigzag  line  against  the 
wind.  —  n.  1.  A  stroke  ;  a  blow.  2. 
A  recurring  stroke ;  a  pulsation.  3. 
A  customary  round  or  course.  —  a. 
Weary  ;  tired ;  fatigued. 

Be'a-tif'ig,  )  a.  Imparting  or 

Be'a-tif'IG-al,  j  completing  bliss¬ 
ful  enjoyment. 

Be-at'i-fi-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
beatifying.  2.  Act  of  the  pope  de¬ 
claring  a  person  beatified  after  death. 
Be-at'i-fy,u.  i.  [-E d  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
beatific.are ,  fr.  beatus ,  happy ,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  To  pronounce  or  re¬ 
gard  as  happy. 

Beat'ING,  n.  1.  Punishment  by 

35 

blows.  2.  Pulsatiou  ;  throbbing.  3. 
Sailing  against  the  wind  by  tacks. 

Be-at'i-tude  (53),  n.  [Lat.  beati- 
tudo.]  Pelicity  of  the  highest  kind  ; 
blessedness ;  bliss. 

Beau  {bo),  n. ;  pi.  Fr.  beaux:,  Eng. 
BEAUS  (boz).  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  bellus, 
fine.]  A  fine,  gay  man  ;  a  lady’s  at¬ 
tendant. 

Beau  I-de'al  (bo).  [Fr.]  A  concep¬ 
tion  of  perfect  or  consummate  beau¬ 
ty- 

Beau'ish  (bodsh),  a.  Foppish;  fine. 

Be  a  u  Monde  (bo  mond).  [Fr.]  The 
fashionable  world. 

Beau'te-oijs  (bu/te-us),  a.  Very 
handsome;  beautiful. 

Beau'te-ous-ness,  n.  Beauty. 

Beau'ti-fPer,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  beautifies. 

Beau'TI-FUL  (bu/ti-fiil),  a.  Having 
the  qualities  which  constitute  beauty. 

Syn.  —  Handsome:  pretty.  —  Pretty 
applies  to  things  comparatively  small, 
which  please  by  their  delicacy  and  grace, 
as  a  pretty  girl.  Handsome  is  more  strik¬ 
ing  and  the  pleasure  greater,  as  a  hand¬ 
some  woman ;  it  im plies  suitableness,  and 
hence  we  speak  of  a  handsome  fortune. 
Beautiful  implies  all  the  higher  qualities 
which  delight  the  taste  and  imagination. 

Beau'ti-ful-ly  (bu'ti-ful-ly),  adv. 
In  a  beautiful  manner. 

BEAU'Tl-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  or  render  beautiful. 

Syx.  —  To  adorn ;  grace ;  ornament ; 
embellish;  deck. 

—  v.  i.  To  become  beautiful. 

Beau'ty  (buffy),  n.  [Fr.  beante.  See 
Beau.]  1.  An  assemblage  of  graces 
or  of  properties  which  pleases  the 
sight  or  any  of  the  other  senses,  or 
the  mind.  2.  A  particular  grace,  or¬ 
nament,  or  excellence.  3.  A  beau¬ 
tiful  person,  esp.  a  beautiful  woman. 

Beau'ty-Spot,  n.  A  patch  placed 
on  the  face  to  heighten  beauty. 

made  of  the  fur.  ... 

3.  [Ir.  baviere.]  ' 

Part  of  a  helmet  in  front. 

BE-€ALM'(be-kam'),m  t. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  ren- 
der  calm  ;  to  appease.  W 

2.  To  keep  from  motion 
by  want  of  wind. 

Be-came',  imp.  of  Be- 

come.  Beaver  (2). 

Be-GAUSE',  conj.  By  or  for  the  cause 
that ;  for  the  reason  that. 

Be-chan^e',  v.  t.  To  happen  to. 

Be -CHARM',  v.t.  To  charm. 

Beck,  n.  [A.-S.  beacen,  becen,  sign.] 
A  sign  with  the  head  or  hand.  —  v. 
i.  To  make  a  sign  with  the  head  or 
hand  ;  to  intimate  a  command  to. 

BLck'on,  v.  [See  Beck.]  To  make 
a  sign  to  another  ;  to  summon. 

Be-eloud',  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
make  dark  or  gloomy  ;  to  overshadow. 

Be-come'  (-kunP),  v.  i.  [imp.  BE- 

BEECHEN 

CAME  ;  p .  p.  BECOME.]  [Prefix  be 
and  c'ome .]  To  pass  from  one  state 
or  condition  to  another. — v.  t.  To 
suit  or  be  suitable  to  ;  to  befit. 
Be-eom'ing,  a.  Appropriate  or  fit ; 
suitable  ;  graceful. 

Be-com'ing-ly,  adv.  After  a  becom¬ 
ing  manner. 

Be-gom'ing-ness,  n.  State  or  qual. 

ity  of  being  becoming  ;  suitableness. 

Bed,  n.  [A.-S.  bed ,  Goth,  badi.]  1. 

An  article  of  furniture  to  sleep  on. 

2.  A  plat  of  ground  in  a  garden.  3. 
Bottom  of  a  stream,  or  other  body 
of  water.  4.  A  layer,  seam,  or  stra¬ 
tum. —  V.t.  [-DED  ;  -DING,  136.]  1. 

To  place  in  a  bed.  2.  To  plant.  — 
v.  i.  To  go  to  bed  ;  to  cohabit. 
Be-dab'ble,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
sprinkle  or  wet  with  moisture. 

BE-DAUB',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  36.]  To 
daub  over.  [dazzle. 

Be-daz'zle,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
Bed'-bug,  n.  An  offensive  bug  which 
infests  beds.  [a  bed. 

Bed'-cham'ber,  n.  A  chamber  for 
Bed'el5the2,  n.  pi.  Blankets, 
sheets,  coverlets,  &c.,  for  a  bed. 
Bed'ding,  n.  Materials  of  a  bed. 
Be-deck',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
deck,  ornament,  or  adorn. 

Be-dev'il  (dev'l),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING, 

137- ]  To  throw  into  utter  confusion, 
as  if  by  the  agency  of  evil  spirits. 
Be-dew'  (-dip),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  moisten  with,  or  as  with,  dew. 
Bed'Fel-LO w,  n.  One  who  lies  in 
the  same  bed.  [make  dim. 

Be-dim',  V.  t.  [-MED;  -MING.]  To 
Be-di'zf:n,  or  Be-diz'.en,  v.  t.  To 
dress  or  adorn  tawdrily. 

Bed'lam,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Beth¬ 
lehem,  a  hospital  in  London  for  lu¬ 
natics.]  A  mad-house. 

Bed'lam-ite,  n.  A  madman. 

Bed'ou-IN  (bed/oo-een),  n.  [Ar.  bed- 
&wi,  rural,  living  in  the  desert.] 

One  of  a  tribe  of  nomadic  Arabs. 
BE-DRAG'GLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  soil,  by  dragging  in  dirt,  mud, 

&c.  [drench. 

Be-drench',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
Bed'rid,  )  a.  Confined  to  the 

Bed 'rid- dun,  j  bed  by  age  or  in¬ 
firmity.  [bed. 

Bed'room,  n.  An  apartment  for  a 
Be-drop',  v.  t.  To  sprinkle,  or  cover 
as  with  drops. 

Bed'SIDE,  n.  The  side  of  the  bed. 
Bed'stead,  n.  A  frame  for  support¬ 
ing  a  bed. 

Bed'tick,  n.  A  case  of  cloth,  for 
inclosing  the  materials  of  the  bed. 
Bed'-time,  n.  Usual  hour  of  going 
to  bed. 

Be -DYE',  v.t.  To  dye  or  stain. 

Bee,  n.  [A.-S.  beo.~\  A  well-known 
four-winged  insect. 

Bee'-BREAD,  n.  The  pollen  of  flow¬ 
ers,  collected  by  bees,  as  food  for 
their  young.  [tree. 

Beech,  n.  [A.-S.  bece ,  Gr.  $1776?.]  A 
Beech'un  (  bSch'n),  a.  Consisting 
of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  wood  or 
bark  of  the  beech. 

OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  took  ;  Brn,  rue  ,  pull  ;  u,  /,  o,  silent ;  q,(i,soft;  €,  G,  hard;  A$  ;  exist;  nosng;  this. 

1 


BEEF 


36 


BELLY 


Beef,  n.  [Fr.  bezuf ,  ox,  beef,  fr.  Lat. 
bos ,  Gr.jSous.]  1.  (pi.  BEEVEg.)  An 
animal  of  the  genus  Bos,  including 
the  bull,  cow,  and  ox.  2.  The  flesh 
of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow. 

Beef'-eat'er,  n.  1.  One  who  eats 
beef ;  hence, a  large,  well-fed  person. 
2.  [Corrupt,  fr.  buffetier,  a  keeper  of 
the  buffet.]  One  of  the  yeomen  of 
the  guard,  in  England.  [broiling. 

Beef'steak,  n.  A  slice  of  beef  for 

Bee'-hive,  n.  A  case  or  box  for  bees. 

Been  (bin),  the  past  participle  of  Be. 

Beer,  n.  [A.-S.  bear,  bear ,  Icel.  bior .} 
A  fermented  liquor  made  from  any 
malted  grain,  or  from  various  plants. 

BEEg'-wXx,  n.  Wax  secreted  by  bees. 

Beet,  n.  [Lat.  beta.}  A  plant  hav¬ 
ing  a  root  much  used  for  food. 

Bee'tle.  n.  1.  [A.-S.  bytl,  bitl ; 
beat  an,  to  beat.]  A  heavy  mallet  or 
wooden  hammer.  2.  [A.-S.  bitel,  fr. 
bitan ,  to  bite.]  An  insect  having 
four  wings,  the  outer  pair  being  stiff 
cases  for  covering  the  others  when 
they  are  folded  up.  — v.  i.  [Cf.  A.-S. 
beotan,  to  threaten.]  To  hang  or 
extend  out  ;  to  jut.  [or  cow. 

Beeve,  n.  [See  Beef.]  A  bull,  ox, 

Be-fall',  v.  t.  [imp.  befell;  p.p. 
befallen.]  To  happen  to  ;  to  oc¬ 
cur  to.  —  v.  i.  To  come  to  pass. 

Be -fit',  v.  t.  To  suit ;  to  become. 

Be-foggsd'  (-fogd'),  a.  Involved  in 
a  fog.  [to  deceive. 

Be-fool',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  fool; 

Be-fore',  prep.  1.  In  front  of.  2. 
Preceding  in  time,  dignity,  worth, 
&c.  3.  In  presence  or  sight  of.  4. 
In  the  power  of.  —  adv.  1.  In  front. 
2.  In  time  preceding  ;  already. 

Be-fore'hand,  ado.  1.  In  a  state 
of  anticipation  or  pre-occupation. 
2.  By  way  of  preparation  or  prelim¬ 
inary.  —  a.  In  comfortable  circum¬ 
stances  as  regards  property. 

Be-foul',  v.  t.  To  make  foul ;  to  soil. 

Be-friend',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
act  as  a  friend  to  ;  to  aid,  benefit,  or 
countenance.  [fringe. 

Be-frInge',  v.  t.  To  furnish  with  a 

Beg  (orba),  n.  [Turk.]  A  Turkish 
governor  of  a  town ;  a  bey. 

Beg,  v.  t.  [-GEU ;  -ging, i33.]  [Prob. 
a  modif.  of  to  bag.]  1.  To  ask  ear¬ 
nestly.  2.  To  take  for  granted. 

Syn.  —  To  entreat ;  solicit ;  implore  ; 
beseech;  supplicate. 

—  v.  i.  To  ask  alms. 

Be-gan',  imp.  of  Begin. 

Be-gEt',  V.  t.  [imp.  BEGOT,  BE¬ 
GAT;  p.  p.  BEGOT,  BEGOTTEN.] 
To_generate  ;  to  produce. 

Be-get'ter,  n.  One  who  begets. 

Beg'gar,  n.  One  who  begs  ;  a  men¬ 
dicant.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
reduce  to  beggary.  2.  To  exhaust. 

Beg'GAR-LI-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
beggarly.  [mean  ;  poor. 

Beg'gar-ly,  a.  Extremely  indigent ; 

Beg'gar-y,  n.  A  state  of  extreme 
poverty  or  indigence. 

Be-gin',  v.  i.  [imp.  began  ;  p.  p. 
BEGUN.]  [A.-S.  beginnan,  ginnan.] 
1.  To  take  rise  ;  to  commence.  2. 


To  take  the  first  step. — v.  t.  To 
enter  on ;  to  commence.  [tyro. 

Be-gin'ner,  n.  One  who  begins  ;  a 

Be-gIn'ning,  n.  1.  First  cause.  2. 
First  state  ;  commencement.  3.  Ru¬ 
diments  or  first  materials. 

Be -GIRD',  V.  t.  [imp.  BEGIRT,  BE¬ 
GIRDED  ;  p.  p.  begirt.]  To  gird; 
to  surround;  to  encompass. 

Be-gone'  (21),  interj.  Go  away ;  de¬ 
part. 

Be-GOT',  )j>.  p.  of  Beget.  See 

Be-got'tfn,  )  Beget. 

Be-grime;,  v.  t.  To  soil  with  dirt. 

Be-GRUDGE',  v.  t.  To  envy  the  pos¬ 
session  of. 

Be-guile'  (-giP),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  delude  by  artifice.  2.  To 
cause  to  pass  without  notice. 

Syn. —  To  deceive;  cheat;  amuse. 

Be-gGn',  p.p.  of  Begin. 

Be-half'  (-haf),  n.  [A.-S.  benefe, 
profit,  benefit.]  Advantage  ;  benefit ; 
interest ;  defense. 

Be-have',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Pre¬ 
fix  be  and  have.]  To  carry  ;  to  con¬ 
duct  ;  to  manage ;  to  bear ;  —  used 
reflexively.  —  v.  i.  To  act ;  to  carry 
one’s  self. 

Be-hav'ior  (-hav/yur),  n.  Manner  of 
behaving,  whether  good  or  bad. 

Syn.  —  Conduct  ;  deportment.  —  Be¬ 
havior  is  the  mode  in  which  we  have  or 
bear  ourselves  toward  others;  conduct  is 
the  mode  of  our  conducting,  and  involves 
the  general  tenor  of  our  actions.  Behav¬ 
ior  in  society;  conduct  of  life. 

Be-head',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
take  off  the  head  of ;  to  decapitate. 

Be-held',  imp.  &  p.p.  of  Behold. 

Be'iie-sioth,  n.  [Heb.  beasts,  ani¬ 
mals,  esp.  of  the  larger  kind.]  An 
animal  described  in  Job  xl.,  thought 
by  some  to  be  the  hippopotamus. 

Be-hest',  n.  [be  and  best.]  Com¬ 
mand  ;  mandate ;  injunction. 

Be-hind',  prep.  1.  At  the  back  of ; 
on  the  other  side  of.  2.  Inferior  to. 
—  adv.  1.  In  the  rear.  2.  Back¬ 
ward.  3.  Remaining.  4.  Past. 

Be-hind'hXnd,  a.  1.  In  arrear.  2. 
In  a  state  of  backwardness. 

BE-HOLD',  V.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  BE¬ 
HELD.]  [A.-S.  behealdan ,  to  hold 
in  sight.]  To  look  at ;  to  see  with 
attention.  —  v.  i.  To  direct  the  eyes 
to  an  object. 

Be-hold'en,  p.  a.  [The  old  p.  p.  of 
behold,  used  in  the  primitive  sense  of 
the  simple  verb  hold.]  Obliged  ;  in¬ 
debted. 

Be-hold'er,  n.  A  spectator. 

Be-ho_of/,  n.  Advantage  ;  benefit. 

Be-hoove',  v.  t.  [A.-S.  behofian,  fr. 
0.  H.  Ger.  biheffan ,  to  take,  contain.] 
To  be  necessary  for ;  to  be  fit  for. 

Be'ing,  n.  1.  Existence.  2.  That 
which  exists  in  any  wray. 

Be-la'bor,  v.  t.  1.  To  work  diligently 
upon.  2.  To  beat  soundly. 

Be-late',  v.  t.  To  retard  or  make 
too  Jate. 

Be-lay',  f,  f.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  make 
fast,  as  a  rope,  by  taking  several 
turns  with  it  round  a  pin. 

BElch  (66),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 


bealejan .]  To  throw  up  from  the 
stomach  with  violence,  as  wind. — 
v.  i.  To  eject  wind  from  the  stomach. 
—  n.  Act  of  belching  ;  eructation. 

Bel'dam,  )  n.  [Fr.  belle-dame,  fine 

Bel'dame,)  lady.]  An  ugly  old 
woman  ;  a  hag. 

Be-lea'guer  (-ledger),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  [be  and  leaguer,  n.]  To  be¬ 
siege  ;  to  block  up. 

Bel-esprit  (bel'es-pree'),  n. ;  pi. 
rea  ux-esprits  (boz'es-pree'). 
[Fr.]  A  man  of  wit. 

Bel'FRY,  n.  [Ger.  bergfriede,  burg- 
friede,  from  berg,  mountain,  or  burg, 
castle,  citadel,  and  friede,  peace,  se¬ 
curity.]  A  cupola  or  turret  in  which 
a  bell  is  hung. 

Be-lie',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
show'  to  be  false.  2.  To  slander. 

Be-lie F',  n.  1.  Assent  of  mind  to  the 
truth  of  something.  2.  The  thing 
believed. 

Syn.— Credence;  trust;  faith;  credit. 

Be-lie  v'a-ble,  a.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  believed. 

Be-lieve',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  Prefix 
be  and  A.-S.  lefan,  lyfan,  to  allow.] 
To  regard  as  true  ;  to  credit.  — v.  i. 
1.  To  have  a  firm  persuasion.  2.  To 
think ;  to  suppose. 

Be-LIEV'er,  n.  One  who  believes. 

Be-like',  adv.  Probably  ;  perhaps. 

Be-lit'tle,  v.  t.  To  lower  in  char¬ 
acter  ;  to  depreciate. 

Bell,  n.  [A.-S.  belle,  bellan,  to  bel¬ 
low.]  A  hollow  metallic  vessel  which 
gives  forth  a  clear,  ringing  sound. 

Bel'la-don'na,  n.  [It.,  prop,  fine 
lady.]  Deadly  nightshade,  and  an 
extract  from  it. 

Belle,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  bellus,  beau¬ 
tiful,  fine.]  A  handsome  young  lady 
much  admired. 

Belles-lettres  (bel-letffer),  n. 
pi.  [Fr.]  Polite  or  elegant  litera¬ 
ture.  [bells. 

Bell'-found'er,  n.  One  who  casts 

Bell'-found'er-y,  )  n.  A  place 

Bell'-found'ry,  )  where  bells 
are  cast. 

Bel-lig'er-ent,  a.  [Lat.  bellum, 
war,  and  gerere,  to  wage.]  1.  Wag¬ 
ing  war.  2.  Disposed  for  war.  —  n. 
A  nation  or  state  carrying  on  war. 

Bell'man  (150),  n.  A  public  crier. 

Bell'-mEt-'al  (-metff  or  -met'al),  n. 
An  alloy  of  copper  and  tin. 

Bel'low,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  bellan.}  1.  To 
make  a  noise  like  a  bull.  2.  To  bawl ; 
to  roar.  —  n.  A  loud  outcry  ;  roar. 

Bel'lOws  (bePlus),  n.  sivg.  &  pi. 
[A.-S.  bselg,  bag,  belly.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  propelling  air  through  a 
tube,  for  various  purposes. 

Bell'-ring'er,  n.  One  whose  busi¬ 
ness  is  to  ring  a  bell. 

Bel'lu-ine,  a.  [Lat.  belluinus,  fr. 
bellua,  beast.]  Like  a  beast ;  brutal. 

Bell'-weth'er,  n.  A  wether  or 
sheep  which  leads  the  flock,  with  a 
bell  on  his  neck. 

Bel'ly,  n.  [A.-S.  bselg ,  bselig.  See 
Bellows.]  1.  Part  of  the  body 
which  contains  the  bowels ;  abdo- 


a,  E,  i,  o,  u,  y , long ;  X,e,I,6,  0,5,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  wiiat;  £re,  veil,  tErm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 


BELLI -BAND 


BESPATTER 


men.  2.  Something  which  resem¬ 
bles  the  belly.  — v.  i.  To  swell  out. 

Bel'LY-band,  n.  A  girth. 

Be-long'  (21),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Pref.  6c  and  0.  Eng.  long ,  v.  i.,  to  be¬ 
long.]  1.  To  be  tne  property  of;  to 
pertain.  2.  To  have  a  legal  residence. 

Be-loved'  (be-ltivd'  as  ap .,  be-luv'ed 
as  an  a.,  60),  p.  p.  or  a.  Greatly 
loved  ;  dear  to  the  heart. 

Be-low',  prep.  1.  Under  in  place.  2. 
Inferior  to.  —  ado.  1.  In  a  lower 
place,  or  state.  2.  On  the  earth,  or 
in  hell  as  opposed  to  heaven. 

Syn. —  Beneath. —  Below  is  opposed 
to  on  high;  beneath  is  opposed  to  above. 
A  person  who  is  below  us  at  table  is  not 
beneath  us.  Below  has  not,  therefore, 
like  beneath ,  the  sense  of  unbecoming  or 
unworthy  of.  We  say  beneath  (not  below) 
the  character  of  a  gentleman,  beneath 
contempt,  &c. 

BELT,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  band  or  girdle. 

2.  That  which  restrains  or  confines. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  encircle  as 
with  a  belt ;  to  encompass. 

Be-lu'ga,  n.  [Russ,  bieluga .]  A  fish 
of  the  dojphin  family. 

Bel've-dere',  n.  [It.,  lit.,  a  beau¬ 
tiful  sight.]  A  small  structure  on 
the  top  of  an  edifice  in  a  garden. 

Be-maze',  v.  t.  To  bewilder. 

Be-mire',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  drag 
or  soil  in  the  mire. 

Be-m5an',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
lament ;  to  bewail.  [ery. 

Be-m5ck',  v.  l.  To  treat  with  mock- 

Bench  (66),  n.  [A.-S.  bene ,  W.  bank.] 
1.  A  long  seat.  2.  A  long  table  at 
which  mechanics  and  others  work.  3. 
A  judge’s  seat  in  court.  4.  Judges  ; 
the  court. 

Bencii'er,  n.  A  senior  member  of 
one  of  the  English  inns  of  court. 

Bend,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  bended 
or  BENT.]  [A.-S,  bendan,  a  modif. 
of  bindan,  to  bind.]  1.  To  crook  ; 
to  curve.  2.  To  incline ;  to  apply. 

3.  To  render  submissive.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  be  strained  out  of  a  straight 
line.  2.  To  be  inclined  or  directed. 

—  n.  A  turn  :  a  curve. 

BE-NE ATH',  or  BE-NE ATH',  prep.  [A.- 
S.  beneodh .]  1.  Lower  in  place  than  ; 
under.  2.  Unworthy  of;  unbecom¬ 
ing.  —  adv.  In  a  lower  place.  See 
Below. 

Ben'e-di€T,  1  n.  [From  Benedick , 

Ben'e-dick,  j  one  of  the  characters 
in  Shakespeare’s  “  Much  Ado  About 
Nothing.”]  A  man  newly  married. 

Ben'e-digt'ine,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
order  of  monks  of  St.  Benedict. 

Ben'E-dYo'TION,  n.  [Lat.  benedictio, 
a  speaking  well  of.]  1.  Act  of  bless¬ 
ing.  2.  Blessing,  prayer,  or  kind 
wishes. 

Ben'e-fao'tion,  n.  [Lat.  benefactio, 
a  doing  good.]  1.  Act  of  conferring 
a  benefit.  2.  A  benefit  conferred. 

Ben'e-fae'tor,  n.  One  who  confers 
a  benefit.  [confers  a  benefit. 

Ben'e-fae'tress,  n.  A  woman  who 

Ben'e-fY^e,  n.  [Lat.  be.nefi.cium.]  An 
ecclesiastical  living ;  especially  a  par¬ 
sonage  or  vicarage. 


37 

Be-nef'i-^en^e,  n.  Practice  of  do¬ 
ing  good  ;  active  goodness,  kindness, 
or  charity. 

Syn.  — Benevolence.  —  Benevolence  is 
literally  well-willing;  beneficence  is  liter¬ 
ally  well-doing.  The  former  may  exist 
without  the  latter,  but  beneficence  always 
supposes  benevolence. 

Be-nef'i-cent,  a.  Doing  good. 

Syn. —  Bountiful ;  liberal ;  generous. 

Be-nef'i-^ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  be¬ 
neficent  manner. 

Ben'e-fi'cial  (-flsh'al),  a.  Confer¬ 
ring  benefits  ;  useful ;  profitable. 

Ben'e-fY'cial-ly  (-Ylsh'al-),  adv.  In 
a  beneficial  manner. 

BEN'E-FI'Cl-A-RY  (-flsh'I-),  a.  Hold¬ 
ing  some  valuable  possession,  in  sub¬ 
ordination  to  another.  —  n.  1.  One 
who  holds  a  benefice.  2.  One  who 
receives  the  avails  of  a  charity. 

Ben'e-fit,  n.  [See  Benefaction.] 
1.  An  act  of  kindness  ;  a  favor  con¬ 
ferred.  2.  Whatever  contributes  to 
happiness  or  prosperity.  3.  A  per¬ 
formance,  the  proceeds  of  which  are 
given  to  a  particular  person  or  object. 

Syn.—  Advantage  ;  profit;  service; 
use;  avail. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  do  good 
to  ;  to  be  useful  to.  —  v.  i.  To  gain 
advantage. 

Be-nev'o-lence,  n.  Disposition  to 
do  good  ;  good  will. 

Syn.  — Kindness;  benignity;  tender¬ 
ness. —  Kindness  and  tenderness  lean  to 
the  side  of  natural  feeling;  benevolence  is 
considerate  kindness,  and  often  overrules 
mere  impulse;  benignity  is  condescend¬ 
ing  kindness. 

Be-nev'o-lent,  a.  [Lat.  benevolens, 
from  bene ,  well,  and  volens ,  wishing.] 
Having  a  disposition  to  do  good. 

Syn.  —  Beneficent  ;  munificent.  — 
Originally,  benevolent  meant  well-w’M- 
ing,  and  beneficent  well -doing  ;  but  now 
(with  aslight  tinge  of  the  original  sense) 
they  differ  in  their  outward  exercise 
chiefly  in  degree;  a  beneficent  act  being 
one  on  a  larger  scale  than  a  benevolent 
one,  while  a  munificent  act  is  greater  and 
more  imposing  than  either. 

Be-night'  (-nil/),  v.  t.  1.  To  involve 
in  darkness.  2.  To  involve  in  moral 
darkness,  or  ignorance. 

Be-nign'  (-nin'),  a.  [Lat.  benignus , 
from  bonus ,  good,  and  genus ,  kind.] 
Full  of  benignity. 

Syn.  —  Kind  ;  wholesome  ;  liberal ; 
generous. 

Be-nig'nant,  a.  Kind;  gracious. 

Be-nig'ni-ty,  n.  1.  Condescending 
kindness ;  graciousness.  2.  Whole¬ 
some  quality. 

Be-nign'ly  (-nln7-),  adv.  Favorably  ; 
graciously.  [diction. 

Ben'i-son  (-zn),  n.  Blessing;  bene- 

Bent,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Bend. 

Bent,  n.  1.  Flexure;  curvity.  2. 
Leaning  or  bias ;  inclination.  3. 
Particular  tendency.  —  4.  [A.-S. 

beonet.]  A  kind  of  grass. 

Be-numb'  (-num/),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  deprive  of  sensibility. 

Ben'zine,  n.  Same  as  Benzole. 

Ben-zoin',  n.  A  fragrant  resinous 
substance. 

Ben'zole,  n.  [Eng.  benzoin  and 


Lat.  oleum,  oil.]  An  oily  substance, 
possessing  great  solvent  powers. 

Be-prai§e',  v.  t.  To  praise  extrava¬ 
gantly. 

Be-qu£  ath',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-1 
S.  beevedhan ,  fr.  pref.  be  and  coed! i- 
an,  to  say,  to  speak.]  1.  To  give 
or  leave  by  will.  2.  To  transmit. 

Syn. —  To  devise.  —  Devise  is  property 
used  to  denote  a  gift  by  will  of  real  pro¬ 
perty.  Bequeath  is  properly  applied  to 
a  gift  by  will  of  a  legacy ;  i.e.,  of  personal 
property. 

Be-quest',  n.  Something  left  by 
will ;  a  legacy. 

Be-rate',  v.  t.  To  chide  vehemently. 

BE-REAVE',  V.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  BE¬ 
REAVED,  BEREFT.]  1.  To  deprive. 
2.  To  take  away  from. 

Be-reave'ment,  n.  State  of  being 
bereaved ;  deprivation. 

B£r'gA-mot,  n.  [From  Bergamo ,  in 
Italy.]  I.  A  species  of  orange-tree. 
2.  An  essence  or  perfume  obtained 
from  it.  3.  A  variety  of  pear. 

BErg'mas-ter,  n.  Chief  officer 
among  the  Derbyshire  miners. 

Be-rhyme'  (-rim7),  v.  t.  To  mention 
in  rhyme  ;  —  used  in  contempt. 

Ber'ry,  n.  [A.-S.  beria,  berie .]  A 
small  pulpy  fruit  containing  seeds 
scattered  through  it. 

BErth  (14),  n.  [From  the  root  of 
bear.]  1.  Place  where  a  ship  lies  at 
anchor,  or  at  a  wharf.  2.  A  place 
in  a  ship  to  sleep  in.  3.  Official 
situation  or  employment. 

Ber'yl,  n.  [Gr.  /3>jpuAAos.]  A  green¬ 
ish  mineral  of  great  hardness. 

Be-seech',  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  be¬ 
sought  ]  [Pref.  be  and  seek.]  To 
ask  with  urgency. 

Syn.-— To  entreat;  solicit;  implore; 
supplicate.  —  Beg  supposes  sim  ply  a  state 
of  want:  to  beseech,  entreat,  and  solicit, 
a  state  of  urgent  necessity;  to  implore. 
and  supplicate,  a  state  of  overwhelming 
distress. 

Be-seem',  v.  t.  To  become  ;  to  befit. 

BE-SET',  V.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  BESET.] 

1.  To  put  or  place,  on,  in,  or  around. 

2.  To  waylay  ;  to  blockade.  3.  To 
hem  in  or  press  on  all  sides. 

Be-set'ting,  p.  a.  Habitually  at¬ 
tending.  or  pressing.  [curse  to. 

Be-shrew'  (-shrij'),  v.  t.  To  wish  a 

Be-side',  prep.  1.  Atthesideof.  2. 
Aside  from  ;  out  of. 

Be-sides',  adv.  More  than  that; 
moreover  ;  in  addition.  — prep.  Over 
and  above  ;  in  addition  to. 

Be-siege',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 

beset  or  surround  with  armed  forces. 

Be-sieg'er,  n.  The  party  that  be¬ 
sieges. 

Be-smear',  v.  t.  To  smear  with  any 
viscous,  glutinous  matter. 

BE'gOM,  n.  [A.-S.  besma.]  A  brush 
of  twigs  ;  a  broom. 

BE-SOT',  V.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  To 
make  sottish  by  drink ;  hence,  to 
make  dull  or  stupid. 

Be -sought'  (be-sawt'),  p.  p.  of  Be¬ 
seech..  [spangles. 

Be-span'GLE ,  v.  t.  To  adorn  with 

Be-spat'ter,  v.  t.  1.  To  soil  by 
spattering.  2  To  asperse. 


OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  urn,  rjje,  P(JLL  ;  E.  I.  o.  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  e, a,  hard;  as;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this- 


BESPEAK 


BICIPITOUS 


Be-speak',  v.  t.  [imp.  bespoke  ; 
p.  p.  BESPOKE,  BESPOKEN.]  To 
speak  for  beforehand  ;  to  betoken. 

Be  spread',  v.  t.  To  spread  over. 

Be-sprTnk'le,  v.  t.  Tosprinkle  over. 

Bes'se-mer  Steed,  [From  the  in¬ 
ventor,  Bessemer .]  Steel  made  di¬ 
rectly  from  cast-iron,  by  forcing  a 
blast  of  air  through  the  molten 
metal. 

Best,  a.  superl.  [A.-S.  besta,  best.] 

1.  Most  good.  2.  Most  advanced  ; 
most  complete. —  n.  Utmost ;  highest 
endeavor. — adv.  1.  In  the  highest 
degree.  2.  To  the  most  advantage. 

Bes'TJAL.  (best'yal),  a.  [Lat.  hestialis ; 
bcstia,  beast.]  Belonging  to  a  beast, 
or  having  the  qualities  of  a  beast. 

Syn.—  Brutish;  beastly;  brutal;  sen¬ 
sual. 

Bes-tiXl'i-ty  (best-yaP-),  n.  1. 
Quality  of  a  beast.  2.  Unnatural 
connection  with  a  beast. 

Bes'tial-ize  (best'yal-),  v.  t.  To 
make  like  a  beast. 

Be-stir',  v.  t.  To  put  into  brisk  or 
vigorous  action. 

Be-stow',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [See 
Stow.]  1.  To  deposit  for  safe  keep¬ 
ing.  2.  To  make  use  of ;  to  apply. 
3.  To  give,  confer,  or  impart. 

Be-stow'al,  In.  1.  Act  of  be- 

Be-stow'ment,  }  stowing.  2.  That 
which  is  bestowed ;  donation. 

Be-strad'dle,  V.  t.  To  bestride. 

Be-strew'  (-strip  or  -stro'),  v.  t. 
[imp.  BESTREWED;  p.  p.  BE¬ 
STREWED,  bestrown.]  To  scat¬ 
ter  over ;  to  strovv. 

Be-stride',  v.  t.  [imp.  bestrid  or 

BESTRODE  ;  p.  p.  BESTRID,  BE¬ 
STRIDDEN.]  To  stride  over ;  to 
stand  or  sit  with  the  legs  extended 
across^ 

Be-strode',  imp.  of  Bestride. 

Be-stud',  v.  t.  To  set  with  studs. 

Bet,  n.  [A.-S.  bad,  pledge,  stake.] 
That  which  is  staked,  or  pledged,  to 
be  won  or  lost  on  certain  conditions  ; 
a  wager. — v.t.  [-ted  ;  -TING.]  To 
stake  upon  the  event  of  a  contest ;  to 
wager. 

Be-take',  v.  t.  [imp.  betook  ;  p. 
p.  betaken.]  To  have  recourse  to ; 
to  resort. 

Be'tjsl  (be'tl),  n.  A  species  of  pep¬ 
per,  the  leaves  of  which  are  chewed 
in  the  East  Indies. 

Beth'EL,  n.  [Heb.,  house  of  God.] 

1.  A  chapel  for  dissenters.  [Eng.] 

2.  A  house  of  worship  for  seamen. 

Be-think',  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  be¬ 
thought.]  To  call  to  mind ;  to 
recall. 

Be-tide',  v.  t.  [imp.  BETID  or  BE- 
TIDED;  p.  p.  betid.]  To  happen 
to;  to  befall. — v.i.  To  come  to 
pass  ;  to  happen. 

Be -time',  1  adv.  1.  In  good  time  ; 

Be-times',  j  seasonably.  2.  In  a 
short  time  ;  soon. 

Be-to'ken  (-to'kn),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 

1.  To  signify  by  some  visible  object. 

2.  To  foreshow  by  present  signs. 


38 

Bet'O-ny,  n.  A  plant  used  to  dye 
wool  of  a  dark-yellow  color. 

Be-took',  imp.  of  Betake. 

Be-tray',  v.  l.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [From 
be  and  Lat.  tradere ,  to  give  up.]  1. 
To  give  up  treacherously  or  faith¬ 
lessly.  2.  To  discover  in  violation  of 
trust.  3.  To  show  or  to  indicate. 

Be-tray'er,  n.  One  who  betrays. 

Be-TRotii',  v.  t  To  contract  to  any 
one ;  to  affiance. 

Be-troth'ment,  n.  A  mutual  en¬ 
gagement  for  a  future  marriage ; 
espousals. 

Bet'ter,  a. ;  compar.  of  Good.  [A.-S., 
bett,  betera  ;  Goth,  batiza ,  from  bats, 
good.]  1.  Having  good  qualities  in 
a  greater  degree  than  another.  2. 
Preferable  in  any  respect.  3.  Im¬ 
proved  in  health. — n.  1.  Advant¬ 
age  or  victory.  2.  A  superior.  — 
adv.,  compar.  of  Well.  1.  Inamore 
excellent  manner.  2.  More  correctly. 

3.  In  a  higher  degree.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING,]  To  increase  the  good  quali¬ 
ties  of. 

Syn.— To  improve;  meliorate;  amend; 
correct;  advance. 

Bet'ter-ment,  n.  A  making  bet¬ 
ter  ;  improvement. 

BEt'tor,  a.  One  who  bets. 

Bet'ty,  n.  A  short  bar  used  by 
thieves  to  wrench  doors  open. 

BE-T WEEN', [Pref.  be,  equiv.  to 
Eng.  by,  and  twain,  two.]  1.  In  the 
intermediate  space  of.  2.  From  one 
to  another  of.  3.  Shared  by  two  or 
both  of. 

S  yn. — Among. — Between  applies  prop¬ 
erly  to  only  two  parties  ;  as,  a  quarrel 
between  two  men,  two  nations.  Among 
always  supposes  more  than  two. 

Bev'el,  n.  [Fr.  beveau.]  SS 

1.  A  slant  of  a  surface.  zl/ 

2.  An  instrument  for  ad-  Mr 
justing  surfaces  to  the  GailsSS) 
same  inclination.  —  a.  Bevel  (2). 
Slanting. — v.  t.  [-ED,  -ING;  or 
-LED,  -LING,  137.]  To  cut  to  a  bevel 
angle.  — v.  i.  To  slant  off. 

BEv'er-age,  n.  [From  Lat.  bibere, 
to  drink.]  Liquor  for  drinking. 

Bev'Y,  n.  1.  A  tiock  of  birds,  especial¬ 
ly  quails.  2.  A  collection  of  ladies. 

Be-wail',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
grieve  for  ;  to  mourn  ;  to  lament. 

Be-wAre',  v.  i.  To  be  cautious  ;  to 
take  care  ;  to  take  heed. 

Be-wil'der,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
lead  into  perplexity  or  confusion  ;  to 
lead  astray.  [bewildered. 

Be-wTl'der-ment,  n.  State  of  being 

Be-witch',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  affect  by  witchcraft  or  sorcery. 
2.  To  charm  or  fascinate.  [nation. 

Be-witch'er-y,  n.  Charm  ;  fasci- 

Be-witch'ing-ly,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  bewitch. 

Be-witch'ing-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  bewitching. 

Be-witch'ment,  n.  Powerof  charm¬ 
ing  ;  fascination. 

Be -WRAY'  ( -ra/),  v.  t.  To  betray. 

Bey  (ba),  n.  A  Turkish  governor. 
See  Beg. 


Be-yond',  prep.  [A.-S.  begeond.]  1. 
On  the  further  side  of.  2.  Before,  in 
place,  or  time.  3.  Further  than ; 
past.  4.  Above,  as  in  excellence,  or 
quality  of  any  kind.  —  adv.  At  a 
distance ;  yonder. 

Bez'el,  n.  Part  of  a  ring  which 
holds  the  stone. 

BI'as,  n.  [Fr.  biais,  N.  Catalan  hi  ax, 
slope.]  1.  A  weight  on  the  side  of  a 
bowl  which  turns  it  from  a  straight 
line.  2.  A  leaning  ol  the  mind ; 
propensity'.  3.  A  wedge-shaped  piece 
of  cloth  taken  out  of  a  garment. 

Syn.  —  Bent;  prejudice;  preposses¬ 
sion. 

—  V.  t  [-E  D,  -ING  ;  or  -  SED,  -  SING, 
137.]  To  incline  to  one  side ;  to  pre¬ 
possess. 

B1b,h..  [Lat.  bibere,  to  drink.]  Acloth 
worn  by  children  over  the  breast. 

BI-ba'cioDs,  a.  [Lat.  bibax.]  Ad¬ 
dicted  to  drinking. 

Bib'ber,  n.  A  drinker;  a  tippler. 

Bi'ble,  n.  [Gr.  /3ij3Aiov,  dim.  of  /3c/3- 
Aos,  book.]  Ihe  Book,  or  that 
which  contains  the  Scriptures. 

Bib'lig-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Bi¬ 
ble. 

Bib/li-og'ra-pher,  n.  [Gr.  /3q3Ai- 
oypa<|)os,  fr.  /3i/3Atov,  book,  and  ypd- 
4>e iv,  to  write.]  One  versed  in  bib¬ 
liography. 

BIb'li-o-graph'ic,  [  a.  Pertain- 

BIb'li-o-graph'ig-al,  )  ing  to 
bibliography ,  or  the  history  of  books. 

Bib'li-og'ra-phy,  n.  An  account 
of  books  and  manusciipts. 

Bib'li-ol'a-try,  n.  [Gr.  /3i/3A<W, 
book,  and  Aarpet'a,  service,  worship.] 
Homage  paid  to  books,  especially  to 
the  Bible. 

BIb'LI-O-man'^y,  n.  [Gr.  /Si/3Aiov, 
book,  and  pavreia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  selecting  passages  of 
Scripture  at  hazard. 

BIB'LI-O-mA'NI-A,  n.  [Gr.  /3t/3A iov, 
book,  and  pavia,  madness.  A  rage 
for  possessing  i  are  and  curious  books. 

B1b/li-o-ma'ni-ac,  n.  One  who  has 
a  rage  for  books. 

BIb'li-o-ma-ni'ag-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  passion  for  books. 

BIb'li-op'o-list,  1  n.  [Gr.  0i/3Ai- 

BIb'LI-O-POLE',  }  07rcoArjs,  fr.  /3i/3- 
Klov,  and  maKeiv,  to  sell.]  A  book¬ 
seller. 

Bib'LI-o-the'GAL,  a.  [Gr.  /3i/3Aio- 
(bj/aj,  library.]  Belonging  to  a  li¬ 
brary. 

Bib'list,  n.  A  biblical  scholar. 

Bib'U-LOUS,  a.  [Lat.  bibulus,  fr.  bi¬ 
bere,  to  drink.]  Spongy  ;  porous. 

Bi-eap'su-lar,  a.  [Lat.  bis,  twice, 
and  Eng.  capsular.]  Having  two 
capsules  to  each  flower. 

BlcE,  }  n.  A  pale  blue  paint  or  pig- 

Bisb,  t  ment. 

Bi-^eph'a-loOs,  a.  [Lat.  bis ,  twice, 
and  Gr.  Ke^aXp,  head.]  Having  two 
heads. 

Bl-giP'I-TAL,  la.  [Lat.  biceps;  bir, 

BI-CIP'i-toBs,  j  twice,  and  caput , 
head.]  Having  two  heads  or  ori¬ 
gins. 


Syn.— To  presage;  portend;  indicate, 


a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y , long ;  A,e,i,  6,  D,  E,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 


BICKER 


BIOGRAPHER 


BTck'er,  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [W. 
bicre,  conflict,  skirmish.]  1.  To  con¬ 
tend  in  words.  2.  To  quiver. 

Syn.  —  To  quarrel;  scold;  wrangle; 
_eontend;  quiver. 

BI-col'or,  1  a.  [Lat.  bicolor.]  Of 
Bi-gol'ored,  }  two  colors. 
Bi'corn,  1  a.  [Lat.  bicornis.] 
Bi-€OR'nous,  (  Having  two  horns. 
Bi-cor'po-ral,  a.  [Lat.  bis ,  twice, 
and  corpus ,  body.]  Having  two 
bodies. 

Bi-€ijs'pid,  la.  [Lat.  bis,  twice, 
Bj-gus'pid-ate,  )  and  cuspis,  point.] 
Having  two  points. 

Bi'9Y-€LE,  n  [Lat.  bis,  twice,  and 
Low  L.  cyclus ,  circle.]  A  two¬ 
wheeled  velocipede. 

Bid,  v.  t.  [imp.  bid  or  bXde  ;  p.  p. 
BID,  bidden.]  [A.-S.  bidclan,  to 
pray,  ask,  beodan,  to  offer,  to  com¬ 
mand.]  1.  To  offer  to  pay.  2.  To 
declare.  3.  To  order  ;  to  direct.  4. 
To  invite.  —  n.  An  offer  of  a  price. 
Bid'der,  n.  One  who  bids. 

Bide,  v.  i.  [Goth,  beidan.]  To  dwell 
permanently;  to  inhabit.  —  v.  t.  1. 
To  endure ;  to  suffer.  2.  To  wait 
for. 

Bi-den'tal,  a.  Having  two  teeth. 
Bi-Ln'NI-al,  a.  [Lat.  biennalis ;  bis , 
twice,  and  annus,  year.]  1.  Happen¬ 
ing  once  in  two  years.  2.  Continu¬ 
ing  for  two  j'ears,  and  then  perishing. 
—  n.  A  plant  lasting  for  two  years.  ] 
Bl-EN'NI-AL-LY,  ado.  Once  in  two 
years. 

Bier,  n.  [Same  root  as  to  bear.]  A 
carriage  for  the  dead. 

BlEST'lNGg,  n.  pi.  First  milk  given 
_by  a  cow  after  calving. 

Bl-FA'CIAL,  a.  [Lat.  bis,  twice,  and 
facies,  face.]  Having  the  opposite 
surfaces  alike. 

Bi-fa'ri-ous,  a.  [Lat.  bifarius .]  1. 

In  two  rows.  2.  Pointing  two  ways. 
Bi'F'ER-otJS,  a.  [Lat.  bifer,  from  bis, 
twice,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
fruit  twice  a  year. 

Bi'fid,  la.  [Lat.  bifidusfc.bis, 

Bif'id-ate,  )  twice,  and  find  ere,  to 
cleave.]  Opening  with  a  cleft. 
Bi-flo'rate,  1  a.  [Lat.  bis,  twice, 
Bi-flo'roijs,  )  and  flos,  flower,  flo- 
rere,  to  bloom.]  Bearing  two  flow- 

_ersr 

Bi-fo'li-ate,  a.  Having  two  leaves. 
Bi'form,  )  a.  [Lat.  biformis.]  Hav- 

Bi'formed.  (  ing  tsvo  forms. 
Bi-form' r-TY,  n.  A  double  form. 
Bi-fur'oate,  la.  [Lat.  b  is,  twice, 
Bi-furTa-ted,  1  and  Eng.  furcate, 
furcated.]  Having  two  branches. 
Bi'fur-ua'tion,  n.  A  forking,  or 
division  into  two  branches. 

Bltr,  a.  [\Y.  baich,  burden.]  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  largeness  of  size.  2.  Pregnant. 

Syn. —  Bulky;  large;  great;  proud. 
BIg'A-mTst,  n.  One  who  has  com¬ 
mitted  bigamy. 

Big'a-my,  n.  Crime  of  having  two 
wives  or  husbands  at  once. 

Big'gin,  n.  [Prob.  from  the  cap  worn 
by  the  Bdguines.]  A  child’s  cap  or 
hood ;  a  small  wooden  vessel. 


i  Bight  (bit),  n.  [Goth,  biugan,  to 
bend.]  1.  A  bend  in  the  sea-coast. 
2.  Double  part  of  a  rope  when  fold¬ 
ed. 

Big'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  big. 

BIg'ot,  n.  [Fr.  bigot;  Cf.  Sp.  bigote, 
a  whisker  ;  hornbre  de  bigote,  a  man 
of  spirit  and  vigor  ;  It.  s-bigottire,  to 
terrify,  appall.]  One  obstinately  and 
unreasonably  wedded  to  a  particular 
creed,  opinion,  practice,  or  ritual. 

Big'ot-ed,  a.  Obstinately  and  un¬ 
duly  wedded  to  a  system  or  part}’. 

Big'ot-ed-ly,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  bigot. 

Big'ot-ry,  n.  Perverse  or  blind  at¬ 
tachment  to  a  particular  creed,  or  to 
certain  tenets. 

Bijou  (be'zhdb'),  n. ;  pi.  bijoux 
(be'zhdb'.)  [Fr.]  A  trinket ;  a  jewel. 

Bl-JOU'TRY  (-zhd<y-),  n.  Small  arti¬ 
cles,  .such  as  jewelry,  trinkets,  & c. 

Bl-L  A'BT-ATE ,  a.  Having  two  lips. 

BI-l  YM'EL-LATE,  la.  Formed  of 

Bl-L  IM'EL-LA'TED,  )  two  plates. 

Bi-lXt'er-al, a.  Having  two  sides. 

Bil'ber-ry,  n.  [Corrupted  fr.  blue¬ 
berry^]  A  shrub  and  its  berry. 

Bil'bo,  n. ;  pi.  BiL/BOEg.  [From 
Bilboa,  in  Spain,  where  they  were 
fabricated.]  1.  A  kind  of  shackle  or 
fetter.  2.  A  rapier. 

Bile,  n.  [Lat.  b ilis.]  A  greenish,  bit¬ 
ter  fluid  secreted  by  the  liver. 

Bilge, n.  [Another  form  of  bulge.] 
1.  Protuberant  part  of  a  cask.  2. 
Broadest  part  of  a  ship’s  bottom.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  To  suffer  a  frac¬ 
ture  in  the  bilge. 

Bilge'-wa/ter,  n.  Water  lying  on 
a  ship's  bilge  or  bottom. 

Bil'ia-ry  (biPya-ry),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  conveying,  the  bile. 

BI-l'In'gual,  a.  [Lat.  bilinguis,  fr. 
bis,  twice,  and  lingua,  language.] 
Containing  two  languages. 

BlL'IOlJS  (bihyus).  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  bile  ;  disordered  in  respect  to  the 
bile . 

Bi-lit'er-al,  a.  [Lat.  bis ,  twice, 
and  litera,  letter.]  Consisting  of  two 
letters. 

Bilk,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Cf.  Goth. 
bilaikan,  to  mock  or  deride.]  To  dis¬ 
appoint,  or  defraud,  by  non-fulfill¬ 
ment  of  engagement. 

Bill,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  bile.]  Beak  of  a 
fowl.  2.  [A.-S.  bill ,  bil;  Skr.  b/iil, 
to  split.]  A  hook-shaped  cutting  in¬ 
strument.  3.  An  ancient  kind  of 
battle-ax.  4.  [Lat.  bulla ,  any  thing 
rounded.]  A  written  declaration  of 
some  wrong  or  fault,  & c.  5.  An  ob¬ 
ligation  given  for  money.  6.  A  pro¬ 
posed  law.  7.  Advertisement  posted 
in  some  public  place.  8.  An  ac¬ 
count  of  goods  ;  a  statement  of  par¬ 
ticulars. 

Bill  of  Exchange. —  A  written  order 
from  one  person  to  another,  desiring  the 
latter  to  pay  to  some  person  designated 
a  specified  sum  of  money. 

—  v.  i.  To  join  bills,  as  doves;  to 
caress. 

Bill'-bo'ok,  n.  A  book  in  which  a 


person  keeps  an  account  of  his  notes, 
bills  of  exchange,  & c. 

BIl'let,».  [Fr.  See  Bill,  a  writ¬ 
ing.]  A  small  paper  or  note ;  a  short 
letter. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  quar¬ 
ter,  as  soldiers  in  private  houses. 
Billet-doux  (biFle-ddl)'),  n.  [Fr.] 
A  love-note  or  letter,  [curved  edge. 
Bill'-ho'ok,  ii.  A  small  hatchet  with 
BlLL'lARDg,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  billard,  from 
bille,  ball.]  A  game  played  with 
ivory  balls,  on  a  rectangular  table. 
Bil'ling§-gate,  n.  [From  a  fish- 
market  of  this  name  in  London.] 
Foul  or  profane  language  ;  ribaldry. 
BIll'ion  (bIPyun),  n.  [Lat.  bis, 
twice,  and  L.  Lat.  millio , a  million.] 
According  to  the  French  method  of 
numeration,  a  thousand  millions; 
according  to  the  English  method,  a 
million  of  millions. 

Bil 'low,  n.  [Ger.  bulge ,  fr.  root  bel- 
gen,  to  swell.]  A  great  wave  or  surge 
of  the  sea.  [into  large  waves. 

BIl'low-Y,  a.  Swelling,  or  swelled 
Bii/ly,  n.  A  watchman's  club. 
Bi'lobed,  [  a.  Divided  into  two 
Bi-lo'bate,J  lobes. 

Bi-ma'nous,  a.  [Lat.  bis,  twice,  and 
inanus ,  hand.J  Having  two  hands. 
Bi-MEN'SAL,  \a.  Occurring  once  in 
Bi-month'ly,  1  two  months. 

Bin,  n.  [A.-S.  binn .]  A  box  or  in¬ 
closed  place,  to  hold  any  commodity. 
Bi'na-ry,  a.  [Lat.  binarius ,  fr.  bini, 
two  by  two.]  Compounded  of  two  ; 
double.  [couples. 

Bi'nate,  a.  Being  double  or  in 
Bind,  v.  t.  [imp.  bound  ;  p.  p. 
BOUND,  formerly  bounden.] 
[Goth,  bindan ,  Skr.  bandh.]  1.  To 
tie  together.  2.  To  confine,  restrain, 
or  hold  in  any  way.  3.  To  sew  or 
fasten  together,  and  inclose  in  a 
cover.  4.  To  oblige.  —  v.  i.  To  con¬ 
tract  ;  to  grow  hard  or  stiff. 

Bind'e R,n.  1.  One  who  binds  books. 

2.  Any  thing  that  binds  ;  a  bandage. 
Bind'er-Y,  n.  A  place  where  books 
are  bound.  [An  Americanism.] 
BlND'lNG,a.  Having  power  to  bind 
or  oblige  ;  obligatory.  —  n.  Any 
thing  that  binds,  as  a  bandage,  the 
cover  of  a  book,  or  something  used 
to  secure  the  edge  of  cloth  from  rav¬ 
eling. 


Binnacle. 


Bin'na-cle,  n.  [Lat .  habi- 
taculum,  habitation,  from 
habitare ,  to  dwell.]  A 
ship's  compass-box. 

BlN'o-ULE  (bin'o-kl),  n. 

[Lat.  bini,  two  and  two, 
and  oculus,  eye.]  A  tele¬ 
scope,  fitted  with  two 
_tubes  joining. 

Bi-n5€'U-LAR,  a.  1.  Having  two  eyes. 
2.  Adapted  to  the  use  of  both  eyes. 

BI-NO'MI-AL,  n.  [Lat.  bis,  twice,  and 
nomen,  name.]  An  algebraical  ex¬ 
pression  consisting  of  two  terms  con¬ 
nected  by  the  sign  plus  or  minus.  — 
a.  Consisting  of  two  terms  ;  —  per¬ 
taining  to  binomials. 

Bi-5g'ra-pher,  n.  One  who  writes 


a  person’s  life. 


BIOGRAPHIC 


a.  Haying  two  feet. 


BPo  graph'ic,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 
Bfo-GRAPH'ie-AL, J  biography. 
Bi-og'RA-phy,  n.  [Gr.  /3t'os,  life,  and 
ypafaii/,  to  write.]  The  history  of 
the  life  and  character  of  a  person. 
BI-ol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  /3i'os,  life,  and 
Aoyov,  discourse.]  Science  of  life. 
BI-pa'rous,  or  Bip'a-rous,  a.  [Lat. 
bis.  twice,  and  parere,  to  bring  forth.] 
Bringing  forth  two  at  a  birth. 
BI-par'tite,  or  Bip'ar-tite,  a. 
[Lat.  bipartite,  from  bis,  twice,  and 
partite,  to  divide.]  Having  two  cor¬ 
respondent  parts. 

BPpar-tPtxon  (-tish'un),  n.  Act  of 
dividing  into  two  parts. 

BFped,  n.  [Lat.  bipes ,  fr.  bis,  twice, 
and  pes,  pedis,  foot.]  An  animal 
having  two  feet,  as  man. 

Bi-pe'dal,  | 

BFped, 

Bi-pen'nate,  ( a.  Having  two 
Bi-pen'na-ted,  [  wings. 

Bl  PET'AL-oOs,a.  Having  two  flower- 
leaves  or  petals. 

ATP  1 

BI-pin'na-ted,  }  “•  Twice  Pinnate- 
Bi-pli'cate,  a.  [Lat.  bis,  twice,  and 
plicate,  to  fold.]  Twice  folded  to¬ 
gether. 

Bi-QUAD'RATE,  )  n.  The  power 
BFquad-rat'ic,  )  arising  from  the 
multiplication  of  a  square  number 
by  itself.  [fourth  power. 

BFquad-rat'PC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Bi-rA'di-ATE,  [a.  Having  two 
Bi-ra'di-a/ted,  )  rays. 

Birch  (18),  n.  [A.-S.  birce,  Icel. 

bidrlc]  A  tree  of  several  species. 
BTrch,  )  a.  Made  of  birch  ;  con- 
BTrch'jEN,  j  sisting  of  birch. 

Bird  (18).  n.  [A.-S.  bird,  or  brid, 
young  of  any  animal,  brood.]  A 
two-legged ,  feathered,  fl\  ing  animal. 

A  cage  for  birds. 

An  instrument  for 


Bird'-cage,  n. 

Bird'-call,  n. 
calling  birds. 

BTrd’s'-eye,  a.  Seen  from  above,  as 
if  by  a  flying  bird  ;  hence,  general. 

Bird’s'nBst,  n.  The  nest  in  which 
_a  bird  lays  eggs. 

Bi'reme,  n.  [Lat .biremis;  bis,  twice, 
and  remus ,  oar.]  A  vessel  with  two 
tiers  of  oars. 

Birth  (18),  n.  [A.-S.  beordh ,  byrd.fr. 
beran,  beoran,  to  bear,  bring  forth.] 
1.  Act  of  coming  into  life.  2.  Line¬ 
age  ;  extraction. 


BIrth'day,  n.  1.  Bay  in  which  any 
one  is  born.  2.  Anniversary  of  one’s 
birth. 

BIrth'-mark,  n.  Some  peculiar  mark 
on  the  bodv  at  birth. 

BIrth'plac^e,  n.  Place  where  one 
is  born. 

BTrth'right  (-rlt),  n.  A  right  to 
which  one  is  entitled  by  birth. 

BIs'cuit  (bls'kit),  n.  [Lat.  bis.  twice, 
and  coctus,  baked.]  1.  A  kind  of 
bread  variously  made.  2.  Earthen¬ 
ware  baked  but  not  glazed. 

Bx  sect',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
bis,  twice,  and  secare,  to  cut.]  To 
divide  into  two  equal  parts. 

Bi-sec'tion,  n.  Act  of  bisecting. 


40 

« 

BI-seg'ment,  n.  One  of  the  parts  of 
a  line,  or  other  magnitude,  divided 
into  two  equal  parts.  [both  sexes. 

Bi-sex'u-al  ( -sek'sht}-),  a.  Being  of 

Bish'op,  n.  [A.-S.  bisceop,  biscop,  fr. 
Gr.  enicTKoiros,  inspector.]  The  high¬ 
est  of  the  three  orders  of  the  Chris¬ 
tian  ministry. 

Bish'op-ric,  n.  A  diocese  ;  the  juris¬ 
diction  of  a  bishop. 

Blg'MUTII,  n.  A  metal  of  a  reddish- 
white  color,  somewhat  harder  than 
lead. 

Bi'g'MUTH-AL,  a.  Consisting  of  bis¬ 
muth,  or  containing  it. 

BFson  (or  bl'sn),  n.  [Gr.  fticrtai/.]  A 
quadruped  in¬ 
habiting  the  in¬ 
terior  of  North 
America ;  popu¬ 
larly,  but  er¬ 
roneously,  call¬ 
ed  the  buffalo. 

Bis-sex'tile 
(-seksfl.il),  n.  American  Bison. 
[Lat.  bissextilis,  from  bissextus,  sixth 
of  the  calends  of  March,  or  Peb.  24, 
which  was  reckoned  twice  every 
fourth  year.]  Leap  year  ;  every 
fourth  year,  in  which  a  day  is  added 
to  the  month  of  February.  — a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  leap  year. 

Bis'ter,  )  n.  [Fr.  bistre.\  A  dark- 

Bis'TRE,  J  brown  pigment. 

Bxs'tou-ry,  n.  [From  Pistoria,  where 
it  was  first  manufactured.]  A  surgi¬ 
cal  instrument  for  incisions. 

Bi-sBl'CO&s,  a.  [Lat.  bisulcus,  from 
bis,  twice,  and  sulcus,  furrow.] 
Cloven-footed,  as  swine  or  oxen. 

Bit,  n.  [From  A.-S.  bltan,  to  bite.] 

1.  The  iron  mouthpiece  of  a  bridle. 

2.  A  morsel:  a  bite  ;  hence,  a  small 
piece  of  any  thing  ;  a  small  coin.  3. 
A  small  instrument  for  boring. —  v.  t. 
[-TED;  -TING.]  To  put  a  bit  in  the 
mouth  of.  — imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Bite. 

Bitch,  n.  [A.-S.  bicce .]  The  female 
of  the  canine  kind. 

Bite,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  bit,  bit¬ 
ten.]  [Goth,  beitan.]  1.  To  cut, 
crush,  or  seize  with  the  teeth.  2. 
To  cause  sharp  pain  to.  3.  To  cheat ; 
to  trick. — n.  1.  Act  of  seizing  with 
the  teeth.  2.  The  wound  made  by 
the  teeth.  3.  A  morsel.  4.  A  trick. 

Bit'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
bites.  [caustic. 

Bit'ing.  a.  Sharp ;  severe  ;  sarcastic  ; 

Bit'ta-cle,  n.  See  Binnacle. 

Bit'TER,  a.  [A.-S.  biter ;  fr.  bite.]  1. 
Having  a  peculiar,  acrid,  biting  taste. 
2.  Causing  pain  or  distress  to  the 
mind.  3.  Mournful ;  distressing. 

Syn.  —  Sharp  ;  severe  ;  cruel  ;  poign¬ 
ant;  reproachful ;  pitiable. 

Bit'te  r-isii,  a.  Somewhat  bitter. 

Bjlt'TER-LY,  adv.  In  a  bitter  man¬ 
ner. 

Bit'tern,  n.  [N.  Lat.  botaurus,  bos- 
taurus ,  Lat.  taurus.]  1.  A  wading- 
bird,  related  to  the  herons.  2. 
[From  bitter.]  The  brine  which  re¬ 
mains  in  salt  works  after  the  salt  is 
concreted. 


BLACK-LEAD 

Bit/ter-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  bitter. 

BlT'TERg,  n.  pi.  A  liquor  in  which 
bitter  herbs  are  steeped. 

Bit'ter-sweet,  n.  A  plant,  whose 
root  produces  first  a  bitter,  then  a 

sweet  taste. 

Bi-tu'men, n.  [Lat.]  Mineral  pitch; 
an  inflammable  substance  having  a 
pitch-like  odor. 

Bi-TU'MI-NIZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  hnpregnate  with  bitumen. 

Bi-tu'mi-noCs,  a.  Having  the  quali¬ 
ties  of  bitumen. 

BPvalve,  n.  [Lat.  bis,  twice,  and 
valva,  valve.]  A  molluscous  ani¬ 
mal,  having  a  shell  consisting  of  two 
parts  or  valves. 

BPvalve,  l  a.  Having  two 

Bi-valv'ous,  (  valves  which  open 

Bi-valv'U-lar,  )  and  shut,  as  the 
oyster. 

Biv'i-ous,  or  BPvi-ous,  a.  [Lat. 
bivius ;  bis,  twice,  and  via ,  way.] 
Having,  or  leading,  two  ways. 

Biv'oua€  (biv'wSk),  n.  [Fr.]  1. 

Guard  or  watch  of  a  whole  army.  2. 
An  encampment  without  tents. — 
v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  encamp 
without  tents  or  covering. 

BP-week/LY,  a.  Occurring  once  in 
every  two  weeks. 

Bizarre  (be-zaP),  a.  [Fr.]  Oddin 
manner  or  appearance. 

Blab,  v.  t.  [-bed  : -bing,  136.]  [Ger. 
blappen .]  To  tell  unnecessarily.  — 
v.  i.  To  talk  without  discretion  ;  to 
tattle.  —  n.  A  babbler  ;  a  telltale. 

Black,  a.  [A.-S .  blxc.  See  Bleak.] 

1.  Destitute  of  light.  2.  Very  dark 
or  gloomy.—  n.  1.  Darkest  color. 

2.  A  negro.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  make  black  ;  to  blacken. 

Black'-art,  n.  Conjuration;  magic. 

Black' A-MOOR,  n.  A  negro  ;  a  black. 

Black'ball,  n.  A  composition  for 
blacking  shoes,  boots,  & c. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  reject  by  black 
balls  or  ballots.  [bramble. 

Black'ber-ry,  n.  The  berry  of  the 

Blacic'BIRD,  n.  In  England,  a  spe¬ 
cies  of  thrush ;  in  America,  this 
name  is  given  to  different  birds. 

Black'board,  n.  A  board  used  t® 
write  or  draw  on  with  chalk. 

Black'-uat'tle,  n.  Cattle  of  the 
bovine  genus  reared  for  slaughter, 
whatever  their  color  may  be. 

BLACK'RN,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  make  black.  2.  To  sully,  as 
reputation.  — v.  i.  To  grow  black. 

Black'fish,  n.  A  fish  taught  on  the 
shores  of  New  England  ;  tautog. 

Black'-frPar,  n.  A  friar  of  the 
Dominican  order. 

Black'guard  (bliig'gard),  n.  [Orig. 
the  guard  of  the  devil.]  A  person  of 
low  character  and  scurrilous'  lan¬ 
guage. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  Toro- 
vile  in  scurrilous  language. 

Black'ING,  it.  A  preparation  used 
for  blacking  shoes,  boots,  &c. 

Black'ish.  a.  Somewhat  black. 

Black-lead',  n.  [From  its  color, 
and  fr.  making  a  mark  like  lead.]  A 


BLACKLEG 


41  BLIND-WORM 


mineral  composed  of  carbon  ;  plum¬ 
bago  ;  graphite.  [and  cheat. 

Black'leg,  ?t.  A  notorious  gambler 

Black'-let'ter,  n.  The  old  Eng¬ 
lish  or  modern  Gothic  letter.  —  a. 
Written  or  printed  iu  black-letter. 

Black'-mail,  n.  Extortion  of  money 
from  a  person  by  threats.  [black. 

BlXck'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Black'-pud'ding,  n.  A  kind  of 
sausage  made  of  blood,  suet,  &c. 

Black'-ROD,  n.  The  usher  belonging 
to  the  order  of  the  Garter.  [Eng.] 

Black/sMITH,  n.  A  smith  who  works 
in  iron. 

Black'thorn,  n.  A  spiny  plant 
bearing  a  small  black  fruit. 

Blad'der,  n.  [A.-S  blxdre ,  bldddre.] 
A  sac  in  animals,  serving  as  the  re¬ 
ceptacle  of  some  secreted  fluid. 

Blade,  n.  [A.-S.  blxd,  that  which 
springs  forth.]  1.  The  leaf,  or  flat 
part  of  the  leaf,  of  any  plant.  2. 
Cutting  part  of  an  instrument.  3. 
Broad  part  of  au  oar.  4.  A  sharp- 
witted,  dashing  fellosv. 

Blade'-bone,  n.  Upper  bone  in  the 
shoulder.  [blades. 

Blad'ed,??.  p.  Having  a  blade  or 

Blain,  n.  [A.-S.  blegen.]  An  inflam¬ 
matory  swelling ;  a  blister. 

Blam'a-ble,  a.  Deserving  of  cen¬ 
sure  ;  faulty  culpable. 

Blam'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  de¬ 
serving  of  censure. 

Blame,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing]  [Gr. 
/3Aa.tr<f>r]|ueu/,  to  speak  ill.]  To  cen¬ 
sure;  to  find  fault  with.  —  n.  1. 
Expression  of  disapprobation.  2. 
That  which  is  deserving  of  censure. 

Syn. —  Censure;  reprehension;  con¬ 
demnation;  reproach;  fault;  sin;  crime. 

Blame'ful.  a.  Meriting  blame. 

Blame'less,  a.  Without  fault ;  not 
meriting  censure. 

Blame'less  ly,  adv.  Innocently. 

Blame'less-ness,  n.  Freedom  from 
blame ;  innocence. 

Blame'wor-thy  (-wfir-),  a.  Deserv¬ 
ing  blame  ;  censurable ;  culpable. 

Blanch,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
blanchir,  from  blanc ,  white.]  1.  To 
take  out  the  color  of;  to  whiten.  2. 
To  make  white  by  stripping  off  the 
peel.  —  v.  i.  To  grow  white. 

Blanch'er,  n.  1.  One  who  blanches 
or  whitens.  2.  One  who  anneals  and 
cleanses  money. 

Blanc-mange  )  (bla-monj7),  n. 

Blanc-manger  )  [Fr.,  lit.  white 

food.]  A  preparation  of  dissolved 
isinglass,  or  sea-moss,  milk,  sugar, 
cinnamon,  &c.,  boiled. 

Bland,  a.  [Lat.  blandus .]  Marked 
by  soft  or  soothing  qualities. 

Syn. — Mild;  soft;  gentle;  courteous. 

Blan-dil'o-quence,  n.  [Lat .  blan- 
diloquentia.]  Fair,  mild,  flattering 
speech. 

Bland'ish,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
bland ir i,  fr.  blandus ,  mild.]  To  flat¬ 
ter  by  kind  words  or  affectionate  ac¬ 
tions  ;  to  caress. 

BlXnd'ish-ment,  n.  Soft  words  ; 
artful  caresses. 

OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  frRN,  RU 


BlXnd'ness,  «.  State  of  being  bland. 

Blank,  a.  [Ger.  blank ,  bright,  white, 
allied  to  blinken,  to  shine,  glitter.] 

1.  Of  a  white  or  pale  color.  2.  Dis¬ 
pirited;  dejected.  3.  Lacking  some¬ 
thing  ;  empty.  4.  Without  mixture  , 
pure. — n.  1.  Any  void  space.  2.  A 
ticket  in  a  lottery  on  which  no  prize 
is  indicated.  3.  A  paper  unwritten. 

Blank  verse,  verse  without  rhyme. 

Blank'et,  n.  [Fr.  blanchet,  from 
blanc ,  white.]  A  coarse  woolen  cover, 
to  protect  from  cold.  — v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING  ]  To  toss  in  a  blanket. 

BlAre,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Ger.  blar- 
renj  D.  blaren,  to  bleat,  to  cry,  to 
weep.]  To  roar.  —  n.  Noise;  loud 
sound. 

Blar'ney,  n.  [Of.  Ir.  bladar ,  flat¬ 
tery.]  Smooth,  deceitful  talk. 

Blas-pheme',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Gr. 
fikaa<\)-r}fj.elv .}  To  speak  impiously  of, 
as  of  God  or  Christ.  —  v.  i.  To  utter 
blasphemy. 

Blas-phem'er.  n.  One  who  blas¬ 
phemes. 

Blas'phe-moOs,  a.  Containing  blas¬ 
phemy. 

Blas'phe-mous-ly,  adv.  In  a  blas¬ 
phemous  manner. 

Blas'piie-MY,  n.  An  indignity  of¬ 
fered  to  God  by  contemptuous  words. 

Blast,  n.  [A.-S.  blxst,&  puff,  fr.  blx- 
san ,  to  blow.]  1.  A  destructive  wind. 

2.  Forcible  stream  of  air  from  an 
orifice.  3.  Sound  made  by  blowing 
a  wind  instrument.  4.  The  rending 
of  rocks  by  gunpowder.  5.  A  blight. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  wither; 
to  blight.  2.  To  confound, or  strike 
with  force,  by  a  loud  blast.  3.  To 
split,  as  with  gunpowder. 

Bla'TANT,  a.  [Prov.  Eng.  blate ,  to 
bellow.]  Bellowing,  as  a  calf ;  noisy. 

Blaze,  n.  [A.-S.  blxse.]  1.  Flame. 
2.  Light,  as  from  flame.  3.  A  white 
spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse.  4.  A  spot 
on  trees  made  by  chipping  off  bark. 

Syn.  — Flame.— A  blaze  and  aflame 
are  both  produced  by  burning  gas,  but 
the  former  gives  light  and  the  latter  heat, 

—  the  one  shines  and  the  ether  burns. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  shine 
with  flame.  2.  To  sendforth  a  bright 
light.  3.  To  be  conspicuous. — v.t. 
1.  To  make  public.  2.  To  mark,  as 
a  tree,  by  chipping  off  bark. 

Bla/zon,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
display.  2.  To  deck;  to  adorn.  3. 
To  explain,  as  the  figures  on  armo¬ 
rial  ensigns. — n.  [From  blaze ,  torch, 
i.  e., splendor.]  1.  Art  of  drawing  or 
explaining  coats  of  arms.  2.  Osten¬ 
tatious  display. 

Bla/z  on-ry,  n.  Art  of  describing 
coats  of  arms  in  proper  terms. 

Bleach,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  A.-S. 
blxcan.  See  Bleak.]  To  make 
white  by  removing  the  original  color. 

—  v.  i.  To  grow  white  in  any  way. 

Bleacii'er,  n.  One  who  bleaches. 

Bleach'er-y,  n.  A  place  for  bleach¬ 
ing. 

Bleak,  a.  [A.-S.  blac,  blaec,  pale, 
wan,  from  blican ,  to  shine.]  1.  Des- 

e,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €, 


olate  and  exposed.  2.  Cold  ;  cheer, 
less.  [wind. 

Bleak'ly,  adv.  Openly  as  to  cold  and 

Bleak/ness.  n.  Quality  of  being 
bleak. 

Blear,  a.  Dim  or  sore  with  water 
or  rheum. — v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
affect  with  soreness  of  eyes,  or  a 
watery  humor.  [eyes. 

Blear-eyed  (-Td),  a.  Having  sore 

Bleat,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  blxtan.]  To  cry 
as  a  sheep.  —  n.  Cry  of  a  sheep. 

Bleed,  v.  i.  [imp.  8c  p.p.  bled.] 
[A.-S.  ble.dan .]  1.  To  lose  blood.  2. 
To  die  a  violent  death.  3.  To  lose 
sap,  gum,  or  juice.  4.  To  lose  money. 

—  v.  t.  1.  To  take  blood  from.  2. 
To  lose,  as  blood,  sap,  or  gum. 

Bleed'ing,  n.  A  running  or  issuing 
of  blood ;  a  hemorrhage. 

Blem'ish,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  Fr. 
blemir ,  blesmir ,  bleme,  blesme ,  pale, 
wan.]  1.  To  mark  with  deformity; 
to  mar.  2.  To  tarnish,  as  reputa¬ 
tion  ;  to  defame.  —  n.  Any  mark  of 
deformity. 

Syn.  —  Spot  ;  flaw  ;  fault  ;  taint  ;  re¬ 
proach  ;  dishonor;  disgrace. 

Blench,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [See 
Blanch.]  To  shrink  ;  to  start  back ; 
to  flinch. 

Blend,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Goth. 
blancian ,  to  mix.]  To  mix  together  ; 
to  confound.  —  v.  i.  To  be  mixed 
or  united. 

Blende,  n.  [Ger.,  fr.  blenden,  to  daz¬ 
zle.]  An  ore  of  zinc. 

Blent,  p.  p.  of  Blend. 

Bless,  v.  t.  [imp.  8c  p.  p.  blessed 
or  blest.]  [A.-S.  bletsjan .  blessjan , 
fr.  blidhe ,  blithe.]  1  To  make  hap¬ 
py.  2.  To  invoke  a  blessing  on.  3. 
To  praise,  or  glorify. 

Bless'ed  (bO),  a.  Enjoying  happiness 
or  bliss ;  happy  ;  prosperous. 

Bless'e  d-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
blessed. 

Syn.— Happiness;  felicity;  bliss;  joy. 

Bless'ING,  n.  A  wish  of  happiness 
pronounced  ;  a  benediction. 

Blest,  a.  1.  Made  happy.  2.  Mak¬ 
ing  happy. 

Blew  (bl«),  imp.  of  Blow. 

Blight  (blit),  n.  1.  Mildew;  decay. 
2.  That  which  frustrates  one’s  plans 
or  hopes.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
affect  with  blight ;  to  blast. 

Blind,  a.  [A.-S.  blind t  Goth,  blinds .] 
1.  Destitute  of  sight.  2.  Hidden ; 
unseen  ;  obscure.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  deprive  of  sight  or  discernment. 

—  n.  Something  to  hinder  sight. 

Blind'fold,  a.  Having  the  eyes  cov¬ 
ered  ;  blinded.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  cover  the  eyes  of ;  to  hinder  from 
seeing. 

Blind'ly,  adv.  Without  sight,  un¬ 
derstanding,  or  discernment. 

BlTnd'-MAN’§-BUFF,  n.  A  play  in 
which  one  person  is  blindfolded. 

BlInd'ness,  n.  Want  of  sight. 

Blind'-side,  n.  Side  on  which  one 
is  most  easily  assailed. 

Blind'-worm  (-wfirm),  n.  A  small 
reptile  without  feet,  like  a  snake. 

G,  hard ;  A£;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 


ELINK 


BLUNT 


42 


BlInk,  v.  i.  [Ger.  blinken ,  blicken ,  to 
glance.]  To  wink  ;  to  see  with  fre¬ 
quent  winking.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  shut  out  of  sight ;  to  avoid.  — n. 
1.  A  glimpse  or  glance.  2.  A  daz¬ 
zling  whiteness  about  the  horizon. 

Blink'ARD,  n.  [From  blink.]  One 
who  blinks. 

Blink'er,  n.  1.  One  who  blinks.  2. 
A  blind  for  horses. 

Bliss,  n.  [See  Bless.]  Highest  de¬ 
gree  of  happiness. 

_  Syn.  —  Blessedness  :  felicity  ;  joy. 

Bliss'ful,«.  Supremely  happy. 

Bliss'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  blissful 
manner.  [ness  ;  bliss. 

Bliss'ful'ness,  n.  Exalted  happi- 

BlIs'ter,  n.  [From  plaster.]  A  thin, 
watery  bladder  on  the  skin. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  raise  blisters  on. — 
v.  i.  To  rise  in  blisters. 

BlIthe,  a.  [Goth,  bleiths.]  Gay; 
merry ;  joyous  ;  sprightly. 

Blithe'ly,  adv.  In  a  joyful  manner. 

Blithe 'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
bjithe.  [blithe. 

Blithe'some,  a.  Gay;  merry; 

Bloat,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  cause 
to  swell  or  become  turgid.  —  v  i.  To 
grow  turgid  ;  to  puff  out ;  to  swell. 

Blob'ber-lip,  n.  A  thick  lip. 

Block,  n.  [Ger.  block ,  Icel.  blokkr.] 
1.  A  solid  mass  of  wood,» 
stone,  &c.  2.  A  connected 
row  of  buildings.  3.  A  sys- 
tern  of  one  or  more  pulleys  (j|  j  1 
arranged  in  a  frame.  4.  ||  1 1 
Any  obstruction.  —  v.  t.  [1/ 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  stop;  to 
obstruct.  Block  (3). 

Block-abe',  n.  [It.  bloccata.  See 
Block.]  The  shutting  up  of  a 
place  by  troops  or  ships.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ing.]  To  shut  up,  as  a 
town  or  fortress,  by  troops  or  ships. 

Block-AD'er,  n.  One  who  block¬ 
ades.  ^  [dolt. 

Block'head,  n.  A  stupid  fellow  ;  a 

Block'  -  house, 
n.  A  kind  of 
fortress  of  heavy 
timber  or  logs. 

Block'ish,  a. 

Stupid ;  dull. 

Block'ish-ness, 
n.  Stupidity.  Block-house. 

Block'-tin,  n.  Tin  in  blocks  or  in¬ 
gots. 

Blom'a-ry  (bldbm'-),  n.  The  first 
forge  through  which  iron  passes  after 
it  is  melted  from  the  ore. 

Blonde,  n.  [Fr.]  A  person  with  fair 
complexion,  light  hair,  and  light 
blue  eyes. 

Blonde,  _  In.  [Fr.  blonde ,  from 

Blond'-lace,  j  its  color.]  A  fine 
kind  of  lace  made  of  silk. 

Blood  (blud),  n.  [A.-S.  blGd,  Goth. 
blGth.]  1.  The  fluid  which  circulates 
through  the  arteries  and  veins  of 
animals.  2.  Kindred  ;  consanguin¬ 
ity.  3.  Descent ;  lineage.  4.  Mur¬ 
der  5.  Temper  of  mind.  6.  Excited 
feeling  ;  passion.  7.  A  man  of  fire 
or  spirit. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 


To  let  blood  from  ;  to  bleed.  2.  To 
stain  with  blood. 

Blood'-guilt'i-ness,  n.  Guilt  or 
crime  of  sheddihg  blood. 

Blood'-fieat,  n.  Heat  equal  to  the 
temperature  of  blood,  or  about  98° 
Fahr. 

Blood' -hound, 
n.  A  ferocious, 
bloodthirsty  va¬ 
riety  of  dog,  of 
keen  scent. 

Blood'i-ly,  adv. 

In  a  bloody  man¬ 
ner. 

BLOOD'I-NESS,  n.  Blood-hound. 

State  of  being  bloody.  [dead, 

j  Blood'less,  a.  Without  blood; 

Blood'shed,  n.  Slaughter;  waste 
of  life. 

Blood'-shed'der,  n.  A  murderer. 

Blood'-shot,  1  a.  lied  and  in- 

Llood'-shot'thn,  )  flamed  by  a 
turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels. 

Blood'-suck'er,  n.  An  animal  that 
sucks  blood ;  the  leech. 

Blood'-tpiirst'y,  a.  Desirous  to 
shed  blood  ;  murderous.  [vein. 

Blood'- ves'sel,  n.  An  artery  or  a 

Blood'y  (blud'-),  a.  1.  Stained  with 
blood.  2.  Murderous. — v.  t.  To 
stain  with  blood. 

Blood'y-flux,  n.  The  dysentery. 

Blood'y-mind'ed,  a.  Cruel ;  fero¬ 
cious. 

Bloom,  n.  [A.-S.  blGvan,  to  blow, 
blossom.]  1.  A  blossom  ;  flower  of 
a  plant.  2.  Opening  of  flowers.  3. 
An  opening  to  higher  perfection.  4. 
Powdery  coating  on  certain  newly- 
gathered  fruits.  5-  [A.-S.  bloma,  a 
mass  or  lump.]  A  mass  of  crude  iron 
undergoing  the  first  hammering.  — 
v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  produce 
blossoms  ;  to  flower.  2.  To  flourish. 

Bloom'er,  n.  [From  the  introducer, 
Mrs.  Bloomer.]  A  peculiar  costume 
for  ladies. 

Bloom'ing,  a.  1.  Flowering.  2. 
Thriving  in  health ,  beauty ,  and  vigor. 

Bloom'y,  a.  Full  of  bloom  ;  flowery. 

Blos'SOM,  n.  [A.-S.  blusma.]  The 
flower  of  a  plant. — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  put  forth  blossoms ;  to 
bloom  ;  to  blow ;  to  flower. 

Blot,  v.  t.  [-ted  ;  -ting,  136.]  [Icel. 
bletta.]  1.  To  spot  or  stain.  2.  To 
disgrace.  3.  To  obliterate ;  to  ob¬ 
scure.  —  n.  1.  A  spot  or  stain;  blur. 
2.  Disgrace ;  reproach. 

Blotch,  n.  [Cf.  Blot.]  A  pustule 
or  eruption  upon  the  skin. 

Blot'ter,  n.  A  waste-book. 

BLOUgE,  )  n.  [Fr.]  A  light,  loose 
I  Blo wsse,  (  over-garment. 

Bl5w,  n.  1.  [0.  H.  Ger.  pluohi.]  A 
blossom;  a  flower.  2.  [Goth,  bligg- 
van.]  A  stroke.  3.  A  calamity.  4. 
Egg  of  a  fly  in  flesh.  5.  A  violent 
wind.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  flower;  to  blos¬ 
som.  2.  [imp.  blew  ;  p.  p.  blown.] 
[A.-S.  bldvan.]  To  produce  a  cur¬ 
rent  of  air  with  the  mouth  ;  hence, 
to  move,  as  air.  3.  To  pant ;  to  puff. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  drive  by  a  current  of 


air.  2.  To  sound,  as  a  wind  instru¬ 
ment.  3.  To  deposit,  as  eggs  by  flies. 
4.  To  inflate.  5.  To  put  out  of 
breath. 

Blow'er,  n.  A  contrivance  for  se¬ 
curing  a  current  of  air. 

Blow'-pjpe,  n.  A  tube  with  a  small 
orifice  for  blowing  an  intense  flame 
on  any  substance. 

Blowze,  n.  [Same  root  as  blush.]  A 
ruddy,  fat-faced  woman. 

Blow'zy  (blou'zy),  a.  Coarse  and 
ruddy-faced. 

Blltb'ber,  n.  Fat  of  whales  and  other 
large  sea  animals. — v.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ing.]  To  weep  noisily,  or  so  as  to 
disfigure  the  face. 

Blud'geon,  n.  [Cf.  Blow,  n.]  A 
short  stick,  with  one  end  loaded. 

Blue,  n.  [A.-S.  bleoh ,  bled.]  1.  One 
of  the  seven  primary  colors.  2.  pi. 
Low  spirits  ;  melancholy.  —  a.  1.  Of 
the  color  called  blue.  2.  Low  in  spir¬ 
its  ;  melancholy. — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  blue.  [berry. 

Blue'ber-ry,  n.  A  kind  of  whortle- 

Blue'-book,  n.  1.  A  parliamentary 
publication,  so  called  from  its  blue 
paper  covers.  [Eng.]  2.  A  register 
of  all  persons  in  the  employment  of 
the  government.  [Amer.] 

Blue'-bot'tle,  n.  A  fly  with  a 
large  blue  belly. 

Blue'-dev'/ls  (-dCv'lz),  n.  pi.  Low¬ 
ness  of  spirits ;  hypochondria.  [  Col- 
loq.) 

Blue'-light  (-lit),  71.  A  compo¬ 
sition,  burning  with  a  blue  flame, 
used  as  a  night  signal  in  ships,  & c. 

Blue'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  blue. 

Blue'-pe'ter,  n.  [Corrupt,  of  blue 
repeater.]  (British  Marine.)  A  blue 
flag  with  a  white  square  in  the  center. 

Blue'-stock'ing,  n.  A  literary  lady  ; 
a  female  pedant. 

Blijff,  a.  1.  Rude  or  coarse  in  man¬ 
ner.  2.  Roughly  frank.  3.  Steep  ; 
bold. — 7i.  1.  A  high,  steep  bank.  2. 
A  game  of  cards.  —  v.  t.  To  frighten 
from  accomplishing  one’s  ends. 

Blu'ing,  7i.  Something  to  give  a  blu¬ 
ish  tint,  as  indigo. 

Blu'isii,  a.  Blue  in  a  small  degree. 

BLtJN'DER,  V.  i.  I-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Allied 
to  blend.]  To  mistake  grossly.  —  n. 
A  gross  mis  hike. 

Syn.  —  Error;  mistake-;  bull.  —  An 
error  is  a  wandering  from  the  right  :  a 
mistake  is  the  aus-taking  of  one  thing  for 
another,  through  haste,  & c.;  a  blunder  is 
something  more  gross,  a  blending  or  con¬ 
fusion  of  things  through  carelessness,  ig¬ 
norance,  or  stupidity.  An  error  may  be 
corrected ;  a  mistake  may  be  rectified ;  a 
blunder  is  always  blamed  or  laughed  at. 
A  bull  is  a  verbal  blunder,  containing  a 
laughable  incongruity  of  ideas. 

Blijn'der-buss,  7i.  [Prob.  fr.  D.  don- 
derbus,  thunder-tube.]  1.  A  short 
gun,  with  a  large  bore.  2.  A  stupid, 
blundering  fellow. 

BlOn'der-er,  1  n.  One  apt  to 

BlGn'der-head,  j  blunder;  a  stu¬ 
pid  fellow. 

BlGnt,  a.  1.  Having  a  thick  edge  or 
point ;  dull.  2.  Abrupt  in  address.  — - 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  dull  the 


A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  y,  long;  a,  e,  I,  6,  ij,  ?,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  ere,  veil,  tJErm  ;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son, 


BLUNTLY 

edge  or  point  of.  2.  To  repress  or 
weaken. 

BlOnt'ly,  adv.  Unceremoniously. 

BlOnt'ness,  n.  1.  Want  of  edge  or 
point ;  dullness.  2.  Abruptness  of 
address. 

BlOr,  n.  1.  A  stain ;  a  blot.  2.  A 
dim,  confused  appearance.  3.  In¬ 
jury,  as  to  character,  &c. — r.  t. 
[-red;  -ring,  136.]  1.  To  ob¬ 

scure.  2.  To  dim.  3.  To  blemish. 

Syn. —  To  spot;  blot;  stain;  sully. 

BlBrt,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  utter 
suddenly  or  unadvisedly. 

BlCsh,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
ablisian,  to  blush,  blysa,  torch.]  To 
redden  in  the  face,  as  from  a  sense 
of  shame,  &c. — n.  1.  A  red  color 
suffusing  the  face.  2.  Glance ;  view. 

BlOs'ter,  e.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  Allied 
to  blast.]  1.  To  blow  fitfully.  2.  To 
talk  with  noisy  violence. — n.  1.  Fit¬ 
ful  noise  and  violence,  as  of  a  storm. 
2.  Noisy,  threatening  talk. 

Blus'ter-er,  n.  One  who  blusters  ; 
a  swaggerer ;  a  bully. 

Bo'A,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  genus  of  ser¬ 
pents.  2.  A  round  fur  tippet. 

Bo'A-gon-strio'tor,  n.  [N.  Lat. 
constrictor ,  from  Lat.  constringere,  to 
draw  together.]  A  large  and  power¬ 
ful  serpent,  sometimes  thirty  or  forty 
feet  long.  [not  castrated. 

Boar,  n.  [A.-S.  bdtr.]  The  male  of  swine 
i  Board,  n.  [A.-S.  bord ,  Goth,  baurd. ] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  sawed  broad  and 
thin.  2.  A  table.  3.  Food ;  enter¬ 
tainment.  4.  Any  authorized  assem¬ 
bly  or  meeting.  5.  Deck  of  a  vessel. 
6.  pi.  The  stage  in  a  theater. — v.  t. 
[■ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  lay  or  cover 
with  boards.  2.  To  go  on  board  of. 
or  enter.  3.  To  furnish  with  food, 
for  compensation.  —  v.  i.  To  obtain 
food  statedly  for  compensation. 

Board'er,  n.  1.  One  who  has  his 
meals  for  pay.  2.  One  who  boards  a 
ship.  [boarders. 

;  Board'ing-house,  n.  A  house  for 

Board'ing-sohool  (-skobl),  n.  A 
school  in  which  the  scholars  board 
with  the  teacher. 

Boar'ish,  a.  Swinish  ;  brutal ;  cruel. 

Boast,  V.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  exalt, 

J  or  extravagantly  praise  one’s  self. 

Syn.  —  To  brag;  vaunt;  vapor;  glory. 

;  — v.t.  To  speak  of  with  pride  orexul- 

tation. — n.  1.  Expression  of  pride, 

|  or  vanity.  2.  Cause  of  boasting. 

Boast'er,  n.  One  who  boasts. 

Boast'ful,  a.  Given  to  boasting. 

Boast'ful-ness,  n.  State  or  quali¬ 
ty  of  being  boastful. 

Boat  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  bat.]  A  small 
open  vessel,  usually  moved  by  oars. 
—  v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  transport 
In  a  boat. 

HOAT'A-BLE,  a.  Navigable  for  boats. 

Boat'-hook,  n.  A  long  pole,  with  a 
hook,  to  pull  or  push  a  boat. 

Boat'man  (150),  n.  A  man  who 
manages  a  boat. 

Boat'swain  ( colloq .  bo'sn),  n.  An  of¬ 
ficer  who  has  charge  of  a  ship’s  boats, 
sails,  rigging,  colors,  & c. 

43 

Bob,  n.  1.  Any  thing  that  plays  loose¬ 
ly,  as  at  the  end  of  a  string.  2.  Bait 
used  in  angling.  3.  A  short,  jerking 
action. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  136.] 
To  move  in  a  short,  jerking  manner. 
—  v.  i.  To  have  a  short,  jerking 
motion. 

Bob'BIN,  n.  [Lat.  bombus,  a  humming, 
because  it  makes  a  humming  noise.] 
A  kind  of  spool. 

Bob'bin-et',  or  Bob'bin-et',  n.  A 
kind  of  lace. 

Bob'o-link,  n.  An  American  sing¬ 
ing-bird. 

Bob'tatl,  n.  1.  A  short  tail,  or  a 
tail  cut  short.  2.  The  rabble. 

Bock'ING,  n.  A  kind  of  baize  or 
drugget ;  —  from  Booking,  Eng. 

Bode  ,v.  t.  or  ?.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
bodian.  See  Bid.]  To  presage  ;  to 
foreshow. 

Bod'Ice,  I  n.  [Prop.  pi.  of  body.] 

Bod'dI^E,  )  Stays;  a  corset. 

Bod'i-l’ess,  a.  Having  no  body. 

Bod'I-LY,  a.  Having  or  containing  a 
body;  corporeal.  —  adv.  1.  Corpore¬ 
ally.  2.  Completely. 

Bod'kin,  n.  [W.  bidogyn,  a  dim.  of 
bidog,  short  sword.]  A  pointed  in¬ 
strument  for  making  holes,  &c. 

Bod'y,  n.  [A.-S.  bodig.]  1.  Material 
substance  of  an  animal.  2.  Princi¬ 
pal  part,  as  of  an  animal,  tree,  army, 
&c.  3.  A  human  being.  4.  A  col¬ 
lective  mass  of  individuals.  5.  A 
number  of  things  taken  together.  6. 
Any  mass.  7.  ( Paint.)  Consistency  ; 
thickness. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING,  142.] 
To  produce  in  definite  shape  ;  to  em¬ 
body.  [tect  the  person. 

Bod'v-GIIARD,  n.  A  guard  to  pro- 

Bod'y-snatciPer,  n.  One  who  robs 
graves  for  the  purposes  of  dissection. 

Bog,  n.  [Ir.  &  Gael,  bog,  soft,  moist.] 
A  marsh;  a  morass. — v.  t.  To 
whelm  or  plunge,  as  in  mud. 

Bog'GLE,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Bug.]  To  exhibit  hesitancy. 

Bog'Sy,  a.  Full  of  bogs;  swampy. 

Bog'-ore,«.  An  ore  of  iron  found 
in  bogs. 

Bog'-trot'ter,  n.  One  who  lives 
in  a  boggy  country. 

Bo'gus,  a.  [A  corruption  of  Borghese, 
a  noted  swindler.]  Spurious.  [Amer.] 

Bo-hea',  n.  [From  Wu-i,  the  hills 
where  this  kind  of  tea  is  grown.]  An 
inferior  kind  of  black  tea. 

Boil,  v.  i.  [Lat.  bullire.]  1.  To  be 
agitated  by  heat; — used  of  liquids. 
2.  To  bubble  ;  to  effervesce. — v.t. 
-ED;  -ING.]  To  cook  or  form  by 
boiling.  — n.  [A.-S.  byle,  bile,  sore.] 
A  painful,  suppurating  tumor. 

Boil'er,  n.  A  vessel  in  which  any 
thing  is  boiled. 

Boil'er-Y,  n.  A  place  for  boiling. 

Boil'ING,  n.  Agitation  by  heat;  eb¬ 
ullition. 

Bois'ter-oOs,  a.  [0.  Eng.  boistous, 
Icel.  bistr,  stormy,  furious.]  1.  Ex¬ 
hibiting  tumultuous  violence.  2. 
Noisy ;  turbulent. 

Syn.—  Loud;  violent;  furious;  tumul¬ 
tuous  ;  vehement. 

BOND 

Bois'ter-o&s-ly,  adv.  In  a  bois¬ 
terous  manner.  [boisterous. 

Bois'ter-oOs-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Bold,  a.  [Goth,  balths.]  1.  Forward 
to  meet  danger.  2.  Lacking  proper 
modesty  or  restraint ;  rude.  3.  Tak¬ 
ing  liberties  in  composition  or  expres¬ 
sion.  4.  Markedly  conspicuous. 

Syn.  —  Courageous  ;  daring  ;  brave  ; 
intrepid  ;  valiant ;  manful ;  audacious  ; 
forward  ;  impudent. 

Bold'ly,  adv.  In  a  bold  manner. 
Bold'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  bold. 
Bole,m.  [Sw.  bal.]  1.  The  body  or 
stem  of  a  tree.  2.  A  measure. 

Boll,  n.  [Cf.  Bowl,  n.]  Pod  or 
capsule  of  a  plant,  as  of  flax ;  peri¬ 
carp. —  v.t.  To  form  into  a  seed- 
vessel. 

Bol'ster  (20),  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Along 
under-pillow.  2.  A  pad  or  support. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  sup¬ 
port  with  a  bolster.  2.  To  hold  up  ; 
to  maintain. 

Bolt  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  bolt,  Icel.  bold.] 

1.  An  arrow.  2.  A  strong  pin  to 
fasten  or  hold  something.  3.  Light¬ 
ning.  4.  Twenty-eight  ells  of  canvas. 

—  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  secure 

with  a  bolt.  2.  To  fasten.  3.  To 
swallow  without  chewing.  [O.  Fr. 
bulter,  M.  II.  Ger.  biuteln.]  To  sift ; 
to  separate  or  assort.  —  v.i.  1.  To 
move  abruptly.  2.  To  spring  sud¬ 
denly  aside.  [bolts. 

Bolt'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
Bolt'-head,  n.  A  long  glass  vessel 
for  distillations. 

Bo'lus,  n.  [Lat.]  A  large  pill. 

Bomb  (bflm),  n.  [Gr. 

/Sop/3os,  a  hollow,  deep 
sound.]  A  hollow  ball 
of  cast  iron  filled  with 
explosive  materials,  to 
be  fired  from  a  mortar. 

Bombard',  v.  t.  [-ed; 

-ING.]  To  attack  with  Bomb, 

bombs. 

Bom/BAR-dier',  n.  A  person  em¬ 
ployed  in  throwing  bombs,  [bombs. 
Bom-bard'ment,  n.  An  attack  with 
Bom'bast  (bttnbbast,  114),  n.  [L. 

Lat.  bombax,  cotton.]  An  inflated 
style ;  fustian.  [flated. 

BoM-BAST're,  a  High-sounding;  in- 
Bom-bast'IE-al-LY,  adv.  With  in¬ 
flation  of  style. 

Bom'ba-ZET',  )  n.  A  sort  of  thin 

Bom'ba-zette',  j  woolen  cloth. 
Bom'ba-zine',  1  n.  [Gr  /3 dp/3v£,  silk, 
Bom/ba-sine',  )  cotton.]  A  twilled 
fabric  of  silk  and  worsted. 

Bom'bie,  a.  [Lat.  bombyx,  silk-worm.] 
Pertaining  to  the  silk -worm. 
Bomb'-ketch  )  (bum'-),  n.  A 
B6mb'-ves/sel  j  strong  vessel, 
carrying  mortars  for  bombs. 
Bomb'-proof  (burn7-),  a.  Secure 
against  the  force  of  bombs. 

Bomb'-shell  (bhnP-),  n.  A  bomb. 
Bon'bon  {or  bong'bSng),  n.  [Fr.] 

A  sugar-plum. 

Bond,  n.  [A.-S.  bond,  bound.]  1. 

That  which  binds.  2.  A  binding 
force  or  influence  3.  A  legal  writ- 

OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Brn,  RUE ,  pyLL ;  e,i,  o,  silent ;  9,6,  soft;  6,  a,  hard;  A£  ;  e^ist  ;  N  as  NG;  this. 

BONDAGE  44  BOTTLE 


ing  under  seal.  4.  Union  of  stones 
forming  a  wall.  —  a.  In  a  state  of 
servitude. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
secure  payment  of,  by  giving  a  bond. 

Bond'age,  n.  Involuntary  servitude. 

Syn. —  Thralldom;  captivity;  slavery. 

Bond'ed-ware'house,  n.  A  ware¬ 
house  for  storing  bonded  goods  in. 

Bond'maid,  n.  A  female  slave. 

B5n  d'man,  n.  A  man  slave. 

Bond'-sErv'ant,  n.  A  slave ;  a 
bondman.  [of  slavery. 

Bond'-SLAVE,  n.  A  person  in  a  state 

Bonds'man,  n  One  who  gives  secu¬ 
rity  for  another. 

Bond'wom'an,  n.  A  woman  slave. 

Bone  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  ban,  Goth.  bain.\ 
A  hard,  whitish  substance,  compos¬ 
ing  a  skeleton.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
1.  To  take  out  bones  from.  2.  To 
put  whalebone  into. 

Bone'set,  n.  A  medicinal  plant; 
J;horoughwort. 

Bone'-set'ter,  n.  One  who  sets 
broken  and  dislocated  bones. 

Bone'-spavGn,  n.  A  bony  excres¬ 
cence  on  the  hock  of  a  horse's  leg. 

Bon'fire,  n.  [Fr.  bon.  good,  and  Eng. 
fire.]  A  fire  to  express  public  joy. 

Bon-mot  (bong'mo'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
witty  repartee  ;  a  jest. 

Bon'net,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A  covering  for 
the  head.  2.  Addition  to  a  sail.  3. 
A  dome-shaped  casing  or  appendage. 

Bon'NI-ly,  cidv.  Gayly  ;  handsomely. 

Bon'ny,  a.  [Fr.  bon ,  bonne ,  good.] 
Handsome;  beautiful. 

Bon'ny-clab'ber,  n.  [Ir.  bainne, 
baine ,  milk,  and  clabar ,  mud.]  Thick 
part  of  milk  that  has  become  sour. 

Bon  Ton  (btmg  t5ng).  [Fr.,  good 
tone.]  Fashionable  society. 

Bc'nus,  n.  [Lat.,  good.]  A  premium 
given  for  a  loan,  charter,  or  other 
privilege. 

Bon-vivant  (bong'v3-vong'),  n. 
[Fr.  bon,  good,  and  vivant ,  living.] 
A  jovial  companion. 

Bon'y,  a.  1.  Full  of,  or  pertaining  to, 
bones.  2.  Having  large  or  promi¬ 
nent  bones. 

Bon'ze,  n.  [Japan,  bi/sse,  a  pious 
man  ]  A  priest  of  different  Oriental 
sects. 

Boo'by,  n.  [Fr.  boubie .]  1.  A  water- 
fowl  allied  to  the  pelican.  2.  A 
dunce  ;  a  stupid  fellow. 

Boo'by-hut,  n.  A  kind  of  sleigh, 
with  a  covered  top. 

Book  (27),  n.  [A.-S.  Mr,  from  bbce, 
beech,  because  the  ancient  Saxons 
wrote  on  beechen  boards.]  1.  Sheets 
of  paper  bound  together,  whether 
priuted  or  not.  2.  A  sub-division 
of  a  work.  —  v.t.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  To 
enter  in  a  book. 

Bo'ok'-bInd'er,  n.  One  who  binds 
books.  _  [shelves  for  books. 

Book'-case  (109),  n.  A  case  with 

Book'ish,  a.  Given  to  reading. 

Book/ish-ness,  n.  Addictedness  to 
books  ;  fondness  for  books. 

Book'-keep'er  (109),  n.  One  who 
keeps  accounts.  [accounts. 

Book'-keep'ing,  n.  Art  of  keeping 


Book'-lEarnsd  (60),  a.  Versed  in 
books  ;  ignorant  of  men. 

Book'-eEarn'ing,  n.  Learning  ac¬ 
quired  by  reading  only.  [books. 

Book'-sell/er,  n.  One  who  sells 

Book'-store,  n.  A  shop  where 
books  are  kept  for  sale.  [Amer.] 

Book' worm  (-warm),  n.  1.  A  worm 
or  mite  that  eats  holes  in  books.  2. 
A  student  addicted  to  books. 

Boom,  n.  [See  Beam.]  1.  ( Naut .) 
A  spar  to  extend  the  bottom  of  a  sail. 
2.  A  line  of  spars  across  a  river  or 
other  water.  3.  A  hollow  roar,  as  of 
waves  or  cannon.  —  v.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  rush  with  violence.  2. 
To  make  a  hollow  sound  or  roar,  as 
of  waves.  3.  To  cry,  as  the  bittern. 

Boom'er-ang,  n. 

A  remarkable  mis¬ 
sile  weapon  used 
by  the  natives  of  Boomerang. 
Australia. 

Boon,  n.  [Lat.  bonus,  good.]  Gift; 
grant;  present. — a.  1.  Gay;  mer¬ 
ry.  2.  Kind;  bountiful. 

Bo~or,  n.  [A  -S.  gebur,  D.boer;  fr.  A.- 
S.  bTian,  to  inhabit,  cultivate.]  A 
clown  ;  a  rude  and  illiterate  person. 

Boor'ish,  a.  Clownish;  rustic. 

Bo“ost,  v.t.  [Cf.  Boast,  v.  ?.]  To 
lift  from  behind  ;  to  push  up. 

Iido'RY,  I  a.  A  little  intoxicated ; 

Bojd'zy,  j  fuddled. 

Boot,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  [A.-S. 
bot,  compensation.]  To  profit;  to 
advantage.  2.  To  put  boots  on.  — 
n.  1.  Profit ;  gain  ,  advantage.  [Fr. 
botte ,  A.-S.  butte,  bytte.]  2.  A  cov¬ 
ering  for  the  foot  and  leg.  3.  An 
apron  for  a  carriage,  to  defend  from 
rain  and  mud.  4.  ft.  A  servant  at 
hotels  who  blacks  the  boots. 

Bo~ot-ee',  n.  A  half  or  short  boot. 

Booth,  ??..  [Icel.  bixdh,  W.  bwth.] 
A  temporary  shelter  of  boards  or 
boughs  of  trees. 

Boot'-jack,  n.  An  instrument  for 
drawing  off  boots.  [itable. 

Boot'less,  a.  Unavailing;  unprof- 

B  got '—tree,  [  n.  An  instrument  to 

Boot'-last,  j  stretch  the  leg  of  a 
boot. 

Boot'y,  n.  [Teel,  byti,  byta,  to  dis¬ 
tribute.]  Spoil  taken  in  war,  or  by 
violence ;  plunder. 

Bo-peep',  n.  A  child’s  play. 

Bor'age  (bur'rej),  n.  [Low  Lat.  bo- 
rago .]  An  annual  garden  plant,  for¬ 
merly  esteemed  as  a  cordial. 

Bo'rax,  n.  [Ar.  biirar/,  niter,  salt¬ 
peter.]  A  salt  formed  by  a  combina¬ 
tion  of  boracic  acid  with  soda. 

Bor'der,)i.  [A.-S.Mrd.  See  Board.] 
Outer  part  or  edge  of  any  thing. 

Syx.  —  Verge;  brink;  margin;  brim; 
rim;  boundary. 

—  v.  i.  To  touch  at  the  edge.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  To  make  a  border  for. 

Bor'der-er,  n.  One  who  dwells  on  a 
border. 

Bore,u.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  bo- 
rian .]  1.  To  penetrate  with  an  au¬ 
ger,  gimlet,  or  the  like.  2.  To  weary 
by  iteration.  —  v.  i.  To  pierce  or 


enter  by  boring.  —  n.  1.  Hole  made 
by  boring ;  cavity  of  any  fire-arm ; 
caliber.  2.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
wearies.  —  v. ,  imp.  of  Bear. 

Bo're-ae,  a.  [Lat.  borealis,  fr.  Bore - 
as,  the  north  wind.]  Northern  ;  per¬ 
taining  to  the  north. 

Bor'er,  n.  1.  One  who  bores  ;  an  in¬ 
strument  for  boring.  2.  A  worm  that 
pierces  wood. 

Boitl^and  BORNE,  p.  p.  of  Bear. 

Bor'ough  (bur'b),  n.  [A.-S.  buruh , 
burh ,  burg,  fr.  beorgan,  to  hide,  de¬ 
fend,  be  prominent.]  An  incorpo- 
ratedtown  that  is  not  a  city. 

Bor'row  (bbr'ro),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  borgian,  fr.  borg,  both,  pledge.] 
1.  To  take  from  another  on  trust, 
with  intention  to  return  or  give  an 
equivalent  for.  2.  To  appropiiate. 

Bor'row-ER,  n.  One  who  borrows. 

Bosc'Age,  n.  [From  0.  Eng.  busk, 
Eng.  bush.]  Wood  ;  underwood. 

Bosh,  n.  [Prov.  Erg.  bosh,  dash, 
show.]  Nonsense;  foolishness.  [ Col - 

Bosk'Y,  a.  Woody  ;  bushy.  [ log .] 

Bos'om,  n.  [A  -S.  busum.]  1.  The 
breast  or  its  covering.  2.  The  breast, 
as  the  seat  of  the  sensibilities.  3. 
Any  inclosed  place. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  inclose  in  the  bosom. 

Boss,  n.  [Ger.  bulz ,  bulzen,  some¬ 
thing  cloddy  or  stumpy,  point,  tip.] 
1.  A  stud  ;  a  knob.  2.  Any  protu¬ 
berant  part.  3.  [D.  baas,  master.] 
A  master  workman. 

Boss'y,  a.  Containing,  or  ornament¬ 
ed  with,  bosses. 

Bo-tan'io,  la.  Pertaining  to  bot- 

Bo-tan'ic-al,  )  any. 

Bo-tan'ic-al-LY,  adv.  In  a  botan¬ 
ical  manner. 

Bot'an-ist,  n.  One  skilled  in  botany. 

Bot'a-nIze,  v.i.  [-E D ;  -ing.]  To 
seek  for  plants  for  the  purpose  of 
botanical  investigation. 

Bot'A-NY,  n.  [Gr.  )S o-ravy,  herb, 
plant.]  The  science  which  treats  of 
plants,  their  classification,  See. 

Botch,  n.  [Cf.  Boss  and  Patch.] 
1.  A  patch  cf  a  garment.  2.  A  clum¬ 
sy  performance.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  mend  in  a  clumsy  manner. 

Bot'-fly,  n.  An  insect  troublesome 
to  domestic  animals. 

Both  (20),  a.  &  pron.  [A.-S.  ba ; 
bittii,  btitvti.]  The  one  and  the  other; 
the  two.  —  conj.  It  precedes  the  first 
of  two  co-ordinate  words  or  phrases, 
and  is  followed  by  and  before  the 
other. 

Both'er,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
tease  or  perplex.  — n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  bothers  ;  annoyance. 

Bot'ry-oid,  1  a.  [Gr.  /SoTpos,  a 

Bot'ry -oid'al,  )  cluster  of  grapes, 
and  el  So?,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  bunch  of  grapes. 

Bots,  1  n.  pi.  [Prob.  fr.  bite.]  Small 

Botts,  )  worms  in  horses’  intestines. 

BoT'TLE,  n.  [Fr.  bout  till  e ,  fr.  botte, 
cask.]  1.  A  vessel  with  a  narrow 
mouth,  for  liquors.  2.  Contents 
of  a  bottle.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
inclose  in  bottles. 


A,  E,  l,  o,  u,  y,  long;  a,  £,  I,  6,  t),  y,  short;  care,  far,  ask:  all,  wii^lT;  ere,  veil,  tErm;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 


BOTTLE-HOLDER 


Bot'tle-hold'ee,  n.  One  who  aids 
a  boxer,  by  giving  him  refreshment, 
& c.,  between  the  rounds. 

Bot'tom,  n.  [A.-S.  botm.]  1.  Low¬ 
est  part  of  any  thing.  2.  Founda¬ 
tion  ;  base.  3.  Low  land ;  a  dale ;  a 
valley.  4.  Keel  of  a  vessel;  hence, 
the  vessel  itself.  5.  Power  of  endur¬ 
ance.  6.  Dregs.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 

1.  To  found  or  build.  2.  To  furnish 
with  a  seat  or  bottom. 

Bot'tom-less,  a.  Without  a  bot¬ 
tom  ;  hence,  fathomless. 

Bot'tom-ry,  n.  Contract  by  which 
a  ship  is  bound  as  security  for  the 
payment  of  money  advanced  or  lent. 

Boudoir  (biTo'dwor),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
lady’s  private  room. 

Bough  (bon),  n.  [A  -S.  boga,  from 
beogan ,  biigan,  to  bow,  bend.]  A 
large  branch  of  a  tree. 

Bought  (bawt),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Buy. 

Bouillon  (bcTol'yong),  n.  [Fr. ] 
Broth ;  sou]). 

Boul'der,».  See  Bowlder. 

Boulevard  (bobl'var'),  n.  [Fr., 
fr.  Eng.  bulwark .]  A  public  walk  or 
street  on  the  site  of  a  demolished 
fortification. 

Bounce,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Gr.  /3 op.- 
|3os,  a  hollow,  deep  sound.]  To  leap 
or  spring  suddenly.  —  n.  1.  A  sud¬ 
den  leap  or  bound.  2.  A  heavy  blow 
or  thump. 

Boun'C-er,  n.  1.  One  who  bounces. 

2.  A  bold  lie.  3.  A  liar.  4.  Some¬ 
thing  big. 

Bounding,  a.  Stout;  lusty. 

Bound,  n.  1.  Limit;  confine;  ex¬ 
tent ;  boundary.  2.  A  leap  ;  a  jump. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  limit; 
to  restrain  ;  to  confine.  2.  To  men¬ 
tion  the  boundaries  of.  — v.  i.  [Gr. 
/3op./3os,  a  hollow,  deep  sound.]  1.  To 
move  forward  by  leaps  ;  to  leap  ;  to 
jump.  2.  To  rebound. — imp.  &  p. 
p.  of  Bind.  —  a.  Destined  ;  tending  ; 
going. 

Bound'a-ry,  n.  That  which  fixes  a 
limit ;  esp.  a  visible  mark. 

Bound'en  (bounds),  a.  [From  bind.] 
Made  obligatory  ;  binding. 

Bound'less,  a.  Without  bounds  or 
confines ;  infinite. 

Boun'te-oOs  (66),  a.  Disposed  to 
give  freely  ;  generous  ;  munificent. 

BOUN'TE-otJS-LY,  adv.  Liberally. 

Boun'te-ous-ness,  n.  Liberality. 

Boun'ti-ful,  a.  Free  in  giving  ;  mu¬ 
nificent  ;  generous. 

Boun'ti-ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  bounti¬ 
ful  manner. 

Boun'ty,  n.  [Lat.  bonitas,  fr.  bonus , 
good.]  1.  Liberality ;  generosity.  2. 
A  premium  to  encourage  some  object. 

Bou-QUET'  (bob'ka'  or  bob'ka),  n.  1. 
A  nosegay  ;  a  bunch  of  flowers.  2.  A 
perfume  or  aromatic  odor. 

Bo0r-4eois'  (bur-jois'),  n.  [Prob. 
from  a  type-founder  of  that  name.] 
A  small  kind  of  type. 

{Hr*  Bourgeois  type. 

Bourn,  1  n.  [Fr.  borne.]  1.  A  limit ; 

Bourne,  )  goal.  2.  Stream  or  rivulet. 


45 

Bourse  (bdbrss),  n.  [Fr.,fr.  Gr. |3 vp- 
<r a,  skin,  because  a  purse  was  made 
of  leather.]  A  French  exchange. 

Bout,  n.  [0.  Eng.  bought ,  bend.  See 
Bight.]  1.  A  contest  ;  trial.  2. 
As  much  of  an  action  as  is  performed 
at  one  time. 

Bo' VINE,  a.  [Lat.  bos ,  bovis,  ox.] 
Pertaining  to  cattle  of  the  ox  kind. 

BOW  (bou),  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  biigan ,  beogan ,  Skr.  b/mdj ,  to 
be  bent.]  To  bend  ;  —  used  esp.  of 
the  head  or  body.  —  n.  1.  An  incli¬ 
nation  of  the  head,  or  the  body.  2. 
Rounded  part  of  a  ship  forward. 

Bow  (bo),  n.  [See  supra,  and  cf. 
BOUGH.]  1.  A  weapon  for  shooting 
arrows.  2.  An  instrument  having  a 
curved  form. 

Bow'el  (bou'el),  n.  [Lat.  botellus, 
a  small  sausage.]  1.  One  of  the  in¬ 
testines  ;  a  gut ;  — chiefly  in  the  pi. 
2.  Interior  part  of  any  thing.  3.  Ten¬ 
derness  ;  compassion.  — v.  t.  (137)  To 
take  out  the  bowels  of. 

Bow'er  (bou'er),  n.  [From  bow.]  1. 
An  anchor  at  the  bow  of  a  ship.  2. 
[Ger.  bauer ,  a  peasant,  the  knave  in 
cards.]  One  of  the  two  highest  cards 
in  the  game  of  euchre.  3.  [A.-S.  btir, 
from  Goth,  bauan,  to  dwell.]  A  cot¬ 
tage.  4.  An  arbor. 

Bow'er-y,  a.  Covering,  as  a  bower ; 
containing  bowers. 

Bow'ie-Knife  (-nTf),  n.  A  peculiar 
kind  of  knife,  worn  as  a  weapon  ;  — 
from  its  inventor,  Col.  Boivie. 

Bowl,  n.  [A.-S.  bolla,  any  round 
vessel.]  1.  A  concave  vessel.  2. 
Hollow  part  of  any  thing.  3.  [Lat. 
bulla,  any  thing  rounded  by  art.] 
A  ball  for  rolling  on  a  level  surface. 
—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  roll  as 
a  bowl. — v.  i.  1.  To  play  with 
bowls.  2.  To  roll  the  ball  on  a  level. 

Bowl'der,  n.  [See  Bowl,  ball.]  A 
mass  of  rock,  transported  by  natural 
agencies  from  its  native  bed. 

Bow'-legged  (bo'legd),  a.  Having 
crooked  legs.  [at  bowls. 

Bowl'er  (bol'-),  n.  One  who  plays 

Bow' line,  n.  [Prop,  the  line  of  the 
bow,  or  bend.]  A  rope  to  keep  the 
weather-edge  of  the  sail  tight  for¬ 
ward. 

B5wl'ing-al'ley,  n.  A  covered 
place  for  playing  at  bowls. 

Bowl'ing-green,  n.  A  level  piece 
of  ground  for  bowling. 

Bow'-shot,  n.  Space  which  an  ar¬ 
row  may  pass  when  shot. 

Bow'sprTt  (bo'sprit  or  bou'sprit),  n. 
[Bow  (of  a  ship)  and  sprit.]  A  large 
spar  projecting  over  the  stem  of  a 
vessel,  to  carry  sail. 

Bow'strIng,  n.  1.  String  of  a  bow. 
2.  A  string  used  by  the  Turks  for 
strangling  offenders. 

Box,  n.  [Gr.  Trusts,  a  box,  esp.  of 
box-wood.]  1.  A  case  or  receptacle. 
2.  Inclosed  space  with  seats  in  a  place 
of  amusement.  3.  A  hollow  iron 
in  which  an  axle-tree  runs.  4.  Buck¬ 
et  of  a  lifting  pump.  6.  Driver’s  seat 
on  a  carriage.  6.  [Gr.  7ru£o?.]  A 


BRAIN 

tree  or  a  shrub.  7.  [Cf.  Gr.  nv£, 
with  clenched  fist.]  A  blow  on  the 
head  or  ear. — v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  inclose  in  a  box.  2.  To  fur¬ 
nish  with  boxes.  3.  To  strike  with 
the  hand.  — v.  i.  To  fight  with  the 
fist.  [fist. 

Box'ER,  n.  One  who  fights  with  his 

Box'iiaul,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing]  To 
wear,  as  a  ship,  in  a  certain  manner. 

Boy,  n.  [Prov.  Ger.  bua,  bue,  D.  boef. 
Cf.  Lat .  pupus ;  A.-S.  &  Dan.  pige, 
a  little  girl.]  A  male  child  ;  a  lad. 

Boy'hood  (27),  n.  State  of  a  boy- 

Boy'ish,  a.  Childish;  puerile. 

Boy'isii-ness,  n.  Manners  or  behav¬ 
ior  of  a  boy. 

Brag'gate  ,  a.  [Lat.  braccatus,  wear¬ 
ing  breeches.]  Furnished  with  feath¬ 
ers  which  conceal  the  feet. 

Bra^e,  n.  [Lat.  brachia,  the  arms 
(stretched  out).]  1.  A  prop  or  sup¬ 
port.  2.  That  which  holds  any  thing 
firmly.  3.  A  character  connecting 
two  or  more  words  or  lines,  thus, 
b9il,  14.  A  pair.  6.  A  strap.  —  v.t. 
bowl.)  [-ED;  -ing.]  1.  To  sup¬ 
port  ;  to  prop.  2.  To  tighten. 

BRAyE'LET,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  brachi- 
um ,  arm.]  Ornament  for  the  wrist. 

Bragh'i-al,  or  Bra'-ghi-al , a.  [Lat. 
brachialis;  brachium,  arm.]  Belong¬ 
ing  to,  or  resembling,  an  arm. 

Bra-ghyg'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  )3paxv?, 
short,  and  ypa^eiv,  to  write.]  Art 
of  writing  in  short  hand ;  stenogra¬ 
phy. 

BrXck'en,  n.  Fern. 

BrXck'ET,  n.  [0.  Fr.  braquet ,  from 
Lat.  brachium,  arm.]  1.  A  small 
projecting  support.  2.  One  of  two 
hooks,  [  ],  used  to  inclose  an  expla¬ 
nation,  note,  &c. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  place  within  brackets. 

BrXck'ISH,  a.  [D.  &  L.  Ger.  brak, 
brackish.]  Saltish  ;  salt,  [brackish. 

BrXck'ISH-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

BrXgt,  n.  [Lat.  bractea,  a  thin  plate.] 
A  small  leaf  or  scale,  from  the  axil  of 
which  a  flower  proceeds. 

BrXd,  n.  [Cf.  Dan.  brand,  prick, 
sting.]  A  kind  of  nail,  with  a  slight 
projection  at  the  top  on  one  side. 

BrXg,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Cf.  Icel. 
bragga,  to  adorn,  W.  bragiaw,  to 
swell  out.]  To  swagger ;  to  boast.  — 
n.  1.  A  boast.  2.  A  game  at  cards. 

BrXg'ga-d5'ci-o  (-dS'shi-o),  n. 
[From  Braggadocchio,  a  character 
in  Spenser’s  Faery  Queen.]  1.  A 
boaster.  2.  Empty  boasting. 

BrXg'gart,  n.  [0.  Fr.  bragord,  vain 
bragging.]  A  boaster  ;  a  vain  fellow. 
—  a.  Boastful ;  vainly  ostentatious. 

BrXg'ger,  n.  One  who  brags. 

BrXh'MA,  n.  Fii’St  person  in  tho 
trinity  of  the  Hindoos  ;  the  creator. 

Brah'man,  I  n.  One  of  the  upper  casto 

BrXh'MIN,  j  among  the  Hindoos. 

Braid,d.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  bre- 
dan.]  To  weave  ;  to  plat. —  n.  A  cord 
or  other  texture,  formed  by  weaving. 

BRAlLg,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  braca ,  bracx , 
breeches.]  Ropes  to  haul  up  sails. 

Brain,  n.  [A.-S.  bragen.]  1.  The 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  t>RN,  RUE ,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,4,50/t;  €,  a,  hard ;  Ag;  EJIST  ; 


as  NG ;  this. 


BRAINLESS 


46  BREECHES 


soft  whitish  mass  in  the  upper  cavity 
of  the  skull.  2.  The  understanding. 
—  v.  t.  To  dash  out  the  brains  of. 

Brainless,  a.  Without  understand¬ 
ing  ;  witless. 

Brain'-pXn,  n.  Skull ;  cranium. 

Brain'-s'Ick,  a.  Disordered  in  the 
understanding. 

Brake,  n.  [L.  Ger.  brake ,  brushwood.] 

1.  A  fern.  2.  A  place  overgrown 
with  brakes.  3.  A  thicket.  4.  [From 
root  of  break.]  An  instrument  to 
break  flax.  5.  Handle  by  which  a 
pump,  &c.,  is  worked.  6.  Mechanism 
to  retard  the  motion  of  a  carriage. 

Brake'man  (150),  n.  One  whose  busi¬ 
ness  is  to  manage  a  brake. 

BrXm'BLE,  n.  [A.-S.  brembel.]  1. 
The  raspberry  or  blackberry  shrub. 

2.  Any  rough,  prickly  shrub. 

BrXn,  n.  Coat  of  the  seed  of  wheat, 

rye,  See.,  separated  from  the  flour. 

Branch,  n.  [Ger.  branke,  claw,  W. 
braich,  arm.]  1.  A  limb  ;  a  bough. 
2.  Any  part  extended  from  the  main 
body  of  a  thing.  3  A  subdivision  ;  a 
department. —  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  spread  in  branches.  2.  To  divide 
into  separate  parts.  — v.t.  To  divide 
as  into  branches. 

Branch'let,  n.  A  little  branch. 

BrAncii'Y,  a.  Full  of  branches. 

BrXnd,  n.  [A.-S.,  from  brinnan,  to 
burn.]  1.  A  burning  or  partly  burnt 
stick.  2.  A  sword.  3.  An  iron  for 
burning  a  mark  on  something.  4. 
Quality  ;  kind.  5.  A  stigma.  —  v.  t. 
[-EB  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  burn  with  a  hot 
iron.  2.  To  stigmatize. 

BrXnd'— goose,  n.  [See  Brant.]  A 
species  of  wild  goose. 

BrXn'dish,  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING]  From 
brand ,  a  sword.]  To  wave,  as  a 
weapon;  to  shake  or  flourish.  —  n. 
A  flourish,  as  with  a  weapon. 

Brand'ling,  n.  A  small  red  worm. 

BrXnd'-new.  a.  [See  Brand.]  Quite 
new,  as  if  fresh  from  the  fire. 

BrXn'dy,  n.  [0.  Eng.  brandioine ,  i.  e., 
burned  wine.]  A  spirit  distilled  from 
wine,  See. 

BrXn'gle,  n.  [Probably  a  modif.  of 
wrangle.]  A  wrangle;  a  squabble. — 
v.  i.  To  wrangle  ;  to  squabble. 

BrXnk,  n.  1.  Buckwheat.  2.  [Cf. 
Branch.]  A  bridle  for  scolds. 

BrXn'-new  (109),  a.  See  Brand- 

new.  [bling,  bran. 

BrXn'ny,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resem- 

BrXnt,  n.  [ It.  branta .]  A  species  of 
wjld  goose. 

BRA'glER  (bra'zher),  n.  [From  irass.] 
1.  One  who  works  in  brass.  2.  [Fr. 
brasier ,  braisier ,  from  braise,  live 
coals.]  A  pan  for  holding  coals. 

Brass,  n.  [A.-S.  fcrjs.]  1.  A  yellow 
alloy  of  copper  and  zinc.  2.  Impu¬ 
dence. 

BrAss'i-ness,  n.  Quality  or  appear¬ 
ance  of  brass. 

BrAss  y,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  brass; 
hard  as  brass.  2.  Impudent. 

BRX.T,n.  [A.-S.  bratt,  cloak,  rag.]  A 
childj  —  in  contempt. 

Bra-va'do,  n.  [See  Brave.]  1.  An  I 


arrogant  menace;  a  boast.  2.  A 
boasting  fellow. 

Brave,  a.  [Fr.  brave ,  Sp.  and  It. 
bravo,  courageous.]  1.  Of  noble  or 
admirable  courage.  2.  Excellent ; 
beautiful. 

Syn.  —  Courageous;  gallant;  valiant; 
valorous;  bold;  intrepid;  fearless. 

—  n.  1.  A  brave  person;  esp.,  an 
Indian  warrior.  2.  A  hector;  a  bul¬ 
ly. —  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  en¬ 
counter  with  courage  ;  to  defy. 

Brave'ly,  adv.  In  a  brave  manner. 

Brav'er-y,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
brave.  2.  Ostentation. 

Syn.  —  Courage;  heroism;  intrepidi¬ 
ty  ;  gallantry  ;  valor  ;  dauntlessness  ; 
audacity. —  Courage  is  that  firmness  of 
spirit  which  meets  danger  without  fear; 
bravery  defies  or  braves  it,  and  shows  it¬ 
self  in  outward  acts ;  audacity  is  bravery 
running  out  into  rashness. 

Bra' vo,  n. ;  pi.  bra'voes.  [It.  See 
Brave.]  A  daring  villain ;  an  assas¬ 
sin. —  interj.  Well  done. 

Brawl,  v.  i.  [W.  bragal,  to  vocifer¬ 
ate,  brag ;  brawl,  boast.]  1.  To 
quarrel  noisily  and  indecently.  2.  To 
complain  loudly.  3.  To  roar;  as 
water.  —  n.  A  noisy  quarrel. 

Brawl'er,  n.  A  noisy  fellow. 

Brawn,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  brato,  fatness.] 
1.  Flesh  of  a  boar.  2.  Muscular 
strength  ;  hence,  the  arm. 

Brawn'y,  a.  Having  large,  strong 
muscles. 

Bray,  v.  t.  [-id;  -ing.]  [Icel.  brhka, 
to  break,  A.-S.  bracan ,  to  rub.]  To 
pound  or  grind  small. — v.i.  [Fr. 
braire.]  To  utter  a  harsh  cry,  as  an 
ass.  —  n.  Harsh  sound  of  an  ass. 

Bray'er,  n.  One  who  brays  like  an 
ass.  —  n.  [From  bray,  to  grind.]  An 
instrument  for  mixing  or  spreading 
ink. 

Braze,  v.  t.  [From  Jrass.]  1.  To 
solder  with  an  alloy  of  brass  and 
zinc.  2.  To  harden  to  impudence. 

Bra'ZEN  (bra'zn),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to,  or  made  of,  brass.  2.  Impudent. 

—  v.  i.  To  be  impudent. 

BRA'Z.EN-FA^.ED  (-fast),  a.  Impu¬ 
dent  ;  shameless.  [manner. 

Bra'zfn-ly,  adv.  In  an  impudent 

Bra'zier  (bra/zher),  n.  [See  Bra¬ 
sier.]  1.  An  artificer  who  works  in 
brass.  2.  A  pan  to  hold  coals. 

BREACH,  n.  [A.-S.  brire,  bryce.  See 
Break.]  1.  Act  of  breaking.  2. 
Opening  made  by  breaking.  3.  In¬ 
fraction,  as  of  a  law.  4.  A  breaking 
up  of  amicable  relations. 

Syn. —  Rent;  cleft;  chasm;  break; 
difference;  misunderstanding. 

—  v.t.  To  make  a  breach  in  the 
walls  of. 

Breach'y,  a.  Apt  to  break  fences  ;  — 
applied  to  unruly  cattle. 

BrEad,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Food  made  of 
flour  or  meal.  2.  Provisions  in  gen¬ 
eral.  [bread  is  made. 

Br£  ad'— corn,  n.  Grain  of  which 

Breadth  (108),  n.  [A.-S.  brddo, 
braed,  from  breed,  broad.]  Distance 
from  side  to  side  ;  width. 

Break,  v.  t.  [imp.  broke  (brake, 


obs.)\  p.  p.  BROKE  or  BROKEN.] 
[A.-S.  &  Goth,  brikan.)  1.  (a.)  To 
strain  apart;  and  (Fig.)  to  disclose. 
(b.)  To  violate,  (c.)  To  interrupt; 
to  terminate.  2.  To  dash  to  pieces. 

3.  (a.)  To  bruise,  (b.)  To  weaken, 
impair,  or  subdue.  (Fig.)  To  im. 
part  cautiously,  (c.)  To  make  bank¬ 
rupt.  (d. )  To  cashier.  —  v.i.  1.  To 
come  to  pieces.  2.  To  open  spon¬ 
taneously.  3.  To  appear  ;  to  dawn. 

4.  To  burst  forth  violently.  5.  To 
fail  in  business. — n.  1.  An  open¬ 
ing.  2.  Interruption.  3.  The  dawn. 

Break'aGe  (45),  n.  1.  A  breaking. 
2.  Allowance  for  things  broken. 

Break'er,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  breaks.  2.  pi.  Waves  break¬ 
ing  into  foam  against  the  shore,  Sec. 

Break'fast (brek'fast),  n.  The  first 
meal  in  the  day.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  morning. 

Break'wa-ter,  n.  Any  structure 
to  break  the  force  of  waves. 

Bream,  v.  t.  To  burn  filth,  as  grass, 
seaweed,  &c.,  off  from. 

Breast,  n.  [A.-S.  breost.  The  root 
is  A.-S.  berstan ,  Eng.  burst.]  1. 
Fore  part  of  the  body  next  below  the 
neck.  2.  The  glands,  in  females,  in 
which  milk  is  secreted.  3.  Seat  of 
consciousness,  the  affections,  Sec. ; 
the  heart.  —  v.  t.  To  meet  with  the 
breast,  or  manfully. 

Breast'-bone,  n.  Bone  of  the  breast 
to  which  ribs  are  attached. 

Breast'knot  (-not),  n.  A  knot  of 
ribbons  worn  on  the  breast. 

Breast 'PIN,  n.  A  pin  worn  for  orna¬ 
ment  on  the  breast. 

Breast'plate,  n.  1.  Armor  worn 
upon  the  breast.  2.  A  strap  that 
runs  across  a  horse’s  breast. 

Breast'-plow,  In.  A  kind  of 

Breast'-plough,  )  plow,  driven 
by  the  breast,  for  cutting  turf. 

Breast'work  (-work),  n.  A  defen¬ 
sive  earthwork  breast-high. 

Breath,  n.  [A.-S.  brsedh.]  1.  Air 
respired.  2.  Act  or  power  of  breath¬ 
ing.  3.  Time  to  breathe  ;  respite.  4. 
A  single  respiration  or  act ;  an  in¬ 
stant.  5.  A  slight  breeze. 

Breath'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
breathed. 

Breathe,  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  1.  To 
respire  ;  hence,  to  live.  2.  To  take 
breath  ;  to  rest.  3.  To  pass,  as  air  ; 
to  exhale  ;  to  emanate.  —  v.  t.  1.  To 
respire.  2.  To  utter  softly.  3.  To 
emit,  as  breath.  4.  To  suffer  to  take 
breath.  5.  To  put  out  of  breath. 

Breath'ing,  n.  1.  Respiration.  2. 
Aspiration.  3.  Vent. 

Breath'less,  a.  1.  Out  of  breath. 
2.  Dead ;  expired. 

BrEath'less-ness,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  breathless. 

Breccia  (bret'cha),  n.  [It.]  A  party- 
colored  rock  composed  of  angular 
fragments,  united  by  a  cement. 

Breech,  n.  [See  Breeches.]  1. 
Lower  part  of  the  body  behind.  2. 
Hinder  part  of  any  thing. 

BREECH'Eg  (bnch'ez),  n.  pi.  [A.-S 


A,  E  .  i,  o,V,Y, long;  X,E,I,  6,  u,  5,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  wh^t  ;  £re,  VEIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  fIrm  ;  s6n. 


BREECHING 

brec,  brxe,  Lat.  bracse ,  braccx.]  A 
garment  worn  by  men,  covering  the 
hips  and  thighs. 

'  BREECH'ING  (brict^ing),  n.  Part  of 

a  harness  round  a  horse’s  breech. 

Breech'-load'ING,  a.  Receiving 
the  charge  at  the  breech  instead  of 
the  muzzle. 

Breed, v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  bred.] 
[A.-S.  bredan.]  1.  To  procreate ;  to 
beget.  2.  To  bring  up.  3.  To  in¬ 
struct.  4.  To  produce. — v.  i.  To 
bear  and  nourish  young.  —  n.  1.  A 
race  from  the  same  stock.  2.  Off¬ 
spring  ;  progeny. 

Breed'er,  n.  One  who  breeds. 

Breed'isg,  n.  1.  Formation  of  man¬ 
ners.  2.  Deportment  or  behavior. 

Breeze,  n.  A  light  wind.  — v.  i.  To 
blow  gently.  [winds. 

Breez'Y,  a.  Fanned  with  gentle 

Brent,  n.  A  brant,  or  brand-goose. 

Breth'ren  (152),  n. ;  pi.  of  Brother. 

Breve,  n.  [Lat.  brevis ,  short.]  1. 

( Mas .)  A  note,  equivalent  to  |  [ 

two  semibreves.  2.  A  curved  1  1 

mark  [—]  to  indicate  the  short  quan¬ 
tity  or  sound  of  a  vowel. 

Bre-vet',  n.  [Fr.]  A  commission 
entitling  the  officer  to  take  rank 
above  his  actual  rank  or  pay.  — v.  t. 
To  confer  rank  or  title  upon  by  bre¬ 
vet.  —  a.  Taking  rank  by  brevet. 

BRE'VI-A-RY,  n.  [Lat.  breviarium , 
fr.  brevis,  short.]  1.  An  abridgment ; 
a  compend  ;  a  summary.  2.  A 
book  containing  the  daily  service  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  or  Greek  church. 

BRE-vier',  n.  [Prob.  from  being  orig. 
used  in  printing  a  breviary .]  A  small 
kind  of  printing  type. 

$1?”  This  type  is  brevier. 

BrEv'I-ty,  n.  [Lat.  brevitas ,  from 
brevis,  short.]  1.  Shortness  of  dura¬ 
tion.  2.  Conciseness. 

Brew  (brij),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  breovan,  allied  to  Gr.  <f>pvyeiv, 
to  roast,  fry,  broil.]  1.  To  boil  or 
seethe.  2.  To  prepare  from  malt  or 
other  materials,  by  steeping,  boil¬ 
ing,  and  fermentation.  3.  To  plot. 
—  v.  i  1.  To  carry  on  brewing.  2. 
To  be  forming,  or  gathering. 

BREW'AGE  (briff-),  n.  Malt  liquor. 

BREW'ER  (briber),  n.  One  who  brews. 

Bre\V'er-Y  )  (brq'-),  n.  A  house 

Brew'-house  j  where  brewing  is 
carried  on. 

Brewing  (bribing),  n.  1.  Prepar¬ 
ation  of  liquors  from  malt  and  hops 
&c.  2.  Quantity  brewed  at  once. 

Brew'IS  (brij'is),  n.  [A.-S.,  from  breo¬ 
van,  Eng.  brew.]  Bread  soaked  in 
gravy,  or  in  water  and  butter. 

Bribe,  n.  [Fr.  bribe,  a  hunch  of  bread, 
leavings  of  meals  generally  given  to 
a  beggar.]  1.  A  gift  intended  to  cor¬ 
rupt.  2.  That  which  seduces.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  corrupt  by  gifts. 
2.  To  gain  by  a  bribe. 

BrTb'er,  n.  One  who  bribes. 

Brib'Er-y,  n.  Act  of  bribing. 

BrIck,  n.  [Armor,  priek,  clayey, pri, 
clay.]  1.  Clay  and  sand,  tempered 

47 

with  water,  molded  into  regular 
forms, and  dried  or  burnt.  2.  Bricks 
collectively. — v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
lay  or  pave  with  bricks. 

Brick'bat,  n.  A  fragment  of  a  brick. 

BrIck'-kIln  (-kll),  n.  A  kiln,  in 
which  bricks  are  burnt. 

BrIck'-lay'er,  n.  One  who  builds 
with  bricks. 

Brick'-work  (-wurk),  n.  A  struct¬ 
ure  of  bricks. 

BrId'al,  a.  Belonging  to  a  bride  ; 
nuptial;  connubial. — n.  Nuptial 
festival ;  marriage. 

Bride,  n.  [A.-S.  bryd,  Skr.  praudhh. 
Cf.  Skr.  pri,  to  love.]  1.  A  woman 
recently  married.  2.  A  woman  con¬ 
tracted  to  be  married.  [wedding. 

Bride'— cake,  n.  Cake  for  guests  at  a 

Bride'groom,  n.  [A.-S .  brydguma, 
fr.  bryd,  bride,  and  guma,  man.]  A 
man  newly  married,  or  about  to  be 
married. 

Bride '-maid,  1  n.  A  woman  who  at- 

Brides'-maid,  ]  tends  on  a  bride. 

Bride'-man,  In.  A  man  who  at- 

BRiDEg'-MAN,  |  tends  upon  a  bride¬ 
groom  and  bride. 

Bride'well,  n.  A  house  of  correc¬ 
tion  ; —  from  a  workhouse  near  St. 
Bride's  well,  in  London. 

BrIdge,  n.  [A.-S.  brycg,  brig.]  1.  A 
structure  on  which  to  pas3  over  a 
watercourse,  ravine,  See.  2.  Some¬ 
thing  analogous  to  a  bridge.  —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  build  a  bridge  over. 

Bri'dle  ,  n.  [A.-S.  bridcl.]  1.  An  in¬ 
strument  to  govern  and  restrain  a 
horse.  2.  A  restraint ;  a  check. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  put  a 
bridle  upon.  2.  To  restrain. 

Bri'dle-path,  )  n.  A  path  for 

Bri'dle-way,  )  horsemen. 

Bri-DOON',  n.  [Fr.  bridon,  fr.  bride.] 
Snaffle  and  rein  of  a  military  bridle, 
acting  independently  of  the  bit. 

BRIEF,  a.  [Lat.  brevis,  short.]  1. 

Short  in  duration.  2.  Short  in  ex- 
'  pression ;  using  few  words. 

_Syn.—  Short;  limited;  concise;  suc¬ 
cinct;  summary;  laconic. 

—  n.  1.  An  epitome  ;  a  concise  writ¬ 
ing.  2.  Abridgment  of  a  client’s 
case.  3.  A  writ  summoning  a  man 
to  answer  to  any  action. 

Brief'less,  a.  Having  no  brief; 
without  clients. 

Brief'ly,  adv.  Concisely. 

Briefness,  n.  Conciseness. 

Bri'er,  n.  [A.-S.  brier,  br£r.]  A 
prickly  plant  or  shrub. 

Bri'er-Y,  a.  Full  of  briers  ;  rough. 

Brig,  n.  [Abbrev.  . 

of  brigantine.]  A  /ik  l 

vessel  with  two 

Brigade',  n. 

[Orig.  a  contend-  \ 

ing  troop,  fr.  0. 

Fr.  brigue ,  trou-  Brig, 

ble,  quarrel.]  A  division  of  troops, 
commanded  by  a  general  officer,  or 
brigadier. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
form  into  brigades. 

BRISTLE 

Brig'a-dier'-6En'er-al,  n.  The 
officer  who  commands  a  brigade. 

Brig' and,  n.  [W.  brigant,  summit, 
highlander,  plunderer.]  A  robber  ; 
a  freebooter.  [plunder. 

Brig'and-age,  n.  Theft;  robbery; 

Brig'an-tine  ,  n.  [Fr.  brigantin,  orig. 
a  piratical  vessel.]  A  kind  of  small 
brig. 

BrIght  (brTt),  a.  [A.-S.  beorht,  bnht  ,• 

Skr.  bhradsh,  to  shine.]  1.  Shedding 
much  light.  2.  Having  qualities 
that  render  conspicuous  or  attrac¬ 
tive.  3.  Having  a  clear,  quick  in¬ 
tellect. 

Syn.  — Shining  ;  luminous;  resplen¬ 
dent;  effulgent;  radiant. 

Bright'jEN  (brlt'n),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;-ing.] 

1.  To  make  bright.  2.  To  make  il¬ 
lustrious.  3.  To  shed  light  upon. 

4.  To  make  acute.  —  v.  i.  To  grow 
bright,  or  more  bright. 

Bright'ly  (brlt'-),  adv.  Splendidly. 

Brightness  (brlt'-),  n.  1.  Quality 
of  being  bright.  2.  Acuteness. 

Brill'iance,  [n.  Great  brightness ; 

Brill'ian-cy,  I  splendor. 

Brill'IANT  (brll'yant),  a.  [Fr.  bril- 
lant,  p.  pr.  of  briller,  to  shine  or 
sparkle.]  1.  Sparkling  with  luster. 

2.  Splendid;  shining.  —  n.  A  dia¬ 
mond  of  the  finest  cut. 

Brile'iant-ly,  adv.  In  a  brilliant 
manner. 

Brim,  n.  [A.-S.  brymme.]  Him,  or 
border,  of  any  thing.  —  v.  i.  To  be 
full  to  the  brim.  [pletely  full. 

Brim'ful,  a.  Full  to  the  top ;  com- 

Brim'mer,  n.  A  bowl  full  to  the  top. 

Brim'ming,  a.  Full  to  the  brim. 

Brim'st5ne,  71.  [A.-S.  bryne ,  fire, 

and  stone.]  Sulphur. 

Brin'ded,  a.  [Equiv.  to  branded.] 
Having  different  colors  ;  variegated. 

Brin'dle  ,  n.  [A  dim.  form  of  brind , 
the  root  of  brind  ed.]  State  of  being 
brinded.  [variegated. 

Brin'dled  (brfn'dld),  a.  Spotted; 

Brine,  n.  [A.-S.  bryne,  fr.  brinnan, 
byrnan ,  to  burn.]  1.  Water  im¬ 
pregnated  with  salt.  2.  The  ocean 
or  sea.  3.  Tears. 

Br.ine'-pXn,  n.  A  pit  of  salt-water, 
for  evaporation. 

Bring,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  brought.] 

[A.-S.  bringan.]  1.  To  convey ;  to 
fetch.  2.  To  make  to  come.  3.  To 
induce  ;  to  influence.  [salt. 

Brin'isii,  a.  Like  brine;  somewhat 

Brink  (82),  n.  [Icel.  bringr,  hillock, 

AV.  bryncyn .]  Edge  or  border  of  a 
steep  place  ;  verge. 

BrIn'y,  a.  Pertaining  to  brine  ;  salt. 

Brisk,  a.  [W.  brysg,  fr.  brys,  haste.] 

1.  Full  of  liveliness  and  activity.  2. 
Effervescing,  as  liquors. 

BRISK'ET,  n.  [W.  brysced.]  That 
part  of  the  breast  of  an  animal  that 
lies  next  to  the  ribs. 

Brisk'ly,  adv.  In  a  brisk  manner. 

Brisk'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  brisk. 

BrIs'tle  (bris'l),  n.  [A.-S.  bristl.]  A 
short,  stiff,  coarse  hair.  —  v.  t.  [-ED ; 

-ing.]  To  erect  the  bristles  of.  — 
v.  i.  To  stand  erect,  like  bristles. 

OR,  do,  WQLF,  too,  TOOK;  Crn,  RUE ,  PVL.L  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,6,  soft;  €,&,hard;  A£;  EJIST  ;  N  as  kg;  this. 

- - - - - - — - - - -  - - - - - - - — - - - - - - - - - - - 

t 


BRISTLY 

BrIs'tly  (bris'ly),  a.  Thick  set  with 
bristles  ;  rough. 

Bri-tXn'ni-a,  n.  A  compound  of  tin, 
antimony,  bismuth,  and  copper. 

BRIT'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Great 
Britain  or  its  inhabitants. 

BRIT'TLE  (brlt'tl),  a.  [A.-S.  bryltnn, 
to  break.]  Easily  broken;  apt  to 
break  ;  fragile. 

Brit'tle-ness,  n.  Fragility. 

Broach,  n.  [Fr.  broche ,  spit,  It. 
brocca.]  A  tool  for  smoothing  or  en¬ 
larging  holes  in  metal.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  pierce,  as  with  a  spit. 
2.  To  tap  ;  to  pierce,  as  a  cask.  3. 
To  make  public.  [who  broaches. 

Broacii'er,  n.  1.  A  spit.  2.  One 

Broad  (brawd),  a.  [-er;  -est.] 
[A.’-S.  brad.]  1.  Wide ;  extended 
from  side  to  side.  2.  Diffused.  3. 
Having  a  large  measure  of  any  thing 
or  quality. 

Syn. — Ample;  extensive;  comprehen¬ 
sive;  vulgar;  coarse. 

Broad'-Xx,  )  n.  An  ax  with  a 

Broad'-Xxe,  j  broad  edge,  for  hew¬ 
ing  timber. 

Broadcast,  n.  A  casting  seed  from 
the  hand  in  sowing.  —  adv.  By  scat¬ 
tering  at  large  from  the  hand.  —  a. 
1.  Dispersed  upon  the  ground  with 
the  hand.  2.  Widely  diffused. 

Broadcloth,  n.  Afinekindof  wool¬ 
en  cloth  more  than  29  inches  wide. 

Broad' JEN,  v.  i.  To  grow  broad.  — 
v.  t.  To  make  broad. 

Broad'ly,  adv.  In  a  broad  manner. 

Broad'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
broad;  breadth. 

Broad'-pie^e,  n.  A  piece  of  gold 
coin  broader  than  a  guinea ;  in  the 
reigns  of  .Tames  I.  and  Charles  I.  a 
20s.  piece.  [country  or  state. 

Broad'-seal,  n.  Public  seal  of  a 

Broad'side,  n.  1.  A  discharge  of 
all  the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  ship  at 
once.  2.  The  side  of  a  ship  above  the 
water.  3.  A  sheet  of  paper  printed 
on  one  side  only. 

Broad's  word  (-sord),  n.  A  sword 
with  a  broad  blade. 

Bro-cade',  n.  [It.  broccare,  to  figure, 
to  stitch.]  Silk  or  other  stuff,  varie¬ 
gated  with  goid  and  silver,  or  en¬ 
riched  with  flowers,  & c. 

BRO-CAD'ed,  a.  Woven  as  brocade. 

»«*■■«- 

Bro'ea-tel',  n.  [Sp.]  A  kind  of 
coarse  brocade,  commonly  made  of 
silk  and  cotton. 

Br5€'€0-li,  «.  [It.,  pi.  of  broccolo, 

cabbage  sprout.]  A  variety  of  the 
common  cabbage. 

Brochure  (bro-shpr'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 
brocket ,  to  stitch.]  A  pamphlet. 

Brock,  n.  [A.-S.  broc.]  A  badger. 

Bro'gan,  or  Bro-gXn',  n.  A  stout, 
coarse  shoe. 

Brogue  (brog),  n.  [Ir.  &  Gael,  brog.] 
1.  A  stout,  coarse  shoe.  2.  A  cor¬ 
rupt  manner  of  pronunciation. 

Broil.,  n.  [Of  Celtic  origin.]  A  noisy 
quarrel. 

Syn.  —  Affray;  tumult;  altercation. 

48 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  dress  or 
cook  over  coals.  —  v.  i.  To  be  sub¬ 
jected  to  the  action  of  heat. 

Broil'er,  n.  1.  One  who  excites 
broils.  2.  A  gridiron. 

Broke  (20),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Break. 

Brok'en  (brok/n,  20),  p.  a.  [From 
break.]  1.  Parted  by  violence.  2. 
Made  weak  ;  infirm.  3.  Subdued  ; 
contrite. 

Brok'en-heart'ed,  a.  Crushed  by 
grief  or  despair. 

Brok'en-ly,  adv.  In  a  broken,  in¬ 
terrupted  manner. 

Brok'en- wind'ed,  a.  Having  short 
breath,  as  a  horse. 

Bro'ker,  n.  One  who  transacts  busi¬ 
ness  for  another  for  a  certain  com¬ 
pensation. 

Bro'ker-age,  n.  1.  Business  of  a 
broker.  2.  Fee  or  commission  for 
transacting  business  as  a  broker. 

Bro'mA,  n.  [Gr.  /3 pw/txa,  food.]  A 
chocolate  preparation  from  the  seeds 
of  the  cocoa. 

Bro'mine,  n.  [Gr.  /3pco/u.os,  bad  smell.] 
One  of  the  elements,  related  in  its 
chemical  qualities  to  chlorine  and 
iodine. 

EruN'CHI,  'jn.pl.  [Gr. /3 poyxia, 

Bruiv'eiii-a,  |  /Spoyxos,  windpipe.] 

Br  bN'e.iii-Ai , )  The  ramifications 
of  the  windpipe  in  the  lungs. 

Bron'ehi-AL  j  (82),  a.  Belonging  to 

Bron'ehic  j  the  bronchise,  or 
ramifications  of  the  windpipe. 

Bron-chP  TIS,  n.  Inflammation 
of  any  part  of  the  bronchial  mem¬ 
brane. 

Bron'eho-^ele,  n.  [Gr.  /3poyxo;, 
windpipe,  and  kijAij,  tumor.]  A  mor¬ 
bid  enlargement  of  the  thyroid 
gland  :  goiter. 

Bron-EHoT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  jSpoyxos, 
windpipe,  and  to/ui),  a  cutting.]  An 
incision  into  the  windpipe. 

Bronze  (brdnz  or  bronz),  n.  [Prob. 
fr.  It.  bruno,  brown.]  1.  An  alloy  of 
copper  with  tin.  2.  A  work  or  art 
cast  in  bronze.  3.  A  brown  color. 

—  v.t  [-ED  ;  -ING.)  1.  To  give 
the  appearance  or  bronze.  2.  To 
maxe  hard  or  unfeeling. 

Brooch,  n.  [See  Broach.]  A 
bosom-pin. 

Brood,  r.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
brGd.  See  Breed.]  1.  To  sit  on 
and  cover  eggs  or  young,  as  a  fowl. 
2.  To  remain  in  anxious  thought ;  to 
muse.  —  v.t.  To  sit  over,  cover,  and 
cherish.  —  n.  1.  Offspring;  progeny. 
2.  That  wThich  is  bred  or  produced. 

Bro~ok  (27),  n.  [A.-S.  brCc.]  Asmall 
natural  stream.  —  v.  t.  [A.-S.  brfocan , 
to  eat,  enjoy,  use,  bear.]  To  endure  ; 
to  be  contented  with. 

Broom  (28),  n.  [A.-S.  brfcn.]  1.  A 
genus  of  plants.  2.  A  brush  with  a 
long  handle,  for  sweeping  floors,  & c. 

Brooji'-corn,  n.  A  plant  bearing  a 
head  of  which  brooms  are  made. 

Broom'stTck,  n.  Handle  of  a  broom. 

Broom'y,  a.  Full  of  broom  ;  con¬ 
sisting  of  broom. 

Broth  (21),  n.  [A.-S.  brodh ,  from 

BRUSH 

breovan ,  to  brew.]  Liquor  in  which 
flesh  is  boiled.  ' 

Broth'el,  n.  [A  form  of  bordel,  orig. 
a  little  hut.]  A  house  of  ill-fame. 

Broth'er  (bruth'er,  152),  n.  [A.-S. 
brGdhor,  brOdliur.]  1.  He  who  is  born 
of  the  same  father  and  mother.  2. 

One  closely  united  to  another  by 
some  common  tie.  3.  One  who  re¬ 
sembles  another. 

Broth'er-ho'od  (27),  n.  1.  Stateof 
being  a  brother.  2.  An  association  ; 
a  fraternity.  3.  A  class  of  individu¬ 
als  of  the  same  profession. 

Broth'er-in-law,  ?i.  Brother  of  a 
husband  or  wife ;  also,  a  sister’s 
husband. 

Broth'er-ly,  a.  Pertaining  to 
brothers  ;  kir.d  ;  affectionate.  i 

Brow,  n.  [A.-S.  brav,  brtiva ,  Skr.  ; 

bhrb.]  1.  The  ridge  and  hair  over 
the  eye  2.  The  forehead.  3.  Edge 
of  a  steep  place. 

BROW'BEAT,  V.  t.  [imp.  BROWBEAT  ; 
p.  p.  BROWBEATEN.]  To  bear 
down  with  haughty,  stern  looks  or 
arrogant  assertions. 

Brown,  n.  A  dark  color  inclining  to 
red  or  yellow.  —  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.] 

[A.-S.  brbn.  The  root  is  A.-S.  beorn- 
an ,  byrnan,  Eng.  burn.]  Of  a  dark 
color,  inclining  to  red  or  yellow.  — 
v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  brown. 

Brown'-stout,  n.  A  superior  kind 
of  porter. 

Brown'-stud'y,  n.  Mental  abstrac¬ 
tion  ;  reverie. 

BROWgE,  v.  t.  To  eat  off,  as  the  ends 
of  branches,  &c.  —  v.  i.  [-ED; 

-ING.]  To  feed  on  the  tender  branch¬ 
es  of  shrubs  or  trees. 

Browse  (browss),  n.  [0.  H.  Ger. 
broz ,  prozzen ,  to  sprout.]  Tender 
branches  of  trees  and  shrubs,  fit  for 
the  food  of  cattle. 

Bru'IN,  n.  [D.  bruin ,  brown,  from  1 

his  color.]  A  bear. 

BRUIgE  (32), v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
brysan.]  To  injure  or  crush,  as  by 
collision  ;  to  contuse  ;  to  reduce  to 
fragments. — n.  An  injury  to  the  \ 

flesh  of  animals,  to  plants,  tic.  ;  a 
contusion. 

BRUig'ER,  n.  A  boxer. 

Bruit  (brt]t),n.  [Fr. ;  W.  brud,  brwlh.] 
Report;  rumor;  fame. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  To  noise  abroad 

Bru'MAL  (32),  a.  [Lat.  brumalis,  fr. 
b'ruma,  winter.]  Belonging  to  winter. 

Bru-Nette',  n.  [Fr.,  brownish.]  A 
woman  with  a  dark  complexion. 

Brunt,  n.  [A.-S.  bront,  boiling,  foam-, 
ing,  raging.]  1.  Utmost  violence  of 
an  onset.  2.  Force  of  a  blow  ;  shock. 

3.  A  sudden  effort. 

BrBsh,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  brusta,  bursta , 
burst,  bristle.]  1.  An  instrument  of 
bristles,  &c.,  for  various  purposes. 

2.  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off.  3. 

A  thicket  or  coppice.  4.  A  skirmish. 

—  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  apply 
a  brush  to.  2.  To  pass  lightly  over. 

3.  To  remove  or  gather  by  brush¬ 
ing. —  v.i.  1.  To  move  nimbly.  2. 

To  move  over  with  a  slight  contact. 

X,  E,  1,  o,u,  Y, long ;  X,E,I,  5,  0,  Y,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  ^LL,  WH.A.T;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n, 

49 


BULGE 


water  or 
,  foppish. 


for  drawing  or  carrying 
other  liquids.  [gay 

BiJCK'lSH  ,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  buck  , 
Buck/le  (bukfl),  n.  [Lat.  buccula , 
dim.  of  bucca,  cheek.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  attached  to  a  strap.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
buckle.  2.  To  prepare  for  action. 
—  v.i.  1.  To  bend;  to  how.  2.  To 
struggle.  [of  shield. 

Buck'ler,  n.  [See  Buckle.]  A  kind 
Buck'-mAst,  n.  [For  beech-mast .] 
Fruit  of  the  beech-tree. 

Buck/RAM,  n.  [Fr.  bougran,  fr.  bou- 
racan,  & c.,  by  transposing  the  r .]  A 
coarse  linen  cloth,  stiffened  with  glue. 
Bucic'skIn,  n.  1.  Leather  of  a  buck. 

2.  pi.  Breeches  made  of  buckskin. 
Buck'thorn.  n.  A  genus  of  plants. 
Buck'wheat,  n.  [Scot,  buck,  beech, 
and  wheat.]  A  plant,  the  seed  of 
which  is  used  as  a  grain. 

Bu-COL'l-e,  1  a.  [Gr.  |8ov/coAt/cos, 
BU-€OL'l€-AL,  i  fr.  jSowcoAo?,  cow¬ 
herd,  herdsman.]  Relating  to  shep¬ 
herds  ;  pastoral ;  rustic.  —  n.  A  pas¬ 


toral  poem. 
BOd,  n.  [H.  Ger. 
a  fruit, 


butze ,  blitz,  core  of 
,  bud.]  An  undeveloped 
branch  or  flower. — v.  i.  [-ded; 
-ding.]  1.  To  put  forth  buds.  2. 
To  begin  to  grow,  as  a  horn.  3.  To 
be  in  bloom.  —  v.  t.  To  insert,  as  the 
bud  of  a  plant,  under  the  bark  of 
another  tree,  to  raise  a  different  fruit. 

Bub'dhLjm  (bdodGzm),  n.  The  doc¬ 
trine  taught  by  the  Hindoo  sage,  sur- 
named  Buddha,  in  the  6th  century 
B.  c.  [of  Buddhism. 

Bud'dhist  (bdbdffst),  n.  A  votary 

Bud'diiist,  1  a.  Relating  to,  or 

Bud-dhist'ie,  |  connected  with, 
Buddhism,  or  its  founder. 

Bude'-light  (-lit),  n.  [From  Bude, 
the  residence  of  the  inventor.]  An 
intense  white  light,  produced  by 
burning  purified  coal-gas  in  a  lamp 
of  peculiar  construction. 

Budge,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr.  bou- 
ger,  to  stir  ;  move.]  To  move  off;  to 
stir.  —  n.  [Lat.  bulga,  a  leathern  bag 
or  knapsack.]  Lamb-skin  fur. 

BDdg'et,  n.  [See  Budge,  n.]  1.  A 
sack,  with  its  contents ;  hence,  a 
stock  or  store.  2.  Annual  financial 
statement  made  in  the  House  of 
Commons. 

Bud'let,  ».  A  little  bud  or  shoot. 

Buff,  n.  [Fr.  bueuf ,  beef.]  1.  A  sort  of 
leather,  prepared  in  oil.  2.  A  color 
between  light  pink  and  light  yellow. 

BOff,  a.  1.  Made  of  buff  leather.  2. 
Between  light  pink 
and  light  yellow. 

BlJF'FA-LO,  n.j  pi. 
BIJF'FA-LOEg. 

[Gr.  /3ov/3aAo9,  a 
wild  ox.]  1.  A  kind 
of  wild  ox  found  in 
countries  of 


buffalo ,  prepared 


bison,  or  so-called 
with  the  hair  on. 

Buf'fer,  n.  A  cush¬ 
ion,  or  apparatus,  to 
deaden  concussion.  Buffer. 

BDf'FET,  n.  [Fr.  buffet ,  It.  buffetto, 
orig.  a  wineskin,  and  then  a  table 
where  wine  in  skins  was  placed  and 
sold.]  1.  A  cupboard  or  sideboard 
at  one  side  of  a  room.  2.  [0.  Fr.,  fr. 
buffe,  blow.]  3.  A  blow  with  the 
hand  ;  a  cuff.  4,  Violent  force  or  re¬ 
sistance. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
box ;  to  beat ;  to  cuff.  2.  To  con¬ 
tend  against.  [actor  in  an  opera. 

Buf'fo,  n.  [It.  See  infra.]  The  comic 

Buf-foon',  ji.  [It.  buff  one,  buffo.]  A. 
droll;  a  harlequin  ;  a  clown. 

Buf-fgon'er-y,  n.  Low  jests  ;  vul¬ 
gar  tricks  and  postures. 

BuFF'Y,  a.  Resembling  buff. 

BfjG,  n.  [Cf.  W.  bwg ,  hobgoblin,  scare- 
An  insect  of  many  species. 


n.  [W.  bwg,  bwgan , 


BRUSH-WOOD 

BrOsii'-wood,  n.  1.  A  thicket.  2. 

Small  branches  cut  from  trees. 

Britsh'Y,  a  Resembling  a  brush. 

Bru'TAL  (32),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
brute.  2.  Savage ;  inhuman. 

Bru-tal'i-ty,  n.  Inhumanity  ; 
savageness.;  cruelty. 

Bru'tal-IZE,  V.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  brutal.  [ner  ;  cruelly. 

Bru'tal-ly,  adv.  In  a  brutal  man- 

Brute  (32),  a.  [Lat.  brutus.]  1.  Sense¬ 
less  ;  unconscious.  2.  Irrational.  3. 

Unintelligent ;  animal.  4.  Bestial. 

—  n.  1.  A  beast ;  an  animal  desti¬ 
tute  of  reason.  2.  A  low-bred,  un¬ 
feeling  person. 

BRU'TI-FY,  v.  t.  [Lat.  brutus ,  brute, 
and  face  re,  to  make.]  [-ied;  -ing, 

142.]  To  make  a  brute  of. 

Bru'TISII,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem¬ 
bling,  a  brute. 

Syn. —  Ignorant;  insensible;  stupid; 
savage;  cruel;  brutal. 

Bru'TISH-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
a  brute.  [tality. 

Bru'tish-ness,  n.  Stupidity  ;  bru- 

Lru'TI^M,  n.  Nature  or  characteristic 
qualities  of  a  brute. 

BRY'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  fipvinvia..]  A  genus 
of  climbing  plants. 

BtJB'BLE,  n.  [D.  bobbel.]  1.  A  small 
vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid  inflated 
with  air.  2.  Any  thing  that  wants 
solidity;  a  delusive  scheme. — v.  i. 

|-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  rise  in  bubbles. 

2.  To  run  with  a  gurgling  noise.  — 
v.  t.  To  impose  on. 

BfJB'BLY,  a.  Abounding  in  bubbles. 

HDB'BY,ra.  A  woman’s  breast. 

BU'BO ,n.;pl.  BU'BOES.  [Gr.  /3ovj3dSv.] 

1.  The  groin.  2.  An  inflammation, 
with  enlargement,  of  a  gland  in  the 
groin. 

Bu-bon'0-<?ele,  n.  [Gr.  fiovfiov, 
groin,  and  /o?Aq,  tumor.]  A  tumor 
in  the  groin. 

BiJe'CAL,  a.  [Lat.  bucca, f  heek.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  cheek. 

Btje/€A-NEER',  I  n.  [A  word  of  Amer. 

BOe'A-NIER',  j  origin.]  A  pirate; 
a  freebooter. 

BU-^EN'TAUR,  n.  [Gr.  (Sous,  ox  and 
KevTavpos ,  a  centaur.]  1.  A  fabulous 
monster,  half  ox  and  half  man.  2. 

The  state  barge  of  Venice. 

Bu'ghu,  n.  A  plant  used  for  diseases 
of  the  bladder. 

BtJCK,  n.  [L.  Ger.  bnke,  prob.  fr.  boke, 
book,  beech,  because  formerly  lye  was 
made  of  the  ashes  of  this  tree.]  1. 

Lye  in  which 
cloth  is  soaked  in 
bleaching ;  also, 
the  liquor  in 
which  clothes  are 
washed.  2.  The 
clothes  soaked  or 
washed.  3.  [A.-S.  Buck. 
bucca,  hue,  W.  bwch.]  4  Male  of  the 
fallow  deer,  goat,  sheep,  rabbit,  and 
hare.  5.  A  gay,  dashing  young  fel- 
Jow.  — v.  t.  To  soak  or  steep  in  lye. 

BOck'-basGcet,  n.  A  basket  to  car¬ 
ry  clothes  in  to  the  wash. 

BOck'et,  n.  [A.-S.  buc.]  A  vessel 

OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Prn,  RUE ,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  O  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag;  E£IST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


crow.] 

BOg,. 

B UG'BEAR,  j.  from  bw,  a  terrifying 
Bug/,A-boo',  )  object.]  Something 
frightful,  as  a  specter, 

BUG'GY,  a.  Abounding  with  bugs.  — 
n.  I.  A  light  one-horse  chaise.  2. 
A  light  one-horse,  four-wheel  vehicle. 
Bu'gle,  1  n.  [From  bugle 

Bu'gle-HORN,  1  (Lat.  buculus,  a 
young  bullock,  dim. 
of  bos,  ox),  a  sort  of 
wild  ox,  buffalo.]  A 
musical  wind  instru¬ 
ment, 

Bu'gle  (bu'gl),  n. 


[Ger.  bilgel ,  a  bent 


warm 
the  East. 


Buffalo. 


The  name  is  erroneously  applied 
to  the  Bison  of  North  America.  See 
Bison. 

Buf'fa-lo-robe  ,  n.  The  skin  of  the 


Bugle-horn. 

piece  of  metal  or  wood.]  An  elon¬ 
gated  glass  bead.  2.  [Lat.  bugillo.] 
A  plant  used  in  medicine. 

Bu'glosS,  n.  [Gr.  /SouyAoacrcros,  ox¬ 
tongue,  from  /Sous,  ox,  and  yAwcrcra, 
tongue; — from  its  long,  rough 
leaves.]  A  plant  used  in  dyeing. 

Buhl  (bul),  n.  [From  A.  Ch.  Boule,  a 
French  carver  in  wood.]  A  figure  of 
brass,  unburnished  gold,  &c.,  set 
into  surfaces  of  ebony,  &c. 

BffllR'-STONE  (bfir/st5n),  n.  [O.Eng. 
bur,  a  whetstone  for  scythes.]  A  va¬ 
riety  of  flinty  quartz. 

Build,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  built.] 
[A.-S.  byldan,  to  build,  from  bold, 
house,  hall.]  1.  To  construct,  as  an 
edifice.  2.  To  raise  on  any  founda¬ 
tion,  3.  To  increase  and  strengthen. 
—  v.i.  1.  To  practice  building.  2. 
To  depend,  as  on  a  foundation.  — n. 
Form  of  construction. 

Build'er,  n.  One  who  builds. 

Build'ing,  n.  A  thing  built,  as  a 
house,  church,  &c.  ;  an  edifice. 

BOlb,  n.  [Gr.  /3oAj3o5.]  1.  A  cluster 
of  partially  developed  leaves  (usually 
below  the  ground),  producing  a  stem 
above,  and  roots  below.  2.  A  protu¬ 
berance  as  of  a  thermometer. 

BOlb'ous,  a.  Having  or  containing 
bulbs  ;  bulb-like  in  shape. 

BOlge,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  biilg,  balig ,  Eng. 
belly.]  Protuberant  part  of  a  cask  ; 
protuberance.  —  v.  i.  To  swell  or 
jut  out. 


BULK  50  BURLESQUE 


BGlk,  n.  [Teel,  bulka ,  to  swell,  W. 
bwlg,  bulk.]  1.  Dimensions;  size; 
mass.  2.  Largest  or  principal  portion. 

Bulk'-HEAD,  n.  A  partition  in  a 
ship,  to  form  separate  apartments. 

BOlk'i-ness,  n.  Greatness  in  bulk, 
size,  or  stature.  [sions  ;  large. 

Bulk'Y,  a.  Of  great  bulk  or  dimen- 

Bull,  n.  [The  root  is  A.-S.  bellan ,  to 
bellow.]  1.  The  male  of  any  bovine 
quadruped.  2.  One  of  the  twelve 
signs  of  the  zodiac.  3.  One  who  is 
interested  in  raising  the  value  of 
stocks.  4.  [Lat.  bulla..]  Any  thing 
rounded  by  art.  5.  The  seal  appended 
to  the  edicts  and  briefs  of  the  pope. 

6.  An  edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope. 

7.  An  apparent  congruity,  but  real 
incongruity,  of  ideas,  suddenly  dis¬ 
covered^ 

Bull'-bait'ing,  m.  Practice  of  ex¬ 
citing  bulls  with  dogs. 

Bull'-galf  (-kif),  n.  A  male  calf; 
a  stupid  fellow. 

Bull'-dog,  n.  A 
kind  of  dog,  of 
remarkable  fe¬ 
rocity  and  cour¬ 
age. 

Bvi/let,  n.  [Fr. 
boulet,  dim.  of 
boule ,  ball.]  A 
small  ball  for  a  gun. 

Bul'le-tin,  n.  [Fr.  bulletin.  See 
Bull.]  Any  public  announcement, 
especially  of  news  recently  received. 

Bull'-fight  (-fit),  n.  A  combat 
with  a  bull. 

Bull'-finch  (66),  n.  A  singing-bird. 

ByLL'-FROG ,  n.  A  large,  noisy  species 
of  frog,  found  in  North  America. 

Bull'ION  (bdbl'yun),  n.  [Lat.  bulla, 
any  thing  rounded  by  art.]  Un¬ 
coined  gold  or  silver  in  the  mass. 

Bull'ock,  m.  1.  A  young  bull.  2. 
An  ox,  or  castrated  bull. 

Bull’s'-eye,  n.  A  thick  piece  of 
glass  inserted  in  a  deck,  roof,  &c.,  to 
let  in  light. 

Bull'y,  n.  A  noisy,  blustering  fellow  ; 
a  quarrelsome  person.  —  a.  Jovial ; 
merry.  [Low.]  —  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING^ 
142.]  To  insult  with  noise  and  blus¬ 
tering  menaces. 

Bul'rush,  n.  [Bull,  in  the  sense  of 
large,  and  rush.]  A  large  kind  of  rush. 

ByL'WARK,  n.  1.  An  outwork  for  de¬ 
fense.  2.  Any  means  of  defense.  3.  pi. 
Sides  of  a  ship  above  the  upper  deck. 
—  v.  t.  To  fortify  with  a  rampart; 
to  protect. 

BOm'bail'iff,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
bound -bailiff.]  An  under  bailiff. 

BPm'BLE-bee,  n.  [0.  Eng.  bumble, 
to  make  a  humming  noise,  and  bee.] 
A  large  bee. 

BCm'boat,  n.  A  clumsy  boat,  for  con¬ 
veying  provisions,  &c.  to  vessels  ly¬ 
ing  off  shore. 

BOm'ktn,  n.  [From  boom,  and  the 
dim.  termination  kin.]  Pieces  of  tim¬ 
ber  projecting  from  each  bow  of  a 
vessel,  to  haul  the  foretack  to. 

BBm'mer,  n.  1.  A  houseless  vagrant. 
2.  A  forager. 


Bump,  n.  [From  bump,  to  strike, 
thump.]  1.  A  thump ;  a  blow.  2. 
A  swelling  or  protuberance.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  strike,  as  with  or 
against  any  thing  large  or  solid.  — v. 
i.  To  make  a  loud,  heavy  noise,  as 
the  bittern. 

BiJM/PER,  n.  [A  corrupt,  of  bombard , 
a  large  drinking  vessel.]  A  cup  or 
glass  filled  to  the  brim. 

BOmp'kin  (84),  n.  [Perh.  fr.  bump,  a 
swelling.]  An  awkward,  heavy  rus¬ 
tic  ;  a  clown,  or  country  lout. 

Bun,  1  n.  [Cf.  0.  II.  Ger.  bungo,  bulb  ] 

Bunn,  )  A  kind  of  small  sweet-cake. 

BiJNCH,  n.  [Icel.  bimki,  heap,  pile, 
\V.  pwng,  cluster.]  1.  A  protuber¬ 
ance  ;  a  knob  or  lump.  2.  A  collec¬ 
tion,  cluster,  or  tuft.  — v.  i.  To 
swell  out,  as  into  a  bunch. — v.  i. 
To  form  or  tie  in  a  bunch. 

Bunch'y,  a.  1.  Swelling  out  in 
bunches.  2.  Growing  in  bunches. 

BBn'dle,  n.  [A.-S.  byndel,  from  the 
root  of  bind.]  A  number  of  things 
bound  together  ;  a  parcel ;  a  roll.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  tie  or  bind 
in  a  bundle  or  roll. 

BOng,  n.  1.  Stopper  of  the  orifice  in 
the  bilge  of  a  cask.  2.  The  orifice 
itself,  —v.  t.  To  stop  with  a  bung. 

Bun'GA-LOW,  n.  [Bengalee  bangla.] 
A  house  or  cottage,  of  a  single  floor. 
[India.] 

Bun'gle,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  act 
or  work  in  a  clumsy,  awkward  man¬ 
ner.  [workman. 

Bun'gler,  n.  A  clumsy,  awkward 

Bun'gling,  a.  Unskillful;  awkward. 

Bl'N'ION  (bun'yun),  n.  See  Bunyon. 

BGnk,  n.  A  wooden  case,  which  serves 
for  a  seat  in  the  day-time  and  for  a 
bed  at  night. 

BlJN'YON,  )  n.  [0.  Eng.  bunny ,  a 

Bun'ion,  ]  small  swelling.  Cf.  Bun.] 
An  enlargement  and  inflammation 
of  the  joiut  of  the  great  toe. 

BOnt'ing,  n.  [Perh.  from  Ger.  bunt, 
variegated,  as  it  is  covered  with  a 
great  many  small  black  spots.]  A 
bird  of  different  species. 

BOnt'ing,  )  n.  [Prob.  from  Ger.  bunt, 

BOnt'Ine,  )  variegated,  streaked.] 
A  thin  woolen  stuff,  of  which  flags 
are  made. 

BUOY  (bwoy  or  bwoy),  ^  ,ar»| 

buoy,  fetter,  0.  Fr. 

buie,  a  fetter,  Lat.  bo- 

ja.]  A  floating  mark  Buoy. 

to  point  out  the  position  of  objects 

beneath  the  water. — v.  t.  [-ed; 

-ING.]  1,  To  keep  afloat.  2.  To  fix 

buoys  to  ;  to  mark  by  buoys. 

BuoY'AN-yy  (bwo.O'-  or  bwoy'-),  n. 
1.  Quality  of  floating;  specific  light¬ 
ness.  2.  Cheerfulness  ;  vivacity. 

Buoy'ant  (bwoy'-  or  bwoy'-),  a. 
1.  Having  the  quality  of  floating  in  a 
fluid.  2.  Bearing  up,  as  a  fluid.  3. 
Vivacious. 

Buoy'ant-ly,  adv.  In  a  buoyant 
manner. 

BBr,  )  n.  [D.  burre,  0.  Sw.  bona, 

BBrr,  j  burdock,  thistle,  Ger  .burre, 


hair,  feathers,  straw.]  Prickly  en. 
velope  of  seeds. 

BOr'den,  n.  [A.-S.  byrdhen,  fr.  the 
root  of  bear.]  1.  That  which  is  borne  ; 
a  load.  2.  That  which  is  grievous  or 
oppressive.  3.  Capacity  of  a  ship. 
4.  [Fr.  bourdon,  great  bell,  drone, 
humble-bee.]  Verse  repeated  in  a 
song  ;  chorus  ;  refrain  ;  main  topic. 
—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  lay  a 

heavy  load  upon.  2.  To  oppress. 

BOr'den-some,  a.  Grievous  tc  be 
borne ;  oppressive. 

BOr'dock,  n.  A  genus  of  plants 
having  a  rough,  bristly  fruit. 

Bu'reau  (bu'ro,  114),  n. ;  pi.  bu¬ 
reaux  (bu'roz)  or  BU'REAUg  (bu'- 
roz).  [Fr. ,  from  0.  Fr.  bvre,  drug¬ 
get,  with  which,  orig.  a  writing  table 
was  covered.]  1.  A  desk  with  drawers 
for  papers.  2.  Office  where  business 
is  transacted.  3.  A  department  for 
the  transaction  of  public  business. 
4.  A  chest  of  drawers  for  clothes,  &c. 

Bu-REAU'GRA-yY  (bu-ro'-),n.  [Bureau 
and  Gr.  Kpareiv,  to  govern.]  A  system 
in  which  the  business  of  government 
is  carried  on  in  departments. 

BPrg,  n.  [A.-S.  form  of  borough.]  A 
borough . 

EOr'ga-mot',  n.  1  A  variety  of 
pear.  2.  A  perfume.  See  Berga¬ 
mot.  [geois. 

Bur-geois'  (bur-jois'),  n.  See  Bour- 

BOr'GESS,  n.  [Fr.  bourgeois,  from 
bourg,  borough.]  1.  A  citizen,  or 
freeman  of  a  borough.  2.  A  repre¬ 
sentative  or  a  magistrate  of  a  bor¬ 
ough.  [Borough. 

BOrgh  (bflrg),  n.  See  Burg  and 

BPrgh'er  (bfirg'er),  n.  [From  burgh.] 
A  freeman  of  a  burgh  or  borough. 

BBrg'lar,  v.  [From  burgh,  borough, 
town,  and  0.  Fr.  laire,  thief,  fr.  Lat. 
latro.]  One  who  breaks  into  a  dwell¬ 
ing-house,  in  the  night-time,  to  com¬ 
mit  a  feloiiy.  [burglary. 

Bur-gla'rpous,  a.  Pertaining  to 

Bur-gla'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  With  in¬ 
tent  to  commit  burglary. 

Burg'la-ry,  n.  Act  of  entering  a 
dwelling-house, in  the  night,  with  in¬ 
tent  to  commit  a  felony  therein. 

BBrg'o-mas'ter,  n.  [Lat.  burgus 
(equiv.  to  burg,  burgh),  and  Eng. 
master.]  A  chief  magistrate  of  some 
municipal  towns. 

BOr'gun-dy,  n.  A  superior  kind  of 
wine  ;  —  from  Burgundy,  in  France. 

Bu'RI-AL  (ber'I-al),  n.  Act  of  bury¬ 
ing  ;  sepulture;  interment. 

Bu'rtn,  n.  [Prob.  from  0.  H.  Ger, 
bora,  borer.]  1.  An  engraver’s  tool. 
2.  Style  of  execution  of  an  engraver. 

BOrke,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [From  an 
Irishman  who  committed  the  crime 
in  1829.]  1.  To  murder,  so  as  to  ob¬ 

tain  a  body  for  dissection.  2.  To 
dispose  of  quietly  or  indirectly. 

BflRL,  v.  t.  [Cf.  Fr.  bourlet,  bourrelet , 
pad.]  To  pick  knots,  loose  threads, 
&c.,  from,  as  in  finishing  cloth. 

BOr'lap,  n.  A  coarse  linen  fabric. 

Bur-lesque'  (-lesk'),  a.  [It.  burles- 
co ,  fr.  burla,  sneer,  mockery.]  Tend- 


A,  E,  I,  5,  u,  y,  long;  X,  £,  I,  6,  0,  V,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  term  ;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


BUXOM 


BURLETTA 

ing  to  excite  laughter  by  ludicrous 
images.  —  n.  1.  Exaggerated  paro¬ 
dy;  satire.  2  A  ludicrous  imitation ; 
a  caricature. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  turn  into  ridicule. 

Bur-let’ ta,  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  burla, 
mockery.]  A  comic  opera. 

BBr'ly,  a.  [0.  Eng.  boorely,  equiv. 
to  boorlike ,  clownish.]  1.  Of  great 
bulk;  stout.  2.  Coarse  and  rough. 

BOrn,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  BURNED  or 
BURNT.]  [A.-S.  beornan,  byrnan , 
Goth,  brinnan.]  1.  To  consume  with 
fire.  2.  To  injure  by  fire  or  heat. 

3.  To  submit  to  the  action  of  fire  or 
heat.  4  To  produce  a  sensation  akin 
to  that  of  heat.  — v.  i.  1.  To  be  on 
fire.  2.  To  be  injured  by  heat.  3.  To 
be  hot  or  in  a  passion.  —  n.  Injury 
caused  by  the  action  of  fire. 

BtlRN'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  sets  on  fire. 
2.  An  appendage  to  a  lamp  or  gas- 
fixture. 

BArn'ing-glass,  n.  A  convex  lens 
used  for  producing  an  intense  heat 
by  converging  the  sun’s  rays. 

BBr'nish,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
brunir,  It.  brunire ,  to  make  brown, 
bright,  or  glossy.]  1.  To  polish  by 
rubbing.  2.  To  render  bright.  —  n. 
Effect  of  burnishing ;  gloss  ;  luster. 

BOr'nish-er,  n.  1.  One  who  bur¬ 
nishes.  2.  A  tool  for  burnishing. 

BOrnt'-off'er-ing,  n.  Something 
offered  and  burnt  on  an  altar. 

Burr,  re.  See  Bur. 

BiJR'ROW,  n.  [A.-S.  beorg,  beorh ,  hill, 
burrow,  fr.  beorgan,  to  be  prominent, 
to  protect.]  A  hole  in  the  ground 
made  by  certain  animals.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  excavate  a  hole 
to  lodge  in ;  to  lodge  in  a  hole.  2. 
To  hide  ;  to  take  refuge  in. 

BUR'SAR,  n.  [L.  Lat.  bur. sari  us,  from 
bursa ,  byrsa ,  purse.]  I.  A  treasurer  ; 
a  purser.  2.  A  student  to  whom  a 
stipend  is  paid. 

BBr'sa-ry,  n.  1.  Treasury  of  a  col¬ 
lege  or  monastery.  2.  A  charitable 
foundation  in  a  university. 

Burse,  «.  [L.  Lat.  bursa.  See 

Bourse.]  A  public  edifice  for  the 
meeting  of  merchants  ;  an  exchange. 

BBrst,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  burst.] 
[A.-S.  berstan.]  1.  To  fly  or  break 
open  with  force.  2.  To  make  any  sud¬ 
den  change  to  an  opposite  or  different 
state.  —  v.  t.  To  rend  by  violence  ; 
to  open  suddenly. — n.  A  sudden 
breaking  forth  ;  a  violent  rending. 

BOr'then,  n.  &  v.  See  Burden. 

BUR'Ytber/y),^.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[A.-S  byrigan,  allied  to  beorgan ,  to 
keep,  cover,  hide.]  1.  To  cover  out 
of  sight,  as  in  a  grave.  2.  To  hide 
in  oblivion. 

Bur'y-ing-ground  1  (ber^-),  n.  A 

Bur'Y-ING-PLA^E  J  grave-yard ;  a 
church-yard.  [skin. 

BO§'by,  n.  A  military  cap  of  bear- 

Bush,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger  busc ,  Fr.  bois.] 
1.  A  place  abound'ng  in  trees  or 
shrubs.  2.  A  thick  shrub  ;  also,  a 
cluster  of  shrubs.  3.  A  tavern  sign. 

4.  A  lining  of  metal  let  into  an  orifice. 


51 

—  v.  i.  To  grow  thick  or  bushy.  —  v. 
t.  To  furnish  with  a  bush. 

Bush'el,  n.  [Low  Lat.  boissel,  bois- 
sellus,  fr.  bustia ,  buxis,  equiv.  to  Gr. 
7 rv£ts,  box.]  A  dry  measure  of  four 
pecks  or  eight  gallons. 

Bush/el-age,  n.  A  duty  payable  on 
commodities  by  the  bushel.  [Eng.] 

Bush'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
bushy. 

Bush'-whack'er,  n.  1.  A  raw  coun¬ 
tryman.  2.  One  engaged  in  predato¬ 
ry  excursions  against  an  enemy. 

Bush'y,  a.  1.  Full  of  bushes.  2. 
Thick  and  spreading,  like  a  bush. 

Bug'I-LY  (bizH-ly),  adv.  In  a  busy 
manner. 

Bug'l-NESS  (biz'nes),  n.  1.  Employ¬ 
ment  ;  occupation.  2.  Traffic  in  gen¬ 
eral.  3.  Concern.  4.  Affair  ;  trans¬ 
action. 

Busk,  n.  [Fr.  busc,  busque,  from  bois, 
bos,  wood.]  A  piece  of  metal,  whale¬ 
bone,  or  wood,  worn  in  corsets.  — 
v.  t.  or  v.  i.  [L.  Lat.  buscus,  boscus  ; 
orig.  to  go  through  a  bush;  hence, 
to  hunt.]  To  prepare,  make  ready, 
array. 

Bus'KIN,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  0.  Fr.  brosse- 
quin  ;  prob.  fr.  Gr.  j3 vpaa,  skin,  hide.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  foot  and  leg, 
formerly  worn  by  actors  in  tragedy. 

2.  Tragedy,  as  distinguished  from 

comedy.  [2.  Tragic. 

Bus'kined,  a.  1.  Dressed  in  buskins. 

Buss,  n.  [Allied  to  Lat.  basium,  kiss.] 
A  rude  or  playful  kiss. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  kiss. 

Bust,  n.  [Ger.  brust,  breast.]  1. 
Statuary  representing  the  upper 
part  of  the  human  figure.  2.  The 
trunk  of  the  body. 

Bu's'tard,  n.  [Lat.  avis  tarda.]  A 
bird  of  the  ostrich  family. 

BOs'tle  (busfl),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Prob.  fr.  A.-S.  bysig,  busy ,bysg-ian, 
to  busy,  and  the  termination  le.]  To 
stir  quickly ;  to  be  very  active.  —  n  . 
1.  Great  stir;  hurried  activity.  2. 
A  cushion  worn  by  ladies  to  expand 
the  skirts  behind. 

Bus'tler  (busfier),  n.  An  active, 
stirring  person. 

Bu§'Y  (blz'y),a.  [A.-S.  bysig.]  1.  En¬ 
gaged  in  business.  2.  Constantly  in 
motion  ;  restless.  3.  Officious.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING,  142. ]  To  make  or  keep 
busy  ;  to  employ  ;  to  occupy. 

Bus'y-BOD'y  (biz/y-),  n.  A  meddling 
person. 

But,  prep.  &  conj.  [A.-S.  butan,  from 
pref.  be  and  utan,  outward,  without, 
fr.  (it,  (ite,  out,  without.]  1.  Except ; 
besides  ;  unless  ;  save.  2.  Otherwise 
than  that ;  that  not.  3,  Only  ;  sole¬ 
ly  ;  merely.  4.  On  the  contrary ; 
yet ;  still ;  nevertheless. 

BtJT,  n.  See  Butt. 

Butch'er,  n.  [Fr.  boucher ,  orig.  a 
killer  of  buck-goats,  from  Fr.  bouc,  a 
buck-goat.]  i.  One  who  slaughters 
animals  for  food.  2.  One  who  kills 
in  a  bloody  manner.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  slaughter,  as  animals, 
for  food.  2.  To  slay  inhumanly. 


OR,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  took  ;  Orn , rue , pull ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €, 


Butcii'er-ly,  a.  Grossly  cruel  and 
barbarous ;  bloody. 

Butch'er-Y,  n.  1.  Business  of  a 
butcher.  2.  Carnage  ;  massacre. 

But'-end,  )  n.  Largest  or  blunt  end 

Butt'-end,  j  ofatning. 

BOt'ler,  n.  [Fr.  bouteilLier ,  boutillier , 
a  bottle-bearer.]  A  servant  who 
takes  charge  of  the  liquors,  & c. 

But'ler-siiip,  n.  Office  of  a  butler. 

Butt,  I  n.  [Fr.  but,  butt, aim,  0.  Fr. 

But,  ]  bot,  end,  extremity.]  1. 
The  larger  end  of  a  thing.  2.  A 
mark  to  be  shot  at.  3.  Object  of 
ridicule.  4.  A  thrust  in  fencing  or  by 
the  head  of  an  animal.  5.  A  large 
cask  or  vessel.  6.  Thickest  and 
stoutest  part  of  tanned  ox-hides.  7. 
A  kind  of  hinge.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  be 
bounded  ;  to  abut.  2.  To  thrust  the 
head  forward. — v.  t.  To  strike  by 
thrusting  the  head  against. 

But'TER,  n.  [Gr.  /3 ovrvpov,  fr.  (Sous, 
ox,  cow,  and  rvpos,  cheese.]  1.  A  sub¬ 
stance  obtained  from  cream.  2.  Any 
substance  resembling  butter  in  de¬ 
gree  of  consistence,  or  other  qualities. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cover  or 
spread  with  butter. 

But'ter-eup,  n.  A  plant  having 
bright  yellow  flowers. 

But'ter-fly,  n.  [From  the  color 
of  a  yellow  species.]  A  lepidopterous 
insect  of  different  species. 

But'TER-MILK,  n.  The  milk  that  re¬ 
mains  after  the  butter  is  separated 
from  it.  [fruit. 

But'ter-nOt,  n.  A  tree  and  its  oily 

But'ter-y,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
or  appearance  of  butter.  —  n.  An 
apartment  where  butter,  provisions, 
&c.,  are  kept. 

But'tock,  n.  [From  butt,  end.]  1. 
The  rump.  2.  The  convexity  of  a 
ship  behind,  under  the  stern. 

BOt'ton  (bfithi),  n.  [Fr.  bouton ,  fr. 
bout,  end,  extremity.]  1.  A  small 
ball;  a  knob.  2.  A  catch  to  fasten 
parts  of  dress.  3.  A  bud  ;  a  germ. 
4.  A  piece  of  wood  or  metal  to  fasten 
doors,  &c.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
fasten  with  a  button. 

But't on-hole,  n.  The  hole  in 
which  a  button  is  caught.  —  v.  t.  To 
detain  in  conversation  to  weariness  ; 
to  bore. 

But'ton-wood  (27),  n.  A  large  tree 
growing  in  North  America. 

But'tress,  n.  [Fr.  bou- 
ter,  to  push,  butt,  put.] 

A  projecting  support 
to  the  exterior  of  a 
wall;  a  prop.  —  v.  t. 

To  support  by  a  but¬ 
tress  ;  to  prop. 

BiFty-ra'ceous,  )  a. 

Bu'ty-roOs,  I  [See 
Butter.]  Having  the 
qualities  of  butter  ;  re¬ 
sembling  butter. 

Bux'om,  a.  [A.-S.  boc- 
sum ,  fr.  beogan,  b(igan,  Buttress, 
to  bow,  bend,  and  the  term,  sum, 
equiv.  to  Eng.  some.]  Brisk ;  jolly  ; 
frolicsome. 


a,  hard;  A§;  ejist;  N  as  NG;  this. 


BUXOMLY 

Bux'OM-LY,  arfi’.  In  a  buxom  man¬ 
ner  ;  briskly. 

Buy,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  bought 
(bawt).]  [A.-S.  bycgan,  bygan.]  1. 
To  purchase  ;  to  obtain  for  a  price. 
2.  To  procure  by  a  consideration. 

Buy'er,  n.  One  who  buys  ;  a  pur¬ 
chaser. 

Buzz,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [An  ono¬ 
matopoeia.]  To  make  a  low,  contin- 
aous,  humming  sound,  as  bees.  — 
v.  t.  To  spread,  as  report,  by  whis¬ 
pers. —  n.  1.  A  continuous  hum¬ 
ming  noise,  as  of  bees.  2.  A  whis¬ 
per  ;  a  report. 

Bftz'ZARD,  n.  [Lat.  buteo .]  1.  A 

bird  of  prey,  of  the  Falcon  family.  2. 
A  dunce. 


52 

By  (35),  prep.  [A.-S.  be,  bi,  big.]  1. 
Near  or  next  to.  2.  Near  to  in  mo¬ 
tion  ;  hence,  from  one  to  the  other 
side  of.  3.  With,  as  instrument, 
means,  way,  &c. ;  through. 
By-and-by. — (a.)  Immediately;  at  once. 
O&s.]  (6.)  Presently ;  pretty  soon ;  before 
ong. 

— r adv .  1.  Near;  present.  2.  Pass¬ 
ing  near. 

By,  )  n.  A  thing  not  directly  aimed 
Bye,  )  at ;  an  object  by  the  way. 

By  the  bye,  in  passing  ;  by  way  of  di¬ 
gression;  apropos  to  the  matter  in  hand. 
By'— END,  n.  Private  end  or  interest. 
By'-g5ne  (21),  a.  Past;  gone  by. — 
n.  A  past  event. 

By'-law,  n.  A  local  or  subordinate 
law  ;  a  private  law  or  regulation. 


CAGE 

By'-name,  n.  A  nickname  ;  a  sobri. 
quet. 

By'-path,  n.  A  private  path. 

By'-play,  n.  A  scene  which  is  car¬ 
ried  on  aside,  and  commonly  in 
dumb  show,  while  the  main  action 
proceeds.  [spectator. 

By'-stand'er,  n.  A  looker-on;  a 

By'- way,  n.  A  private  or  secluded 
way. 

By'-word  (bl'wurd),  n.  A  common 
saying ;  a  proverb. 

Byz'ant,_  )  n.  A  gold  coin  worth 

Byz'an-tine,  )  £15  sterling,  so 

called  from  being  coined  at  Byzan¬ 
tium. 

By-zan'tine,  or  B5z'AN-tine,  a. 
Of,  or  pertaining  to,  Byzantium. 


C(ce),  the  third  letter  in  the  English 
alphabet.  See  §§63-69. 

Gab,  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  cabriolet.]  A 
covered  carriage  drawn  by  one  horse. 
Ga-bal',  n.  [Ileb.  gabbalah,  fr.  ga- 
bal,  to  take  or  receive.]  1.  A  num¬ 
ber  of  persons  united  to  promote 
their  private  views  by  intrigue  ;  a 
junto.  2.  Intrigue. 

Syn.  — Party;  faction.  —  Cabal  and 
faction  differ  from  party,  being  always 
used  in  a  bad  sense.  A  cabal  intrigues 
secretly  to  gain  power  ;  a.  faction  labors 
more  or  less  openly  to  change  or  break 
down  the  existing  order  of  things. 

—  v.  i.  [-LED ;  -LING,  136.]  To  unite 
in  secret  artifices  ;  to  plot. 
Gab'A-LA,  n.  [See  supra.]  1.  A 
mysterious  science  among  Jewish 
rabbins.  2.  Mystery.  [cabalists. 
Gab'a-lism,  n.  Secret  science  of  the 
Gab' A-list,  n.  A  Jewish  doctor  con¬ 
versant  with  the  cabala. 
Gab'A-list'IU,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 
GXb'A-list'ig-al,  )  the  cabala ; 

containing  an  occult  meaning. 
Ga-BAL'ler,  n.  One  who  cabals. 
GXb'BAGE,  n.  [0.  Eng.  cabbish ,  from 
Lat.  capitatus,  having  a  head,  from 
caput,  head.]  A  common  garden 
vegetable.  — v.  i.  To  form  a  head  in 
growing. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Orig. 
to  cut  off  the  heads  of  cabbages,  esp. 
such  as  belong  to  others.]  To  pur¬ 
loin,  as  pieces  of  cloth,  after  cutting 
out  a  garment. 

GXb'in,  n.  [W.  caban,  dim.  of  cab, 
cot,  tent.]  1.  A  cottage  ;  a  hut.  2. 
An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  officers, 
&c.  —  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  live 
in  a  cabin  ;  to  lodge.  —  v.  t.  To  con¬ 
fine  in  a  cabin. 

GXb'in-boy,  n.  A  boy  who  waits  on 
the  officers  and  passengers  in  a  ship. 
Gab'in-et,  n.  [Dim.  of  cabin.]  1.  A 
small  room.  2.  A  room  in  which 
consultations  are  held.  3.  Select 
council  of  a  prince  or  executive  gov¬ 
ernment.  4.  A  piece  of  furniture 
with  drawers,  &c. 


Ga'ble,  n.  [L.  Lat.  capulum,  cap- 
lum,  a  rope,  from  capere ,  to  take.]  A 
large,  strong  rope  or  chain. 

Ga-boose',  n.  A  house  on  deck, 
where  the  cooking  is  done. 

Gab'ri-o-LET'  (-la'),  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of 
cabriole,  a  goat-leap,  caper.]  A  one- 
horse  pleasure-carriage  with  two 
seats. 

Ga-ca'o  [or  ka'ko),  n.  [Mexican  caca- 
uatl.]  The  chocolate  tree. 

Ga^h'a-lot  (kdsh'-),  n.  [Greenland 
kigutilik.]  The  sperm  whale. 

Cache  (kSsh),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  cacher ,  to 
hide.]  A  hiding-place  for  provisions. 

Ga-cheg'tie,  )  a.  Having,  or 

GA-chec'tk'-al,  J  pertaining  to,  a 
bad  state  of  body. 

Cachet  (kSsh'ii),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  cacher, 
to  conceal.]  A  seal,  as  of  a  letter. 

Lettre  de  cachet,  a  sealed  letter  of  state, 
formerly  much  used  in  France  for  im¬ 
prisoning  obnoxious  persons. 

Ga-GHEX'Y,  n.  [Gr.  xa^e^ta,  fr.  /fa¬ 
xes,  bad,  and  efts,  state.]  A  de¬ 
praved  condition  of  the  system. 

Gauh'in-na'tion,  n.  [Lat.  cachinna- 
tio.]  Loud  or  immoderate  laughter. 

Gack'le,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [II. 
Ger.  gackeln,  gackern.]  1.  To  make 
a  noise  like  a  goose  or  hen.  2.  To 
giggle.  —  n.  1.  Noise  of  a  goose  or 
hen.  2.  Silly  prattle. 

£a€'  O-E'THEg,  n.  [Gr.  to  xaxopfle s, 
from  xaxos,  bad,  and  rjdos ,  custom, 
habit.]  1.  A  bad  custom  or  habit. 
2.  An  incurable  ulcer. 

Ga-uog'ra-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  xaxos,  bad, 
and  ypa<j>y ,  writing.]  Bad  spelling  or 
writing.  [ing. 

Ga-€oph'o-nous,  a.  Harsh-sound- 

G’A-OOPH'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  xaxo<]>«vux., 
fr.  xaxos,  bad,  and  <f>uivrj,  sound.]  A 
disagreeable  sound  of  words.  2.  A 
bad  voice. 

GXo'tus,,  n. ;  pi.  -eAC'TUs-Eg,  or 
cac'tT.  [Gr.  xaxros,  a  prickly 
plant.]  A  genus  of  tropical  Ameri¬ 
can  plants. 


GAd,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  cadet.]  One  who 
stands  at  the  door  of  an  omnibus  to 
open  and  shut  it,  &c. 

Ga-dav'ER-ous,  a.  [Lat.  cadavero- 
sus,  fr.  cadaver,  a  corpse.]  Resem¬ 
bling  a  corpse  ;  pale  ;  wan  ;  ghastly. 

Gad'DI^E,  )  n.  The  larva  of  the  cad- 

~!ad'dis,  )  dice-fly. 

Gad'dice-fly,  n.  A  species  of  in¬ 
sect,  frequenting  marshy  places. 

Gad'dy,m.  [Dim.  of  cade,  cask.]  A 
small  box  for  tea.  [or  cask. 

Gade,  n.  [Gr.  xa6os,jar.]  A  barrel 

Ga'den^e,  n.  [L.  Lat.  cadentia ,  fr. 
Lat.  cadere,  to  fall.]  1.  A  fall  of  the 
voice  in  reading  or  speaking.  2.  A 
uniform  time  and  pace  in  marching. 

Ga-det',  n.  [0.  Fr.  capdet ,  as  if  from 
N.  Lat.  capitettum,  dim.  of  caput , 
head,  top.]  A  young  man  in  a  mili¬ 
tary  school. 

Ca'dJ,  n.  ;  pi.  EA'Drg.  [Turk.]  The 
judge  of  a  town  or  village  among  the 
Turks.  [zinc. 

GXd'mi-um,  n.  A  metal  related  to 

€A-HU’pE-us,  n.  [Lat.] 

Mercury’s  rod  or  wTand. 

GA-DU'91-TY,  n.  [L.  Lat. 
caducitas,  from  Lat.  cadu - 
cms.]  Tendency  to  fall. 

Ga-du'GOUS,  a.  [Lat.  cadu- 
cus,  from  cadere,  to  fall.] 

Falling  off  quickly  or  early. 

QjE-§u'ra,  or  (]je-su'rA, 
n.;  Eng.  pi.  ^jE-gU'RAg 
[or  -su'-)  ;  Lat.  pi.  fJE- 
£  V'RJE.  [Lat. ,  from  cat-  CaduceU8. 
dere,  ciesum ,  to  cut  off.]  A 
pause  or  division  in  a  verse. 

^JE-gu'RAL ,  or  QjE-su'ral,  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  caesura. 

Cafe  (kSf'a),  n.  [Fr.  gee  Coffee.] 
A  coffee-house. 

Gaf-fe'IG.  a.  [gee  COFFEE.]  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  obtained  from,  coffee. 

Gaf-fe'Ine,  n.  A  white,  bitter  sub¬ 
stance,  obtained  from  coffee.  [keg. 

GXg,  n.  [I cel.  kaggi.]  A  small  cask  ;  a 

GaGe,  n.  [Lat.  cavea,  cavity.]  A  box 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long /  A,  ft,  I,  6,  ft,  ft,  short;  cAre,  fXr,  ASK,  ALL,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm;  son, 


CAIMAN 


CALL 


or  inclosure  for  confining  birds  or 
other  animals. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  confine  in  a  cage. 

Gagman,  n.  See  Cayman. 

Ga'ique,'  or  Ga-IQUE',  n.  [Turk. 

qaiq,  boat.]  A  kind  of  Turkish  skiff 
or  light  boat. 

■Cairn,  n.  [W.  cam ,  heap.]  A  round¬ 
ed  or  conical  pile  of  stones. 

Cais'son,  n.  [Fr.,  from  caisse,  case, 
chest.]  A  chest  containing  ammu¬ 
nition. 

Gai'tiff,  n.  [Lat.  captivus ,  captive, 
fr.  capere,  to  take.]  A  mean,  despi¬ 
cable  person. 

Caj'e-put,  n.  [Of  Malayan  origin,  fr. 
k&yil,  tree,  and  putih ,  white.]  An 
essential  oil  from  the  East  Indies. 

Ca-JOLE',  v.  t.  [-E  D ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
cajoler,  to  flatter,  orig.  to  allure  one 
into  a  cage  like  a  bird,  fr.  geGle,  dim. 
of  cage.]  To  deceive  by  flattery. 

Syn.  —  To  flatter  ;  wheedle  ;  deceive; 
delude;  coax;  entrap. 

Ga-jol'er,  n.  One  who  cajoles;  a 
flatterer  ;  a  wheedler. 

Ca-JOI/er-y,  n.  A  wheedling  ;  coax¬ 
ing  language  :  flattery. 

Cake,  n.  [From  Lat.  coqdere ,  to  cook, 
bake.]  1.  A  composition  of  flour, 
butter,  sugar,  &c.,  baked  in  a  small 
mass.  2.  Any  mass  of  matter  flat 
and  concrete.  —  v.  t.  To  form  into 
a  cake,  or  mass. — v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  concrete  or  form  into  a  hard 
mass. 

Cal'A-bash,  n.  [Ar.  garah ,  f.,  a 
kind  of  gourd ,  and  aibas,  f.  aibasah, 
dry,  i.  e.,  a  dry  gourd  scooped  out.] 
1.  Fruit  of  the  calabash-tree.  2.  A 
vessel  made  from  the  gourd,  or  the 
gourd  itself. 

Cal'a-boose',  n.  [A  corruption  of 
Sp.  calabozo ,  dungeon.]  A  prison  ;  a 
jail. 

Gal'A-Man'go  (82),  n.  [L.  Lat.  cal- 
amancus,  camelaucus ,  a  head  cover¬ 
ing  made  of  canieFs  hair,  whence 
the  name.]  A  woolen  stuff,  of  a  fine 
gloss,  and  either  ribbed  or  plain. 

CalLa-mif'er-oBs,  a.  [Lat.  calamus , 
reed,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.]  Producing 
reeds;  reedy. 

Gal'a-MINE,  n.  [Lat.  cadmia,  d 
having  been,  as  it  often  is,  changed 
into  £.]  The  silicate  of  zinc. 

Ga-LAM'I-toBs,  a.  1.  Suffering  ca¬ 
lamity;  miserable.  2.  Producing 
calamity  ;  making  wretched. 

Syn. —  Deplorable;  distressful;  af¬ 
flictive;  wretched;  sad;  grievous;  bale¬ 
ful;  disastrous;  adverse  ;  unhappy. 

Ca-lam'i-toBs-ness,  a.  Wretched¬ 
ness  ;  distress. 

Ga-lXm'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  calamitas , 
orig.  injury  of  crops,  fr.  calamus , 
reed,  straw  of  grain.]  Any  great  mis¬ 
fortune  or  cause  of  misery. 

Syn.  —  Disaster;  misfortune;  mishap; 
mischance.  —  Calamity  is  either  private 
or  public,  and  is  a  somewhat  continu¬ 
ous  state  ;  disaster  (lit.,  ill-starred)  is  a 
sudden  and  distressing  event  or  stroke, 
ns  if  from  some  hostile  planet.  Misfor¬ 
tune,  mishap,  mischance,  are  words  which 
diminish  in  force  according  to  the  order 
in  which  they  stand. 


53 

Eal'a-mus,  n.  ;  pi.  cal'a-mi.  [Gr. 
KaAajaos.]  The  Indian  cane ;  a  plant 
of  the  palm  family. 

€a-lash',  n.  [Of  Slavonic  origin.]  1. 
A  light  carriage  having  a  top  that 
can  be  raised  or  lowered.  2.  Top  of 
a  carriage  which  can  be  thrown  back 
at  pleasure.  3.  A  kind  of  hood. 

Gal-ga'RE-ous,  a.  [Lat.  calx,  lime.] 
Of  the  nature  of  limestone. 

Gal'^e-a'ted,  a.  [Lat.  calceatus.] 
from  calceus,  shoe.]  Wearing  shoes. 

-Cae-^If'er-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  calx,  lime, 
and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Containing  car¬ 
bonate  of  lime. 

GXl'CI-form,  a.  [Lat.  calx,  lime, 
and  forma,  form.]  In  the  form  of 
chalk  or  lime. 

€al-CIN'a-bee,  a.  Capable  of  being 
calcined.  [calcining. 

GXl'CI-NA'tion,  n.  Operation  of 

Gal-c;ine,  or  GXl'cine,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  calx,  lime.]  To  reduce, 
or  to  be  reduced  to  a  powder,  or  to  a 
friable  state,  by  heat. 

€al'(;i-um,  n.  Metallic  basis  of  lime. 

CalTu-la-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
calculated. 

GXL'GU-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING]. 
[Lat.  calculare,  calculatus,  fr,  calcu¬ 
lus,  pebble.]  To  ascertain  by  arith¬ 
metical  or  mathematical  processes.  — 
v.  i.  To  make  a  calculation. 

Syn.  —  To  compute  ;  reckon  ;  count  ; 
estimate  ;  rate.  —  Calculate  is  generic, 
referring  to  the  operation  as  a  whole; 
compute  relates  to  the  obtaining  of  a 
gross  sum  or  amount  ;  reckon  and  count 
to  the  details  in  so  doing. 

GOT*  In  the  U.  S.,  calculate  is  often  im¬ 
properly  used  for  intend  or  purpose  ;  as, 
a  man  calculates  to  go  a  journey. 

■Gal/EU-la/tion,  n.  Computation ; 
reckoning.  [calculation. 

GXl'GU-la'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to 

GXl'gu-la/tor,  n.  One  who  com¬ 
putes  or  reckons. 

GXl'GU-lous,  a.  1.  Like  stone  ;  grit¬ 
ty.  2.  Affected  with  the  gravel  or 
stone. 

GXl'gu-lus,  n. ;  pi.  val'ciu-li. 
[Lat.  See  Calculate.]  1.  A  concre¬ 
tion  in  any  part  of  the  body ;  the 
stone  in  the  bladder.  2.  One  of  the 
branches  of  mathematics. 

Gal'dron  (kawP-),  n.  [Lat.  caldari- 
um,  from  caldus,  calidus,  warm,  hot.] 
A  large  kettle  or  boiler. 

GXl'e-fa'cient,  a.  [Lat.  calefacere, 
calefaciens.]  Making  warm  ;  heat¬ 
ing.  —  n.  A  substance  that  excites 
warmth  in  the  parts  to  which  it  is 
applied.  [or  heating. 

GXl;e-fXg'tion,  n.  Act  of  warming 

GXl'E-fXc'tIve,  I  a.  Making  warm 

Cal'e-fac'to-RY,  )  or  hot. 

Cal'E-FY,  v.  i.  [Lat.  calefieri,  from 
calefacere .]  To  grow  hot  or  warm. 
—  v.  t.  To  make  warm  or  hot. 

Cal'en-dar,  n.  [Lat.  calendarium, 
an  interest  or  account  book.  See 
Calends.]  I.  An  arrangement  of 
the  divisions  of  time,  as  days,  weeks, 
months,  &c.  2.  An  almanac. — v.  t. 
To  write  in  a  calendar. 

I  Cal'en-der,  n.  [A  modif.  of  cylin¬ 


der.]  A  hot  press,  to  make  cloths, 
paper,  &c.,  smooth,  even,  and  glos¬ 
sy,  or  to  give  them  a  wavy  appear¬ 
ance. —  v.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  pre.'js 
between  rollers  so  as  to  make  smooth, 
glossy,  or  wavy. 

GXl'end§,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  calendae,  from 
calare,  to  call,  proclaim.]  First  day 
of  each  month  among  the  Romans. 

€al'en-ture  (53),  n.  [From  Lat. 
cale.re,  to  be  warm.]  A  furious  deliri¬ 
um  caused  by  the  heat  of  the  tropi¬ 
cal  sun  at  sea. 

Ga-les'CEN^e,  n.  [Lat.  calescere, 
calescens,  to  grow  warm.]  Growing 
warmth . 

Galf  (kaf),  n.  ;  pi.  galve§  (kiivz)- 
[A.-S.  cealf]  1.  Young  of  the  cow, 
2.  Thick,  fleshy  part  of  the  leg  beJ 
hind,  below  the  knee. 

Gal'i-ber,  1  n.  [Lat.  qua  libra,  of 

Gal'i-bre,  )  what  pound  or  weight  ?] 
1.  Diameter  of  a  round  body.  2.  Di¬ 
ameter  of  the  bore  of  any  tube.  3- 
Mental  capacity. 

Gal'i-eo,  «.;  pi.  gXl'i-eoes.  [First 
imported  from  Calicut,  in  the  E.  I.] 

1.  Plain  white  cotton  cloth.  [Eng.] 

2.  Printed  cotton  cloth.  \Amer.] 

Gal'i-dugt,  n.  [Lat.  color,  heat,  and 

ductus,  lead.]  A  pipe  used  to  con¬ 
vey  heat. 

Ga'lif,  n.  See  Caliph. 

Ga-l'i'g'i-nous,  a.  [Lat.  caliginosus , 
from  caligo,  mist,  darkness.]  Dark. 

GXl'I-pXsh',  n.  Part  of  a  turtle 
which  belongs  to  the  upper  shell. 

Gal'i-pee  ,  n.  Part  of  a  turtle  which 
belongs  to  the  lower  shell. 

GAL'l-PERg,  n.  pi.  Com¬ 
passes  with  curved  legs  for 
measuring  the  diameter 
of  round  bodies. 

Ga'liph,  n.  [Av.khalifah, 
fr.  klialafa,  to  succeed.] 

One  of  the  successors  of 
Mohammed.  Calipers. 

Gal'iph-ate,  )  n.  Office  or  dignity 

Gal'if-ate,  j  of  a  caliph. 

Gal'is-then'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to 
calisthenics. 

GalHs-then'igs,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  xa- 
Aos,  beautiful,  and  aOeuos,  strength.] 
Exercise  of  the  body  and  limbs,  to 
promote  strength  and  grace. 

Ga'lix,  n.  A  cup.  See  Calyx. 

Galk  (kawk),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1, 
[Prob.  fr.  Fr.  calfater,  fr.  Ar.  galafa, 
to  fill  up  crevices  with  fibers  of  palm- 
trees,  or  with  moss.]  To  drive  oak¬ 
um  into  the  seams  of,  to  prevent 
leaking.  2.  [See  infra.]  To  furnish 
the  shoes  of  with  sharp  points  ;  — ■ 
said  of  a  horse  or  ox.—  n.  [A.-S. 
calc,  shoe,  hoof,  Lat.  calx,  heel.]  A 
sharp-pointed  piece  of  iron  on  a  shoo 
for  a  horse  or  an  ox.  [calks. 

Galk'er  (kawk/er),  n.  One  who 

Galk'ing-Pron  (kawk'ing-Purn),  n. 
An  instrument  like  a  chisel,  used  in 
calking  ships. 

Gall,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Icel.  kal- 
la,  Gr.  xaAetF.]  1.  To  invite  or  com¬ 
mand  to  be  present ;  to  summon ;  to 
bid.  ■  2.  To  name.  3.  To  designate, 


G,  hard;  A§;  E?cist;  NasNG;  THIS. 


too,  took;  £trn,  rue,  pvll ;  e,i,  o,  silent ;  q,G,soft; 


CALLER 


54  CAN 


as  for  an  office,  duty,  &c.  4.  To  utter 
in  a  loud  voice.  — v.  i.  1.  To  cry 
out.  2.  To  make  a  brief  stay  or 
visit. — n.  1.  A  summons  or  invita¬ 
tion.  2.  Public  claim  or  demand. 
3.  A  short  visit. 

€all'er,  n.  One  who  calls. 
GXl'li-grXph'ic,  1  a.  Of,  or 
GXl'li-grXph'ic-al,  J  pertaining 
to,  caligraphy.  [penman. 

■Gal-i, ig'ra-phist,  n.  An  elegant 
GAL-LlG'RA-PHY,  71.  [Gr.  KaAAiypa- 
<£ta,  from  KaAos,  beautiful,  and  ypa- 
to  write.]  Elegant  penmanship. 
Gall'ING,  n.  1.  A  summons  or  in¬ 
vitation.  2.  Occupation ;  vocation ; 
business.  [of  skin. 

Gal-los'i-ty,  n.  A  horny  hardness 
GXl'lous,  a.  [Lat.  callosus,  fr.  cal- 
lum,  callus.]  1.  Hardened ;  indu¬ 
rated.  2.  Hardened  in  mind. 
GXl'lous-ly,  adv.  In  a  callous  or 
hardened  manner.  [callous. 

GXl'lous-ness,  ti.  State  of  being 
GXl'low,  a.  [A.-S.  calo.]  Destitute 
of  feathers ;  unfledged. 

£al'lus,71.  [Lat.]  1.  A  preternat¬ 
ural  hardness 'of  the  skin.  2.  New 
growth  of  bony  matter  between  the 
extremities  of  fractured  bones. 
Galm  (kam),  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  1.  Not 
stormy.  2.  Undisturbed  by  passion. 

Syn. —  Still;  quiet;  tranquil;  serene. 

—  ti.  Freedom  from  motion  or  dis¬ 
turbance. 

Syn. —  Tranquillity;  stillness;  quiet. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  render 
still  or  quiet. 

Syn.  —  To  appease;  allay;  tranquillize. 
Galm'LY  (kam'-),  adv.  In  a  calm  or 
quiet  manner.  [calm. 

Galm'ness  (kam'-),  n.  State  of  being 
GXl'o-MEL,  ti ,  [Gr.  tea Aos,  beauti¬ 

ful,  and  (ueAcis,  black,  in  allusion  to 
its  color.]  Mild  chloride  of  mercury. 
Ga-lor'IE,  n.  [Lat.  calor ,  heat.]  The 
principle  of  heat  and  combustion. 
GXl'O-RIF'IC,  a.  [Lat.  calorijicus,  fr. 
calor,  heat,  and  facere ,  to  make.] 
Causing  heat ;  heating. 
GXl'o-rim'e-ter,  ti.  [Lat.  calor , 
heat,  and  Gr.  /xerpov,  measure.]  Ap¬ 
paratus  formeasuring  heat  in  bodies. 
GA-LOR'I-MO'TOR,  n.  [Lat.  calor, 
heat,  and  motor ,  a  mover.]  A  gal¬ 
vanic  battery,  producing  powerful 
effects . 

Ga-loy'er,  n.  [Gr.  /caAos,  beautiful, 
and  yepiov,  an  old  man.]  One  of  a 
sect  of  monks  of  the  Greek  church. 
GXl'trap,  )  n.  [It. 

GXl'trop,  j  cal- 
catreppo ,  calca- 
treppolo,  star-this¬ 
tle,  fr.  calcar e,  to 
tread,  and  tribolo, 
star-thistle,  steel- 
trap.]  1.  A  plant 
having  a  prickly 
fruit.  2.  An  in-  Caltrop, 
strument  with 

four  iron  points,  so  arranged  that, 
three  of  them  being  on  the  ground, 
the  other  projects  upward. 
Gal'u-mLt,  n.  [Lat.  cala7nus-,  reed.] 

A,  E,  !,  6,  u,  Y,  Ion 


A  kind  of  pipe,  used  by  the  Ameri¬ 
can  Indians  for  smoking  tobacco, 
and  as  a  symbol  of  peace  and  war. 

Ga-LUM'NI-ATE,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.] 
[Lat.  calumniari.]  To  accuse  falsely 
and  knowingly. 

Syn.  — To  asperse;  slander;  defame; 
vilify;  traduce;  libel. 

Ga-lum'ni-a'tion,  n.  False  accu¬ 
sation  of  a  crime  or  offense  ;  slauder. 

Ga-lum'ni-a'tor,  n.  One  who  ca¬ 
lumniates. 

Ga-lum'ni-oOs,  a.  Slanderous  ;  de¬ 
famatory.  [ously. 

Ga-lum'ni-ous-ly,  adv.  Slander- 

Gal'um-NY,  n.  [Lat.  calumnia.] 
False  accusation  of  a  crime  or  offense. 

Syn.  —  Slander;  defamation;  libel. — 
Calumny  properly  denotes  the  originat¬ 
ing  or  first  uttering  of  such  a  charge;  the 
remaining  words  apply  to  this,  and  also 
to  tire  circulation  of  the  charge  when 
originated  by  others. 

Gai/VA-RY,  n.  [Lat.  calvarium,  cal¬ 
varia,  skull.]  The  place  of  Christ’s 
crucifixion.  [calf. 

Galve  (kav),  v.  i.  To  bring  forth  a 

GXl'VIN-ism,  7i.  Doctrines  of  Calvin 
and  his  followers.  [Calvinism. 

GXl'VIN-ist,  7i.  One  who  adheres  to 

GXl'VINIST'IC,  [  a.  Pertaining 

GXl'vin-Ist'I€-al,  j  to  Calvin,  or 
to  his  opinions  in  theology. 

Galx,  7i. ;  JEng.pl.  cXlx'e§  ;  Lat.  pi. 
-CAL.' p Eg.  [Lat.  calx,  limestone.] 
Earthy  residuum  remaining  after  the 
calcination  of  a  metal  or  mineral. 

Ca'lyx,  7i.;  Eng.  pi.  ca'- 
lyx-es  ;  Lat.  pi.  cal'- 
Y-fEg.  [Gr.  KaAv£,  fr. 

KaAvVretv,  to  cover.]  The 
outer  covering,  or  leaf- 
like  envelope  of  a  flower. 

Gam,  n.  [W.  ca7n,  crook¬ 
ed,  bent.]  A  projecting 
part  of  a  wheel  or  other 
moving  piece,  to  produce  Calyx, 
an  alternating  or  variable 
motion. 

GXm'ber,  7i.  [Lat.  ca7nera ,  vault, 
arch.]  A  convexity  on  the  top  of  a 
beam,  or  of  an  aperture. 

GXm'bist,  7i.  [Lat.  cambire,  to  ex¬ 
change.]  A  banker. 

Gam-boose',  n.  See  Caboose. 

Gam'bric,  n.  [From  Cambraij,  in 
Flanders,  where  it  was  first  made.] 
A  fine,  white  fabric  of  flax,  linen,  or 
cotton. 

Game,  imp.  of  Come. 

GXm'el,  n.  [Gr. 

Kdp-rjAos,  Hebrew 
gamal .]  1.  A  large 
ruminant  quadru¬ 
ped  of  Asia  and 
Africa.  2.  A  con¬ 
trivance  for  lifting 
ships  over  shoals.  Camel. 

Ga-mEl'o-pard,  or  GXm'el-o- 
PARD',  n.  [Gr.  Kap.ri\onap8a\L<;,  fr. 
Kap.r]\o<;,  a  camel,  and  7rap8aAt?, 
pard,  leopard  ;  so  named  because  he 
has  a  neck  and  head  like  a  camel, 
and  is  spotted  like  a  pard.]  A  rumin¬ 
ant  quadruped,  inhabiting  the  deserts 
of  Africa ;  the  giraffe. 


GXm'E-o  (147),  n.  [It.,  from  Lat .  ge7n- 
ma,  gem,  jewel.]  A  precious  stone, 
or  a  shell,  carved  in  relief. 

GXm'e-ra,  7i.  [Lat.]  1.  An  arched 
or  vaulted  roof.  2.  Form  of  the  came¬ 
ra  obscura  used  by  photographers. 

GXm'e-ra-lis'tics,  7i.  sing.  [Lat. 
camera,  vault,  arch,  Low  Lat.  treas¬ 
ury.]  Science  of  finance  or  public 
revenue. 

Eam'e-ra  Ob-S€V'ra.  [Lat.,  lit. 
dark  chamber.]  An  apparatus  in 
which  the  images  of  external  objects 
are  thrown  upon  a  white  surface 
placed  on  the  focus  of  the  glass  with¬ 
in  a  darkened  chamber  or  box. 

GXm'I-sade',  (  7i.  [0.  Fr.  camise, 

GXm'i-sa'do,  j  shirt.]  An  attack 
by  surprise  at  night. 

Gam'let,  7i.  A  stuff  originally  made 
of  camel's  hair,  nowr  frequently  of 
hair  and  silk,  or  of  wool  and  thread. 

GXm'O-MILE,  n.  [Gr.  xajuai'-jUTjAov, 
strictly  earth-apple.]  A  bitter  plant 
used  in  medicine. 

Gamp,  7i.  [Lat.  campus.]  1.  Ground 
on  which  tents,  huts,  &c.,  are  erect¬ 
ed  for  shelter.  2.  Arrangement  of 
such  tents,  huts,  &c.  3.  Whole 

company  encamped  in  the  same  spot. 

—  v.i.  To  rest  or  lodge ;  to  pitch 
tents,  &c. 

Gam-paign'  (-pun'),  n.  [Lat.  Cam¬ 
pania,  the  country  about  Naples,  so 
called  from  its  being  level  (rampes- 
tris).]  1.  A  large,  open  plain.  2. 
Time  that  an  army  keeps  the  field. 

—  v.  i.  To  serve  in  a  campaign. 

Gam-PAIGN'er  (-pan'-),  n.  An  old 

soldier ;  a  veteran. 

Gam-pXn'i-form,  a.  [Low  Lat.  cam- 
pana,  bell,  and  forma,  form.]  In 
the  shape  of  a  bell. 

GXm'pa-nol'o-gy,  n.  [Low  Lat. 
campana,  bell,  and  Gr.  Aoyov,  dis¬ 
course.]  Art  of  ringing  bells. 

Gam-pan'u-late  (45),  a.  [Low  Lat. 
campanula,  dim.  of  campaiia,  bell.] 
Bell-shaped. 

Gam-pes'tral,  1  a.  [Lat.  caitipes- 

Gam-pes'tri-an,  I  ter,  campestris, 
from  campus,  field.]  Pertaining  to  a 
field,  or  open  ground. 

Gam-phene',  «.  [A  contraction  of 
camphogen.]  Pure  oil  of  turpentine. 

Gam'phor,  n.  [Ar.  &  Per.  kafrtl , 
Skr.  karpbra.]  The  solidified  sap  of 
an  East  Indian  tree. 

GXm'phor-ate,  v.  t.  To  impregnate 
with  camphor.  [phor. 

Gam-phorTg,  a.  Pertaining  to  cam- 

GXmp'-stool,  n.  A  stool  with  cross¬ 
legs  to  fold  up. 

GXn,  n.  [Lat.  caima,  reed,  a  small 
vessel,  Gr.  Kavva.]  A  metal  cup  or 
vessel  for  liquors. — v.  i.  [imp. 
COULD.]  [A.-S.  cunnan,  Goth. 
kunnan.]  To  be  able  ;  to  have  power, 
either  physical  or  moral. 

Syn. —  Can  but;  can  not  but.  —  “/can 
but  perish  if  I  try,”  means  it  is  the  ut¬ 
most  that  can  befall  me:  “  I  can  not  but 
think,”  &c..  means,  “I  can  not  (morally) 
but  do  it”— that  is,  can  not  help  it- 
This  latter  idea  of  constraint  is  a  very 
common  one,  and  should  always  be  ex- 


g;  X,L,I,  6,  0,  y, short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  tIrm;  pique,  firm;  son, 


CANTILEVER 


CANAILLE 

pressed  by  the  words  can  not  but.  Can 
but  is  properly  used  (as  above)  only 
where  we  refer  to  the  worst  that  can 
happen. 

CANAILLE  (ka-naF  or  ka/na'y’),  n. 
[Fr.,fr.  Lat.  cants,  dog.]  The  rabble  ; 
the  vulgar. 

Ga-N.Xl',  n.  [Lat.  canalis,  fr.  canna, 
reed,  pipe.]  1.  An  artificial  water¬ 
course.  2.  A  duct  for  the  passage 
of  liquids  or  solids.  [coal. 

Gan'al-goal,  n.  See  Cannel- 

CANARD  ( ka-nlir'  or  ka-nardQ,  n. 
[]?r.,  a  duck,  in  allusion  to  a  certain 
absurd  story  about  some  ducks.] 
An  extravagant  and  ridiculous  fabri¬ 
cation  . 

Ga-na'ry-bird  (18),  n.  A  small 
singing-bird  of  the  finch  family,  a 
native  of  the  Canary  Islands. 

GXN'CEL,  V.  t.  [-ED.-ING  ;  or -LED, 
-LING,  137  ]  [Lat.  cancellare ,  from 
cancelti.  dim.  of  cancer ,  lattice.]  1.  To 
cross  and  deface  the  lines  of.  2.  To 
annul,  or  desfroy. — n.  Suppression 
and  reprinting  of  a  page  or  more  of  a 
work,  or  the  part  thus  altered. 

GXn'^el-la'tion,  n.  1  Act  of 
canceling.  2.  Operation  of  striking 
out  common  factors. 

GXn'cer,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  The  crab.  2. 
A  sign  in  the  zodiac.  3.  {Med.)  A 
kind  of  tumor,  usually  terminating 
in  an  ulcer.  [cancerous. 

GXn'cer-a'tion,  n.  A  growing 

GXn'<^er-ous,  a.  Like,  or  consisting 
of,  a  cancer. 

Gan'de-la'brum.  n. ;  Lat.pl.  CAN'- 
DE-LA'BRA  ;  Eng.  pi.  CXN'DE- 
la'brums.  [Lat.,  fr.  candela,  can¬ 
dle.]  A  branched,  highly  ornamented 
candlestick. 

Can'dent,  a.  [Lat.  candens,  -entis.] 
Heated  to  whiteness. 

GXn'did,  a.  [Lat.  candidus,  fr.  can- 
dere,  to  be  of  a  glowing  white.]  Free 
from  undue  bias. 

Syn. —  Fair;  open;  ingenuous;  frank. 
—  A.  man  is. fair  when  he  puts  things  on 
a  just  or  equitable  footing;  he  is  candid 
when  he  looks  impartially  on  both  sides 
of  a  subject,  doing  justice  especially  to 
the  motives  and  conduct  of  an  opponent; 
lie  is  open  and  frank  when  he  declares 
his  sentiments  without  reserve;  he  is 
ingenuous  when  he  does  this  from  a  no¬ 
ble  regard  for  truth. 

GXn'di-da-^y,  n.  The  position  of  a 
candidate. 

GXn'di-date,  n.  [Lat.  candidatus, 
from  candidus,  white,  because  those 
who  sought  offices  in  Rome  were 
clothed  in  a  white  toga.]  One  who 
seeks,  or  is  selected  for  some  office. 

GXn'did-ly,  adv.  Openly;  frankly. 

Gan'dib-ness,  w.  Frankness  ;  candor. 

GXn'dle,  n.  [Lat.  candela,  from  can- 
dere,  to  be  white.]  A  cylinder  of 
tallow,  wax,  spermaceti,  &c.,used  to 
furnish  light.  [candle. 

GXn'dle-light  (-lit),  n.  Light  of  a 

GXn'dle-mas(146),  n.  The  feast  of  the 
purification  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  Feb. 
2 :  — so  called  from  the  great  number 
of  lights  used  on  that  occasion. 

GXn'dle-stick,  n.  A  utensil  to 
hold  a  candle. 


55 

GXn'dor,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  candere ,  to  be 
white.]  Freedom  from  prejudice  or 
disguise  ;  fairness  ;  impartiality. 

GXn'dy,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  1. 

To  conserve  in  sugar.  2.  To  form 
into  crystals,  as  sugar.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
change  into  sugar.  2.  To  be  formed 
into  congelations  or  crystals. — n. 
[Skr.  khanda,  apiece,  sugar  in  lumps, 
sugar-cane,  treacle,  fr.  kliand,  k/tad, 
to  break.]  A  preparation  of  sugar 
or  sirup. 

Gane,  n.  [Lat.  canna.]  1.  A  plant 
of  several  species  belonging  to  differ¬ 
ent  genera.  2.  A  walking-stick ;  a 
staff.  — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  beat 
with  a  cane. 

Gane '-brake,  n.  A  thicket  of  canes. 

GA-NI€'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  canicula,  a 
little  dog.]  Pertaining  to,  or  meas¬ 
ured  by,  the  rising  of  the  Dog-star. 

Ga-nine',  a.  [Lat.  caninus,  fr.  canis , 
dog.]  Pertaining  to  dogs. 

Canine  teeth,  the  sharp  teeth,  on  each 
side,  between  the  incisors  and  grinders. 

GXn'IS-ter,  n.  [Gr.  udvaarpov,  from 
navri,  Kawa,  reed.]  A  small  box  or 
case  for  tea,  coffee,  &c. 

GXn'ker  (82),  n.  [Lat.  cancer.]  1. 
An  ulcer  in  the  mouth.  2.  Any 
thing  which  corrodes,  corrupts,  or 
destroys.  3.  A  kind  of  wild,  worth¬ 
less  rose :  dog-rose.  4.  A  caterpillar. 
—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  eat; 
corrode  ;  corrupt ;  consume.  2.  To 
infect  or  pollute.  —  v.i.  1.  To  bo  or 
become  venomous.  2.  To  waste 
away  or  grow  rusty.  [canker. 

GXn'ker-ous,  a.  Corroding  like  a 

GXn'ker-rXsh,  n.  A  variety  of  the 
scarlet  fever. 

GXn'ker-worm  (-wfirm),  n.  A  worm 
destructive  to  certain  trees  and 
plants. 

GXn'nel— GOAL,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
candle-coal .]  A  kind  of  hard  black 
coal.  It  burns  readily,  with  a  clear, 
yellow  flame. 

GXn'NI-BAL,  n.  [Sp.  Car  i  bales  (cquiv. 
to  Eng.  Caribbe.es),  afterward  changed 
into  N.  Lat.  Canibales,  to  express 
their  canine  appetite  for  human 
flesh.]  A  human  being  that  eats 
human  flesh. 

GXn'ni-bal-ism,  n.  Act  or  practice 
of  eating  human  flesh  by  mankind. 

GXn'non,w.  [Lat. 
canna,  reed,  pipe, 
tube.]  A  large 
metal  cylinder  for 
throwing  balls  by 
the  force  of  gun¬ 
powder 

GXn'non-ade',  n.  Act  of  discharging 
cannon  and  throwing  balls.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  attack  with  heavy 
artillery. 

GXn'non-ball,  n.  A  ball  to  be 
thrown  from  cannon. 

Gan'non-eer',  In.  A  man  who 

GXn'non-ier',  )  manages  cannon. 

GXn'non-shot,  n.  1.  A  ball  for 
cannon.  2.  The  distance  a  cannon 
will  throw  balls.  [able. 

GXn'not.  [can  and  not.]  To  be  un- 


GXn'nu-lar  (kiWu-lar),  a.  [Lat 
cannula,  dim.  of  canna,  reed,  tube.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  tube  ;  tubular. 

Ga-noe'  (ka-nob/),  n.  A  boat  formed 
of  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  excavated,  or 
of  bark  or  skins. 

Gan'on,  n.  [Gr.  xenw.]  1.  A  law 
or  rule.  2. 

Genu  i  n  e 
books  of  the 
Scriptures.  3. 

A  catalogue 
of  saints.  4. 

An  ecclesias¬ 
tical  digni-  Canon  Type, 
tary.  5.  The  largest  size  of  type 
having  a  specific  name. 

GXn'on-ess,  n.  A  woman  who  enjoys 
a  prebend. 

Ga-non'I€,  1  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Ga-non'I€-AL,  j  canon  ;  according 
to  rule.  [nonical  manner. 

Ga-non'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  ca- 

Ga-non'ig-al-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  canonical. 

Ga-non'ig-als,  n.  pi.  Full  official 
dress  of  the  clergy. 

Ga-non'ig-ATE,  n.  Office  of  a  canon. 

GXn'on-Yc'I-ty,^.  State  of  belong¬ 
ing  to  the  canon,  or  genuine  books 
of  Scripture. 

Gan'on-ist,  n.  A  professor  of  canon 
law.  [a  canonist. 

GXn'OA-IST'IG,  a.  Of,  or  relating  to, 

GXn'on-I-za'tion,  n.  1.  Ceremony 
of  placing  the  name  of  a  deceased 
person  in  the  catalogue  of  saints.  2. 
State  of  being  canonized. 

GXn'on-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
place  upon  the  catalogue  of  saints. 

Gan'on-law,  n.  The  law  sanctioned 
by  the  church  of  Rome. 

GXn'on-ry,  \n.  A  benefice,  in  a 

GXn'on-ship,  j  cathedi’al  or  collegi¬ 
ate  church,  having  a  prebend  an¬ 
nexed. 

GXn'o  PY,  n.  [Gr.  Koivatireiov,  a  net 
over  a  bed  to  keep  off  gnats,  from 
kcovcoi//,  gnat.]  1.  A  covering  over 
the  head.  2.  An  ornamental  pro¬ 
jection  over  doors,  windows,  arches, 
&c.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.]  To 
cover  with  a  canopy. 

GXnt,  v.  t.  To  place  on  the  edge,  as 
a  cask.  —  n.  [Icel.  kantr,  edge,  an¬ 
gle,  Gr.  KavOos,  corner  of  the  eye, 
felly  of  a  wheel.]  1.  An  inclination 
from  a  horizontal  line.  2.  A  thrust 
or  push,  with  a  sudden  jerk.  3.  [Lat. 
cantus,  chant.]  A  sing-song  mode 
of  speaking.  4.  Affected  religious 
phraseology.  5.  Secret  language  of 
gypsies,  thieves,  &c. — a.  Affected, 
inelegant,  or  vulgar.  — v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  speak  in  an  affected, 
singing  tone.  2.  To  make  whining 
pretensions  to  goodness. 

GXn'ta-leup,  In.  [From  Cantalu- 

GXn'ta-loupe,  )  po,  a  castle  in 
Italy.]  A  delicate  variety  of  musk- 
melon. 

GXn'ta-ley'er,  )  n.  [From  cant,  an 

GXn'ti-LE v'er,  j  external  angle, 
and  lever ,  a  supporter  of  the  roof- 
timber  of  a  house.]  A  bracket  for 

G,  hard;  Ag;  EjilST ;  NasNG;  this. 


Cannon. 


CANTATA 


CAPTAIN 


supporting  a  balcony,  the  eaves  of  a 
house.  & c. 

Can-  ta'ta  ,  or  -Can-  ta'  ta ,  n.  [It.] 
A  poem  set  to  music. 

€an-teen',«.  [Sp.  cantina.]  A  vessel 
for  carrying  liquor  for  drink. 

Can'ter,  V.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing]  To 
move  in  a  moderate  gallop.  —  v.t. 
To  ride  upon  a  canter.' — n.  [From 
pilgrims  riding  to  Canterbury  at  this 
pace.]  A  moderate  gallop. 

€an,ter-bur/v  (-ber'r^),  n.  A  re¬ 
ceptacle'  for  music,  portfolios,  &c., 
being  a  stand  with  divisions  in  it. 

GXn'ter-bur'y-tale,  n.  A  fabu¬ 
lous  story  ;  —  ft\  the  tales  of  Chaucer. 

-Gan-thar'i-des,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  & 
Gr.]  Spanish  flies  used  for  blistering. 

GXn'ti-ele,  n.  [Lat.  canticulum , 
dim.  of  c  anti  cum,  song.]  1.  A  little 
song.  2.  pi.  The  Song  of  Solomon. 

GXn'til-LATE,  v.  t.  [Lat.  cantillare, 
from  canere ,  to  sing.]  To  chant. 

GXn'til-la'TION,  n.  A  chanting. 

Gan-tine',  n.  See  Canteen. 

Cant'let,  n.  A  piece._ 

Can'to,  n. ;  pi.  eAn'tSs.  [It.  canto, 
from  Lat.  cantus,  singing,  song.]  1. 
A  chief  division  of  a  poem.  2.  ( Mus .) 
The  soprano,  or  highest  part. 

GXn'TON,  n.  [L.  Lat.  cantonus,  corner, 
district.  See  CANT,  ».]  A  small 
district  constituting  a  distinct  state 
or  government.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ] 

1.  To  divide  into  distinct  portions. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to,  as 

to  troop  s^  [cantons. 

GXn'TON  IZE,  v.  t.  To  divide  into 

Gan'ton-ment,  n.  Part  of  a  town 
or  village,  assigned  to  a  particular 
regiment  of  troops. 

Gan-TOON',  n.  A  kind  of  strong  stuff. 

GXn'VAS,  n.  [Gr.  KavvajiLS,  Kawa-pos, 
hemp.]  1.  A  coarse  cloth  of  hemp 
or  flax.  2-  The  sails  of  a  vessel. 

Gan'VAS-BACK,  n.  A  kind  of  sea-duck. 

Gan'vass,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
canvas,  in  0.  Eng.  a  sieve.]  1.  To 
sift ;  to  examine  thoroughly.  2.  To 
debate.  3.  To  go  through  in  the  way 
of  solicitation.  —  v.  i.  To  .solicit 
votes  or  interest. — n.  1.  Close  in¬ 
spection.  2.  Discussion.  3.  Solici¬ 
tation,  or  effort  to  obtain  something. 

Gan'vASS-er,  n.  1.  One  who  solicits 
votes  or  subscriptions.  2.  One  who 
examines  the  returns  of  votes. 

•CaN-zo'nE,  n.  [It.]  A  song  or  air  in 
two  or  three  parts,  with  passages  of 
fugue  and  imitation. 

Gan'ZO-net',  n.  [It.  canzonetta , 
dim.  of  canzone.]  A  short  song,  in 
one,  two,  or  three  parts. 

Gaout'choug  (kcTo'chdbk),  n.  [A 
South  American  word.]  An  elastic 
substance,  obtained  from  the  milky 
juice  of  several  tropical  plants ;  — 
called  also  India  rubber. 

Gap,  n.  [A.-S.  cappe.]  1.  A  covering 
for  the  head  2.  Any  thing  re¬ 
sembling  a  cap.  —  v.  t.  [-ped  ; 
-PING.]  1.  To  cover  the  top  or  end 
of.  2.  To  render  complete.  3.  To 
provide  with  a  cap.  [capable. 

GA'PA-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 


56 

Ga'PA-BLE,  a.  [L.  Lat.  capabilis ,  fr. 
Lat.  capere ,  to  take.]  1.  Possessing 
ability  or  qualification.  2.  Possess¬ 
ing  intellectual  power. 

Syn. —  Able;  competent;  efficient. 

Ga/pa-ble-ness,  n.  Capacity  ;  capa¬ 
bility  ;  competence. 

Ga-pa'cioGs,  a.  [Lat.  capax .]  Hav¬ 
ing  capacity  ;  able  to  contain.” 

Syn.  — Large;  spacious;  broad;  com¬ 
prehensive^ 

GA-PAC'I-TATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  render  capable  ;  to  quality. 

Ga-pa^'i-ty,  n.  1.  Extent  of  room 
or  space.  2.  Power  of  the  mind  to 
receive  ideas,  &c.  3.  Solid  contents 
of  a  body. 

Syn.  —  Ability  ;  faculty  ;  talent ;  capa¬ 
bility;  skill;  efficiency. 

Cap-A-pie  (kap'a-pee').  [0.  Fr.] 
From  head  to  foot. 

Ga-par'i-son,  n.  [Sp.  caparazon, 

cover  for  a  saddle,  coach,  &c.,  fr.  ca- 
pa,  cloak,  cover,  and  arzon ,  bows  of 
a  saddle.]  1.  A  covering  for  a  saddle 
or  harness;  trappings.  2.  Gay  or  rich 
clothing. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  cover  with  a  caparison.  2.  To 
dress  richly. 

Gape,  n.  1.  [Lat.  caput ,  head,  ex¬ 
tremity.]  A  headland.  2.  [Fr.  cape.] 
Neckpiece  of  a  coat  or  other  garment. 

Ga'per,  v.  i.  [Lat.  caper,  a  he-goat.] 
To  leap  or  jump  about ;  to  spring.— 
n.  1.  A  frolicsome  leap  or  spring.  2. 
[Gr.  k 0.77— apt?,  Ka.7r7Ta.pt ,  Ar.  al-kabar.] 
Flower-bud  of  the  caper-bush. 

Ca'pi-as,?i.  [Lat.,  thou  mayesttake.] 
A  writ  commanding  the  officer  to  ar¬ 
rest  the  person  named  in  it. 

GXp'il-la'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  capilla- 
ceus,  hairy.]  Having  long  filaments. 

Ga-pil'la-ment,  n.  [Lat.  capilla- 
mentum,  from  capillus,  hair.]  A  fila¬ 
ment  ;  a  fine  hair-like  thread  or  fiber. 

GXp'il-la-ry,  or  Ga-pil/la-ry,  a. 
1.  Resembling  a  hair  ;  long  and  very 
slender.  2.  Pertaining  to  capillary 
tubes.  —  n.  A  fine  vessel  or  canal. 

Gap'I-TAE,  a.  [Lat.  capitalis,  fr.  ca¬ 
put,  head.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  head 
or  to  forfeiture  of  the  head  or  life.  2. 
F'irst  in  importance. 

Syn.— Chief;  principal;  leading. 

—  n.  1.  Upper  part  of  a  column.  2. 
Chief  city  or  town  ;  metropolis.  3. 
Stock  employed  in  trade,  & c.  4. 
Means  of  increasing  one’s  power.  5. 
A  letter  of  greater  size  than  those 
ordinarily  used  in  the  body  of  the 
page.  [property. 

Gap'i-tae-Ist,  n.  A  man  of  large 

GXp'I-tal-Ize,  v.  t.  1.  To  convert 
into  capital.  2.  To  print  in  capital 
letters.  [ner. 

GXp'I-tal-ly,  ad v.  In  a  capital  man- 

GapG-ta/tion,  n.  [Lat.  capitatio,  fr. 
caput,  head.]  1.  A  numbering  of 
persons.  2.  A  tax  upon  each  head  ; 
a  poll-tax. 

CXp'i-t ft,  n.  [Lat.,  ablative  case  of 
caput,  head.]  A  tenure  of  land. 

GXp'I-TOL,  n.  [Lat.  capilolium,  fr. 
caput,  head.]  1.  Temple  of  Jupiter, 
in  Rome.  2.  A  government  house. 


Ga-pit'u-lar,  )  n.  [Lat.  capitu- 

Ga-pit'u-la-ry,  j  lum,  dim.  of  ca¬ 
put,  head,  chapter.]  1.  An  act  passed 
in  a  chapter  of  knights,  canons,  &c. 

2.  A  collection  of  laws  or  statutes. 

3.  Member  of  a  chapter. 

Ga-pit'u-la-ry  (44),  a.  Relating  to 

the  chapter  of  a  cathedral. 

Ga-pit'u-late,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  surrender  on  stipulated  terms. 

Ga-pit'u-la'tion,  n.  Act  or  instru¬ 
ment  of  capitulation.  [pitulates, 

Ga-pit'u-la'tor,  n.  One  who  ca- 

Ga-pi'vi  (-p3/ve),  n.  [See  Copaiba.] 
A  balsam. 

Ga-pocii'  (ka-pffotslE),  n.  [L.  Lat.  ca- 
pucium ,  fr.  capa,  cappa,  cape,  cloak.] 
A  monk’s  hood. 

Ga'pon  (ka/pn  orka'pun),  n.  [Gr. 
Kamov.]  A  cock  gelded  to  improve 
his  flesh  for  the  table. 

Gap'o-niere',  n.  [Fr.  caponniere.] 
A  work  placed  in  a  ditch  for  its  de¬ 
fense  by  fire-arms. 

Ga-pote',  n.  [Fr.  See  Cap.]  1.  A 
long  cloak  worn  by  women.  2.  A 
coat  with  a  hood,  worn  by  soldiers, 
&c.  _  [paper. 

Gap'-pa'PER,  n.  A  coarse  wrapping 

GXp're-o-late,  a.  [Lat.  caprcolus, 
wild  goat,  tendril,  fr.  caper,  he-goat.] 
Having  tendrils,  or  spiral  claspers. 

Ga-pri^e'  (ka-prees7),  n.  [Fr. ,  from 
Lat.  caper,  capra,  goat ;  orig.  a  fan¬ 
tastical  goat-leap.]  Sudden  or  un¬ 
reasonable  change  of  mind  or  humor. 

Syn. —  Freak;  whim;  fancy;  vagary. 

Ga-pri'cious  (-prislUus),  a.  Gov¬ 
erned  by  caprice. 

Syn.  —  Arbitrary  ;  freakish  ;  whimsi¬ 
cal;  unsteady. 

Ga-prEcious-ly  (-prlsh'us-),  adv.  In 
a  capricious  manner. 

Gap'ri-corn  (25),  n.  [Lat.  capricor- 
nus,  fr.  caper ,  goat,  and  cornu,  horn.] 
Tenth  sign  of  the  zodiac. 

Gap/ri-FI-ea'tion,  n.  [Lat.  capri- 
Jicatio ,  from  caprijicus,  wild  fig.]  A 
process  of  accelerating  the  ripening 
of  fruit. 

GXp'Rl-OLE,  n.  [Lat.  caper,  capra, 
goat.]  A  leap  that  a  horse  makes 
without  advancing. 

GXp'-sheaf,  n.  Top  sheaf  of  a  stack 
of  grain. 

GXp'si-€UM,  n.  [N.  Lat., from  capsa, 
box,  because  it  is  contained  in  pods.] 
A  plant  producing  red  or  Cayenne 
pepper. 

Gap-size',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prob. 
from  cap,  top,  head,  and  seize.]  To 
upset  or  overturn. 

GXp'stan,  n.  [Lat.  capistrum ,  hal* 
ter.]  A  machine  for  weighing  anch1 
ors,  or  drawing  up  any  great  weight. 

GXp'su-lar,  )  a.  Hollow,  like  a  cap1' 

GXp'su-la-ry,  )  sule. 

GXp'su-late,  1  a.  Inclosed  in  a 

GXp'sii-la'ted,  )  capsule. 

GXp'sule,  n.  [Lat.  capsula,  a  little 
box,  from  capsa,  chest,  case.]  1.  A 
seed-pod  or  pericarp.  2.  A  small, 
shallow  saucer  or  dish.  3.  A  metal¬ 
lic  cover  for  closing  a  bottle. 

GXp'tain  (42),  n.  [Lat.  caput ,  the 


a,  e,  I,  o, u,  y,  long ;  X-  E,i',  5,  u,  y,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  tErm;  pique,  firm;  son. 


CAPTAINCY 


CARICATURE 


57 


head.]  1.  Commander  of  a  company 
or  troop  ;  — also,  the  commander  of 
a  ship.  2.  A  military  leader. 

GXp'taIn-^y,  n.  Rank,  post,  orcom- 
mission  of  a  captain. 

Gap'TAIN-RY,  ti.  Chieftainship. 

Gap'TAIN-SHIp,  n.  1.  Rank  or  au¬ 
thority  of  a  captain.  2.  Skill  in  mil¬ 
itary  affairs. 

Gap'TION,  n.  [hat.  captio,  fr.  capere, 
to  take.]  That  part  of  a  legal  instru¬ 
ment  which  shows  where,  when,  and 
by  what  authority  it  was  taken, 
found,  or  executed. 

Gap'TIoOs,  a.  [Lat.  captiosus.  See 
supra.]  Apt  to  find  fault. 

Syn.  —  Caviling;  petulant;  fretful.— 
One  who  is  captious  is  ready  to  catch  at 
the  slightest  faults;  one  who  is  caviling 
does  it  on  trivial  or  imaginary  grounds; 
one  who  is  petulant,  is  apt,  from  irritabil¬ 
ity,  to  make  hasty  but  slight  attacks  ; 
fretfulness  is  complaining  impatience. 

GXp'tioGs-ly,  adv.  In  a  captious 
manner.  [find  fault. 

GXp'tious-ness,  n.  Disposition  to 

€aP'T[-VATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  captivare,  from  captivus ,  cap¬ 
tive.]  To  overpower  with  excellence 
or  beauty. 

Syn. —  To  enslave  ;  subdue  ;  charm; 
enchant;_fascinate. 

GXp'ti-va'tion,  n.  Act  of  taking 
a  prisoner. 

GXp'tive.  n.  [Lat.  captivus ,  fr.  ca¬ 
pere ,  to  take.]  1.  A  prisoner  taken 
in  war.  2.  Oue  charmed  by  beauty 
or  affection.  —  a.  1.  Made  prisoner. 
2.  Serving  to  confine. 

Gap-tiv'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being  a 
prisoner  or  under  control. 

GXp'tor,  n.  One  who  takes,  as  a 
prisoner  or  a  prize. 

GXpt'ure,  n.  1.  A  seizing  by  force  ; 
seizure.  2.  Thing  taken. — v.t.  To 
take  by  force,  surprise,  or  stratagem. 

€ap/U~9H1N7,  ti.  [Fr.  capucin ,  fr.  ca- 
puce ,  capuchon,  hood,  cowl.]  1.  A 
monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis.  2. 
A  cloak  with  a  hood. 

Gar,  n.  [W.  car ,  allied  to  Ger.  karre , 
karren.]  1.  A  small  vehicle  on  wheels. 
2.  A  railway  carriage.  [ Amer .]  3. 
A  chariot  of  war. 

GXr'a-eole,  n.  1.  A  half  turn  made 
by  a  horseman.  2.  A  spiral  staircase. 

GXr'a-giieen,  n.  See  Carrageen. 

Car'A-MEL,  n.  [Lat.  canna,  reed, 
and  mel ,  mellis,  honey.]  A  black, 
porous  substance,  obtained  by  heat¬ 
ing  sugar  to  about  400°. 

GXr'A-PACE,  1  n.  Upper  shell  of  the 

GXr'a-pax,  )  crab,  or  other  crus- 
taceous  animal. 

GXr'at,  n.  [Ar.  qirrat ,  qirat ,  fr.  Gr. 
Keparcov,  a  little  horn,  a  weight,  car¬ 
at.]  1.  The  weight  of  four  grains, 
used  for  precious  stones  and  pearls. 
2.  A  twenty -fourth  part ;  —  used  of 
the  fineness  of  gold. 

GXr'a-vXn,  or  GXr'a-vXn',  n.  [Per. 
karivan ,  qirwan ,  traveling  through 
many  regions.]  1.  A  company  travel¬ 
ing  together  for  security.  2.  A  close 
carriage,  or  a  train  of  such  carriages, 
for  conveying  wild  beasts,  &c. 


Gar'a-van'sa-ry,  1  n.  [Per.  kar- 

Gar/a-vXn'se-rai,  j  wdn-sarai,  fr. 
karwan,  caravan,  and  sara'i,  palace, 
inn.]  A  kind  of  inn,  in  the  East. 

GXr'A-VEL,  n.  [Gr.  Kapapos,  a  kind 
of  light  ship.]  A  small  boat  used  for 
the  herring-fishery ,  on  the  coast  of 
France. 

Gar'A-wav,  n.  [Ar.  karwiya ,  kara- 
wiya,  fr.  Gr.  napov,  fcdpo?.]  1.  An  aro¬ 
matic  plant,  and  its  seed.  2.  A  sweet- 
meatcontaining  caraway  seeds. 

Gar'bIne,  n.  [L.  Lat.  carabaga,  cabu- 
lus,  for  cadahulus,  engine  of  war,  fr. 
Gr.  fcara/3oAij ,  a  throwing  down.]  A 
kind  of  fire-arm  used  by  mounted 
troops. 

Gar'eRneer',  n.  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  carbine. 

GXr'bon,  n.  [Lat.  carbo,  coal.]  An 
elementary  substance,  forming  the 
base  of  charcoal.  [carbon. 

Gar'bo-na'ceous,  a.  Pertaining  to 

Gar'bon-ate,  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
union  of  carbonic  acid  with  a  base. 

Gar-bon'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  carbon. 

Gar/bon-if'er-oLs,  a.  [Lat.  carbo , 
coal,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Producing 
carbon. 

Gar/bon-i-za'tion,  n.  Act  or  pro¬ 
cess  of  carbonizing. 

Gar'bon-ize,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
convert  into  carbon. 

Gar'boy,  ti.  [Cf.  Gael,  carb ,  basket.] 
A  large,  globular  glass  bottle,  in¬ 
closed  in  basket-work. 

GXr'bun-ele  (-bunk-1,  82),  n.  [Lat. 
carbunculus,  dim.  of  carbo ,  coal.]  1. 
A  beautiful  gem,  of  a  deep  red  color. 
2.  A  malignant  boil  of  long  contin¬ 
uance,  having  no  central  core. 

Gar-bOn'eu-lar,  a.  Belonging  to, 
or  resembling,  a  carbuncle. 

Gar'bu-ret,  n.  A  combination  of 
carbon  with  some  other  substance. 

Gar'bu-ret'ed,  [  a.  Combined 

Gar'bu-ret/ted,  (  with  carbon  in 
the  manner  of  a  carburet. 

Gar'ca-net,  n.  [AlliedtoO.il  Ger. 
querca ,  throat.]  A  collar  of  jewels. 

Gar'eass,  n.  [Lat.  ca.ro ,  flesh,  and 
capsa,  chest,  box.]  1.  A  dead  body; 
a  corpse.  2.  Decaying  remains  of  a 
thing.  3.  A  kind  of  bomb. 

Garb,  n.  [Gr.  xa-prqg,  a  leaf  of  paper.] 
1.  A  piece  of  pasteboard  or  thick  pa¬ 
per.  2.  A  published  note.  3.  A  paper 
on  which  the  points  of  the  compass 
are  marked.  4.  [Lat.  carduus,  cardus , 
thistle.]  An  instrument  for  combing 
wool,  flax,  or  the  hair  of  animals.  — 
v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  play  at  cards. 
—  v.  t.  To  comb  with  a  card. 

GXr'DA-MOM,  71.  [Gr.  Ka.p8ap.iop.ov , 
from  apiopov,  an  Indian  spice-plant, 
and  KapS,  for  cncapS,  fr.  Skr.  tsliliard , 
to  vomit;  lit.  enemy  to  vomiting.] 
An  aromatic  plant  of  the  E.  Indies. 

Gard'er,  n.  One  who  cards  wool. 

Gar'DI-XB,  )  a.  [Gr.  xapfiicucbs, 

Gar-dI'ae-al,  )  fr.  Kapbia,  heart.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
heart.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  upper 
orifice  of  the  stomach. 

GaR'DI-Xl'GY,  71.  [Gr.  xapSiaAyia, 


from  KapbCa,  heart,  and  aAyos,  pain.] 
Heartburn. 

GXr'di-nal,  a.  [Lat.  cardinalis ,  fr 
car  do,  hinge  of  a  door,  that  on  which 
a  thing  depends.]  Of  fundamental  im 
portance  ;  superior  ;  chief ;  principal 

Cardinal  numbers,  the  numbers  one, 
two,  three,  &c.,  in  distinction  from  first, 
second,  third,  &c.  —  Cardinal  points, 
north  and  south,  east  and  west.  —  Car- 
dinal  virtues,  prudence,  justice,  temper¬ 
ance,  and  fortitude. 

—  n.  1.  One  of  the  pope’s  council. 
2.  A  woman’s  short  cloak. 

Gar'di-nal-ate,  1  n.  Office,  rank, 

Gar'di-nal-siiIp,  ]  or  dignity  of  a 
cardinal. 

GAR'DI-OIB,  71.  [Gr.  (capSiO-eiSlj?, 
heart-shaped.]  An  algebraic  curve 

Gar'di-oi/o-gy,  ti.  [Gr.  Kap8iat 
heart,  and  Aoyos,  speech.]  A  dis1 
course_or  treatise  on  the  heart. 

Gar-doon7,  it.  [Lat.  carduus,  cardus, 
thistle.]  A  plant  used  as  salad. 

Gard'-ta'ble,  it.  A  table  having  a 
leaf  which  folds  over  upon  the  other, 
used  for  playing  cards  on. 

GAre  (4),  ti.  [A.-S.  cam ,  Goth,  kara, 
allied  to  Lat.  cur  a,  care.]  1.  Charge 
or  oversight.  2.  Attention  or  heed  ; 
watchfulness.  3.  A  burdensome 
sense  of  responsibility.  4.  Object  of 
watchful  attention. 

Syn.  —  Anxiety;  solicitude;  concern; 
trouble. —  Care  belongs  primarily  to  the 
intellect,  and  becomes  painful  from  over¬ 
burdening  thought;  anxiety  is  a  state  of 
painful  uneasiness  from  the  dread  of 
evil;  solicitude  and  concern  express  the 
same  feeling  in  diminished  degrees. 

—v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  be  anx¬ 
ious.  2.  To  be  inclined. 

Ga-reek',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
carina,  the  keel.]  To  heave  on  one 
side,  as  a  ship,  for  repairing,  cleans¬ 
ing,  &c. — v.i.  To  incline  to  one 
side,  as  a  ship. 

Ga-reer',  ti.  [Lat.  carrvs ,  wagon.] 
1.  A  race-course.  2.  Rapidity  of 
motion.  3.  General  course  of  pro¬ 
ceeding. —  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
move  or  run  rapidly. 

GAre'ful  (4),  a.  1.  Giving  good 
heed.  2.  Full  of  care  or  solicitude. 

Syn.  —  Anxious;  solicitous;  provi¬ 
dent  ;  thoughtful  ;  cautious  ;  circunv 
spect;  heedful;  watchful;  vigilant. 

GAre'ful-LY,  adv.  With  care. 

Gare'fitl-ness,  Tfi.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  careful. 

GAre'less,  a.  1.  Having  no  care ; 
inattentive.  2.  Done  or  said  with¬ 
out  care.  [manner. 

GAre'less-LY,  adv.  In  a  careless 

Gare'eess-ness,  71.  State  of  being 
careless. 

Ga-ress',i\  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
caritia,  caress,  fr.  Lat.  earns,  dear.J 
To  treat  with  affection  or  kindness; 
to  fondle.  — n.  Act  of  endearment, 

Ga'ret,  n.  [Lat..  there  is  wanting.] 
A  mark  [A]  used  in  writing  which 
shows  that  something  is  omitted. 

Gar'go,  n. ;  pi.  CAR'GOEg.  [Sp.  car- 
gar,  to  load,  charge.].  Lading  or 
freight  of  a  ship. 

Gar'i-ea-ture'  (53),  n.  [It.  carica- 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Brn,  rue,  pull;  e,  i,  o,  silent;  £,G,  soft  ;e,g,  hard;  A§;  exist;  n  as  ng;  this 


CARICATURIST 


CASE 


turn,  fr.  caricare,  to  charge,  exagger¬ 
ate.]  A  figure  or  description  in 
which  the  peculiarities  of  a  person 
or  thing  are  so  exaggerated  as  to  ap¬ 
pear  ridiculous.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  make  a  caricature  of. 

Gar'i-ca-tur'ist,  n.  One  who  makes 
caricatures. 

Sa'ri-es,!!.  [Lat.,  rottenness.]  Ul¬ 
ceration  of  bone. 

Car'i-NATE,  1  a.  [Lat.  carinatus , 

Oar'i-nUted,  )  from  carina,  keel.] 
Shaped  like  the  keel  of  a  ship. 

GXr'i-ole,  n.  [It.  carriuola,  dim.  fr. 
Lat.  carrus.]  A  small,  open  carriage, 
somewhat  resembling  a  calash. 

Ga'ri-os'i-t  Y,  n.  Ulceration  of  a 
bone. 

Ga'ri-oGs,  a.  Affected  with  caries. 

GXrl,«.  [A.-S.  carl ,  Icel.  Icarl,  man.] 
A  rude,  rustic,  rough  man. 

Gar'MAN  (150),  n.  A  man  who  drives 
a  cart. 

G  ar-mIn'a-ti  ve  ,  a.  [From  Lat.  c.ar- 
minare ,  to  card,  hence  to  cleanse.] 
Expelling  wind  from  the  body.  —  n. 
A  medicine  to  expel  wind. 

Gar'mTne,m.  [Contr.  fr.  L.  Lat.  car- 
mesinus ,  purple  color,  Eng.  crimson.] 
A  beautiful  pigment,  of  a  rich  red  or 
crimson  color. 

Gar'nage  (45),  n.  [Lat.  caro ,  carnis, 
flesh.]  1.  Flesh  of  slain  animals.  2. 
Slaughter;  massacre;  havoc. 

Gar'NAL,  a.  [Lat.  carnalis,  fr.  caro, 
carnis,  flesh.]  1.  Pertaining  to  flesh  ; 
sensual.  2.  Lustful ;  libidinous. 

Gar'NAL-ist,  n.  One  given  to  sen¬ 
suality.  [nal ;  sensuality. 

Gar-nal'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  car- 

Gar'nal-ize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  carnal.  [flesh. 

GXr'nal-ly,  adv.  According  to  the 

Gar-na'tion,  n.  [Lat.  carnatio, 
fleshiness,  fr.  caro ,  carnis,  flesh.]  1. 
Flesh-color.  2.  A  kind  of  clove-pink. 

Gar-nel'ian  (-yan),  n.  [N.  Lat.  car- 
neolus,  fr.  carneus.  fleshy.]  A  variety 
of  chalcedony,  of  a  reddish- white 
color. 

Gar'ne-ous,  a.  [Lat.  carneus .]  Con¬ 
sisting  of,  or  like,  flesh.  [flesh. 

Gar'ni-fi-ca'tion,  n.  A  turning  to 

Gar'ni-fy,  v.  i.  [Lat.  carnificare ,  fr. 
caro ,  carnis,  flesh,  and  facere ,  to 
make.]  To  form  flesh. 

Gar'ni-val,  n.  [It.  carnevalc,  fare¬ 
well  to  meat.]  A  festival  celebrated 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries  for  a 
number  of  days  before  Lent. 

Gar-niv'o-roDs,  a.  [Lat.  caro,  car¬ 
nis,  flesh,  and  vorare,  to  devour.] 
Feeding  on  flesh . 

Gar-nos'i-ty,  n.  1.  A  fleshy  ex¬ 
crescence.  2.  Fleshiness.  [tree. 

Gar'ob,  n.  A  leguminous  evergreen 

Gar'ol,  n.  [L.  Lat.  carola,  dim.  of 
Lat.  chorus,  a  choral  dance.]  A  song 
of  joy  or  of  mirth;  a  lay.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED,  -ING;  or  -led,  -LING,  137.] 
To  praise  or  celebrate  in  song.  —  v.  i. 
To  sing ;  to  warble.  - 

Ga-ROT'ID,  n.  [Gr.  pi.  xapomfies, 
k apa,  head.]  A  large  artery  convey¬ 
ing  blood  from  the  neck  to  the  head. 


58 

Ga-r5t'id,  1  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

Ga-rot'id-AL,  (  two  great  arteries 
of  the  neck  that  carry  blood  to  the 
head.  [festival. 

Ga-rous'al,  n.  A  jovial  feast  or 

Syn.  —  Feast;  banquet. —  Feast  is  gen¬ 
eric;  a  banquet  is  a  sumptuous  feast;  a 
carousal  is  unrestrained  indulgence  in 
frolic  and  wine. 

Ga-ROU§e',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Ger. 
garaus,  end.  entire  emptying  of  the 
cup.]  To  drink  freely  and  in  a  jovial 
manner.  — n.  A  drinking  match. 

Ga-ROU£'er,  n.  One  who  carouses. 

Garp,  v.  i  [Lat.  carpere,  to  seize.] 
To  censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault  pet¬ 
ulantly.  —  n.  [L.  Lat.  carpio,  carpo, 
car  pa,  prob.  from  carpere ,  to  seize.] 
A  soft-finned,  fresh-water  fish. 

Gar'pal,  a.  [N.  Lat.  carpus ,  wrist.] 
Pertaining  to  the  wrist. 

Gar'pel,  n.  [Gr.  /capa-os,  fruit.]  A 
simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts  of  a 
compound  pistil. 

Gar'pen-ter,  n.  [L.  Lat.  carpentari- 
us,  from  Lat.  carpentum ,  wagon,  car¬ 
riage.]  An  artificer  who  works  in 
timber. 

Gar'pen-try,  n.  Art  of  cutting, 
framing,  and  joining  timber.  filer. 

Garp'er,  n.  One  who  carps  ;  a  cav- 

Gar'pet,  n.  [L.  Lat.  carpeta,  woolly 
cloths,  from  Lat.  carpere ,  to  pluck.] 
A  covering  for  a  floor.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  cover  with  a  carpet. 

Gar'pet-BAG.  ii.  A  traveling-bag. 

Gar'pet-ing,  n.  Cloth  or  materials 
for  carpets. 

Gar'ra-geen',  In.  A  kind  of  sea- 

Gar'ri-geen',  )  weed,  used  for  jel¬ 
lies,  &c.  ;  —  called  also  Irish  moss. 

Gar'riage,«.  [See  Carry.]  1.  Act 
of  carrying.  2.  A  vehicle,  especially 
one  for  pleasure  or  for  passengers.  3. 
Personal  demeanor. 

Syn.  —  Conveyance  ;  behavior  ;  con¬ 
duct. 

Gar'ri  er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  carries. 

Gar'ri-on,  ii.  [L.  Lat.  caronia,  from 
Lat.  caro ,  flesh.]  Dead  and  putre¬ 
fying  flesh  —  a.  Relating  to  carcass¬ 
es  ;  feeding  on  carrion. 

Gar'ROM,  n.  Act  of  hitting  two  bil¬ 
liard  balls  at  once  with  another. 

Gar'ron-ade',  n.  [From  Carron ,  in 
Scotland.]  A  kind  of  short  cannon. 

Gar'rot,  n.  [Lat.  carola.]  A  plant 
having  an  esculent  root. 

Gar'rot-y,  a.  Like  a  carrot  in  color  ; 
reddish-yellow. 

Gar'ry,  r.  (.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Fr. 
charrier,  to  cart,  from  car,  char,  car.] 
1.  To  convey  ;  to  bear.  2.  To  urge  ; 
to  impel.  3.  To  exhibit ;  to  imply. 
4.  To  behave;  to  demean  ;  —  reflex- 
ively.  —  v.  i.  To  convey  or  propel. 

Gar'RY-all,  n.  [Corrupt.fr.  cariole .] 
A  four-wheeled  one  horse  vehicle. 

Gart,  n.  [L.  Lat.  carreta,  from  Lat. 
carrus,  car.]  A  two-wheeled  carriage, 
for  heavy  commodities.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  carry  in  a  cart. 

GXrt'age,  n.  Act  or  cost  of  carting. 

Ca  r  te-blanche  (kart'blonsh'),  n. 


[Fr.]  1.  A  blank  paper,  signed  at 
the  bottom  with  a  person’s  name,  to 
be  filled  up  as  another  pleases.  2. 
Unconditional  terms. 

Carte-de-visite  (karPdd-veA 
zeet'),  n.  [Fr.]  A  small  photo¬ 
graphic  picture  fastened  upon  a  card. 

Gar-tel',  or  Gar'tel,  n.  [Lat. 
charta,  dim.  chartula.]  A  writing  or 
agreement,  between  states  at  war,  as 
for  the  exchange  of  prisoners. 

Ga rt'e R,  n.  A  man  who  drives  a  cart. 

Gar-te'sian,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
French  philosopher  Des  Cartes,  or  to 
his  philosophy. 

Gar'ti-lage  (45),  v.  [Lat.  cartilago.] 
A  smooth,  whitish,  elastic  substance  ; 
gristle. 

GAR'Tl-LAG'I-NotiS,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  like  a  cartilage  ;  gristly. 

Gar-tog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  \aprri,  a 
leaf  of  paper,  and  ypaepe lv,  to  write.] 
Art  of  forming  charts  or  maps. 

Gar'ton,  n.  [See  infra.]  1.  Paste¬ 
board^  2.  A  pasteboard  box. 

Gar-toon',  n.  [Fr.  carton,  from  Lat. 
charta,  paper.]  1.  A  design  on  paper, 
to  be  painted  in  fresco.  2.  A  design 
colored  for  working  in  tapestry,  &c. 

Gar-toucii'  (kar-to"otch').  n.  [Fr., 
fr.  carte,  paper.]  1.  A  modillion.  2.  A 
case  holding  a  charge  for  a  fire-arm. 

Gar'TRIDGE,  ii.  [Formerly  cartrage , 
as  if  fr.  a  N.  Lat.  chartaragivm,  from 
Lat.  charta,  paper.]  A  case  of  paper, 
pasteboard,  &c.,  containing  a  charge 
for  a  fire-arm.  [tridges. 

GXr'tridge-box,  ii.  A  case  for  car- 

Gart'-wrigiit  (-rlt),  n.  A  maker 
of  carts. 

Gar'un-cle  (82),  n.  [Lat.  caruncula , 
dim.  of  caro,  flesh.]  A  small,  fleshy 
excrescence  on  the  head  of  a  bird. 

Garve,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
ceorfan.]  1.  To  cut,  as  wood,  stone, 
& c.,  in  an  artistic  manner.  2.  To 
make  or  shape  by  cutting.  3.  To  cut 
into  small  pieces  or  slices.  —  v.  i.  1. 
To  exercise  the  trade  of  a  carver.  2. 
To  cut  up  meat.  [small  ship. 

Gar'VEL,  ii.  [Contr.  from  caravel.]  A 

Garv'er,  n.  One  who  carves. 

€A'R  Y-I'TEg,  _  \  ii.  pi.  [Gr.Kapv- 

Ga' ry-at' i-de%,  j  anfie?,  priestess¬ 
es  of  Caryte  serving  in  the  temple  of 
Diana.]  Figures  of  women,  serving 
to  support  entablatures. 

Ga'RY-at'id,  ii.  A  female  figure  sup¬ 
porting  an  entablature. 

Gas'ca-bel ,  it.  [Lat.  scabillvm,  sca- 
bellum,  an  instrument  resembling  the 
castanet.]  That  part  of  a  cannon  in 
rear  of  the  base-ring. 

Gas-cade',  n.  [Lat.  casare,  to  be 
ready  to  fall,  from  cadere,  to  fall.]  A 
water-fall  less  than  a  cataract. 

Gas'CA-ril'la,  n.  [Sp.,dim.  of  cas- 
cara,  peel,  bark.]  A  plant,  the  bark 
of  which  is  used  as  a  tonic. 

GASE,n.  [Lat.  capsa.]  1.  A  covering, 
box,  or  sheath.  2.  Quantity  con¬ 
tained  in  a  box.  3.  A  frame  contain¬ 
ing  boxes  for  holding  type.  4.  [Lat.  ca¬ 
sus,  fr.  cadere, .to  fall,  to  happen.]  An 
event ;  a  circumstance.  5.  A  par- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  S,  long;  A  E,  I,  6,  D,  5,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  LRE,  V^IL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 

I _ _ _ 


CASEHARDEN 


CATALOGUE 


ticular  instance.  6.  A  question  for 
discussion  or  decision.  7.  Form  of  a 
noun,  showing  its  relation  to  other 
parts  of  the  sentence. 

Syn.  —  Situation  ;  condition  •,  state  ; 
plight ;  predicament. 

—  v.t.  [-ED,  -ING.]  Tocoverwith, 
or  put  in,  a  case. 

GaseHiard-en,  v.  t.  To  harden  by 
converting  the  surface  into  steel. 

Gase'-knife  (-nif),  n.  A  large  table- 
knife. 

Gase'MATE,  n.  [It.  casamatta,  from 
casa,  house,  and  matto,  matta ,  mad, 
weak,  feeble'.]  A  bomb-proof  cham¬ 
ber,  in  which  cannon  may  be  placed, 
to  be  fired  through  embrasures. 

Gase'ment,  n.  [From  case,  frame.] 
A  glazed  frame  or  sash,  opening  on 
hinges. 

GA'SE-offs,  a.  [Lat.  caseus,  cheese.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  like,  cheese. 

GA'gERN,  n.  [Lat.  casa,  shed,  house.] 
A  lodging  for  soldiers  in  garrison 
towns ;  barracks. 

Gase'-shot,  n.  Small  projectiles,  in¬ 
closed  in  a  case  or  envelope. 

■Gash,  n.  [Fr.  caisse.  See  Case,  a 
box.]  Coin  or  specie; — sometimes, 
bank-notes,  drafts,  bonds,  & c. —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.  ]  To  turn  into  cash  ;  to 
exchange  for  money. 

Gash'-BOOK  (27),  n.  A  book  in  which 
is  kept  an  account  of  money  received 
or  paid. 

Ga-shew'  (ka-sh(To/),  n.  [A  corrupt, 
of  acajou,  the  Fr.  form  of  the  native 
name,  acajaiba .]  A  tropical  tree  of 
the  same  family  with  the  sumac. 

Gash-ier',  n.  One  who  has  charge  of 
money  in  a  bank,  &c.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  cassare,  equiv.  to  cas- 
surh  reddere ,  to  annul.]  To  dismiss 
from  an  office  or  place  of  trust,  by 
annulling  the  commission  of. 

Gash'MERE,  n.  A  rich  and  costly 
kind  of  shawl. 

Gas'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  covering  with 
a  thin  substance.  2.  An  outside 
covering. 

Gask,  n.  [Sp.  casco,  skull,  helmet, 
cask,  Fr.  casque.]  A  close  wooden 
vessel  for  liquors. 

Gask'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  cask.]  A  small 
chest  or  box,  for  jewels. 

Gasque,  n.  [See  Cask,  n.]  A  helmet. 

GXs'sa-da,  n.  Same  as  Cassava. 

Gas-sa'TION,  n.  [L.  Lat.  cassatio,  fr. 
cassare,  to  annul.]  Act  of  annulling. 

Gas'sa-va,  n.  [Haytian  kasabi.]  A 
plant  from  which  tapioca  is  obtained. 

Gas'SE-P A/PER,  n.  [Fr.  papier  cassc.] 
Broken  paper ;  two  outside  quires  of 
a  ream. 

Gas'siA  (kSsh'a),  n.  [Ileb.  qeslah,  fr. 
qasa ’,  to  cut  or  peel  off.]  The  cheap¬ 
er  kinds  of  cinnamon. 

Oas'si-mere,  n.  [Perh.  of  the  same 
origin  as  cashmere.]  A  thin,  twilled, 
woolen  cloth. 

Gas-sY'no,  n.  [It.  casino,  a  small 
house.]  A  game  at  cards,  generally 
played  by  four  persons. 

Gas'sock,  n.  [Fr.  casaque,  from  Lat. 
casa,  cottage.]  A  close  fitting  eccle¬ 


59 

siastical  garment,  worn  under  the 
surplice  or  gown. 

Gas'so-wa-ry,  n.  [Ilindost.  kassu- 
waris.]  A  large  bird,  resembling  the 
ostrich. 

Gast  (6),  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  cast.] 
[Icel.  kasta.]  1.  To  send  or  drive 
from,  by  force  ;  to  throw.  2.  To  di¬ 
rect,  as  the  sight.  3.  To  throw  on 
the  ground,  as  in  wrestling.  4.  To 
shed.  5.  To  compute;  to  reckon.  6. 
To  form  from  liquid  metal ;  to  found. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  receive  form  or  shape. 
2.  To  warp. —  n.  1.  A  throw.  2. 
A  chance  or  venture.  3.  Act  of  cast¬ 
ing  in  a  mold.  4.  Form  into  which 
any  thing  is  cast.  5.  Assignment  of 
parts  in  a  play  to  the  actors.  6. 
Look  ;  glance ;  squint. 

Gas'TA-net',  n.  [Lat.  castanea,  a 
chestnut.]  A  small  concave  shell  of 
ivory  or  hard  wood,  fastened  with 
another  to  the  thumb,  and  beat  with 
the  middle  finger. 

Gast'a-way,  n.  An  abandoned  per¬ 
son  ;  a  reprobate. 

Gaste  (6),  n.  [From  Lat.  castus,  pure, 
chaste.]  A  separate  and  fixed  class 
of  society,  as  in  India. 

GXs'TEL-LAN,  n.  [Lat.  caslellanns , 
from  castellum,  castle.]  A  governor 
of  a  castle.  [longing  to  a  castle. 

GXs'tel-la-ny  (44),  n.  Lordship  be- 

GXs'tel-la'ted,  a.  Adorned  with 
turrets  and  battlements,  like  a  castle. 

Gast'er,  n.  1.  One  who  casts.  2. 
A  stand  to  contain  phials  with  con¬ 
diments.  3.  A  small  wheel  on  a 
swivel,  on  which  furniture  is  rolled. 

GXs'ti-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
castigare, fr.  castus,  pure,  chaste,  and 
agere,  to  move,  drive.]  To  punish 
by  stripes ;  to  chastise. 

Gas/ti-ga'tion,  n.  Punishment  by 
whipping.  [gates  or  corrects. 

Gas'TI-ga/tor,  n  One  who  casti- 

Gas'TI-ga-to-ry  (50),  a.  Tending  to 
correction ;  punitive. 

Gas'tjle  Soap.  [From  Castile , 

whence  it  originally  came.]  A  kind 
of  fine,  hard,  white,  or  mottled  soap. 

Gast'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  casts. 
2.  That  which  is  cast  in  a  mold. 

Gast'ing-net,  n.  A  net  which  is 
cast  and  drawn. 

Gast'ing-vote,  n.  Vote  of  a  presid¬ 
ing  officer,  when  the  votes  of  the  as¬ 
sembly  are  equally  divided. 

GXs'tle  (kXs'd),  n.  [Lat.  castellum, 
dim.  of  castrum,  a  fortified  place.]  A 
fortified  residence  ;  a  fortress.  —  v.  t. 
In  chess,  to  cover  with  a  castle  ;  — 
said  of  the  king.  . 

Castle  in  the  air,  a  visionary  project. 

GXs'tle-build'er  (kiis'l-),  n.  One 
who  builds  castles  in  the  air. 

GXs'tor,  n.  [Gr.  Kaartop,  akin  to  Skr. 
kastiiri,  musk.]  1.  A  genus  of  ani¬ 
mals,  in  which  the  beaver  is  included. 
2.  A  hat,  esp.  one  made  of  the  fur  of 
the  beaver.  3.  A  heavy  quality  of 
broadcloth.  4.  [See  Caster.]  A 
small  wheel  for  supporting  furniture. 

Gas'tor-oil,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
CfosGts-oil,  the  plant  producing  it 


having  formerly  been  called  Agnus 
castus.]  The  mild  cathartic  oil  of 
a  plant  found  in  the  West  Indies. 

GXs'tra-me-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  cas- 
tra  metari ,  to  measure  a  camp.]  Art 
of  laying  out  a  camp. 

GXs'trate,  i’.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
castrare.]  To  deprive  of  the  testicles; 
to  geld. 

GX§'u-AL  (kSzhffj-al),  a.  [Lat.  casu- 
alis,  from  casus,  fall,  accident,  from 
cadtre,  to  fall.]  1.  Happening  with¬ 
out  design,  and  without  being  fore¬ 
seen.  2.  Coming  without  regularity. 

Syn. —  Accidental;  fortuitous;  inci¬ 
dental;  occasional. —  Casual  and  fortu¬ 
itous  are  substantially  the  same;  a  thing 
is  accidental  when  not  planned  or 
sought,  as  a  meeting  ;  incidental  when  it 
falls  in  as  secondary,  or  out  of  the  regu¬ 
lar  course  of  things,  as  a  remark;  occa¬ 
sional  when  it  occurs  only  now  and  then. 

GXs'u-al-ly  (kXzhffj-),  ado.  By 
chance ;  accidentally. 

GX§'U-AL-TY  (kXzh'j]-),  n.  1.  An  ac¬ 
cident.  2.  An  accidental  injury ; 
hence,  death;  misfortune. 

GXs'u-ist  (kazh'u-ist),  n.  [Lat.  casus , 
fall,  case.]  One  who  studies  and 
resolves  cases  of  conscience. 

GXs'U-Ist'IE,  [a.  Relating  to  cases 

GXs'u-ist'I€-al,  )  of  conscience. 

GXg'u-lST-RY,  n.  Science  of  deter¬ 
mining  the  right  or  wrong  of  acts 
and  opinions  of  doubtful  propriety 

GXt,  n.  [A.-S.  cat,  W.  cath,  Late  Lat. 
calus,  Ar.  qitt.]  1.  A  well-known  do¬ 
mestic  animal.  2.  A  kind  of  ship.  3. 
A  double  tripod.  4.  A  kind  of  whip. 

GXt'A-GHRE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  KaTdypTjcris, 
misuse.]  A  harsh  or  far-fetched 
metaphor. 

GXt'A-ehres'TIG,  )  a.  Forced ; 

GXt/A-ehrLs'tie-ak.  )  far-fetched. 

GXT'A-ELYgM,  n.  [Gr.  KaTO.KAvcrp.6s, 
from  KaTaKAv^eu',  to  inundate.]  A 
deluge  ;_a  flood  ;  an  inundation. 

GXt'a-COMB  (-kom),  n.  [Gr.  Kara, 
downward,  and  Kvp j3rj,  cavity.]  A 
cave,  or  subterraneous  place  for  the 
burial  of  the  dead. 

GXt^-GOUS'TIGS,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  Kara, 
against,  and  Eng.  acoustics.]  That 
part  of  acoustics  which  treats  of  re¬ 
flected  sounds. 

GXt'A-DI-OP'TRTG,  )  a.  [Gr.  Kara, 

GXt/a-di-6p'trI€-al,  )  against,  and 
Sto-rpa,  a  geometrical  instrument.] 
Pertaiuing  to  the  reflection  and  re¬ 
fraction  of  light. 

GXt/a-fXlque',  n.  [0.  Sp.  catar,  to 
see,  to  view,  and  It.  falco,  for  palco, 
scaffold ,  stage.]  A  temporary  struct¬ 
ure,  use  1  in  funeral  solemnities. 

GXt/A-LEC,TI£!,  a.  [Gr.  KaTaATjKTiKOS, 
fr.  KaTaAij-yeic,  to  leave  off.]  Want¬ 
ing  a  syllable  at  the  end. 

GXt'a-lep'sy,  n.  [Gr.  KaraArji/uv,  n 
grasping,]  Sudden  suspension  of  the 
action  of  the  senses  and  of  volition. 

GXt^-lep'tig,  a.  Pertainiug  to 
catalepsy. 

GXt'A-EOGUE  (-log),  n.  [Gr  Kara- 
Aoyos,  from  Kara, -down,  completely, 
and  Ae'yeiv,  to  say.]  A  list  or  enu¬ 
meration  of  names,  titles,  or  articles. 

a, hard;  Ass;  EJIST ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Obn,  rue ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  G ,soft;-e, 


CATAMARAN 


CAUCASIAN 


Catalogue  raisonni (ra/zo-na/)  (Biblio¬ 
graphy),  a  catalogue  of  books  classed  ac¬ 
cording  to  their  subjects. 

—  v.  t.  To  make  a  list  of. 

GXt-'A-ma-rXn',  n.  [ Cdtlid-mdrdn , 

floating  trees,  the  native  name  in 
Ceylon.]  A  raft  moved  by  a  large  sail. 

CAt'a-me'ni-A,  n.  [Gr.]  The  month¬ 
ly  courses  of  females. 

■GXt'A-ME'NI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  /caTa/urjiaos, 
monthly.]  Pertaining  to  menstrual 
discharges. 

GXt'a-mount,  n.  [Cat  of  the  moun¬ 
tain.]  The  North  American  tiger; 
the  cougar,  or  puma. 

GXt'A-PHRXET,  n.  [Gr.  KaTa<f>pdicrr)‘;, 
fr.  /card,  down,  quite,  and  (j>pa.cr<reu /, 
to  inclose.]  Heavy,  defensive  armor, 
anciently  used  by  horsemen. 

■CXt'A-PlXsM,  n.  [Gr.  Kara irAaapa, 
fr.  Kara,  down,  quite,  and  irX6.crarei.v , 
to  form,  mold.]  A  poultice. 

GXt'a-Pitlt,  n.  [Lat.  catapulta ,  Gr. 
KOLTa-ehrris .]  An  ancient  engine 

used  for  throwing  stones,  arrows,  &c. 

GXt'A-rXgt,  n.  [Gr.  /caTapd/cr>]? ,  fr. 
Kara,  down,  and  prj yvvvai,  to  break.] 
1.  A  great  cascade  or  waterfall.  2. 
Opacity  of  the  crystalline  lens,  or  of 
its  capsule. 

Ga-tXrrh'  (-tar7),  n.  [Gr.  /carappoov, 
from  Kara,  down,  and  pe.lv,  to  flow.] 
Inflammation  of  the  air  passages,  at¬ 
tended  with  a  discharge  of  a  watery 
or  glairy  fluid. 

Ga-tXrrh'al,  1  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

Ga-tarrh'ous,  )  attending,  catarrh. 

GA-tXs'TRO-PHE  ,  n.  [Gr.  Karaarpo- 
4 )rj ,  fr.  Kara,  down,  and  arpefieev,  to 
turn.]  1.  A  final  event,  usually 
calamitous.  2.  The  unfolding  and 
winding  up  of  the  plot  of  a  play. 

GXt'— gall,  n.  A  squeaking  instru¬ 

ment,  used  to  condemn  plays. 

GXtch,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.p.  CAUGHT.] 
[0.  Eng.  cacche,  perh.  akin  to  A.-S. 
ceac,  fetter,  or  from  Lat.  captiare,  fr. 
caper e,  to  take.]  1.  To  seize,  especi¬ 
ally  with  the  hand.  2.  To  ensnare. 
3.  To  take  by  sympathy,  contagion, 
or  infection.  —  r.  i.  1.  To  be  held 
or  impeded.  2.  To  spread  by  in¬ 
fecting. —  n.  1.  Act  of  seizing; 
seizure.  2.  That  which  is  caught. 
3.  A  humorous  round,  in  which  the 
singers  catch  up  each  other’s  sen¬ 
tences. 

GXtcii'pen-ny,  n.  Something  worth¬ 
less,  intended  to  gain  money. 

GXtch'POLL,  n.  [From  catch  and 
poll ,  the  head.]  A  bailiff’s  assistant. 

GXtcii'up,  )  n.  [Chin.  Jcitjap.]  Sauce 

GXt'sup,  )  made  from  mushrooms, 
tomatoes,  &c. 

€Xtch'-woed  (-wfird),  n.  1.  Last 
word  of  an  actor;  cue.  2.  First 
word  of  every  page  of  a  book  put  at 
the  right-hand  bottom  corner  of  the 
preceding  page  to  assist  the  reader. 
GXt'e-ghet'ig,  1  a.  [Gr. 
GXt'e-giiet'ig-al,  I  an  in¬ 

structor.]  Consisting  in  asking  ques¬ 
tions  and_ receiving  answers. 

GXT'E-GTU§E,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Gr. 
Karrixigeiv,  from  Kara,  down,  against, 


60 

and  r/xeiv,  to  sound.]  1.  To  instruct 
by  questions  and  answers.  2.  To 
question^  [chises. 

GXT'E-GHlg'ER,  n.  One  who  cate- 

GXt'E-€Ii!§M,  7i.  A  system  of  in¬ 
struction  by  means  of  questions  and 
answers. 

Gat'e-giiist,  n.  One  who  catechises. 

•GXt'E-GhIst'IG,  )  a.  Pertaining 

GXt'e-ghist'ig-al,  )  to  a  catechist, 
or  to  catechism. 

GXt'e-ghu,  7i.  A  brown,  astringent, 
vegetable  extract,  from  India. 

GaT'E-GHU'MEN,  n.  [Gr.  Ka-rrjxov- 
pevos,  instructed,  fr.  kcotjxciv,  to  in¬ 
struct.]  One  who  is  receiving  in¬ 
struction  in  the  elements  of  Christi¬ 
anity. 

GXt'e-gor'ig-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  a  category.  2.  Absolute ;  posi¬ 
tive  ;  express. 

GXt'e-gor'ig-al-ly,  adv.  Abso¬ 
lutely  ;  directly ;  expressly. 

GXt'e-go-ry  (50),  n.  [Gr.  /can j- 
yopia,  from  Kara.,  down,  against,  and 
ayopeveLv,  to  harangue,  assert.]  1. 
One  of  the  highest  classes  to  which 
the  objects  of  knowledge  or  thought 
can  be  reduced,  as  quantity,  quality, 
relation,  &c.  2.  State  ;  condition. 

Syn.  —  Predicament.  —  Category  and 
predicament  are  both  popularly  used  to 
express  the  idea  of  condition  or  situation , 
but  with  this  difference,  that  predica¬ 
ment  supposes  it  to  be  a  bad  or  unfortu¬ 
nate  one.  Hence  to  say,  “I  am  in  the 
same  category  with  you,”  is  not  of  ne¬ 
cessity  to  say,  “  I  am  in  the  same  pre¬ 
dicament.” 

GXt'e-na'ri-an,  1  a.  [Lat.  cate- 

GXt'e-na-RY  (44),  i  narius ;  catetia, 
chain.]  Relating  to,  or  like,  a  chain. 

GXt'E-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
catenare,  fr.  catena ,  chain.]  To  con¬ 
nect  by  links.  [as  in  a  chain. 

GXt'e-na'tion,  n.  Union  of  parts, 

Ca'tek ,v.i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
captare,  to  strive,  to  lay  hold  of,  in- 
tens.  form  of  capere,  to  take.]  To 
provide  food  ;  to  purvey,  [provider. 

Ca'ter-er,  n.  One  who  caters;  a 

GA'ter-ess,  n.  A  woman  who  caters. 

GXt'er-pil/LAR,  7i.  [0.  Eng.  cater- 

piller ,  prob.  fr.  cate ,  cates,  food,  and 
0.  Eng.  piller ,  plunderer,  because  it 
eats  up  leaves  and  fruits.]  The  larve 
or  larval  state  of  a  butterfly  or  any 
lepidopterous  insect. 

CXt'er-waul,  v.  i.  [From  cat  and 
waul ,  to  cry  as  a  cat.]  To  cry  as 
cats  in  rutting  time. 

Gates,  n.  pi.  [0.  Fr.  acat ,  buying, 
purchase.]  Luxurious  food  ;  delica¬ 
cies  ;  dainties. 

GXt'-Fi'sh,  n.  1.  A  large  and  vora¬ 
cious  fish  of  the  shark  kind.  2.  A 
fresh-water  fish  of  different  species. 

GXt'gGt,  h.  1.  A  cord  made  from 
the  intestines  of  animals.  2.  A 
coarse  sort  of  linen  or  canvas. 

Cath'A-rist,  n.  [Gr.  /cadapo?,  clean, 
pure.]  One  who  pretends  to  be 
purer  than  others. 

GXt'-hXrp-in,  In.  A  rope  to  brace 

GXt'-iiarp-ING,  )  in  the  shrouds  of 
the  lower  masts. 


GA-THar'TIC,  1  a.  [Gr.  leaOapri- 

GA-THXr'TIG-AL,  )  /coy,  fr.  Kadapog, 
pure.]  Cleansing  the  bowels ;  pur¬ 
gative.  [cine. 

Ga-tiiar'tie,  n.  A  purgative  medi- 

GXt'-HEAd,  n.  A  projecting  timber 
through  which  the  ropes  pass  by 
which  a  ship’s  anchor  is  raised. 

Cath'e-drA ,  or  CA-THE'DRA,7l. 
[Gr.  KaOihpa,  seat.]  A  chair ;  seat 
of  a  person  in  authority. 

Ca-the'dral,  7i.  The  principal 
church  in  a  diocese.  —  a.  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  head  church  of  a 
diocese.  2.  Official ;  authoritative. 

GXtii'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  /caderTjp,  a 
thing  put  in,  from  /card,  down,  and 
vevai,  to  send.]  A  tubular  instru¬ 
ment  to  draw  off  the  urine. 

GXt'-kole,  7i.  A  small  hole  astern, 
through  which  a  hawser  may  be 
passed. 

GXth'o-LI€(123),  a.  [Gr.  /ca06At/cos, 
fr.  /cadoAos,  whole.]  1.  Universal  or 
general.  2.  Liberal.  3.  Pertaining 
to  the  Roman  Catholics.  —  n.  A 
member  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church. 

Ga-tii6l'i-<JISM,  n.  1.  The  faith  of 
the  whole  Christian  church.  2.  The 
Roman  Catholic  faith.  3.  Liberality 
of  sentiment. 


Catkin 


GXtiUo-li£'i-ty,  n.  1.  System  of 
doctrine  held  by  all  parts  of  the  or¬ 
thodox  Christian  church.  2.  Doc¬ 
trines  of  the  church  of  Rome.  3. 
Liberality  of  sentiments. 
Ga-Th6l/i-£IZE,  v.  i.  To  become  ca¬ 
tholic  or  a  Roman  Catholic. 
GA-TH6l'I-GON,  71.  A 
remedy  for  all  diseases ; 
a  panacea. 

GXt'kin,  71.  [Dim.  of 
cat,  from  its  resem¬ 
blance  to  a  cat’s  tail.] 

A  kind  of  inflorescence, 
consisting  of  overlap¬ 
ping  scales. 

GXt'jyiint,  In,  A  well-known  plant, 
GXt'nip,  )  having  a  strong  scent ; 
—  so  called  because  cats  have  a  pecul¬ 
iar  fondness  for  it.  [with  nine  lashes. 
GXt'-o’-nine'-tail§,  n.  A  whip 
GA-t6p'TRIE,  1  aT  [Gr.  KaTOirrpL- 
GA-t6p'TR1G-AL,  }  /cos,  fr.  KaronTpov , 
mirror.]  Relating  to  catoptrics. 
Ga-top'trigs,  v.  sing.  That  part  of 
optics  which  explains  the  properties 
and  phenomena  of  reflected  light. 
GXt’s'-paw,  n.  A  dupe  ;  the  tool  of 
another ;  —  from  the  fable  of  the 
monkey  who  used  the  paws  of  the 
cat  to  draw  roasting  chestnuts  out 
of  the  fire.  [Ketchup. 

GXt'sup,  n.  Same  as  Catchup,  or 
Gat'tle,  7i.  pi.  [Lat.  capitalis,  chief, 
because  in  early  ages  beasts  were  the 
chief  part  of  a  man’s  property.]  Do¬ 
mestic  quadrupeds  collectively,  esp. 
those  of  the  bovine  genus. 
GXt'tle-show,  7i.  An  exhibition 
of  domestic  animals  for  prizes,  &c. 
Gau  GA'sian,  n.  Any  one  belonging 
to  the  Indo-European  race,  or  the 
race  originating  near  Mt.  Caucasus. 


E,  I,  o,  u,  y ,  long ;  X,  E,  i,  5,  C,  $,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 


CAUCUS 


61 


CELLULAR 


€AU'€US,  n.  [A  corrupt,  of  calkers,  al¬ 
luding  to  an  association  of  calkers  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  the  time  of  the 
American  Revolution.]  A  prepara¬ 
tory  meeting  for  political  purposes. 
€au'dal,  a.  [Lat.  cauda,  tail.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  tail. 

•Cau'date,  la.  Having  a  tail,  or 
■6au'da-ted,  J  tail-like  appendage. 
■eiu'DLE  ,n.  [Lat.  calidus,  warm.]  A 
kind  of  warm  drink  for  sick  persons. 
Cauf,  n.  A  chest  with  holes  for  keep¬ 
ing  fish  alive  in  water. 

Cau'fle,  n.  A  gang  or  drove  of  cap¬ 
tured  negroes.  [  Catch. 

Caught  (kawt),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of 
Caul,  n.  [Prob.  a  modif.  of  cowl.]  1. 
A  membrane  covering  the  lower  in¬ 
testines.  2.  A  part  of  the  membrane 
enveloping  the  fetus. 

Cau-lEs'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  caulis,  stalk, 
stem.]  Having  a  perfect  stem. 
Cau-lIf'er-oDs,  a.  [Lat.  caulis , 
stalk,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Caulescent. 
Cau'li-flow'er,  n.  [Lat.  caulis, 
colis,  stalk,  stem,  cabbage,  and 
flower .]  A  variety  of  cabbage. 
CAUg'AL,  a.  Relating  to  a  cause  or 
causes.  [cause. 

CAU-gAL'I-TY,  n.  The  agency  of  a 
C-AU-gA'TiON,  n.  Act  of  causing. 
CAUg'A-TlVE,  a.  1.  Expressing  a 
cause  or  reason.  2.  Effecting,  as  a 
cause  or  agent. 

CAUgE  (kawz),  n.  [Lat.  causa.]  1. 
That  which  produces  a  result,  or  is 
the  occasion  of  an  action.  2.  A  legal 
process  ;  case.  3.  One  side  of  a  ques¬ 
tion  or  controversy. 

Syn. —  Agency;  motive;  inducement. 

• — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  effect  by 
agency,  power,  or  influence  ;  produce. 
€AUgE'LESS,  a.  1.  Uncaused  or  un¬ 
created.  2.  Without  just  cause, 
reason,  or  motive. 

•CAUg'ER,_?i.  One  who  causes. 
€AUgE'WAY,  )  n.  [L.  Lat.  calceata, 
CAU'gE  Y,  j  calciata,  via  calciata, 
fr.  Lat.  calceare ,  calciare ,  to  pave  with 
limestone.]  A  raised  way  over  wet 
or  marshy  ground. 

■Caus'TIE,  I  a.  [Gr.  Kavcrrnco^,  fr. 
€aUS'TI€-AL,  J  xateiv,  to  burn.]  1. 
Burning ;  corrosive.  2.  Severe  ; 
satirical;  sharp. 

■Gaus'TIE,  n.  Any  substance  which, 
applied  to  animal  substances,  burns 
or  destroys  the  texture. 
UJaus-tY^'i-ty,  n.  1.  Property  which 
characterizes  caustic  bodies.  2.  Se¬ 
verity  of  language ;  sarcasm. 
•Gau'TER,  n.  A  hot,  searing  iron. 
■GAU'TER-fgM,  n.  Application  of  caus¬ 
tics  ;  cautery. 

€au'ter-i-za'tion,  n.  A  burning  or 
searing  some  morbid  part  by  the  ap¬ 
plication^  fire. 

■€au'ter-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
burn  or  sear  with  fire  or  a  hot  iron, 
as  morbid  flesh. 

€au'ter-y,  n.  [See  Cauter.]  A 
burning,  as  of  morbid  flesh,  by  a 
hot  iron,  or  by  caustic  medicines. 
€au'tion,  n.  [Lat.  cautio,  fr.  cavere , 
to  take  care.]  1.  Prudence  in  re-  I 


gard  to  danger ;  wariness.  2.  Ex¬ 
hortation  to  wariness. 

Syn. —  Forethought ;  forecast;  pru¬ 
dence;  vigilance;  circumspection. 

—  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  give  no¬ 
tice  of  danger  to  ;  to  warn. 

€au'tion-a-ry  (44),  a.  1.  Contain¬ 
ing  caution.  2.  Given  as  a  pledge. 
•€au'tioEs,  a.  Prudent ;  watchful. 

Syn.  —  Wary;  circumspect. —  A  man 
is  cautious  chiefly  as  the  result  of  tim¬ 
idity;  one  may  be  wary,  i.  e.,  watchful  in 
a  high  degree  against  danger,  and  yet 
bold  and  active;  a  circumspect  man  looks 
around  him  to  weigh  and  deliberate. 

■Gau'tious-ly,  adv.  With  caution. 
Cau'tious-ness,  n.  'Watchfulness; 
provident  care. 

UJXv'AL-CADE',  n.  [Lat.  caballus,  Gr. 
/ca/SdAArjs,  an  inferior  horse.]  A  pro¬ 
cession  of  persons  on  horseback. 
•eXv'A-LiER',  n.  [See  Cavalcade.] 
1.  A  horseman;  a  knight.  2.  One 
of  the  leaders  of  the  court  party  in 
the  time  of  King  Charles  I.  —  a.  1. 
Gay;  sprightly.  2.  Brave;  warlike. 
3.  Haughty  ;  disdainful. 
•Cav'a-lier'ly,  adv.  In  a  haughty 
manner.  [horseback. 

■GXv'al-RY,  n.  Troops  that  serve  on 
€X v1  a- tEjva,  n .  [It.]  (Mus.)  An  air 
of  one  movement,  with  little  repeti¬ 
tion  of  the  words. 

Cave  ,  n.  [Lat.  cavus,  hollow,  cavea, 
cavity.]  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth ; 
a  den.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
make  hollow. — v.i.  1.  To  dwell  in 
a  cave.  2.  To  fall  and  leave  a  hollow. 
Ca've-at,  n.  [Lat.,  let  him  beware.] 
1.  A  notice  to  some  officer  not  to  do 
a  certain  act  until  the  party  is  heard 
in  opposition.  2.  A  description  of 
some  invention,  lodged  in  the  patent- 
office  before  the  patent  right  is  taken 
out,  operating  as  a  bar  to  other  ap¬ 
plications  respecting  the  same  inven¬ 
tion.  3.  Warning.  [and  pressed. 
■GXv'en-dIsh,  n.  Tobacco  softened 
•CXv'ern,  n.  [Lat.  caverna,  fr.  cavus, 
hollow.]  A  large  cave.  [hollow. 
CXv'ERN-ous,  a.  Full  of  caverns  ; 
Ca-v'IARE'  (ka-veer'),  1  n.  [Turk,  ha - 
CXv'I-AR  (k^v'e-ar),  J  viar  ]  Roesof 
certain  large  fish,  prepared  and  salted, 
CXv'lL,  v.  i.  [-ED,  -ING;  or  -LED, 
-LING,  137.]  [Lat.  cavillari ,  fr.  ca- 
villa,  bantering  jests.]  To  raise  cap¬ 
tious  and  frivolous  objections.  —  n. 
A  frivolous  objection. 

€Xv'il-er,  In.  A  captious  dispu- 
CXv'il-ler,  J  tant.  [Hollowness. 
CXv'I-TY,  n.  1  A  hollow  place.  2. 
€aw,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From  the 
sound.]  To  cry  like  a  crow,  or  raven. 

—  n.  The  noise  made  by  the  crow 
or  raven. 

Cay-Enne'  PEp'per.  [From  Cay¬ 
enne,  in  South  America.]  A  very 
pungent  red  pepper. 

Cay'MAN  (150),  n.  An  alligator. 
Ca-ZIQUE'  (ka-zeelU),  n.  [From  the 
language  of  Hayti  ]  A  chief  among 
some  tribes  of  Indians. 

<Pease,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  ces- 
sare,  intens.  form  of  cedere,  to  with-  I 


draw.]  1.  To  come  to  an  end.  2.  To 
be  wanting. 

Syn.  —  To  desist;  forbear;  fail. 

—  v.  t.  To  put  a  stop  to.  [incessant. 

Qease'less,  a.  Without  cessation  ; 

(^E'DAR,  n.  [Gr  /ce'Spos.]  An  ever¬ 
green  tree  of  different  species. 

<^E  DE ,  v.  t.  [-E  D ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  cedere .] 
To  yield  or  surrender  ;  to  give  up. 

Qe-dYl'la,  n.  [It.  zediglia,  dim.  of 
zeta,  Gr.  name  of  z,  which  letter 
was  formerly  written  after  c,  and 
then  below  it,  to  give  it  the  pronun¬ 
ciation  of  s.]  A  mark  placed  under 
the  letter  c  [thus,  p],  to  show  that  it 
is  to  be  sounded  like  s. 

Ce'drine,  a.  Belonging  to  cedar. 

Qeil,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
celare,  to  cover,  arch,  Lat.  ccelum, 
heaven,  vault,  arch.]  To  overlay  or 
cover  the  inner  roof  of. 

Qeil'ing,  n.  Upper,  interior  surface 
of  an  apartment,  opposite  the  floor. 

QEl'an-dine,  n.  A  genus  of  plants 
belonging  to  the  poppy  family. 
QEl'e-brate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  celebrare,  celebratus;  celeber,  fa¬ 
mous.]  1.  To  mention  with  praise. 
2.  To  honor  by  appropriate  ceremo¬ 
nies  ;  to  solemnize. 

Syn.  —  To  praise  ;  extol ;  commemo¬ 
rate.  — Extol  is  stronger  than  praise  ;  we 
commemorate  events  which  we  desire  to 
cherish  in  affectionate  remembrance  by 
appropriate  rites,  as  the  death  of  our  Sav¬ 
ior;  we  celebrate  by  demonstrations  of 
public  joy,  processions,  &c.,as  the  birth¬ 
day  of  our  independence. 

<^EL^E-bra/ted,  a.  Having  celebrity. 

Syn.  —  Distinguished  ;  famous  ;  re¬ 
nowned;  illustrious. 

(^El'e-bra'tion,  n.  Act  of  cele¬ 
brating.  [brates. 

Cel'e-bra'tor,  n.  One  who  cele- 

£e-leb'ri-ty,  n.  1.  Condition  of 
being  celebrated.  2.  A  person  of 
distinction. 

Syn.  —  Renown ;  honor;  repute;  fame. 

Qe-ler'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  celeritas,  from 
celer ,  swift.]  Rapidity  of  motion. 

Syn.  —  Swiftness  ;  speed  ;  velocity  j 
quickness. 

Qel'ER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  cri\ivov.]  A  plant 
of  the  parsley  family. 

£e-LES'tial  (-lgsUyal),  a.  [Lat.  cct - 
lestis,  cselestis,  from  caelum,  caelum, 
heaven.]  Heayenly. — n.  An  in¬ 
habitant  of  heaven. 

(pE'LI-A-e,  a.  [Gr.  xoiAiafcds,  fr.  xoiXia, 
belly.]  Pertaining  to  the  belly. 
£E-lYb'a-<j:y,  or  QEl'i-ba-^y,  «. 
[Lat.  csehbatus ,  from  caelebs,  unmar¬ 
ried.]  Bachelorship.  [bachelor) 
El'i-bate,  n.  1.  Celibacy.  2.  A 
ELL,  n.  [Lat.  cella,  akin  to  celare, 
to  conceal.]  1.  A  very  small  and 
close  apartment.  2.  Any  small, 
closed  cavity  ;  a  minute  sac. 

(^El'LAR,  n.  [Lat.  cellarium,  a  pan¬ 
try.]  A  room  under  a  building. 

QEl'LAR-A&e,  n.  1.  Excavation  for  a 
cellar ;  a  cellar,  or  a  series  of  cellars. 
2.  Charge  for  storage  in  a  cellar. 

££ll'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  cellula,  a  little 
cell.]  Consisting  of,  or  containing, 
cells. 


5,  hard ;  A§ ;  ejcist  ;  HasNS;  this. 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  :  Orn,  rue ,  PflLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  6,  soft;  c,< 


CELLULE 


A  small  cell.  ; 

n.  [Eng.  cellulose,  and 


CEll'ule,  n. 

£ell'u-loid, 

Gr.  elSos,  form.]  A  compound  in 
imitation  of  coral,  ivory,  tortoise¬ 
shell,  etc.  ;  —  made  chiefly  from 
gun-cotton  and  camphor. 
Qell'u-lose',  n.  One  of  the  sub¬ 
stances  constituting  the  oellular  tis¬ 
sue  of  plants. 

Qelt,  n.  [W.  Celtiad,  Celt,  from  celt, 
covert,  shelter.]  One  of  an  ancient 
race  of  people,  who  inhabited  Central 
and  Western  Europe,  and  from  whom 
are  descended  the  Irish,  Welsh,  & c. 
Qelt'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Celts, 
or  to  their  language.  —  n.  The  lan¬ 
guage  of  the  Celts. 

QEm'Ent,  or  Qe-ment'  (115),  n. 
[Lat.  cscmentum,  chips  of  marble, 
from  which  mortar  was  made.]  1. 
Any  adhesive  substance  used  to  unite 
bodies.  2.  Bond  of  union. 
^E-MENT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  unite  by  the  use  of  cement.  2. 
To  unite  firmly  and  closely.  —  v.  i. 
To  unite  and  cohere. 
QEMyEN-TA'TiON,  n.  1.  Act  of  ce¬ 
menting.  2.  The  process  by  which 
iron  is  turned  into  steel,  glass  into 
porcelain,  Arc 

QemT-terT’,  n.  [Gr.  Koip-qT-qpiov , 
fr.  Koipqv,  to  sleep.]  A  grave-yard. 
QiSN'o-BlTE,  n.  [Gr.  koi vos,  common, 
and  jStos,  life.]  One  of  a  religious 
order,  dwelling  in  a  convent. 
CEN/0-BlT'ie,  )  a.  Living  in  com- 
C£n'o-b']T'I€-AE,  f  munity,  as  monks. 
(^EN'O-TAPIJ,  n.  [Gr.  uevorafyiov ,  fr. 
kcvos,  empty,  and  ra<|> os,  tomb.]  A 
monument  erected  to  one  who  is 
buried  elsewhere. 

Q£nse,i'.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Abbrev. 
from  incense.]  To  perfume  with 
odors  from  burning  substances. 
(pENS'ER,  n.  A  pan  in  which  incense 
is  burned. 

(^EN'SOR,  n.  [Lat.,  from  censere ,  to 
value,  to  tax.]  1.  One  empowered  to 
examine  manuscripts  and  books,  be¬ 
fore  publication.  2.  A  harsh  critic. 
(pEN-so'Rl-AL  (89),  a.  Belonging  to 
a  censor. 

(^EN-so'Ri-ofTS  (89),  a.  1.  Apt  to 
blame  or  condemn.  2.  Implying  or 
expressing  censure. 

^en-so'ri-oOs-ly,  adv.  In  a  cen¬ 
sorious  manner.  [being  censorious. 
Cen-so'ri-oOs-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
Cen'sor-ship,  n.  Office  of  a  censor. 
yiiN'sUR-A-BLE  (sen'shur-),  a.  Wor¬ 
thy  of  censure ;  blamable. 
£en'sur-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  censura¬ 
ble  manner. 

<^EN'SURE  (sen'shpr),  n.  [Lat.  sensu- 
ra .]  Act  of  blaming  or  finding  fault ; 
blame  ;  reproof.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  find  fault  with  and  condemn. 

Syn.  —  To  blame;  reprove;  condemn; 
reprehend;  reprimand. 

<pfiN'sus,  n.  [Lat.  See  CENSOR.]  An 
official  enumeration  of  the  people, 
registration  of  the  value  of  their  es¬ 
tates,  &c. 

£fiNT,  n.  [Lat.  centum .]  1.  A  hun¬ 
dred.  2.  An  American  coin  of  cop- 


62 

per,  or  of  copper  and  nickel,  worth 
the  luOth  part  of  a  dollar. 
(^ENT'AGE,  n.  Kate  by  the  hundred. 
t/EN'TAUR,  n.  [Gr.  KeVravpos,  orig.  a 
herdsman.]  A  fabulous  being,  half 
man  and  half  horse. 
(piiN/TE-NA,Ri-AN,  n.  [See  Cent.] 
A  person  a  hundred  years  old. 
££n'te-na-ry  (44),  n.  A  hundred; 
a  century.  —  a.  1.  Relating  to  a  hun¬ 
dred.  2.  Occurring  once  in  a  hun¬ 
dred  years. 

Qen-ten'ni-al,  a.  1.  Belonging  to 
the  hundredth  anniversary.  2.  Hap¬ 
pening  once  in  a  hundred  years. 
Cen'ter,  )  n.  [Lat.  centrum,  Gr. 
(,1en'TRE,  j  KivTpov ,  fr.  nevrelv,  to 
prick.]  1.  Exact  middle  point  of 
any  thing.  2.  Middle  portion  ;  the 
midst,  —  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
be  placed  in  a  center.  2.  To  be  col¬ 
lected  to  a  point.  — v.  t.  1.  To  place 
on  a  center.  2.  To  collect  to  a  point. 
Qen'ter-BIT.  )  n.  An  instrument  for 
QEn'tre-bit,  J  boring  holes. 
Oen'ter-ing,  (  n.  Temporary  fram- 
Qen'tring,  (  ing  on  which  any 
vaulted  work  is  constructed. 
Qen-tesT-mal,  a.  Hundredth  ;  by 
the  hundred.  —  n.  A  hundredth 
part. 

QEn/ti-fo'li-ous,  a.  [Lat.  centifo- 
lius,  fr.  centum,  hundred,  and  foli¬ 
um  ,  leaf.]  Having  a  hundred  leaves. 
(piiN'Tl-GRADE,  a.  [Lat.  centum ,  hun¬ 
dred,  and  gradus,  degree.]  Divided 
into  a  hundred  degrees,  as  a  ther¬ 
mometer  between  the  freezing  point 
and  the  boiling  point  of  water. 
Centime  (songdeem'),  n.  [Fr.]  The 
100th  part  of  a  franc. 

Qen'TI-PED  (165),  n.  [Lat.  centipeda ., 
fr.  centum,  hundred,  and^cs,  pedis, 
foot.]  A  species  of  land  articulates, 
having  a  great  number  of  feet. 
££n'to,  n. ;  pi.  ^fiN'TOg.  [Lat.]  A 
composition  formed  by  passages  from 
different  authors. 

QEn'tral,  a.  Relating  to,  placed  in, 
or  containing,  the  center. 
Qen-tral'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
central.  [tralizing. 

Cen'TRAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  cen- 
()EN'TRAL-IZE,t',  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
draw  to  a  central  point.  [manner. 

]En'TRAL-LY,  adv'.  In  a  central 
))en'tre  (sender),  n.  See  Center, 
^en'trie,  )  a.  Placed  in  the 
pfiN'TRic-AL,, J  center  ;  central. 
^En'TRIE-AL-ly,  adv.  In  a  central 
position.  [being  centric. 

Cen-tri'9'i-ty  (-trls'-),  n.  State  of 
Qen-TRIF'U-GAL,  a.  [Lat.  centrum , 
center,  and fugere,  to  flee.]  Tending 
to  recede  from  the  center. 
^EN-TRiP'E-TAL,  a.  [Lat.  centrum, 
center,  and  petere,  to  move  toward.] 
Tending  toward  the  center. 
Cen-tum'vir,  n. ;  pi.  oen-tum'- 
Vl- rT.  [Lat.,  fr.  centum ,  hundred, 
and  vir,  man.]  (Rom.  Antiq.)  A 
judge  appointed  to  decide  common 
causes  among  the  people. 
£en-tOm'VI-RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  centumvir. 


CERTAINTY 


(^EN'TU-PLE,  a. 


centum,  hundred. 


[Lat.  centuplex,  fr. 
and  pi i care,  to 
fold.]  Hundred -fold. — v.i.  [-ed; 
-ING.J  To  increase  a  hundred-fold. 
Qen-TU'RI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a  cen¬ 
tury.  _ 

Qen-tu'ri-on,  n.  [Lat.  centurio.] 

( Roman  Antiq.)  A  military  officer 
over  a  hundred  foot-soldiers. 
(pENT'u-RY,  n.  [Lat.  cenluria,  fr.  cen¬ 
tum,  hundred.]  1.  A  hundred.  2. 
A  period  of  a  hundred  years. 
(^e-phalTe,  a.  [Gr.  Ke^aAocos,  from 
Ke(/)aAij,  head.]  Pertaining  to  the 
head.  —  n.  A  medicine  for  a  disorder 
in  the  head. 

(pEPH'A-LO-POD',  or  (^E-PHAL'O- 
POD,  n.  [Gr.  Ke<t>a\ri,  head,  and 
nov ?,  7roSos ,  foot.]  A  molluscous  an¬ 
imal,  having  a  distinct  head,  sur¬ 
rounded  by  a  circle  of  long  arms. 
(^e-ra'ceoCs,  a.  [Lat.  cera,  wax.] 
Of  the  nature  of  wax. 

(Pe-ram'iu,  a.  [Gr.  KepapiKOi,  from 
Kepapos,  earthenware.]  Pertaining 
to  pottery.  [oil,  &c. 

Ce'RATE,  n.  An  ointment  of  wax, 
Ce'ra-ted,  a.  Covered  with  wax. 
Qere,  n.  [Lat.  cera,  wax.]  Naked 
wax-like  skin  covering  the  base  of 
the  bill  in  some  birds.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  wax,  or  cover  with  wax. 
Qe're-al  (89),  a.  [Pertaining  to  Ce¬ 
res,  or  to  grain.]  Pertaining  to  edi¬ 
ble  grain.  — n.  Any  edible  grain. 
Cer1  e-bel' LUM,~n.  [L. ,  dim.  of 
cerebrum,  brain.]  Hinder  and  low¬ 
er  division  of  the  brain. 
(^er'e-bral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
cerebrum,  or  brain. 

Cer' e-brum.  n.  [Lat.]  Superior 
’  and  larger  division  of  the  brain. 
CereTloth,  1  n.  [Lat.  cera,  wax.] 
t^ERE'MENT,  J  A  cloth  dipped  in 
melted  wax,  used  for  embalming. 
^ER'E-MO'NI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  cer¬ 
emony  ;  ritual. — n.  A  system  of  x-ules 
and  ceremonies. 

Qer'e-mo'ni-oBs,  a.  1.  According 
to  prescribed  rules  and  forms.  2. 
Precise  ;  formal. 

Qer'e-ivio'ni-oOs-ly,  cujVm  jn  acer_ 
emonious  manner. 

QLr'e-mo-ny  (50),  n.  [Lat.  cserimo- 
nia.]  1.  External  form  in  religion. 
2.  Forms  ofcivilityr. 
Ce'ro-GRAPH'I€,  )  a.  Pertaining 
(lE'RO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j  to  cerogra- 
phy. 

(^E-ROG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  (CTjpos,  wax, 
and  ypd(f)e iv,  to  write.]  Engraving 
on  wax,  from  which  a  stereotype 
plate  is  taken. 

Qe-roon',  n.  [Sp.  seron ,  augmenta¬ 
tive  of  sera,  a  large  basket.]  A  bale 
or  package  of  skins. 

QEr'TAIN,  a.  [Lat.  certus,  orig.  p.  p.  of 
cernere,  to  perceive,  decide.]  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  no  doubts.  2.  Not  to  be  doubted 
or  denied.  3.  Fixed  or  stated.  4  In¬ 
determinate  ;  one  or  some. 

Syn.  —  Sure:  undeniable;  indubita¬ 
ble;  indisputable;  undoubting. 

OEr'taIn-LY,  adv.  Without  failure. 
Q£r'taIn-ty,  n.  1.  Exemption  from 


a,  £,  i,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,  e,  i',  6,  tt,  ¥, short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 


CERTIFICATE 

doubt  or  failure.  2.  An  established 
fact. 

<pER-TlF'I-€ATE,  n.  1.  A  written  tes¬ 
timony.  2.  A  written  declaration  le¬ 
gally  authenticated. 
QeR-tIf'I-€ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  certus,  certain,  and  facere,  to 
make.]  To  verify  by  certificate. 
(^Er'ti-fi-ca'tion,  n.  Act  of  certi¬ 
fy  ing.  [or  assures. 

CEr'TI-FFER,  n.  One  who  certifies, 
£er'ti-fy  (14),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing,  142.] 
1.  To  establish  as  a  fact.  2.  To  give 
certain  information  of  or  to. 
££r'ti-tude  (53),  n.  Assurance  ; 
certainty. 

(^e-ru'le-an  (124),  a.  [Lat.  cserule- 
tts.]  Sky-blue. 

Qe-ru’men,  n.  [Lat.  cera,  wax.] 
Yellow  matter  secreted  by  the  ear. 
(pE'RUSE  (52),  n.  [Lat.  cerussa .]  1. 

White  lead.  2.  Native  carbonate  of 
lead. 

(^Er'vie-al,  a.  [Lat.  cervix,  neck.] 
Belonging  to  the  neck. 

QEr'VINE,  a.  [Lat.  cervinus,  fr.  cer- 
vus,  deer.]  Pertaining  to  the  deer. 
QE-gA'RE-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Caesar. 

Cesarean  section,  on  incision  made  to 
extract  a  fetus ;  —  said  to  have  been  done 
at  the  birth  of  Julius  Caesar. 

Qes'pi-tose'  (125),  1  a.  [Lat.  csespes, 
££s'pi-tous,  j  turf.]  Grow¬ 

ing  in  tufts  ;  turf-like. 

Qes-SA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  cessatio,  from 
cessare ,  to  cease.]  Act  of  ceasing. 

Syn. —  Stop  ;  rest  ;  pause  ;  intermis¬ 
sion.  —  Stop  is  generic  i  cessation  is  a 
ceasing  from  action,  either  temporary  or 
final;  pause.,  temporary  stopping  ;  rest, 
stopping  for  the  sake  of  relief  or  repose  ; 
intermission,  stopping  at  intervals  to  re¬ 
commence. 

Qes'sion  (sSsh'un),  n.  [Lat.  cessio , 

from  cedere ,  cessum,  to  give  way.]  A 
yielding  or  surrender,  as  of  property. 
£  Ess'-pool  (28),  n.  [See  Sess-pool.] 
A  cavity  in  the  earth,  to  receive  the 
sediment  of  drains. 

<Pes'tus,  n.  [Gr.  (cecrros.]  1.  The 
girdle  of  Venus,  on  which  r 
was  represented  every  thing 
that  could  awaken  love.  2.  W&M 

A  loaded  leather  covering 
for  the  hand.  M Ba 

Ce-§u'rA,  n.  See  CAESURA.  iSm 
(iE-TA'CEAN,  n.  [Gr.  Krjros,  QGuF 
whale.]  An  animal  of  the  Cestus. 
whale  kind.  [whale  kind. 

Qe-ta'ceous,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
(/E-TOL'o-GrY.  n.  [Gr.  Krjros,  whale, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Natural  his¬ 
tory  of  cetaceous  animals 

Chafe,  v.t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat.  cal- 
efacere,  to  make  warm.]  1.  To  ex¬ 
cite  heat  or  irritation  in  by  means  of 
friction.  2.  To  irritate  ;  to  vex.  3. 
To  fret  and  wear  by  rubbing.  — v.  i. 
1.  To  be  excited  or  heated.  2.  To 
be  fretted  and  worn  by  rubbing. — 
n.  1.  Heat  or  irritation  excited  by 
friction.  2.  Agitation  of  the  mind. 
Ciiaf'er,  n.  1.  One  who  chafes.  2. 

[A.-S.  ceafor.]  An  insect. 
Chaf'er-y,  n.  A  forge  in  which  iron 
is  subjected  to  a  welding  heat. 

63 

Chaff  (6),  n.  [A.-S.  ceaf,  0.  II.  Ger. 
ckeva,  pod,  husk.]  1.  The  husk, 
or  light,  dry  covering  of  grains  and 
grasses.  2.  Worthless  matter.  3. 
Light,  idle  talk,  by  way  of  turning 
into  ridicule.  —  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
To  use  light,  idle  language  by  way  of 
ridicule.  — v.  1.  To  make  fun  of. 

Chaf'fer,  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Eng.  ckajf are ,  chepe fare ,  fr .  A.-S.  cea- 
pan,  to  buy  ;  to  attempt  to  buy,  and 
Eng.  fare,  to  go.]  1.  To  bargain  ;  to 
haggle.  2.  To  talk  much  or  idly. 

Chaf'fer-er,  n.  One  who  chaffers. 

Chaf'finch,  n.  A  bird  of  the  finch 
family,  said  to  delight  in  chaff. 

Chaff'y,  a.  1.  Containing,  resem¬ 
bling,  or  consisting  of,  chaff.  2. 
Light ;  worthless.  [for  coals. 

CHAF'ING-dish,  n.  A  portable  grate 

Qha-grin'  (sha-gnn'),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
chagrin,  or  chagrain,  shagreen.]  Ill- 
humor  ;  peevishness ;  fretfulness. 

Syn.  —Vexation;  mortification. —  Vex¬ 
ation  springs  from  a  sense  of  loss,  dis¬ 
appointment,  &c.  ;  mortification  from 
wounded  pride  ;  chagrin  may  spring 
from  either,  and  is  not  usually  so  keen 
nor  lasting. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  vex;  to 
mortify. 

Chain  (66),  n.  [Lat.  catena .]  1.  A 
series  of  links  connected  together.  2. 
That  which  confines  or  secures ;  a 
bond.  3.  A  series  of  things  con¬ 
nected.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  fasten  with,  or  as  with,  a  chain. 
2.  To  enslave.  3.  To  unite. 

Chain'-bridge,  n.  A  bridge  sus¬ 
pended  on  chains. 

Chain'-gang,  n.  A  number  of  con¬ 
victs  chained  together. 

Chain'-PUMP,  n.  A  pump  consisting 
of  an  endless  chain,  carrying  disks 
or  buckets. 

Chain'-shot,  m.  Two 
balls  connected  by  a  i| 
chain,  used  to  cut  chain-shot, 
down  masts,  &c. 

ChAir  (4),  n.  [Lat.  cathedra ,  Gr.  xa- 
de'Spa.]  1.  A  movable  seat  with  a 
back.  2.  An  official  seat  ;  hence, 
the  office  itself.  3.  A  presiding  offi¬ 
cer.  4.  A  vehicle  for  one  person.  5- 
An  iron  to  support  the  rails  on  a 
railway. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
carry  publicly  in  a  chair  in  triumph. 

ChAir'man  (150),  n.  A  presiding  of¬ 
ficer. 

(^HAlgE  (67),  n.  [Fr.  chaise ,  for  chaire. 
See  Chair.]  A  two-wheeled  car¬ 
riage  for  two  persons. 

■Chal-cEd'o-ny,  or  €hXl'ce-do- 
NY,  n.  [From  Chalcedon,  in  Asia 
Minor.]  An  uncrystallized  translu¬ 
cent  variety  of  quartz. 

€hal-€og'ra-pher,  1  n.  An  en- 

€!hal-€OG'ra-ph1ST,  )  graver  on 
copper  and  brass, 

■eHAL-€OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  X^A/cos, 
copper,  brass,  and  ypatfieiu,  to  write.] 
Art  of  engraving  on  copper  or  brass. 

€hal-da'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  Chal¬ 
dea.  —  n.  Language  of  the  Chalde¬ 
ans. 

€hXl'dee,  or  €hal-dee',  a.  Per- 

CHAMFER 

taining  to  Chaldea.  — n.  Language 
or  dialect  of  the  Chaldeans. 

ChXi/dron,  n.  [Same  as  caldron .  ] 

A  dry  measure  for  coals,  containing, 
at  London,  thirty-six  bushels. 

ChXlMce  (chal'is),  n.  [Lat.  calix, 

Gr.  /cuAt£.]  A  cup  ;  especially  a  com¬ 
munion-cup. 

Chalk  (chawk),  n.  [A.-S.  cealc ,  from 

Lat.  calx ,  limestone.]  A  soft,  earthy 
substance,  consisting  of  carbonate  of 
lime. 

Red  chalk,  an  indurated  clayey  ocher. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  rub  or 
mark  with  chalk. 

Chalk'-stone  (chawk'-,  20),  n.  A 
concretion  in  the  hands  and  feet. 

Chalk/y  (chawk'y),  a.  Consisting  of, 
or  resembling  chalk. 

ChXl'lenge,  n.  [Lat.  calumnia , 
false  accusation.]  1.  Invitation  to 
a  contest  of  any  kind.  2.  A  claim  or 
demand  made  of  a  right.  3.  Excep¬ 
tion  to  a  juror  or  voter. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  call  to  a  contest  of 
any  kind ;  to  defy.  2.  To  claim  as 
due.  3.  To  make  exception  or  objec¬ 
tion  to. 

Chal'len4e-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  challenged.  [lenges. 

Chal'len-ger,  n.  One  who  chal- 

QhXl'lis  (shiU'ly),  n.  [Fr.  chaly.] 

A  fine,  twilled,  woolen  fabric. 

Cha-LYB'e-ATE,  a.  [N.  Lat.  chalyb- 
ealus,  from  Gr.  x“Avi//,  still.]  Im¬ 
pregnated  with  some  salt  of  iron. — 
n.  Any  water  or  liquor  into  which 
iron  enters. 

Qhamade  (sha'mad'),  n.  [Fr., from 

Lat.  clamare,  to  call.]  Beat  of  a 
drum,  or  sound  of  a  trumpet,  invit¬ 
ing  to  a  parley. 

CHAMBER,  n.  [Lat.  camara,  camera, 
vault,  arched  roof,  Gr.  Kapapa.]  1. 

An  upper  room  for  lodging,  privacy, 
or  study.  2.  A  hollow,  closed  space. 

3.  A  place  where  an  assembly  meets, 
and  the  assembly  itself. — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  occupy  as  a  chamber  ; 

2.  To  be  wanton.  —  v.  t.  To  shut  up, 
as  in  a  chamber. 

CHAM'BER-GOUN'SEL,  )  n.  A 

CHAM'BER-eouN'SEL-OR,  )  coun¬ 

selor  who  gives  his  opinion  in  private. 

Cham'ber-laIn,  n.  [Ger.  hammer 
(Lat.  camera),  and  the  term,  ling.] 

1.  An  officer  having  charge  of  the 
private  chambers  of  a  nobleman  or 
monarch.  2.  One  of  the  high  offi¬ 
cers  of  a  court.  3.  A  receiver  of 
public  money.  [chamberlain. 

Cham'ber-lain-shYp,  n.  Office  of  a 

Cham'ber-maid,  n.  A  woman  who 
has  the  care  of  chambers. 

A  lizard-like  rep- 

tile  of  changeable  Chameleon. 

hues. 

ChXm'fer,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
cut  a  groove  in.  2.  To  bevel. 

5r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  0, silent;  9,4,  soft;  c,  g ,hard;  Ag;  E^IST;  h  as  NG;  this. 

CHAMOIS 


CHARGE 


64 


QhXm'ois  (sham7m5r  or  sham-oi7),  n. 
[Sp.  camuza,  from  0.  Ger.  gamz.]  1. 
A  species  of  antelope.  2.  A  kind  of 
soft  leather. 

€ham'o-mile,  n.  See  Camomile. 

CiiXmp,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
campus,  field.]  To  chew  ;  to  bite. — 
v.  i.  To  bite  frequently. 

<pHAM-PAGNE'  (sham-pan7),  n.  A 
brisk,  sparkling  wine,  from  Cham¬ 
pagne,  in  France. 

Qham-paign'  (sham-pan7),  n.  [See 
Campaign.]  A  flat,  open  country. 

—  a.  Flat  or  open,  as  a  country. 

£hXm'per-ty,  n.  [0.  Fr.  champart , 

field-rent ;  champ,  Lat.  campus,  field, 
and  part ,  Lat.  pars,  share.]  Mainte¬ 
nance  of  a  lawsuit,  with  an  agree¬ 
ment  to  divide  the  thing  in  suit  in 
case  of  success. 

Cham'pi-on,  n.  [Lat.  campus,  field.] 
One  who  engages  in  any  contest  for 
another  or  for  a  cause.  —  v.t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  furnish  with,  or  to  at¬ 
tend  as,  a  champion. 

Change,  n.  [Fr. ,  from  cheoir,  Lat. 
cad  ere,  to  fall,  as  dice.]  1.  Absence 
of  any  recognized  cause.  2.  An  event 
happening  without  assigned  cause. 

Syn.  —  Luck  ;  accident  ;  casualty; 
hazard  ;  fortune  ;  opportunity. 

—  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  happen. — 
a.  Happening  by  chance ;  casual ; 
fortuitous. 

ChXn'cel,  n.  [Lat.  cancelli ,  lattices, 
cross-bars,  inclosing  the  place.]  That 
part  of  a  church  where  the  altar  is 
placed. 

Chan'^el-lor,  n.  A  high  officer  of 
state,  or  chief  judge  of  a  court  of 
chancery.  [chancellor. 

Ciian'^el-lor-ship,  n.  Office  of  a 

Chan£E7-med7le y,  n.  [See  Chance 
and  Medley.]  Unpremeditated 

killing  of  another  in  self-defense. 

CiiAn'9er-y,  n.  [See  Chancel.]  A 
high  court  of  equity. 

QhXn'cre  (shank7er,  67,160),  n.  [Fr. 
See  Canker  and  Cancer.]  An 
ulcer,  especially  a  venereal  sore. 

(^hXn'croOs  (shSnk7rus),  a.  Like  a 
chancre ;  ulcerous. 

<2hXn7de-lier'  (shSn7-),  n.  [Lat. 
candela ,  candle.]  A  frame  with 
branches  for  lights. 

ChAnd'ler,  n.  [Fr.  chandelier,  can¬ 
dlestick,  tallow-chandler.]  1.  A 
manufacturer  of,  or  dealer  in  can¬ 
dles.  2.  A  dealer  in  other  commod¬ 
ities.  [by  a  chandler. 

CiiAnd'ler-y,  «.  Commodities  sold 

Change,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
cambire .]  1.  To  alter  or  make  dif¬ 
ferent.  2.  To  substitute  another 
thing  for;  to  exchange. — v.i.  1. 
To  be  altered.  2.  To  become  acid  or 
tainted.  —  n.  1.  Any  variation  or 
alteration.  2.  That  which  makes  a 
variety.  3.  Small  pieces  of  money. 

Syn.  —  Variety  ;  mutation;  transi¬ 
tion;  vicissitude;  innovation;  novelty; 
transmutation  ;  revolution  ;  reverse. 

Chan6e7a-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Chaugeable- 
ness ;  mutability. 

Change 'a-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of 


change.  2.  Appearing  different  un¬ 
der  different  circumstances. 

Syn.  —  Mutable;  variable  ;  fickle;  in¬ 
constant;  unstable;  unsteady;  unsettled; 
versatile  ;  wavering;  erratic;  volatile. 

Change'a-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  changeable  ;  fickleness  ;  incon¬ 
stancy.  [ble  manner. 

Change'a-bly,  adv.  In  a  changea- 

Change'ful,  a.  Full  of  change  ;  in¬ 
constant. 

Change'less,  n.  Not  admitting  al¬ 
teration  ;  constant. 

Change'ling,  n.  1.  A  child  left  or 
taken  in  the  place  of  another,  as  by 
fairies.  2.  One  apt  to  change. 

Chang'er,  n.  One  who  changes. 

Chan'nel,  n.  [A  different  spelling  of 
canal.]  1.  Bed  of  a  stream  of  water. 
2.  A  strait  or  narrow  sea.  3.  That 
through  which  any  thing  passes.  4. 
A  furrow,  as  in  a  column. — v.  t. 
[-ED,  -ING;  or  -LED,  -LING,  137.] 
To  form  a  channel  or  channels  in. 

ChAnt,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
cantare,  v.  intens.  of  canere,  to  sing.] 

1.  To  sing;  to  warble.  2.  To  sing 
after  the  manner  of  a  chant. — n.  1. 
Song;  melody.  2.  Words  recited  to 
musical  tones  without  musical  meas¬ 
ure. 

ChAnt'er,  n.  One  who  chants. 

ChXnt'i-gleer,  n.  [From  chant  and 
clear.]  A  cock,  so  called  from  the 
clearness  of  his  voice  in  crowing. 

ChAnt'ry,  n.  An  endowed  chapel 
where  masses  for  the  souls  of  the 
donors  are  celebrated. 

■Cha'os  (ka7os),  n.  [Lat.  chaos,  Gr. 
dos,  from  xcuVeiv,  to  open  widely.] 

.  Unorganized  condition  of  matter 
before  the  creation  of  the  universe. 

2.  Confusion  ;  disorder,  [confused. 

■GHA-OT're  (44),  a.  Resembling  chaos  ; 

ChXp,  or  Chap,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

To  cleave  ;  to  split ;  to  crack.  —  v.i. 
To  crack  or  open  in  long  slits.  —  n. 
A  longitudinal  cleft  in  the  flesh. 

Chap  (chop),  n.  [From  chap,  to  open 
longitudinally.]  The  jaw  ;  —  gener¬ 
ally  in  the  pi. 

ChXp,  n  [An  abbrev.  of  chapman.] 
A  man  or  boy  ;  a  youth. 

CHlP'AR-RAL',n.  [Sp.]  A  thicket 
of  low  evergreen  oaks. 

Chape,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Catch  of  any 

thing,  as  of  a  buckle.  2.  A  plate  of 
metal  at  the  end  of  a  scabbard. 

Chapeau  (shap7o'),  n. ;  pi.  chap¬ 
eaus  (shSp7oz7).  [Fr.]  A  hat. 

ChXp'el,  n.  [L.  Lat.  capella,  a  short 
cloak,  hood,  or  cowl ;  hence,  chapel, 
orig.,  the  tent  in  which  St.  Martin’s 
cowl  was  preserved.]  A  place  of 
worship  usually  connected  with  a 
church  or  some  establishment. 

ChXp'EL-RY,  n.  Bounds  or  jurisdic¬ 
tion  of  a  chapel. 

QhXp'er-6n  (shXp7er-5n),  n.  [Fr.]  1. 
A  hood  or  cap.  2.  One  who  attends 
a  lady  in  public  places  as  a  guide  and 
protector.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
attend  in  public  places  as  a  guide 
and  protector.  [jected. 

CHAP'-FALLEN  (chop7fawln),  a.  De- 


ChXp'I-TER,  m.  [Late  Lat.  capitellwm, 
capitulum,  dim.  of  caput,  head.]  A 
summary  in  writing  of  such  matters 
as  are  to  be  inquired  of  or  presented 
before  justices. 

ChXp'lain  (-lin,  42),  n.  1.  An  ec¬ 
clesiastic  who  performs  service  in  a 
chapel.  2.  A  clergyman  attached  to 
a  ship  of  war,  an  army,  some  public 
institution,  or  a  family. 
ChXp7la!n-cy,  In.  Office  of  a 
ChXp'laIn-ship,  }  chaplain. 
ChXp'let,  n.  [Fr.  chapelt t,  dim.  of 
0.  Fr.  chapel ,  garland.]  1.  A  gar¬ 
land  or  wreath.  2.  A  string  of  beads 
used  by  Roman  Catholics  in  counting 
their  prayers. 

Chap'man, n. ;  pi.  chXp7men.  [A.-S. 
ceapman,  fr.  ceapan,  to  buy.]  One 
who  buys  or  sells. 

Chaps,  n.  pi.  The  jaws,  gee  Chap. 
Chap'ter,  n.  [From  Lat.  capitulum, 
dim.  of  caput,  head.]  1.  A  division 
of  a  book  or  treatise.  2.  An  or¬ 
ganized  branch  of  some  body.  3.  A 
decretal  epistle. 

ChXp'trel,  n.  [From  chapiter.] 
Capital  of  a  pier  or  pilaster  which  re¬ 
ceives  an  arch. 

ChAr,  In.  [A.-S.  cerr ,  cyrr ,  turn, 
Chare,  j  time,  business,  fr.  cerran, 
cirran,  to  turn.]  Work  done  by  the 
day  ;  a  task.  See  CHORE.  [Eng.] 
Char,  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring,  136.]  [Cf. 
Ir.  caor ,  brand,  flame,  spark  of  fire.] 
To  reduce  to  charcoal. 
€hXr'A€-ter,  n.  [Gr.  xaPaKT'hP,  fr. 
Xapacrareiv ,  to  engrave.]  1>.  A  letter, 
figure,  or  sign.  2.  Sum  of  distin¬ 
guishing  qualities.  3.  Estimate  put 
upon  a  person  or  thing  ;  reputation. 
4.  A  person. 

€hXr7ao-ter-Ys'T!€,  la.  Serving 
€har7ae-ter-is'tj€-al,  )  to  con¬ 
stitute  the  character ;  peculiar. 
€hXr7A€-ter-Ys'tic,  n.  That  which 
constitutes  a  character. 
UhXr'AC-TER-IS'TIE-AL-LY,  adv.  In 
a  manner  to  distinguish  (haracter. 
€har7A€-ter-i-za'tion,  n.  Actor 
characterizing. 

€hXr'A€-TER-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  mark  with  a  peculiar  stamp. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of  the  personal 
qualities  of.  3.  To  distinguish  or 
express  the  character  of. 

£llA-RADE'  (sha-rad7),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
composition  in  which  are  described 
enigmatically  the  objects  expressed 
by  each  syllable  of  a  word,  separate¬ 
ly,  and  then  by  the  w  ord  as  a  whole. 
ChXr'coal,  n.  [gee  Char,  v.  t.] 
Coal  made  by  charring  w  ood. 
Charge,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Ferson  or  thing 
intrusted  to  ore’s  care  or  custody. 
2.  Office  ;  con  mission.  3.  Earnest 
command,  or  instruction.  4.  Costs  ; 
expense.  5.  Account  of  that  which 
is  due  from  one  party  to  another.  6. 
Imputation ;  accusation.  7.  Quan¬ 
tity  which  any  apparatus,  as  a  gun, 
machine,  &c.,  is  intended  to  receive. 
8.  Attack,  or  signal  for  attack.  9. 
(Her.)  A  bearing  or  emblem  on  a 
field.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 


X,  E,  I,  6,  u,  y, long ;  X,  fi,I,  6,  0,  t,  short;  cAre,  f ap 


h  SK,  (VLL,  what;  flRE,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n. 


CHARGEABLE 


CHECK 


charger ,  fr.  L.  Lat.  carricare,  fr.  Lat. 
carrus,  wagon.]  1.  To  impose,  as  a 
load,  task,  duty,  or  trust.  2.  To 
command,  request,  or  exhort  ear¬ 
nestly  or  authoritatively  ;  to  give  in¬ 
structions  to.  3.  To  place  to  the  ac¬ 
count  of.  4.  To  accuse  of.  5.  To 
load,  as  a  gun,  &c.  6.  To  rush 
upon;  to  fall  on. — v.  i.  To  make 
an  onset. 

Charge'a-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  charged.  2.  Subject  to  be 
charged  or  accused.  3.  Costly ; 
burdensome.  [being  expensive. 

Charge'a-ble-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 

Charge  d'affaires  (shar'zha/ 
daf  far').  [Fr.  charge ,  p.  p.  of  charger, 
to  charge,  and  affaire,  affair.]  An 
inferior  diplomatic  representative  at 
a  foreign  court. 

Char'ger,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  charges.  2.  A  large  dish.  3. 
A  horse  used  in  battle. 

Char'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  careful,  wary 
manner.  [chary. 

CHAR'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Char'I-ot,  n.  [Fr.  chariot ,  fr.  char, 
car.]  1.  A  war  car  or  vehicle.  2.  A 
four-wheeled  pleasure  or  state  car¬ 
riage,  having  one  seat. 

Char'i-ox-eer',  n.  One  who  drives 
or  conducts  a  chariot. 

ChXr'i-ta-ble,  a.  [See  Charity.] 
1.  Full  of  love  and  good  will.  2. 
Liberal  to  the  poor. 

ChXr'i-ta-ble -ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  charitable.  [manner. 

ChXr'i-ta-bly,  adv.  In  a  charitable 

Char'I-ty  (88),  n.  [Lat.  caritas,  fr. 
cams,  dear,  costly,  loved.]  1.  Dis¬ 
position  to  think  favorably  of  others, 
and  to  do  them  good.  2.  Liberality 
to  the  poor.  3.  Alms.  4.  Any  act 
of  kindness  or  benevolence. 

Syn.  —  Love;  benevolence;  affection; 
tenderness;  liberality. 

Cz/A.RZYA.R/(sha-ree/va-ree'),  n.  [Fr.] 
A  mock  serenade. 

Qhar'EA-TAN,  n.  [Sp.  charlar,  It. 
ciarlare,  to  chatter,  prate.]  A  quack ; 
an  empiric. 

HAR'LA-TAN-IgM,  )  n.  Undue  pre- 
HAR'LA-TAN-RY,  )  tensions  to 
skill ;  quackery  ;  empiricism. 
Charles’s  Wain  (charlz'ez  wan.) 
[A.-S.  carles-wsen,  or  ceorles-wsen, 
the  churl’s  or  farmer’s  wain.]  The 
cluster  of  seven  stars,  commonly 
called  the  Dipper. 

CHARM,  n.  [Lat.  carmen,  song,  in¬ 
cantation,  for  casmen,  Skr.  gasman, 
a  laudatory  soug,  fr.  fans,  to  praise.] 

1.  Something  possessing,  or  imagined 
to  possess,  occult  power  or  influence. 

2.  Enchantment ;  fascination.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  subdue  or  con¬ 
trol  by  occult  influence.  2.  To  at¬ 
tract  irresistibly  ;  to  fascinate. 

Charm'er,  n.  One  who  charms. 

Charm'ing,  p.  a.  Pleasing  in  the 
highest  degree. 

Syn.  —  Enchanting;  bewitching;  cap¬ 
tivating  ;  enrapturing  ;  alluring  ;  fasci¬ 
nating;  delightful;  pleasurable. 

ChXrm'ing-i,y,  adv.  Delightfully. 


65 

Char'nel,  a.  [Lat.  carnalis ,  fr.  caro, 
carnis,  flesh.]  Containing  the  re¬ 
mains  of  dead  men  or  animals. 

Char'nel-house,  n.  A  place  under 
or  near  a  church,  for  the  bones  of 
the  dead. 

Char'ry,  a.  [See  Char.]  Pertaining 
to,  or  like,  charcoal. 

Chart,  n.  [Lat.  charta,  Gr.  xdpr»7?, 
a  leaf  of  paper.]  1.  A  sheet  of  paper 
containing  information  arranged 
methodically.  2.  A  map  representing 
a  portion  of  water  and  land. 

Char-ta'ceous,  a.  Resembling  pa¬ 
per  or  parchment. 

Char'ter,  n.  [Lat.  charta,  paper.] 
1.  An  instrument  in  writing,  bestow¬ 
ing  rights  and  privileges  ;  an  act  of 
incorporation.  2.  A  special  privilege 
or  immunity.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  establish  by  charter.  2.  To 
hire  or  let,  as  a  ship. 

Char'ter-par/ty,  n.  [Fr.  chartre 
partie,  or  eharte  partie,  a  divided 
charter,  from  the  practice  of  cutting 
the  instrument  in  two,  and  giving 
one  part  to  each  of  the  contractors.] 
A  conditional  agreement  respecting 
the  hire  of  a  vessel. 

CHART'lgM,  n.  [Fr.  eharte,  charter. 
Cf.  Chart.]  The  principles  of  a  po¬ 
litical  party  in  England. 

Chart'ist,  n.  A  supporter  of  chart¬ 
ism.  [Eng.] 

ChAr'Y,  a.  [A.-S.  cearig ;  ccar,  cearu, 
care.]  Careful ;  close  ;  cautious. 

Chase,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
captiare,  for  captare,  to  strive  to 
seize,  in  tens,  form  of  capere,  to  take.] 

1.  To  pursue,  as  game  ;  to  hunt.  2. 
To  urge  onward ;  to  persecute.  3. 
[A  contr.  of  enchase.]  To  engrave,  as 
plate.  —  n.  1.  Hunting,  as  of  an 
enemy,  game,  & c.  2.  That  which  is 
hunted.  3.  A  private  hunting-ground. 
4.  [Lat.  capsa,  box,  case.]  An  iron 
frame  used  by  printers  to  confine 
type. 

Cj-ias'er,  n.  1.  One  who  chases.  2. 
A  gun  at  the  head  or  stern  of  a  ves¬ 
sel  for  firing  when  in  chase. 

CHXgM  (kSzm),  n.  [Gr.  ^do-pa,  from 
Xo-Lveiv ,  to  gape,  to  open  wide.]  1. 
A  deep  opening ;  a  cleft ;  a  fissure. 

2.  A  gap  or  break. 

(^hXs'sePr  (sh&s^flr),  n.  [Fr.,  a 
huntsman,  fr.  chasser,  to  hunt.]  One 
of  a  body  of  cavalry  trained  for 
rapid  movements. 

Chaste,  a.  [Lat.  castus.]  1.  Pure 
from  unlawful  sexual  intercourse ; 
virtuous.  2.  Pure  from  obscenity, 
from  barbarous  words,  or  the  like. 

Chaste'ly,  adv.  In  a  chaste  manner. 

Chas'ten  (chas'n),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  castigare,  to  punish,  fr.  castus, 
pure,  and  agere,  to  lead,  drive.]  1. 
To  correct  by  punishment ;  to  chas¬ 
tise.  2.  To  purify  from  errors  or 
faults. 

Chas'ten-er  (chas'n-er),  n.  One 
who  chastens.  [chastisement. 

CHAS-Tig'A-BLE,  a.  Deserving  of 

CHAS-TIgE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
castigare.  See  CHASTEN.]  1.  To 


inflict  pain  upon,  in  any  manner, for 
the  purpose  of  correction.  2.  To 
free  from  faults  or  excesses. 

Syn.  —  To  punish;  chasten.  —  Punish 
and  chastise  differ  in  the  object  aimed 
at.  The  former  is  designed  to  uphold 
law  by  the  infliction  of  penalty;  the  lat¬ 
ter  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  faults  and 
reclaim  the  offender.  In  a  rarer  and 
somewhat  irregular  sense,  chastise  de¬ 
notes  to  disgrace  publicly  by  stripes. 

CHAS'TigE-MENT,  n.  Pain  inflicted 
for  punishment  and  correction. 

CHAS-Tig'ER,  n.  One  who  chastises. 

Chas'ti-ty,  n.  1.  Purity  from  un¬ 
lawful  sexual  intercourse.  2.  Free¬ 
dom  from  corrupt  or  extravagant 
thought. 

CHXg'u-BLE,  n.  [L.  Lat.  casubula,  a 
hooded  garment,  covering  the  person 
like  a  little  house ;  from  Lat.  casa, 
house.]  A  vestment  worn  by  the 
priest  in  saying  mass. 

Chat,  v.  i.  [-ted;  -ting,  136.]  [Cf. 
A.-S.  cw sedan,  Goth,  gvithan,  to 
speak.  See  Chatter.]  To  talk  in 
a  light  and  familiar  manner.  —  n. 
Light  familiar  talk. 

Chateau  (sha-toQ,  n. ;  pi.  cha¬ 
teaux  (sha-toz')  [Fr.]  1.  A  castle. 
[France.]  2.  A  country-seat. 

Qhat'el-la-ny,  n.  [See  Castel. 
LANY.]  Lordship  or  jurisdiction  of 
the  governor  of  a  castle. 

Chat't.ee  (chat'tl),  n.  [See  Cattle.] 
Any  kind  of  property  except  the 
freehold,  or  things  parcel  of  it. 

ChXt'ter,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
D.  koeteren,  to  jabber.]  1.  To  utter 
inarticulate  and  indistinct  sounds. 
2.  To  talk  idly  and  rapidly  ;  to  jab¬ 
ber  ;  to  prate.  —  n.  Sounds  like 
those  of  a  magpie  ;  idle  talk. 

ChXt'ter-box,  )  n.  One  who  talks 

ChXt'ter-er,  )  incessantly. 

ChXt'ty,  a.  Given  to  conversation ; 
talkative. 

£haud'-m£d'ley  (shod'med/iy),  n. 
[Fr.  chaude  mclle,  fr.  chaud,  hot,  and 
mesler ,  meltr,  to  mingle.]  The  kill¬ 
ing  of  a  person  in  an  affray,  while 
under  the  influence  of  passion. 

ChAunt,  n.  &  v.  See  Chant. 

Chaw,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  chew. 
—  n.  As  much  as  is  put  in  the 
mouth  at  once  ;  a  chew.  [Lore.] 

CHEAP,  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  good  cheap, 
a  good  bargain  ;  A.-S.  ceap,  bargain, 
price.]  1.  Of  small  cost.  2.  Being 
of  small  value. 

Cheapen (chep-'n),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  ceapan,  ceapian ,  to  buy,  sell, 
Goth.  kaupOn.]  1.  To  attempt  to 
buy.  2.  To  beat  down  the  price  of. 

Ciieap'jbn-er,  n.  One  who  cheapens. 

Cheap'ly,  adv.  At  a  low  rate. 

Cheap'ness,  n.  Lowness  in  price. 

Cheat,  v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  de¬ 
ceive  and  defraud  in  anyway.  —  n. 
[Prob.  an  abbrev.  of  escheat,  because 
fraudulent  measures  were  often  taken 
in  procuring  escheats.]  1.  An  act 
of  deception  ;  a  fraud  ;  a  trick  ;  im¬ 
position.  2.  A  person  who  cheats. 

CllEAT'ER,  n.  One  who  cheats. 

Check,  n.  [Fr.  ichec,  check  (No.  5.). 

G,  hard ;  A§;  EjciST  ;  nojng;  this. 


OR  DO  ,  WQLF  .  TOO  to"<>k  •.  Prn,  RUE ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  6-,  soft;  -c, 


CHECKER 


CHIEF 


GG 


See  Chess.]  1.  Restraint,  physical 
or  moral ;  hindrance  ;  obstruction. 

2.  [From  the  Exchequer  Chamber , 
where  the  king’s  accounts  were  set¬ 
tled  on  a  checkered  cloth.]  A  mark 
put  against  items  in  going  over  a  list. 

3.  A  token  given  to  identify  a  thing 
or  person.  4.  An  order  on  a  bank 
for  money.  5.  (Chess.)  Exposure  of 
the  king  to  the  attack  of  an  adversary. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  hinder  ; 
to  repress;  to  curb.  2.  To  rebuke, 
chide,  or  reprove.  3.  To  make  a 
mark  against  in  going  over  a  list.  4. 
To  provide  with  checks,  as  luggage. 

Ciieck'er,  t'.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [See 
Check.]  1.  To  form  into  little 
squares.  2.  To  diversify. —  n.  1. 
One  who  checks.  2.  A  piece  in  the 
game  of  draughts. 

Ch£ck'er-b5ard,  n.  A  board  for 
playing  checkers,  or  draughts. 

CliECK'ERg,  n.  pi.  A  common  game, 
called  also  draughts. 

Ciieck'mate,  n.  [Ger .  schactmatt, 
fr.  Per.  shah  mat ,  checkmate,  lit.  the 
king  is  conquered  or  dead,  from  Ar. 
mata ,  is  dead ;  because,  when  the 
king  is  made  prisoner,  the  game  is 
finished.]  1.  The  movement  in  chess 
which  ends  the  game.  2.  A  com¬ 
plete  check  or  defeat.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  defeat  by  checkmate. 
2.  To  arrest  or  defeat  completely. 

Cheek,  n.  [A.-S.  ceac,  fr.  ceowan,  to 
chew.]  Either  side  of  the  face  below 
the  eyes.  [To  chirp. 

Cheep,  v.  i.  [A  modification  of  chirp.] 

Cheer,  n.  [Gr.  *dpa,  head,  face.]  1. 
A  state  of  feeling  or  spirits.  2.  A 
state  of  gayety  or  mirth.  3.  Enter¬ 
tainment.  4.  Applause  ;  encourage¬ 
ment.  —  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
cause  to  rejoice.  2.  To  infuse  life, 
courage,  or  hope,  into.  3.  To  urge 
or  salute  by  cheers.  — v.  i.  To  utter 
cheers. 

CllEER'FUL,  a.  Having,  promoting,  or 
expressing,  good  spirits  or  joy. 

Ciieer'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  cheerful 
manner. 

Ciieer'ful-ness,  n.  Good  spirits; 
moderate  joy  or  gayety. 

Syn. —  Gayety;  mirth;  merriment. — 
Cheerfulness  is  a  habit  of  mind;  gayety  is 
an  occasional  excitement  of  animal  spir¬ 
its;  mirth  or  merriment  is  noisy  gayety. 

ClIEER'i-LY,  adv.  With  cheerfulness. 

Ciieer'less,  a.  Gloomy;  comfort¬ 
less  ;  dreary. 

Ciieer'ly,  a.  Gay  ;  cheerful.  —  adv. 
In  a  cheerful  manner. 

Ciieer'y,  a.  1.  In  good  spirits; 
cheerful.  2.  Promoting  cheerfulness. 

CllEEgE,  n.  [Lat.  caseus.]  Curd  of 
milk,  separated  from  the  whey,  and 
pressed. 

Cheese '-cake  ,  n.  A  cake  made  of 
soft  curds,  sugar,  and  butter. 

CHEEgE'-MON'GER  (-mung'ger,  82), 
n.  One  who  deals  in  cheese. 

Chee§e'-pr£ss,  n.  A  press  for  ex¬ 
pelling  whey  from  curd. 

CheejPy ,  a.  Having  the  qualities  or 
taste  of  cheese. 


Chef-d' ceuvre  (sha'ddTovr'),  n. ; 

pi.  CHEFS-D’OEUVRE.  [Fr.]  A 
master-piece  in  art,  literature,  &c. 

giSSSiK 

€hei/i-form,  a.  [Gr.  claw, 

and  Lat.  forma ,  form.]  Having  a 
movable  joint  closing  against  a  pre¬ 
ceding  joint  ora  projecting  part  of  it, 
as  in  the  claw  of  a  crab. 
Ghe-lo'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  ani¬ 
mals  of  the  tortoise  kind. 

•Ghem'ic,  1  a.  Pertaining  to  chem- 
Chem'I€-AL,  j  istry. 
€iiem/I€-AL-ly,  adv.  According  to 
chemical  principles. 

■Ghem'ic-als,  n.  pi.  Substances  for 
producing  chemical  effects. 
Qhe-MIse'  (she-meez''),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
Ar.  kamis ,  shirt,  linen  under-gar¬ 
ment.]  An  under-garment  worn  by 
females. 

<^HEM/l-gETTE'(shem/e-zet'),  n.  [Fr., 
dim.  of  chemise .]  An  under-garment 
worn  over  the  chemise,  [chemistry. 
■Ghem'IST,  n.  A  person  versed  in 
€hem'is-try  (kem'is-tr^7),  n.  [See 
ALCHEMY.]  That  branch  of  science 
which  treats  of  the  composition  of 
substances,  and  of  the  changes  which 
they  undergo. 

Qiie-nille'  (she-neeP),  n.  [Fr.,  a 
caterpillar.]  Tufted  cord,  used  in 
ladies’  dresses. 

Cheque  (chek),  n.  See  Check. 
Cheq'uer  (clidlt/er),  n.  &  v.  See 
Checker. 

Ciier'isii,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
cherir ,  fr.  cher,  dear,  Lat.  carus.]  1. 
To  treat  with  tenderness  and  affec¬ 
tion.  2.  To  hold  dear. 

Syn.  —  To  nourish;  foster;  nurse;  en¬ 
tertain;  encourage;  comfort;  support. 

Ciier'ish-er,  n.  One  who  cherishes. 
Che-root',  n.  A  kind  of  cigar. 
Cher'ry,ji.  [Lat.  cerasus,  fr.  Cerasus, 
a  city  in  Pontus,  whence  the  tree  was 
imported  into  Italy.]  1.  A  tree  and 
its  fruit.  2.  A  cordial  of  cherry- 
juice  and  spirit,  sweetened.  —  a. 
Like  a  red  cherry  in  color  ;  ruddy. 
€h£r'SO-NESE,  n.  [Gr.  xepcovr)cr os, 
fr.  xepero?,  land,  and  vrjeros,  an  isle.] 
A  peninsula. 

ChEr'UB  (68,  154),  n.  [Ileb.  kerhb, 
from  ketrab ,  to  grasp.]  1.  One  of  an 
order  of  angels.  2.  A  symbolical 
figure,  used  in  the  tabernacle  and 
temple.  3.  A  beautiful  child. 
Ciie-ru'bic,  1  a.  Of,  or  pertain- 
Che-ru'big-AL,  j  ing  to.  cherubs; 

angelic.  [of  Cherub. 

Cher'u-bIm,  n.  The  Hebrew  plural 
Cher'up,  v.  i.  [Prob.  from  chirp.]  To 
make  a  short,  shrill  sound ;  to  chirp. 
—  n.  A  short,  sharp  noise,  as  of  a 
cricket. 

Chess,  n.  [Per.  shah,  king,  as  being 
the  principal  figure.]  A  game  played 
by  two  persons,  on  a  board  contain¬ 
ing  sixty-four  squares.  [in  chess. 
Chess'-b5ard,  n.  The  board  used 
Chess'-mXn  (150),  n.  A  piece  used 
in  the  game  of  chess. 

Chest,  n.  [Lat.  cista,  Gr.  xi'cmp]  1. 


A  box  in  which  articles  are  deposited. 
2.  The  thorax. 

CHfiST'NUT  (ches'nut),  n.  [Gr.  Kacr- 
tclvov.  fr.  Kaurova,  a  city  of  Pontus.] 

1.  The  fruit,  seed,  or  nut  of  a  certain 
tree.  2.  The  tree  itself,  or  its  tim¬ 
ber. —  a.  Being  of  the  color  of  a 
chestnut ;  of  a  reddish  brown  color. 

Cheval-de-fr ise  (shvdld'-freez'), 
n. ;  pi.  CUE  VAUX-EE  FRISK 
(shev'o-de-freez  ;  Fr.  pron.  shvod'- 
freez').  [Fr.,  fr.  cheval ,  horse,  and 
Fri.se,  Friesland.]  A  piece  of  timber 
traversed  with  pointed  spikes. 

Qhev'a-lier'  (shev'-),  n.  [Fr.,from 
cheval,  horse.]  1.  A  horseman ; 
hence,  a  knight.  2.  A  member  of 
certain  orders  of  knighthood. 

£hev'i-san<^e  (sh£v'-),  n.  [O.Fr.,fr. 
chevir,  to  come  to  an  end,  to  per¬ 
form.]  1.  A  making  of  contracts;  a 
bargain.  2.  An  unlawful  agreement. 

Qhev'RON,  n.  [Fr.,  rafter,  chevron, 
equiv.  to  Lat.  capriolus,  a  support  of 
timber,  from  caper,  goat.]  1.  An 
honorable  ordinary,  representing  two 
rafters  meeting  at  the  top.  2.  Dis¬ 
tinguishing  marks  on  the  sleeves  of 
non-commissioned  officers’  coats. 

Chew  (chdo),  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

'  [A.-S.  ceowa?i.]  1.  To  bite  and  grind 
with  the  teeth.  2.  To  ruminate 
mentally  ;  to  meditate.  —  n.  That 
which  is  chewed ;  a  cud.  [Low.] 

CHl-A'RO-os-eU'RO ,  )  The  same  as 

Cm  ar'-os-e  U’r  o ,  j  Clare- 
obscure,  q.  V. 

Ch'i-bouque'  \  (che-book'),  n. 

Chi-bouk'  J  [Turkish.]  A  Turk¬ 
ish  tobacco-pipe. 

(^Hf-CANE'  (shi-kan'),  n.  [Fr. ,orig. 
a  crumb,  a  small  part.]  An  artful 
subterfuge ;  cavil ;  sophistry. 

QiiI-GAN'er-y,  n.  Mean  or  unfair  ar¬ 
tifice  to  perplex  a  cause  ;  chicane. 

Syn.—  Trick;  sophistry;  quibble; 
fetch;  stratagem. 

Ciiic'o-ry,  n.  [Lat.  cichorium ,  Gr. 
/ctx^pmv.]  A  plant  used  for  adulter¬ 
ating  coffee  ;  succory  ;  endive. 

Chick,  In.  [A.-S.  cicen,  D.  kieken, 

ChJlCk'EN,  f  kuiken .]  1.  The  young 

of  fowls.  2.  A  y  oung  person. 

CmcK'A-DEE',  n.  A  bird  of  North 
America  ;  — named  from  its  note. 

ChIck'en-heart'ed,  a.  Timid; 
fearful ;  cowardly. 

Chick'en-pox,  n.  A  mild,  conta¬ 
gious,  eruptive  disease,  [cant  weed. 

Chick'- weed,  n.  A  kind  of  insignifi- 

ClllDE,  v.  t.  [imp.  CHID;  p.  p.  CHID, 
CHIDDEN.]  [A.-S.  cidan,  chidan.] 
To  rebuke ;  to  reproach  ;  to  blame. 
—  v.i.  1.  To  find  fault.  2.  To 
make  a  clamorous,  roaring  noise. 

CHIEF,  a.  [0.  Fr.  chief ,  chef,  fr.  Lat. 
caput,  head.]  1.  Highest  in  office  or 
rank.  2.  Principal  or  most  eminent 
in  any  quality7  or  action.  —  n.  1. 
Leader  of  any  band  or  community. 

2.  Principal  person  or  thing. 

Syn.  —  Chieftain;  commander;  leader. 
—  A  c/nefhns  the  pre-eminence  or  rule 
in  civil  matters,  as,  the  chief  of  police  or 
of  a  tribe;  a  chieftain  and  commander 


a,  e,  i,  o, u,  y , long X,  E,I,  6,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


CHIEF-JUSTICE 


occupy  high  military  stations;  a  leader 
takes  the  direction  of  enterprises. 

Chief'— jDs'T'f^E,  n.  The  presiding 
judge  of  a  court. 

Chief'ly,  adv.  1.  In  the  first  place ; 
principally.  2.  For  the  most  part. 

Chief'ta'i’n  (42),  n.  [L.  Lat.  capi- 
taneus,  from  Lat.  caput ,  head.  See 
CHIEF.]  Head  of  a  troop,  army,  or 
clan.  [of  a  chieftain. 

Chief'taYn-ship,  n.  Rank  or  office 

CiiYg'oe,  1  n.  A  small  tropical  insect 

Chig'reU  of  the  flea  family. 

ChYl'BLAIN,  n.  A  sore  caused  by  cold. 

ChIld,  n.;  pi.  chYl'dren.  [A.-S. 
did ,  pi.  dldru ,  cildra.]  1.  A  son  or 
a  daughter.  2.  A  young  person  of 
either  sex.  [ducing  children. 

ChIld'-beAr'ing  n.  Act  of  pro- 

ChIld'bed,  n.  State  of  a  woman  in 
labor;  parturition. 

ChIld'bTrth,  n.  Act  of  bringing 
forth  a  child  ;  travail ;  labor. 

ChIlde  (in  Eng.  child  or  child),  n.  A 
title  formerly  prefixed  to  his  name 
by  the  oldest  son,  until  he  succeeded 
to  the  titles  of  his  ancestors,  or  gained 
new  honors. 

ChTld'ho'od  (27),  n.  State  of  a  child  ; 
time  in  which  persons  are  children. 

Child'ish,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a 
child  ;  puerile.  [a  child. 

ChTed'ish-ey,  arlv.  In  themannerof 

Child'ish-ness,  n.  State  or  qualities 
of  a  child ;  simplicity. 

Child'less,  a.  Destitute  of  children. 

Child'-like,  a.  Like  or  becoming  a 
child  ;  submissive  ;  docile. 

GhYl'I-ad,  n.  [Gr.  xiAids,  fr.  -giXiov, 
thousand.]  A  thousand  ;  especially, 
a  thousand  years. 

Ghil'i-aroh,  n.  [Gr.  xiAiapxijs,  fr. 
XtAiov,  thousand,  and  ap\os,  leader.] 
Commander  of  a  thousand  men. 

ChIll,  a.  [A.-S.  cyle,  cele,  fr.  celan, 
calan,  to  be  cold  ]  1.  Moderately 

cold ;  cool.  2.  Affected  by  cold.  3. 
Formal;  distant. — n.  A  disagree¬ 
able  sensation  of  coolness ;  shiver¬ 
ing.  —  v.  t  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
make  chilly  ;  to  affect  with  cold.  2. 
To  depress  ;  to  discourage. 

ChYll'i-ness,  n.  A  sensation  of 
coolness. 

ChIll'ness,  n.  Coolness  ;  coldness. 

ChYll'y,  n.  Moderately  cold. 

Chimb  (chlm),  n.  [D.  kim .]  Edge  of 
acask,  &c.  See  CHINE,  2. 

Chime,  n.  [It.  campana,  bell.]  1. 
Harmonious  sound  of  bells.  2.  A 
set  of  bells  musically  tuned  to  one 
another.  3.  [See  Chimb.]  Edge  of 
a  cask  or  tub. — v  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  sound  in  harmonious  accord,  as 
bells.  2.  To  be  in  harmony  ;  to  cor¬ 
respond.  3.  To  jingle,  as  in  rhyming. 

GiiY-me'RA,  n.  [Lat.  chimsera ,  Gr. 
\i-paCpa,  orig.  a  she-goat.]  1.  A 
fabulous  fire-spouting  monster.  2.  A 
vain  or  foolish  fancv. 

Giii-mer'I€-AL,  a.  Merely  imaginary; 
existing  only  in  thought. 

GhY-m£r'io-al-ly,  adv.  Wildly ; 
vainly  ;  fancifully. 

ChIm'ney  (148),  n.  [Fr.  cheminee,  fr. 


67 

Gr.  >fdp.iv o?,  furnace,  oven.]  Passage  | 
through  which  the  smoke  is  carried  j 
off ;  a  flue. 

Chim'ney-sweep,  )  n.  One  who  I 

ChIm'ney-sweep'er,  J  sweepsand 
scrapes  chimneys. 

Chim-pXn'zee,  ra.  A  kind  of  African 
monkey  resembling  man. 

Ciiin,  n.  [A.-S.  cinne,  cin ,  Goth,  kin- 
nus,  cheek,  akin  to  Lat.  gena,  Gr. 
yews,  Skr.  ganda.]  The  lower  ex-  i 
tremity  of  the  face,  below  the  mouth. 

Chi'na,  n.  A  fine  species  of  earthen 
ware;  porcelain. 

Chine'a-pin,  n.  The  dwarf  chestnut. 

Chin-chil'la,  n.  [Sp.]  A  small 
rodent  animal,  remarkable  for  its 
fine  fur.  [cough. 

Chin'GOUGII  (-kof,  21),  n.  Ilooping- 

ClllNE,n.  [0  II.  Ger.  skina,  needle, 
prickle.]  1.  Back-boue  of  an  animal. 
2.  The  chimb  or  chime  of  a  cask. 

Chink,  n.  [A.-S.  cine,  fissure,  chink, 
from  cinan ,  to  gape.]  1.  A  gap  or 
crack.  2.  [See  Jingle.]  A  short, 
sharp  sound,  as  of  metal.  —  v.  i.  To 
crack;  to  open;  to  jingle. — v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  jingle. 

Chintz  (chints,  108),  n.  [Hind,  chhint, 
spotted  cotton  cloth.]  Cotton  cloth, 
printed  with  flowers  and  colors. 

Chip,  v.  t.  [-fed;  -ping,  138.]  [II. 
Ger.  kippen,  to  clip,  pare.]  To  cut 
into  small  pieces.  —  v.  i.  To  break  in 
small  pieces.  —  n.  A  piece  cut  or 
broken  off. 

Ghi'ro- GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  x«pdypa.i£os, 
written  with  the  hand;  xetP,  hand, 
and  ypd<^eiv,  to  write.]  A  writing  re¬ 
quiring  a  counterpart.  It  answered 
to  what  is  now  called  a  charter-party. 

GHl-ROG'RA-PHER,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  writing. 

GhPro-graph'ic,  la.  Pertain- 

€hi'ro-graph'I€-ai,,  )  ing  to  chi- 
rography.  [pher. 

Giii-rog'ra-phist,  n.  A  chirogra- 

Ghi-rog'ra-phy,  n.  1.  Art  of  writ¬ 
ing.  2.  A  writing  done  with  one’s 
own  hand ;  handwriting. 

eiil-ROL'o-GY,  n.  [Gr.  xetP)  hand, 
and  A.oyos,  speech.]  Art  of  com¬ 
municating  thoughts  by  signs  made 
by  the  hands  and  fingers. 

Ghi'ro-MAN^Y,  n.  [Gr.  xeip,  hand, 
and  pavreia,  divination.]  Divination 
by  inspection  of  the  hand ;  palm¬ 
istry. 

Ghi-Ron'o-MY  (kl-),  n.  [Gr.  x<apovo- 
pLa,  fr.  xetP>  hand,  and  vopos,  law, 
rule.]  Gesture. 

Ghi-rop'o-dYst,  n.  [Gr.  x<up,  hand, 
and  7rovs,  t roSos,  foot.]  One  who  re¬ 
moves  corns,  & c.,  from  the  feet. 

Chirp  (18),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
zirpen,  tscliirpen.]  To  make  a  short, 
sharp  sound,  as  is  done  by  fowls  or 
crickets.  —  n.  A  short,  sharp  note. 

Chir'rup,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [See 
Chirp.]  To  quicken  or  animate  by 
chirping.  —  n.  Act  of  chirping. 

Ghi-rOr'geon  (lu-rur'jun,  34),  n. 
See  Surgeon. 

ChI§'EL,  n.  [0.  Fr.  cisel,  Fr.  ciseau, 


CHOKER 

sickle.]  An  instrument  for  paring, 
hewing,  or  gouging. — v.  t.  [-ED, 
-ING  ;  or -LED,  -LING,  137.]  Tocut, 
pare,  gouge,  or  engrave  with  a  chisel. 

Chit,  n.  [A.-S.  cidh ,  shoot,  sprig,  fr. 
the  root  cian,  to  germinate.]  1.  A 
shoot ;  a  sprout.  2.  A  child  or  babe. 

Chit'chat,  n.  [From  chat ,  by  re¬ 
duplication.]  Familiar  or  trifling 
talk. 

CHIT'TER-LINGg,  n.  pi.  [Cf.  A.-S. 
cwidh  and  cwidha ,  belly,  womb, 
stomach.]  The  smaller  intestines  of 
swine,  &c.,  fried  for  food. 

(^'hiv'AL-rTo  1  (shiv/-),  a.  Pertain- 

(^hiv'AL-rous  j  ing  to  chivalry  ;  gal¬ 
lant. 

(^HIV'AL-RY  (shiv7-,  67),  n.  [Fr.  cheval- 
erie,  fr.  chevalier,  knight.]  1.  A  body 
of  cavaliers  or  knights  serving  on 
horseback ;  cavalry.  2.  Dignity  or 
system  of  knighthood.  3.  Qualifica¬ 
tions  or  character  of  knights. 

Chives,  n.  pi.  [See  Cives.]  1.  Slenaer 
filaments  in  the  blossoms  of  plants. 

2.  A  small  species  of  onion. 

Ghl6'rate  ,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the 

union  of  chloric  acid  with  a  base. 

Ghlo'ric,  a.  Pertaining  to  chlorine, 
•or  obtained  from  it. 

Ghlo'ride  (49),  n.  A  compound  of 
chlorine  with  another  element. 

Giilo'rine,  ?i.  [Gr.  x^pos,  pale- 
green  from  its  color.]  A  heavy 
gas  of  greenish  color,  which  forms  a 
constituent  of  common  salt. 

Ghlo'ro-form  (25),  n.  [From  chlo¬ 
rine  and.  formyl,  it  being  a  terchloride 
of  formyl.]  An  oily,  volatile  liquid, 
used  to  produce  insensibility. 

Chock,  v.  t.  To  stop  or  fasten  as  with 
a  wedge.  —  n.  Something  to  confine 
a  cask  or  other  body,  by  fitting  into 
the  space  around  or  beneath  it. 

Ch5ck'-full,  a.  Completely  full. 

Chou'o-late,  n.  [Mexican  cacuatl , 
cacao.]  A  paste  composed  of  the 
roasted  and  ground  kernel  of  the  ca¬ 
cao,  or  a  beverage  obtained  from  it. 

Choice  (66),  n.  [Fr.  choix,  fr.  choisir, 
to  choose,  fr.  Goth,  kausjan,  to  ex¬ 
amine.]  1.  Act  of  choosing ;  elec¬ 
tion.  2.  Power  of  choosing  ;  option. 

3.  The  thing  chosen. — a.  [-ER,- 
-EST.]  1.  Worthy  of  being  chosen. 
2.  Selected  with  care. 

S\'N.  —  Precious;  costly;  uncommon. 

CHOICE'LY,  adv.  With  care  in  choos¬ 
ing.  [choice. 

ChoI9E'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Ghoir  (kwlr)  (38),  n.  [Lat.  chorus, 
Gr.  xopos.]  1.  An  organized  com¬ 
pany  of  singers.  2.  That  part  of  a 
church  appropriated  to  the  singers. 

Choke  (20),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]'  [A.-S. 
aceocjan,  to  suffocate  ;  ceace,  ceac , 
jaw,  cheek.]  1.  To  stifle;  to  suffo¬ 
cate.  2.  To  obstruct  by  filling  up  or 
clogging.  — v.  i.  To  have  the  wind¬ 
pipe  stopped. 

Choke'-damp,  n.  Carbonic  acid  gas 
accumulated  in  wells,  mines,  & c. 

Choke'-full,  a.  Full  as  possible; 
quite  full.  [chokes. 

Chok'er,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which, 


fr.  Lat.  sicdicula,  dim.  of  sicilis, 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Ctrn,  RUE,  PVLL ;  E.l,  o,  silent ;  c,  £,  soft;  €,Q,hard;  Ag;  exist;  NasNG;  this 


CHOKY 


CHUCK-FARTHING 


68 


Chok'y,  a.  Tending  to  choke. 

€hol'er  (koPer),  n.  [Gr.  x°Aepa,  fr. 
voA.o;,  bile.]  1.  The  bile;  — 

formerly  supposed  to  be  the  seat  of 
irascibility^.  2.  Anger;  wrath. 

-Chol'er-A,  n.  A  disease  character¬ 
ized  by  vomiting  and  purging,  and 
also  by  griping  and  spasms  in  the 
legs  and  arms. 

Cholera  morbus,  a  milder  and  more 
common  form  of  the  cholera. 

€hol'er-ic  (123),  a.  1.  Easily  ir¬ 
ritated  ;  irascible, 
eating  anger. 

Choose  (66),  v.  t. 


p.  CHOSEN,  CHOSE  ] 


2.  Angry  ;  indi- 

[imp.  CHOSE  ;  p. 
[A.-S.  ceosan, 

Goth,  kiusan.]  To  make  choice  of. 

Syn. —Prefer;  elect.  —  Choose  is  ge¬ 
neric;  to  prefer  is  to  choose  one  thing  as 
more  desirable  than  another;  toefectis 
to  choose  or  take  for  some  purpose,  of¬ 
fice,  &c.,  usually  by  suffrage,  as,  to  elect  a 
president. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  prefer.  2.  To  have 
the  power  of  choice. 

CHOOg'ER,  n.  One  who  chooses ;  an 
elector. 

Chop  (66),  v.  t.  [-ped;  -ping.]  [Gr. 
/coAa^os,  buffet.]  1.  To  cut  into 
pieces.  2.  To  sever  by  one  or  more 
blows. — v.  i.  1.  To  come  upon  or 
seize  suddenly.  2.  To  shift  suddenly. 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  chopping.  2.  A 
piece  chopped  off ;  a  slice  or  small 
piece.  3.  [Chinese.]  Quality  ;  brand. 

Chop'-house,  n.  A  house  where 
chops,  &c.,  are  sold,  [which,  chops. 

Chop'per,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

Chop'ping,  a.  [Cf.  Chubby.]  1. 
Stout  or  plump.  2.  Coming  from 
different  directions. 

Chop'stick,  n.  One  of  two  small 
sticks  used  by  the  Chinese  to  convey 
food  to  the  mouth. 

■Cho'ral,  a.  [Lat.  choralis,  fr.  chorus , 
Gr.  xopos-]  Belonging  to  a  choir ; 
sung  in  chorus.  —  n.  A  hymn-tune. 

■Chord,  n.  [Lat.  chorda , 

Gr.  x°p8y>  string.]  1. 

String  of  a  musical  in¬ 
strument.  2.  An  har¬ 
monious  combination  of 
tones  simultaneously 
performed.  3.  A  right 
line,  uniting  the  extrem¬ 
ities  of  the  arc  of  a  cir¬ 
cle.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  pro¬ 
vide  with  musical  chords  or  strings. 

Chore,  n.  [Eng.  char.]  A  small  job  ; 

—  commonly  in  the  pi.  \Anier.] 

€ho'ri-Xmb,  ii.  [Gr.  xopiajujSos,  fr. 

Xopetos,  trochee,  and  £ap./3os, iambus  ] 
(Ancient  Pros.)  A  foot  consisting  of 
four  syllables,  the  first  and  last  long, 
and  the  others  short. 

Cho'rist,  n.  A  singer  in  a  choir. 

ChorGs-ter,  n.  1.  One  of  a  choir  ; 
a  singer  in  a  concert.  2.  A  leader 
of  a  choir. 

Cho-rog'ra-pher,  n.  One  who 
makes  a  map  of  a  partic  ular  country. 

Cho'ro-graph'I€-ae,  a.  Pertaining 
to  chorography. 

€ho-rog'ra-p‘hy,  n.  [Gr.  xopoypa- 
fr.  xwpb?,  place,  and  ypa.<f>eiv,  to 
describe.]  Art  of  making  a  map  or 


Chord  (3). 
AC,  AB, 
chords. 


description  of  a  particular  region  or 
country. 

•Gho'RUS,  n.  [Lat.  chorus,  Gr.  xopos.] 
1.  (  Gr.  Drama.)  A  company  sup¬ 
posed  to  behold  what  passes  in  the 
acts  of  a  tragedy,  and  who  sing  their 
sentiments  between  the  acts.  2.  A 
company  of  singers  singing  in  con¬ 
cert.  3.  What  is  said  or  sung  by  the 
chorus  in  a  tragedy ;  part  of  a  song 
in  which  the  company  join. 

Cho$e  (shoz),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  causa, 
cause.]  A  thing  ;  personal  property. 

Chose  in  action,  a  thing  of  which  one 
has  not  possession  or  actual  enjoyment, 
but  only  a  right  to  it. 

Cho§e,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Choose. 

CHOg'EN  (ch5z;n ),p.p.  of  Choose. 

Chough  (chSf),  n.  [A.-S.  ceo,  Fr. 
choucus.]  A  bird  of  the  crow  family. 

Chouse,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Turk. 
chiaous,  a  messenger  of  the  Turkish 
emperor,  one  of  whom,  in  1609,  com¬ 
mitted  a  gross  fraud  upon  the  Turk¬ 
ish  merchants  resident  in  England.] 
To  cheat,  trick,  defraud. — n.  1.  A 
simpleton  ;  a  gull.  2.  A  trick  ;  im¬ 
position. 

Chow'chow,  n.  [Chin.]  A  kind  of 
mixed  pickles. 

Chow'der,  n.  A  dish  of  fresh  fish, 
pork,  onions,  &c.,  stewed  together. 

Chres-tom'a-thy,  n.  [Gr.  xP'h'r- 
ropaOe La,  from  XP1?ITTC’S,  useful,  and 
p.aQeiv,  to  learn.]  A  selection  of 
passages,  with  notes,  &c.,  to  be  used 
in  acquiring  a  language. 

-Chrism,  n.  [Gr.  xpuzp.a,  fr.  xpieiv,  to 
anoint.]  Oil  consecrated  by  a  bishop. 

CHRIg-MA'TION,  n.  Act  of  applying 
consecrated  oil.  [the  chrism. 

■€hris'ma-to-ry  (50),  n.  A  vessel  for 

Christ,  n.  [Gr.  xporros, anointed,  fr. 
xpteiv,  to  anoint.]  The  Anointed  ; 
the  Savior ;  the  Messiah. 

CHRIS'TENfkrisfo),^.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  cristnian ,  fr.  cristen ,  cristena , 
a  Christian.]  1.  To  baptize.  2.  To 
give  a  name  to. 

Chris't^n-dom  (kris-'n-),  n.  [A.-S. 
cristendom,  from  cristen,  a  Christian, 
and  the  term,  dom .]  1.  That  portion 
of  the  world  in  which  Christianity 
prevails.  2.  Whole  body  of  Christians. 

Chris'tian  (krist'yan,  66),  n.  [See 
Christ.]  A  believer  in  Christ.  —  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  Christ  or  his  re¬ 
ligion.  2.  Professing  Christianity. 

Christian  name,  the  name  given  in  bap¬ 
tism,  as  distinct  from  the  family  name, 
or  surname. 

Chris-tian'i-ty  (krist-ySnd-ty),  n. 
The  religion_ taught  by  Christ. 

Chris'TIAN-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  convert  to  Christianity. 

Chris'tian-ly,  adv.  In  a  Christian 
manner.  [Christ. 

ChrIst'eess,  a.  Having  no  faith  in 

Christ'mas  (krTs/mas,  146),  n.  1. 
Festival  of  Christ’s  nativity  ;  the  25th 
of  December.  2.  Christmas-day. 

ChrI'st'mas-box  (kriVmas-),  n.  A 
box  in  which  presents  are  put  at 
Christmas. 

Chris-tol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  xp^tosj 


Christ,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  dis¬ 
course  or  treatise  concerning  Christ. 
Chro-MAT'I€,  a.  [Gr.  xp^P-ar i/eos, 
suited  for  color,  fr.  xpa>pa,  color.]  1. 
Relating  to  color.  2.  (Mus.)  Pro¬ 
ceeding  by  the  smaller  intervals 
(half-steps  or  semitones)  of  the  scale. 
<3mro-mat'I€S,  n.  Science  of  colors. 
Chrome,  \  n.  [Gr.  xpa>pa,  color.] 
€hro'mi-um,  [  A  hard,  brittle  metal 
of  a  grayish-white  color. 

Chro'mo,  n.  [Gr.  xpwpa,  color.]  A 
chromo-lithograph. 

€hro'mo— LITH'O-GRAPH,  w.  A  lith¬ 
ograph  printed  in  colors. 
€hron'I€,  1  a.  [Gr.  xporikos,  fr. 
€hr6n'ig-al,  j  xpo1'0?!  time.]  Con¬ 
tinuing  for  a  long  time. 
Chron'i-gle  (kronG-kl),  n.  A  reg¬ 
ister  of  events  in  the  order  of  time. — 
v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  record  in 
history  ;  to  register.  [chronicle. 
Chron'i-eler,  n.  A  writer  of  a 
Chron'o-gram,  In.  [Gr.  xpwos, 
Chron'O-GrAph,  )  time,  and  ypaju.- 
jua,  writing,  ypa^eu/,  to  write.]  An 
inscription  which  includes  in  it  the 
date  of  an  event.  [oger. 

CHRO-NOG'RA-PHER,  n.  A  chronol- 
Chro-nol'o-ger,  1  n.  One  skilled 
€3hro-n5l'o-gTst,  j  in  chronology. 
€hron'o-log'ic,  1  a.  Relating 
€hr6n'o-log'I€-a:l,  j  to  chronol¬ 
ogy  ;  according  to  the  order  of  time. 
CHRONfo-LOG'ie-AL-EY,  adv.  In  a 
chronological  manner. 
Chro-nol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  xpovoAoyia, 
fr.  xpovos,  time,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 
Science  of  computing  time  by  regular 
divisions  and  which  assigns  to  events 
their  proper  dates. 

€hro-nom'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  xpbvos, 
time,  and  pe'rpov,  measure.]  A  time¬ 
keeper  ;  esp.  a  portable  time-keeper  of 
superior  construction  and  accuracy. 
dHRON'o-MfiT'Rre,  1  a.  Pertain- 
Chron'o-met'ric-al,,  j  ing  to,  or 
measured  by,  a  chronometer. 
€hrys'a-lis  (krls-),  n. ;  pi.  «hr¥- 
SAL/I-DEg.  [Gr.  xPvcra^ Ais,  gold- 
colored  sheath  of  butterflies,  from 
Xpucros,  gold.]  A  form  into  which 
the  caterpillar  of  butterflies,  moths, 
&c.,  passes,  and  from  which  the  per¬ 
fect  insect,  after  a  while,  emerges. 
■GhrIlS'O-PRAse ,  n.  [Gr.  xpvcrbrrpa- 
<70s,  from  xpucros,  gold,  and  npaaov, 
leek.]  A  kind  of  massive  quartz. 
Chub,  n.  [Cf.  Fr.  chabot ,  a  chub, 
Lat.  capito ,  a  fish  with  a  large  head, 
caput,  head.]  A  fresh-water  fish  of 
the  carp  family. 

Ciiub'bed,  1  a.  Likeachub  ;  plump, 
ClltJB'BY,  j  short,  and  thick. 
Chuck,  v.  i.  [Formed  in  imitation  of 
the  sound  ]  To  make  a  noise  like 
that  of  a  hen  calling  her  chickens. — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  strike 
gently.  2.  To  throw  ;  to  pitch.  —  n. 
1.  The  call  of  a  hen.  2.  A  slight 
blow  under  the  chin.  3.  A  contriv¬ 
ance  fixed  to  the  mandrel  of  a  turn¬ 
ing-lathe  for  holding  the  material  to 
be  operated  upon. 

CHt)cK'-FAR/THiNG,  n.  A  play  in 


CHUCKLE 

■which  a  farthing  is  pitched  into  a 
hole. 

ClIUUK'LE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
chuck.]  To  call,  as  a  hen  her  chick¬ 
ens.  —  v.  i.  To  laugh  in  a  suppressed 
or  broken  manner.  —  n.  A  short, 
suppressed  laugh  of  exultation  or  de¬ 
rision. 

Chuff,  n.  [Perhaps  a  modif.  of  chub.] 
A  coarse,  dull,  or  surly  fellow. 

Chuff'y,  a.  Surly ;  clownish. 

ChOm,  n.  [Prob.  a  contr.  from  com¬ 
rade.]  A  room-mate,  esp.  in  a  college. 

Chunk,  n.  A  short,  thick  piece  of 
any  thing. 

Church  (68),  n.  [Gr.  Kupia/oy,  Kvpux- 
kov,  Lord’s  house,  fr.  Kupios,  lord.] 

1.  A  building  for  Christian  worship. 

2.  An  organized  body  of  Christian 
believers.  3.  The  collective  body  of 
Christians. — v.  t.  [-eh;  -Ing-.]  To 
unite  with  in  returning  thanks  in 
church,  as  after  childbirth. 

Church'man  (150),  n.  1.  An  eccle¬ 
siastic  or  clergyman.  2.  An  Episco¬ 
palian.  [a  churchman. 

ChDrch'man-ship,  a.  State  of  being 

ChOrch'-ward'.en,  n.  An  officer 
whose  duties  respect  the  temporal 
interests  of  a  church  or  parish. 

Church'-yard,  n.  A  grave-yard  ad¬ 
joining  to  a  church  ;  a  cemetery. 

Churl  (66),  n.  [A.-S.  ceorl.]  1.  A 
rustic ;  a  countryman  or  laborer.  2. 
A  rough,  surly,  ill-bred  man.  3.  A 
niggard. 

,  ChOrl'ish,  a.  Like  a  churl ;  illiberal. 

Churl'ish-ness,  n.  Rudeness  of 
manners  or  temper  ;  indisposition  to 
kindness  or  courtesy. 

Churn  (66),  n.  A  vessel  for  making 
butter  in.  —v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.- 
S.  cernan,  Icel.  kirna ,  from  kiarni , 
marrow,  cream.]  To  agitate,  as 
cream,  in  order  to  make  butter. 

ChPrn'ing,  n.  Quantity  of  butter 
made  at  one  operation. 

■Chyle  (kll),  n.  [Gr.  juice, 

from  ye'etc,  to  pour.]  A  milky  fluid, 
derived  from  chyme,  and  conveyed 
into  the  circulation. 

Chyl'i-fau'tion,  n.  [Gr. 
and  Lat.  facere ,  to  make.]  Process 
by  which  chyle  is  formed.  [chyle. 

Ch?l/i-fi-€A'tion,  n.  Formation  of 

Chyl'ous  (kTPus),  a.  Consisting  of 
chyle,  or  partaking  of  it. 

Chyme  (klm),  n.  [Gr.  x^p-os,  juice, 
from  x«eiv)  to  pour.]  Pulp  formed 
by  the  food  after  it  has  been  for 
some  time  in  the  stomach. 

Ch^m'is-try,  &c.  See  Chemistry. 

Chy'MH-FI-UA'tion,  n.  [Lat.  chymus , 
chyme,  and  facere ,  to  make.]  Act 
or  process  of  becoming  or  of  forming 
chyme.  [chyme. 

Chym'ous  (klnPus),  a.  Pertaining  to 

Qie'A-TRx^E,  n.  A  scar  remaining 
after  a  wound  is  healed. 

CJ-e_A’TR ix,  n.  ;  pi.  pie' a- trV- 
fE$.  [Lat  ]  A  scar  ;  a  cica  trice. 

£I€'a-tri-za/tion,  n.  Process  of 
forminga  cicatrice. 

Qic'a-trize,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
heal  and  induce  the  formation  of  a 


69 

cicatrice  in,  as  in  wounded  flesh.  — 
v.  i.  To  heal  or  be  healed. 

Cicerone  (che-che-ro/ne  or  sis'e- 
ro'ne),  n.  [It.  Cicerone ,  Cicero,  the 
Roman  orator ;  fr.  the  talkativeness 
of  such  a  guide.]  One  who  shows 
strangers  the  curiosities  of  a  place. 

Qic'e-ro'ni-an,  a.  Resembling  Cice¬ 
ro  in  style  or  action. 

Cicisbeo  (che'chis-ba/o  or  se-sls'- 
be-o),  n.  [It.]  The  professed  gal¬ 
lant  of  a  married  woman. 

(Jl'DER,  n.  [Fr.  cidre,  Gr.  c-bcepa  ;  of 
Oriental  origin.]  A  drink  made  from 
the  juice  of  apples. 

Cl-DEVANT  (s^d^ng'),  a.  [Fr.] 
Former ;  previous. 

(pi-GAR',  n.  [Sp.  cigarro.]  A  small 
roll  of  tobacco,  used  for  smoking. 

Qig'ar-ette',  n.  A  little  cigar. 

(JjIl'ia-ry  (sIFya-),  a.  Belonging  to 
the  eye-lashes. 

(pI-Ll'ClOUS  (si-llsh/us),  a.  [Lat.  cili- 
cium,  a  covering,  orig.  of  Cilician 
goat’s  hair,  from  Cilicia ,  in  Asia  Mi¬ 
nor.]  Made,  or  consisting,  of  hair. 

Qim'e-ter,  n.  [Biscayan  cimetarra , 
with  a  sharp  edge.]  A  short  sword 
with  a  recurvated  point. 

£im-me'ri-an  (89),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  Cimmerii,  a  fabulous  people, 
said  to  have  dwelt  in  caves,  in  utter 
darkness.  2.  Intensely  dark. 

Qin-uho'na.  n.  [Named  from  the 
Countess  Cinchon.]  Peruvian  bark, 
or  the  tree  which  produces  it. 

Qin-gt'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  cinctura , 
from  cingere,  to  gird.]  1.  A  belt ;  a 
girdle.  2.  That  which  encompasses  ; 
iuclosure. 

Qin'der,  n.  [A.-S.  sinder,  fr.  syndri- 
an,  to  separate.]  1.  A  particle  of 
matter  remaining  after  combustion. 
2.  A  small  coal  with  ashes  ;  an  ember. 

Qin'e-mat'igs,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  klvcoj, 
to  move.]  Science  which  treats  of 
motions  considered  apart  from  their 
causes. 

Qin'er-A-ry,  a.  [Lat.  cinerarius,  fr. 
cinis ,  ashes.]  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
taining,  ashes.  [thing  to  ashes. 

Oin'er-a'tion,  n.  Reducing  of  any 

Qin'er-Ptious  (-jsIVus),  a.  Having 
the  color  or  consistence  of  ashes. 

^)IN'NA-BAR,  n.  [Gr.  Kcwa/Hapc s,  Per. 
qinbar.]  Red  sulphuret  of  mercury  ; 
vermilion. 

^IN'NA-MON,  n.  [Gr.  KLWo.fj.ov,  Kivva- 
panpov,  from  a  Phenician  word.]  Aro¬ 
matic  inner  bark  of  a  tree  growing  in 
Ceylon. 

Qinque  (sink,  82),  n.  [Lat .  quinque, 
five.]  Five,  upon  dice  or  in  cards. 

Qinque'-foil,  n.  [Fr.  cinque ,  five, 
and  feuille,  leaf.]  I.  A  plant,  of  dif¬ 
ferent  species.  2.  An  ornamental 
foliation  having  five  points,  used  in 
^windows,  pauels,  &c. 

Qi'on,  n.  [0.  Fr.  fr.  Lat.  sectio ,  a  cut¬ 
ting.]  A  young  shoot,  twig,  or  sprout. 

Qi'PHER,  n.  [Ar.  sifrun ,  empty,  ci¬ 
pher,  zero.]  1.  The  character  0  in 
arithmetic.  2.  A  person  of  no  worth 
or  character  3.  An  enigmatical 
character.  4.  A  private  alphabet  or 


CIRCUMFERENTOR 

system  of  characters.  —  v.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  To  practice  arithmetic. 

Qir'ule  (18),  n.  [Lat.  circulus,  dim. 
of  circus ,  circle.]  1.  A 
plane  figure,  bounded  by 
a  single  curve  line,  every 
part  of  which  is  equally 
distant  from  a  point 
within  it  called  the  cen¬ 
ter.  2.  The  line  that  Circle, 
bounds  such  a  figure ;  a  circumfer¬ 
ence.  3.  A  round  body  ;  a  sphere. 
4.  Compass ;  circuit.  5.  A  company- 
6.  A  series  ending  where  it  begins. — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  move  or 
revolve  around.  2.  To  surround  ;  to 
inclose.  —  v.  i.  To  move  circularly. 

CiR'ULET,  n.  A  little  circle. 

(Jir'uuit  (slr'kit,  18),  n.  [Lat.  circu- 
itus,  from  circum,  around,  and  ire,  to 
go  ]  1.  Act  of  moving  or  revolving 

around.  2.  The  region  over  which 
the  jurisdiction,  as  of  a  judge,  &c., 
extends.  3.  The  distance  around 
any  space.  —  v.  t.  To  move  or  make 
to  go  round.  [circuit;  indirect. 

ClR-€U'I-TOUS,  a.  Going  round  in  a 

ClR-ou'l-ToOs-LY,  adv.  In  a  circuit. 

(^iR'-eu-LAR  (18).  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  in  the  form  of,  a  circle  ;  round.  2. 
Addressed  to  a  number  of  persons. — 
n.  A  letter,  or  paper,  copies  of  which 
are  addressed  to  various  persons. 

QIr/UU-lar'i-TY,  n.  State  of  being 
circular.  [manner. 

Qir'GU-lar-ly,  adv.  In  a  circular 

QiR'UU-LATE,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  move  or  pass  round.  2.  To  pass 
from  place  to  place,  from  person  to 
person,  or  from  hand  to  hand.  —  v. 
t.  To  cause  to  pass  round. 

Qir/€U-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  circu¬ 
lating.  2.  Currency  ;  coin,  or  notes, 
bills,  &c.,  current  as  money.  3.  Ex¬ 
tent  to  which  any  thing  circulates. 

QTrTum-am'bi-ent.  a.  [Lat.  circum, 
around,  and  ambire,  to  go  round.] 
Surrounding ;  encompassing. 

QlR/-eUM-AM'BU-LATE,  v.  i.  [Lat. 
circum ambulare ,  fr.  circum,  around, 
and  ambulare ,  to  walk.]  To  walk 
round  about.  _  [walking  around. 

C1r/uum-am/bu-la'tion.  n.  Act  of 

giR'EUM-gigE  (18),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.J 
[Lat.  circumcidere,  circumcisum ,  fr. 
circum,  around,  and  c&dere,  to  cut.] 

1.  To  cut  off  the  foreskin  of.  2.  To 
render  spiritual  or  holy. 

QiR'uum-^is'er,  n.  One  who  per¬ 
forms  circumcision. 

(pnb-euM-^is'iON  (-sizh'un),  n.  1. 
Act  of  cutting  off  the  prepuce  or 
foreskin.  2.  (Script.)  (a.)  Spiritual 
purification,  and  acceptance  of  the 
Christian  faith,  (b.)  The  Jews  as 
distinguished  from  the  Gentiles. 

Qir-uum'fer-en^e,  n.  [Lat.  circum- 
ferentia,  from  circum ,  around,  and 
ferre ,  to  bear.]  1.  Line  that  encom¬ 
passes  a  circular  figure ;  periphery. 

2.  Any  thing  circular.  3.  External 
surface  of  a  sphere. 

(piR-etTM'FER-EN'TiAL,  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  a  circumference. 

Qir-gOm'fer-en'tor,  n.  An  instru- 

5,  hard;  Ag ;  ejcist  ;  PfasNG;  this. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  Orn, rue, pull ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  so/t;  o, 


CIRCUMFLEX 

ment  used  by  surveyors  for  taking 
horizontal  angles  and  bearings. 
Pik/€UM-flex,  n.  [Lat.  circumflexus, 
a  bending  round.]  1.  A  wave  of  the 
voice.  2.  A  character,  denoting  in 
Greek  a  rise  and  fall  of  the  voice 
on  the  same  long  syllable  [marked 
thus,  ~  or  ~j ;  and  in  Latin  and  some 
other  languages,  denoting  a  long  and 
contracted  sellable  [marked  Aj. 
ClR-CUM/FLU-iiNT,  )  a.  [Lat.  circum- 
Qir-cBm'flu-oOs,  )  fluere ,  circurn- 
fluens,  from  circum,  around,  and  flu¬ 
ere,  to  flow.]  Flowing  around. 
ClR'EUM-FO-RA'NE-AN,  1  a.  [Lat. 
y I R'€ u M- F o - R a ' n e - o t) s ,  J  circum- 

foraneus,  fr.  circum,  around,  and  fo¬ 
rum,  a  market-place.]  Going  about 
or  from  house  to  house. 
Qir'cum-fuse',  v.  t.  [Lat.  circum- 
fundere,  -fusum,  fr.  circum,  around, 
and  fundere,  to  pour.]  To  pour  or 
spread  round.  [spreading  around. 

CiR'EUM-FU'glON,  n.  A  pouring  or 
£Ir/€UM-6y-ra,TION,  V.  [Lat.  cir¬ 
cum,  around,  and  gyrare,  to  turn 
around.]  A  turning,  rolling,  or 
whirling  round. 

QlR'CUM-JA'ijENT,  a.  [Lat.  circum- 
jacere,  circumjacens,  from  circum, 
around,  and  jacere,  to  lie.]  Lying 
around  ;  bordering. 
([Iir'cum-lo-cu'tion,  n.  [Lat.  cir- 
cumlocutio ,  fr.  circum,  around,  and 
loqui,  to  speak.]  A  circuit  of  words  ; 
a  periphrase. 

QIr'CUM-loc'u-TO-RY,  ci.  Relating 
to  a  circumlocution  ;  periphrastic. 
QlR^euM-NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.  Capable 
of  being  sailed  around. 
(piR'CUM-NAV'I-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  circumnavigare ,  fr.  cir¬ 
cum,  around,  and  navi  gar  e ,  to  nav¬ 
igate.]  To  sail  around. 
(TTr'cum-nav'i-GA'tion,  n.  Act  of 
circumnavigating.  [sails  around. 
Cir/EUM-nav'I-gX/TOR,  n.  One  who 
(/Ir'CUM-PO'lar,  a.  [Lat.  circum, 
around,  and  Eng.  polar.]  About  or 
near  the  pole. 

QIr'CUM-ro'TA-RY,  a.  Turning,  roll¬ 
ing,  or  whirling  round. 
QIr'CUM-ro-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  cir- 
cumrotare ,  from  circum ,  around,  and 
rota,  wheel.]  A  rolling  or  revolving 
round,  as  a  wheel. 

(piR''€UM-RO'TA-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Turn¬ 
ing,  rolling,  or  whirling  round. 
(piR^euM-s^RiB'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable 
of  being  circumscribed. 
QIr'UUM-SCRIBE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  circumscribere ,  from  circum, 
around,  and  scribere,  to  write,  draw.] 
To  inclose  within  a  certain  limit. 
QTr'cum-scrip'ti-ble,  a.  Capable 
of  being  circumscribed. 
QIr'cuivi-scrip'tion,  n.  Limitation 
by  conditions,  restraints,  &c. ;  con¬ 
finement ;  limit.  [external  form . 
OlR/€UM-seRIP'TlVE,  a.  Defining  the 
yiR'GUM-SPEGT,  a.  [Lat.  circumspi- 
cere,  circumspectus,  from  circum, 
around,  and  spicere,  to  look.]  Cau¬ 
tious  ;  prudent ;  watchful ;  wary  ; 
vigilant. 


70 

QTr^gum-speg'tion, n.  Attention  to 
all  the  facts  and  circumstances  of  a 
case ;  caution  ;  watchfulness. 

Qir/cum-spect'ive ,  a.  Cautious; 
careful  of  consequences  ;  wary. 

QiR'euM-SPEET'EY,  adv.  With  cir¬ 
cumspection.  [circumspection. 

Qir'cum-spect'ness,  n.  Caution ; 

(,Tr'€UM-STANCE  (113),  n.  [Lat.  cir- 
cumstantia,  fr.  circum ,  around,  and 
stare,  to  stand.]  1.  Something  at¬ 
tending  on  a  fact,  though  not  essen¬ 
tia]  thereto.  2.  pi.  Condition  in  re¬ 
gard  to  property. 

Syn. —  Fact;  event;  incident. — A  fact 
is  a  thing  done;  an  event  a  thing  which 
turns  up  or  occurs  ;  an  incident  some¬ 
thing  that/aZZs  in  to  some  general  course 
of  events.  A  circumstance  is  some  ad¬ 
junct  to  an  event  which  more  or  less 
affects  it. 

(jlR^UM  stan'tial,  a.  1.  Consisting 
in,  or  pertaining  to,  particular  inci¬ 
dents.  2.  Abounding  with  circum¬ 
stances  ;  minute  ;  particular.  —  n. 
Something  incidental,  but  of  minor 
importance ;  —  in  the  plural. 

QlR'CUM-STAN'TlAL-LYjatfu.  1.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  circumstances.  2.  In  every 
particular. 

QlR'CUM-STAN'TI-ATE  (-shl-at),  V.  t. 
[•ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  place  in  partic¬ 
ular  circumstances.  2.  To  enter  into 
details  concerning. 

Qir'cum-val'late,  'i*.  t.  [Lat.  cir- 
cumvallare,  fr.  circum,  around,  and 
vallare,  to  wall.]  To  surround  with 
a  rampart. 

QIr'cubi-val-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
surrounding  with  a  wall  or  rampart. 
2.  A  line  of  field  works  surrounding 
the  camp  of  a  besieging  army. 

QlR/€.UM-VENT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  circumvenire,  from  circum, 
around,  and  venire,  to  come.]  To 
overreach  ;  to  deceive  ;  to  delude. 

(^IR'-euM-vfiN'TlON,  n.  Deception ; 
fraud ;  imposture.  [artifices. 

Qir/€UM-veimt''ive,  a.  Deceiving  by 

(^IR'GUM-VEST',  v.  t.  [Lat.  circum- 
vestire,  fr.  circum ,  around,  and  ves- 
tire,  to  clothe.]  To  cover  round,  as 
with  a  garment. 

Qir'cum-vo-lD'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
rolling  round.  2.  A  thing  rolled 
round  another. 

^IR'CUM-VOLVE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  circumvolvere ,  from  circum, 
around,  and  volvere,  to  roll.]  To  cause 
to  revolve.  — v.  i.  To  revolve. 

Qir'cus,  n. ;  pi.  ^iR'cus-Eg.  [Lat. 
circus,  Gr.  Ktp/cos.]  1.  An  inclosed 
place  for  games  or  feats  of  horseman¬ 
ship.  2.  Performers  in  a  circus. 

(^i'R'Rotls,  a.  [Lat.  cirrus,  lock,  curl.] 
Terminating  in  a  curl  or  tendril. 

<pIS-AI/PlNE ,  a.  [Lat.  Cisalpinus ;  cis, 
on  this  side,  and  alpinus,  Alpine.]  On 
the  hither  or  south  side  of  the  Alps. 

(pis/AT-LAN'TiG,  a.  Being  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  [mountains. 

Cfs-MON'TANE,  a.  On  this  side  of  the 

yls'PA-DANE,  a.  [Lat.  cis,  on  this 
side,  and  Padanus ,  fr.  Padus ,  the  Po.] 
On  the  hither  or  south  side  of  the  Po. 

Qis'soid,  n.  [Gr.  /acnroeiSjjs,  like  ivy, 


CIVILIZE 

fr.  kutctos,  ivy,  and  elSos,  form.]  A 
certain  geometrical  curve. 
^is-tEr'cian  (63),  n.  One  of  an  or¬ 
der  of  Benedictine  monks  established 
at  Citeaux,  in  France. 

Qis'tern,  n.  [Lat.  cisterna,  fr.  cista, 
chest.]  A  reservoir  for  water,  beer, 
or  other  liquids. 

QiT.  n.  [Contr.  from  citizen .]  A  cit¬ 
izen:— used  contemptuously. 
^it'A-del,  n.  [It.  citadella,  dim.  of 
citta ,  city.]  A  fortress  or  castle  in 
or  near  a  fortified  city. 

Qi-ta'tion,  n.  [L.  Lat.  citatio,  fr.  ci- 
tare ,  to  cite.]  1.  A  summons  ;  a  notice 
to  appear.  2.  A  passage  from  a  book, 
or  from  another  person,  in  his  own 
words ;  a  quotation. 

Qj'ta-to-ry,  a.  Having  the  power  or 
form  of  citation. 

£ite,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  citare, 
intens.  form  of  circ,  cicre,  to  put  in 
motion,  to  excite.]  1.  To  summon. 

2.  To  quote,  name,  or  repeat.  3.  To 

call  or  name,  in  support,  proof,  or 
confirmation  of.  [or  quotes. 

ClT'ER,  n.  One  who  cites,  summons, 
(fiTH'ERN,  a.  Same  as  Cittern. 
(^it'i-ZEN,  n.  [From  city.]  1.  A 
freeman  of  a  city.  2.  An  inhabitant 
in  any  city,  town,  or  place.  3.  Any 
native  born  or  naturalized  inhabi¬ 
tant  of  a  country.  [Amer.]  [citizen. 
CiT'l-ZEN-SHi'p,  n.  State  of  being  a 
Ci’t'rate,  n.  [Lat.  citreum,  citron, 
lemon.]  A  salt  formed  by  the  union 
of  citric  acid  and  a  base. 

QIt'RIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  acid 
in  the  juice  of  the  lemon,  &c. 
Qit'rine  ,  a.  Like  a  citron  or  lemon ; 
of  a  lemon  color. 

Q'iT'RON,  n.  [Gr.  Kirpov.]  Fruit  of 
the  citron-tree,  l'esembling  a  lemon. 
(plT'Y,  n.  [Lat.  civitas,  fr.  civ  is,  citi¬ 
zen.]  1.  A  large  town.  2.  A  corpo¬ 
rate  town.  3.  Inhabitants  of  a  city. 
QlVEg  (slvz),  n.pl.  [Lat.  cepa,  ctepa, 
crepe,  onion.]  A  species  of  garlic. 
([fiv'ET,  n.  [L.  Gr.  £a.7reTior,from  Per. 
zabdd,  civet.]  1. 

A  strong,  musky 
substance,  used 
as  a  perfume.  2. 

The  animal  that 
produces  civet ;  — 
a  native  of  North 
Africa. 

Qtv'ie,  a.  [Lat.  civicus ,  fr.  civis,  citi¬ 
zen.]  Relating  to,  or  derived  from, 
a  city  or  citizen. 

Qiv'il,  a.  [Lat.  civilis,  fr.  civis,  citi¬ 
zen.]  1.  Lawful  or  political,  as  op¬ 
posed  to  military.  2.  Pertaining  to 
an  organized  community  ;  civilized. 

3.  Courteous  ;  complaisant. 
Qi-vil'ian,  n.  1.  One  skilled  in  the 

civil  law.  2.  One  whose  pursuits 
are  those  of  civil  life. 

£!I-VIL'I-TY,  n.  1.  Courtesy  ;  polite¬ 
ness.  2.  pi.  Acts  of  politeness. 
(^Iv'lL-l-ZA'TION,  n.  Act  of  civiliz¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  civilized. 
^IV'IL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  re- 


Civet. 


claim 

cate 


from  a  savage 
to  refine. 


state  ;  to  edu- 


I,  E,  l,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,  E.  I,  6,  0,  E,  short;  care,  far,  ask;  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  tIrm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


CIVILIZED 

£1'v'IL-Izjed,  a.  Reclaimed  from  sav¬ 
age  life  and  manners  ;  cultivated. 

QYv'il-iz'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  civilizes. 

<^Iv'lL-LY,  adv.  1.  In  a  civil  manner, 
in  reference  to  civil  society.  2.  Po¬ 
litely. 

Clv'IgM,  n.  State  of  citizenship. 

GlXb'ber,  n.  [See  Bonny-Clab- 
BER.]  Milk  turned  thick. 

Glack,  V.i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
make  a  sudden,  sharp  noise ;  to 
clink  ;  to  click.  2.  To  talk  rapidly. 
—  n.  [Fr.  claque ,  a  slap  or  smack, 
M.  H.  Ger.  Iclac,  crack.]  1.  A  sharp, 
abrupt  sound  made  by  striking  an 
object.  2.  Any  thing  that  causes  a 
clacking  noise.  3.  Continual  talk. 

Claim,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  cla- 
mare,  to  cry  out,  call.]  To  call  for  ; 
to  challenge  as  a  right. — n.  1.  A 
demand  of  a  right.  2.  A  right  to 
demand  ;  a  title  to  anjr  thing  in  pos¬ 
session  of  another.  3.  The  thing 
demanded.  [claimed. 

Glaim'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Glaim'ANT,  n.  One  who  claims. 

GlAir- voy'ani^e,  n.  A  power  of  dis¬ 
cerning  objects  not  present  to  the 
senses. 

GlAir-voy'ant,  a.  [Fr.,  from  clair, 
clear,  and  voyant ,  p.  pr.  of  voir ,  to 
see.]  Discerning  objects  which  are 
not  present.  —  n.  One  who  discerns 
objects  not  present  to  the  senses. 

Clam,  n.  [Another  form  of  clamp.] 

1.  A  bivalve  shell-fish.  2.  pi.  A  kind 
of  vise.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
clxmian.]  To  clog,  as  with  gluti¬ 
nous  matter. 

CLAM'BER,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 

Ger.  klernpcrn,  0.  II.  Ger.  chlimban , 
c.'ilimpan .]  To  climb  with  difficulty, 
or  with  hands  and  feet. 

Clam'MI-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
clammy.  [ous. 

CLAM'MY,  a.  Soft  and  sticky  ;  glutin- 

Clam'OR,  n.  [Lat.]  Loud  and  con¬ 
tinued  shouting  or  noise. 

Syn.  —  Outcry  ;  exclamation  ;  noise  ; 
uproar  ;  vociferation. 

— v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  salute  or  stun 
with  noise.  —  v.  i.  To  vociferate; 
to  make  importunate  demands. 

Clam'or-oOs,  u.  Noisy  ;  vociferous  ; 
turbulent.  [noise  or  words. 

Clam'or-oOs-ly,  adv.  With  loud 

Clamp,  n.  [D.  iclamp,  fr.  /dampen, 
to  fasten.]  1.  A  piece 
of  timber  or  iron,  used 
to  fasten  work  together.  ((* 

2.  One  of  a  pair  of  mova-  U 

ble  pieces  of  soft  materi-  N^:—  JJ 
al,  to  cover  the  jaws  of  a 

Vise. —  V.t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  _ 

To  fasten  with  a  clamp,  t-iamp  (ly 

Clan,  n.  [Of  Celtic  origin.]  1.  A 
tribe  under  one  chieftain,  and  bear¬ 
ing  the  same  surname.  2.  A  clique. 

Clan-des'tIne,  a.  [Lat.  clandesti¬ 
ne,  fr.  clam,  secretly.]  Kept  secret. 

Syn.  —  Hidden  :  secret ;  private  ;  con¬ 
cealed  ;  underhand  ;  sly;  fraudulent. 

Clan-des'tine-ly,  adv.  Secretly. 

Clang,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 

71 

clangere ,  Ger.  klingen.]  To  strike  to¬ 
gether  with  a  ringing  metallic  sound. 

—  v.  i.  To  produce  a  sharp,  shrill 
sound.  — n.  A  sharp,  ringing  sound. 

Clan'gor  (82),  n.  [Lat.]  A  sharp, 
shrill,  harsh  sound. 

Clank  (82),  n.  [See  Clang.]  The 
loud,  ringing  sound  made  by  a  col¬ 
lision  of  sonorous  bodies.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cause  to  make  a 
sharp,  ringing  sound. —  v.  i.  To  make 
a  sharp,  ringing  noise. 

Glan'NISH,  a.  Closely  united,  like  a 
clan  ;  disposed  to  unite. 

Clan'nish-ness,  v .  Close  adher¬ 
ence  or  disposition  to  unite. 

Clan'ship,  n.  A  state  of  union  as 
in  a  family  or  clan. 

Clap, v.  t.  [ped;  -ping.]  [A.-S. 
clappan.]  1.  To  strike  with  a  quick 
motion.  2.  To  thrust,  drive,  or  put 
hastily.  3.  To  applaud,  by  striking 
the  hands  together.  — n.  1.  Aloud 
noise  made  by  sudden  collision.  2. 
A  stroke ;  a  thrust.  3.  A  sudden 
explosion.  4.  A  striking  of  hands  to 
express  approbation. 

Clap;BOARD  (klaVburd),  n.  A  strip 
of  board  for  covering  the  outside  of 
houses. 

Clap'per,  n.  1.  A  person  who  claps. 
2.  That  which  strikes,  as  the  tongue 
of  a  bell. 

Clap'per-glaw,  v.  t.  [From  clap 
and  claw.]  To  fight  and  scratch. 

Clap'-TRAP,  n.  A  trick  to  gain  ap¬ 
plause. 

GlAre '-ob-scure',  n.  [Lat.  clams , 
clear,  and  obscurus,  obscure.]  Light 
and  shade  in  painting. 

Glar'et,  n.  [Fr.  clairet ,  prop.  dim. 
of  clair,  clear.]  A  light  French  wine. 

ClarG-fi-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  clear¬ 
ing  or  fining. 

Glar'i-fUer,  n.  1.  That  which 
clarifies.  2.  A  vessel  in  which  clari¬ 
fication  is  conducted. 

CLAR'I-FY,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
clarificare,  from  clarus,  clear,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  To  make  clear ;  to 
defecate;  to  fine.  —  v.i.  1.  To  be¬ 
come  pure,  as  liquors.  2.  To  grow 
clear  or  bright. 

Glar'I-on,  n.  [Lat.  clarus,  clear.] 
A  kind  of  trumpet,  whose  note  is 
clear  and  shrill. 

GlarG-o-nei^,  !  n.  A  wind  instru- 

Glar/i-NET',  j  ment,  of  the  reed 
kind.  [OBSCURE. 

Cla'r o-oB-seidRO,  n.  See  Clare- 

Glash,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Ger.  klal- 
schen,  klitschen.]  1.  To  dash  noisily 
together.  2.  To  come  in  collision ; 
to  interfere.  — v.  t.  To  strike  noisi¬ 
ly  agaiust.  —  n.  1.  A  violent  meet¬ 
ing  of  bodies.  2.  Contradiction. 

Clasp  (6),  n.  1.  A  catch,  for  holding 
parts  together.  2.  A  close  embrace. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [0.  Eng. 
elapse,  Ger.  klappsen,  to  tap,  clack, 
slap.]  1.  To  fasten  with  a  clasp.  2. 
To  embrace. 

Glasp'er,  7i.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  clasps,  as  a  tendril. 

GlAsp'-knife  (-nlf),  n.  A  large 

CLEAN 

knife,  the  blade  of  which  shuts  into 
the  handle. 

Glass  (6),  n.  [Lat.  classis,  from  Gr. 

/cAacrts,  k Averts,  the  people  assembled 
or  called  together.]  1.  A  group  of 
individuals  ranked  together.  2.  A 
number  of  students  pursuing  the 
same  studies.  3.  An  order  or  divis¬ 
ion. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  form 
into  a  class  ;  to  arrange  in  classes. 

Glas'sic,  la.  1.  Of  the  first  class 

Glas'SIC-AL,  )  or  rank,  esp.  in  lit¬ 
erature  or  art.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 

Greeks  and  Latins. 

Glas'SIC,  n.  1.  A  work  of  acknowl¬ 
edged  excellence.  2.  One  learned  in 
the  classics. 

Glas'sic-al-LY,  adv.  I.  In  a  classical 
manner.  2.  According  to  a  regular 
order. 

Glas-sTf'k:,  a.  Constituting  a  class. 

GlXs'si-fi-ua'tion,  n.  Act  of  form¬ 
ing  into  a  class  or  classes. 

Gl as'si-fy,^.  t.  [-ed;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
classis,  class,  and  facere,  to  make.] 

To  distribute  into  classes. 

Glass'mate,  7i.  One  who  is  in  the 
same  class  with  another. 

Glat'ter,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [D. 
klaleren,  A.-S.  clatrung,  drum,  rat¬ 
tle.]  To  make  rattling  sounds. — v. 
t.  To  strike  and  make  a  rattling 
noise.  —  n.  A  repeated  rattling  noise. 

Clause,  n.  [Lat.  claud ere,  to  shut, 
to  end.]  1.  A  separate  portion  of 
any  writing.  2.  A  portion  of  a  sen¬ 
tence  containing  a  finite  verb  and 
its  adjunct. 

Glaus'TRAL,  a.  [Lat.  claustrum, 
lock,  bar,  inclosure,]  Relating  to  a 
cloister. 

Gla'VATE,  )  a.  [Lat.  clava,  club.] 

Gla'va-ted,  )  Club-shaped. 

Glav'I-ghord,  7i.  [Lat.  clavis,  key, 
and  chorda,  string.]  A  musical  in¬ 
strument  with  keys  and  strings,  now 
disused. 

Glav'I-cle  (klav'i-kl),  n.  [Lat.  cla- 
vicula,  dim.  of  clavis,  key.]  The 
collar-bone. 

Gla'vi-er  (kla'vi-er  or  lda/ve-a'),  n. 

[Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  clavis,  key.]  The  key¬ 
board  of  a  musical  instrument. 

Glaw,  n.  [A.-S.  clavn,  cla.]  1.  A 
sharp,  hooked  nail,  as  of  a  beast.  2. 

Any  thing  resembling  the  claw  of  an 
animal.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
pull,  tear,  or  scratch  with  claws. 

GlAy,  7i.  [A.-S.  claeg.]  1.  A  soft 

earth,  consisting  of  alumina  and  sili¬ 
ca,  with  water.  2.  Earth  in  general ; 
hence,  the  human  body.  [less. 

Glay'-uold,  a.  Cold  as  clay ;  life- 

Glay'EY,  a.  Consisting  of  clay; 
abounding  with  clay  ;  like  clay. 

Glay'more,  n.  [Gael,  claidheamh- 
7Jior,  a  broadsword,  from  Gael,  claid- 
heamh,  sword,  and  mor,  great,  large.] 

A  large  two-handed  sword. 

Glean,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  clsene .] 

1.  Free  from  dirt  or  filth.  2.  With¬ 
out  defects.  3.  Adroit;  dexterous. 

4.  Complete.  5.  Sinless ;  pure.  6. 

( Script.)  Free  from  ceremonial  defile¬ 
ment. —  adv.  1.  Quite;  perfectly, 

OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue ,  pyLL ;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  £ ,  G, soft ;  € ,  g ,  hard ;  A§;  E^IST  ;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 

"  • 

CLEANLINESS 


CLIP 


72 


wholly;  entirely.  2.  Adroitly. —  v.t. 
[-ED ;  -ing.]  To  free  from  dirt. 

Glean'li-ness  (klenffi-nes),  n.  1. 
Freedom  from  dirt.  2.  Neatness  of 
person  or  dress ;  purity. 

Glean'ly  (klen'ly),  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST, 
142.]  [From  clean.]  1.  Habitually 
clean.  2.  Innocent ;  pure.  3.  Cleansing. 

GlEan'LY  (klen'iy),  adv.  In  a  clean 
manner. 

Glean'ness  (109),  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  clean.  [cleansed. 

GLEANg'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Gleanse,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
clxnsjan,  fr.  clxne ,  clean.]  To  ren¬ 
der  clean .  [  which ,  cleanses . 

Glean§'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

Glear,  n.  Full  extent  ;  distance 
between  extreme  limits. 

Glear,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [Lat  .clams, 
clear  ;  bright.]  I.  Free  from  opaque¬ 
ness,  uncertainty,  passion,  blemish, 
guilt,  obstacle,  &c.  2.  Able  to  per¬ 

ceive  clearly  ;  acute ;  discriminating; 
unbiased.  3.  Easily  or  distinctly 
heard  ;  audible.  —  adv.  1.  Plainly. 
2.  Wholly  ;  quite  ;  entirely.  —  v.  t. 
[•ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  free  from  obscu¬ 
rity,  perplexity,  or  impediment,  &c. 
2.  To  pass  by,  or  over,  without  touch¬ 
ing  or  failure.  3.  To  remove  so  as 
to  leave  something  unobstructed. 

To  clear  a  ship,  to  procure  a  permis¬ 
sion  to  sail,  and  such  papers  as  the  law 
requires. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  become  free  from  clouds 
or  fog.  2.  To  become  disengaged. 

Glear'age,  n.  Act  of  removing  any 
thing ;  clearance. 

Glear'an^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  clearing. 
2.  A  certificate  that  a  vessel  has  been 
cleared  at  the  custom-house. 

Glear'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  making 
clear.  2.  A  tract  of  land  cleared  of 
wood. 

GlEar'ing-house,  n.  A  place  where 
the  accounts  of  different  banks  are 
adjusted.  [obstruction,  &c. 

Glear'ly,  adv.  Without  obscurity, 

Glear'ness,  7i.  Freedom  from  what¬ 
ever  obscures,  obstructs,  injures,  or 
defiles,  &c. 

GlEar'-sight'ed  (-sTt'ed),  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  acuteness  of  sight. 

Glear'-starch,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  stiffen  with  starch,  and  then  clear 
b.v  clapping  with  the  hands. 

GleAT,  n.  [Prov.  Eng.  dead , 
to  clothe.]  A  narrow  strip  of 
wood  of  different  forms  for 
strengthening,  fastening,  or 
other  uses. 

Gleav'age,  n.  Act  or  quality 

of  cleaving.  Cleat. 

Gleave, r.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
difan ,  clifjan.]  To  adhere  closely  ; 
to  stick. — v.  t.  [imp.  CLEFT 
(CLAVE,  obs.,  CLOVE,  obsolescent); 
p.  p.  CLEFT  or  CLEAVED.]  [A.-S. 
cleofan ,  clitfan.]  1.  To  part  by  force  ; 
to  split.  2.  To  open  naturally  ;  to 
divide. 

Gleav'er,  n.  A  butcher’s  instru¬ 
ment  for  cutting  up  meat. 

GlEf,  7i.  [Lat.  clavis,  key.]  (Mus.) 


A  character  to  determine  the  position 
and  pitch  of  the  scale. 

Gleft,  imp.  &  p.  p.  from  Cleave. 
—  n.  1.  An  opening  made  by  split¬ 
ting.  2.  A  piece  made  by  splitting. 

Syn.  — Crack;  crevice;  fissure;  chink. 

Glem'a-tis,  n.  [Gr.  KArj/aans,  from 
/cArj/aa,  twig,  shoot.]  A  genus  of 
climbing  plants. 

Glem'en-^y,  n.  [Lat.  dementia ,  fr. 
c'.emens,  mild,  calm.]  Disposition  to 
treat  with  lenity. 

Syn.  —  Mildness;  tenderness;  indulg¬ 
ence;  mercy;  gentleness;  compassion. 

Glem'ent,  a.  Mild  in  temper  and 
disposition.  [of  temper. 

Glem’ent-LY,  adv.  With  mildness 

Clench,  v.  t.  See  Clinch. 

GlEp'sy-dra,  or  Glep-sy'dra,  n. 
[Gr.  K\e\f/v8pa,  fr.  KAeVreiv,  to  steal, 
and  ilScop,  water.]  An  ancient  kind 
of  clock,  in  which  water  was  dis¬ 
charged  from  small  apertures,  as  if 
by  stealth. 

GlEr'gy  (14),  n.  [Gr.  /cAr/pucos,  priest ; 
/cArjpo?,  the  clergy.]  1.  The  whole 
body  of  ecclesiastics.  2.  The  privi¬ 
lege  or  benefit  of  clergy. 

Benefit  of  clergy,  the  exemption  of 
clergymen  from  criminal  process  before 
a  secular  judge  — a  privilege  extended 
at  one  time  to  all  who  could  read,  but 
now  abolished. 

Gl£r'gy-a-ble,  a.  Entitled  to,  or 
admitting,  the  benefit  of  clergy. 

GlEr'gy-man,  71. ;  pi.  clEr'&y- 
MEN.  One  of  the  clergy. 

Gler'IC,  7i.  A  clerk,  or  clergyman. 

Gler'IC,  1  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 

Gler'ic-AL,  )  clergy.  2.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  a  clerk  or  copyist. 

GlErk  (14),  7i.  [Lat.  clericus.  See 
Clergy.]  1.  An  educated  person. 
[06s.]  2.  [Eng.]  A  parish  officer, 

who  assists  in  the  church  service.  3. 
An  assistant  in  a  shop  or  store. 

Pronounced  klark  in  England. 

GlErk'ly,  a.  Scholar-like. 

GlErk/shIp,  7i.  Condition,  office,  or 
business  of  a  clerk. 

Glev'er,  a.  [A.-S.  gleaw,  skillful, 
wise.]  1.  Possessing  skill,  dexterity, 
talent,  or  adroitness.  2.  Showing 
skill  or  adroitness  in  the  doer  or 
former.  3.  Kind-hearted.  [Amer.] 

Syn.—  Expert ;  dexterous  ;  skillful ; 
adroit;  talented. 

Glev'er-LV,  adv.  In  a  clever  man¬ 
ner  ;  skillfully.  [ing  clever. 

Glev'er-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be- 

Glev'is,  1  7i.  [Eng.  cleave , 

Glev'Y,  )  to  fasten.]  The 
draft-iron  on  the  end  of  a 
cart-tongue. 

GLEW(klu),«.  [A.-S.  cleow,  Clevis, 
akin  to  Lat.  globus  and  glomus.]  1. 
A  ball  of  thread.  2.  That  which 
guides  one  in  any  thing  doubtful  or 
intricate.  3.  Lower  corner  of  a 
square  sail,  and  aftmost  corner  of  a 
fore-and-aft  sail.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.] 
To  draw  up  to  the  yard,  as  a  sail. 

GlIck,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [An  ono- 
matopoetic  word.]  To  make  a  small, 
sharp  noise;  to  tick. — n.  1.  A  small, 


sharp  sound.  2.  A  small  iron,  fall¬ 
ing  into  a  notched  wheel. 

GlPent,m.  [Lat.  cliens,  from  cltxere, 
Gr.  xAueiv,  to  hear.]  1.  A  Homan 
citizen  who  put  himself  under  the 
protection  of  a  patron.  2.  One  who 
applies  to  a  lawj  er  or  counselor  foil 
advice,  direction,  &c. 

Gli-Ent'al.  a.  Pertaining  to  a  client. 

GlPent-ship,  n.  State  or  condition 
of  a  client. 

Gliff,  7i.  [A.-S.  clif,  fr.  cleofan,  di¬ 

fan,  to  cleave,  split.]  A  high,  steep 
rock  ;  a  precipice. 

Gliff'y,  a.  Having  cliffs  ;  craggy. 

Gli-mac'ter-ic,  or  G  lIm'ac-tEr'- 
I €,  a.  [Gr.  KAtp.aKTTjpiKcs,  fr.  /cAqu.a£, 
a  ladder.]  Relating  to  a  critical  peri¬ 
od  of  human  life.  —  n.  1.  A  critical 
period  in  human  life.  2.  Any  criti¬ 
cal  period. 

Grand  or  great  climacteric,  63d  year. 

GlPMATE,  n.  [Gr.  xAijaa,  /cAquaros, 
zone  of  the  earth,  fr.  kALvciv,  to  slope, 
incline.]  Condition  of  a  place  in  re¬ 
lation  to  temperature,  moisture,  &c. 

Gli-jyiat'ig.  1  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Gli-mat'ig-al,  )  climate  or  cli¬ 
mates  ;  limited  by  a  climate. 

Gli'MA-tIze,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
accustom  to  a  climate. 

GlPMA-TOL'O-GY,  7i.  [Gr.  uAipa, 
zone  of  the  earth,  and  Aoyoy,  dis¬ 
course.]  The  science  of  climates. 

Gli'max,  n.  [Gr.  uAipa^,  ladder,  fr. 
xAtVetv,  to  bend,  to  lean.]  A  figure 
in  which  a  sentence  rises  as  it  were 
step  by  step  in  importance,  force,  or 
dignity. 

Glimb  (kllm),  v.  i.  or  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  clbnban.]  To  ascend  by  means 
of  the  hands  and  feet. 

Glimb'a-ble  (kllm/-),  a.  Capable 
of  being  climbed.  [climbs. 

Glimb'er  (kllnPer).  n.  One  who 

Glime,  n.  A  climate  ;  a  region. 

Gli'nch  (66),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  make,  or  hold,  fast;  to  grasp.  2. 
To  confirm  ;  to  establish.  —  7i.  1.  A 
holding  fast,  or  that  which  holds 
fast.  2.  A  kind  of  knot  and  seizings 
used  to  fasten  a  cable,  & c.,  to  ring¬ 
bolts. 

Glinch'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  clinches; 

Gling,  v.  i.  [itnp.  &  p.  p.  CLUNG.] 
[A.-S.  cli7igan.]  To  hold  fast,  es¬ 
pecially  by  winding  round  or  em¬ 
bracing  ;  to  adhere  closely. 

Gling' Y,  a.  Apt  to  cling;  adhesive. 

GLIN'IC,  [  a.  [Gr.  kAlvlkos,  fr.  xAt- 

Glin'ic-AL,  )  v-q,  couch,  bed.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  bed;  bed-ridden. — n. 
One  confined  to  the  bed  by  sickness. 

Glink,  i\  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  IL 
Ger.  Iclinkan,  c/dingan.]  To  make  a 
small,  sharp,  ringing  sound.  —  n.  A 
sharp,  ringing  sound. 

Glink'er,  n.  [From  clink,  because  it 
makes  a  sharp  and  sonorous  sound.] 
Refuse  of  a  furnace  ;  vitrified  matter 
ejected  from  a  volcano. 

Glip,  v.  t.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  [A.-S. 
dyppan.]  1.  To  cut  off,  as  with  a 
single  stroke  of  scissors.  2.  To  cur- 


fL,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  1,  E,l,  5,  U,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  Ere,  V^IL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  firm;  SON, 


CLIPPER 


CLUMSINESS 


73 


tail.  —  n.  1.  A  cutting  ;  a  shearing. 
2.  Product  of  a  single  shearing. 

Glip'per,  n.  1.  One  who  clips.  2. 
A  kind  of  vessel  built  for  fast  sailing. 

Glip'ping,  n.  1.  Act  of  cutting  olf, 
or  curtailing.  2.  That  which  is 
clipped  off. 

Clique  (kleek),  n.  [Fr.]  A  narrow 
circle  of  persons  ;  a  party. 

•Cloak  (20),  n.  [L.  Lat.  cloca,  0.  Fr. 
cloche.]  1.  A  loose  outer  garment. 
2.  A  disguise  or  pretext. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cover  with  a  cloak  ; 
hence,  to  hide. 

■Clock,  n.  [A.-S.  clucge ,  0.  H.  Ger. 
gloccn ,  clocca ,  fr.  cloccon ,  to  strike, 
beat.]  An  instrument  for  measur¬ 
ing  time. 

Glock'-WORK  (-wGrk),  n.  Machin¬ 
ery  and  movements  like  those  of  a 
clock. 

Clod,  n.  [A.-S.  clud,  rock,  stone.]  1. 
A  lump  of  earth,  turf,  or  clay.  2. 
The  ground  ;  the  earth.  3.  A  dull, 
stupid  fellow.  —  v.  i.  To  collect  into 
concretions ;  to  clot. 

Glod'dy,  a.  1.  Full  of  clods.  2. 
Earthy  ;  mean  ;  gross. 

Glod'-iiop'per,  n.  A  rude,  rustic 
fellow  ;  a  clown  ;  a  dolt. 

Glod'pate,  n.  A  stupid  fellow. 

Glod'pat-ed,  a.  Stupid;  dull. 

Clog,  v.  t.  [-ged  ;  -ging.]  [Icel. 
kleggi,  a  compact  mass.]  1.  To  en¬ 
cumber,  or  load,  esp.  with  something 
that  sticks  fast.  2.  To  obstruct ;  to 
choke  up.  3.  To  hinder  ;  to  embar¬ 
rass. —  n.  1.  That  which  hinders 
motion.  2.  A  heavy  shoe  with  a 
wooden  sole  ;  hence,  a  wooden  shoe. 

Syn. —  Load;  weight;  hindrance;  im¬ 
pediment. 

Clog'gi-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
clogged.  [adhesive. 

Clog'gy,  a.  Having  power  to  clog  ; 

Clois'ter,  n.  [Lat.  claustrum,  from 
claudere ,  to  close,  to  shut.]  1.  A 
covered  arcade.  2.  A  monastic  es¬ 
tablishment. 

Syn. —  Monastery;  nunnery  ;  con¬ 
vent;  abbey;  priory. —  Cloister  is  gener¬ 
ic,  being  a  place  of  seclusion  from  the 
world;  a  monastery  is  usually  for  men 
called  monks;  a  nunnery  is  for  women; 
a  convent  is  a  community  of  recluses  ; 
an  abbey  and  a  priory  arc  named  from 
their  heads,  an  abbot  or  prior. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  confine  in 
a  cloister. 

Clois'tral,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
confined  to,  a  cloister. 

Gloke ,  «.  See  Cloak. 

€lo£E,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To 
bring  together  the  parts  of;  to  stop  ; 
to  shut.  2.  To  bring  to  an  end.  3. 
To  inclose  ;  to  encompass.  — v.  i.  1. 
To  come  together  ;  to  unite.  2.  To 
end;  to  terminate. — n.  1.  Union 
of  parts;  junction.  2.  Conclusion; 
termination  ;  end.  3.  A  grapple  in 
wrestling.  4.  An  inclosed  place.  5. 
Narrow  passage  fr.  a  street  to  a  court. 

Glose  (klos,  20),  a.  [-er;  -est.] 
[Lat.  clauttus,  p.  p.  of  claudere,  to 
shut.]  1.  Shut  fast ;  closed.  2.  Con¬ 
fined  ;  secret ;  retired.  3.  Stagnant ; 


oppressive.  4.  Reticent ;  taciturn.  5. 
Parsimonious  ;  penurious.  6.  Dense  ; 
solid ;  compact.  7.  Near.  8.  Evenly 
balanced ;  doubtful. 

Close  communion,  with  Baptists,  com¬ 
munion  restricted  to  those  who  have  re¬ 
ceived  baptism  by  immersion. —  Close 
corporation,  a  corporation  which  fills  its 
own  vacancies,  and  is  not  open  to  the 
public. 

—  adv.  In  a  close  manner  or  state. 

Glose'-fist'ed,  a.  Covetous  ;  nig¬ 
gardly. 

Glose'ly,  adv.  In  a  close  manner. 

Glo-e'ness,  n.  State  of  being  close. 

Glose'-sto"ol, n.  A  stool,  in  which 
a  chamber  vessel  is  placed,  for  the 
sick. 

Glo^'et,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  dim.  of  clos,  an 
inclosure.]  1.  A  small  private  room. 
2.  A  small,  close  apartment,  in  the 
side  of  a  room,  for  utensils,  & c. — 
v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1  To  shut  up 
in  a  closet.  2.  To  take  into  a  private 
room  for  consultation. 

Glo§'ure  (klo'zhijr),  n.  1.  A  closing. 
2.  That  which  closes.  3.  That  which 
incloses ;  an  inclosure. 

Glot,  n.  [See  Clod.]  A  concretion, 
especially  of  a  soft,  slimy  character  ; 
a  coagulation. — v.t.  [-ted;  -ting, 
133.]  1.  To  concrete,  as  soft  matter. 
2.  To  be  formed  into  clots. 

Gloth  (21),  n. ;  pi.  Cloths.  [A.-S. 
clout k.]  1.  A  stuff  of  some  fibrous 
material,  formed  by  weaving.  2.  A 
profession,  or  the  members  of  it. 

Clothe ,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.p.  clothed 
or  CLAD  ;  p.  pr.  &  vb.  n.  CLOTH¬ 
ING.]  [A.-S.  cladhjan.]  1.  To  put 
garments  upon.  2.  To  furnish  with 
raiment.  3.  To  cover  or  invest. 

■CLOTHEg  (klothz,  colloq.  kloz),  n.  pi. 
[From  cloth.]  1.  Covering  for  the 
human  body.  2.  Covering  of  a  bed. 

Syn.  —  Garments;  dress;  apparel;  at¬ 
tire;  vesture;  raiment;  garb. 

ClLOTHEg'— WRING'ER  (-ring'er),  n. 
A  machine  for  pressing  water  from 
clothes  after  they  have  been  washed. 

Gloth'ier  (kloth/yer),  n.  1.  One 
who  makes  cloths.  [Eng.]  2.  One 
who  sells  cloth.  3.  One  who  dresses 
or  fulls  cloth.  [Amer.] 

Gloth'ing,  n.  Garments  in  general ; 
clothes ;  dress. 

Glot'ty,  a.  Full  of  clots. 

Cloud,  n.  [Prob.  from  A.-S.  clfid,  a 
rock  or  hillock,  as  clouds  often  re¬ 
semble  rocks  or  hillocks.]  1.  Visible 
vapor  suspended  in  the  atmosphere. 

2.  A  mass  of  smoke,  flying  dust,  &c. 

3.  A  dark  spot,  as  in  marble.  4.  A 
dark,  lowering,  or  threatening  as¬ 
pect. —  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
overspread  with  clouds.  2.  .To  render 
dark.  3.  To  variegate  with  colors. 

Cloud'— capt,  a.  Capped  with  clouds. 

Clocd'I-ly ,adv.  Darkly;  obscurely. 

•Gloud'i-nLss,  n.  State  of  being 
cloudy.  [unclouded. 

Gloud'less,  a.  Without  a  cloud  ; 

Cloud'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Obscured  with  clouds  ;  clouded.  2. 
Lacking  clearness  or  brightness.  3. 
Not  easily  understood.  4.  Having  the 


appearance  of  gloom.  5.  Marked 
with  spots,  as  marble. 

Glough  (kluf),  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  cleofan 
or  clUfan.  See  CLEAVE,  v.  t.]  A 
narrow  valley  between  two  hills. 

Glough  (klof),  n.  An  allowance  of 
two  pounds  in  every  hundred  weight, 
after  deducting  tare  and  tret. 

Glout,  n.  [A.-S.  clUt.]  1.  A  patch. 
2.  Center  of  the  butt  at  which  ar¬ 
chers  shoot.  3.  Iron  plate  on  an 
axle-tree.  4.  [0.  Fr.  clouet,  dim.  of 
clou,  nail.]  A  small  nail. — v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  patch  ;  to  mend- 

2. _  To  guard  with  an  iron  plate. 

Glove,  n.  [From  Lat.  clavus,  nail, 

from  its  likeness  to  a  nail.]  1.  The 
aromatic  unexpanded  (lower-bud  of 
the  clove-tree.  2.  [A.-S.  clufe,  from 
cleofan,  cliifan,  to  cleave,  split.]  One 
of  the  small  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the 
scales  of  a  large  bulb. 

Glo'ven  (klo'vn),  p.  p.  from  Cleave. 

Glo'ven-foot'ed  I  (27,  108),  a. 

Glo'v.en— HOOFJ3D  )  Having  the 
foot  or  hoof  divided  into  two  parts. 

Glo'ver,  n.  [A.-S.  clxfer.]  A  plant 
of  different  species. 

Clown,  n.  [Lat.  colonvs,  husband¬ 
man,  from  colcre,  to  till.]  1.  A  hus¬ 
bandman  ;  rustic.  2.  An  ill-bred  man. 

3.  Buffoon  in  a  play,  circus,  &c. 

Glown'ish,  a.  Of,  or  relating  to,  a 

clown;  like  a  clown;  rude;  ill-bred; 
boorish  ;  rustic.  [manner. 

Glown'ish-ly,  adv.  In  a  clownish 

Glown'ish-ness,  n.  Rusticity  ;  in¬ 
civility  ;  awkwardness. 

Gloy,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -TNG]  [O.Fr. 
cloer,  Fr.  clouer,  to  nail  up.]  To  glut, 
or  satisfy  ;  to  satiate  ;  to  surfeit. 

GlUb,  n.  1.  [0.  H.  Ger.  chlofCn,  chlo- 
phon,  to  knock.]  A  heavy  staff  or 
piece  of  wood.  2.  One  of  the  four 
suits  of  cards.  3.  Of  uncertain  or¬ 
igin.  4.  An  association  of  persons 
for  a  particular  purpose. — v.i.  1. 
To  combine  for  some  common  ob¬ 
ject.  2.  To  pay  an  equal  proportion 
of  a  common  expense.  —  v.t.  [-bed; 
-BING.]  To  unite  for  the  accom¬ 
plishment  of  a  common  end. 

Glub'-foot  (27),  n.  A  short,  de¬ 
formed  fqpt. 

Glub'-foot'ed,  a.  Having  deform¬ 
ed  or  crooked  feet.  [by  a  club. 

Glub'-house,  n.  A  house  occupied 

GlOb'-law,  n.  Government  by 
clubs,  or_violence.  [a  club  meets. 

Glub'-room,  n.  Apartment  in  which 

GlOck,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
cloccan ,  W.  clocian,  clwcian.]  To 
make  the  noise  of  a  brooding  hen. 

Glue,  n.  [See  Clew.]  1.  A  ball  of 
thread.  2.  Any  thing  serving  to 
guide  or  direct.  3.  One  of  the  two 
lower  corners  of  a  square-sail. 

Glump,  n.  [Icel.  klumpr,  fr.  the  root 
lclimpa,  preserved  in  M.  H.  Ger. 
kl  imp  fen,  to  press  together.]  1.  A 
shapeless  mass.  2.  A  cluster  of  trees 
or  shrubs. 

Glxjm'ri-ly,  adv.  Awkwardly. 

Glum'si-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
i  clumsy. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  took;  Crn,  rue,  pyLL;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  y,G,  soft;  c,6,  hard;  As;  E^IST  ;  N  as  NG ;  THIS. 


c 


CLUMSY 


COCKLE 


74 


€lCm'sy,«.  [-ER;  -est,142.]  [From 
clump.]  1.  Without  grace  ;  unhandy. 
2.  Ill-made  ;  badly  constructed. 

GlOng,  imp.  &  p.p.of  Cling. 

GlOs'ter,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  number 
of  things  of  the  same  kind  together. 
2.  A  crowd.  —  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
grow  in  clusters  ;  to  gather  or  unite 
in  a  mass. 

GlOs'TER-y,  a.  1.  Growing  in  clus¬ 
ters.  2.  Full  of  clusters. 

■Clutch,  v.  t.  [-ed  -ing,]  [Akin 
to  Ger.  kluppe ,  0.  II.  Ger.  chluppa, 
claw,  tongs.]  1.  To  seize,  or  gripe 
with  the  hand.  2.  To  close  tightly  ; 
to  clinch.  —  v.  i.  To  catch;  to 
snatch. — n.  1.  A  gripe  ;  grasp.  2. 
A  projecting  piece  of  machinery,  for 
connecting  shafts.  3.  pi.  The  hands : 
hence,  power ;  rapacity. 

GlGt'ter,  n.  [Cf.  0.  Sw.  kluttra,  to 
quarrel,  W.  cinder ,  heap,  pile.]  A 
confused  collection  ;  confusion  ;  dis¬ 
order.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
crowd  together  in  disorder. — v.i. 
To  make  a  bustle,  or  fill  with  confu¬ 
sion. 

Glyp'e-ate,  a.  [Lat.  clypevs ,  clipeus , 
shield.]  Shaped  like  a  round  shield. 

Glys'TER,  n.  [Gr.  /cAv(m7p  and  tcAtict- 
TTjpioe,  fr.  kAv^clv,  to  wash  out.]  A 
liquid  substance  injected  into  the 
lower  intestines  with  a  syringe. 

Coach  (20),  n.  [Lat.  conchula ,  dim. 
of  concha ,  muscle-shell,  vessel.]  A 
large,  close,  four-wheeled  carriage. 

Goach'-box,  n.  Seat  on  which  the 
driver  of  a  coach  sits.  [a  coach. 

Goach'man  (150),  n.  One  who  drives 

Co-ac'tion,  n.  [Lat.  coactio,  fr.  co- 
actere ,  to  force.]  Force;  compulsion. 

Co-act'ive,  a.  1.  Serving  to  com¬ 
pel  or  constrain.  2.  Acting  in  con¬ 
currence. 

Go-ad'ju-tant,  or  G6/AD-JU'TANT, 
a.  Mutually  assisting  or  operating. 

Go'ad-ju'tor,  n.  1.  One  who  aids 
another.  2.  One  empowered  to  per¬ 
form  the  duties  of  another. 

Go'ad-ju'trix,  n.  A  female  assistant. 

Co-A'GENT,  n.  An  assistant  or  asso¬ 
ciate.  [ing  coagulated. 

Co-AG'u-LA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

GO-Xg'U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  coagulare ,  from  cogere,  to  drive 
together.]  To  cause  to  change  into 
a  curd-like  state.  —  v.  i.  To  under¬ 
go  coagulation ;  to  curdle. 

Go-Xg'u-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  curdling: 

Go-Xg'u-la-tive,  a.  Having  the 
power  to  coagulate. 

Co-ag'u-la'tor,  n.  That  which 
causes  coagulation. 

Co-AG'u-LtTM ,  n.  [Lat.]  A  coagu¬ 
lated  mass,  as  curd. 

Goal,  n.  [A.-S.  col  or  coll,  akin  to 
Lat.  calere ,  to  be  hot.]  1.  Wood 
charred  ;  charcoal.  2.  A  combustible 
substance,  found  embedded  in  the 
earth. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
burn  to  coal.  2.  To  supply  with  coal. 
—  v.  i.  To  take  in  coal.  [is  dug. 

Goal'er-y,  tv.  A  place  where  coal 

Go'a-lEs^e'  (-16s'),  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  coalescere,  from  con  and 


alescere,  to  grow  up.]  1.  To  grow 
together.  2.  To  unite  in  society. 

Go'a-lSs'^en^e,  n.  Act  of  coales¬ 
cing  ;  union.  [gether  ;  uniting. 

Go'a-les'^ent,  a.  Growing  to- 

Goal'-Heav'er,  7i.  One  who  dis¬ 
charges  coal  from  ships. 

Go'a-li'tion  (-lish'un),  n.  1.  Union 
in  a  body  or  mass.  2.  A  temporary 
combination  of  parties,  or  states. 

Syn. —  Alliance;  confederation;  con¬ 
federacy;  league;  conspiracy. 

Goal'-mdas'ure  (-mezh'jjr),  n.  pi. 
Strata  of  coal  with  the  attendant 
rocks. 

Goal'-pit,  n.  1.  A  pit  where  coal  is 
dug.  2.  A  place  where  charcoal  is 
made.  [Amer.]  [holding  coal. 

G6al,-S€ut/tle,  7i.  A  utensil  for 

Goal'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like  coal. 

Goam'ings,  n.  pi.  Raised  borders  or 
edges  of  the  hatches. 

G5arse,  a.  [-ER ;  -est.]  1.  Large 
in  bulk,  or  composed  of  large  parts. 
2.  Not  refined  or  nice  ;  rude. 

Goarse'ly,  adv.  Without  fineness 
or  refinement.  [being  coarse. 

Goarse'ness,  71.  Quality  or  state  of 

Goast,  7i.  [Lat.  costa ,  rib,  side.] 
Margin  of  the  land  next  to  the  sea  ; 
sea-shore. — v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  sail  by  or  near  a  coast.  2.  To  slide 
down  a  hill  on  a  sled.  [Amer.] 
Coasting  trade,  trade  carried  on  be¬ 
tween  different  ports  of  the  same  coun¬ 
try,  as  distinguished  from  foreign  trade. 

Goast'er,  n.  A  person  or  trading 
vessel  that  sails  along  a  coast. 

Goast'wise,  adv.  Ry  way  of,  or 
along,  the  coast. 

Goat  (20),  n.  [L.  Lat.  cola ,  cotta, 
cottus,  tunic,  mattress.]  1.  An  outer 
garment  worn  by  men.  2.  An  ex¬ 
ternal  covering,  as  the  hair  of  a 
beast.  3.  A  layer  of  any  substance 
covering  another.  4.  That  on  which 
ensigns  armorial  are  portrayed.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To  cover  with  a 
coat. 

Goat-ee',  ti.  A  coat  with  short  flaps. 

Goat'ing,  n.  1.  Any  substance  used 
as  a  cover.  2.  Cloth  for  coats. 

Goax  (20),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
O.  Eng.  cokes ,  fool,  W.  coeg ,  empty, 
foolish.]  To  persuade  by  a  gentle, 
insinuating  courtesy,  flattering,  or 
fondling. 

Gob,  7i.  [A.-S.  cop  or  copp,  Gr.  kv/3 rj.] 
1.  Top  or  head  ;  hence,  that  which 
is  large,  round,  &c.  2.  A  lump  or 
piece  of  any  thing.  3.  A  spider.  4. 
A  short-legged  and  stout  variety  of 
horse.  [Eng.]  5.  The  spike  on  which 
the  grains  of  maize  grow.  [Amer.] 

Go'balt,  77.  [M.  H.  Ger.  kobolt,  gob¬ 
lin,  Gr.  /co/3aAos,  knave  ;  because  a 
poisonous  metal  and  troublesome  to 
miners.]  A  metal  of  a  reddish-gray 
color,  brittle  and  difficult  of  fusion. 

Go-BALT're,  a.  Pertaining  to  cobalt. 

Gob'ble,  ti.  See  Coble. 

Gob'ble  1(20), n.  [Fromcoi, 

GoB'BLE-STONE  )  2.]  A  rounded 

fragment,  as  of  stone,  coal,  &C., 

Gob'ble,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 


copulare,  to  couple,  join.]  1.  To 
mend  coarsely,  as  shoes.  2.  To  make 
or  do  bunglingly. 

Gob'bler,  7i.  1.  A  mender  of  shoes. 

2.  A  clumsy  workman.  3.  A  beverage 
of  wine,  sugar,  lemon,  and  ice  finely 
broken  up. 

Gob'le,  ti.  [A.-S.  cnople.]  A  boat 
used  in  the  herring  fishery. 

Gob'web,  A.  [From  cob,  3,  and  web. 
1.  A  spider's  web  or  net.  2.  Any 
snare. 

Goc-agne'  (kok-nn'),  n.  [From  It. 
cucca,  dainties,  sweet-meats,  fr.  Lat. 
coquere,  to  cook  ;  because  the  houses 
were  thought  to  be  covered  with 
cakes.]  An  imaginary  country  of 
idleness,  luxury,  and  delight ;  —  a 
term  applied  to  London  and  its 
suburbs. 

Goc-<;TF'ER-oiJS,  a.  [Lat.  coccian, 
Gr.  kokkos,  a  berry,  and  Lat .Jerre,  to 
bear.]  Producing  berries. 

Gocii'i-neal,  77.  [Dim.  of  Lat.  coc- 
cu.771 ,  Gr.  kokkos ,  berry.]  A  dye-stuff 
consisting  of  dried  insects,  found  on 
the  cactus. 

GOEH'LE-A-RY,  1  a.  [Gr.  /co^Aias, 

Goeh'le-ate,  [  from  ko\ Aos,  a 

Goeii'le-a'TED,  )  shell-fish  with  a 
spiral  shell.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
snail-shell ;  spiral  ;  turbinated. 

Gock,  77.  [A.-S.  coc,  or  coc.c.]  1.  Male 
of  birds.  2.  A  vane  ;  a  weathercock. 

3.  A  spout  to  let  out  liquids.  4.  Part 
of  the  lock  of  a  fire-arm.  5.  A  small 
conical  pile  of  hay. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  set  erect.  2.  To  turn 
up  the  brim  of.  3.  To  place  jauntily 
or  pertly  on  the  head  4.  To  set  up 
in  small  conical  piles,  as  lia}r.  5.  To 
draw  back  the  cock,  in  order  to  fire. 

Gock-ade',  77.  [Fr.  cocarde,  from  coq, 
cock,  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
crest  of  a  cock.j  A  knot  of  ribbens 
worn  on  the  hat,  as  a  badge. 

Gock'A-too',  7i.  [Malayan  kakatiia.] 
A  bird  of  the  parrot  kind. 

Gock'a-trice,  77.  The  basilisk;  a 
fabulous  serpent,  produced  frem  a 
cock's  egg  brooded  by  a  serpent. 

Gock'-boat,  ti.  A  small  boat  of  a 
ship. 

Gock'-ciiaf'er,  ti.  An  insect. 

Gock'-crow,  [  77.  The  time  at 

Gock'-grow'ing,  )  ■  which  cocks 
crow ;  early  morning. 

Gock'er,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Prov. 
Eng. ,  to  crow  like  a  cock ,  to  boast ; 
hence,  to  be  wanton.]  To  fondle;  to 
indulge  ;  to  pamper. 

Gock'er-el,  77.  A  young  cock 

Gock'ET,  77.  A  custom-house  certifi¬ 
cate. 

Gock'-fight  1  (-fit),  n.  A  con- 

Gock'-fight'ing  j  test  of  game¬ 
cocks.  [horse. 

Gock'-HORSE,  77.  A  child's  rocking- 

Gock'LE  (kok'l),  77.  [A.-S.  coccel, 

cocel,  or  coclc.]  1.  A  weed  that  grows 
among  corn.  2.  The  darnel.  3.  IGr. 
KoyxvAiov,  a  muscle  or  cockle.]  A 
kind  of  bivalve  shell-fish  with  a  cor¬ 
rugated  shell.  —  v.  t.  To  contract 
into  wrinkles. 


A,  £,  I,  o,  ti,  Y,  long ;  A,  5,  U,  f,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  ASIC,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Lre,  VEIL,  term;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


COCKLE-STAIRS 

Gock'le-stAirs  (4),n.  pi.  Winding 
or  spiral  stairs.  [room. 

€ock'-loft  (21),  n.  Top-loft;  upper 
GOCK'NEY,  II.  ;  pi.  eOCK'NEYS.  [Cf. 

COCAGNE.]  A  resident  of  London. 
Gock'ney-i§M,  n.  Qualities,  man¬ 
ners,  or  dialect  of  a  cockney. 
Gock'pit,  n.  1.  An  area  where  game¬ 
cocks  fight.  2.  A  room  in  a  ship 
under  the  lower  gun-deck. 
■Cock'ROACH,  n.  Avery  troublesome 
insect,  infesting  houses  and  ships. 
€oc'KS'eOMB  (-kdm),  n.  1.  The  car¬ 
uncle  or  comb  of  a  cock.  2.  A  fop. 
Gock'swain  (colloq.  k5k7sn),  n.  The 
person  who  steers  or  pulls  the  after 
oarin  a  boat. 

€oToa  (ko7ko),  n. 

[Sp.  and  Pg.  coco.] 

1.  A  palm-tree  pro¬ 
ducing  the  cocoa- 
nut.  2.  [Corrupted 
fr.  cacao.]  A  bever¬ 
age  made  from  the 
crushed  kernels  of 
the  chocolate  tree. 

Co-coon',  n.  [Fr. 
cocon ,  fr.  Lat.  con¬ 
cha,  muscle-shell.] 

1.  A  case  in  which 
the  silk-worm  lies 
in  its  chrysalis  state. 

2.  Case  constructed  by  any  insect  to 
contain  its  larva. 

Go-edON'ER-Y,  n.  A  place  for  silk¬ 
worms,  when  forming  cocoons. 
Goe'TlLE,  a.  [Lat.  coctilis,  from  co- 
quere,  to  bake.]  Made  by  baking. 
Goo'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  boiling.  2. 
Alteration  experienced  by  morbific 
matter  before  elimination. 

God,  n.  [A.-S.  codd,  small  hag.] 

1.  Any  envelope 
containing  seeds ; 
a  pod.  2.  The 
scrotum.  3.  [Ger. 
gadde.]  A  fish  Cod. 

inhabiting  the  northern  seas. 
eoD'Di/E,r.  i.  [-E D  ;  -ing.]  [Prob. 
fr.  Lat.  coquere ,  to  cook.]  1.  To  par¬ 
boil.  2.  To  treat  with  tenderness. 
Code,  n.  [Lat.  codex ,  or  caudex ,  stock 
of  a  tree,  tablet  of  wood,  hence,  book, 
writing.]  A  collection,  system,  or 
digest  of  laws. 

So’dex,  n. ;  pi.  eoD'i-pEg.  [Lat. 

See  Code.]  A  manuscript ;  a  code. 
CoD'GER.n.  [Either  from  A.-S  codd, 
scrip,  bag,  or  a  corruption  of  cot¬ 
tager.]  A  covetous  or  mean  person  ; 
a  rustic  ;  a  clown  ;  a  miser. 
God'I-^il,  n.  [Lat.  codicillu. s,  dim. 

of  codex.]  A  supplement  to  a  will. 
Go7Di-Fl~eA/TiON,  n.  Act  of  reducing 
laws  to_a  code  or  system. 

Go'di-fy,  v.  t.  -ED; -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
codex,  code,  and  facere,  to  make.]  To 
reduce  to  a  code,  as  laws. 

God'lin,  1  n.  A  kind  of  cooking 
God'ling,  )  apple.  [ciency. 

Go7-ef-fPcien-cy,  n.  Joint  effi- 
Go'-ef-fPcient  (-flsh'ent,  63),  a. 
Acting  in  union  to  the  same  end.  — ■ 
n.  1.  That  which  unites  in  action 
with  something  else.  2.  A  number 


75 

put  before  letters  or  quantities,  to 
show  how  often  they  are  to  be  taken. 

CG£'LI-A€,  I  a.  [Lat.  cceliacus,  Gr. 

(Je'LI-A€ ,  )  koiAuxkos,  from  koiAux, 
belly.]  Pertaining  to  the  belly,  or  to 
the  intestinal  canal. 

Go-emp'tion  (82),  n.  [Lat.  coernptio, 
fr.  con  and  emere ,  to  buy.]  Act  of 
purchasing  the  whole  quantity. 

Go-e'QUAL,  a.  Of  the  same  rank, 
dignity,  or  power.  —  n.  One  who  is 
equal  to  another. 

Gcv-E-QUAI/I-TY,  n.  Equality  in 
rank,  dignity,  or  power. 

Go-Er^e'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  coercere,  fr.  con  and  arcere,  to 
shut  up.]  To  restrain  by  force  ;  to 
constrain  ;  to  repress. 

Syn.  —  To  compel.  —  Coerce  had  at 
first  only  the  negative  sense  of  checking 
or  restraining  by  force,  as,  to  coerce  sub-  | 
jects  within  the  bounds  of  law  ;  it  has 
now  also  gained  a  positive  sense,  that  of 
driving  forward  or  compelling,  as,  to  co¬ 
erce  the  performance  of  a  contract. 

Go-Er'ci-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being, 
or  deserviug  to  be,  coerced. 

Go-Er'cion  (14,  63),  n.  Act  or  pro¬ 
cess  of  compelling ;  restraint. 

Go-Er'^ive,  a.  Compelling  ;  com¬ 
pulsory.  [the  same  essence. 

Go7-es-_sen'tial,  a.  Partaking  of 

Go7e-ta'ne-oEs,  a.  [Lat.  coxtaneus, 
from  con  and  xtas,  age.]  Of  the  same 
age  ;  beginning  to  exist  at  the  same 
time.  [nal. 

Go7-e-tEr'nal  (14),  a.  Equally  eter- 

G67-e-tEr'ni-ty,  n.  Equal  eternity 
with  another. 

Go-E'VAL,  a.  [Lat.  coxvus ,  fr.  xvum, 
life-time,  age.]  Of  the  same  age.  — 
n.  One  of  the  same  age. 

G57-ex-Yst',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
exist  at  the  same  time. 

GcP-ex-ist'enc^e,  n.  Existence  at 
the  same  time  with  another. 

Go/-ex-Yst'ent,  a.  Existing  at  the 
same  time  with  another. 

Go7-EX-TEND',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  extend  through  the  same  space 
with  another.  [sion. 

GcP-ex-TEN'sion,  n.  Equal  exten- 

G67-EX-TEN'SIVE,  a.  Equally  ex¬ 
tensive. 

Gof'fee,  n.  [Ar. 
qaliuah,  or  qahorh, 
which  the  Turks 
pronounce  qaliveh, 
wine,  coffee.]  1. 

The  berries  of  a 
tree  growing  in  the 
warm  climates  of 
Asia  and  America. 

2.  A  drink  made  from  the  roasted 
berry  of  the  coffee-tree. 

Gof'fee-house,  n.  A  house  of  en¬ 
tertainment.  [grinding  coffee. 

Gof'fee-MJLL,  n.  A  small  mill  for 

Gof'fee-pot,  n.  A  covered  pot  in 
which  coffee  is  boiled. 

Gof'fer,  n.  [Gr.  ko^hvos,  basket.]  1. 
A  chest  for  money.  2.  A  hollow 
work  across  a  dry  moat.  —  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  place  In  a  coffer. 

Gof'fer-dam,  n.  A  water-tight  box 
of  timber  used  in  laying  the  founda- 


COGNOVIT 

tion  of  piers  and  abutments  in  deep 
water. 

G&f'fin,  n.  [See  Coffer.]  1.  The 
case  in  which  a  dead  human  body  is 
inclosed.  2.  Hollow  part  of  a  horse’s 
hoof.  3.  (Print.)  A  wooden  frame 
inclosing  the  stone  on  which  forms 
are  imposed.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
inclose  in  a  coffin. 

Gof'FLE  (koFfl),  n.  [Ar.  kafala , 
caravan.]  A  gang  of  slaves  going  to 
market. 

Gog,  v.  t.  [-ged  ;  -ging.]  [Cf.  Coax.] 
1.  To  wheedle ;  to  deceive.  2.  To 
thrust  in,  by  deception.  3.  To  fur¬ 
nish  with  cogs.  —  v.  i.  To  deceive  ; 
to  cheat ;  to  wheedle.  —  n.  [Cf.  W. 
cog,  a  short  piece  of  wood,  cog  of  a 
wheel.]  A  projection  on  a  wheel,  by 
which  it  receives  or  imparts  motion. 

Go'gen-^y,  n.  Power  of  constrain¬ 
ing  ;  urgency ;  force. 

Go'GENT,  a.  [Lat.  cogens,  p.  pr.  of 
cogere,  to  force.]  Having  great  force ; 
not  easily  resisted. 

Syn. —  Forcible;  powerful;  weighty. 

Gog'I-ta-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
made  the  subject  of  thought. 

GogPi-tate,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
cogitare,  to  think,  from  con  and  agi- 
tare,  to  agitate.]  To  engage  in  con¬ 
tinuous  thought ;  to  reflect. 

GogG-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  thinking; 
thought1;  meditation;  contemplation. 

Gog'i-ta'tive,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  power  of  thinking.  2.  Given  to 
thought ;  contemplative. 

Gog'nate,  a.  [Lat.  cognatus,  fr.  con 
and  gnatus,  p.  p.  of  nasci,  anciently 
gnasci,  to  be  born.]  1.  Allied  by 
blood  or  birth.  2.  Kindred  in  origin, 
formation,  &c.  — n.  One  of  a  num¬ 
ber  of  things  allied  in  origin. 

Gog-na'tion,  n.  1.  Relation  by 
descent  from  the  same  original ; 
kindred.  2.  Participation  of  the 
same  nature. 

Gog-nPtion  (-nish'un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
knowing,  by  any  means.  2.  An  ob¬ 
ject  known. 

Gog'ni-za-ble  (kog/ni-za-bl  or  kon7- 
T-za-bl),  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
known.  2.  Fitted  to  be  a  subject  of 
judicial  investigation. 

Gog'ni-zance  (kog7ni-  or  kon7!-),  n. 
1.  Knowledge  or  notice.  2.  Judicial 
knowledge  or  jurisdiction.  3.  Ac¬ 
knowledgment  or  confession.  4.  A 
badge  worn  by  a  retainer  or  depend¬ 
ent. 

Gog'ni-ZANT  (kfig'nl-zant  or  kSnG- 
zant),  a.  Having  knowledge. 

Gog'NI-zee'  (kog'-  or  kSn7-),  n.  One 
to  whom  a  fine  of  land  is  acknowl¬ 
edged. 

Gog'ni-ZOR'  (kog7-  or  Icon7-),  n ■  One 
who  acknowledges  the  right  of  the 
plaintiff  in  a  fine  ;  the  defendant. 

So  G--N  o'  MEN ,  n.  [Lat.]  A  surname: 
family  name  of  an  individual  among 
the  ancient  Romans. 

Gog-nom'i-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
surname.  [ing  known. 

Gog-nos'CI-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

£oo-no'vit,  n.  [Lat.,  lie  acknowl- 

G,  hard;  a§;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  thi-4* 


Or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €, 


COLLISION 


COG-WHEEL  76 


edges  ]  An  acknowledgment  by  a 
defendant  of  the  justice  of  a  plaint¬ 
iffs  claim.  [or  teeth. 

€og'-wheel,  n.  A  wheel  with  cogs 
GO-HAB'IT,  V.  ?.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  Lat. 
cokabitare,  from  con  and  habitare ,  to 
dwell.]  To  live  together  as  husband 
and  wife. 

GO-habQt-a'TION,  n.  State  of  liv¬ 
ing  together  as  man  and  wife. 
Go-heir'  (ko-Sir7,  13),  n.  A  joint- 
heir.  [heiress. 

Go-HgiR'ESS  (ko-ar/es),  n.  A  joint- 
€o-here',  d.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
cohxrere,  from  con  and  lixrere ,  to 
stick,  adhere.]  1.  To  stick  together. 
2.  To  follow  regularly  in  the  natural 
order. 

Go-her'en^e,  1  n.  1.  A  sticking  or 
€o-her'en-((:y,  j  cleaving  together. 
2.  Suitable  connection  or  depend¬ 
ence. 

€o-her'ekt,  a.  1.  Sticking  together. 

2.  Consistent.  [manner. 

Co-HER'ENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  coherent 
Go-he'§ion,  n.  [See  Cohere.]  1. 
Act  of  sticking  together.  2.  A  state 
of  connection  or  dependence. 
Go-he'sive,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
sticking.  [ing  cohesive. 

€o-he's!ve-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be- 
G5'h6rt,«.  [Lat.  cohors.  See  COURT.] 

1.  [Rom.  Antiq.)  A  body  of  about 
five  or  six  hundred  soldiers.  2.  Any 
band  of  warriors. 

•COIF,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  Jcuppa,  Icuppha , 
miter.]  A  covering  for  the  head  ;  a 
cap.  [dress. 

Goif'fure,  n.  [See  Coif.]  A  head- 
Coigne  (koin),  n.  [See  Quoin.]  1. 
An  external  angle ;  a  corner-stone. 

2.  A  wedge. 

Coil,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  collig- 
ere ,  from  con  and  legere,  to  gather.] 
To  wind  in  rings,  as  a  rope.  — n. 
Ring,  or  rings,  into  which  a  rope  or 
other  like  thing  is  wound. 

Coin,  «.  [Lat.  cuneus ,  wedge.]  1.  A 
corner  or  external  angle.  2.  A  piece 
of  metal  stamped,  making  it  legally 
current  as  money.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  stamp  and  convert 
into  money.  2.  To  make  or  fabricate. 
CoiN'AGE,  n.  1.  Act  of  coining.  2. 
Money  coined.  3.  Formation;  in¬ 
vention  ;  fabrication. 

CO/IN-gIDE',  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  coincidere,  fr.  Lat.  con  and  inci- 
dere,  to  fall  on.]  1.  To  fall  together ; 
to  agree  in  position.  2.  To  corre¬ 
spond  ;  to  be  identical. 
Co-in'^i-den^e,  n.  Act  or  result  of 
coinciding ;  agreement ;  concurrence. 
Co-in'^i-dent,  a.  Having  coinci¬ 
dence;  agreeing;  corresponding. 
Coin'er,  n.  1.  One  who  makes  coin. 
2.  An  inventor. 

Co-Rtion  (-IslPun),  n.  [Lat.  coitio, 
fr.  coire ,  to  come  together.]  Sexual 
intercourse. 

C5ke,  n.  [Akin  to  cook  and  cake.~\ 
Mineral  coal  charred. 

Gol'AN-der,  n.  [Lat.  colum,  a  strain¬ 
er.  ]  A  vessel  with  little  holes  in  the 
bottom  for  straining  liquors. 

A,  E,  I,  5,  u,  y,  Ion 


Gold,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  cald, 
ceald ,  Icel.  caldr ,  from  Icel.  kala ,  to 
blow  cold.]  Wanting  warmth,  phys¬ 
ical  or  moral. 

Syn. —  Bleak;  frigid:  chill;  indiffer¬ 
ent  ;  spiritless  ;  reserved  ;  coy. 

—  n.  1.  Absence  of  warmth.  2.  Sen¬ 
sation  of  chilliness  or  chillness.  3.  A 
disorder  produced  by  cold  ;  a  catarrh. 

Gold'-blood'ed  (-bifid7-),  a.  With¬ 
out  sensibility  ;  hard-hearted. 

Gold'ly,  adv.  In  a  cold  manner. 

Gold'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  cold. 

Gole,  n.  [Lat.  colis,  caulis,  Gr.  uav- 
Ao? ,  stalk  of  a  plant,  cabbage-stalk, 
cabbage.]  A  plant  of  the  cabbage 
family. 

Go7le-op'ter-al,  1  a.  [Gr.  Ko\eon- 

G67le-6p'ter-o0s,  )  repo?,  sheath¬ 
winged.]  Having  wings  covered  with 
a  case  or  sheath,  as  the  beetles. 

Gole'-wort  (-wfirt),  n.  A  cabbage 
cut  young. 

Gol'IG,  n.  [Gr.  kcoAiki)  (sc.  duxdecrts, 
state,  illness),  from  its  being  seated 
in  the  colon  and  parts  adjacent.]  An 
acute  pain  in  the  abdomen  or  bowels. 

Gol'ick-y,  a.  Pertaining  to  colic. 

Gol7i-se'um,  n.  See  Colosseum. 

Gol-lab'o-ra/tor,  n.  [From  Lat. 
collaborare ,  fr.  con  and  laborare,  to  la¬ 
bor.]  An  associate  in  labor ;  a  co¬ 
worker  ;  an  assistant. 

Gol-lapse',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
collabi ,  collapsum ,  from  con  and  labi, 
to  fall,  slide.]  To  fall  together  sud¬ 
denly,  as  the  sides  of  a  hollow  ves¬ 
sel. —  n.  1.  A  filling  together  sud¬ 
denly.  2.  A  sudden  failing  of  the 
vital  powers. 

Gol-lap'sion,  n.  A  state  of  falling 
together,  or  shrinking  up. 

Gol'lar,  n.  [Lat.  collum ,  neck.]  1. 
Something  worn  round  the  neck.  2. 
A  ring  or  cincture. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  seize  by  the  collar.  2. 
To  put  a  collar  on. 

Gol'lar-bone,  n.  The  clavicle;  a 
bone  shaped  like  the  markc— -d,  con¬ 
necting  the  breast-bone  and  the 
shoulder-blade. 

Gol-late',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing].  [Lat. 
conferee,  collatum ,  fr.  con  and  ferre, 
latum,  to  bear.]  1.  To  compare  crit¬ 
ically.  2.  To  see  that  the  signatures 
run  consecutively,  as  of  sheets  gath¬ 
ered  for  binding.  3.  To  present  and 
institute  in  a  benefice. 

Gol-lat'er-al,  a.  [L.  Lat.  collater- 
alis,  fr.  con  and  lateralis,  lateral.]  1. 
Subordinately  connected  ;  indirect. 
2.  Descending  from  the  same  ances¬ 
tor,  but  not  one  from  the  other.  — n. 
1.  A  collateral  relation.  2.  Security 
in  addition  to  a  principal  promise  or 
bond. 

GOL-LAT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  collat¬ 
eral  manner  or  relation. 

Gol-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  bringing 
together  and  comparing.  2.  Act  of 
conferring  or  bestowing.  3.  Presen¬ 
tation  of  a  clergyman  to  a  benefice 
by  a  bishop.  4.  An  unceremonious 
repast  or  lunch.  [collation. 

Gol-la'tive,  a.  Passing  or  held  by 


Gol-la'tor,  n.  One  who  collates. 

Gol'lkague,  n.  [Lat.  collega,  one 
chosen  at  the  same  time  with  anoth¬ 
er.]  One  united  with  another  in 
some  office  ;  a  partner  or  associate. 

GOL-LE€T',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
colligere,  collect fr.  con  and  legere, 
to  gather.]  1.  To  gather  ;  to  bring 
together.  2.  To  infer  as  a  conse¬ 
quence. —  v.  i.  1.  To  accumulate 
2.  To  infer;  to  conclude,  [sive  prayer. 

Gol'lect,  n.  A  short,  comprehem 

-Col'  LE€-TA'NE-A,  n.  pi.  [Lat., 
things  collected.]  Passages  selected 
from  various  authors. 

G6l7LE€-ta/ne-ous,  a.  Collected. 

Gol-lect'ed,  a.  Self-possessed ; 
cool ;  composed. 

Gol-lect'ed-ness,  n.  A  self-pos¬ 
sessed  state  of  the  mind,  [ing  collected. 

Gol-lect'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

Gol-lec'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  collect¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  is  collected.  3- 
A  contribution. 

Syn.  —  An  assembly  ;  assemblage  ; 
group  ;  crowd  ;  meeting  ;  mabs  ;  heap  ; 
compilation  ;  selection. 

GoL-LE€T'i'VE,  a.  1.  Formed  by 
gathering.  2.  Deducing  conse¬ 
quences.  3.  Expressing  an  aggre¬ 
gate  of  individuals.  [or  body. 

Gol-legt'ive-i.y,  adv.  In  a  mass 

Gol-leut'or,  n.  1.  One  who  collects 
or  gathers.  2.  An  officer  to  collect 
duties,  taxes,  or  toll. 

Gol-lect'or-siiip,  [  n.  Office  of  a 

Gol-lect'or-ate,  j  collector  of 
customs  or  taxes. 

Gol'lege  (47),  n.  [Lat.  collegium, 
fr.  colligere ,  to  collect.]  1.  A  collec¬ 
tion  or  society  of  men.  2.  An  estab¬ 
lishment  for  students  who  are  acquir¬ 
ing  the  languages  and  sciences. 

Gol-le'gi-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a  col¬ 
lege.  _  [college. 

Gol-le'gi-An,  n.  A  member  of  a 

Gol-le'gi-ate,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  a  college.  — n.  A  mem¬ 
ber  of  a  college. 

Gol'let,  n.  [Lat.  collum,  neck.] 
That  part  of  a  ring  in  which  the 
stone  is  set. 

Gol-lide',  v.  i.  [Lat.  colli d er e ,fr.  con 
and  Ixdere,  to  strike.]  To  strike  or 
dash  against  each  other. 

Goll'ier  (kol7yer),  n.  [From  coal.\ 
1.  A  digger  of  coal.  2.  A  dealer  in 
coal.  3.  A  vessel  employed  iu  the 
coal  trade.  [coal  is  dug. 

Goll'ier- Y  (kol7yer-),  n.  Place  where 

G6l7li-ma/tion,  n.  [Lat.  collimare, 
to  aim,  for  collineare ,  fr.  con  and  lin¬ 
ear  e,  fr.  linea,  line.]  Act  of  leveling 
or  of  directing  the  sight  to  a  fixed 
object. 

Gol'li-ma7tor,  n.  A  telescope  to 
determine  errors  of  collimation. 

Gol-l!n'gual  (-lnjg7gwal,  82),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  same  language. 

Gol-l'i'q7ue-fa€'tion,  n.  [Lat.  col- 
liquefacere ,  to  melt,  from  con  and  li¬ 
quor  e,  to  be  liquid,  and  facere,  to 
make.]  A  melting  of  different  bodies 
into  one  mass. 

GoL-Lig'ioN,  n.  [See  Collide.]  1. 


g;  a,  6,  0,  y,  short;  care,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son, 


COLLOCATE 


77 


COMBINE 


A  striking  together,  as  of  two  hard 
bodies.  2.  A  state  of  opposition. 

Syn. —  Conflict;  clashing;  encounter. 
COL'LO-OATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  collocare ,  from  con  and  locare, 
to  place.  ]  To  set  or  place  ;  to  station. 
€ol/lo-€A/tion,  71.  1.  Act  of 

placing.  2.  State  of  being  placed,  or 
placed  with  something  else. 
GOL-LO'DI-ON,  71.  [Gr.  KoWa,  glue.] 
A  strongly  adhesive  solution  of  gun¬ 
cotton  in  ether. 

Gol'lop,  ti.  [Gr.  /coAou^os,  buffet, 
cuff.]  1.  A  small  slice  of  meat.  2. 
A  piece  of  any  thing. 
€ol-lo'qui-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
common  conversation. 
€ol-lo'qui-al-i§m,  ti.  A  colloquial 
form  of  expression. 

€ol-lo'Qui-al-ly,  adv.  By  mutual 
conversation.  [alogue. 

€ol'lo-quist,  ti.  A  speaker  in  a  di- 
■Coi/LO-QUY,  ti.  [Lat.  colloquium ,  fr. 
coUoqui ,  to  converse.]  Mutual  dis¬ 
course  of  two  or  more. 

Syn.  —  Conference;  dialogue. 
€OL-LUDE',r.!.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
colludere,  fr.  com  and  ludere,  to  play.] 
To  conspire  in  a  fraud ;  to  act  in 
concert. 

•Gol-lu'ssion,  ti.  A  secret  agreement 
and  co-operation  for  a  fraudulent 
purpose. 

Syn.  —  Connivance.  —  In  connivance , 
one  overlooks  and  thus  sanctions  what 
he  was  bound  to  prevent  ;  in  collusion , 
he  unites  with  others  for  fraudulent  pur¬ 
poses.  The  connivance  of  public  men  at 
what  is  wrong  is  often  the  result  of  the 
basest  collusion. 

Col-lu'sIve,  a.  Fraudulently  con¬ 
certed  ;  deceitful. 

€ol-lu's1ve-ly,  adv.  By  collusion. 
■eoL-LU'sfVE-NESS,  ti.  The  quality 
of  being  collusive. 

•Gol-lu'so-ry,  a.  Characterized  by 
collusion :  collusive. 

•Col-lu'vi- e$,  ti.  sing.  &  pi.  [Lat., 
from  con  and  hiere,  to  wash.]  A 
mixed  mass  of  refuse  matter ;  filth. 
Col'ly,  n.  [From  coal.]  The  black 
grime  of  coal  or  burnt  wood.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  To  render  black, 
as  if  with  coal  smut. 

€o-l6gne'  (ko-lonO,^.  A  perfumed 
liquid  used  in  the  toilet ;  —  originally 
made  in  Cologne. 

•00'LON,  n.  [Gr.  /ctoAov.]  1.  Largest 
of  the  large  intestines.  2.  A  point 
[:],  marking  a  pause  greater  than 
a  semicolon. 

Colonel  (kur/nel),  n.  [Fr.  colonel, 
Sp.  coronel ,  from  Lat.  columtia,  col¬ 
umn.]  Chief  commander  of  a  regi¬ 
ment  of  troops. 

Colonel- <^y  1  (kfir'nel-),  n.  Office, 

Colonel-shIp  )  rank,  or  com¬ 
mission  of  a  colonel. 

Co-LO'Ni-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  col¬ 
ony.  [colony. 

Col'o-nistl  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a 
COL'O-NI-ZA'TION,  Ti.  Act  of  colo¬ 
nizing,  or  s_tate  of  being  colonized. 
Col/o-ni-z ACTION -1st,  n.  A  friend 
to  colonization. 


plant  a  colony  in  . —  v.  i.  To  remove 
and  settle  in  a  distant  country. 
Col'on-nade',  n.  [It.  colonna ,  Lat. 
columna,  column.]  A  series  of  col¬ 
umns  placed  at  regular  intervals. 
Col'o-ny,  ti.  [Lat.  colonia,  fr.  colo- 
7ius ,  farmer.]  1.  A  company  trans¬ 
planted  to  a  remote  country,  and  re¬ 
maining  subject  to  the  parent  state. 
2.  The  country  colonized. 
Col'o-PHON,  n.  [Gr.  ko Ao<£i£v,  sum¬ 
mit,  top,  finishing  stroke.]  An  in¬ 
scription  on  the  last  page  of  old  books, 
containing  the  place  or  year  of  its 
publication,  &c. 

COL'O-PHO'NY,  or  Co-LOPH'O-NY, 
n.  [From  Colophon.]  The  dark-col¬ 
ored  resin  obtained  by  the  distilla¬ 
tion  of  turpentine. 

C6l'or  (kfiPur),  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A 
property  of  light,  in  consequence  of 
which  differences  in  the  appearance 
of  objects  are  apprehended  by  the 
vision.  2.  Any  hue  or  tint  as  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  white.  3.  Paint ; 
pigments.  4.  False  show  ;  pretense. 
5.  pi.  A  flag,  ensign,  or  standard.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  change  the 
hue  or  tint  of ;  to  dye.  2.  To  palliate  ; 
to  excuse. — v.  i.  To  turn  red;  to 
blush. 

<3ol'or-a-BLE,  a.  Designed  to  cover 
or  conceal ;  specious  ;  plausible. 
€6l'or-a-bly,  adv.  Speciously  ; 

plausibly.  [of  coloring. 

COl'or-A'tion,  n.  Act  or  practice 
€ol'orf:d  (kGFurd),  a.  1.  Having 
color.  2.  Having  a  specious  or  plausi¬ 
ble  appearance. 

Colored  people,  black  people ;  negroes, 
mulattoes,  &c. 

Col'or-If'io  (k«F-),  a.  [Lat.  color , 
and  facere ,  to  make.]  Communi¬ 
cating  or  producing  color. 
€6l'or-!st,  n.  One  who  excels  in 
giving  color  to  his  designs. 
€6l'or-less,  a.  Destitute  of  color. 
€o-los'sal,  1  a.  Of  enor- 

■Gol^s-se'an  (124),  j  mous  size  ; 

gigantic.  [Vespasian  in  Rome. 

■Col'os-se'um,  n.  Amphitheater  of 
€o-l6s'sus,  n. ;  LcU.  pi.  eo-Los'Sl; 
Eng.pl.  €0-l5s'sus-e§.  [Lat. ;  Gr. 
koAoctctos.]  A  gigantic  statue. 
€)6l'port-a6e,  n.  Distribution  of 
religious  books,  tracts,  &c.,by  col¬ 
porteurs. 

€Jol'port-eur,  1  n.  [Fr.  colporteur, 
■Gol'port-er,  j  fr.  col,  neck,  and 
porter,  to  carry.]  One  who  peddles 
religious  tracts  and  books. 
€ol'staff  (6),  n.  [Lat.  collum, 
neck,  and  Eng.  staff.]  A  staff  for 
carrying  burdens  by  two  persons  on 
their  shoulders. 

€5lt  (20),  7i.  [A.-S,,prob.  akin  to 
collen,  swelling,  audacious.]  Young 
of  the  horse  kind.  ■■ 

Col'ter  1  (20),  n.  [Lat.  cul-  11 
€oul'ter  )  ter,  fr.  colere,  to 
cultivate.]  Sharp  fore  iron  I 
of  a  plow.  [frisky.  M 

Oolt'isil  a.  Like  a  colt;  JW 
€ol'u-brine,  a.  [Lat.  colu-  /s 
brinus ,  from  coluber,  serpent.]  Colter. 


Relating  to  serpents  ;  cunning; 
crafty. 

€ol'um-ba-ry,  n.  [Lat.  columbari¬ 
um,  fr.  colurnba,  dove.]  A  dove-cot; 
a  pigeon-house. 

Co-lOm'bi-ad,  7i.  [From  Columbia , 
or  the  United  States.]  A  species  of 
heavy  cannon. 

■GolHtm-bine,  n.  [Lat.  columbinus , 
dove-like,  fr.  colurnba,  dove  ;  —  from 
the  beak-like  spurs  of  its  flowers.]  A 
genus  of  plants. 

ColT-mel'la,  n.  [Lat.,  dim.  of  col¬ 
umen,  columna ,  column.]  An  axis 
to  which  a  carpel  of  a  compound  pis-’ 
til  may  be  attached. 

Gol'umn  (koFum),  n.  [Lat.  columna, 
fr.  cellere,  Gr.  Ke'AAeiv,  to  urge,  ex¬ 
tend  upward.]  1.  A  cylindrical  sup¬ 
port  for  a  roof,  ceiling,  &c.  ;  a  pillar. 
2.  Any  upright,  cylindrical  body.  3. 
A  body  of  troops  in  files  with  a  nar¬ 
row  front.  4.  ( Naut .)  A  body  of 
ships  arranged  in  a  line.  6.  A  per¬ 
pendicular  set  of  lines. 

Co-lum'nar,  a.  Formed  in  columns  ; 
having  the  form  of  columns. 

€o-lure',  7i. ;  pi.  € o-LUREg'.  [Gr. 
xoAovpos,  dock- tailed  :  —  so  named 
because  a  part  is  always  beneath  the 
horizon.]  One  of  two  great  circles 
intersecting  at  right  angles  in  the 
poles  of  the  equator. 

-Co'ma,  n.  [Gr.  ttu>pa,  lethargy.]  A 
morbid  propensity  to  sleep  ;  lethargy. 

€o'mate,  a.  [Lat.  comatus,  fr.  coma, 
hair.]  Hairy. 

■Co'ma-tose'’,  I  a.  Relating  to  coma ; 

€o'ma-toOs,  )  drowsy  ;  lethargic. 

Comb  (k5m),  n.  [Prob.  fr.  A.-S.  camb , 
a  valley  or  hollow.]  The  cells  in 
which  bees  store  their  honey. 

Comb  (k5m,  20),  n.  [A.-S.  camb,  Icel. 
kambr.]  1.  An  instrument  for  sepa¬ 
rating  and  adjusting  hair,  wool,  &c. 
2.  Crest  on  a  cock’s  head.  3.  Top, 
or  crest,  of  a  wave.  —  v.t.  [-eb; 
-ING.]  To  disentangle,  cleanse,  and 
adjust.  — v.  i.  To  break  with  a  white 
foam . 

CoM'BAT,  V.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
combattre,  from  com  and  battre ,  to 
strike,  beat.]  To  struggle  or  con¬ 
tend,  as  with  an  opposing  force.  — 
v.  t.  To  fight  with ;  to  contend 
against.  — n.  1.  A  struggle  to  resist 
or  conquer.  2.  A  military  engage¬ 
ment  of  no  great  magnitude. 

Single  combat,  a  combat  with  one  on 
either  side;  a  duel. 

Com'bat-ant,  a.  Contending  ;  dis¬ 
posed  to  contend.  —  n.  One  who  en¬ 
gages  in  combat. 

CoM'bat-Ive,  a.  Disposed  to  combat. 

Com'bat-Iye-ness,  n.  Disposition 
to  contend. 

Comb'er  (konFer),  n.  1.  One  who 
combs.  2.  A  long,  curling  wave. 

Com-bin/A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  com¬ 
bining. 

Com'bi-na'tion,  n.  1.  Close  union  or 
connection.  2.  Alliance. 

Syn.  — Cabal;  confederacy;  coalition. 

€OM-BlNE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  combinare,  fr.  com, for  con,  and 


€ol'o-n!ze,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  e,i,o,  silent;  q,&,soft;  c,  g,  hard ;  Ag ;  ejcist;  u  as  ng  ;  this. 


COMBINER 

binus,  pi.  bini,  two  and  two,  double.] 
To  unite  or  join. —  v.  i.  1.  To  form 
a  union.  2.  To  unite  by  affinity. 
Com-bin'er,  n.  One  who  combines. 
€om-bOs'ti-ble,  a.  [From  Lat.  com- 
bur  ere ,  combustus ,  from  com,  for  con, 
and  bure.re,  to  burn.]  1.  Capable  of 
taking  fire;  inflammable.  2.  Irasci¬ 
ble.  —  n.  A  substance  that  will  take 
fire  and  burn. 

■Gom-bOs'ti-ble-ness,  )  n.  Quality 
€om-bOs/ti-bjx,'i-ty,  j  of  being 
combustible. 

€om-bi)s'tion  (-bttst'yun),  n.  A  tak¬ 
ing  fire  and  burning ;  conflagration. 
€ome  (kOm,  57),  v.  i.  [imp.  came  ; 
p.  p.  come.]  [A.-S.  cuman ,  for 
cviman,  Goth,  qviman .]  1.  To  draw 
near  ;  to  approach.  2.  To  arrive  at 
some  state  or  condition ;  to  occur ; 
to  happen.  3.  To  become  manifest 
or  evident ;  to  appear. 

€o-me'di-an,  n.  An  actor  in  comedy. 
€om'E-dy,  n.  [Gr.  KuipmSCa,  from  ku>- 
/u.os,  a  festal  procession,  an  ode  sung 
at  this  procession,  and  aeCSeiv,  to 
sing.]*  A  light  and  amusing  dramat¬ 
ic  composition. 

€ome'li-ness  (kfim'li-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  comely  ;  gracefulness. 
€ome'ly  (kum'ly),  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST, 
142.]  [From  come,  in  the  sense  of 
become ,  to  suit  or  be  suitable.]  Hand¬ 
some  ;  graceful ;  well-proportioned. 
Gom'er,  n.  One  who  comes,  or  who 
has  come. 

€om'ET,  n.  [Gr.  Koprjrqs,  long¬ 
haired,  from  Kopri,  hair.]  A  member 
of  the  solar  system,  usually  moving 
in  a  very  eccentric  orbit,  and  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  nucleus,  an  envelop,  and 
a  tail. 

€om'ET-a-RY,  )  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
€o-MET'ie,  J  resembling  a  comet. 
fJoM'ET-OG'RA-PHYjJl.  [Gr.  ko/uujttjs, 
comet,  and  ypd<j>eiv,  to  write.]  A 
description  or,  or  a  treatise  on  comets. 
€6m'fit,  )  n.  [Lat.  conft- 

€6m'fit-ure  (53),  (  cere,  to  pre¬ 
pare.]  A  dry  sweetmeat. 
€om'FORT  (kihn'furt),  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  confortare ,  fr.  con  and 
fortis ,  strong.]  To  relieve  or  cheer 
under  affliction  or  depression.  —  n. 
1.  Strength  and  relief  received  under 
affliction.  2.  A  state  of  quiet  enjoy¬ 
ment,  or  whatever  contributes  to  it. 
3.  A  wadded  quilt.  [Amer.] 

.Syn.—  Consolation;  solace.—  Consola¬ 
tion  supposes  some  definite  and  pretty 
severe  affliction,  as,  a  friend  consoles  un¬ 
der  bereavement;  comfort  may  refer  to 
lighter  evils  or  continuous  trials,  as,  the 
comfort  of  love,  comforts  of  old  age.  Sol¬ 
ace  is  a  thing  we  make  or  find  for  our¬ 
selves,  as,  the  solace  of  books,  society,  &c. 

€6m'fort-a-ble,  a.  Affording  or 
enjoying  comfort. — n.  A  heavy, 
quilted  coverlet.  [Amer.] 
€6m'fort-a-ble-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  comfortable. 

■Com'fort-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  give  comfort. 

€6m'fort-er,  n.  1.  One  who  com¬ 
forts.  2.  The  Holy  Spirit.  3.  A  knit 
woolen  tippet.  4.  A  wadded  quilt. 


78 

€6m'fort-less,  a.  Without  com¬ 
fort  ;  miserable. 

€om'frey,  n.  [Lat.  conferva.]  A 
genus  of  plants  used  in  medicine. 
€om'ie,  a.  1.  Relating  to  comedy.  2. 

Fitted  to  excite  merriment. 
fSoM'lG-AL,  a.  Exciting  mirth  ;  laugh¬ 
able. 

Syn. —  Droll;  diverting;  ludicrous. 
€om/I€-al'i-ty,  n.  That  which  is 
comical;  something  ludicrous. 
€om'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  comical 
manner ;  ludicrously.  [comical. 
€om'I€-al-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
€o-mi'tial  (ko-mislPal),  a.  [Lat. 
comitia,  popular  assembly,  fr.  comire, 
to  come  together.]  1.  Relating  to  the 
popular  assemblies  of  the  Romans. 
2.  Pertaining  to  assemblies  of  the 
people. 

€om'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  comitas,  fr.  comis, 
affable.]  Courtesy  of  intercourse. 
€om'ma,  n.  [Gr.  Koppa,  segment, 
clause  ;  /co7TTetv,  to  cut  off.]  A  char¬ 
acter  [,]  marking  the  smallest  gram¬ 
matical  division  of  a  sentence. 
€om-mand'  (6),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  con  and  mandare ,  to  commit 
to,  to  command.]  1.  To  order  with 
authority.  2.  To  exercise  supreme 
authority  over.  3.  To  have  within  a 
sphere  of  influence,  control,  or  vision. 

Syn.— To  bid;  order;  direct;  charge; 
govern  ;  lead;  overlook  ;  challenge. 

—  v.  i.  To  have  or  exercise  supreme 
authority.  —  n.  1.  An  authoritative 
order.  2.  Exercise  of  authority.  3. 
Ability  to  overlook,  control,  or  watch. 
4.  A  body  of  troops  under  a  partic¬ 
ular  officer. 

Com'man-dant',  n.  [Fr.,  from  com¬ 
mander,  to  command.]  A  command¬ 
ing  officer. 

€om-mand'er,  n.  1.  Chief  officer  of 
an  army,  or  of  any  division  of  it.  2. 
An  officer  next  above  a  lieutenant. 
■Gom-mAnd'ing,  a.  Fitted  to  impress 
or  control. 

Syn. — Authoritative;  imperative. 
€Jom-mAnd'ment,  n.  An  order  given 
by  authority  ;  charge  ;  precept. 
■GoM-MEAg'UR-A-BLE  (-mezh'ur),  a. 
Reducible  to  the  same  measure ;  com¬ 
mensurate. 

CoM-MEM-o-RA-BLE,  a.  Worthy  to 
be  commemorated. 

€0M-MEM'0-RATE,fi.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  commemorare ,  commemoratus, 
to  remember.]  To  celebrate  with 
honor  and  solemnity. 
COM-MEM'O-RA'TION,?!.  Act  of  call¬ 
ing  to  remembrance  by  some  solem¬ 
nity. 

€om-mem'o-ra-tive,  la.  Tending 
COM-MEM'O-RA-TO-RY,  )  to  pre¬ 
serve  in  remembrance. 
€om-mence',  v.  i.  [-EU ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  com,  for  con,  and  initiare,  to 
begin.]  To  begin;  to  originate. — 
v.  t.  To  enter  upon  ;  to  originate. 
€om-mence'ment,  n.  1.  Rise;  ori¬ 
gin  ;  beginning.  2.  Day  when  de¬ 
grees  are  conferred  by  colleges. 
Com-mEnd',  t.  (,  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
commendare ,  from  cow  and  man- 


COMMISERATE 

dare,  to  commit  to.]  1.  To  intrust 
for  care  or  preservation.  2.  To 
praise.  3.  To  recommend. 

Com-mend'a-ble,  a.  Worthy  of 
being  commended  ;  laudable  ;  praise¬ 
worthy. 

^om-mLniVA-ble-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  commendable. 

Com-mend'a-bly,  adv.  In  a  com* 
mendable  manner. 

€oM/MEN-DA'TlON,n.  1.  Act  of  com¬ 
mending.  2.  A  message  of  affection 
or  respect ;  compliments. 

Syn.  —  Praise;  approbation;  applause. 

€om-mend'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Serving 
to  commend. 

€om-men'su-ra-bil-i-ty  {  (-men/- 

t'OM-MEN'SU-RA-BLE-NESS  j  shlj-), 
n.  Capacity  of  having  a  common 
measure. 

€om-men'su-ra-ble  (-men'shq-),  a. 
[Lat.  com,  for  con ,  and  mensurare ,  to 
measure.]  Having  a  common  meas¬ 
ure. 

-Gom-m£n'stt-rate  (-mSn'shij-),  a.  1. 
Having  a  common  measure.  2.  Equal 
in  measure  or  extent. 

€OM-MEN'SU-RATE,m  t.  [-EDJ-ING.] 
To  reduce  to  a  common  measure. 

€om-men'su-ra'tion,  n.  State  of 
being  commensurate. 

Com'MENT,  y.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
commentari,  to  meditate  upon,  to 
explain.]  To  explain  by  means  of 
remarks,  observations,  or  criticisms. 
—  n.  An  explanatory  or  illustrative 
remark,  observation,  or  criticism; 
annotation. 

€om'men-ta-ry,  n.  A  collection,  or 
book  of  comments. 

Com'men-ta'tor,  n.  One  who  com¬ 
ments  ;  an  annotator.  [ments. 

Com'ment-er,  n.  One  who  com- 

■Gom'MERCE,  n.  [Lat.  commercium , 
fr.  com  and  merx,  mercis,  merchan¬ 
dise.]  1.  Extended  trade  or  traffic; 
2.  Social  or  personal  intercourse ; 
familiarity. 

€om-m£r<je'  (14),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  hold  intercourse  with. 

€om-m£r'CIAL  (14,  €3),  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  engaged  in,  commerce  ; 
mercantile.  [mercial  manner. 

€om-m£r'cial-ly,  adv.  In  a  com- 

■Com'MI-na'tion,  n.  [Lat.  commi- 
natio,  fr.  com,  for  con ,  and  minari , 
to  threaten.]  Denunciation  of  pun¬ 
ishment  or  vengeance. 

-Com-min'a-to-ry,  a.  Threatening 
or  denouncing  punishment. 

COM-MIN'GLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  mingle  together  in  one  mass  ;  to 
blend. — v.  i.  To  mix  or  unite  to¬ 
gether 

€om'mi-nute,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  comminuere ,  comminutum,  fr. 
com,  for  con,  and  minuere,  to  lessen.] 
To  reduce  to  minute  particles  ;  to  pul¬ 
verize. 

€J6m/mi-nu'tion,  n.  Act  of  reducing 
to  small  particles  ;  pulverization. 

COM-Mlg'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[I.at.  commiserari,  commiserates,  fr. 
con  and  miserari,  to  pity.]  To  be 
sorry  for  ;  to  pity  ;  to  compassionate. 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,  Y ,long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  0,  $,  short;  clRE,  far,  Ask, ^LL,  WHAT  ;  £re,  veil,  TERM;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


COMMISERATION  79 

Com-mIs'er-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  com-  2.  Often  met  with.  3.  Not  distin- 
miserating.  guished  by  rank  or  character. 

Syn. —  Pity;  sympathy;  compassion;  Common  council ,  a  representative 

condolence.  council  for  the  government  of  a  city.  — 

OOM-Mi's'ER-A'TOR,  n.  One  who  com-  Common  law,  the  unwritten  law;  the 

n  ico  nr  nities  law  rece'ves  its  binding  force  from 

miseraies,  or  piues.  .  immemorial  usage  and  universal  recep- 

'tOM/jVns-SA,RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  tion,  in  distinction  from  the  written  or 

a  commissary.  statute  law.  —  Common  J'leas,  a  court 

66m'MIS-SA'RI-AT,  n.  1.  A  military  for  trying  civil  actions.  In  the  United 

thn  cnnrvlu  States,  it  sometimes  has  criminal  iuris- 

department  charged  with  the  supply  dictiol],  _  Common  prayer,  the  liturgy 

of  provisions.  2.  Body  of  officers  in  0f  tjle  protestant  Episcopal  church. — 

that  department.  Common  sense,  sound,  practical  judg- 

6oM'MIS-SA-RY,  n.  [L.  Lat.  commissa-  ment;  the  instantaneous  decision  of  un- 

rius  fr.  committere,  to  commit.]  An  perverted  reason. 

officer  having  charge  of  a  special  de-  General;  public;  frequent;  or- 

,  j.  8  f  dinary;  customary;  usual;  familiar;  ha- 

partment,  esp.  that  of  subsistence.  bitual;  vulgar 

6oM'iMIS-SA-RY-SHlP, n.  Office  orem-  _n.  i.  An  uninclosed  tract  of pub- 

ployment  of  a  commissary.  lie  ground.  2.  Right  of  taking  a  profit 

6om-m1s'SION  ( -mlsh/un),  n.  1.  Act  jn  land  of  another. — v.  i.  1. 

of  committing.  2.  A  warrant  com-  To  have  a  joint  right  with  others  in 

mitting  some  charge  to  a  person.  3.  common  ground.  2.  To  board  to- 

A  company  of  persons  joined  in  the  gether.  [mon. 

exercise  of  some  duty.  4.  A  thing  6om'mon-a-bl,e,  a.  Held  in  com- 
to  be  done  as  agent  for  another.  5.  65m'MON-AGE,  n.  Right  of  pastur- 
Allowance  made  to  an  agent.  ing  0n  a  common. 

Syn.— Charge  ;  authority  ;  mandate.  €6m'MON-AL-TY,  ji.  The  common 
—  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  give  a  com-  people;  the  commons, 

mission  to;  to  empower  or  authorize.  €6M'MON-ER,it.  1.  One  not  noble.  2. 
6om-mis'sion-er,  n.  One  who  has  a  A  member  of  the  House  of  Corn- 
commission  to  execute  some  business.  mons.  3.  One  who  has  a  joint  right 

6om-MIS'SURE  (-mishhjr,  95),  n.  A  in  common  ground.  4.  A  student  of 

joint  or  seam  ;  line  of  junction  ;  point  the  second  rank  at  Oxford, 

of  union.  CoM'MON-LY,  adv.  Usually  ;  gener- 

6om-mIt',  v.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  [Lat.  ally  ;  ordinarily  ;  frequently  ;  for  the 

committere,  to  send  to,  toconuect,  to  most  part. 

commit.]  1.  To  give  in  trust.  2.  To  6om'mon-ness  (109),  n.  State  of 
do  ;  to  perform  ;  to  perpetrate.  3.  To  being  common  or  usual, 

pledge  or  bind  ;  —  used  reilexively.  66m'MON-PLAC1'E  ,  a.  Common  ;  trite ; 

6om-mTt'MENT,  n.  Act  of  commit-  hackneyed. — n.  1.  A  general  idea 

ting;  committal.  applicable  to  different  subjects.  2.  A 

€om-M1T'tal,  n.  1.  Act  of  commit-  trite  remark. — v.  t.  To  enter  in  a 

ting.  2.  A  pledge,  actual  or  implied.  commonplace-book,  or  to  reduce  to 

6om-MIT'tee,  n.  [From  commit.]  A  general  heads, 

select  number  of  persons  appointed  66m'mon-plA9E/-bo'ok  (27),  n.  A 
to  attend  to  any  business.  book  in  which  things  to  be  remem- 

€om-m(x',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  bored  are  recorded. 

[Lat .  commiscere,  commixtum,  from  66m'MON2,  n.  pi.  1.  Mass  of  the  peo- 
com,  for  con,  and  miscere ,  to  mix.]  pie.  2.  Lower  house  of  parliament. 

To  mix  or  mingle  ;  to  blend.  3.  Food  at  a  common  table. 

€om-mixt'ure  (-mikst'yjjr),  n.  1.  €om'mon-w£al',  )  n.  1.  A  free 
Act  of  mixing.  2.  Mass  formed  by  66m/mon-wRaltii',  j  state;  a  pop¬ 
mixing  ;  compound.  ular  government.  2.  Whole  body  of 

Com-MODE',  A.  [Lat.  commodus,  fr.  people  in  a  state. 

com,  for  con,  and  modus,  measure,  6'OM-MO'TION,  n.  [Lat.  commotio,  fr. 
mode.]  A  chest  of  drawers,  often  com,  for  con,  and  movere,  to  move.] 

with  shelves, &e.,  added.  1.  Violent  motion  ;  agitation.  2.  A 

€om-mo'di-ous,  a.  Affording  ease  popular  tumult.  3.  Perturbation  of 
and  convenience.  mind.  [mune. 

Syn.— Convenient;  suitable;  fit;  prop-  6oM-MUN'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  com¬ 
er;  comfortable.  €om-mune,)  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

6oM-MO'DI-oi)s-LY,  adv.  In  a  com-  communicare ,  to  communicate.]  1. 

modious  manner.  To  converse  together  familiarly.  2. 

Com-mo'di-oOs-ness,  n.  Suitable-  To  partake  of  the  Lord’s  supper. 

ness  for  its  purpose  ;  convenience.  -C&M'MUNE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  small  ter- 

CoM  Mod'i-TY,  n.  [See  COMMODE.]  ritorial  district  in  France. 

That  which  affords  convenience ;  Com-mu'ni-ga-bYl/i-ty,  n.  Quality 
hence,  goods,  merchandise,  &c.  of  being  communicable. 

€om'mo-dore',  n.  [Prob.  from  Ital.  €om-mu'ni-ca  ble,  a.  Capable  of 
comandatore,  commander.]  1.  Com-  being  communicated, 

mander  of  a  squadron.  2.  Leading  6om-MU'NI~€A-ble-ness,  «.  Quality 
ship  in  a  fleet  of  merchantmen.  of  being  communicable. 

€om'mon, ,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat.  6oM-MU'Ni~eANT,  n.  One  who  par- 
communis,  fr.  com,  for  con, and  mu-  takes  of  the  Lord’s  supper. 

nis,  ready  to  be  of  service.]  1.  Be-  6om-miPni-eate,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
longing  equally  to  more  than  one.  [Lat.  communicare,  communicatus, 

COMPANY 

fr.  communis,  common.]  1.  To  im¬ 
part  for  joint  possession.  2.  To  give, 
as  information. 

Syn. —  To  impart;  reveal.  —  To  com¬ 
municate  is  generic;  it  is  allowing  others 
to  enjoy  in  common  with  us.  Impart  is 
more  specific ;  it  is  giving  to  others  a  part 
of  what  we  had  held  as  our  own,  as,  to 
impart  our  feelings,  of  our  property,  &c. 
Hence  there  is  something  more  intimate 
in  imparting  intelligence  than  in  com¬ 
municating  it.  To  reveal  is  to  disclose 
something  hidden  or  concealed,  as  a 
secret. 

—  v.  i.  To  have  intercourse  or  the 
means  of  intercourse. 

€oM-Mii/Ni~eA'TioN,  n.  1.  Act  of 
communicating.  2.  Means  of  pass¬ 
ing  from  place  to  place.  3.  That 
which  is  communicated  or  imparted. 

Syn.  —  Commerce;  correspondence. 

€om-mu'ni-ea-tIve,  a.  Inclined  to 
communicate  ;  ready  to  impart  to 
others. 

6om-mu'ni-ga-tive-ness,  n.  Quali¬ 
ty  of  being  communicative. 

€om-mun'ion,  n.  1.  Mutual  inter¬ 
course.  2.  Union  in  religious  faith; 
fellowship.  3.  A  body  of  Christians 
having  one  common  faith.  4.  Cele¬ 
bration  of  the  Lord’s  supper. 

6om'mu-nIrm,  n.  [Fr.  communisme, 
fr.  commun,  common.]  Community 
of  property  among  citizens ;  social¬ 
ism.  [communism. 

€om'MU-nist,  n.  An  advocate  for 

6oM-MU'Ni-TY,n.  [Lat.  communitas.\ 

1.  Common  possession.  2.  A  society 
of  people  having  common  interests. 

3.  The  public,  or  people  in  general. 

6om-mu/ta-b1l/i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  commutable. 

Com-mu'TA-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
exchanged  or  given  for  another. 

€6m'MU-ta'TION,  n.  1.  Change.  2. 
Barter;  exchange.  3.  Substitution 
of  one  penalty  for  another. 

€OM-MU'TA-TlVE,  a.  Relative  to  ex¬ 
change  ;  interchangeable. 

COM-MUTE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
commutare ,  from  com,  for  con,  and 
mutare,  to  change.]  1.  To  exchange; 
to  substitute.  2.  To  pay  less  for  in 
the  gross  than  would  be  paid  for  the 
separate  trips.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  obtain 
or  bargain  for  exemption.  2.  To 
make  an  arrangement  to  pay  in 
gross. 

6om-pXet',  a.  [Lat.  compingere,  com- 
pactus,  fr.  com,  for  con,  and  pangerc, 
to  fasten,  fix.]  1.  Closely  united.  2. 

Brief ;  succinct.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  consolidate.  2.  To  unite  or 
connect  firmly,  as  in  a  system.  —  n. 

An  agreement ;  a  covenant. 

€om-pXgt'ly,  adv.  Closely  ;  densely. 

6om-pXct'ness,  n.  Close  union  of 
parts  ;  density. 

6om-pXn'ion,  n.  [From  L.  Lat.  com., 
panium,  fellowship,  a  mess.]  One 
who  accompanies,  or  is  associated 
with,  another. 

€om-pXn'ion-A-ble,  a.  Agreeable 
as  a  companion  ;  fit  for  good  fellow¬ 
ship;  sociable.  [association. 

6om-pXn'ion-ship,  n.  Fellowship; 

€6m'pa-NY  (kum'-),  n.  1.  State  of 

6r,  do,  WQLF,  too,  tcTok;  9rn,  Rue,  pyLL  ;  E,  i,  o,  silent;  ^,(i,soft;  E, a,  hard;  A§;  exist;  jfasNG;  this. 

COMPARABLE 


being  a  companion.  2.  An  assemb¬ 
lage  of  persons.  3.  Guests.  4.  A 
corporation ;  a  firm.  5.  Partners 
whose  names  are  not  mentioned  in 
the  title  of  the  firm.  6.  A  subdivision 
of  a  regiment.  —  v.  i.  To  associate. 

Gom'pa-ra-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
compared ;  worthy  of  comparison. 

Gom'pa-ra-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
worthy  to  be  compared. 

Gom-pXr'a-tIve,  a.  1.  Estimated  by 
comparison.  2.  Having  the  power 
of  comparing.  3.  (Gram.)  Express¬ 
ing  a  greater  or  less  degree  than  the 
positive. 

Gom-pXr'a-tIve-LY,  adv.  In  a  com¬ 
parative  manner ;  relatively. 

Som-pAre'  (4),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  comparare ,  fr.  compar,  like  or 
equal  to  another.]  1.  To  examine 
the  mutual  relations  of  2.  To  rep¬ 
resent  as  similar ;  to  liken.  3.  To 
inflect  according  to  degrees  cf  com¬ 
parison.  — v.  i.  To  be  like  or  equal. 

Syn.  —  Compare  to  ;  compare  with.— 
A  thing  is  compared  with  another  to 
learn  their  relative  value  or  excellence; 
to  another,  with  a  view  to  show  their 
similarity. 

Gom-pXr'i-son  (-sun  or  -sn),  n.  1. 
Act  of  comparing  ;  a  comparative  es¬ 
timate.  2.  Inflection  of  an  adjective 
or  adverb.  3.  A  simile  or  similitude. 

Gom-part',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -met.]  [Lat. 
compartiri,  from  com,  for  con,  and 
partiri,  partire,  to  share.]  To  divide  ; 
to  mark  out  into  parts. 

Gom/par-ti'tion  (-tish'un),  n.  Act 
of  dividing  into  parts, 

6om-part'mext,  n.  One  of  the  sep¬ 
arate  parts  into  which  any  thing  is 
divided. 

£6M'PASS  (kum/-),  n.  [L.  Lat.  com- 
passus,  circle]  1.  A  circuit;  cir¬ 
cumference.  2.  An  inclosing  limit ; 
boundary.  3.  An  inclosed  space ; 
extent ;  capacity.  4.  Range  of  notes 
of  any  voice  or  instrument.  5.  A 
magnetic  instrument,  used  to  de¬ 
termine  the  north  and  other  cardinal 
points.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
go  around.  2.  To  inclose  on  all 
sides.  3.  To  besiege  or  invest.  4. 
To  get  within  one’s  power.  5.  To 
purpose  ;  to  intend ;  to  plot. 

Syn.— To  surround;  environ;  in¬ 
close  ;  contrive  ;  gain  ;  secure  ;  obtain. 

G6m'pass-E2,  n.  pi.  An  instrument 
for  describing  circles,  &c. 

Gom-pXs'sIon  (-pXsh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
compassio,  fr.  compali,  fr.  com  and 
pati ,  to  bear,  suffer.]  Sorrow  excited 
by  the  distress  or  misfortunes  of  an¬ 
other. 

Syn.  —  Pity  ;  sympathy  ;  commisera¬ 
tion. 

GOM-P.Xs'SION-ATE,V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  pity  ;  to  commiserate. 

Gom-pXs'sion-ate  (-pXsh/un-,  45), 
a.  Full  of  compassion. 

Syn.  —  Sympathizing;  tender;  merci¬ 
ful. 

Gom-pXs'sion-ate-ly,  adv.  With 
compassion  ;  mercifully. 

Gom-pXt'i-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  compatible. 


80 

Gom-pXt'I-ble,  a.  [L.  Lat.  compati¬ 
bles.  See  Compassion.]  Capable 
of  existing  in  harmony.  ^ 

Syn.—  Consistent ;  suitable  ;  agreea¬ 
ble;  accordant;  congruous. 

Gom-pat'i-ble-ness,  n.  Compati¬ 
bility  ;  consistency.  [sistently. 

Gom-pXt'i-bly,  adv.  Fitly  ;  con- 

Gom-pa'tri-ot,  n.  A  fellow-patriot 
of  the  same  country. 

Gom-peer',  n.  One  who  is  an  equal ; 
a  companion  ;  a  peer. 

Gom-PEL',  v.  t.  [-LED  ;  -LING.]  [Lat. 
compellere ,  fr.  com,  for  con,  and  pel- 
lere,  to  drive.]  1.  To  drive  or  urge 
irresistibly.  2.  To  take  by  force. 

Syn.  —  To  constrain  ;  oblige  ;  neces¬ 
sitate. 

Gom-pel'la-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  compelled. 

Gom'Pel-la'tion,  n.  [Lat.  compel- 
latio,  fr.  compdlarc ,  to  accost.]  Man¬ 
ner  of  address ;  appellation. 

Gom-pel'ler,  n.  One  who  compels. 

Gom'pend,zx.  [Lat.  compendium ,fr. 
compendere,  to  weigh.]  A  brief  com¬ 
pilation  ;  an  abridgment. 

Gom-pend'i-ous,  a.  Summed  up 
within  narrow  limits. 

Gom-pend'i-oOs-ly,  adv.  Sum¬ 
marily  ;  in  brief.  [ness  ;  brevity. 

Gom-pend'i-oOs-ness,  n.  Short- 

Gom-pRn'di-um,  n.;  pi.  com-pen-'- 

DI-UMS.  [See  COMPEND.]  An  a- 
bridgment  or  epitome. 

Gom'pen-sate,  or  Gom-pen'sate, 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  compensare, 
compensatus,  to  tveigh.]  1.  To  give 
an  equivalent  to.  2.  To  be  equiva¬ 
lent  to  in  value  or  effect.  —  v.  i.  To 
make  amends. 

Gom'pen-sa'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  prin¬ 
ciple  of  compensating.  2.  An  equiv¬ 
alent. 

Syn.  — Recompense  ;  reward  ;  remu¬ 
neration  ;  requital ;  satisfaction. 

Gom-pen'SA-tIye,  )  a.  Affording 

Gom-pen'sa-to-ry,  )  compensation  ; 
making  amends. 

Gom-PETE',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
competere ,  from  con  and  petere ,  to 
seek.]  To  contend,  as  rivals,  for  a 
prize. 

G5m'pe-tence,  1  n.  [Lat. competen- 

GoM'pe-ten-’cy,  )  tin.]  1.  State  of 
being  competent ;  fitness  ;  power  ; 
capacity.  2.  Sufficiency,  especially  of 
property. 

Gom'pe-tent,  a.  1.  Answering  to 
all  requirements.  2.  Having  ade¬ 
quate  power  or  right. 

Syn.  —  Sufficient ;  fitted  ;  suitable  ; 
qualified;  adequate. 

Gom'pe-tent-ly,  adv.  Adequately. 

GoM'pe-tI'tion  (kom'pe-tish'un),  n. 
Common  strife  for  the  same  object ; 
strife  for  superiority. 

Syn.  —  Emulation  ;  rivalry  ;  contest ; 
struggle;  contention. 

Gom-pet'i-tIve,  a.  Pertaining  to 
competition. 

Gom-pet'i-tor,  n.  [Lat.]  One  who 
claims  what  another  claims  ;  a  rival. 

Gom/pi-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  com¬ 
piling.  2.  A  book  compiled. 


COMPLEX 

GOM-PTLE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat 
compilare,  to  scrape  together  and 
carx-y  off.]  To  compose  out  of  ma¬ 
terials  from  other  works. 

Gom-pil'er,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
compilation. 

Gom-pla'cen^e,  ln.  1.  a  feeling 

Gom-pla'cen-^y,  j  of  quiet  pleas¬ 
ure.  2.  Cause  of  pleasure.  3.  Mani¬ 
festation  of  pleasure. 

Syn.  —  Gratification;  satisfaction;  ci¬ 
vility. 

Gom-pla'cent,  a.  [Lat.  complacere , 
complacens,  from  con  and  placere,  to 
please.]  Accompanied  with  pleasure; 
gratified.  [placent  manner. 

Gom-pla'cent-ly,  adv.  In  a  com- 

GOM-PLAIN'.  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  complangere,  fr.  con  and  plan- 
gere ,  to  beat  the  breast,  bewail.]  1. 
To  express  distress,  pain,  or  censure. 
2.  To  bring  an  accusation. 

Syn.  — To  murmur;  accuse;  lament; 
regret;  repine. 

Gom-plain'ant,  n.  1.  One  who 
makes  a  complaint.  2.  A  plaintiff. 

Gom-plain'er,  n.  One  who  com¬ 
plains.  _ 

Gom-plaint',  n.  1.  Expression  of 
grief,  pain,  censure,  or  resentment. 
2.  Cause  of  complaining.  3.  A  dis¬ 
ease  ;  a  disorder. 

Syn.  —  Lamentation;  sorrow;  grief. 

Gom'plai-sXn^e/,  n.  [Fr.  See  Com¬ 
placent.]  Obliging  compliance 
with  the  wishes  of  others. 

Syn.  — Civility  ;  courtesy  ;  urbanity  ; 
suavity;  affability. 

G6m'plai-§Xnt',  a.  Kindly  atten¬ 
tive  ;  affable.  [vility. 

GoM'PLAl-gXNT'LY,  adv.  With  ci- 

GoM'PLE-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  complemen- 
tum.  See  Complete.]  That  which 
supplies  a  deficiency  ;  something  re¬ 
quired  to  make  a  thing  complete. 

Gom'ple-ment'al,  a.  Supplying,  or 
tending  to  supply,  a  deficiency. 

Gom'ple-ment'a-ry,  a.  Serving  to 
complete. 

Gom-plete',  a.  1.  Free  from  de¬ 
ficiency  ;  perfect ;  consummate.  2. 
Finished ;  ended  ;  concluded. 

Syn.  —  Whole;  entire;  total.  —  Whole 
has  reference  to  parts,  as,  a  whole  week; 
total  to  parts  taken  collectively,  as,  the 
total  amount;  entire  sets  aside  parts,  and 
regards  a  thing  ns  continuous  or  un¬ 
broken,  as,  an  entire  year;  complete  sup¬ 
poses  prbgress,  end,  or  object,  as,  a  com¬ 
plete  victory. 

—  v.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  complere , 
completum ,  fr.  con  and  plere,  to  fill.] 
1.  To  bring  to  a  state  in  which  there 
is  no  deficiency.  2.  To  bring  to  pass. 

Gom-plete'ly,  adv.  In  a  complete 
manner ;  fully. 

Gom-plete'ness,  n.  State  of  being 
complete. 

Gom-ple'tton,  n.  1.  Act  of  com¬ 
pleting.  2.  Fulfillment;  accomplish¬ 
ment. 

Gom-ple'tive,  a.  Making  complete. 

Gom'plex,  a.  [Lat.  complecti,  corn- 
plexus,  to  comprise,  fr.  con  and  plec- 
tere ,  to  twist.]  Composed  of  two  or 
more  parts. 


COMPLEXEDNESS 

Syn.—  Composite;  compounded;  com¬ 
plicated. 

—  n.  Assemblage;  collection. 

Gom-plex'ed-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  complex. 

Gom-plEx'ion  (-plek'shun),  n.  [Lat. 
complexion  1.  Connection  of  parts. 

2.  Color  or  hue  of  the  face  or  skin. 

3.  General  appearance  or  aspect. 

Gom-plex'ion-al,  )  a.  Pertaining 

Gom-pl£x'ion-a-RY,  j  to  the  com¬ 
plexion. 

Gom-plex'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
complex ;  intricacy.  [manner. 

€om'plex-ly,  adv.  In  a  complex 

Com-PLEX'ure,  n.  Complication  of 
one  thing  with  others. 

6om-PLI'a-ble,  a.  Inclined  to  com¬ 
ply  or  yield ;  compliant. 

gOM-PLl'AN^E,  n.  1.  Act  of  com¬ 
plying.  2.  A  disposition  to  yield  to 
others._ 

Gom-pli'ant,  a.  1.  Bending ;  pliant. 
2.  Inclined  to  comply. 

G6m'pli-€A-£Y,  n.  State  of  being 
complex  or  intricate. 

GOM'PLI-€ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  complicate ,  complicatus ,  fr.  con 
and  plicate ,  to  fold.]  1.  To  fold  or 
twist  together.  2.  To  render  complex. 

Gom'pli-eate  (45),  a.  Complex; 
complicated. 

Gom'pli-ga'tion,  n.  Intricate  or 
confused  blending  of  parts  ;  complex¬ 
ity.  [volve. 

Gom'PLI-OA'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  in- 

Gom-pli^'i-ty,  n.  Condition  of  being 
an  accomplice. 

Gom'pli-jient,  n.  [From  Lat.  com¬ 
plete ,  to  fill  up.]  Manifestation  of 
regard  or  admiration  ;  delicate  flat¬ 
tery.  —  v.  t.  To  flatter,  or  gratify 
with  praises.  —  v.  i.  To  use  or  pass 
compliments. 

Gom'pli-ment'al,  (  a.  Expres- 

Gom'pli-ment'a-ry,  j  sive  of  civil¬ 
ity,  regard,  or  praise  ;  civil. 

Gom'plot,  n.  [Lat.  complicitum , 
equiv.  to  complication  complication.] 
A  conspiracy  ;  a  cabal. 

Goax-plot%  v.  t.  &  i.  [-ted  ;  -ting, 
138.]  To  plot  together  ;  to  conspire. 

Gom'PLU-ten'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  polyglot  edition  of  the  Bible 
published  at  Complutum ,  or  Alcala, 
in  Spain,  in  1522. 

Gom-ply',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  complicate ,  to  fold  up  or  to¬ 
gether,  to  bend  ;  or  from  complete ,  to 
to  fill  up,  to  fulfill.]  To  yield  assent ; 
to  accord,  agree,  or  acquiesce. 

GOM-PO'NENT,  a.  [See  COMPOSE.] 
Serving  or  helping  to  form.  —  n.  A 
constituent  part ;  an  ingredient. 

Gom-port',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
comportare,  from  con  and  portare,  to 
bear,  conduct.]  To  agree;  to  ac¬ 
cord  ;  to  suit.  — v.  t.  To  behave  ;  to 
conduct. 

Gom-port'a-ble,  a.  Consistent. 

GoM-POgE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
componere ,  compositum,  to  put  to¬ 
gether,  from  con  and  ponere,  to  put.] 
1.  To  form  by  uniting  two  or  more 
things  2.  To  constitute.  3.  To  be- 


81 

come  the  author  of.  4.  To  reduce  to 
order.  5.  To  set  at  rest.  6.  To  place 
in  order  for  printing,  as  type. 

Syn.  —  To  construct;  settle  ;  quiet  ; 
calm  ;  appease  ;  allay. 

GoM-POgED',  p.  a.  Calm;  quiet. 

GoM-POg'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  composed 
manner.  [dateness. 

GoM-POg'ED-NESS,  71.  Calmness  ;  se- 

GOM-POg'ER,  n.  One  who  composes  ; 
an  author;  especially  an  author  of  a 
piece  of  music. 

GoM-POg'iNG-STiEK,  n.  An  instru¬ 
ment  of  adjustable  width,  in  which 
types  are  arranged  into  words  and 
lines. 

GOM-POg'lTE,  a. 

[See  Compose.] 

1.  Made  up  of 

distinct  parts  or 
elements.  2.  Be¬ 
longing  to  an  or¬ 
der  of  architect¬ 
ure  made  up  of 
the  Ionic  graft¬ 
ed  upon  the  Cor¬ 
inthian.  Composite  Order. 

Composite  number,  one  which  can  be 
measured  exactly  by  a  number  exceed¬ 
ing  unity. 

GoM'PO-gl'TlON  (-zlsh'un),  n.  1. 
Act  of  composing.  2.  State  of  being 
composed.  3.  That  which  is  formed 
by  composing. 

Syn.  —  Work  ;  production  ;  mixture  ; 
agreement ;  adjustment. 

GOM-POg'i-TiVE,  a.  Compounded, 
or  haying  the  power  of  compounding. 

GoM-pog'i-TOR,  n.  One  who  sets 
type.  _ 

Gom'post,  n.  [Lat.  compositum.  See 
Compose.]  A  mixture  for  fertil¬ 
izing  land.  —  v.  t.  To  manure  with 
compost. 

GoM-POg'URE,  n.  1.  Act  of  compos¬ 
ing,  or  that  which  is  composed ;  a 
composition.  2.  Calmness  ;  tranquil¬ 
lity. 

Gom-pound',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
componere ,  from  con  and  ponere ,  to 
put,  set.]  1.  To  combine  or  unite. 

2.  To  settle  amicably.  —  v.  i.  To 
settle  by  compromise. 

GoM'POUND,a.  [O.Eng.  compotvned, 
p.  p.  of  compowne ,  compone,  fr.  Lat. 
componere .]  Composed  of  elements, 
ingredients,  or  parts.  —  n.  Mixture 
of  elements^  ingredients,  or  parts. 

Gom'pre-hend',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  comprehendere,  from  con  and 
prehendere ,  to  grasp,  seize.]  1.  To 
include  by  construction  or  implica¬ 
tion.  2.  To  take  into  the  mind  ;  to 
apprehend  the  meaning  of. 

Gom'pre-yien'si-bil'i-ty,  n.  State 
of  being  comprehensible. 

Gom'pre-hen'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  comprehended. 

Gom'pre-hen'sion,  n.  1.  Actof com¬ 
prehending.  2.  That  which  is  com¬ 
prehended.  3.  Capacity  of  the  mind 
to  perceive  and  understand. 

Gom'PRE-hen'sIve,  a.  Including 
much  within  narrow  limits. 


COMPURGATION 

GSm'pre-hen'sIve-ly,  adv.  In  a 
comprehensive  manner. 

Gom'pre-hen'sive-ness,  n.  Quali¬ 
ty  of  being  comprehensive. 

Gom-press',  v.  t.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  [Lat. 
cotnprimere ,  compression ,  from  con 
and  premere ,  to  press.]  To  bring 
within  narrower  limits  or  space. 

Syn. —  To  crowd;  press;  squeeze;  con¬ 
dense. 

Gom'press,  n.  A  folded  piece  of 
linen,  to  make  due  pressure  on  any 
part. 

Gom-prLssG-bil'I-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  compressible. 

Gom-prLss'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  compressed.  [pressibility. 

Gom-press'I-ble-ness,  n.  Com- 

Gom-pres'sion  (-presh'un),  n.  Act 
of  compressing,  or  state  of  being  com¬ 
pressed. 

Gom-press'URE  (-preshhjr),  n.  Act 
or  force  of  one  body  pressing  against 
another ;  pressure. 

GoM-PRlg'AL,  n.  Act  of  comprising 
or  comprehending. 

GoM-PRigE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
compris,  comprise ,  p.  p.  of  compren- 
dre,  from  Lat.  comprehendere .]  To 
comprehend ;  to  include. 

Syn.  —  To  embrace;  contain;  inclose; 
imply. 

GoM'PRO-MigE,  n.  [Lat.  compromis- 
sum ,  from  compromittere ,  to  promise 
mutually  to  abide  by  the  decision  of 
an  arbiter.]  Adjustment  of  differ¬ 
ences  by  mutual  concessions.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  adjust  by  mutu¬ 
al  concessions.  2.  To  put  to  hazard. 

GoM'PRO-Mig'ER,  n.  One  who  com¬ 
promises. 

Gom'pro-mit,  V.  t.  [-ED,  -ING;  or 
-ted, -ting,  137  ]  [See  Compro¬ 
mise.]  1.  To  promise.  2.  To  put  to 
hazard ;  to  compromise  - 

Gomp-TROL'ler  (kon-),  n.  A  con' 
troller;  —  a  title  of  certain  officers. 

Gom-pCl'sa-tIve,  1  a.  [Fr.  Lat. 

Gom-pOl'sa-to-ry,  j  compulsare, 
to  compel.]  Operating  by  force: 
compelling. 

Gom-pOl'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  compel¬ 
ling.  2.  State  of  being  compelled. 

Syn.  —  Constraint  ;  restraint.  —  Re¬ 
straint  is  a  holding  back  from  some  act; 
constraint  is  a  driving  one  into  it  by  an 
urgency  which  overrules  the  will ;  com¬ 
pulsion  is  the  use  of  overpowering  force. 

Gom-pDl'SIVE,  a.  Forcing;  con¬ 
straining  ;  compulsatory. 

GoM-piJL'sIVE-LY,  adv.  By  compul¬ 
sion.  [straining. 

Gom-pBl'so-ry,  a.  Compelling  ;  con- 

Gom-pOnc'tion,  n  [From  Lat.  com- 
pungere,  from  con  and  pungere ,  to 
prick,  sting.]  Poignant  grief. 

Syn.  —  Remorse.  —  Remorse  (lit.  gnaw¬ 
ing)  is  anguish  of  soul  under  a  sense  of 
guilt;  compunction  is  pain  from  a  wound¬ 
ed  and  awakened  conscience. 

Gom-pOng'tioOs,  a.  Attended  with 
compunction. 

Gom'PUR-ga'tion,  n.  [Lat.  compvr- 
gare,  to  purify  wholly.]  Act  of  jus¬ 
tifying  a  man’s  veracity  by  the  oath 
of  others. 


Syn.  —  Extensive  ;  wide  ;  large  ;  full. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  RUE ,  pyLL ;  E,  /,  O,  silent ;  y,  6  soft;  C,  G,  hard ;  Ag ;  EJIST  ;  tfasNS;  this. 

G 


COMPURGATOR  82  CONCOCTJVE 


Com'PUR-ga'tor,  n.  One  who  bears 
testimony  to  the  veracity  of  another. 

€om-put'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
computed. 

Gom'pu-ta'tion,  n.  Act  or  process 
of  computing. 

Syn.—  Reckoning  ;  calculation;  esti¬ 
mate  ;  account. 

Com-PUTE',  1'.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
computare ,  from  con  and  putare ,  to 
clean  ;  fig.,  to  set  in  order,  reckon.] 
To  determine  by  calculation. 

Syn. —  To  calculate;  number  ;  count; 
reckon  ;  estimate. 

Com-put'er,  n.  One  who  computes. 

Gom'rade  (22),  n.  [0.  Eug.  came- 
rade ,  from  Lat.  camera ,  chamber.] 
A  companion  or  associate. 

Gon,  V.  t.  [-NED  ;  -ning,  136.]  [A.-S. 
cunnan ,  to  know,  to  be  able.]  To 
study  over ;  to  peruse. 

Gd'NA-TlVE,  a.  [Lat.  conari ,  conatuf t, 
to  attempt.]  Endeavoring  ;  attempt¬ 
ing. 

€on-€AM'er-ate,  V.  t.  [Lat.  con - 
earner ar e ,  from  con  and  r.amcrare,  to 
arch.]  To  arch  over  ;  to  vault. 

Gon-eXm'er-a'tion,  n.  An  arch  or 
vault. 

GON-EXt'E-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  concatenare ,  -natum,  from  con 
and  catena ,  chain.]  To  link  togeth¬ 
er  ;  to  unite  in  a  successive  series. 

Gon-eXt'e-na'tion,  n.  A  series  of 
links  united ;  a  successive  series  of 
things  depending  on  each  other. 

Gon'EAVE  (82),  a.  [Lat.  concaru.s, 
fr.  con  and  cavus ,  hollow.]  Hollow 
and  curved  or  rounded.  — n.  A  hol¬ 
low  ;  an  arched  vault. 

Gon-eXv'i-ty,  n.  Internal  surface 
of  a  hollow  rounded  body  ;  or  the 
space  within  such  body. 

CoN-EA'vo-EON'eAVE,  a.  Concave 
or  hollow  on  both  surfaces. 

Gon-ea'vo-eon'vex,  a.  Concave 
on  one  side  and  convex  on  the  other. 

Gon-ea'voOs,  a.  Concave;  hollow. 

Gon-ceai/,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
concelare,  fr.  con  and  celare,  to  hide.] 

1.  To  withdraw  from  observation. 

2.  To  withhold  from  utterance  or 
declaration. 

Syn.  —  To  hide  ;  disguise  ;  dissemble  ; 
secrete.  —  To  hide  is  generic  ;  to  conceal 
is  simply  not  to  make  known  what  we 
wish  to  keep  secret;  to  disguise  or  dissem¬ 
ble  is  to  conceal  by  assuming  some  false 
appearance  ;  to  secrete  is  to  hide  in  some 
place  of  secrecy.  A  man  may  conceal 
facts,  disguise  nis  sentiments,  dissemble 
his  feelings,  or  secrete  stolen  goods. 

Con-ceal'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
iug  concealed. 

Gon-eeal'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
cealing,  or  state  of  being  concealed. 
2.  Place  of  hiding. 

Concede',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
concedere ,  from  con  and  cedere,  to 
yield.]  1.  To  yield  or  suffer  to  pass. 
2.  To  admit  to  be  true. 

Syn.—  Togrant;  allow;  admit;  yield; 
surrender. 

Gon-^eit',  n.  1.  A  conception  ;  idea. 
2.  A  quaint  fancy.  3.  Over -estima¬ 
tion  of  one’s  self ;  vanity. 


Gon-CEIT'ED,  a.  Entertaining  a  flat¬ 
tering  opinion  of  one’s  self ;  vain. 

Gon-ceit'ed-ly,  adv.  In  a  conceit¬ 
ed  manner.  [conceited. 

Gon-ceit'ed-ness,w.  State  of  being 

Gon-ceiv'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  conceived;  imaginable. 

Gon-ceiv'a-ble-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  conceivable. 

Gon-ceiv'a-bly,  adv.  Inaconceiv- 
able  manner. 

Gon-ceive',!’.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
conripere ,  from  con  and  capere,  to 
seize.]  1.  To  receive  into  the  womb 
and  breed.  2.  To  form  in  the  mind. 
3.  To  picture  to  the  imagination. 

Syn.  —  To  apprehend;  imagine  ;  sup¬ 
pose  ;  believe  ;  think. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  become  pregnant.  2. 
To  think. 

G0N-9ENT',  n.  [Lat.  concenlus.\  Con¬ 
cert  of  voices  ;  harmony. 

Gon-cLn'ter,  1  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ; 

Gon-cen'tre,  )  -ING.]  [Lat.  con 
and  centrare,  to  center.]  To  come  or 
bring  to  a  point. 

Gon'jen-trIte,  or  Gon-cEn'- 
TRATE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
bring  to  a  common  center,  or  to  unite 
more  closelyj  to  combine. 

Gon'cen-tra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
concentrating.  2.  Volatilization  of 
part  of  a  liquid,  to  increase  the 
strength  of  the  remainder. 

Gon-cen'tra-tive-ness,  n.  Pow¬ 
er  of  concentrating  the  intellectual 
force.  [center. 

Gon-een'trie,  a.  Having  a  common 

Gon-9en'trie-al-ly,  adv.  In  a 
concentric  manner. 

Gon'cen-tri'cT-ty,  n.  State  of 
being  concentric.  [conception. 

Gon'cept,  n.  An  abstract  general 

GON-^EP'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
ceiving.  2.  State  of  being  conceived. 
3.  Formation  in  the  mind  of  an  idea 
or  notion.  4.  Idea  or  notion  formed 
in  the  mind.  5.  Faculty  of  forming 
ideas. 

Gon-^:ept'u-al-I£M,  n.  A  theory 
that  the  mind  has  the  power  of  form¬ 
ing  for  itself  general  conceptions  of 
individual  or  single  objects. 

G0N-9ERN'  (14),  v.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[L.  Lat.  concernere ,  to  mix  together, 
as  in  a  sieve.]  1.  To  relate  or  be¬ 
long  to.  2.  To  take  an  interest  in. 
3.  To  disturb. — n.  1.  That  which 
belongs  to  one.  2.  Interest  in,  or 
care  for,  any  person  or  thing.  3. 
Persons  connected  in  business. 

Syn.  —  Anxiety  ;  solicitude  ;  interest; 
regard  ;  affair. 

Gon-^ern'ing,  prep.  Pertaining  to  ; 
regarding  ;  with  respect  to. 

Gon-^ern'ment,  n.  1.  Affair;  busi¬ 
ness.  2.  Importance  ;  moment.  3. 
Interposition.  4.  Anxiety. 

G0N-9ERT',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
concertare,  to  contend.]  1.  To  plan 
together.  2.  To  plan  ;  to  devise. 

Gon'^ert,  n.  1.  Agreement.  2.  Mu¬ 
sical  accordance  or  harmony.  3.  A 
public  musical  entertainment. 


pitch  generally  adopted  for  a  given 
tone,  and  by  which  the  other  tones 
are  governed. 

Gon-^es'sion  (-sesh/un),  n.  [Lat. 
concessio.]  1.  Act  of  granting.  2. 
The  thing  granted  ;  a  boon.  [sion. 

Gon-^es'sive,  a.  Implying  conces- 

G one H  (konk,  82),  n.  [Gr.  Ko-yxo-l 
A  marine  shell. 

Goneh'oid,  n.  [Gr.  Koy^oeiSrjs,  from 
Koyxr),  shell,  and  elS  os,  form.] 

(  Geom.)  A  curve  of  the  fourth  order. 

Gon-ehoid'AL,  a.  Having  elevations 
or  depressions  like  the  valve  of  a  bi¬ 
valve  shell. 

Gon-ehol'o-gIst,  n.  One  versed 
in  the  natural  history  of  shells. 

Gon-ehol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  Koyxr),  shell, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Doctrine  or 
science  of  shells. 

G0N-9IL/I-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  conciliare,  conciliatus,  to  bring 
together.]  To  win  over  from  a  state 
of  indifference  or  hostility. 

Gon-9‘il/[-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  concil¬ 
iating  ;  reconciliation. 

Gon-9IL'i-a/tor,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
ciliates  or  reconciles. 

Gon-9'il'i-a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Tending 
to  conciliate. 

GON-9ISE',  a.  [Lat.  concisus ,  cut  off, 
short.]  Expressing  much  in  a  few 
words. 

Syn.  —  Laconic  ;  terse  ;  brief;  short ; 
compendious;  comprehensive;  summa¬ 
ry;  succinct. 

Gon-9Ise'ly,  adv.  In  few  words. 

Gon-9Ise'ness,  n.  Brevity  in  speak¬ 
ing  or  writing. 

GoN^Ig'lON  (-sizlffun),  n.  1.  A  cut¬ 
ting  off;  a  faction.  2.  Circumcision. 

Gon'elave  ,  n.  [Lat.  conclave ,  fr.  con 
and  clavis,  key.]  1.  Assembly  of  the 
cardinals.  2.  A  private  meeting. 

GoN-€LUDE',i'.t.  [-ED;-ING.]  [Lat. 
concludere,  fr.  con  and  cludere ,  clau- 
dere ,  to  shut.]  1.  To  close,  as  an  ar¬ 
gument,  by  inferring.  2.  To  bring 
to  an  end.  3.  To  make  a  final  deter¬ 
mination  of. 

Syn.  —  To  infer  ;  decide  ;  determine  ; 
finish  ;  terminate  ;  end. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  come  to  an  end;  to 
terminate.  2.  To  form  a  final  judg¬ 
ment. 

Gon-elud'er,  n.  One  who  concludes. 

Gon-elu'£ION,  n.  1.  Last  part  of 
any  thing.  2.  Final  decision.  3. 
Consequence  or  deduction. 

Gon-elu'sIve,  a.  Putting  an  end  to 
debate  or  question. 

Gon-elu'sIve-ly,  adv.  Decisively; 
definitively. 

Gon-elu'sIve-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  conclusive. 

Gon-eoet',  c.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
concoquere,  from  con  and  coquere.  to 
cook,  to  digest.]  1.  To  digest.  2. 
To  mature  or  perfect.  3.  To  contrive; 
to  plot. 

Gon-eoe'tton,  n.  1.  Digestion.  2. 
A  bringing  to  maturity.  3.  Contriv¬ 
ance. 

Gon-eoet'Ive,  a.  Having  the  pow¬ 
er  of  digesting  or  ripening. 


Gon'9ert-pItgh,  n.  ( Mus .)  The 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,  long ;  X,  E,I,  6,  0,  V,  short;  gARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  £RE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6N, 


CONCOMITANCE 


CONFABULATE 


£on-com'i-tan^e,  1  a.  State  of  ac- 
•eoN-edM'i-TAN-^Y,  j  companying ; 
accompaniment. 

Go N-eoM'i-T ant ,  a.  [Lat.  con  and 
comitari ,  to  accompany.]  Accompa¬ 
nying,  or  conjoined. — n.  A  com¬ 
panion  ;  an  accompaniment. 
Gon'CORU  (82),  n.  [Lat.  concordia, 
fr.  con  and  cor,  heart.]  1.  Harmony  ; 
union.  2.  Grammatical  agreement 
of  words  with  one  another.  3.  A  con¬ 
sonant  chord ;  consonance. 
Gon-€ORD'AN9E  (82),  n.  1.  Agree¬ 
ment.  2.  A  minute  verbal  index  to 
a  work.  [monious. 

Gon-cord'ant,  a.  Agreeing ;  har- 
Gon-gord'ant-ly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
cordant  manner. 

€ok-s6r'DAT,  n.  An  agreement  be¬ 
tween  the  pope  and  a  government  for 
the  regulation  of  ecclesiastical  mat¬ 
ters. 

GCN-EOR'PO-RATE ,  v.  i.  To  unite  in 
one  mass  or  body.  [one  body. 

Gon-gor'po-rate,  a.  United  in 
Gon'gourse  (82),  n.  [I.at.  concursus, 
from  concurrere ,  to  run  together.]  1. 
A  moving  or  running  together.  2. 
An  assembly  ;  a  crowd. 
Gon'cre-ment,  n.  [See  Concrete.] 
Mass  formed  by  concretion  or  natu¬ 
ral  union. 

Gon-ores'cenge,  n.  A  growing  by 
spontaneous  union,  or  by  coales¬ 
cence. 

Gon'crete,  a.  [Lat.  concretus ,  p.  p. 
of  concrescere,  to  grow  together.]  1. 
United  in  growth  ;  united  in  a  solid 
form.  2.  Existing  in  a  subject ;  not 
abstract.  —  n.  1.  A  mass  formed  by 
concretion.  2.  A  term  designating 
both  a  quality  and  the  subject  in 
which  it  exists. 

Gon-grete',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
unite,  as  separate  particles,  into  a 
mass.  — v.  t.  To  form  into  a  mass. 
Gon-CRETE'EY,  adv.  In  a  concrete 
manner.  [concrete. 

Gon-ERETE'NESS,  n.  State'  of  being 
Gon-€RE'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  concret¬ 
ing.  2.  Mass  formed  by  congelation, 
or  other  like  natural  process. 
GoN-GRE'TIVE,  a.  Promoting  con¬ 
cretion.  [concubine. 

Gon-gu'bi-NAGE ,  n.  State  of  being  a 
Gon-€U'bi-nAL,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 
Gon-gu'bi-na-ry,  j  a  concubine  or 
to  concubinage. 

Gon'gu-bine  (82),  n.  [Lat.  concubi- 
na ,  fr.  concubare,  to  lie  together.]  A 
woman  who  cohabits  with  a  man 
without  being  his  wife. 
■eoN-€U'prs-gEN9E,  n.  Unlawful  or 
irregular  desire  ;  lust. 
■CON-eu'Pis-^ENT,  a.  [Lat.  concupis- 
cere,  concupiscens,  to  long  for.]  De¬ 
sirous  of  unlawful  pleasure. 

Syn. —  Libidinous;  lustful;  lecherous. 
GON-€UR',  v.  i.  [-RED  ;  -KING,  136.] 
[Lat.  concurrere ,  to  run  together.]  1. 
To  meet  in  the  same  point.  2.  To 
act  jointly.  3.  To  unite  in  opinion. 

Syn. —  To  agree;  unite;  combine; 
coincide. 

€on-€UR'ren<pe ,  n.  1.  Union  ;  con- 


83 

junction.  2.  Agreement  in  opinion. 
3.  Joint  rights. 

Gon-€Ur'rent,  a.  1.  Acting  in  con¬ 
junction  ;  co-operating.  2.  Conjoined ; 
associate.  3.  Joint  and  equal  in  au¬ 
thority. —  n.  Joint  or  contributory 
cause.  [currence. 

GON-e&R'RENT-LV,  flrft).  With  COn- 

Gon-gus'sion  (-kash'un),  n.  [Lat. 
concussio,  fr.  concutere,  to  shake  vio¬ 
lently.]  Act  of  shaking  or  agitating ; 
agitation  ;  shock. 

Gon-ous'sive,  a.  Having  the  power 
or  quality  of  shaking. 

Gon-demn'  (-denP),!1.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  condemnare,  from  con  and  dam- 
nare,  to  condemn.]  1.  To  pronounce 
to  be  wrong.  2.  To  pronounce  a  ju¬ 
dicial  sentence  against.  3.  To  pro¬ 
nounce  unfit  for  service. 

Syn.  —  To  blame  ;  censure  ;  reprove; 
doom ;  sentence. 

Gon-dem'na-ble,  a.  Worthy  of 
condemnation. 

Gon/debi-NA'TION,  n.  Act  of  con¬ 
demning,  or  state  of  being  con¬ 
demned. 

Syn. —  Sentence;  judgment;  reproba¬ 
tion;  blame. 

Gon-dem'na-TO-ry,  a.  Bearing  con¬ 
demnation  or  censure.  [demns. 

Gon-dem'ner,  n.  One  who  con- 

Gon-den'sa-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
condensed^ 

GON-DEN'SATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  condense.  —  v.i.  To  become  more 
dense,  close,  or  hard. 

Gon/den-sa'tion,  n.  Act  of  mak¬ 
ing  more  dense  or  compact. 

Gon-den'sa-tive,  a.  Having  power 
to  condense. 

Gon-dense',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
condensare,  from  con  and  densare,  to 
make  thick  or  dense.]  To  make  more 
close,  compact,  or  dense.  —  v.  i.  To 
become  close  or  more  compact. 

Gon-dens'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  condenses. 

GoN'DE-SGEND',  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[L.  Lat.  condescendere,  from  Lat.  con 
and  descend  ere.]  1.  To  relinquish 

rank  or  dignity.  2.  To  recede  from 
one’s  rights  ;  to  stoop. 

Gon'de-sgen'sion,  n.  Voluntary 
descent  from  rank,  dignity,  or  just 
claims  to  equality  with  another. 

Gon-DIGN'  (-din7),  a.  [Lat.  condig- 
nus,  very  worthy.]  Deserved;  mer¬ 
ited  ;_  suitable. 

Gon-dign'ly  (-dln'ly),  adv.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  merit. 

Gon-dign'ness  (-din/-,  109),  n.  Agree¬ 
ableness  to  deserts  ;  suitableness. 

Gon'DI-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  condimentum , 
from  condire,  to  preserve,  pickle.] 
Something  to  give  relish  to  food; 
seasoning. 

Gon/dis-91'PLE,  n.  [Lat.  condiscipu- 
lus ,  fr.  con  and  discipulus,  disciple.] 
A  fellow-disciple  ;  a  school-fellow. 

GON-Dl'TlON  (-d'ish'un),  n.  [Lat.  con¬ 
ditio,  from  condere,  to  put  or  join  to¬ 
gether.]  1.  State  or  situation  as  to 
external  circumstances.  2.  Quali¬ 
ty  ;  property  ;  attribute.  3.  That 


which  must  exist  as  the  occasion  or 
concomitant  of  something  else. 

Syn.  —  Circumstances;  station  ;  case; 
terms. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  stipulate ; 
to  make  terms. — v.  t.  1.  To  con¬ 
tract.  2.  To  impose  conditions  on. 

Gon-di'tion-al  (-dlsh/un-),  a.  L 
Implying  conditions ;  not  absolute. 
2.  Expressing  a  condition  or  supposi¬ 
tion. 

Gon-di'tion-al-ly  (-dlsh/un-),  add) 
With  certain  limitations. 

Gon-DOLE',  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
condolere ,  from  con  and  dolere ,  to  feel 
pain.]  To  express  sorrow  at  the  dis¬ 
tress  of  another. 

Gon-doee'ment,  )  n.  Expression  of 

€on-do'lenge,  j  grief  for  the 
sorrow  of  another. 

Con-done',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  [Lat. 
condonare,  to  forgive.]  To  forgive 
for  a  violation  of  the  marriage-vow. 

Gon'dor,  n.  [Peruv.  cuntur.]  A 
very  large  bird  of  the  vulture  family, 
found  in  the  Andes. 

G0N-DU9E',  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
conductre,  fr.  con  and  ducere,  to  lead.] 
To  promote,  answer,  or  further  an 
end ;  to  tend. 

GON-DU'91-BLE,  1  a.  Having  a  ten- 

GoN-DU'91'vE,  )  dency  to  conduce. 

CON-DU'CIVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
conducing. 

Gon'duct,  n.  1.  Act  or  method  of 
leading.  2.  Skillful  guidance.  3. 
That  which  leads  or  brings  safely.  4. 
Manner  of  carrying  one’s  self. 

Syn.  —  Behavior  ;  carriage  ;  deport¬ 
ment  ;  demeanor  ;  management. 

Gon-dOot',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
lead,  or  guide.  2.  To  direct ;  to  con¬ 
trol.  3.  To  manage  ;  to  regulate.  — 
v.  i.  To  behave  ;  to  act. 

Gon-dug'tion,  n.  Transmission  by 
means  of  a  conductor. 

Gon-duot'ive,  a.  Having  the  power 
of  conducting. 

CoN/DUe-Tlv'l-TY,  n.  Power  of  giv¬ 
ing  passage  to  some  molecular  action. 

Gon-dugt'or,  n.  1.  A  leader;  a 
manager ;  a  director.  2.  A  sub¬ 
stance  capable  of  forming  a  medium 
for  the  transmission  of  heat  or  elec¬ 
tricity. 

Gon-dOgt'ress,  n.  A  woman  who 
conducts. 

GQn'duit  (kSn'dit  or  ktm'dit),  n.  [0- 
Fr.  conduicl,  Lat.  conductus.  See 
supra.]  A  pipe,  canal,  or  the  like. 

Gon-du'pli-gate,  a.  [Lat.  condu- 
plicatus,  fr.  conditplicare ,  to  double.] 
Doubled  together. 

■Gone,  n.  [Gr.  kwo?.]  1. 

A  solid  body,  tapering 
regularly  to  a  point 
from  a  circular  base. 

2.  Conical  fruit  of  the 
pine,  cedar,  Jfcc. 

Gon-fab'u-late,  v.  i. 

[-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  con- 
fabulatus ,  p.  p.  of  con- 
fabulari.,  from  con  and 
fabulari ,  to  speak.]  To 
talk  familiarly  together ;  to  chat. 

G,  hard;  A§;  E£IST;  N  as  NG ;  THIS 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO, TO"OK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  PyLL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  9,  G ,  soft ;  €, 


Cone. 


CONFABULATION 


Gon-fXb/u-la'tion,  n.  Familiar 
talk  or  conversation. 

Gon'feet,  )  n.  [From  Lat.  con- 

Gon-feg'TION,  )  jicere ,  confectum , 
to  prepare.]  A  preparation  of  fruit, 
&c.,  with  sugar  ;  a  comfit. 

Gon-fee'tion-er,  n.  One  who 
makes  and  sells  candies,  &c. 

Gon-fLe'tion-er-y,  n.  1.  Confec¬ 
tions  ;  candies.  2.  A  place  where 
candies,  sweetmeats,  &c.,  are  made 
or  sold. 

-Gon-fed'er-A-CY,  n.  1.  A  league  or 
covenant.  2.  Persons  or  states, 
united  by  a  league.  3.  An  unlawful 
combination ;  a  conspiracy. 

Syn. —  League  ;  alliance  ;  coalition. 

CON-FED'ER-ATE,  a.  [Lat.  confced- 
eratus,  p.  p.  of  confcederare ,  to  join  by 
a  league.]  United  in  a  league.  —  n. 
A  person  or  nation  engaged  in  a  con¬ 
federacy  ;  an  ally. 

CON-FED'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  unite  in  a  league  ;  to  ally. 

GON-FED'ER-A'TION,  n.  1.  A  league  ; 
an  alliance.  _2.  Parties  to  a  league. 

CON-FED'E R-A/Ti  VE,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  confederation. 

€oN-FfR',r.t  [-red;  -ring.]  [Lat. 
conferre,  from  con  and  ferre ,  to  bear, 
carry,  bring.]  To  bestow  ;  to  award. 
—  v.  i.  To  discourse  or  converse  in  a 
serious  manner. 

Gon'fer-en^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
versing  seriously.  2.  A  meeting  for 
consultation ;  an  interview. 

Gon-f£r'ra-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  conferred. 

Gon-fess',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
confiteri,  confessum ,  fr.  con  and  fate- 
ri,  to  confess.]  1.  To  acknowledge 
cr  admit.  2.  To  own  or  recognize. 
3.  To  assent  to.  4.  To  acknowledge, 
as  one;s  sins  to  a  priest. 

Syn. —  To  avow.  —  We  acknowledge 
what  we  feel  must  or  ought  to  be  made 
known,  as  a  fault  or  a  favor  ;  we  avow 
with  solemnity,  as  against  opposition  or 
obloquy,  as  our  principles  ;  we  confess 
what  we  feel  to  have  been  wrong,  as  our 
sins  or  errors. 

Gon-fess'ed-ly,  adv.  Avowedly ; 
undeniably. 

Gon-fes'SION  (-fesh'un),  n.  1.  Ac¬ 
knowledgment  ;  avowal.  2.  Act  of 
disclosing  sins  to  a  priest.  3.  A 
formulary  of  articles  of  faith. 

Gon-fes'sion-al,  n.  Seat  where  a 
priest  sits  to  hear  confessions. 

Gon-fEss'or  (113),  n.  1.  One  who 
confesses.  2.  One  who  makes  a  pro¬ 
fession  of  his  faith  in  the  Christian 
religion.  3.  A  priest  who  hears  the 
confessions  of  others. 

Gon'fi-dant',  n.  m.  )  [0.  Fr.]  Acon- 

6on/fi-dante',  n.f.  j  fidential 
friend. 

Gon-fide',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
conjitiere,  fr.  con  and fidere,  to  trust.] 
To  put  faith  ;  to  believe.  —  v.  t.  To 
intrust ;  to  give  in  charge. 

Gon'fi-den^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  confid¬ 
ing.  2.  That  in  which  faith  is  put. 
3.  Feeling  of  security. 

Gon'fi-dent,  a.  1.  Having  confi¬ 
dence  ;  trustful.  2.  Having  an  ex- 


84 

cess  of  assurance.  3.  Giving  occa¬ 
sion  for  confidence. 

Gon'fi-den'tial,  a.  1.  Enjoying 
confidence  ;  trustworthy.  2.  Com¬ 
municated  in  confidence.  [dence. 

Gon'fi-den'tial-ly,  adv.  In  confi- 

Gon'fi-dent-ly,  adv.  With  confi¬ 
dence  ;  positively. 

Gon-fig'u-ra'tion,  n.  [Lat.  config¬ 
uration  fr.  configurare,  to  form.]  1. 
External  form  or  figure.  2.  Relative 
position  of  the  planets. 

GON-FIG'URE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
arrange  in  a  certain  form  or  shape. 

Gon-fin'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
confined. 

Gon'fine,  n.  [Lat.  confinium,  from 
confinis,  bordering.]  Common  bound¬ 
ary  ;  border ;  limit. 

Gon-fine'.  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
restrain  within  limits. 

Syn. —  To  bound;  limit;  restrict. 

Gon'fIne,  or  Gon-fine',  v.  i.  To 
have  a  common  boundary  ;  to  border. 

Gon-fine'ment,  n.  1.  Restraint 
within  limits  ;  imprisonment.  2. 
Detention  within  doors  by  sickness. 

Gon-fTrm'  (18),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  confirmare ,  fr.  con  and.  fir  mare, 
to  make  firm.]  1.  To  make  firm, 
fixed,  or  certain  2.  To  render  valid 
by  formal  assent.  3.  To  administer 
the  rite  of  confirmation  to. 

Syn.  —  To  strengthen;  establish;  veri¬ 
fy;  assure. 

Gon-firm'a-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 

ing  confirmed. 

Gon'fir-ma'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
firming.  2.  Convincing  testimony. 
3.  Ratification.  4.  Right  of  confirm¬ 
ing  baptized  persons. 

Gon-firm'a-tIve,  1  a.  1.  Ilav- 

€on-FIrm'A-TO-RY  (50), )  ing  the 
power  of  confirming ;  serving  to  con¬ 
firm  ;  corroborative.  2.  Pertaining 
to  the  rite  of  confirmation. 

Gon-fIrm'ER,  n.  One  who  confirms. 

Gon-fis'ea-ble,  a.  Liable  to  for¬ 
feiture. 

Gon'fis-eate,  or  Gon-fis'eate 
(117),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  con- 
'fisratus,  p.  p.  of  confiscare,  from  con 
and  fiscus ,  basket,  state  treasury.] 
To  appropriate,  as  a  penalty,  to  the 
public  use. 

Gon'fis-eate,  or  Gon-fis'eate  ,  a. 
Appropriated,  as  e.  penalty,  to  the 
public  use. 

Gon'FIS-EA'tion,  n.  The  act  of  ap¬ 
propriating,  as  a  penalty,  to  the  pub¬ 
lic  use.  _  [cates. 

Gon'fis-ea'tor,  n.  One  who  confis- 

Gon-fis'ea-to-ry,  a.  Consigning  to 
confiscation. 

Gon-fla'grant,  a..  [Lat.  confia- 
grare,  fr.  con  and  fiagrare,  to  blaze.] 
Burning  together  in  a  common  flame. 

Gon'fla-gra'tion,  n.  A  fire  on  a 
great  scale. 

Gon'fltet,  n.  1.  Violent,  collision. 
2.  A  striving  to  oppose  or  overcome. 

Gon-flKet',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
confiigere,  confiictum,  from  con  and 
fiiger e,  to  strike.]  1.  To  strike  or 
dash  together.  2.  To  engage  in  strife. 


CONFUTE 

Gon'flu-en^e,  n.  1.  Meeting  of  two 
or  more  streams  ;  place  of  meeting. 
2.  The  running  together  of  people. 

CbN'FLU-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  confiuere ,  con- 

\Jiuens,  from  con  and  fluere,  to  flow.] 
Flowing  together  ;  running  one  into 
another. —  n.  A  small  stream  which 
flows  into  a  large  one. 

CoN'FLUX,  n.  1.  A  flowing  together 
2.  A  large  assemblage  ;  a  crowd. 

Gon-form',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
conformare ,  fr.  con  and  form  are,  to 
form.]  To  shape  in  accordance  with ; 
to  make  like.  — v.  i.  1.  To  comply  ; 
to  yield.  2.  To  be  a  conformist. 

Con-form'A-ble,  a.  1.  Similar; 
like.  2.  In  proper  or  appropriate 
form.  3.  Disposed  to  compliance; 
submissive. 

Gon-form'A-bly,  adv.  Suitably; 
agreeably ;  consistently. 

Gon'for-ma'tion,  n.  1.  Agree¬ 
ment  ;  harmony.  2.  Structure  of  a 
body  ;  form  ;  make. 

Gon-form'er,  n.  One  who  conforms. 

Gon-form'ist,  n.  One  who  com¬ 
plies  with  the  worship  of  the  church 
of  England. 

Gon-forai'i-ty,  n.  1.  Resemblance; 
agreement;  congruity.  2.  Compli¬ 
ance  with  the  usages  of  the  estab¬ 
lished  church. 

Gon-found',u.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat. 
confundere ,  to  pour  together,  fr.  con 
and  fundere,  to  pour.]  1.  To  min¬ 
gle  and  blend,  so  as  to  be  indistin¬ 
guishable.  2.  To  throw  into  con¬ 
fusion  or  disorder. 

Gon-found'ed,/>.  a.  1.  Confused. 
2.  Very  great;  enormous.  [ Colloq .] 

Con-found'ed-ly,  adv.  Enormous¬ 
ly  ;  greatly.  [founds. 

Gon-found'er,  n.  One  who  con- 

Gon'fra-tEr'ni-ty,  n.  A  brother¬ 
hood. 

Gon'fri-EA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  confrica- 
lio,  fr.  confricare,  to  rub  vigorously.] 
Act  of  rubbing  against  or  together ; 
friction. 

Gon-front'  (-frunU),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [From  Lat.  con  and  frons, 
the  forehead  or  front.]  1.  To  stand 
facing,  or  in  front  of.  2.  To  stand 
in  direct  opposition  to.  3.  To  com¬ 
pare.  _  [fronting. 

Gon'fron-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  ccn- 

Gon-fuse',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  [Lat. 
confundere ,  confusum.  See  CON¬ 
FOUND.]  1.  To  render  indistinct  or 
obscure.  2.  To  throw  into  disorder. 

Syn.— To  abash;  disconcert;  per¬ 
plex;  confound;  distract. 

GoN-FUg'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  confused 
manner.  [confusion. 

GoN-FUg'ED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of 

GoN-FUg'iON,  n.  1.  A  promiscuous 
mingling  together.  2.  Loss  of  self- 
possession.  3.  Overthrow ;  defeat. 

Gon-fut'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
confuted. 

Gon-fut'ant,  n.  One  who  confutes. 

Gon'fu-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  confut¬ 
ing  or  disproving. 

Gon-fute',  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
confutare,  fr.  con  and  futare,  to  ar- 


CONFUTER 

gue.]  1.  To  put  to  silence.  2.  To 
disprove. 

Syn.  — To  refute. —  In  refuting,  we 
prove  ail  assertion  to  be  untrue;  in  con¬ 
futing,  we  prove  it  to  be  positively  fals^, 
absurd,  &c. 

SON-FUT'ER,  n.  One  who  confutes. 
<3on'ge  (kGn'jee),  n.  [Fr.  conge.]  1. 
Act  of  taking  leave ;  farewell.  2.  A 
bow  or  a  courtesy. — v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  take  leave  with  customary 
civilities. 

€on-geal',u.  f.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
congelare,  from  con  and  gelare ,  to 
freeze.]  1.  To  freeze  ;  to  stiffen  with 
cold.  2.  To  stiffen,  as  from  the  effect 
of  terror.  —  v.  i.  To  grow  hard  or 
stiff  from  cold.  [ing  congealed. 

€on-6eal'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
Cong£  d'elire  (kon'ja-dl-leer'). 
[Fr.,  leave  to  choose.]  King’s  per¬ 
mission  to  a  dean  and  chapter  to 
choose  a  bishop. 

Con'ge-la'tion,  i)..  1.  Process  of 

congealing.  2.  Thing  congealed. 
■Gon'ge-ner,  n.  [Lat.,  from  con  and 
gener ,  birth,  kind.]  A  thing  of  the 

same  kind  or  nature. 

■eON-GE'Nl-AL,  or  CON-GEN'IAL 
(-yal),  a.  [Lat.  con  and  genialis , 
genial.]  1.  Partaking  of  the  same 
nature  or  feeling.  2.  Naturally  suited. 
■eoN-GE'Nl-AL'i-TY,  n.  Natural  af¬ 
finity  ;  suitableness. 
■eoN-GE'Nl-AL-NESS,  n.  Congeniality. 
CON-GEN'I-TAL,  I  a.  [Lat.  congeni- 
•Con-gen'ite,  j  tus,  from  con  and 
gmitus,  born.]  1.  Begotten  together. 
2.  Dating  from  birth. 

Con'ger  I  (kong'gur,  82),  n. 
■eoN'GER-EEL  )  [Lat.  conger ,  Gr. 

■ybyypo?.]  A  large  species  of  eel. 
■Con-ge'ri-es,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  [Lat., 
fr.  congerere ,  to  bring  together.]  A 
collection  of  particles  or  bodies  into 
one  mass.  [lect  into  a  mass. 

€on-gest',  v.  t.  [See  supra.]  To  col- 
€on-ges'tion  (-jest'yun),  n.  Un¬ 
natural  accumulation  of  blood. 
■CoN-GEST'i'vE,  a.  Indicating,  or  at¬ 
tended  by,  an  accumulation  of  blood 
in  some  part  of  the  body. 
■eON-GLA/CI-A'TION  (-gla'shl-),  n. 
[Lat.  conglaciare,  to  freeze.]  Act  of 
changing  into  ice  ;  congelation. 
CON-GLO'BATE,f.  t,  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  form  into  a  ball. 

€on-glo'bate,  a.  [Lat.  conglobare , 
conglobatus,  to  gather  into  a  ball.] 
Formed  or  gathered  into  a  ball. 
■Con-glo'bate-ey,  ado.  In  a  round 
or  roundish  form. 

Oon'glo-ba'TION,  n.  Act  of  form¬ 
ing  into  a  ball ;  a  round  body. 

€ON  GLOBE',  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
gather  into  a  ball. 

€on-glob'u-late.  v.  i.  To  gather 
into  a  little  round  mass. 
€on-glom'er-ate  (45),  a.  [Lat.  con- 
glomerare,  conglomerates ,  to  roll  to¬ 
gether.]  Gathered  together  in  a 
mass ;  collected. 

Con-glom'er-ate,  n.  1.  Collec¬ 
tion;  accumulation.  2.  A  rock, 
composed  of  pebbles,  cemented  to- 


85 

gether.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
gather  into  a  ball  or  round  body. 
€on-gl6m'er-a'tion,)i.  A  gather¬ 
ing  into  a  mass  ;  collection. 
€ON-GLU'Tl-NANT,a.  [Lat.  congluti- 
nare,  -nans.]  Serving  to  unite  close¬ 
ly  ;  healing.  —  n.  A  medicine  that 
heals  wounds  by  closing  them  up. 
■CON-GLU'TI-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ] 
[Lat.  conglutinare,  conglutinatus ,  to 
glue  together.]  To  glue  together ; 
to  unite  by  some  glutinous  or  tena¬ 
cious  substance. 

€on-gl,u/ti-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  glu¬ 
ing  together  ;  junction ;  union. 
€on-gl,u'ti-na-tIve,  a.  Uniting  by 
glue  or  other  like  substance. 
€on'go,  1  n.  [Chin,  kung-foo ,  labor.] 
Con'gou,  )  Akind  of  black  tea. 
■CON-GRAT'U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  congralulari ,  congratu¬ 
late,  fr.  con  and  gratuiari ,  to  wish 
joy.]  To  wish  joy  to  on  account  of 
some  happy  event. 

Syn.  —  To  felicitate.  —  We  may  felici¬ 
tate  a  friend  on  his  marriage,  meaning 
that  we  wish  him  all  joy;  butto  con¬ 
gratulate,  means  to  unite  our  joy  with 
liis.  A  man  whose  mistress  has  married 
his  rival  may  felicitate,  but  can  hardly 
congratulate  that  rival  on  such  an  event. 

dON-GRAT'u-LA'TlON,  n.  Act  of  con¬ 
gratulating.  [fers  congratulation. 
Con-grat'u-LA'tor,  n.  One  who  of- 
€on-grat'u-la-to-ry,  a.  Expres¬ 
sive  of  congratulation. 
€on'gre-gate  (82),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  congregare ,  congrega- 
tum,  from  con  and  gregare,  to  collect 
into  a  tlock.]  To  collect  into  an  as¬ 
sembly.  —  v.  i.  To  come  together  ; 
to  assemble. 

■Gon'gre-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  as¬ 
sembling.  2.  A  collection  of  sepa¬ 
rate  things.  3.  An  assembly  of  per¬ 
sons,  esp.  a  religious  assembly. 
-eoN'GRE-GA'TlON-AL  (82),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  congregation,  or  to  Con¬ 
gregationalism. 

OoN'GRE-GA'TION-AL-IgM,  n.  A 
system  of  church  government  which 
vests  all  power  in  the  assembled 
brotherhood  of  each  local  church. 
UJON'GRE-GA'TION-AL-IST,  n.  One 
who  belongs  to  a  Congregational 
church  or  society. 

Oon'gress  (82),  n.  [Lat.  congressus , 
fr.  congredi,  to  go  or  come  together.] 
1.  A  meeting  of  two  or  more.  2.  A 
formal  assembly,  as  of  representa¬ 
tives.  3.  An  assembly  of  senators 
and  representatives. 

In  the  United  States,  the  whole 
body  of  senators  and  representatives  for 
the  two  years  during  which  the  repre¬ 
sentatives  hold  their  seats,  is  called  one 
Congress. 

€on-gres'sion-al  (-gresh'un-),  a. 

Pertaining  to  a  congress. 
Con-gres'si  ve  ,  a.  Coming  together. 
Con'gress-man  (150),  n.  A  member 
of  the  United  States  Congress. 
■Gon'gru-en^e,  n.  [Lat.  congruentia , 
fr.  congruere ,  to  agree.]  Suitable¬ 
ness  ;  agreement :  consistency. 
€on'gru-ent  (82),  a.  Suitable ; 
agreeing  ;  consistent. 


CONJUNCTURE 

€on-gru'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
congruent ;  fitness  ;  consistency. 

•Gon'GRU-oOs  (kong'grij-us,  82),  a. 
Being  suitable  or  pertinent. 

Syn.  — Accordant ;  fit ;  appropriate  ; 
consistent. 

€6n'gru-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  congru¬ 
ous  manner. 

Con'ig,  I  a.  1.  Having  the  form 

Con'ig-al,  )  of  a  cone.  2.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  a  cone. 

Conic  section,  a  curved  line  formed  by 
the  intersection  of  a  cone  and  plane. 
The  conic  sections  are  the  parabola,  hy¬ 
perbola,  and  ellipse. 

€o-nif'er-o0s,  a.  [Lat.  conus ,  cone, 
and ferre,  to  bear.]  Bearing  cones,  as 
the  pine,  fir,  & c. 

Uo'ni-form,  a.  [Lat.  conus ,  cone, 
and  forma ,  shape.]  In  form  of  a 
cone ;  conical. 

€on-je€T'ur-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  conjectured.  [conjecture. 

Con-JE€T'UR-AL,  a.  Depending  on 

eoN-JE«T'UR-AL-L¥,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
jectural  manner. 

Con-jegt'ure  (53),  n.  Formation 
of  an  opinion  on  defective  evidence. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat.  con- 
jecturare,  from  Lat.  con  and  jacere , 
to  throw.]  To  infer  on  slight  evi¬ 
dence  ;  to  surmise ;  to  guess. 

CON-JEGT'UR-ER,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
jectures. 

Con-join',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
conjungere ,  from  con  and  j  anger  e ,  to 
join.]  1.  To  join  together.  2.  To 
associate. — v.i.  To  unite  ;  to  join. 

■Con-joint',  a.  United;  associated. 

Con-joint'ey,  adv.  In  a  conjoint 
manner. 

Con'ju-GAL,  a.  [Lat.  conjugalis ,  fr. 
conjux,  husband,  wife.]  Belonging 
to  the  marriage  state  ;  matrimonial ; 
connubial. 

Con'JU-gae-LY,  adv.  Connubially. 

CON'JU-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING] 
[Lat.  conjugare ,  conjugatus,  from  con 
and  jugare ,  to  yoke,  join.]  To  in¬ 
flect,  as  verbs. 

Con'JU-gate,  n.  One  of  two  or 
more  words  of  the  same  stock.  —  a. 

1.  United  in  pairs.  2.  Agreeing  in 
derivation  with  other  words. 

Conjugate  diameter,  a  diameter  paral¬ 
lel  to  a  tangent  at  the  vertex  of  the 
primitive  diameter. 

Con'ju-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
flecting,  as  a  verb.  2.  A  scheme  in 
which  are  arranged  all  the  parts  of 
a  verb.  3.  A  class  of  verbs  inflected 
in  the  same  manner. 

Con-ju'gi-ae,  a.  Conjugal. 

-Gon-jDngt',  a.  [Lat.  conjungere,  con-' 
junctus.]  United ;  conjoined. 

-CoN-JtJNe'TiON,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
joining.  2.  Meeting  of  two  or  more 
stars  or  planets  in  the  same  degree 
of  the  zodiac.  3.  A  connecting  word. 

€on-JUN€'TIVE,  «.  1.  Closely  united. 

2.  Serving  to  unite.  [junction. 

Con-june'tIye-ly,  adv.  In  cou- 

Con-jOnot'ly,  adv.  In  union  ;  con¬ 
jointly. 

Con-jungt'ure  (53),  n.  1.  Union; 
connection.  2.  An  occasion  or  crisis 


G,  hard;  A§  ;  ejist  ;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 


or,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Orn,  rue ,  PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  (j,  (i,  soft ;  €, 


CONJURATION 

as  the  effect  of  a  concurrence  of  cir¬ 
cumstances. 

Gon'JU-ra'TION,  n.  1.  Earnest  or 
solemn  entreaty.  2.  Incantation. 

Gon-jure',  v.  t.  [-ei>;-ing.]  [Lat. 
conjurare ,  to  swear  together,  to  con¬ 
spire.]  To  call  on  in  a  solemn  man¬ 
ner  ;  to  adjure. 

Eon'jure  (kun'jur),  v.  t.  To  en¬ 
chant;  to  charm;  to  bewitch. — v. 
i.  To  practice  magical  arts. 

■Con-jur'er,  n.  One  who  conjures, 
or  entreats.  [practices  magic, 

■GonMUR-er  (ktm'jur-er),  n.  One  who 

Gon'nate,  or  €on-nate'  (114),  a. 
[Lat.  connatvs,  from  con  and  natus, 
born.]  Born  with  another ;  existing 
from  birth. 

Gon-nat'U-RAL,  a.  1.  Inborn  ;  in¬ 
herent  ;  natural.  2.  Participating  of 
the  same  nature. 

Gon-nat'U-RAL'i-TY,  n.  Participa¬ 
tion  of  the  same  nature. 

€ON-NEeT',D.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
connecter e,  from  con  and  nectere,  to 
bind.]  To  fasten  together ;  to  unite. 
—  v.i.  To  have  a  close  relation. 

Bon-nect'ed-LY,  adv.  By  connec¬ 
tion. 

Gon-nec'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  uniting, 
or  state  of  being  united.  2.  Persons 
or  things  connected  together.  3.  One 
connected  by  family  ties. 

Syn. — Union;  coherence;  continuity; 
junction;  intercourse. 

Gon-nect'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power 
of  connecting.  —  n.  A  word  that 
connects  other  words,  or  that  con¬ 
nects  sentences. 

€on-NE€T'or,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  connects.  [Connection. 

Con-nex'ion  (-nek^hun),  n.  Same  as 

■6on-nIv'AN£E,  n.  Intentional  failure 
or  forbearance  to  see  a  fault. 

Gon-nive',  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
connivere,  to  shut  the  eyes.]  To  fail 
or  forbear,  by  intention,  to  see. 

Gon-niv'ent,  a.  1.  Forbearing  to 
see.  2.  Brought  close  together. 

Con-njv'er,  n.  One  who  connives. 

Gon'nois-seur'  (k5n;nis-sijr'  or 
kSn'nis-sur',  38),  n.  [Fr.]  A  crit¬ 
ical  judge  or  master  of  any  art. 

Gon-nu'bi-al,  a.  [Lat.  connubial} s ) 
fr..  connubium,  marriage.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  marriage  ;  conjugal ;  nuptial. 

Go'noid,  n.  [Or.  Km voei- 
firjs,  fr.  kcovos,  cone,  and 
etSos,  form.]  A  solid 
formed  by  the  revolu¬ 
tion  of  a  conic  section 
about  its  axis. 

Go'noid,  )  a.  Near- 

Go-noid'al,  )  ly,  but  Conoid, 
not  exactly,  conical. 

Go-noid'ic,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Go-noid'ic-al,  )  conoid;  having 
the  form  of  a  conoid. 

Gon'quer  (konk'er,  82),  v.  t.  [-eb  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  com/uirere,  to  seek  for, 
to  bring  together.]  1.  To  gain  or 
acquire  by  force.  2.  To  subdue  or 
overcome  by  mental  or  moral  power. 

Syn.  —  To  subdue  ;  vanquish  ;  subju¬ 
gate. —  Conquer  is  generic  ;  to  vanquish 
is  to  conquer  by  fighting,  as  a  foe  ;  to 


86 

subdue  is  to  bring  completely  under,  as 
one’s  enemies  ;  to  subjugate  is  to  bring 
under  the  yoke  of  bondage. 

—  v.  i.  To  gain  the  victory. 

Gon'QUER-A-ble  (konk'er-),  a.  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  conquered. 

Gon'quer-or  (konk'er-ur),  n.  One 
who  conquers. 

Gon'QUEST  (konk'west,  82),  n.  1.  Act 
of  conquering.  2.  That  which  is 
conquered. 

Syn.  —  Victory  ;  subjugation;  subjec¬ 
tion  ;  triumph. 

Gon'san-guIn'e-ous,  a.  [Lat.  con- 
sangnineus,  fr.  con  and  sanguis , 
blood.]  Related  by  birth. 

Gon'san-guin'i-ty,  n.  Relationship 
by  blood  or  birth. 

Gon'scien^e  (kOn'shenss),  n.  [Lat. 
conscientia,  fr.  conscire,  to  know.] 
1.  The  faculty  which  decides  on  the 
lawfulness  or  unlawfulness  of  our 
actions  and  affections.  2.  The  estimate 
or  determination  of  conscience.  3. 
Reasonableness. 

Gon'sci-en'tious  (kon'sh:-),  a.  1. 
Governed  by  a  strict  regard  to  the 
dictates  of  conscience.  2.  Charac¬ 
terized  or  regulated  by  a  regard  to 
conscience. 

GoN'sci-EN'TlotJS-LY.  adv.  In  ac¬ 
cordance  with  the  directions  of  con¬ 
science.  [lous  regard  to  conscience. 

Gon'sci-en'tious-ness,  ».  Scrupu- 

Gon'scion-a-BLE  (-shun-),  a.  [Irreg¬ 
ularly  formed  from  conscience .]  Gov¬ 
erned  by  conscience  ;  reasonable. 

Gon'scioOs  (kon'shus,  63),  a.  [Lat. 
conscius,  fr.  con  and  scire,  to  know.] 

1.  Possessing  the  power  of  knowing 
one’s  own  thoughts.  2.  Possessing 
knowledge.  3.  Made  the  object  of 
consciousness. 

Gon'scious-ly,  adv.  With  knowl¬ 
edge  of  one’s  own  mental  opera¬ 
tions. 

Gon'scious-ness,  n.  1.  Knowledge 
of  what  passes  in  one’s  own  mind. 

2.  Immediate  knowledge  of  any  ob¬ 
ject  whatever. 

Gon'script,  a.  [Lat.  conscribere. ,  con- 
scriptus,  to  enroll.]  Enrolled  ;  writ¬ 
ten;  registered.  —  n.  One  taken  by 
lot,  and  compelled  to  serve  as  a  sol¬ 
dier  or  sailor. 

Gon-scrip'tion,  n.  1.  A  registering. 
2.  A  compulsory  enrollment  of  indi¬ 
viduals  liable  to  draft. 

Con'se-ceate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  consecrare ,  consecratus,  fr.  con 
and  sacrare,  to  consecrate.]  1.  To 
make,  or  declare  to  be,  sacred.  2.  To 
enroll  among  the  gods  or  saints.  3. 
To  dignify.  [sacred. 

Gon'SE-CRATE  (45),  a.  Consecrated; 

Gon'se-cra'tion,  n.  Act  or  cere¬ 
mony  of  consecrating.  [secrates. 

Gon'se-cra'tor,  n.  One  who  con- 

Gon-sec'U-TI  VE ,  a.  [Lat.  consequi, 
consecutus ,  to  follow.]  1.  Following 
in  a  train  ;  successive.  2.  Following, 
as  a  consequence  or  result. 

Gon-see'u-tIve -l  y,  adv.  By  way  of 
consequence,  or  succession. 

Gon-sent',  n.  1.  Agreement  in 
opinion.  2.  Correspondence  in  parts, 


CONSERVE 

qualities,  & c.  3.  Voluntary  accord 
ance  with  what  is  done  by  another. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  consen- 
tire,  from  con  and  sentire ,  to  feel,  per- 

9  ceive,  think.]  1.  To  agree  in  opin¬ 
ion.  2.  To  give  assent. 

Syn. —  To  yield;  assent ;  agree;  allow. 

Gon'sen-ta'ne-oCs,  a.  Consistent; 
agreeable  or  accordant. 

G6N'SEN-TA'NE-OUS-LY,aefr>.  Agree¬ 
ably  ;  consistently. 

Gon'sen-ta'ne-ous-ness,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  consistent. 

Gon-sent'er,  n.  One  who  consents. 

Gon-sen'tient  (-sen'shent),  a.  [See 
Consent.]  Agreeing  in  opinion. 

Gon'se-quenge,  n.  1.  That  which 
follows  something  on  which  it  de¬ 
pends.  2.  A  logical  conclusion  ;  in¬ 
ference  ;  deduction.  3.  Connection 
of  cause  and  effect. 

Syn.  —  Effect;  result.  — An  effect  is  the 
most  immediate,  springing  directly  from 
some  cause  ;  a  consequence  is  more  re¬ 
mote,  not  being  strictly  cause  nor  yet  a 
mere  sequence,  but  flowing  out  of  and 
following  something  on  which  it  truly 
depends;  a  result  is  still  more  remote  and 
variable,  like  the  lebound  of  an  elastic 
body  which  falls  in  very  different  direc¬ 
tions.  We  may  foresee  the  effects  of  a 
measure,  may  conjecture  its  consequen¬ 
ces,  but  can  rarely  discover  its  final  results. 

Gon'se-QUENT,  a.  [Lat.  consequi , 
consequens.]  1.  Following  as  a  result 
or  inference.  2.  Following  by  neces¬ 
sary  inference,  or  rational  deduction. 

—  n.  That  which  naturally  follows 
or  results ;  a  conclusion  or  inference. 

Gon'se-QuEn'tial,  a.  1.  Following 
as  a  consequence  or  result.  2.  As¬ 
suming  an  air  of  consequence. 

Gon'se-QUEN'tial-ly,  adv.  1.  By 
consequence.  2.  With  assumed  im¬ 
portance. 

G6n'se-QUENT-ly,  adv.  By  natural 
or  logical  sequence  or  connection. 

Gon-ser  v'a-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  kept  or  preserved. 

Gon-sErWAN-C  Y  (14),  n.  Act  of  pre¬ 
serving  ;  preservation. 

Gon-serv'ant,  a.  Having  the  power 
of  preserving  from  decay. 

Gon'ser-va'tion,  n.  Act  of  pre¬ 
serving  ;  preservation. 

Gon-sEr V'A-TISM,  n.  [From  conser¬ 
vative .]  Disposition  to  preserve  what 
is  established. 

Gon-s£rv'A-tive,  a.  1.  Preserva¬ 
tive.  2.  Disposed  to  maintain  exist¬ 
ing  institutions.  —  v.  1.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  preserves.  2.  One  who 
desires  to  maintain  existing  institu¬ 
tions. 

Gon'ser-va'tor,  or  Gon'ser-va'- 
tor,  n.  One  who  preserves  from 
injury,  violation,  or  innovation. 

Gon-s£rv'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Having 
the  quality  of  preserving.  — n.  1.  A 
green-house  for  tender  plants.  2.  A 
public  place  of  instruction  in  some 
branch  of  learning  or  the  fine  arts. 

Gon-sIrve'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  conservare ,  fr.  con  and  servare, 
to  keep,  guard.]  1.  To  save ;  to 
preserve.  2.  To  prepare  with  sugar, 
&c.,  as  fruits,  &c. 


A,  £,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ;  A,E,  I,  5,  D,¥,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  VIJIL,  term;  pique,  fIrm  ;-s6n, 


CONSERVE 


CONSTRICTION 


GoN'sfiRVE,  n.  A  sweetmeat  made  of 
fruit,  & c.,  prepared  with  sugar. 

Gon-sId'er,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
co?isiderare.]  1.  To  think  on  with 
care.  2.  To  take  into  view  or  ac^ 
count.  3.  To  estimate ;  to  think.  — ■ 
v.  i.  To  reflect ;  to  deliberate. 

Gon-sId'er-A-ble,  a.  1.  Possessing 
consequence  or  importance  ;  respect¬ 
able.  2.  Of  importance  or  value. 

Gon-sid'er-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
siderable  degree. 

Gon-sId'er-ate  (45),  a.  Mindful  of 
the  rights,  claims,  and  feelings  of 
others. 

Gon-sId'er-ate-ly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
siderate  manner. 

Gon-sid'er-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
considering;  deliberation.  2.  Appre¬ 
ciative  regard.  3.  Claim  to  notice  or 
regard.  4.  Motive  ;  reason  ;  influ¬ 
ence.  5.  Compensation  ;  equivalent. 

Gon-sid'er-er, n.  One  wlioconsiders. 

€on-s!gn'  (-sin'),  v.t.  [-E l) ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  consignare ,  to  seal  or  sign.]  1. 
To  give  in  a  formal  manner.  2.  To 
commit ;  to  intrust.  3.  To  give  into 
the  hands  of  an  agent  for  sale,  & c. 

Syn.  —  To  commit;  deliver;  intrust. 
—  To  commit  is  generic  ;  to  intrust ,  is  to 
commit  as  a  trust  or  deposit  ;  to  consign 
is  to  deliver  over  in  a  formal  manner.  A 
man  may  commit  a  lawsuit  to  his  attor¬ 
ney,  may  intrust  a  child  to  his  friend, 
may  consign  goods  to  an  agent. 

Gon'SIGN-ee'  (koiFsT-nee'),  n.  One 
to  whom  goods  are  delivered  in  trust, 
for  sale  or  superintendence. 

Gon-sign'er  (-sln'er),  n.  One  who 
consigns. 

Gon-sign'ment  (-sm/-),  n.  1.  Act  of 
consigning.  2.  Thing  consigned. 

Gon-sign'or  (-sin7-),  n.  One  who 
consigns  or  makes  a  consignment. 

Gon-sIst',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  con- 
sistere ,  fr.  con  and  sistere ,  to  stand.] 
1.  To  be;  to  exist;  to  subsist:  2. 
To  be  consistent  or  harmonious. 

Gon-sTst'en^e,  In.  1.  Condition 

Gon-sIst'en-^y,  |  of  standing  to¬ 
gether.  2.  Degree  of  firmness  or 
density.  3.  Agreement  or  harmony. 

Gon-sIst'ent,  a.  1.  Possessing  firm¬ 
ness  or  fixedness.  2.  Having  harmo¬ 
ny  among  its  parts. 

Syn. —  Accordant;  harmonious;  con¬ 
gruous  ;  compatible  ;  uniform. 

Gon-sist'ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
sistent  manner.  [consistory. 

Gon'sis-to'ri-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Gon-sis'to-ry  (113),  n.  [See  Con¬ 
sist.]  1.  Any  solemn  assembly.  2. 
A  spiritual  court.  3.  College  of  car¬ 
dinals  at  Rome. 

Gon-so'ci-ate  (-so'shT-,  63),  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ronsociare,  conso- 
ciatum ,  fr.  con  and  sociare ,  to  join.] 
To  associate.  —  v.  i.  To  form  an  as¬ 
sociation. 

Gon-so'ci-a'tion  (-so'shl-),  n.  1. 
Intimate  union.  2.  A  confederacy 
or  union  of  neighboring  churches. 

Gon-sol/a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  receiv¬ 
ing  consolation. 

Gon/so-la'tion,  n.  1.  Alleviation 
of  misery.  2.  That  which  comforts. 


87 

Gon-sol'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Tending 
to  give  consolation. 

Gon-sole',^.*.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
consolari ,  fr.  con  and  solari ,  to  com¬ 
fort.]  To  cheer  in  distress  or  depres¬ 
sion. 

Syn.  —  To  comfort  ;  solace  ;  soothe; 
cheer;  sustain  ;  encourage  ;  support. 

Gon'soee,  n.  [Fr.]  A  bracket ;  or  a 
projecting  ornament  on  the  keystone 
of  an  arch. 

Gon-s5i/i-date,  v.  t.  [-ed ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  consolidare,  consolidation,  from 
con  and  solid  are. ,  to  make  firm.]  1. 
To  unite  together  into  a  compact 
mass.  2.  To  unite,  as  various  par¬ 
ticulars,  into  one  body. — v.i.  To 
unite  and  become  solid. 

Gon-sol'i-date  (45),  a.  Formed  in¬ 
to  a  solid  mass.  [solidating. 

Gon-sol/i-da'tion,  n.  Act  of  con- 

Gon-sol£',  or  Gon'sols,  n.  pi.  The 
leading  English  funded  government 
security,  formed  by  the  consolidation 
of  different  annuities. 

Gon'so-nance,  in.  1.  A  pleasing 

Gon'so-nan-£Y,  )  accord  of  sounds 
produced  simultaneously.  2.  A  state 
of  agreement. 

Gon'so-nant,  a.  [Lat.  consovare , 
consonans,  to  sound  at  the  same 
time.]  1.  Having  agreement ;  con¬ 
sistent.  2.  Harmonizing  together. — 
n.  An  articulate  sound,  usually  com¬ 
bined  with  a  more  open  sound  called 
a  vowel ;  also,  a  letter  representing 
such  a  sound. 

Gon'so-nant-ly,  adv.  Agreeably. 

Gon'so-nous,  a.  Agreeing  in  sound. 

Gon'sort,  n.  [Lat.  consors ,  from  con 
and  sors ,  lot,  fate.]  A  companion  or 
partner  ;  especially,  a  wife  or  hus¬ 
band  ;  a  spouse.  [associate. 

Gon-sort'  (25),  t’.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 

Gon-spig'u-ous,  a.  [Lat.  conspicuus, 
fr.  conspicere,  to  behold  attentively.] 

1.  Obvious  to  the  eye  ;  manifest.  2. 
Clearly  or  extensively  known,  per¬ 
ceived,  noted. 

Syn.  —  Distinguished ;  eminent;  illus¬ 
trious;  prominent;  celebrated. 

Gon-spio'u-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
spicuous  manner. 

GoN-spte'u-ous-NESS,  n.  State  of 
being  conspicuous. 

Gon-spir'A-^y,  n.  1.  A  combination 
of  two  or  more  for  an  evil  purpose. 

2.  A  concurrence  or  general  tenden¬ 
cy  to  one  event 

Syn.—  Combination  ;  plot  ;  cabal. 

GON-SPIR'A-TOR,  7i.  One  who  con¬ 
spires^ 

Gon-spire',  V.  7.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
conspirare,  from  con  and  spiral  e,  to 
breathe.]  1.  To  unite  or  covenant 
together  for  an  evil  purpose ;  to  plot 
together.  2.  To  concur  to  one  end  ; 
to  agree. 

Gon-spir'er,  n.  One  who  conspires. 

Gon'sta-ble  (kQn'sta-bl),  n.  [L. 
Lat.  constabulus,  comestabulus ,  comes 
stabidi ,  orig.  count  of  the  stable, 
master  of  the  horse.]  1.  A  high  offi¬ 
cer  in  the  monarchical  establish¬ 
ments  of  the  middle  ages.  2.  An 
officer  of  the  peace. 


Gon-stab'u-la-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to 
constables. 

Gon'STAN-^y,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  constant.  2.  Steady,  unshaken 
determination. 

Syn.  —  Fixedness;  stability;  steadi¬ 
ness;  steadfastness;  resolution. 

Gon'STANT,  a.  [Lat.  constans,  p.  pr. 
of  conslare,  to  stand  firm.]  1.  Not 
liable  or  given  to  change.  2.  Re¬ 
maining  unchanged  or  invariable.  — 
n.  That  which  is  not  subject  to 
change.  [cy  ;  firmly. 

Gon'stant-ly,  adv.  With  constan- 

Gon'stel-la'tion,  n.  [Lat.  constel- 
latio,  fr.  con  and  stellare,  to  set  with 
stars.]  A  cluster  of  fixed  stars. 

Gon'ster-na'tion,  n.  [Lat.  con - 
slernatio,  fr.  consternare,  to  overcome, 
perplex.]  Amazement  or  terror  that 
confounds  the  faculties. 

Syn.  —  See  Alakm. 

Gon'sti-pate,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  constipare,  constipatih,  fr.  con 
and  stipare ,  to  crowd  together.]  1. 
To  stop,  as  a  passage.  2.  To  render 
costive. 

Gon'STI-PA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  crowd¬ 
ing  or  stuffing;  condensation.  2. 
Costiveness.  [constituents. 

Gon-stIt'u-en-oy,  n.  A  body  of 

Gon-stit'u-ent,  a.  1.  Serving  to 
form  ;  component  ;  elemental.  2. 
Having  the  power  of  electing  or  ap¬ 
pointing. —  n.  1.  The  person  or  thing 
that  constitutes.  2.  A  component 
part  ;  an  element.  3.  One  who  as¬ 
sists  to  elect  a  representative. 

Gon'sti-tute  (30),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  constitutre ,  constilutum,  fr.  con 
and  statuere,  to  place,  set.]  1.  To 
establish  ;  to  enact.  2.  To  compose  ; 
to  form.  _3.  To  appoint  or  depute. 

Gon'sti-tu'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
stituting.  2.  Natural  condition.  3. 
Fundamental  laws  of  a  state  or  other 
organized  body  of  men.  4.  An  au¬ 
thoritative  ordinance  or  enactment. 

Gon'sti-tu'tion-al,  a.  1.  Belong¬ 
ing  to  the  constitution.  2.  In  ac¬ 
cordance  with  the  constitution  of  a 
government  or  society. 

Gon/sti-tCFtion-al'i-ty,  n.  State 
of  being  constitutional' 

Gon'sti-tu'tion-al-ly,  adv.  In 
accordance  with  the  constitution. 

GoNtSTl-TU'TIVE,  a.  Tending,  or 
having  power,  to  constitute. 

Gon-strain',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
constringere,  fr.  con  and  stringere,  to 
draw  tight.]  1.  To  hold  back  by 
force.  2.  To  urge  with  irresistible 
power. 

Syn.— To  compel;  force;  drive;  impel. 

Gon-strain'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  constrained.  [strains. 

Gon-strain'er,  n.  One  who  con- 

Gon-straint',  n.  1.  Act  of  constrain¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  constrained.  2. 
That  which  constrains. 

GoN-STR1€T',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  constringere ,  constriction .  See 
Constrain.]  To  contract  or  cause 
to  shrink. 

Gon-strIg'TION,  n.  Act  of  constrict¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  constricted. 

G,  hard ;  AS  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  op,  wolf,  too,  toGik  ;  Orn,  Rue,  PULL  ;  E ,  I,  o,  silent;  £,G  ,soft;  c, 


CONSTRICTOR 


CONTENTEDLY 


Gon-strict'or,  n.  That  which  con¬ 
stricts,  draws  together,  or  contracts. 

GON-STRINGE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[See  Constrain.]  To  draw  togeth¬ 
er  ;  to  contract. 

Gon-strIn'gent,  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  contracting. 

GON-STRUCT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  construere ,  construction ,  fr.  con 
and  struere,  to  pile  up,  set  in  order.] 
1.  To  put  together  the  constituent 
parts  of.  2.  To  devise  and  arrange. 

Syn.—  To  build;  erect ;  form;  make; 
fabricate. 

Gon-struct'er,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
structs. 

Gon-st  [iij-G"TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
structing;  fabrication.  2.  Structure 
conformation.  3.  Syntactical  ar¬ 
rangement.  4.  Interpretation ;  sense. 

Gon-strug'tion-ae,  a.  Pertaining 
to  construction. 

Gon-struc'tion-Ist,  n.  One  who 
construes  a  public  instrument. 

Gon-struct'ive,  a  1.  Ilavingabil- 
ity  to  construct.  2.  Derived  by  in¬ 
terpretation.  [of  construction. 

Gon-struct'IVE-ey,  adv.  By  way 

Gon-struct'ive-ness,  ii.  The  fac¬ 
ulty  which  leads  to  the  formation  of 
parts  into  a  whole. 

Gon'strue,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [See 
Construct.]  To  explain  the  con¬ 
struction  of,  as  of  a  sentence  ;  to  in¬ 
terpret. 

GoN'STU-PRATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  constuprare ,  constupratus ,  from 
con  and  stuprare,  to  ravish.]  To  vio¬ 
late  the  person  of.  [ing. 

•eoN/STU-PRA'TiON,  n.  Act  of  ravish- 

Gon'sub-stan'tial,  a.  Having  the 
same  substance. 

CON'SUB-STAN'TI-ATE  (-shl-at)  V.  t. 
[-E D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  con  and  substan¬ 
tia,  substance.]  To  unite  in  one 
common  substance  or  nature. 

GON'SUB-STAN'TI-A'TION  (-shl-a'- 
shun),«.  Actual,  substantia]  pres¬ 
ence  of  the  body  of  Christ  with  the 
bread  and  wiue  of  the  Lord’s  supper. 

GOn'sue,  n.  [Lat., from  consultre ,  to 
deliberate,  consult.]  1.  One  of  two 
chief  magistrates  of  the  Roman  re¬ 
public.  2  (Fr.  Hist.)  One  of  three 
supreme  magistrates  of  France  from 
1799  to  1804  .  3.  An  officer  appointed 
by  a  government  to  protect  the  com¬ 
mercial  and  other  interests  of  its  citi¬ 
zens  in  some  foreign  country,  [sul. 

Gon'su-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  con- 

Con'su-late,  n.  Office,  jurisdiction, 
or  residence,  of  a  consul. 

Gon'sul-SHIP,  n.  Office  or  term  of 
office  of  a  consul. 

Gon-sult',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
consulere ,  consultum .]  To  seek  opin¬ 
ion  or  advice.  — v.t.  1.  To  ask  ad¬ 
vice  of.  2.  To  decide  or  to  act  in 
favor  of.  3.  To  deliberate  upon. 

Gon'sul-TA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
sulting.  2.  A  meeting  of  persons  to 
consult  together. 

Gon-sult'er,  n.  One  who  consults. 

Con-sum'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  consumed. 


88 

€on-sume',  r.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
consumer e,  to  take.]  To  destroy,  as 
by  decomposition,  dissipation,  waste, 
or  fire.  —  v.  i.  To  waste  away  slowly. 

Syn. — To  destroy;  absorb;  waste;  ex¬ 
pend  ^squander;  lavish;  dissipate. 

CON-SUM'ER,  n.  One  who  consumes. 

CON'SUM-MATE,  or  CON-SUM'MATE, 
v.  t.  [Lat.  consummate,  consumma¬ 
ting  fr.  con  and  summa,  sum.]  To 
bring  to  completion ;  to  perfect. 

Con-sum'MATE  (45),  a.  Carried  to  the 
utmost  extent ;  complete;  perfect. 

Con-sum'mate-L¥,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
summate  manner. 

Gon'sum-ma'tion,  n.  Completion  ; 
termination ;  perfection. 

Gon-s&mp'tion  (84),  n.  1.  Act  of 
consuming.  2.  State  of  being  con¬ 
sumed.  3.  A  gradual  decay  of  the 
body  ;  especially  a  disease  seated  in 
the  lungs,  &c 

Gon-sump'tive,  a.  1.  Destructive; 
wasting.  2.  Affected  with,  or  in¬ 
clined  to,  consumption. 

Gon-sump'tive-ly,  adv.  In  a  way 
tending  to  consumption. 

Contact,  n.  [Lat.  contingere,  con- 
tactum,  to  touch  on  all  sides.]  A 
close  union  of  bodies ;  a  touching. 

Gon-ta'gion,  n.  [See  Contact.]  1. 
Communication  of  a  disease  from  one 
person  to  another,  by  contact.  2. 
Pestilential  influence. 

Gon-ta'gious,  a.  1.  Communicable 
by  contact  or  approach ;  catching. 
2.  Pestilential.  3.  Spreading  from 
one  to  another. 

Syn.  — Contagious ;  infectious. — These 
words  have  been  used  in  very  diverse 
senses;  but,  in  general,  a  contagious  dis¬ 
ease  is  one  which  is  caught  from  another 
by  contact,  by  the  breath,  by  bodily 
effluvia,  &e.,  while  an  infectious  one  sup¬ 
poses  some  entirely  different  cause  act¬ 
ing  by  a  hidden  influence,  like  the  mi¬ 
asma  of  prison-ships,  of  marshes,  &c., 
infecting  the  system  with  disease. 

Gon-tain',  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
continere,  fr.  con  and  tenere ,  to  hold.] 
1.  To  comprehend  ;  to  comprise.  2. 
To  be  able  to  hold;  to  inclose. 

Gon-tain'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  contained. 

CON-TAM'I-NATE,  r.  f  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  contaminate ,  contaminatus,  fr. 
con  and  taminare,  to  violate.]  To 
corrupt  by  defiling  contact. 

SvrN.  —  To  pollute;  defile. 

—  a.  Polluted  ;  corrupt ;  tainted. 

Gon-tamQ-na'tion,  n.  Pollution; 
defilement. 

Con-temn'  (-tem7),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  contemnere,  fr.  con  and  temnere, 
to  slight,  despise.]  To  consider  and 
treat  with  disdain. 

Syn. —  Despise;  scorn;  disdain. — 
Contemn  is  generic;  to  despise  is  to  re¬ 
gard  or  treat  as  mean,  unbecoming,  or 
worthless;  to  scorn  is  stronger,  express¬ 
ing  a  quick,  indignant  contempt;  dis¬ 
dain  is  still  stronger,  denoting  either  a 
generous  abhorrence  of  what  is  base,  or 
unwarrantable  pride  and  haughtiness. 

Con-tem'ner,  n.  One  who  contemns. 

Con-tem'per,  v.  t.  [Lat.  contempe- 
rare,  from  con  and  temperate,  to  tem¬ 
per.]  To  temper  ;  to  moderate. 

CON-TEM'PER-A'TION,  ?l.  1.  Act  of 


moderating;  moderation.  2.  Propoiv 
tionate  mixture. 

CoN'TEM-PLATE,  or  €oN-T£M'- 
PLATE  (117),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  contemplari ,  contemplatvs,  to 
look  around  carefully,  to  consider.] 

1.  To  regard  with  deliberate  care; 
to  meditate  on ;  to  study.  2.  To 
look  forward  to. 

Syn.  —  To  meditate;  intend.  —  Wo 
meditate  a  design  when  we  are  looking 
out  or  waiting  for  the  means  of  its  ac¬ 
complishment;  we  contemplate  it  when 
the  means  are  at  hand,  and  our  decision 
is  nearly  or  quite  made;  to  intend  is 
stronger. 

—  v.  i.  To  think  studiously ;  to 
ponder. 

Gon/tem-PLA'TION,  n.  Act  of  con¬ 
templating  ;  meditation. 

Con-tem'pla-tive,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  given  to,  contemplation ; 
studious;  thoughtful. 
Gon-tem'pla-tive-ly,  adv.  With 
contemplation. 

Gon-tem'pla-tive-ness,  n.  State 
of  being  contemplative. 

G6n''tem-PLA/tor,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
templates. 

GON-TEM'PO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  [Lat. 
contemporaneus ,  fr.  con  and  tempus, 
time.]  Living,  acting,  or  transpiring 
at  the  same  time. 

Gon-tem'po-ra'ne-ous-ly,  adv.  At 
the  same  time  with  some  other  event. 

Gon-tem'po-ra-ry,  a.  [Lat.  cowand 
temporarius,  of  or  belonging  to  time.] 
Contemporaneous. — n.  One  who 
lives  at  the  same  time  with  another. 

Gon-tejipt'  (84),  n.  [Lat.  contemp- 
tus  See  Contemn.]  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
temning.  2.  State  of  being  despised. 

Syn.  —  Disdain;  scorn;  contumely. 

Gon-tempt'i-ble,  a.  Worthy  of 
contempt. 

Syn. —  Contemptuous  ;  despicable  ; 
pal  ry ;  pitiful.  —  Desjncable  is  stronger 
than  contemptible ,  and  pitiful  than  pal¬ 
try.  A  man  is  despicable  for  what  is  base 
or  wicked  ,  contemptible  for  what  is 
weak,  foolish,  &c.  A  thing  is  pitiful 
when  it  indicates  meannessnnd  timidity, 
paltry  when  low  and  worthless. 

Gon-tempt'i-bly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
temptible  manner. 

Gon-tempt'u-oGs,  a.  Expressing 
contempt  or  disdain  ;  scornful. 

Gon-tempt'u-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a 
contemptuous  manner. 

Gon-tend',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
contendere ,  from  con  and  tend  ere.  to 
stretch.]  1.  To  strive  in  opposition. 

2.  To  strive  in  debate. 

Gon-ten  d'er,  n.  One  who  contends. 

Gon-tent',  a.  [Lat.  contentus,  p.  p. 

of  continere ,  to  hold  together.]  Hav¬ 
ing  the  desires  limited  by  present  en¬ 
joyment ;  satisfied. — v.t.  1.  To  sat¬ 
isfy  the  mind  of.  2.  To  please  or  grat¬ 
ify. —  n.  1.  Satisfaction  ;  moderate 
happiness.  2.  That  which  contents. 

Gon'tent,  or  Gon-tent',  n.  1. 
That  which  is  contained  ; —  usually 
in  the  pi.  2.  Power  of  containing  ; 
capacity. 

Gon-tent'ed,  a.  Content ;  satisfied. 

Gon-tent'ed-LY,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
tented  manner. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,long;  A,E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short  ;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE ,  VEIL ,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


CONTENTION 


CONTRAVENE 


Gon-ten'tion,  n.  1.  A  violent  strug¬ 
gle.  2.  Strife  in  debate. 

Syn.  —  Strife  ;  contest ;  quarrel ;  dis¬ 
sension;  variance. 

Gon-ten'tious,  a.  1.  Apt  to  con¬ 
tend.  2.  Relating  to  contention. 

CoN-tent'ment,  n.  1.  Satisfaction 
of  mind  ;  acquiescence  ;  content.  2. 
That  which  affords  satisfaction. 

GON'TENTS,  or  GON-TENTS'  (114), 
n.  pi.  See  Content,  n. 

Gon-t£r'mi-noijs,  a.  [Lat.  contermi- 
nus ,  from  con  and  terminus ,  border.] 
Bordering ;  contiguous. 

Gon-test',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
contestari,  to  call  to  witness.]  1.  To 
make  a  subject  of  dispute.  2.  To 
strive  earnestly  to  hold  or  maintain. 

Syn.  —To dispute;  controvert;  debate. 
—  v.  i.  To  contend  ;  to  vie. 

Gon'test,  n.  1.  Strife  in  argument. 
2.  Strife  in  arms. 

Syn.  —  Conflict ;  combat  ;  encounter; 
strife.  —  Strife  is  generic;  an  encounter 
is  a  sudden  and  hostile  meeting;  a  con¬ 
flict  is  a  violent  meeting  of  the  parties;  a 
combat  is  a  deadly  conflict  of  two  or 
more.u 

Gon-test'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  contested,  [tests  ;  an  opponent. 

Gon-test'ant,  n.  One  who  con- 

Con'TEXT,  n.  [Lat.  context  us ,  from 
contexere,  to  knit  together.]  Parts 
of  a  discourse  which  precede  or  fol¬ 
low  a  sentence  quoted. 

Con-text'Ore  (53),  n.  Composition 
of  parts  ^constitution,  [contiguous. 

Gon'ti-gu'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 

Gon-tig'u-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  contiguus, 
fr.  contingere ,  to  touch  on  all  sides.] 
In  actual  or  close  contact ;  touching. 

Syn.  —  Adjoining;  adjacent. —  Things 
are  adjacent  when  they  lie  near  to  each 
other  without  touching,  as,  adjacent 
fields;  adjoining  when  they  meet  or  join 
at  some  point,  as,  adjoining  farms;  con¬ 
tiguous  when  they  are  brought  more 
continuously  in  contact,  as,  contiguous 
buildings. 

Gon-tig'u-oC's-LY,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  touch.  [contact. 

Gon-tig'u-oiis-ness,  n.  State  of 

Gon'ti-nen^e,  I  n.  Voluntary  re- 

Con'ti-nen-^y,  )  straint  put  on 
one’s  desires  and  passions  ;  chastity. 

Gon'ti-nent,  a.  [Lat.  continens ,  fr. 
continere ,  to  hold  together.]  Re¬ 
straining  the  indulgence  of  desires  or 
passions;  temperate;  chaste. —  n.  1. 
One  of  the  larger  bodies  of  land  on 
the  globe.  2.  Main  land  of  Europe. 

Gon'ti-nent'al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
a  continent.  2.  Pertaining  to  the 
main  land  of  Europe.  3.  Pertaining 
to  the  American  colonies  in  the  time 
of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Gon'ti-nent-ly,  adv.  Chastely. 

Gon-tin'gen^e,  In.  1.  Quality  of 

Gon-tin'gen-^y,  i  being  contin¬ 
gent.  2.  An  event  which  may  oc¬ 
cur  ;  possibility. 

Gon-tin'gent,  a.  [Lat.  contingens , 
p.  pr.  of  contingere ,  to  happen.]  1. 
Possible,  or  liable  to  occur.  2.  De¬ 
pendent  on  what  is  undetermined  or 
unknown. — n.  1.  A  contingency. 
2.  That  which  falls  to  one  in  an  ap¬ 
portionment  ;  a  quota. 


89 

Gon-tIn'gent-ly,  adv.  Accidental¬ 
ly  or  incidentally. 

Gon-tIn'u-al,  a.  1.  Proceeding  with¬ 
out  interruption.  2.  Very  frequent ; 
often  repeated. 

Syn.  —  Constant ;  continuous;  per¬ 
petual. —  Althing  is  continuous  which 
flows  on  without  interruption  through 
its  whole  course,  as,  a  continuous  dis¬ 
course  or  train  of  thought;  it  iscontinual 
when,  with  perhaps  brief  interruptions, 
it  steadily  recurs  again,  as,  continual 
showers.  Perpetual  is  sometimes  used 
for  continual  in  a  stronger  sense,  as, 
perpetual  applications  ;  sometimes  for 
continuous  and  lasting,  as,  perpetual  mo¬ 
tion. 

Gon-tin'u-al-ly,  adv.  1.  Without 
cessation.  2.  Very  often. 

Gon-tin'u-an^e,  n.  1.  Permanence, 
as  of  condition,  habits,  abode,  & c. 
2.  Uninterrupted  succession ;  con¬ 
tinuation. 

Gon-tIn'u-a'TION,  n.  1.  Uninter¬ 
rupted  extension  or  succession.  2. 
That  which  extends  or  increases,  &c. 

Gon-tin'U-a/tor,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
tinues. 

Gon-tin'UE,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
continuare .]  1.  To  remain  in  a  given 
place  or  condition.  2.  To  be  perma¬ 
nent  or  durable.  3.  To  be  steadfast 
or  constant ;  to  endure.  —  v.  t.  To 
prolong  ;  to  persist  in. 

Con'ti-nu'i-ty,  n.  Uninterrupted 
connection  ;  cohesion. 

Gon-tin'u-ous,  a.  Without  break, 
cessation,  or  interruption. 

Gon-tin'U-ous-LY,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
tinuous  manner. 

Con-tort',  v.  t.  [Lat.  contorquere , 
contortum,  from  con  and  torquere ,  to 
twist.]  To  twist  together. 

Gon-tor'tion,  n.  A  twisting;  a 
writhing ;  wry  motion. 

Con-tour'  (kon-toorQ,  n.  [Fr.,from 
con  and  tour ,  Gr.  ropvos,  lathe.] 
Bounding  line ;  outline. 

CoN'TRA-BAND,  a.  [L.  Lat.  contra- 
bannum ,  prop.,  contrary  to  public 
proclamation.]  Prohibited  by  law  or 
treaty;  forbidden,  —n.  1.  Prohib¬ 

ited  merchandise  or  traffic.  2.  A 
negro  slave.  [  Amer.] 

Con-tract',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
contrahere,  contractual,  from  con  and 
trahere,  to  draw.]  1.  To  draw  to¬ 
gether  or  nearer.  2.  To  bring  on;  to 
be  liable  to.  3.  To  make  a  bargain 
for.  4.  To  betroth  ;  to  affiance.  5. 
To  unite  into  one  long  vowel  or  diph¬ 
thong. 

Syn. —  To  shorten;  condense;  reduce. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  be  drawn  together.  2. 
To  make  an  agreement ;  to  bargain. 

Con'TRACT,  n.  1.  An  agreement  be¬ 
tween  two  or  more  parties.  2.  A 
word  in  which  concurrent  vowels 
are  contracted. 

Syn. —  Covenant  ;  compact  ;  stipula¬ 
tion. —  A  covenant  is  a  mutual  agree¬ 
ment;  a  contract  is  such  an  agreement 
reduced  to  writing;  a  stipulation  is  one 
of  the  articles  or  parts  of  a  contract ;  a 
compact  is  a  more  solemn  and  binding 
c  ntract. 

Gon-TRAGT'i-bil'i-TY,  n.  Capabil¬ 
ity  of  being  contracted,  [contraction. 

Gon-tragt'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of 


Gon-trXgt'i-ble-ness,  n.  Con- 
tractibility.  [tract. 

Gon-TRAGT'ILE,  a.  Tending  to  con- 

Gon'trag-til'i-ty,  n.  inherent 
force  by  which  bodies  contract. 

Gon-trag'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
tracting.  2.  Any  thing  in  a  state  oi 
abbreviation  or  contraction. 

CoN-TRA€T'OR,  n.  [Lat.]  One  who 
contracts,  or  makes  a  contract. 

Gon'tra-dAnce  ,  n.  A  dance  in 
which  the  partners  are  arranged  in 
opposite  lines. 

GoN'TRA-DIGT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  contradicere ,  contradi  ctum ,  fr. 
contra  and  dicere,  to  say,  speak.]  1- 
To  assert  the  contrary  of ;  to  deny. 
2.  To  oppose. 

Gon'tra-dig'tion,  n.  1.  An  asser 
tion  of  the  contrary  ;  denial.  2.  Di¬ 
rect  opposition ;  incongruity  ;  con¬ 
trariety. 

Gon'tra-dig'tious,  a.  1.  Filled  with 
contradictions.  2.  Inclined  to  con¬ 
tradict.  [contradiction. 

Gon-tra-digt'iye,  a.  Containing 

Gon'tra-digt'o-ry,  a.  1.  Affirming 
the  contrary.  2.  Inconsistent. 

Gon'tra-dis-tine'tion,  n.  Dis¬ 
tinction  by  contrast. 

Gon'tra-dis-tingt'Ive,  a.  Distin¬ 
guishing  by  contrast. 

Gon'tra-dis-tin'gtjish,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  distinguish  by  contrast. 

Gon-tral'to,  n.  [It.,  from  contra , 
against,  and  alto.]  (Mus.)  (a.)  Part 
sung  by  the  highest  male  or  lowest 
female  voices  ;  the  alto  or  counter¬ 
tenor.  ( b . )  Voice  or  singer  perform¬ 
ing  this  part. 

G6n'tra-r1e§,  n.  pi.  (Logic.)  Prop¬ 
ositions  opposed  in  quality  only,  but 
of  which  the  falsehood  of  one  does 
not  establish  the  truth  of  the  other. 

Gon'TRA-ri'e-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  contrary  to.  2.  Something  which 
is  contrary  to  something  else. 

Syn.  —  Inconsistency;  opposition;  dis¬ 
agreement. 

Gon'tra-ri-LY,  adv.  In  a  contrary 
manner ;  in  opposition. 

Gon'tra-ri-wIse,  adv.  1.  On  the 
contrary.  2.  In  a  contrary  order. 

Gon'tra-ry,  a.  [Lat.  contrarius,  fr. 
contra.]  1.  Opposite ;  different;  con¬ 
tradictory.  2.  Given  to  opposition. 
—  n.  1.  A  thing  of  contrary  or  op¬ 
posite  qualities.  2.  A  proposition  con¬ 
trary  to  another. 

Gon-trast',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
contra,  against,  and  stare,  to  stand.] 
To  set  in  opposition,  with  a  view  to 
show  the  superiority  of  one  thing 
over  another.  —  v.  i.  To  be  or  stand, 
in  contrast  or  opposition. 

Gon'trast,  n.  Opposition  of  things 
or  qualities. 

Gon'tra-val-la'tion,  n.  A  trench 
guarded  with  a  parapet,  formed  by 
the  besiegers  between  their  camp 
and  the  place  besieged. 

Gon'tra-vene',  d.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[L.  Lat.  c.ontravenire ,  fr.  Lat.  contra , 
against,  and  venire,  to  come.]  To 
come  in  conflict  with. 


G,  hard ;  A§ ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG;  THIS 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  g,  soft;  G, 


CONTRAVENTION 


CONVEXITY 


90 


Syn.  —  To  contradict  ;  obstruct ;  op¬ 
pose. 

Con'tra-vEn'tion,  n.  Opposition ; 

obstruction.  [to  the  opposite  side. 
Con'tra-vEr'sion,  n.  A  turning 
Con-trib'u-ta-ry,  a.  Paying  trib¬ 
ute  ;  contributing  aid. 
CON-TRIB'UTE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  contribuere,  contributum,  from 
con  and  tribuere,  to  grant,  impart.] 
To  give  to  a  common  stock  or  for  a 
common  purpose. — v.  i.  To  give 
a  part ;  tojend  assistance  or  aid. 
Con'tri-bu'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
tributing.  2.  That  which  is  con¬ 
tributed. 

CON-TRIB'U-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to 
contribute.  [tributes. 

Con-trib'u-tor,  n.  One  who  con- 
€)on-tr!b'u-to-ry,  a.  Contributing 
to  the  same  stock  or  purpose. 
Con'trite,  a.  [Lat.  conterere ,  ron- 
tritus ,  to  grind,  to  bruise.]  Broken 
down  with  grief  or  penitence. 

Syn.  —  Penitent  ;  repentant. 
Con'trite-ly,  adv.  In  a  contrite 
manner.  [itence. 

Con'trite-ness, n.  Contrition;  pen- 
Con-tri'tion  (-trlsh/un),  n.  State 
of  being  contrite  ;  deep  sorrow  for  sin. 

Syn.  —  Repentance.  —  Contrition  is  a 
continuous  state  of  grief  and  self-con¬ 
demnation  ;  repentance  is  an  act  in 
which,  with  sorrow  for  our  sins,  we  re¬ 
nounce  them. 

Con-trIv'a-ble  ,a.  Capable  of  being 
contrived. 

Con-triv'ance,  n.  1.  Act  of  con¬ 
triving.  2.  Thing  contrived ;  device. 
CON-TRlVE',  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [0. 
Fr.  contreuver ,  from  con  and  treuver , 
to  find.]  To  form  by  an  exercise  of 
ingenuity. 

Syn.—  To  devise  ;  invent;  plan  ;  pro¬ 
ject  ;  pjot. 

Con-triv'er,  n.  One  who  contrives. 
Con-TROL',  n.  [Fr.  control e,  a  coun¬ 
ter  register,  fr.  contre-rble ,  fr.  contre, 
against,  and  rule,  roll,  catalogue.]  1. 
That  which  serves  to  check,  restrain, 
or  hinder.  2.  Restraining  influence. 
—  v.t.  [-led;  -ling,  135.]  To  ex¬ 
ercise  a  restraining  influence  over. 
Con-trol'la-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  controlled. 

Con-trol'ler,  n.  1.  An  officer  to 
oversee,  control,  or  verify  the  ac¬ 
counts  of  other  officers  2.  One  who 
controls.  [controller. 

Con-trol'ler-ship,  n.  Office  of  a 
Con-trol'ment,  n.  Power  or  act 
of  controlling;  state  of  being  con¬ 
trolled.  [disputes. 

C&n'tro-vEr'sial,  a.  Relating  to 
Con'tro-vEr'sial-Ist,  n.  One  who 
carries  on  a  controversy. 
Con'tro-vEr'sy,  n.  A  protracted 
contest  or  dispute. 

Syn.  —  Contention;  wrangle;  strife. 
€on'tro-v£rt,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  contra ,  against,  and  vertere,  to 
turn.]  To  contend  against  in  words 
or  writings  :  to  deny. 
Co^tro-vErt'i-bee,  a.  Capable  of 
being  controverted ;  disputable. 
Con'TRO-vErt'IST,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
troverts. 


Con'tu-ma'cioOs,  a.  Willfully  and 
perseveringly  disobedient. 

Con'tu-ma'cious-ly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
tumacious  manner. 

Con'tu-ma'ci  oils -ness,  n.  Obsti¬ 
nacy  ;  stubbornness. 

CoN'TU-MA-^Y,  n.  [Lat.  contumacia, 
fr.  contumax ,  insolent.]  Persistent 
obstinacy. 

Syn. —  Stubbornness;  perverseness. 

Con'tu-me'LI-ous,  a.  Overbearingly 
contemptuous ;  insolent. 

CoN'TU-ME'Ll-OUS-LY,  adv.  Re¬ 
proachfully  ;  rudely  ;  insolently. 

C5n'tu-me-ly,  n.  [Lat.  contumelia .] 
Rudeness  compounded  of  haughti¬ 
ness  and  contempt. 

€on-tu§e',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
contundere ,  contusum,  from  con  and 
tundere,  to  beat.]  1.  To  beat  or 
pound.  2.  To  bruise  or  injure  by 
beating. 

CoN-TU'glON,  n.  1.  Act  of  beating 
and  bruising.  2.  State  of  being 
bruised. 

Co-NiiN'DRUM,«.  [Cf.  0.  Eng.  conne, 
cunne ,  to  know.]  A  puzzling  ques¬ 
tion,  of  which  the  answer  is  or  in¬ 
volves  a  pun. 

€on'va-les9E',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  convalescere ,  fr.  con  and  vales- 
cere.  to  grow  strong.]  To  recover 
heaith  and  strength  after  sickness. 

Co NT/ v a-l ks'c E  no  E ,  )  n.  Recovery 

Con'va-les'cen-^y,  }  of  health 
and  strength  after  disease. 

Gon'va-les^ent,  a.  Recovering 
health  and  strength.  —  n.  One  re¬ 
covering  from  sickness.  [convened. 

Con-VEN'A-BEE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

CON-TENE'jt’.  ».  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

convenire ,  from  con  and  venire ,  to 
come.]  To  come  together ;  to  meet. 
—  v.t.  To  cause  to  assemble ;  to 
call  together. 

Con-ven'ien^e,  )  n.  1.  Fitness  or 

Con-ven'ien-^y,  J  suitableness,  as 
of  place,  time,  &c.  ;  adaptedness. 
2.  Freedom  from  discomfort.  3.  That 
which  is  convenient;  an  accommo¬ 
dation. 

CON-VEN'IENT  (-yent),  a.  [Lat.  con¬ 
veniens ,  p.  pr.  of  convenire.  See 
Convene.]  1.  Adapted  to  an  end.  2. 
Promotive  of  comfort  or  advantage. 

Syn.  —  Fit;  suitable;  adapted;  suited. 

Con-ven'ient-ly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
venient  manner. 

Con'vent,  n.  [Lat.  conventus.  See 
Convent.]  1.  A  body  of  monks  or 
nuns.  2.  An  abbey  ;  a  monastery  ; 
a  nunnery. 

Con-ventVcle,b.  [See  Convent, 
n.]  An  assembly  or  gathering,  es¬ 
pecially  for  religious  worship. 

Con- ven'tion, n.  [See  Convene.] 
1.  Act  of  coming  together.  2.  Arbi¬ 
trary  custom ;  conventionalism.  3. 
Assembly  of  delegates  or  representa¬ 
tives.  4.  An  informal  or  preliminary 
compact,  as  between  commanders  of 
armies. 

€on-ven'tion-al,  a.  1.  Formed  by 
agreement.  2.  Sanctioned  by  usage. 

CON-VISN'TION-AL-IgM,  n.  That 


which  is  received  or  established  by 
informal  agreement. 
€on-ven'tjon-al-Ist,  n.  One  who 
is  governed  by  conventionalism. 
Con-ven'tion-al'1-ty,  n.  State  of 
being  conventional. 
€on-ven'tion-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
ventional  manner. 

Con- verge', v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [N. 
Lat.  convergere,  fr.  con  and  vergere, 
to  turn,  incline.]  To  incline  and  ap¬ 
proach  nearer  together. 
CON-VER'GEN^E,  J  7i.  Tendency  to 
€on-v£r'gen-9y,  ]  one  point. 
Con-ver'gent,  a.  Tending  to  one 
point.  [conversation  ;  sociable. 

Con-ver'sa-ble,  a.  Qualified  for 
Gon'Ver-sant,  a.  1.  Having  fre¬ 
quent  intercourse.  2  Acquainted 
by  use  or  study  ;  versed.  3.  Havii  g 
relation. 

Con'ver-sa'TION,  n.  1.  Behavior; 
deportment.  [06s.]  2.  Familiar  dis¬ 
course  ;  informal  talk. 

Syn. — Talk;  chat;  conference. —  Talk 
is  broken,  familiar,  and  versatile;  chat 
is  still  more  so ;  conversation  is  more  con¬ 
tinuous  and  sustained;  a  conference  is 
held  for  the  discussion  of  some  important 
topic. 

Con'ver-sa'tion-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  conversation  ;  colloquial. 
Con'ver-sa'tion-al-ist,  n.  One 
who  excels  in  conversation. 
€on-v£rse',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
conversari ,  fr.  con  and  versari,  to  be 
turned,  to  live,  remain.]  1.  To  keep 
company  ;  to  commune.  2.  To  talk 
familiarly  ;  to  chat. 

Con'verse,  n.  1.  Familiarity;  ac¬ 
quaintance.  2.  Conversation.  3. 
A  proposition  which  is  the  reverse  of 
another. — a.  Turned  about;  re¬ 
versed  in  order.  [manner. 

Con'verse-ly,  adv.  In  a  converse 
Con-ver'sion,  n.  1.  A  turning  or 
changing  from  ore  state  to  another. 
2.  A  radical  change  of  heart. 
CON-VEET',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
convertere,  from  con  and  vertere ,  to 
turn  ]  To  change  from  one  form, 
substance,  religion,  party,  intended 
use,  or  the  like,  to  another. 

■Con' VERT,  n.  A  person  who  is  con¬ 
verted  from  one  opinion  or  practice 
to  another. 

Syn.  —  Proselyte;  neophyte;  pervert. 
—  Convert  is  generic,  and  refers  to  a 
change  of  mind  or  feelings;  a  proselyte 
is  one  who,  leaving  his  foimer  sect  or 
system,  becomes  the  adherent  of  anoth¬ 
er;  a  pervert  is  one  who  is  drawn  off  or 
perverted  from  the  true  faith. 

Con-vErt'i-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  convertible. 

Con-vert'i-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  converted ;  susceptible  of 
change  ;  transmutable ;  transforma¬ 
ble.  2.  Capable  of  being  exchanged 
or  interchanged  ;  reciprocal. 
Con-vert'i-bly,  adv.  In  a  con¬ 
vertible  manner. 

Con'VEX,  a.  [Lat.  convexus,  fr.  con- 
vehere ,  to  bring  together.]  Swelling 
into  a  rounded  form. 
CoN-VEX'I-TY,  n.  Exterior  surface 
of  a  convex  body. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,E,I,  o,tt,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  firm;  son, 


COPULA 


CONVEXLY 

€oN'VEX-Ly,arft).  In  a  convex  form. 

Gon'vex-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
convex  ;  convexity. 

Con-vex'o-con'cave,  a.  Convex 
on  one  side,  and  concave  on  the 
other.  [both  sides. 

Con-vex'o-con'vex,  a.  Convex  on 

GoN-vgY',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
con  and  via,  way.]  1.  To  carry  ;  to 
bear  ;  to  transfer.  2.  To  impart  or 
communicate. 

Gon-vey'an^e,  n.  1.  Act  or  means 
of  conveying ;  transmission.  2.  A 
writing  by  which  property  is  con¬ 
veyed  to  another. 

Con-vey'an-^eb,  n.  One  who  em¬ 
ploys  himself  in  drawing  up  convey¬ 
ances  of  property. 

Con-vey'AN-^ing,  n.  Act  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  drawing  up  conveyances  of 
property. 

Gon-VSY'eb,  n.  One  who  conveys. 

Gon-vigt',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
convincere,  convictum,  fr.  con  and 
vincere,  to  conqu.er.]  1.  To  prove 
guilty  of  an  offense  or  crime.  2.  To 
show  by  evidence. 

Gon'vigt,  n.  A  person  proved  guilty 
of  a  crime  ;  a  criminal. 

Syn. —  Malefactor;  culprit;  felon. 

GON-vie'TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  convict¬ 
ing.  2.  Act  of  convincing  of  error. 
3.  State  of  being  convinced  or  con¬ 
victed. 

€ON-viN9E',n.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat. 
convincere,  from  con  and  vincere,  to 
conquer.]  To  overcome  by  argu¬ 
ment  ;  to  satisfy  by  proof. 

Syn. —  To  persuade.  —  To  convince  is 
an  act  of  the  understanding;  to  per¬ 
suade.,  of  the  will  or  feelings.  The  one 
is  effected  by  argument,  the  other  by 
motives.  When  we  say,  “  I  am  per¬ 
suaded  it  is  so,”  “  I  can  not  persuade  my¬ 
self  of  the  fact,”  there  is  a  degree  of  feel¬ 
ing  mingled  with  the  conviction  which 
gives  rise  to  the  expression. 

€on-VIN'9ER,  n.  One  who  convinces. 

Gon-vin'ci-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  convinced. 

Gon-viv'i-al,  a.  Relating  to  a  feast 
or  entertainment. 

Syn.  —  Festive  ;  festal;  jovial;  social. 

Gon-vIv'I-al'i-TY,  n.  The  mirth  in¬ 
dulged  in  on  festive  occasions. 

CON'VO-GATE,  V.  t.  [-En;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  convocare.]  To  convoke. 

Gon'vo-oa'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  call¬ 
ing  or  assembling.  2.  An  assembly 
or  meeting.  (  Church  of  Eng.)  A  gen¬ 
eral  assembly  of  the  clergy. 

Syn.  —  Convention;  synod;  council. 

Gon-voke',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [See 
CONVOCATE.]  To  call  together. 

Syn. —  To  summon;  assemble;  con¬ 
vene. 

Con'vo-lu'ted,  a.  Curved  or  rolled 
together. 

CON'VO-LU'TION,  n.  A  rolling  or 
winding  together,  or  one  thing  on 
another. 

Gon-volve',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  convolvere ,  fr.  con  and  volvere, 
to  roll.]  To  roll  or  wind  together. 

Gon-voy',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
ronvoyer.  See  Convey.]  To  accom¬ 
pany  for  protection. 


91 

Gon'VOY,  n.  1.  A  protecting  force 
accompanying  ships  or  property  on 
their  way  from  place  to  place.  2. 
That  which  is  convoyed. 

Gon-vOlse',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
conveller e ,  convulsion ,  from  con  and 
vellere,  to  pluck.]  To  draw  or  con¬ 
tract  violently  and  irregularly. 

Gon-vOl'sion,  n.  1.  A  violent  and 
involuntary  contraction  of  the  mus¬ 
cular  parts  of  an  animal  body.  2. 
Any  violent  and  irregular  motion. 

GoN-vlJL'siVE,  a.  Producing,  or  at¬ 
tended  with,  convulsion  or  spasms. 

Go'NY,  or  Gon'Y,  n.  [Lat.  cuniculus, 
a_rabbit,  cony.]  A  rabbit. 

Coo,  v.  i .  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Formed 

from  the  sound.]  To  make  a  low  cry, 
as  pigeons. 

Cook,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  coq- 
uere.]  To  prepare,  as  food  for  the 
table,  by  boiling,  roasting,  baking, 
&c.  —  v.  i.  To  prepare  food  for  the 
table.  —  n.  One  who  prepares  food 
for  the  table.  [cooking. 

CJook/er-Y,  n.  Art  or  practice  of 

Go'ok'Y,  n.  [D.  koek,  dim.  of  koekje, 
cake.]  A  small,  flat,  hard,  sweet¬ 
ened  cake. 

Cool,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  cGl. 
See  Cold.]  1.  Moderately  cold.  2. 
Calm,  or  free  from  excitement  by 
passion. 

Syn.  —  Calm;  dispassionate;  self-pos¬ 
sessed  ;  composed  ;  repulsive  ;  frigid  ; 
alienated;  impudent. 

—  n.  A  moderate  state  of  cold.  — v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  make  cool 
or  cold.  2.  To  moderate  the  excite¬ 
ment  of;  to  allay,  as  passion  of  any 
kind. — v.i.  1.  To  become  less  hot. 
2^  To  become  more  moderate. 

Cool'er,  n.  1.  That  which  cools. 
2^  A  vessel  for  cooling. 

Gool'ish,  a.  Somewhat  cool. 

Gool'ly  (109),  adv.  In  a  cool  man¬ 
ner;  with  coolness. 

Gool'ness,  n.  State  of  being  cool. 

Goo'LY,  )  n.  [Hind,  kixli,  a  laborer, 

GocVlIe,  )  porter.]  A  laborer  trans¬ 
ported  from  the  East,  for  service  in 
some  other  country. 

Coomb  (k<7om),  n.  [A.-S.  cumb,  a 
liquid  measure,  Gr.  ku'ju^o?,  cup,  ba¬ 
sin.]  A  dry  measure  of  four  bushels. 

Goop,  n.  [Icel.  kupa,  0.  H.  Ger.  chuo- 
fa.]  A  grated  box  or  a  cage  for  keeping 
small  animals.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  confine  in  a  coop  ;  to  shut  up. 

Go'op'er,  n.  One  who  makes  barrels, 
casks,  & c. 

Go'op'er- age,  n.  1.  Price  for  coop¬ 
er’s  work.  2.  A  place  where  cooper’s 
work  is  done.  3.  Business  of  a  cooper. 

Go-op'er-ate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  co,  for  con,  and  operari,  opera- 
tus,  to  work.]  To  act  or  operate 
jointly  with  another. 

Go-op'er-a'tion,  n.  Concurrent  ef¬ 
fort  or  labor;  joint  operation. 

Go-op'er-a-tIye,  a.  Operating 
jointly  to  the  same  end. 

Go-op'er-a'tor,  n.  One  who  labors 
jointly  with  others. 

Go  or'di-nate  (45),  a.  [Lat.  co,  for 


con ,  and  or  dinar  e,  ordinatus,  to  reg¬ 
ulate.]  Equal  in  rank  or  order.  — 
n.  pi.  Lines,  or  other  elements  of 
reference,  by  means  of  which  the  po¬ 
sition  of  any  point,  as  of  a  curve,  is 
defined  with  respect  to  certain  fixed 
lines,  or  planes. 

Go-or'di-nate-ly,  adv.  In  the 
same  order  or  rank. 

Goot  (26),  n.  [W.  cwtiar,  from  cwla, 
short,  bob-tailed.]  1.  A  water-fowl, 
which  frequents  lakes  and  other  still 
waters.  2.  A  stupid  fellow. 

Go-pai'ba,  I  n.  [Brazil,  cupauba.)  A 

Go-pai'va,  )  liquid,  resinous  juice 
used  in  medicine. 

Go'pal,  n.  [Mexican  copalli.]  A 
resinous  substance  used  in  the  man' 
ufacture  of  varnishes. 

Go-par'^e-na-ry,  n.  Partnership 
in  inheritance. 

CO-PAR'CE-NER,  n.  A  joint  heir. 

Go-part'ner,  n.  A  joint  partner ; 
an  associate. 

Go-part'ner-ship,  n.  Joint  inter¬ 
est  or  concern  in  any  matter. 

Gope,  n.  [W.  cob,  A.-S.  cappe.]  1.  A 
covering  for  the  head.  2.  Any  thing 
regarded  as  extended  over  the  head. 
3.  A  cloak  worn  during  divine  ser¬ 
vice  by  the  clergy.  —  v.  i.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  contend,  especially  on 
equal  terms ;  to  match. 

Gop'i-er,  n.  One  who  copies  ;  a 
transcriber.  [sonry  in  a  wall. 

Gop'ing,  n  Highest  course  of  ma- 

Go'pi-otrs,  a.  [Lat.  copiosus,  from  co- 
pia,  abundance.]  Large  in  quantity 
or  amount. 

Syn. —  Ample;  abundant;  plentiful  ; 
exuberant. 

Go'PI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Plentifully. 

Go'pi-oGs-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
copious. 

GoP'PER,  n.  [Gr.  ^aA/cds  Kuopio?, 
Cyprian  brass,  fr.  Cyprus,  renowned 
for  its  copper  mines.]  1.  A  metal  of 
a  reddish  color.  2.  A  coin  made  of 
copper.  3.  A  large  boiler  of  copper. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  cover  with 
copper. 

Gop'per-as,  n.  [Lat.  cupr irosa,  equiv. 
to  Gr.  xaAxavdos,  i.  e.  copper-flower.] 
Sulphate  of  iron,  or  green  vitriol. 

Gop'per-head,  n.  [From  its  color.] 
1.  A  poisonous  American  serpent.  2. 
A  northern  sympathizer  with  the 
southern  rebellion  of  1861-65.  [Am.) 

Gop'per-plate,  n.  An  engraved 
plate  of  copper,  or  a  print  taken  from 
such  a  plate. 

Gop'per-smIth,  n.  One  who  man¬ 
ufactures  copper  utensils. 

Gop'per-y,  a.  Mixed  with,  contain¬ 
ing,  made  of,  or  like,  copper. 

Gop'PICE,  )  n.  [0.  Fr.  coppiz,  from 

Gopse,  |  coper,  couper,  to  cut.] 
A  wood  of  small  growth. 

Gop'tig,  a.  Relating  to  the  Copts, 
an  ancient  Egyptian  race.  —  n.  The 
language  of  the  Copts. 

Gop'U-lA,  n.  [Lat.,  from  co,  for  con, 
and  apere,  to  take,  seize  upon.]  The 
word  which  unites  the  subject  and 
predicate  of  a  proposition. 

G,  hard;  A§ ;  EJCIST  ;  g  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,G ,soft;E, 


COPULATE 


CORONAL 


92 


Gop'u-LATE,  v.  t.  [Lat.  copulare, 
copulatum ,  to  couple.]  [-ed;  -ING.] 
To  unite  in  sexual  embrace. 

€op/u-l action,  n.  Embrace  of  the 
sexes  in  the  act  of  generation. 

■Cop'u-LA-TiVE ,  a.  Serving  to  couple, 
unite,  or  connect. — n.  A  conjunc¬ 
tion  that  unites  the  sense  as  well  as 
the  words. 

Gop'y,  n.  [Lat.  copia ,  abundance, 
L.  Lat.,  a  pattern  for  writing.]  1. 
A  writing  like  another  writing ;  a 
transcript.  2.  One  of  a  series  of  rep¬ 
etitions  of  an  original  work.  3. 
Manuscript  placed  in  a  compositor’s 
hands.  4.  A  model ;  pattern. —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  To  imitate ;  to  tran¬ 
scribe  ;  to  model  after. — v.i.  To  do  a 
thing  in  imitation  of  something  else. 

€5p'y-book,  n.  A  book  in  which 
copies  are  written  for  learners  to  im¬ 
itate. 

Gop'y-er,  n.  One  who  copies  or 
transcribes. 


Gop'Y-hold,  n.  (Eng.  Law.)  (a.)  A 
tenure  of  estate  by  copy  of  court- 
roll.  (b.)  Land  held  in  copy-hold. 

Gop'Y-ist,  n.  A  copier ;  a  transcriber. 

Gop'y -RIGHT  (-rlt),  n.  Exclusive 
right  of  an  author  to  print  and  pub¬ 
lish  his  own  literary  works  for  his 
own  benefit.  —  v.  t.  To  secure  by 
copyright,  as  a  book. 

Go-QUET'  (-keP),  v.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.] 
[See  Coquette.]  To  attempt  to 
attract  admiraticn  or  love,  from 
vanity.  — v.  i  To  trifle  in  love. 

Go-quet'ry,  'n.  Affectation  of  amor¬ 
ous  advances  ;  trifling  in  love. 

Go-QUETTE'  (-keP),  n.  [Fr.,  coquet¬ 
tish,  originally  strutting  like  a  cock.] 
A  vain,  trifling  woman,  who  endeav¬ 
ors  to  gain  matrimonial  offers,  with 
the  intention  to  reject  her  suitor. 

Go-quet'tish  (ko-ket'tish),  a.  Prac¬ 
ticing  or  exhibiting  coquetry. 

Gor'AL,  n.  [Gr.  /copaXAiov.]  1.  The 
solid  secretion  of  zoophytes,  produced 
within  the  tissues  of  the  polyps.  2. 
A  plaything  made  of  coral. 

Gor'al-line,  a.  Consisting  of  coral ; 
like  coral. 

Gor'al-loid,  1  a.  [Gr.  KopdWiov, 

Gor'AL-LOID'AL,  j  coral,  and  eTSo?, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  coral ; 
branching  like  coral. 

Gorb,  n.  [Lat.  corbis,  basket.]  A 
basket  used  in  coaleries. 

Gor'BAN,  n.  [Heb.]  1.  An  alms- 
basket.  2.  ( Jewish  Antic/.)  A  vow 
by  which  a  person  bound  himself  not 
to  give  to  another,  or  to  receive  from 
him,  some  particular  object. 

Gor'bel,  n.  [Lat.  corbicula,  dim.  of 
corbis,  basket.] 

(Arch.)  (a.)  Vase  of 
the  Corinthian  col¬ 
umn.  (b.)  Carved 
end  of  a  piece  of1] 
timber  or  stone  pro¬ 
jecting  from  a  wall.  Corbel  (b). 

Gord,  n.  [Lat.  chorda ,  Gr.  xopSv}.]  1. 
A  string,  or  small  rope.  2.  A  solid 
measure,  equivalent  to  128  cubic  feet. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  bind  with 


a  cord.  2.  To  pile  up,  as  wood,  for 
sale  by  the  cord,  [used  collectively. 

Gord'age,  n  Ropes  or  cords  ;  — 

Gor'date,  la.  Having  the  shape 

Gor'da-ted,  )  or  form  of  a  heart. 

Gor'de-lier',  n  [Fr.,  from  0.  Fr. 
cordel,  fr.  corde,  rope  or  girdle  worn 
by  that  order.]  One  of  a  religious 
order  founded  by  St.  Francis. 

Gor'di-al,  or  Gor'dial,  a.  [Lat. 
cor,  heart.]  1.  Proceeding  from  the 
heart.  2.  Tending  to  cheer  or  invig¬ 
orate. 

Syx.  —  Hearty ;  sincere;  warm;  affec  ■ 
tionate. 

—  n.  Any  thing  that  cheers  or  invig¬ 
orates,  esp.  a  medicine  which  does  so. 

Gor'di-Xl'i-ty,  or  Gord-ialH-ty, 
n.  Sincere  affection  and  kindness. 
Gor'di-al-ly,  or  Gord'ial-ly, 
adv.  Heartily ;  sincerely. 

Gor'DON  (or  kor'dong),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
corde.  See  Cord.]  1.  The  project¬ 
ing  coping  of  a  scarp-wall.  2.  A  se¬ 
ries  of  military  posts. 

Gor'du-roy',  or  Cor'du-roy',  n. 
[Probably  fr.  Fr.  corde  du.  roi,  king’s 
cord.]  A  thick  cotton  stuff,  corded 
or  ribbed  on  the  surface. 

Corduroy  road ,  a  roadway  formed  of 
logs  laid  side  by  side  across  it,  as  in 
marshy  places. 

Gord'wain-ER,  n.  [From  0.  Eng. 
cord  wain,  a  corruption  of  Cordovan, 
a  kind  of  leather.]  A  shoemaker. 

Gore,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  cor, 
heart.]  Heart  or  inner  part  of  a 
things 

Go/ri-a'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  corium, 
leather.]  Consisting  of,  or  resemb¬ 
ling,  leather ;  leathery. 

GcUri-Xn'DER,  n.  [Gr.  uopiavvov ,  ko- 
pcov,  fr.  Kopts,  bug,  on  account  of  the 
bug-like  smell  of  its  leaves.]  A  plant, 
the  seeds  of 
which  have  a 
strong  smell. 

Go-rin'thi-an, 
a.  Pertaining  to 
Corinth,  or  to  a 
certain  order  of 
architecture. 

Gork,  n.  [Lat. 
cortex,  corticis.] 

1.  Outer  bark 
of  the  cork-  Corinthian, 
tree.  2.  A  stopper  cut  out  of  cork. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  stop  with 
corks.  2.  To  furnish  with  cork. 

Gork'-jXck'et,  n.  A  jacket  having 
pieces  of  cork  inclosed  within  canvas, 
and  used  to  aid  in  swimming. 

Gork'surew  (-skrij  ),  n.  A  kind  of 
screw  used  for  drawing  corks. 

Gork'y,  a.  Pertaining  to  cork. 

Gor'mo-rant,  n.  [W.  mOrvran,  a 
sea-raven,  fr.  mbr,  sea,  and  bran,  ra¬ 
ven,  with  corb,  equiv.  to  Lat.  corvus, 
raven,  pleonastically  prefixed.]  1. 
A  genus  of  sea-birds,  of  the  pelican 
family.  2.  A  glutton,  or  gluttonous 
servant. 

Gorn,  n.  [A.-S.  corn,  Goth,  kaurn, 
allied  with  Lat.  granum.]  1.  A  sin¬ 
gle  seed  of  certain  plants  :  a  grain. 
[In  this  sense  it  has  a  pi.]  2.  The 


various  grains  which  grow  in  ears, 
and  are  used  for  food,  as  wheat,  oats, 
rye,  barley,  maize  ;  —  used  collective¬ 
ly.  3.  A  small,  hard  particle ;  a 
grain.  4.  [Lat.  cornu ,  horn.]  A 
hard,  horn-like  induration  of  the 
skin  on  the  toes. —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  preserve  and  season  with  salt. 

2.  To  granulate.  3.  To  render  in¬ 
toxicated. 

Gorn'-grake,  n.  A  bird  which  fre¬ 
quents  torn-fields. 

Gor'ne-A  (147),  n.  [Lat.  corneus, 
horny.]  The  horny  transparent  mem¬ 
brane  in  the  front  part  of  the  eye. 

Gor'nel,  n.  [L.  Lat.  comolium ,  fr. 
Lat.  cornu,  horn,  from  its  hardness.] 
A  shrub  and  its  fruit ;  the  dog-wmod. 

Gor'ne-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  corneus,  from 
cornu,  horn.]  Horn-like  ;  horny. 

Gor'ner,  n.  [Lat.  cornu,  horn,  end, 
angle.]  1.  The  point  where  two  con¬ 
verging  lines  meet,  or  the  space  be¬ 
tween  them.  2.  A  secret  or  retired 
place.  3.  Any  part. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  drive  into  a  corner.  2. 
To  get  control  of ;  —  said  of  stocks. 

Gor'ner-stone,  n.  Stone  which 
forms  the  corner  of  a  foundation. 

GoR'NER-wigE,  adv.  Diagonally; 
with  the  corner  in  front. 

Gor'net,  «,  [From  Lat.  cornu,  horn.] 
1.  (Music.)  (a.)  A  wind  instrument 
blown  with  the  mouth,  (b.)  A  spe¬ 
cies  of  trumpet.  2.  The  officer  who 
carries  the  standard  in  a  cavalry 
troop. 

Gor'net-^y,  n.  Commission  or  rank 
of  a  cornet. 

Gor'NI9E,  n.  [Lat.  coronis,  Gr.  Kopw- 
vU,  a  curved  line.]  Any  molded  pro¬ 
jection  which  crowns  the  part  to 
which  it  is  affixed. 

Gor'nu-uo'pi-A,  n.  ; 

pi.  €0R'NU-€0'PI- 
jE.  [Lat.  cornu,  a 
horn,  and  copia, 
plenty.]  The  horn 
of  plenty  ;  —  an  em¬ 
blem  of  abundance. 

Gorn'y,  a.  [Lat.  cor- 
nu,  horn.]  1.  Strong,  Cornucopia, 
stiff,  or  hard,  like  a  horn.  2.  Pro¬ 
ducing  corn  or  grain.  3.  Contain¬ 
ing  corn  or  grain. 

Gor'ol,  1  n.  [Lat.  corol- 

Go-rol'lA,  )  la,  dim.  of 
corona,  crown.]  The  inner 
part  of  a  flower,  composed 
of  one  or  more  leaves,  called 
petals. 

Gor'ol-la-ry  (44),  n.  [Lat. 
corollarium,  coronet,  from 
corolla .]  An  inference;  a 

deduction  ;  a  consequence. 

-Co-ro'na,  n. ;  pi.  eo-Rof-  Cor°U** 
NJR.  [Lat.,  crown,  Gr.  ko-  a » ’J1?11/' 
pthvr),  any  thing  curved.]  1.  ^ 

A  large,  flat  member  of  a  p’etaled. 
cornice.  2.  A  circle  around 
a  luminous  body,  as  the  sun  or 
moon. 

Gor'o-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
kingly  crown,  or  to  coronation.  — n. 
A  crown  ;  wreath  ;  garland. 


A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  Y , long ;  X,  £,  I,  6,  i),  short;  cAre,  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  VEIL,  term  ;  PIQUE,  fTrm ;  S6N, 


CORONARY 

Gor'o-na-ry,  a.  Relating  to,  or  re¬ 
sembling,  a  crown. 

Gor'o-na'tion,  n.  Act  or  ceremony 
of  crowning  a  sovereign. 

Gor'o-NER,  n.  [L.  Lat.  coronarius, 
fr.  Lat.  corona ,  crown.]  An  officer 
whose  duty  is  to  inquire  into  the 
manner  of  a  violent  death. 

■Gor'O-net,  n.  [Lat.  corona ,  crown.]  1. 
An  inferior  crown,  worn  by  noble¬ 
men.  2.  Upper  part  of  a  horse’s  hoof. 

Gor'po-ral,  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr. 
caporal ,  fr.  Lat.  caput ,  head.]  Low¬ 
est  officer  of  a  company  of  infantry, 
next  below  a  sergeant.  —  a.  [Lat. 
corporalis,  fr.  corpus,  body.]  1.  Be¬ 
longing  to  the  body.  2.  Having  a 
body  or  substance ;  not  spiritual. 

Gor'po-ral-ly,  adv.  In  or  with  the 
body  ;  bodily. 

Gor'po-RATE,  a.  [Lat.  corporare , 
corporatus ,  to  shape  into  a  body,  from 
corpus,  body.]  United  in,  or  belong¬ 
ing  to,  a  corporation. 

Gor'po-rate-ly,  adv.  In  a  corpo¬ 
rate  capacity. 

Gor'po-ra'tion,  n.  A  body  politic 
or  corporate,  formed  and  authorized 
by  law  to  act  as  a  single  person. 

Cor'po-rUtor,  n.  A  member  of  a 
corporation. 

Cor-po're-al  (89),  a.  Having  a  ma¬ 
terial  body  or  substance  ;  material. 

Syn.  —  Corporal  ;  bodily.  —  Bodily  is 
opposed  to  mental ;  as,  bodily  affections. 
Corporeal  refers  to  the  interior  animal 
structure  ;  as,  corporeal  substance  or 
frame.  Corporal,  as  now  used,  refers 
more  to  the  exterior;  as,  corporal  pun¬ 
ishment.  To  speak  of  corporeal  pun¬ 
ishment  is  now  a  gross  error. 

Gor-po're-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  bodily 
form  or  manner. 

•Gor/po-re'i-ty,  n.  Materiality. 

GORPS  (kor,  pi.  k5rz),  n.  sing.  &  pi. 
[Fr. ,  fr.  Lat.  corpus ,  body.]  An  or¬ 
ganized  part  or  division  of  an  army. 

-eoRPS-D'ARMEE  (kor'darhna'),  n. 
[Fr.,  body  of  the  army.]  A  portion 
of  a  grand  army  possessed  of  all  the 
constituents  of  a  separate  or  an  in¬ 
dependent  army. 

Gorpse,  n.  [Lat.  corpus,  body.] 
Dead  body  of  a  human  being. 

Gor'pit-lence,  In.  Excessive  fat- 

Gor'pu-len-^y,  j  ness  ;  obesity. 

Gor'pu-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  corpulentus , 
fr.  corpus,  body.]  Having  an  exces¬ 
sive  quantity  of  flesh  ;  obese. 

Syn. — Stout;  fleshy ;  large;  fat;  pursy. 

Gor'pus-cle  (-pus-1,  65),  n.  [Lat. 
corpusculum ,  dim.  of  corpus,  body.] 
A  minute  particle. 

Cor-pOs'cu-lar,  n.  Pertaining  to, 
or  composed  of,  corpuscles,  or  small 
particles. 

Gor-ra/di- action,  n.  Conjunction 

of  rays  in  one  point. 

Cor-re€T',  a.  [See  infra.]  Conform¬ 
able  to  truth,  rectitude,  or  proprie¬ 
ty  ;  free  from  error. 

Syn.— Accurate;  right:  exact. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat .  corrigere, 
correctum ,  fr.  con  and  regere ,  to  lead 
straight.]  1.  To  make  or  set  right.  2. 
To  punish  for  faults.  3.  To  obviate 
or  remove  ;  to  counteract  or  change. 

93 

GOR-RE€'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  correct¬ 
ing  ;  change  for  the  better ;  amend¬ 
ment.  2.  Punishment ;  discipline. 
3.  That  which  is  substituted  in  the 
place  of  what  is  wrong.  4.  Counter¬ 
action  of  what  is  hurtful  in  its  effects. 

Gor-reg'tion-al,  a.  Tending  to 
correction  ;  corrective. 

Gor-RE€T'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  recti¬ 
fy.  —  «.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  correcting.  [manner. 

Gor-rect'ly,  adv.  In  a  correct 

Gor-regt'ness,  n.  State  of  being 
correct. 

Syn.  —  Accuracy  ;  regularity  ;  precis¬ 
ion;  exactness. 

Gor-rect'or,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  corrects. 

Gor're-la'tion,  n.  [L.  Lat.  correla- 
tio .]  Reciprocal  or  mutual  relation. 

Gor-rel'a-tive,  a.  Having  or  in¬ 
dicating  a  reciprocal  relation ;  recip¬ 
rocal.  —  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
stands  in  a  reciprocal  relation  to  some 
other  person  or  thing. 

Gor're-spond',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[L.  Lat.  correspondere ,  from  con  and 
respondere ,  to  answer.]  1.  To  be 
adapted.  2.  To  have  intercourse, 
esp.  by  sending  and  receiving  letters. 

Syn.  —  To  correspond  with;  corres¬ 
pond  to.  —  We  correspond  with  a  friend 
by  letters;  one  thing  corresponds  to 
another,  i.  e.  answers  to  it. 

Gor're-spond'ence,  In.  1.  Mutu- 

Gor're-spond'en-ijy,  J  al  adapta¬ 
tion  of  one  thing  to  another.  2. 
Intercourse  by  means  of  letters.  3. 
Letters  which  pass  between  corre¬ 
spondents. 

Gor're-spond'ent,  a.  Suitable ; 
congruous  ;  conformable  ;  answer- 
able.  —  n.  One  who  corresponds. 

Gor're-spond'ent-ly,  1  adv.  Con- 

Gor're-spond'ing-ly,  j  formably; 
answerably  ;  suitably. 

Gor'ri-dor',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  currere , 
to  run.]  A  passage-way  to  apart¬ 
ments  independent  of  each  other. 

■Cor' ri-gPn'dum,  7i. ;  pi.  -gor'ri - 
GEN' da.  [Lat  ]  A  word  or  thing 
to  be  corrected. 

Gor'RI-gi-ble,  a.  [L.  Lat.  corrigi- 
bilis,  from  Lat.  corrigere ,  to  correct.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  set  right  or 
amended.  2.  Worthy  of  being  chas¬ 
tised.  [competitor. 

Gor-ri'VAL,  n.  A  fellow-rival;  a 

Gor-rob'o-rant,  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  giving  strength  ;  confirm¬ 
ing.  —  n.  A  medicine  that  strength¬ 
ens  the  body. 

Gor-rob'o-rate,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  corroborare,  corroboratus,  from 
con  and  roborare,  to  strengthen.]  To 
make  more  certain  ;  to  confirm. 

Gor-rSb'o-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
corroborating  ;  confirmation.  2. 

That  which  corroborates. 

Gor-rob'o-ra-tIve,  a.  Corrobo¬ 
rating,  or  tending  to  corroborate. 

Gor-rode',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
corrodere,  from  con  and  rodere,  to 
gnaw.]  To  eat  away  or  consume  by 
degrees  ;  to  wear  away. 

Syn.  —  To  canker;  gnaw;  rust;  waste. 

CORUSCATE 

GoR-ROD'ENT,n.  Any  substance  that 
corrodes. 

Gor-rod'1-ble,  )  a.  Capable  of  be- 

Gor-ro'si-ble,  j  ing  corroded. 

GoR-RO'gioN,  n.  Action  of  eating  or 
wearing  away  by  slow  degrees. 

Gor-ro'sIve,  a.  1.  Eating  away; 
acrimonious.  2.  Having  the<juality 
of  fretting  or  vexing. 

Gor-ro'sIve-ly,  adv.  Like  a  cor¬ 
rosive  ;  in  a  corrosive  manner. 

Gor'ru-gant,  a.  Having  the  power 
of  corrugating. 

Gor'ru-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

[Lat.  corrugare,  corrugatus,  from  con 
and  rugare,  to  wrinkle.]  To  form 
into  wrinkles  or  folds. 

Gor/ru-ga'tion,  n.  A  contraction 
into  wrinkles. 

Gor-rupt',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
corrumpere ,  corruption ,  from  con  ant, 
rumpere,  to  break.]  1.  To  make 
putrid;  to  putrefy.  2.  To  change 
from  good  to  bad.  — v.  i.  1.  To  be¬ 
come  putrid  ;  to  rot.  2.  To  become 
vitiated;  to  lose  purity.  —  a.  1. 
Changed  from  a  sound  to  a  putrid 
state;  spoiled;  tainted.  2.  Vitiated; 
depraved  ;  debased  ;  perverted. 

Gor-rUpt'er,  n.  One  who  corrupts. 

Gor-rOpt'i-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Possibility 
of  being  corrupted,  [ing  corrupted. 

Gor-rOpt'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

GOR-RtJPT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Suscepti¬ 
bility  of  corruption. 

Gor-rupt'i-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  be 
corrupted. 

Gor-rOp'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  cor¬ 
rupting,  or  state  of  being  corrupt.  2. 
Product  of  corruption.  3.  Perversion 
of  moral  principles.  4.  Taint  or  im¬ 
purity  of  blood. 

Gor-r&pt'Ive  ,  a.  Having  the  quali¬ 
ty  of  corrupting. '  [manner. 

Gor-rOpt'ly,  adv.  In  a  corrupt 

Gor-rOpt'ness,  n.  State  of  being 

corrupt. 

Gor'sAir,  n.  [L.  Lat.  corsarius,  from 

Lat.  currere ,  cursum,  to  run.]  1.  A 
pirate.  2.  A  piratical  vessel. 

Gorse,  or  Gorse,  n.  [See  Corpse.] 

A  corpse. 

Gorse'let,  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  0.  Fr. 
cors ,  Lat.  corpus,  body.]  A  kind  of 
light  breastplate  worn  by  pikemen. 

Gor'set,  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  0.  Fr.  cors , 

Lat.  corpus ,  body.]  An  article  of 
dress  worn  by  women  to  support  or 
correct  the  figure  ;  stays. 

CortP.GE  (kor'tazh/),  n.  [Fr.,fr.  It. 
corte ,  court.]  A  train  of  attendants. 

Cortes  (kor/tes),  n.  pi.  [Sp.  &  Pg. 
corte,  court.]  The  legislative  as¬ 
semblies  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Gor'ti-eal,  a.  [Lat.  cortex,  bark.] 
Belonging  to,  consisting  of,  or  re¬ 
sembling,  bark ;  external. 

Gor'TI-€OSE/,  )  a.  [Lat.  corticosus.] 

Gor'ti-€oUs,  J  Resembling  bark  ; 
made  of  bark. 

Go-RIJN'DUM,  «.  [Hind,  leurand,  co¬ 
rundum  stone.]  The  earth  alumina, 
as  found  native  in  a  crystalline  state. 

Go-rBs'CANT,  a.  Glittering  by  flashes. 

Gor'us-€ATE,  or  Go-RiJS'€ ATE ,  v.  i. 

OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TofOK  ;  Brn, rue , pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,&,so/f/  e,  Hi, hard;  A§;  exist;  as  ns;  this. 

CORUSCATION 

[Lat.  coruscate,  coruscatus ,  to  flash.] 
To  throw  off  vivid  flashes  of  light. 
Gor'us-ga'tion,  n.  A  sudden  flash 
or  play  of  light. 

Gor'vet,  In.  [Lat.  corbita,  a  slow 

Gor-vette',  J  sailing  ship,  fr.  cor¬ 
dis,  basket  .]  A  sloop  of.  war. 
GOR'VfiVE,  a.  [Lat.  corvinus,  fr.  cor- 
vus,  crow.]  Pertaining  to  the  crow 
or  raven. 

Gor'ymb  (the  b  is  sounded ),  n.  [Gr. 
nopvg )3o5.]  Inflorescence,  in  which 
the  lesser  flower-stalks  are  produced 
along  the  common  stalk  on  both 
sides,  and  rise  to  the  same  height. 
Gor'y-phe'us,  n.  [Gr.  Kopvifia'ios , 
standing  at  the  head.]  (  Gr.  Antiq.) 
The  leader  of  the  dramatic  chorus  ; 
hence,  any  chief  or  leader. 
Go-se'eant,  n.  [For  co.  secans,  an 
abbrev.  of  Lat.  complementi  secans.] 
The  secant  of  the  complement  of  an 
arc  or  angle. 

Go'£ey  (ko'zy),  a.  See  Cozy. 
Go'-sine,  n.  [For  co.  sinus ,  an  ab¬ 
brev.  of  Lat.  complementi  sinus.]  Sine 
of  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  angle. 
Gog-MET'IC,  [a.  [Gr.  /cocrprjTncds, 

Gog-MET'I€-AL,  j  fr.  Kocrpos,  order, 
ornament.]  Improving  the  beauty 
of  the  complexion. — n.  Any  ex¬ 
ternal  application  to  improve  the 
complexion. 

Gog'MlG,  )  a.  [Gr.  /co<xjut.fcds.  See 

Go§'mig-AL,  j  Cosmos.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  universe.  2.  Rising 
or  setting  with  the  sun. 
Gog-MOG'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Kocrpoyovta, 
fr.  Kocrpos ,  the  world,  and  yeveiv,  to 
beget,  bring  forth.]  Science  of  the 
formation  of  the  world  or  universe. 
Gog-MOG'RA-PHER,  n.  One  versed  in 
cosmography. 

Gos'mo-grXph'io,  1  a.  Pertain- 

G6§/mo-grXph'1€!-al,  j  ing  to  cos¬ 
mography. 

Gojj-MOG'RA-PIIY' ,  n.  [Gr.  noapoypa- 
( pia .,  fr.  Koapos,  world,  and  ypa<pe iv, 
to  write.]  A  description  of  the  world 
or  universe.  [cosmology. 

Gog-MOL/O-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in 
Gog-MOL'o-G  Y,  n.  [Gr.  Kocrp o<s,  the 
world,  and  Adyos,  discourse.]  Science 
of  the  world  or  universe  ;  or  a  treatise 
relating  to  its  structure  and  various 
parts. 

Gog'MO-PoL'I-TAN,  1  n.  [Gr.  ico<rpo- 
Gos-mop'o-lite,  j  7roXtTTjs,  from 
Koap. o?,  the  world,  and  TroAmjs,  citi¬ 
zen.]  A  person  who  has  no  fixed 
residence,  but  is  at  home  in  every 
place  ;  a  citizen  of  the  w'orld 
Gdg'MO-RA'MA,  or  Gog'MO-RA'MA, 
n.  [Gr.  k6(t;xo<;,  the  world,  and  o pa¬ 
pa,  a  sight.]  An  exhibition,  through 
a  lens  or  lenses,  of  a  number  oi 
drawings  or  paintings. 

n.  [Gr.  Kocrpos,  order, 

harmony.]  The  universe,  —  so  called 
from  its  perfect  arrangement. 
Gos'set,  n.  1.  A  lamb  brought -up 
by  hand.  2.  A  pet  in  general. 

Gost  (21),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1. 

Amount  paid  ;  charge  ;  expense.  2. 
Loss  of  any  kind ;  detriment ;  pain. 

94 

—  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  cost.]  [Lat. 
constare ,  to  stand  at,  to  cost.]  1.  To 
require  to  be  given  or  expended  for. 
2.  To  require  to  be  borne  or  suffered. 

Gos'TAL,  a.  [Lat.  costa ,  rib  ]  Relat¬ 
ing  to  the  side  of  the  body  or  the  ribs. 

Gos'TARD,  n.  [A  modif.  of  custard 
custard -apple.]  1.  A  large  apple.  2. 
The  head  ;  — used  contemptuously. 

Gos'tive,  a.  [Contr.  fr.  It.  costipa- 
tivo,  from  Lat.  constipate ,  to  press 
closely  together.]  Retaining  fecal 
matter  in  the  bowels  ;  constipated. 

Gos'tive-ness,  n.  Constipation. 

Gost'LI-NESS,  n.  Great  cost  or  ex¬ 
pense.  [pensive. 

Gost'ly,  a.  Of  great  cost ;  dear  ;  ex- 

Gos-tume',  or  Gos'tume,  n.  [From 
Lat.  consuetumen,  for  consuetudo , 
custom.]  ].  An  established  mode  or 
style,  esp.  of  dress.  2.  Adaptation 
of  accessories  ,  as  in  a  picture,  statue, 
poem,  & c.,  to  the  time,  place,  or 
other  circumstances. 

Go'gY,  a.  See  Cozy. 

Got,  1  n.  [A.-S.  cote,  cyte,  Teel,  hot.] 

Gote,  )  1.  A  cottage  or  hut;  also, 

a  shed  or  inclosure  for  beasts.  2.  A 
cover  for  a  sore  finger. 

Got,  1  n.  [A.-S.  cote,  cyte,  cottage, 

Gott,  )  bed,  couch.]  A  little  bed; 
a  bedstead  which  can  be  folded  to¬ 
gether. 

Go-tXn'6ent,  n.  [For  co.  tangens, 
an  abbrev.  of  Lat.  complementi  tan- 
gens.]  The  tangent  of  the  comple¬ 
ment  of  an  arc  or  angle. 

Go-teM''po-ra'ne-ous,  a.  Living 
or  being  at  the  same  time. 

Go-tem'po-ra-ry,  a.  Living  or  be¬ 
ing  at  the  same  time.  —  n.  One  who 
lives  at  the  same  time  with  another. 

GS'te-RIe',  n.  [Fr,,  fr.  cote,  share, 
portion.]  A  set  of  persons  who  meet 
familiarly  ;  a  club,  [ty  in  the  tides. 

Go-tid'al,  a.  Indicating  an  equali- 

G’O-TIL'ION  I  (ko-tll'yun),  n.  [Fr. 

Go-till'ION  j  cotillon ,  from  0.  Fr. 
cote,  tunic.]  A  brisk  dance  of  eight 
persons ;  a  quadrille 

Got'tage  (45),  n.  [From  cot.]  A 
small  dwelling  ;  a  cot. 

Got'ta-ger,  1  n.  One  who  lives  in  a 

Got'ter,  j  cottage. 

Got't  ON  (kot'tn),  n.  [Ar.  qoton,  al- 
qoton .]  1.  A  downy  vegetable  sub¬ 
stance,  resembling  fine  wool.  2. 
Cloth  made  of  cotton.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
rise  with  a  regular  nap.  2.  To  agree  ; 
to  adhere. 

Got't  on-gIn,  n.  A  machine  to  sep¬ 
arate  the  seeds  from  cotton. 

Got't  on-pl  ant,  n.  A  plant  grow¬ 
ing  in  warm  cli- 
mates,  and  bearing 
the  cotton  of  com- 

Got'ton- wool', n. 

Cotton  in  its  raw 

Got'y-le'don,  n. 

[Gr.  Korv\r)S(hv,  fr.  Jjfy 

kotvAt),  acup.]  One  ,  ; 

of  the  seed-lobes  of  Cotton-plant. 

a  plant. 

COUNTERBALANCE 

Got'y-led'o-noCs,  a.  Having  a 

seed-lobe. 

Gouch ,v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  col¬ 
locate,  to  lay,  put,  place.]  1.  To  lay 
down  upon  or  in  a  bed,  or  other  rest-* 
ing-place.  2.  To  express;  to  phrase. 

8.  To  depress,  as  a  cataract  in  the 
e}  e,  by  means  of  a  needle  in  order  to 
its  removal.  —  v.  ?.  1.  To  lie  down 
or  recline.  2.  To  lie  down  for  con¬ 
cealment. —  n.  A  place  for  rest  or 
sleep.  [ting. 

Goucii'ant,  a.  Lj  ing  down;  squat- 

Gou'gar  (kob'gar),  n.  A  carnivorous 
American  quadruped. 

Gough  (kawf,  21),  n.  [D.  kurh ,  from 

M.  II.  Ger.  kitchen,  to  breathe,  kich- 
en,  to  gasp.]  A  violent  effort  of  the 
lungs  to  throw  off  irritating  matter. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  make  the 
violent  effort  just  described. — v.t. 

To  eject  by  a  cough  ;  to  expectorate. 

Gould  (kcTod),  imp.  of  Can. 

Goul'ter,  n.  Same  as  Colter.  ] 

Goun'^il,  n.  [Lat.  concilium,  fr.  con- 
cire,  conciere,  to  assemble  together.] 
Assembly  for  consultation  oradvice. 

Goun'^il-or,  1  7i.  A  member  of  a 

GouN'(jiiL-LOR,  )  council. 

Goun'sel,  n.  [Lat.  consilium,  fr.  the 
root  of  consulere,  to  consult.]  1. 
Mutual  interchange  of  opinions.  2. 
Exercise  of  deliberate  judgment.  3. 
Result  of  deliberation .  4.  Deliber¬ 
ate  purpose.  5.  One  who  gives  ad-  j 

vice,  esp.  in  legal  matters.  —  v.t. 

[ED, -ing;  or  LED,  -LING,  137.]  To 
advise  or  instruct. 

Goun'sel-or  1  n.  One  who  coun- 

Goun'sel-lor,  |  sels  ;  an  advi-er. 

Gount,u.l  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat.  com- 
put  are,  to  reckon.]  1.  To  number;  to 
enumerate.  2.  To  consider  or  esteem 
as  belonging  to  one.  — v.i.  1.  To  be 
counted;  hence,  to  swell  the  num¬ 
ber  ;  to  add  strength  or  influence. 

2.  To  depend;  to  rely.  — n.  1.  A 
numbering ;  reckoning.  2.  State¬ 
ment  of  a  plaintiff’s  case  in  court.  3.  J 

One  of  several  charges  in  an  indict¬ 
ment.  4.  [Fr.  comle,  from  Lat.  comes, 
comitis,  companion.]  A  nobleman 
on  the  continent  of  Europe. 

Goun'te-nan^e,  n.  [Fr.  contenance, 
fr.  contenir,  from  Lat.  continere,  to 
hold  together.]  1.  Appearance  or 
expression  of  the  face  ;  aspect ;  mien. 

2.  The  features.  3.  Favor ;  aid ;  en¬ 
couragement. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  ; 

To  encourage  by  a  favoring  aspect. 

Syn.  —  To  sanction;  favor;  support. 

Goun'ter,  n.  1.  One  who  counts,  or 
aids  in  counting ;  that  which  indi¬ 
cates  a  number.  2.  A  shop-table. 

3.  ( Mus .)  Counter-tenor.  4.  Back- 
leather  or  heel  part  of  a  boot.  —  a. 
Contrary;  opposite.  —  adv.  In  op¬ 
position  ;  in  an  opposite  direction. 

GoUN'TER-X€T',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  act  in  opposition  to. 

Goun'ter-Xc'tion,  n.  Action  in  op¬ 
position  ;  hindrance ;  resistance. 

Goun'ter-Xgt'ive,  a.  Tending  to 
counteract. 

Goun'ter-bXl'ance,  v.  t.  [-ed; 

A,  E,  I,  o,u,Y ,long;  X,£,I,  6,  0 , It, short;  CARE,  FAR,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  VEIL,  TfiRM;  PIQUE,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 

COUNTERBALANCE 

-ING.]  To  act  against  with  equal 
power  or  effect. 

Goun'ter-B.Xl'an^e,  n.  Equal  op¬ 
posing  weight;  equivalent. 

Goun'ter-chanGe',  v.  t.  To  ex¬ 
change  ;  to  reciprocate. 

Eoun'ter-change',  m.  Exchange; 
reciprocation. 

Eoun'ter-charm',  V.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  destroy  the  effect  of  a 
charm  on. 

€oun'ter-charm/,  n.  That  which 
has  the  power  of  opposing  the  effect 
of  a  charm. 

Goun'ter-check',  v.  t.  To  oppose; 
to  check.  [rebuke. 

■GoUN'TER-CHEcK',n.  Check;  stop; 

CoUN'TER-eUR'RENT,  n.  A  current 
running  in  au  opposite  direction 
from  that  of  the  main  current. 

GOUN'TER-FEIT,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Fr.  contrefaire,  p.  p.  contrefait ,  from 
contre ,  against,  and  faire,  to  piake.] 
1.  To  put  on  a  semblance  of.  2.  To 
imitate,  with  a  view  to  deceive ;  to 
forge.  —  a.  Similar;  forged;  false; 
deceitful.  —  n.  1.  A  likeness;  a 
counterpart.  2.  A  cheat ;  a  forgery. 
3.  An  impostor. 

GOUN'TE  R-FEIT-ER,  n.  One  who 
counterfeits  ;  a  forger. 

Goun'ter-guard,  n.  A  low  work 
before  the  salient  point  of  a  bastion. 

CoUN'TEE-JUMP'ER,  n.  A  salesman 
in  a  shop  ;  —  used  contemptuously. 

COUN'TER-MANI)',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Fr.  contremander ,  fr.  contre ,  against, 
and  mander ,  to  command.]  To  re¬ 
voke,  as  a  former  command. 

Goun'ter-MAND',  n.  Revocation  of 
a  former  command. 

Counter-march',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  march  back,  or  in  a  reversed  or¬ 
der. 

Goun'ter-mArch',  n.  A  change  of 
the  wings  or  face  of  a  battalion. 

Coun'ter-mark/!  n.  An  additional 
mark  on  goods. 

GOUN'TER-MINE',  V.  t.  [ED;  -ING.] 
1.  To  oppose  by  means  of  a  counter¬ 
mine.  2.  To  frustrate  by  secret  op¬ 
position. 

Goun'ter-mine',  n.  A  gallery  un¬ 
der  ground  to  reach  and  destroy 
those  of  an  enemy. 

Goun'ter-mo'TION,  n.  An  oppos¬ 
ing  motion. 

Goun'ter-move'ivient,  n.  A  move¬ 
ment  in  opposition  to  ano.ther.  [bed. 

Coun'TER-pane,  n.  Coverlet  for  a 

GOUN'TER-PART,  n.  A  part  corre¬ 
sponding  to  another  part ;  a  copy  ; 
a  duplicate  ;  an  opposite.  [a  plea. 

Goun'ter-plea,  n.  A  replication  to 

Counter  plot',  v.  t.  To  oppose, 
as  Another  plot,  by  plotting. 

Goun'ter-plot',  n.  A  plot  or  arti¬ 
fice  opposed  to  another. 

Goun'ter -POINT,  n.  1.  A  cover  for 
a  bed,  made  in  squares.  2.  [Point 
against  point.]  Art  of  composing 
music  in  parts ;  harmony. 

CoUN'TER-POI§E',U.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  act  against  with  equal  weight, 
power,  or  effect. 


95 

G5un'ter-poi§e',  n.  Equal  weight, 
power,  or  force,  acting  in  opposition. 

GoUN'TER-POUgON,  n.  A  poison 
that  destroys  the  effect  of  another. 

GOUN'TER-REV'O-LU'TION,  n.  A 
revolution  reversing  a  former  one. 

Goun'ter-sgarp,  n.  (Fort.)  Exte¬ 
rior  slope  of  the  ditch  ;  the  whole 
covered  way. 

Goun'ter-sign  (-sin),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  sign  in  addition  and  op¬ 
posite  to  the  signature  of  a  principal 
or  superior. — n.  1.  Signature  of  a 
subordinate  officer  to  a  writing  signed 
by  the  principal  or  superior.  2.  A 
private  military  signal  or  watch¬ 
word.  [sponding  signal. 

Goun'ter-sIg'NAL,  ».  A  corre- 

Goun'ter-sink,u.  t.  [-SUNK;  -SINK¬ 
ING.]  To  form,  as  a  depression,  for 
the  reception  of  the  head  of  a  screw  or 
bolt  below  the  surface.  —  n.  A  tool 
for  forming  a  depression  to  receive 
the  head  of  a  screw. 

CouN'TER-TfiNOR,  n.  ( Mus .)  One 
of  the  middle  parts,  between  the 
tenor  and  the  treble. 

Goun'ter- vail',  u.  t.  [-ed.  ;  -ing.] 
[counter  and  Lat.  valere ,  to  be 
strong.]  To  act  against  with  equal 
force,  power,  or  effect ;  to  balance. 

Counter-work'  (-wfirk'),  v.  t.  To 
work  in  opposition  to.  [count. 

Gount'ESS,  n.  Consort  of  an  earl  or 

Gount'ing-house,  1  n.  House  or 

Gount'ing-room,  j  room  for  the 
keeping  of  books,  papers,  and  ac¬ 
counts. 

Gount'less,  a.  Incapable  of  being 
counted  ;  innumerable  ;  numberless. 

GoDn'tri-fied,  a.  Having  the  ap¬ 
pearance  and  manners  of  the  coun¬ 
try  ;  rustic  ;  rude. 

Goun'try  (kun'try),  n.  [Fr.  contree, 
from  Lat.  contra ,  on  the  opposite 
side.]  1.  A  region; — as  distin¬ 
guished  fi’om  any  other,  and  with  a 
personal  pronoun,  region  of  one's 
birth  or  residence.  2.  Rural  re¬ 
gions.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  the  coun¬ 
try  ;  rural ;  rustic  ;  rude  ;  ignorant. 

GoGn'try-dAn<?e,  n.  See  Contra- 
dance. 

Goun'try-man  (150),  n.  1.  A  fellow- 
inhabitant  of  a  country.  2.  A  rustic. 

GoOn'try-seat,  n.  A  dwelling  in 
the  country,  used  as  a  place  of  retire¬ 
ment  from  the  city. 

Goun'ty,  n.  [Fr-  comtd ,  L.  Lat.  com- 
itatus.  See  COUNT.]  A  division  of 
a  state ;  a  shire. 

Goup'LE  (kup'l),  n.  [From  Lat.  cop¬ 
ula.  See  Copula.]  1.  Two  things 
of  the  same  kind.  2.  A  betrothed 
or  married  pair.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  connect  together  ;  to  join.  — v.  i. 
To  come  together  as  male  and  fe¬ 
male  ;  to  embrace. 

GoBp'let,  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  couple.] 
Two  lines  of  verse  rhyming  with 
each  other. 

GoOp'ling,  n.  1.  Connection;  sex¬ 
ual  union.  2.  That  which  serves  to 
connect  one  thing  with  another. 

Gou'PON  (or  kob'pong),  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 


COURTIER 

couper ,  to  cut.]  An  interest  certifi¬ 
cate  attached  to  a  transferable  bond, 
designed  to  be  cut  off  for  payment 
when  interest  is  due. 

GoDr'AGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  cor , 
heart.]  Quality  of  mind  enabling 
one  to  meet  danger  and  difficulties. 

Syn.  —  Bravery  ;  intrepidity  ;  valor; 
boldness;  gallantry;  daring. 

Gou-ra'geoOs  (ku-ra'jus),  a.  Pos¬ 
sessing,  or  characterized  by,  courage. 
Gou-R a'geous-l Y,  adv.  In  a  com 
rageous  manner.  [courage. 

Gou-ra'geous-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
Gou-rant',  n.  [Fr.,  p.  pr.  of  courir , 
to  run.]  1.  A  piece  of  music  in  triple 
time.  2.  A  lively  dance.  3.  A  news¬ 
paper. 

Gou'RI-er  (koo'ri-er),  n.  [Fr.  courier , 
courrier ,  from  courir ,  to  run.]  1.  A 
messenger  sent  in  haste  ;  an  express. 

2.  An  attendant  on  travelers. 

Gourse,  n.  [Lat.  cursus,  fr.  currere, 

to  run.]  1.  Act  of  moving  from  one 
point  to  another.  2.  Ground  or  path 
traversed.  3.  Line  of  progress.  4. 
Usual,  stated,  or  methodical  action. 

6.  Conduct ;  behavior.  6.  A  suc¬ 
cession  of  acts  or  practices.  7.  Part 
of  a  meal  served  at  one  time.  8.  A 
continued  level  range  as  of  bricks. — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  hunt  or 
chase  after ;  to  pursue.  2.  To  run 
through  or  over.  —  v.  i.  To  run  as 
if  in  a  race,  or  in  hunting. 

Gours'ER,  n.  A  swift  or  spirited 
horse ;  a  racer. 

G5urt,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  cohors,  co-  , 
hortis,  inclosure,  crowd,  Gr.  xopros-] 

1.  An  inclosed  space.  2.  Residence 
of  a  sovereign  or  nobleman  ;  a  pal¬ 
ace.  3.  Retinue  of  a  sovereign.  4. 
Conduct  designed  to  gain  favor ; 
politeness.  5.  A  legal  tribunal.  6. 
The  judge  or  judges  in  any  case. 

7.  Session  of  a  judicial  assembly.  8. 
Any  jurisdiction,  civil,  military,  or 
ecclesiastical. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

1.  To  strive  to  please;  to  pay  court 
to.  2.  To  seek  in  marriage  ;  to  woo. 

3.  To  solicit. 

Gourt'e-oOs  (kurt'e-us),  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  expressive  of,  courtesy. 

Syn.— Civil;  obliging;  well-bred;  po¬ 
lite;  complaisant. 

GoGrt'e-oOs-ly,  adv.  In  a  court¬ 
eous  manner.  [being  courteous. 
Gourt'e-oOs-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
GoGrt'e-§Xn  (kiirt'e-zSn),  n.  [See 
Court.]  A  prostitute  ;  a  strumpet. 
GoGrt'e-sy,  n.  [From  court.]  1. 
Elegance  and  politeness  of  manners. 

2.  Act  of  civility.  3.  Favor  or  in¬ 
dulgence. 

GoGrte'sy  (kurt'sy),  n.  An  expres¬ 
sion  of  civility  by  women,  —  now- 
little  used, — consisting  of  a  slight 
bending  of  the  knees  and  inclination 
of  the  body. —  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
To  make  a  courtesy. 

Gourt'-hXnd,  n.  Manner  of  writing 
used  in  records. 

Gourt'IER  (kSrt'yer),  n.  1.  One  who 
frequents  the  courts  of  princes.  2. 
One  who  solicits  favor. 


Gr,  hard;  Ag;  EJCIST  ;  N  as  NG;  this. 


6r,do,wqlf,  too,  took;  Grn,  rue,  pvll  ;  e,i,  o,  silent;  Q,&,soft;  c, 


COURTLINESS 


CRAM 


96 


Gourt'li-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
courtly. 

€ourt'ly,  a.  1.  High-bred;  digni¬ 
fied  and  elegant.  2.  Obsequious ; 
sycophantic. 

Gourt'-mar'tial  (155),  n.  A  court 
for  the  trial  of  offenses  against  mili¬ 
tary  or  naval  laws. 

Gourt'-plAs/ter,  n.  Sticking-plas¬ 
ter  made  of  silk. 

Gourt'shIp,  n.  1.  Act  of  soliciting 
favor  by  complaisance.  2.  Act  of 
wooing  in  love.  fa  house. 

COURT'-YARD,  n.  Inclosure  round 

Goug'lN  (kuz'n),  n.  [L.  Lat.  cosinus, 
contr.  fr.  Lat.  consobrinus,  child  of 
a  mother’s  sister.]  One  collaterally 
related  more  remotely  than  a  brother 
or  sister. 

■eoOs'ZN-G-ER'MAN  (155),  n.  A  cousin 
in  the  first  generation. 

■Cove  ,  n.  [A.-S.  co/a,  cove,  cave,  room, 
Lat.  cavum,  cavity.]  1.  A  small  in¬ 
let,  creek,  or  bay.  2.  A  boy  or  man. 
[Slang.] 

Cov'E-NANT,  n.  [0.  Fr.  covenant, 
convenant,  p.  pr.  of  convenir,  to 
agree.]  1.  A  mutual  agreement  in 
writing;  a  contract.  2.  Conditional 
promises  of  God  as  revealed  in  the 
Scriptures. — v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
enter  into  a  formal  agreement. 

Syn.  —  To  agree;  contract;  bargain. 
—  v.  t.  To  grant  or  promise  by  cove¬ 
nant. 

Gov'E-nant-er,  n.  One  who  makes 
or  who  subscribes  a  covenant. 

€6v'er,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
cooper  ire,  from  con  and  operire,  to 
cover.]  1.  To  overspread  the  surface 
or  whole  body  of.  2.  To  hide  from 
sight ;  to  conceal.  3.  To  protect ;  to 
defend.  4.  To  comprehend  or  in¬ 
clude  ;  to  account  for  or  solve.  5. 
To  put  the  usual  head-dress  on.  —  n. 

1.  Any  thing  laid,  set,  or  spread 
upon,  about,  or  over  another.  2. 
Any  thing  which  veils  or  conceals. 
3.  [Fr.  couverte.]  Table  furniture  for 
the  use  of  one  person  at  a  meal. 

G6v'er-let,  n.  [0.  Fr.  covrelict, 
equiv.  to  couvre-lit,  from  couvrir,  to 
cover,  and  lit,  bed.]  Uppermost 
cover  of  a  bed. 

GGv'ERT  (kuv/ert),a.  [0.  Fr.  covert, 
p.  p.  of  covrir.  See  Cover.]  1. 
Covered  over  ;  hid.  2.  Sheltered.  3. 
Under  authority  or  protection,  as  a 
married  woman.  —  «.  A  shelter  ;  a 
defense.  [vate. 

Gov'ert-ly,  adv.  Secretly;  in  pri- 

€6v'ert-ure  (53),  n.  1.  Covering; 
shelter  ;  defense.  2.  Condition  of  a 
woman  during  marriage. 

G6v'et  (kuv/et),u.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[0.  Fr.  covoiter,  coveiter ,  from  Lat. 
cup  id us,  eager.]  To  wish  for  with 
eagerness  or  inordinately. 

G6v'et-o0s  (ktiv'et-us),  a.  Very  or 
inordinately  desirous  ;  excessively 
eager.  [ariciously. 

Gov'ET-ofls-LY,  adv.  Eagerly  ;  av- 

Gov'et-ous-ness,  n.  Strong  or  in¬ 
ordinate  desire  of  gaining  some  sup¬ 
posed  good. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  y,  Ion 


Syn. —  Avarice;  cupidity;  greed. 

G6v'ey  (kQv/y),  n.  [Fr.  couvee ,  from 
couve,  p.  p.  of  couver,  to  sit  or  brood 
on.]  1.  A  small  flock  or  number  of 
birds  together.  2.  A  company  ;  set. 

Gov'IN  (kQv/in),  n.  [0.  Fr.  covine , 
covaine,  from  convenir,  to  agree.]  A 
deceitful  agreement  between  two  or 
more  persons  to  prejudice  a  third. 

Gow  (kou),  n.  [A.-S.  eft,  Icel.  Aft, 
Skr.  go.]  Female  of  the  bovine 
genus  of  animals. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Teel.  Jcuga ,  to  depress.]  To 
sink  the  spirits  or  courage  of. 

Gow'ard,  n.  [0.  Fr.  couard,  orig. 
short-tailed,  as  an  epithet  of  the 
hare,  fr.  Lat.  cauda ,  tail.]  One  who 
lacks  courage  to  meet  danger. 

Syn.  —  Craven  ;  poltroon  ;  dastard. — 
A  craven  is  literacy  one  who  begs  off,  or 
shrinks  at  the  approach  of  danger  ;  a 
poltroon  is  a  mean-spirited  coward; 
dastard  is  one  of  the  strongest  terms  of 
reproach  in  our  language. 

Gow'ARD-l^E,  n.  Want  of  courage. 

Gow'ard-LI-ness,  n.  Cowardice. 

Gow'ARD-LY,  a.  1.  Wanting  courage 
to  face  danger.  2.  Proceeding  from 
fear  of  danger.  —  adv.  In  the  man¬ 
ner  of  a  coward. 

Gow'-f  ATCH'ER,  n.  A  strong  frame 
in  front  of  a  locomotive  for  catching 
or  throwing  off  obstructions,  such  as 
cows,  &c. 

Gow'er,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Cf.  W. 
cwrian,  to  cower,  from  cwr,  corner.] 
To  crouch,  especially  through  fear. 

Gow'hErd,  n.  One  whose  occupa¬ 
tion  it  is  to  tend  cows. 

Gow'hide  ,  n.  1.  Hide  of  a  cow.  2. 
Leather  made  of  the  hide  of  a  cow. 
3.  A  coarse  riding-whip.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  To  beat  with  a  cow¬ 
hide. 

Gowl,  n.  [A.-S.  cuhle,  cugle,  fr.  Lat. 
cucullus,  cap,  hood.]  1.  A  monk’s 
hood.  2.  A  cowl-shaped  cap  for  the 
top  of  chimneys. 

Gow'lIck,  n.  A  tuft  of  hair  turned 
up  over  the  forehead,  as  if  licked  by 
a  cow. 

Go'-WORK'er  (-wurk/er),  n.  One 
who  works  with  another ;  a  fellow- 
laborer. 

Gow'-Pox,  n.  A  pustular  eruption 
of  the  cow  ;  the  vaccine  disease. 

Gow'ry  (kou'ry),  n.  [Hind,  kauri.'] 
A  small  shell,  used  for  money  in  the 
East. 

Gow'slip,  in.  A  species  of  prim- 

Goyv’s'-lTp,  )  rose. 

Gox'comb  (-kom),  n.  [A  corrupt,  of 
cock's  comb.]  1.  A  vain,  superficial 
pretender ;  a  fop.  2.  A  plant  of 
several  species,  bearing  red  flowers. 

Gox-EOMBOe-AL  (-kom/-),  a.  Fop¬ 
pish  ;  conceited  ;  fanciful. 

Gox'eomb-ry  (-kom-),  n.  Manners 
of  a  coxcomb. 

Goy,  a.  [0.  Fr.  coy,  coi ,  fr.  Lat.  quie¬ 
tus,  quiet.]  Shrinking  from  ap¬ 
proach  or  familiarity. 

Syn.  —  Shy  ;  shrinking  ;  reserved  ; 
modest ;  bashfiil. 

Goy'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  coy. 

Goy'LY,  adv.  With  reserve  ;  slyly. 


Goy'ness,  n.  Unwillingness  to  be¬ 
come  familiar. 

Goz  (kuz),  n.  A  contraction  of  Cousin. 

Goz'en  (kuz/n)?  v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
[Either  fr.  cousin,  to  deceive  through 
pretext  of  relationship,  or  from  Ger. 
kosen,  liebkosen,  to  wheedle.]  To 
cheat ;  to  defraud  ;  to  deceive. 

G6z'jen-age  (khz/n-),  n.  Artifice; 
trick  ;  fraud. 

G6z'jEN-er,  n.  One  who  cheats. 

Go'ZI-LY,  adv.  Snugly  ;  comfortably. 

Go'ZY,a.  [-er;-est,  142.]  [Fr. 
causer,  to  talk,  chat.]  Snug ;  com¬ 
fortable;  easy. 

GrXb,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  crabba,  fr.  Gr.  icapa- 
/3o?.]  A  crusta- 
ceous  animal, 
having  ten  legs. 

2.  [Akin  to  W. 
garv,  garw, 
rough,  harsh, 

Lat.  acerbus, 
sour.]  A  wild  Crab. 

apple,  or  the 

tree  producing  it.  3.  A  contrivance 
for  launching  ships. 

Grab'bed  (60),  a.  Harsh  ;  rough,  or 
austere,  like  a  crab-apple. 

Syn.  — Peevish;  sour;  morose. 

GrXb'bed-ly,  adv.  In  a  crabbed 
manner. 

GrXck,  v.  t.  [-edj-ing.]  [Fr.  cra- 
quer,  D.  kraken ,  Gael,  crac.]  1.  To 
open  in  a  fissure.  2.  To  cause  to 
sound  abruptly  and  sharply  ;  to 
snap. — v.i.  To  be  fractured  with¬ 
out  breaking  to  pieces. — n.  1.  A 
chink  or  fissure ;  a  crevice.  2.  A 
sound  as  of  any  thing  suddenly  rent. 

GrXck/er,  n.  1.  One  who  cracks.  2. 
A  small  firework.  3.  A  kind  of  hard 
biscuit. 

GrXck'le,  v.  i.  To  make  slight 
cracks  ;  to  make  small,  abrupt,  snap¬ 
ping  noises. 

Gra'dle  (kra/dl),  n.  [A.-S.  cradel, 
cradol.]  1.  A  kind  of  movable  bed 
for  infants.  2.  A  framework  for  re¬ 
ceiving  the  grain  as  cut,  and  laying 
it  evenly.  3.  A  framework  to  sup¬ 
port  a  vessel  about  to  be  launched. 
4.  A  case  for  a  broken  bone.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  lay  or  rock  in  a 
cradle.  2.  To  cut  and  lay  with  a 
cradle. 

Graft  (6),  n.  [A.-S.  craft,  Icel. 
kraptr.]  1.  Dexterity.  2.  A  trade. 

3.  Cunning ;  artifice  ;  guile.  4.  Ves¬ 
sels  or  ships  of  any  kind. 

GrAft'i-ly,  adv.  With  craft  or  guile. 

Graft'i-ness,  n.  Cunning  ;  artifice. 

GrAfts'man  (150),  n.  An  artificer; 
a  mechanic.  [others. 

GrAft'y,  a.  Skillful  at  deceiving 
Syn.  —  Cunning;  artful;  wily;  sly. 

GrXg,  n.  [W.  craig.]  A  steep,  rug¬ 
ged  rock. 

GrXg'ged  (60),  a.  Full  of  crags  or 
broken  rocks.  [craggy. 

GrXg'gi-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

GrXg'gY,  a.  Full  of  crags;  abound¬ 
ing  with  broken  rocks. 


GrXM,  V.  t.  [-MED  ;  -MING,  136.] 
[A.-S .  crammian.]  1.  To  stuff;  to 

g;  X,  fi,I,  o,  tJ,  short ;  cAre  .  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  piqpe,  firm  ;  s6n, 


CRAMP  97  CREOLE 


crowd.  2.  To  fill  with  food  beyond 
satiety. — v.  i.  1.  To  eat  greedily 
or  beyond  satiety.  2.  To  prepare 
for  an  examination  by  a  hasty  re¬ 
view  of  studies. 

GrXmp,  n.  1.  [D.  kramp,  German 
krampf.]  A  restraint.  2.  [O.II.  Ger. 
chramph,  crooked.]  An  iron  instru¬ 
ment  to  hold  together  pieces  of  tim¬ 
ber,  &c.  3.  A  painful  spasmodic 

contraction  of  muscles.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  hold  tightly  pressed 
together.  2.  To  afflict  with  cramp. 

GRAM-POONg',  n.  pi.  [Fr.  crampon , 

from  0.  H.  Ger.  chramph .  crooked.] 
Hooked  pieces  of  iron,  for  raising 
stones,  boxes,  &c. 

GrXn'ber-ry,  n.  [From  crane ,  be¬ 
cause  its  slender 
stalk  has  been 
compared  to  the 
long  legs  and 
neck  of  a  crane.] 

A  red,  sour  ber¬ 
ry  ,  used  for 
sauce. 

Frane,  n.  [A.-S. 
cran,  allied  to 
Gr.  yepavos.]  1. 

A  wading  bird,  Crane  (1). 
having  a  long,  straight  bill,  and 
long  legs  and  neck.  2.  A  machine  for 
raising,  lower¬ 
ing,  and  moving 
heavy  weights. 

3.  A  bent  pipe, 
to  draw  liquors 
out  of  a  cask. 

Gra'NI-AL,  a.  Be¬ 
longing  to  the 
cranium. 

Gra'ni-ol'o-gist,  n.  One  versed  in 
craniology ;  a  phrenologist. 

Gra'NI-ol'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  upavtov, 
skull,  and  Aoyo?,  discourse.]  The 
science  which  investigates  the  struct¬ 
ure  of  the  skull ;  phrenology. 

Fra'NI-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  upavtov, 
skull,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  measuring  skulls. 

CRA' NT-UM,  n. ;  pi.  €RA' N I- A.  [N. 
Lat.,  from  Gr.  tcpavtov.]  Skull  of  an 
animal ;  brain-pan. 

GR\NK,n.  [Cf.  Icel.  kringr,  circle.] 
1.  A  bent  portion  of  an  axis,  serving 
as  a  handle.  2.  Any  bend,  turn,  or 
winding.  3.  A  verbal  conceit.  —  a. 
[A.-S.  crane,  weak.]  1.  Liable  to  be 
overset,  as  a  ship.  2.  Brisk  ;  lively. 

GrXnk'le,  V.  i.  [See  Crank,  n.,and 
Crinkle.]  To  run  in  a  winding 
course.  —  n.  A  bend  or  turn. 

GrXn'ny,  n.  [Lat.  crena,  notch.]  1. 
A  fissure,  crevice,  or  chink.  2.  A 
secret,  retired  place. 

€rape,  n.  [Fr.  crepe,  fr.  Lat.  crispus , 
crisped.]  A  thin  stuff,  made  of  raw 
silk  gummed  and  twisted.  It  is  much 
used  for  mourning  garments. 

GrXsh ,v.t.  [-ED;  -ING  ]  [Goth 

kriustan,  to  gnash,  crash,  grate.] 
To  break  to  pieces  violently.  — v.  i. 
To  make  a  loud,  clattering  sound,  as 
of  things  falling  and  breaking  at 
once.  —  n.  1.  Sound  of  many  things 


falling  and  breaking  at  once.  2.  [Lat. 
crassus.]  A  kind  of  coarse  linen. 

GrXss'A-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  crassamen- 
tum ,  fr.  crassus,  thick.]  Thick  part 
of  any  fluid  ;  a  clot.  [coarseness. 

Grass'i-tude  (53),  n.  Grossness; 

GrXtch,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  krippa,  krip- 
pea .]  A  manger  or  open  frame  for 
hay  ;  a  crib. 

Crate,  n.  [Lat.  crates.]  A  hamper 
of  wicker-work  for  crockery. 

CRA'TER,  n.  [Gr.  /cparTjp,  a  mixing 
vessel,  crater,  fr.  Kepavvvvat,  to  mix.] 
Mouth  of  a  volcano. 

GRA-TER'I-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  cratera, 
bowl,  and  forma,  form.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  goblet. 

Grauncii,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
crush  with  the  teeth  ;  to  crunch. 

Gra-vXt',  n.  [From  Fr.  Cratate ,  an 
inhabitant  of  Croatia,  from  whom 
this  article  of  dress  was  adopted  in 
France.]  A  neck-cloth. 

Crave,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
crafian.]  1.  To  ask  with  earnestness 
and  humilit3\  2.  To  long  for ;  to 
require  or  demand. 

Cra/VJ?n,  n.  One  who,  being  van¬ 
quished  in  trial  by  battle,  has  craved 
his  life  of  his  antagonist. 

Syn.  —  Coward;  poltroon;  dastard. 

—  a.  Cowardly  with  meanness; 
spiritless. 

Craw,  n.  [D.  kraag .]  Crop  or  first 
stomach  of  fowls. 

CRAW'-FISH,  )  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  krehiz .] 

Cra  y'-fish,  )  A  crustaceous  ani¬ 
mal,  resembling  the  lobster. 

Crawl,  r.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [D.  krab- 
belen,  dim.  of  krabben.]  1.  To  move 
slowly,  as  a  worm  ;  to  creep.  2.  To 
have  a  sensation  as  if  insects  were 
creeping  about  the  body. 

Cray'on,  n.  [Fr.,fr.  crate,  Lat.  creta, 
chalk,  fr.  Creta ,  the  island  Crete.]  1. 
A  soft,  earthy  substance,  in  form  of 
a  cylinder,  for  use  in  drawing.  2. 
A  drawing  made  with  a  pencil  or 
crayon. — v.  t.  [-ED;  ING.]  To 
sketch ,  as  with  a  crayon. 

Craze,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
Icel.  krassa ,  to  grind.]  1.  To  con¬ 
fuse  ;  to  impair.  2.  To  render  in¬ 
sane. 

GRA'ZI-LY,  adv.  In  a  crazy  manner. 

CRA'ZINESS,  n.  State  of  being  crazy. 

Gra'ZY,  a.  1.  Decrepit ;  broken.  2. 

Deranged  ;  weakened  ;  shattered. 
Creak,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A  modif. 
of  crack.]  To  make  a  sharp,  harsh, 
grating  sound. 

Cream,  n.  [Lat.  cremor,  thick  juice 
or  broth.]  1.  The  oily  substance 
which  forms  a  scum  on  milk.  2. 
Best  part  of  a  thing.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  take  off  by  skimming,  as 
cream. — v.  i.  To  become  covered 
with  cream.  [sembling  cream. 

Cream'Y,  a.  Full  of  cream ;  re- 

Crease,  n.  [Cf.  H.  Ger.  krausen , 
krausen,  to  crisp,  curl.]  A  mark 
made  by  folding  any  pliable  sub¬ 
stance  ;  any  similar  mark.  —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  a  crease  or 
mark  in. 


GRE-ATE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ere- 
are ,  creatum .]  1.  To  bring  into  being ; 
to  originate.  2.  To  be  the  occasion 
of.  3.  To  constitute  ;  to  make. 
Cre-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  creating. 
2.  Constitution ;  formation.  3.  That 
which  is  created.  [create. 

€re-a'tive  ,  a.  Having  the  power  to 
Cre-a'tor,  n.  One  who  creates ;  the 
Supreme  Being. 

Creat'ure  (53),  n.  1.  Any  thing 
created ;  an  animal ;  a  man.  2.  A 
human  being,  in  contempt  or  en¬ 
dearment.  3.  A  servile  dependent. 
■Gre'DENCE,  n.  [L.  Lat.  credential 
Lat.  credere,  to  believe.]  1.  Belief ; 
credit.  2.  That  which  gives  a  claim 
to  credit. 

Cre'dent,  a.  Believing. 
Gre-dRn'tial,  a.  Giving  a  title  to 
credit.  —  n.  That  which  gives  credit 
or  a  title  to  confidence.  [credible. 
GredG-bH/i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
Gred'1-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  belief. 
Gred'i-ble-ness,  n.  Worthiness  of 
belief.  [deserves  belief. 

GrRd'i-blY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that 
GredGt,  n.  [Lat.  credi turn,  loan ,  &c., 
fr.  credere,  to  trust,  loan.]  1.  Belief; 
faith.  2.  Esteem;  honor;  reputa¬ 
tion.  3.  Influence ;  interest.  4. 
Trust  given  or  received.  5.  Amount 
due  from  one  to  another.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  put  trust  in; 
to  believe.  2.  To  set  to  the  credit  of. 
Gred'it-A-ble,  a.  Reputable  ;  esti¬ 
mable.  [with  credit. 

Gred'it-A-bly,  adv.  Reputably ; 
Gred'it-or,  n.  One  who  gives  cred¬ 
it  in  business  matters  ;  one  to  whom 
money  is  due. 

Gre-du'li-ty,  n.  Disposition  to  be¬ 
lieve  on  slight  evidence. 
GRkD'u-Loiis,  a.  [Lat.  credidus ;  cred¬ 
ere,  to  believe.]  Easily  convinced  or 
imposed  upon ;  unsuspecting,  [lity. 
Gred'u-loBs-ly,  adv.  With  credu- 
Greed,  n.  [Lat.  credo,  I  believe.]  A 
summary  of  religious  belief. 

Greek,  n.  [A.-S.  crecca.]  1.  A  small 
inlet,  bay,  or  cove.  2.  A  small  river 
or  brook.  [osier  basket. 

Greel,  n.  [Gael,  craidhleag .]  An 
Greep,  v.  i.  [imp.  CREPT ;  p.  p. 
CREPT.]  [A.-S.  creopan .]  1.  To 

move  along,  as  a  worm  ;  to  crawl. 
2.  To  move  slowly  or  feebly.  3.  To 
move  in  a  stealthy  manner.  4.  To 
fawn.  5-  To  grow,  as  a  vine. 
Greep'er,  n.  1.  One  who  creeps ;  any 
creeping  thing.  2.  A  fixture  worn 
on  a  shoe  to  prevent  slipping.  3.  pi. 
An  instrument  with  iron  claws  for 
dragging  the  bottom  of  any  water. 
Gre-MA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  crematio,  fr. 
cremare ,  to  burn.]  A  burning  of  tho 
dead._  [violin. 

Gre-m5'nA,  n.  A  superior  kind  of 
Gre'NATE,  [a.  [Lat.  crena,  notch.] 
Gre'na-TED,  )  Notched  in  the  form 
of  a  scallop-shell. 

Gre'ole,  n.  [Sp.  criollo ,  prop,  cre¬ 
ated,  nursed,  grown  up.]  One  born 
in  tropical  America,  or  the  adjacent 
islands,  of  any  color. 


or,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ^Brn.  RUE  pvll;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  9,  4,  soft ;  c,g,  hard;  Ag;  e^cist;  n  as  NG ; 


■rail 


CREOSOTE 


CROOK 


98 


Gre'o-SOTE,  n.  [Gr.  *cpeas,  general¬ 
ly  /cpews,  llesh,  and  crcocjeiv,  to  pre¬ 
serve.]  An  oily  liquid,  having  the 
smell  of  smoke ,  and  strong  antisep¬ 
tic  properties. 

GrEp'I-tate,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  crepilare ,  crepitation.]  To 
crackle ;  to  snap.  [crackling. 

Grep'I-TA'TION,  n.  A  snapping  or 

Crept,  imp.  &  p.p.  of  Creep. 


GRE-PUS'€U-LAR, 


twilight ; 


[See  supra.] 
Pertaining  to 


Crescendo. 


glimmering, 

■CRES-pElS'DO,  a. 

[It.]  With  a  con¬ 
stantly  increasing 
volume  of  voice  ;  —  indicated  as  in 
the  margin. 

Crescent,  a.  [Lat.  crescens,  p.  pr. 
of  crescere,  to  increase.]  Increasing  ; 
growing. — n.  1.  The  moon  in  her 
first  quarter.  2.  The  Turkish  flag 
itself,  on  which  is  a  figure  of  the  new 
moon.  3.  The  Turkish  power. 

■Cress,  n.  [A.-S.  cresse ,  Ger.  kresan, 
to  creep.]  A  plant  of  various  species 
used  as  a  salad. 

Gres'set,  n.  [Fr.  eroisette,  dim.  of 
croix ,  cross,  because  beacons  former¬ 
ly  had  crosses  on  their  tops.]  An 
open  lamp  placed  on  a  beacon,  or 
carried  on  a  pole. 

GrEst,  ».  [A.-S.  crasta ,  Lat.  crista.] 
1.  A  tuft ;  the  comb  of  a  cock.  2. 
Plume  or  other  decoration  on  a  hel¬ 
met  ;  hence,  the  helmet  itself.  3. 
The  rising  part  of  a  horse’s  neck.  4. 
The  foamy  top  of  a  wave.  — v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  To  furnish  with  a 
crest ;  to  serve  as  a  crest  for. 

Grest'-fall  en  (-fawln),  a.  With 
hanging  head  ;  hence,  dejected. 

Cre-ta'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  cretaceus, 
fr.  creta ,  chalk.]  Having  the  quali¬ 
ties  of  chalk. 


Gre'TIN,  n.  [Fr.  cretin.]  An  idiot  in 
the  low  valleys  of  the  Alps,  generally 
afflicted  with  goiter. 

Gre'TIN-Ism,  n.  A  species  of  idiocy. 

CRE -  vA  SSE ',  n.  [Fr . ,  fr.  Lat.  crcpare , 
to  crack,  to  burst.]  A  deep  crevice 
or  split,  as  in  a  glacier. 

Grev'T^E,  n.  [Fr.  crevasse.  See  su¬ 
pra.]  A  narrow  opening  ;  a  fissure. 

Crew  (krij),  n.  [Fr.  crue ,  increase, 
accession.]  1.  A  company;  an  as¬ 
semblage.  2.  Seamen  belonging  to 
a  vessel. —  v.,  imp.  of  Croic. 

Grew'el  (kr.q'el),  n.  [For  cle.ivel, 
dim.  of  clew ,  a  ball  of  thread.] 
Worsted  yarn  slackly  twisted. 

Crib,  n.  [A.-S.  crybb.]  1.  Manger  or 
rack  of  a  stall.  2.  A  stall.  3.  A 
small  inclosed  bedstead.  4.  A  box. 
—  v.  t.  [-bed  ;  -BING.  137.]  1.  To 
confine  in  a  narrow  habitation.  2. 
To  pilfer. 

Crib'bage,  n.  A  game  at  cards. 

GrTb'BLE,  n.  [L.  Lat.  criblus.]  A 
coarse  sieve  or  screen. 

CrIck.  n.  A  spasmodic  and  painful 
affection  as  of  the  neck  or  back. 

CrIck/et,  n.  1.  [W.  criciad ,  cricell , 
cricket,  and  cricellu ,  to  chirp.]  A 
small  insect, characterized  by  a  chirp¬ 


ing  note.  2.  [A.-S.  cricc,  crooked  staff, 
crutch.]  A  game  with  a  bat,  ball, 
and  wicket.  3.  A  sort  of  low  stool. 

CrIck/et-er,  n.  One  who  plays  at 
cricket.  [makes  proclamation. 

Gri'er,  n.  One  who  cries  ;  one  who 

Crime,  n.  [Lat.  crimen ,  from  cernere, 
to  decide  judicially.]  Any  violation 
of  law,  either  divine  or  human. 

Capital  crime,  a  crime  punishable  with 
death. 

Syn.  —  Sin;  vice. —  Sin  is  generic, em¬ 
bracing  wickedness  of  every  kind.  Crime 
is  a  violation  of  law,  and  springs  from 
our  passions;  vice  from  the  inordinate 
indulgence  of  natural  appetites,  which 
in  themselves  are  innocent.  Intemper¬ 
ance  is  a  vice ,  sometimes  leading  to  the 
crime  of  murder. 

Grim'I-NAL,  a.  1.  Guilty  of,  or  in¬ 
volving,  a  crime.  2.  Relating  to 
crime. — n.  One  who  has  committed 
a  crime.  [criminal ;  guiltiness. 

GrTm'i-nXl'i-ty  ,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Grim'i-nal-ly,  adv.  Wickedly. 

Grim'i-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
accuse  or  charge  with  a  crime;  to 
impeach. 

Grim'i-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  accusing  ; 
accusation.  [sorious. 

Grim'I-NA-TO-RY,  a.  Accusing  ;  cen- 

GrImp,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Cf.  Ger. 
krimmen,  to  seize  with  the  claws  or 
beak.]  1.  To  form  into  ridges  or 

plaits.  2.  To  pinch  and  hold.  3. 
To  decoy  into  the  power  of  a  recruit¬ 
ing  officer.  —  n.  One  who  decoys 
into  the  power  of  a  recruiting  officer. 

Grimp'le,  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
contract ;  to  curl ;  to  corrugate. 

■GRIM'S  ON  (krim'zn),  n.  [Ar.  qarmaz, 
qermez,  cochineal  insect,  and  a  liquid 
expressed  from  it.]  A  deep-red  color, 
tinged  with  blue.  —  a.  Of  a  deep  red 
color.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  dye 
with  crimson. — v.  i.  To  become 
crimson ;  to  blush. 

Gringe,u.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Cf.  Icel. 
kringi ,  to  make  round.]  To  draw 
one’s  self  together  as  in  fear  or  tim¬ 
id  servility;  to  fawn. — n.  Servile 
civility  ;  a  mean  bow. 

Grin'gle  (kring'gl),  n.  [Teel,  krivgla , 
orb,  round  cake, from  kringr ,  circle.] 
A  rope,  having  its  end  formed  into  a 
ring  to  secure  it  to  a  sail. 

GrTNK'LE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [D. 
krinkenel ,  to  wind  or  twist.]  To 
form  with  short  turns  or  wrinkles. — 
v.  i.  To  run  in  and  out  in  little 
bends. 

Grin'o-lTne  ,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  crin,  hair.] 
A  lady’s  skirt  expanded  by  hoops,  or 
by  being  made  of  hair  cloth,  &c. 

Grip'pee,  n.  [Prop,  one  that  must 
creep.].  One  who  creeps,  halts,  or 
limps. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
deprive  of  the  use  of  the  limbs  ;  to 
lame.  2.  To  disable. 

Gri'sis,  n. ;  pi.  gr!'se§.  [Gr.  Kpio-iv, 
fr.  Kpiveiv,  to  separate,  decide.]  The 
decisive  moment;  the  turning  point. 

GrIsp,  a.  [Lat.  crispus.]  1.  Formed 
into  stiff  curls.  2.  Full  of  indenta¬ 
tions.  3.  Brittle.  4.  Effervescing  ; 
sparkling.  — 1\  t.  [-ed:-ing.]  1. 
To  curl,  as  the  hair.  2.  To  wrinkle 


GrTsp'ly,  adv.  With  crispness. 

Grisp'ness,  n.  State  of  being  crisp. 

Grisp'y,  a.  1.  Frizzled;  crisp.  2. 
Brittle. 

Gri-te'ri-on,  n. ;  pi.  crI-te'ri-A. 
[Gr.  Kptnjptov,  from  Kpiveiv,  to  sepa¬ 
rate,  decide.]  A  standard  of  judging. 

Grit'IC,  n.  [Gr.  KpniKO<;,  fr.  Kpiveiv, 
to  separate,  judge.]  1.  One  skilled 
in  judging  of  literary  works  or  pro¬ 
ductions  of  art.  2.  A  caviler. 

GrI't'ig-al,  a.  1.  Exact;  nicely  ju¬ 
dicious.  2.  Inclined  to  find  fault ; 
catipous.  3.  Relating  to  criticism. 
4.  Decisive  ;  hence  of  doubtful  issue. 

Grit'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  critical 
manner;  exactly. 

Grit'ie-al-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
critical ._ 

Grit'i-cise,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
examine  and  judge  as  a  critic.  —  v.  i. 
To  act  as  a  critic  ;  to  animadvert. 

Grit'i-^ism,  n.  1.  Art  of  judging  of 
a  literary  performance,  or  of  a  pro¬ 
duction  in  the  fine  arts.  2.  A  de¬ 
tailed  examination  and  review. 

Gri-TIQUE'  (-teelG),  n.  [See  CRITIC.] 
A  critical  examination  or  estimate  of 
a  work. 

Gr5ak,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
cracetan ,  Gr.  Kpui^eiv,  Kpa^eiv.]  1. 
To  make  a  low,  hoarse  noise,  as  a 
frog,  or  crow.  2.  To  forbode  evil ; 
to  grumble.  —  n.  Low,  harsh  sound, 
as  of  a  frog  or  raven. 

Groak'er,  n.  One  who  croaks. 

Gro-^het'  (kro-sha'),  n.  [Fr.,  small 
hook,  fr.  Icel.  krCkr,  hook.]  A  kind 
of  netting  made  by  means  of  a  small 
hook.  —  v.  t.  To  perform  the  kind 
of  netting  called  crochet. 

Grock,  n.  [Cf.  W.  croeg,  cover.] 
soot;  smut;  lamp-black. — v.  t.  or 

1.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  blacken  with 
soot.,  or  coloring  matter  of  cloth. 

Grock'er-Y,  n.  [  Crock,  obs.  an  earth¬ 
en  vessel.]  Earthen-ware  ;  pottery. 

Grock'et,  n.  [Cf.  Crook,  curve.] 
(Arch.)  An  imitation  of  curved  and 
bent  foliage. 

Grog'o-dile, 

n.  [Gr.  KpoKo- 
fietAo?.]  A 
large  reptile, 
growing  to  the 
length  of  six¬ 
teen  or  eigh¬ 
teen  feet. 

Gro'cus,  n .  [Gr. 

KpoKOi,  Skr.  Crocodile. 

kunkuma.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants. 

2.  A  mineral  powder  of  a  yellow  or 
red  color. 

Groft,  n.  [A.-S.  croft ,  Gr.  Kpvwn), 
(fpinrrds,  concealed.]  A  small  close, 
or  inclosed  field. 

Gro-MOR'NA,  n.  [Ger.  krummhorn , 

crooked  horn.]  A  certain  reed  stop 
in  the  organ. 

Grone,  n.  [A.-S.  crone,  an  old  ewe.] 
An  old  woman;  —  in  contempt. 

Gro'ny,  n.  [See  CRONE.]  An  inti¬ 
mate  companion.  [Colloq.] 

Gro~ok  (27),  n.  [Icel.  krbkr.]  1.  A 
bend,  turn  or  curve.  2.  A  trick  or 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,  y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  veil,  term  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM ;  s6n, 


CROOK-BACK 


CRURAL 


99 


artifice.  3.  A  shepherd’s  or  a  bish¬ 
op’s  staff. —  v.  t  [-ed;  -ING.]  1. 
To  turu  from  a  straight  line ;  to 
bend  ;  to  curve.  2.  To  pervert.  — 
v.  i.  To  he  bent  or  curved. 

Grook'ed  (60),  p.  a.  1.  Bent  ;  not 
straight.  2.  Devious  :  perverse. 

€rook'ed-LY,  adv.  in  a  crooked 
manner. 

Gro~o  k/e  d-ne  ss,  n.  Curvity  ;  inflex¬ 
ion;  deformity. 

Croon,  v.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  sing  in 
a  low  tone  ;  to  sing  softly. 

CROP,n.  [A.-S.  crop,  cropp.]  1.  Upper 
receptacle  of  food  of  a  bird,  situated 
in  the  throat.  2.  Highest  part  of 
any  thing.  3.  That  which  is  cropped 
or  gathered  from  a  single  field;  fruit; 
harvest.  4.  Any  thing  cut  off  or 
gathei’ed.  —  v.  t.  [-PED;  -ping.]  To 
cut  off  the  ends  of ;  to  pluck.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  appear  above  the  surface, 
as  a  bed  of  coal.  2.  To  come  to  light. 

Grop'— eared,  a.  Having  the  end 
of  the  ears  cut  off. 

Cro-QUET'  (kro-kiP),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
croc ,  crooked  stick.]  An  open-air 
game  played  with  wooden  balls  and 
long-handled  mallets. 

CRO'glER  (kro'- 
zher),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
cruciarium,  from 
crux ,  cross.]  Of¬ 
ficial  staff  of  an 
archbishop,  or 
pastoral  staff  of 
a  bishop. 

CROSS  (21),  n.  [Lat.  a,  Archbishop’s; 
crux ,  cruris.]  1.  A  b,  Bishop’s, 
gibbet,  consisting  of  two  pieces  of 
timber  placed  on  one  another,  in 
various  forms,  as  T  or  "J",  or  X-  2. 
Symbol  of  Christ’s  death,  and  hence, 
of  Christianity.  3.  Affliction  as  a 
test  of  patience  or  virtue.  4.  Mark, 
symbol,  or  ornament,  in  form  of  a 
cross.  5.  A  mixing  of  breeds  or 
stock.  — a.  1.  Lying  athwart ;  trans¬ 
verse.  2.  Adverse ;  contrary.  3. 
Peevish ;  fretful.  4.  Interchanged. — 
v.  t.  [ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  put,  lay, 
or  draw  across.  2.  To  pass  from  one 
side  to  the  other  of.  3.  To  thwart ; 
to  interfere  with.  4.  To  cancel ;  to 
erase.  5.  To  mix  the  breed  of.  - — 
v.  i.  1.  To  lie  or  be  athwart.  2.  To 
pass  from  one  side  toward  the  other, 
or  from  place  to  place. 

Gross'-bi'll,  n.  1.  A  defendant’s  bill 
in  a  chancery  or  equitv  suit.  2.  A 
kind  of  bird.  [wise  on  a  stock. 

Cross'-b5w,  n.  A  bow  put  cross- 

Cross'-breed,  n.  A  breed  produced 
from  parents  of  different  breeds. 

Gross'-bOn,  n.  A  bun  or  cake  marked 
with  a  cross. 

Cross'-E'S-Xm'I-na'TION,  n.  Ex¬ 
amination  of  a  witness,  called  by  one 
party,  by  the  opposite  party. 

Gross'-ex-Xm'Ine,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  subject  to  cross-examination. 

Cross'-eved  ( -T ijj ,  a.  Having  the 
eyes  turned,  so  that  they  look  in  di¬ 
rections  which  cross  one  another. 

Gross'-grained,  a.  1.  Having  the 


grain  crossed  or  irregular.  2.  Ill- 
natured  ;  contrary. 

Gross'ly,  adv.  In  a  cross  way. 

Gross'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  cross. 

Gross'-pur'pose  (pfir'pus),  n.  An 
opposing  purpose ;  inconsistency. 

Gross'-Ques'tion  (-kw&t'yun), v.  t. 
To  cross-examine. 

Gross'-road,  )  n.  A  road  that  crosses 

Gross'-way,  )  another. 

Gross' wigE,  adv.  In  the  form  of  a 
cross  ;  across. 

Crotch,  n.  [Cf.  Crutch.]  1.  Fork¬ 
ings  of  a  trunk.  2.  A  forked  piece 
of  wood,  &c. 

Grotch'et,  n.  [See  Crochet.]  1. 
A  crotch.  2.  A  note,  equal  in  dura¬ 
tion  to  half  a  minim.  3.  {Print.)  A 
bracket.  4.  A  whim  ;  a  conceit. 

Grouch,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Eng. 
crooch,  from  crook ,  to  bend.]  1.  To 
stoop  or  lie  low.  2.  To  bend  obse¬ 
quiously  ;  to  cringe. 

Group,  n.  1.  [Fr.  croupe.  Cf.  Crop.] 
Buttocks  of  a  horse ;  hence,  the  place 
behind  the  saddle.  2.  [Cf.  Crop.] 
An  inflammatory  affection  of  the 
wind-pipe. 

Grou'PI-er  (krdo'pi-er),  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 
groupe,  group.]  1.  One  who  watches 
the  cai'ds  and  collects  the  money  at 
a  gaming-table.  2.  An  assistant 
chairman  at  a  public  dinner  party. 

Grow,  n.  [A.-S.  crawe,  so  named 
from  its  cry.]  1.  A  large  black  bird, 
having  a  harsh,  croaking  note.  2. 
An  iron  lever.  3.  Voice  of  the  cock. 

—  v.  i.  [imp.  crew  or  crowed  ; 

p.  p.  crowed.]  1.  To  make  the 
shrill  sound  of  a  cock.  2.  To  exult ; 
try  brag.  [as  a  lever. 

Grow'-bar,  n.  A  bar  of  iron  used 

Growd,  I).  !.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
press  or  drive  together.  2.  To  en¬ 
cumber.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  press  together 
in  numbers.  2.  To  urge  forward. 

—  n.  [A.-S .  croda,crudh.\  A  throng  ; 

ajnultitude.  [2.  A  caltrop. 

Grow'-foot,  n.  1.  A  genus  of  plants. 

Grown,  n.  [Gr.  uopcour].]  1.  A  wreath, 
garland,  or  any  ornament  worn  on 
the  head,  esp.  as  a  badge  of  dignity 
or  power.  2.  A  sovereign.  3.  A 
certain  denomination  of  coin.  4. 
Chief  or  topmost  part  of  any  thing, 
as  of  the  head. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
1.  To  invest  with  a  crown,  or  with 
royal  dignity.  2.  To  adorn ;  to 
dignify.  3.  To  complete ;  to  perfect. 

Grown'-glAss,  n.  The  finest  sort  of 
window-glass. 

Grown'-prin^e,  n.  The  prince  royal 
who  inherits  the  crown. 

Grown'-saw,  n.  A  species  of  tubu¬ 
lar  saw. 

Grown'-wheel,  n.  A  wheel  with 
cogs  at  right  angles  to  its  plane. 

Gru'CIAL  (32),  a.  [Lat.  crux ,  cruris, 
cross.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  a 
cross.  2.  Trying  or  searching. 

Gru'CI-ate  (krij'shl-,  45,95),  a.  [Lat. 
cruciare ,  cruciatus ,  to  torture,  from 
crux,  cross.]  Having  the  leaves  ar¬ 
ranged  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

Gru'<;:i-ble,  n.  [Prob.  from  L.  Ger. 


Crucibles. 


Icroos,  kruus,  mug, 
jug,  jar,  English 
cruse. .]  A  chemi¬ 
cal  vessel  or  melt¬ 
ing-pot,  capable  of 
enduring  great 
heat. 

Gru'^i-fI'er,  n. 

One  who  crucifies. 

GRU'91-Fi'x,  n.  [Lat.  crux,  cross,  and 
Jigere,Jixum,  to  fix.]  A  cross,  with 
the  figure  of  Christ  crucified  upon  it 

Gru'^I-FIX'ION  ( -fik'shun),  n.  Act 
of  fastening  a  person  to  a  cross. 

Gru'^i-form,  a.  [Lat.  crux,  cross, 
and  forma,  form.]  Cross-shaped. 

GRU'91-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  crux,  cross,  and  Jigere ,  to  fix.] 
1.  To  fasten  to  a  cross.  2.  To  destroy 
the  power  of. 


Grude  (32),  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [Lat. 
crudus,  prop,  bloody.]  1.  In  its 
natural  state ;  raw.  2.  Unripe;  im¬ 
mature.  3.  Not  reduced  to  order  or 
form.  4.  Coarsely  colored. 

Grude'ly,  adv.  In  a  crude  manner. 

Grude'ness,  n.  Rawness  ;  unripe¬ 
ness  ;  immaturity. 

Gru'di-ty,  11.  1.  Rawness.  2.  That 
which  is  in  a  crude  state. 


Gru'el,  a.  [Lat.  crudelis,  fr.  crudus. 
See  Crude.]  1.  Pleased  to  give 
pain  to  others.  2.  Causing  pain, 
grief,  or  misery. 

Syn.  —  Savage;  barbarous;  inhuman. 

Gru'el-ly,  adv.  With  cruelty. 

Gru'el-ty, n.  1.  Inhumanity;  bar¬ 
barity.  2.  A  cruel  deed. 

Gru'et,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  Fr.  cruchette, 
dim.  of  cruche,  jug,  jar.]  A  small 
glass  bottle  for  vinegar,  oil,  &c. 

Gruise,m.  A  small  bottle.  See  Cruse. 

Gruise  (krpz,  32),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[i>.  kruisen,  from  cruis,  a  cross.]  To 
go  back  and  forth  on  the  ocean. —  n. 
A  voyage  made  without  settled 
course.  [cruises. 

Gruis'er,  n.  One  who,  or  a  ship  that, 

Grumb  (kruin),  n.  [A.-S.  crume,  fr. 
cruman,  to  break  into  small  pieces.] 
[Written  also  crum.]  A  small  frag¬ 
ment,  especially  of  bread  or  cake. 
—  v.  t.  To  break  into  crumbs. 

Grum'ble,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  crumb.]  To  break  into  small 
pieces.  —  v.  i.  To  fall  to  decay. 

Grum'my,  a.  1.  Full  of  crumbs.  2. 


Soft. 

Grum'pet,  n.  [Cf.  Crumb.]  A  kind 
of  soft  cake,  not  sweetened. 

Grum'ple,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  [Cf. 
Crimp  and  Cramp.]  To  press  into 
wrinkles  or  folds.  — v.  i.  To  shrink 
irregularly  ;  to  wrinkle. 

Grijnch,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing  ]  To  chew 
with  violence  and  noise. 

Grup'per  (krdbp'per  in  Amer.; 
krdp'per  in  Eng.),  n.  [Fr.  croupiers. 
See  Croup,  buttocks.]  1.  Rump  of 
a  horse.  2.  Strap  of  leather  to  pre¬ 
vent  the  saddle  from  slipping  forward. 
—  v.  t.  To  place  a  crupper  upon. 

Gru'ral  (32),  a.  [Lat.  cruralis,  from 
crus,  cruris,  leg.]  Belonging  to,  or 
shaped  like,  a  leg. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  Too,  to'ok  ;  Orn, RUE,  PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  £,6,  soft;  €,  G,  hard ;  As;  exist;  n  as  NG;  THIS. 


CRUSADE 


CRU-SADE',  n.  [Fr.  croisade ,  fr.  Lat. 
crux ,  cross.]  1.  A  mediaeval  military 
expedition  to  recover  the  Holy  Land. 
2.  Any  fanatical  enterprise. 

Cru-sad'er,  n.  A  person  engaged  in 
a  crusade.  [small  cup  or  bottle. 

Cruse  (32),  n.  [See  Crucible.]  A 

Cru'set,  n.  [See  Crucible.]  A 
goldsmith’s  crucible. 

Crush,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Icel.  kras- 
sa,  to  grind.  Cf.  Crash.]  1.  To 
press  and  bruise  between  two  hard 
bodies  2.  To  overwhelm  by  pres¬ 
sure.  3.  To  subdue;  to  ruin.  —  n. 
A  violent  collision  or  compression. 

Crust,  n.  [Lat .  crusta,  W .  crest,  fr. 
cresu ,  to  harden  by  heat.]  The  hard, 
external  covering  of  any  thing ; 
hence,  any  concretion.  — v.  t.  [-ED  : 
-ING.]  To  cover  with  a  hard  case,  or 
crust.  — v.  i.  To  gather  or  contract 
into  a  hard  crust. 

Ervs-ta' GE-A  (-ta'she-),  n.  pi.  [Lat. 
crusta ,  crust,  rind,  shell.]  One  of 
the  classes  of  the  articulated  animals, 
having  a  crust-like  shell,  including 
lobsters,  shrimps,  and  crabs. 

€rus-ta'ce-an  (-she-an),  n.  An  ani¬ 
mal  belonging  to  the  Crustacea. 

Crus-ta'ce-ol'c-gy  (-ta'she-),  n. 
[From  crvstacea ,  and  Gr.  Aoyos,  dis¬ 
course.]  Science  which  treats  of  the 
Crustacea . 

Crus-ta'ceoCs,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  having,  a  crust-like  shell.  2.  Be¬ 
longing  to  the  Crustacea. 

CRUST'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  crusty  manner. 

CRUST'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  oi  being 
crusty. 

CrCst'Y,  a.  1.  Like  crust;  hard.  2. 
Peevish  ;  surly  ;  morose. 

Crutcii,  n.  [L.  Lat.  croccia,  fr.  crux , 
cross.]  A  staff  with  a  cross-piece  at 
the  head,  placed  under  the  arm. 

Cry,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing,  142.]  [Fr. 
crier ,  fr.  Lat.  quiritare,  freq.  form  of 
queri,  to  complain.]  1.  To  speak, 
call,  or  exclaim  loudly.  2.  To  weep 
and  sob.  —  v.t.  1.  To  utter  loudly. 
2.  To  advertise  by  outcry.  —  n.  1. 
The  inarticulate  sound  made  by  an 
animal.  2.  Outcry  ;  clamor.  3. 
Loud  expression  of  triumph  or  won¬ 
der,  of  pain,  &c.  [rious  ;  heinous. 

CRY'ING,  a.  Calling  for  notice  ;  noto- 

Cr?PT,  n.  [Gr.  KpxnrTrj,  fr.  Kpumeiv, 
to  hide.]  1.  A  subterranean  cell ;  a 
vault  under  a  church ,  used  for  burial 
purposes.  2.  A  subterranean  chap¬ 
el  ;  hence,  a  hiding-place. 

Cryp'tic,  )  a.  Hidden ;  con- 

Cr?p'TI€-al,  )  cealed  ;  secret. 

Cryp'to-gXm,  n.  [Gr.  Kpvmos,  hid¬ 
den,  and  yd/xos,  marriage.]  A  flower¬ 
less  plant. 

Cryp/TO-GA,MI-AN,  I  a.  Pertaining 

Cr^p'to-gam'ic,  (  to  cryptogams; 

Cryp-tog'a-moijs,  )  having  the 
fructification  concealed. 

Cryp-tog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  /cpvirros, 
secret,  and  ypa</>eiv,  to  write.]  Art  of 
writing  in  secret  characters. 

CryP-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Kpunros,, 
secret,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Secret 
or  enigmatical  language. 


100 

CrFs'TAL,  n.  [Gr.  upvara AAos,  ice, 
crystal,  from  upvo s,  frost.]  1.  Reg¬ 
ular  form  which  a  substance  tends  to 
assume  in  solidifying.  2.  A  fine  kind 
of  glass.  3.  Glass  of  a  watch  case. 
4.  Any  thing  resembling  crystal.  — 
a.  Clear ;  transparent ;  crystalline. 

Crys'TAL-line,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
like,  crystal ;  pure ;  clear  ;  pellucid. 

CrAs'tal-li-za'tion,  n.  Act  or 
process  of  becoming  crystallized. 

C/RYS'TAL-LIZE,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.] 
To  cause  to  form  crystals.  — v.  i.  To 
be  converted  into  crystals. 

Crys'tal-log'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  /cpvV- 
TaAAos,  ice,  crystal,  and  ypa^etv,  to 
write.]  Science  of  crystallization. 

ClJB,  n.  [Prob.  from  Lat.  cubare,  to  lie 
down.]  A  young  animal,  especially 
the  young  of  the  bear.  —  v.  t.  or  i . 
[-BED  ;  -BING,  136-]  To  bringforth  ; 
—  said  of  animals. 

Cu'ba-ture  (53),  n.  Process  of  find¬ 
ing  the  cubic  contents  of  a  body. 

Cube,  n.  [Gr.  kv\ 3os,  a  cube,  a  cubi¬ 
cal  die.]  1.  A  regu¬ 
lar  solid  body,  with 
six  equal  square 
sides.  2.  Product 
of  a  number  multi¬ 
plied  twice  into  it¬ 
self. —  v.t.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  To  multiply  into  itself  twice. 

Cu'BEB,  n.  [Ar.  kababat .]  The  small, 
spicy  berry  of  a  tropical  plant. 

Cu'BlG,  )  a.  Having  the  form  or 

Cu'BIG-AL,  )  properties  of  a  cube. 

Cu'BlG-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  cubical 
method. 

Cu'big-al-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
cubical. 

Cu'bi-form,  a.  [Lat.  cubus,  cube, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  cube. 

Cu'ElT,  n.  [Lat.  cubitum,  cubitus,  el¬ 
bow,  ell,  cubit.]  1.  The  fore-arm.  2. 
Distance  from  the  elbow  to  the  ex¬ 
tremity  of  the  middle  finger. 

Cu'BlT-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cubit. 

•c  U'BOID,  )  a.  [Gr  Kv/SoetSrJs,  fr. 

Cu-BOID'AL,  )  /cvjSos,  cube,  and  elSos, 
form.]  Having  nearly  the  form  of  a 
cube. 

CtrcK'lNG-STOOL,  n.  [Perh.  a  cor¬ 
rupt.  of  ducking-stool .]  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  punishing  scolds,  by  plung¬ 
ing  them  into  water. 

Cuck'old,  n.  [From  Lat.  cuculus, 
cuckoo,  in  allusion  to  the  habit  of 
the  female  cuckoo,  who  lays  her  eggs 
in  the  nests  of  other  birds,  to  be 
hatched  by  them.]  A  man  whose 
wife  is  false  to  his  bed  ;  husband  of 
an  adulteress. 

Fuck'oo  (kdbk/db),  n.  [Gr.  kokkv^, 
Skr.  kCkila.]  A  well-known  bird,  de¬ 
riving  its  name  from  its  note. 

Cu'GUL-LATE,  or  \  a.  [Lat.  cu- 
CU-gOl'LATE,  (45)  I  cullus,  a 

Cu'gul-la'ted,  or  (  cap,  hood, 

Cu-gDl'la-ted,  '  cowl.]  1. 

Covered,  as  with  a  hood  or  cowl.  2. 

Having  the  shape  of  a  hood. 

Cu'gum-ber,  n.  [Lat.  cucumis.]  A 
well-known  plant  and  its  fruit. 


CULMINATION 

€u-€0r'BIT,  )  n.  [Lat.  cucurbita,  a 

Cu-gOr'bite,  }  gourd.]  A  chemical 
vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  gourd. 

Cu-gur'bi-ta'ceous,  a.  Belonging 
to,  or  like,  the  melon  and  cucumber. 

■Cud,  n.  [A.-S.  cud ;  cedwan,  to  chew.] 
1.  Food  brought  up  into  the  mouth 
by  ruminating  animals  from  their 
first  stomach,  and  chewed  a  second 
time.  2.  A  piece  of  chewing  tobacco. 

Cud'dle,  V.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
W.  cuddiaw,  to  hide.]  To  lie  close 

€ud'dy,  n.  [Prob.  a  contr.  from  D. 
kajuit ,  Fr.  cahute,  cabin,  hut.]  A 
small  cabin  in  a  lighter  or  boat. 

dOD'GEL,  n.  [YF.  cogel ,  from  cog,  a 
mass  or  lump.]  A  short,  thick  stick  ; 
aclub. — v.t.  [-ED, -ING  ;  or -LED, 
-LING,  137.]  To  beat  with  a  cudgel. 

€ud'gel-er,  n.  One  who  beats  with 
a  cudgel. 

CiiE  (ku),  n.  [0.  Fr.  cone,  coe,  now 
queue ,  fr.  Lat.  cauda,  tail.]  1.  A  tail¬ 
like  twist  of  hair  at  the  back  of  the 
head.  2.  A  hint  or  intimation.  3. 
The  part  one  is  to  perform.  4.  A 
straight  rod  used  in  playing  billiards. 

■Cuff,  n.  1.  A  blow  with  the  open 
hand.  2.  [Perh.  fr.  Fr.  coiffe,  coeffe, 
head-dress,  hood,  or  coif.]  Fold  at 
the  end  of  a  sleeve. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Sw.  kuffa,  to  knock,  to 
push.]  To  strike  with  the  flat,  of  the 
hand,  as  a  man. 

Cui-R A ss'  ( k we-ras/  or  kwe/ras),  n.  [L. 
Lat.  coratia,  curacia ,  orig.  a  breast¬ 
plate  of  leather,  fr.  corium,  leather.] 
Defensive  armor,  covering  the  body 
from  the  neck  to  the  girdle. 

•Gui/ras-sier',  n.  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  cuirass. 

CuiSH  (kwis),  n.  [Fr.  cuisse,  thigh, 
leg.]  Defensive  armor  for  the  thighs. 

Cuisine  (kwe-zEn/),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The 
kitchen.  2.  Style  of  cooking. 

Cul-dee',  n.  [Lat.  Cultores  Dei, 
worshipers  of  God.]  One  of  an  an¬ 
cient  monkish  fraternity  in  Scotland 
and  Ireland. 

€urLl-NA-RY,  a.  [Lat.  culinarius,  fr. 
culina,  kitchen.]  Relating  to  the 
kitchen,  or  to  cookery. 

CtJLL,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  col- 
ligere,  to  collect.]  To  select  or  pick 
out. 

COll'er,  n.  One  who  culls  ;  especial¬ 
ly,  an  inspector  who  selects  wares 
suitable  for  market. 

Cul'ly,  n.  [Lat.  coleus ,  ctdeus,  a 
leather  bag,  scrotum,  O.Fr.  couillon, 
coillon,  a  vile  fellow.]  A  person  easi¬ 
ly  deceived. —  v.  t.  To  deceive. 

Culm,  n.  1.  [Lat.  culmus,  stalk, 
stem.]  Stalk  or  stem  of  corn  and 
grasses.  2  [W.  ciblm,  knot.]  An¬ 
thracite  coal  in  small  masses. 

Cul-m'if'er-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  culmus, 
stalk,  stem,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  culms  ;  containing  culm. 

COl'mi-nate,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  culmen ,  top,  ridge.]  To  reach 
the  highest  point  or  position,  [ward. 

COi/mi-nate  (45),  a.  Growing  up- 

Citl'MI-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Attainment 
of  the  highest  point  of  altitude.  2. 


Cube. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long ;  X,E,I,  6,  0,  F ,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  VEIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  fIrm;  s6n, 


CULPABILITY 


CURRENT 


Arrival  at  the  highest  pitch  of  glory, 
power,  &  c. 

G&L'PA-BlL'l-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 
culpable ;  blameworthiness. 

Gui/pa-ble,  a.  [Lat.  culpabilis,  fr. 
eulpare,  to  blame.]  Deserving  cen¬ 
sure  ;  worthy  of  blame. 

Syr. — Wrong  ;  blamable  ;  censurable. 

GlJL'PA-BLE-NESS,  ».  Quality  of  de¬ 
serving  blame.  [manner. 

GOl'pa-BLY,  adv.  In  a  culpable 

Gul'prit,  n.  [Prob.  for  culpit  (with 
r  inserted),  an  ancient  form  of  culped , 
accused,  from  a  supposed  0.  Eng. 
verb  to  culpe ,  Lat.  eulpare ,  to  accuse.] 
1.  One  accused  of  a  crime.  2.  One 
convicted  of  crime  ;  a  criminal. 

Gult,  n.  [Lat.  cultus,  care,  rever¬ 
ence.]  Homage  ;  worship. 

Gul'ti-va-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
cultivated. 

GBl'ti-vate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  cultivare ,  fr.  Lat.  colere,  to  till.] 

1.  To  till ;  to  fertilize.  2.  To  foster  ; 
to  cherish.  3.  To  improve  by  care  or 
study.  4.  To  produce  by  tillage. 

GOl'ti-va/tion,  n.  1.  Tillage  ;  pro¬ 
duction  by  tillage.  2.  Fostering 
care;  civilization.  3.  Refinement. 

Gul'ti-va'tor,  n.  1. 

One  who  cultivates . 

2.  Agricultural  imple- 
ment  to  loosen  the 

surface  of  the  earth.  Cultivator. 

Gult'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat.  cultura ,  fr. 
Lat.  colere ,  to  cultivate.]  1.  Culti¬ 
vation.  2.  Result  of  cultivation ; 
refinement. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
cultivate. 

GOl'ver-in,  n.  [Lat.  coluber,  a  ser¬ 
pent,  colubrinus ,  like  a  serpent.]  A 
long,  slender  piece  of  ordnance,  for¬ 
merly  in  use. 

G&i/vert,  n.  [Prob.  corrupt,  fr.  Fr. 
couvert,  covered.]  An  arched  drain 
under  a  road  or  canal,  &c. 

GOl'ver-tailed,  a.  United  by  a 
dove-tailed  joint. 

Gum'ber,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  cumbrus,  a  heap  of  earth.]  To 
be  burdensome  or  oppressive  to. 

Gum'ber-some,  a.  Bui’densome. 

Gum'ber-some-ey,  adv.  So  as  to 
encumber. 

Gum'ber-some-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  cumbersome.  [hindrance. 

G&m'bran^e,  n.  Encumbrance ; 

Gum'brous,  a.  1.  Burdensome.  2. 
Giving  trouble. 

GOm'frey,  n.  See  Comfrey. 

Gum'in,  n.  [Gr.  uvp.t.vov,  Ar.  kam- 
m?m.]  A  dwarf  plant,  having  aro¬ 
matic  seeds. 

Gu'mu-late,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  cumulare,  cumulatum,  fr.  cu¬ 
mulus,  a  heap.]  To  heap  together. 

Gu'mu-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  heaping 
together  ;  a  heap. 

GO'MU-EA-tive,  a.  1.  Forming  a 
mass.  2.  Augmenting. 

Gu'ne-al,  a.  [Lat.  cuneus ,  a  wedge.] 
Wedge-shaped;  cuneiform. 

Gu'ne-ate,  )  a.  [SeeSuPRA.]  Hav- 

Cu'ne-a'ted,  \  ing  the  shape  of  a 

Gu/ne-at'I€,  )  wedge ;  cuneiform. 


101 

Gu-NE'I-FORM,  )  a.  [Lat.  cuneus,  a 

Gu'ni-forivi,  J  wedge,  and  forma, 
form.]  Having  the  form  of  a  wedge. 

Gun'ning,  a.  [From  A.-S.  cunnan, 
to  know,  to  be  able  ]  1.  Skillful ;  ex¬ 
perienced.  2.  Artfully  deceitful.  3. 
Ingenious  ;  curious. 

Syr.  —  Artful  ;  sly  ;  wily  ;  crafty.  — 
Cunning  is  usually  low,  as  a  trick;  art¬ 
ful  more  ingenious  and  inventive,  as  a 
device ;  sit/  implies  a  turn  for  what  is 
double  or  concealed,  as,  sly  humor,  a  sly 
evasion;  crafty,  a  talent  for  dexterously 
deceiving,  as,  a  crafty  manager;  wily  fa. 
talent  for  the  use  of  stratagems,  as,  a 
wily  politician. 

— 'n.  Faculty  or  art  of  using  strata¬ 
gem  to  accomplish  a  purpose ;  deceit ; 
art ;  craft. 

Gun'ning-ly,  adv.  With  cunning. 

Gup,  n.  [A.-S.  cupp,  cuppa,  from  Lat. 
cupa,  cuppa,  tub,  cask.]  1.  A  small 
vessel  to  drink  from .  2.  Contents  of 
a  cup.  3.  Any  thing  formed  like  a 
cup. — v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping,  133.]  To 
bleed  by  scarification  and  a  cupping- 
glass. 

Gup'-be Ar/er,  n.  One  who  fills  and 
hands  the  cups  at  an  entertainment. 

Gup'board  (kub'urd),  n.  A  small 
closet  for  cups,  plates,  &c. 

Gu'pel.,  n.  [Lat.  cupella,  small  cask.] 
A  small  cup  used  in  refining  precious 
metals. 

Gu'pel-la'tion,  n.  The  refining  of 
gold,  silver,  &c.,  in  a  cupel. 

Gu-pid'i-t  Y,n.  [Lat.  cupid  it  as,  from 
cupidus,  longing.]  Eager  desire  to 
possess  something,  espcially  wealth  ; 
covetousness  ;  lust. 

Gu'po-la  (147),  n.  [Lat.  cupula,  fr. 
cupa,  a  tub,  cask.]  A  spherical  vault 
on  the  top  of  an  edifice. 

Gup'ping,  n.  Operation  of  drawing 
blood  with  a  cupping-glass. 

Gup'ping-glass,  n.  A  glass  vessel 
like  a  cup,  used  in  letting  blood. 

Gu'pre-ous,  a.  [Lat.  citpreus,  fr.  cu¬ 
prum,  copper.]  Of  or  like  copper  ; 
coppery. 

Gu-prif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  cuprum , 
copper,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Contain¬ 
ing  or  affording  copper. 

Gu'pule,  n.  [Lat.  cupula .]  A  little 

cup,  as  of  the  acorn. 

Gur,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  L.  Ger.  kdter,  ko- 
ther,  a  common  dog,  orig.  dog  of  a 
cot,  fr.  Ger.  kolh,  Eng.  cot.]  A  worth¬ 
less  or  degenerate  dog. 

Gur'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being  cured. 

Gur'a-ble-ness,  n.  Possibility  of 
being  cured. 

Gu'RA-^OA'  (kp/ra-soQ,  n.  A  cordial, 
flavored  with  orange-peel,  cinnamon, 
and  mace  ;  so  called  from  the  island 
of  Cura§oa.  [of  a  curate. 

Gu'RA-9Y,  n.  Office  or  employment 

Gu'rate,  n.  [L.  Lat.  curatus,  prop, 
one  charged  with  the  care  (Lat.  cura) 
of  souls.]  A  minister  employed  as  an 
assistant  to  the  rector  or  vicar. 

Gu'ra-tive,  a.  Relating  or  tending 
to  cure. 

Gu-RA'TOR,  n.  [Lat.,  from  curare,  to 
I  take  care  of.]  1.  A  superintendent. 

I  2.  A  trustee  ;  a  guardian. 


GDrb,  n.  1.  A  check  ;  part  of  a  bri¬ 
dle.  2.  A  wall  to  hold  back  a  mass 
of  earth.  3.  A  wall  within  a  well  or 
round  the  mouth  of  it. —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  [Fr.  courber,  to  bend,  curve, 
Lat.  curvare.]  1.  To  restrain  ;  to 
confine.  2.  To  furnish  with  or  re¬ 
strain  by  a  curb. 

Gijrb'-roof,  n.  A 
roof  having  a  double 
slope. 

GUrb'-stone,  n.  A 
stone  placed  edgewise  Curb-roof, 
against  earth  to  prevent  its  giving 
way. 

GBrd,  n.  [Ir.  gruth,  cruth,  curd,  cru- 
thaim,  I  milk.]  Coagulated  part  of 
milk  or  of  any  liquid. 

GBr'dle,  v.  i.  [From  curd.]  1.  To 
change  into  curd.  2.  To  thicken  ; 
to  congeal. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
change  into  curd. 

Cure,  n.  [Lat.  cura,  care.]  1.  Spirit¬ 
ual  charge ;  office  of  a  curate.  2.  Med¬ 
ical  care.  3.  Restoration  to  health. 
4.  Remedy  ;  restorative.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  restore  to  health.  2. 
To  remedy ;  to  remove.  3.  To  pre¬ 
serve  by  drying,  salting,  & c. 

Gure'less,  a.  Incapable  of  cure  ; 
incurable.  [cian. 

Gur'er,  n.  One  who  cures  ;  aphysi- 

Gur'few  (kQUfu),  n.  [0.  Fr.  couvre- 
feu,  from  couvrir,  to  cover,  and  feu, 
fire.]  A  bell  at  night-fall,  orig.  a 
signal  to  cover  fires,  extinguish  lights, 
and  retire  to  rest. 

Gu'ri-os'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
curious  ;  accuracy  ;  scrupulousness. 
2.  Disposition  to  inquire ;  inquisi¬ 
tiveness.  3.  That  which  is  curious. 

Gu'ri-ous,  a.  [Lat.  curiosus,  fr. cura, 
care.]  1.  Solicitous  to  be  correct ; 
careful.  2.  Artfully  constructed.  3. 
Eager  to  learn  ;  habitually  inquisi¬ 
tive.  4.  Singular  ;  odd.  [manner. 

Gu'RI-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  curious 

Gu'RI-oDs-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  curious. 

GOrl ,v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Icel.  krul- 
la,  to  curl,  to  crisp.]  To  twist  or 
form  into  ringlets  or  coils. —  v.  i.  1. 
To  bend  into  curls  or  ringlets.  2. 
To  move  in  curves.  —  n.  1.  A  ringlet. 
2.  An  undulating  or  curving  line. 

Gur'i.ew  (kfirdu),  n.  [Fr .  courlieu.] 
A  wading  bird,  with  r.  long  bill. 

Gurl'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  curly. 

Gurl'y,  a.  Having  curls  or  a  tend¬ 
ency  to  curl. 

Gur-mud'geon  (-jun),  n.  [0.  Eng. 
corn-mudgin,  a  corrupt,  of  corn-mer- 
chcmt ,  —  this  class  being  accused  of 
withholding  bread  from  others.]  An 
avaricious,  churlish  fellow  ;  a  miser. 

GUR'RANT,  n.  [From  Corinth,  in 
Greece.]  1.  A  small  dried  grape, 
used  in  cookery.  2.  Fruit  of  a  well- 
known  shrub. 

Gur'ren-^y,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
current;  circulation.  2.  Current 
value.  3.  That  which  is  in  circular 
tion  ;  money. 

Gur'RENT,  a.  [Lat.  currere,  curfSns , 
to  run.]  1.  Running  or  moving  rap- 


6r,  do,  wpLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  dYn,  rue,  pull;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  i},(i,soft;  c,  G,  hard ;  A§  ;  E^IST  ;  n  as  ng;  this. 


CURRENTLY  102  CYCLE 


idly.  2.  Now  passing  or  present.  3. 
Generally  received ;  common.  —  n. 
1.  A  stream.  2.  General  course; 
ordiuary  procedure.  . 

Gur'RENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  current 
manner ;  commonly. 

Cur'rent-NESS,  n.  General  recep¬ 
tion  ;  currency. 

Gur'ri-cle,  n.  [Lat.  curriculum,  fr. 
currere,  to  run.]  A  chaise  drawn  by 
two  horses. 

C0r'RI-er,  n.  One  who  curries, 
dresses,  and  colors  tanned  leather. 

CffR'RiSH,  a.  [See  Cur.]  Like  a  cur; 
snarling ;  quarrelsome. 

ClJR'RlSH-LY,  adv.  Like  a  cur. 

COr'RISH-ness,  n.  Churlishness. 

Gur'ry,^.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Fr. 
corroyer,  from  Lat.  corium,  leather.] 
1.  To  dress  by  a  particular  process, 
as  leather.  2.  To  comb  or  rub  the 
skin  of ;  — said  ot  a  horse.  — n.  [Per. 
khurdi,  broth,  juicy  meats.]  1.  A 
kind  of  sauce.  2.  A  stew  of  fowl, 
fish,  &c._ 

Cur'ry-uomb  (-kom),  n.  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  cleaning  horses. 

■Curse,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  cursed 
or  CURST.]  [A.-S.  cursian,  prob.  at 
first  to  imprecate  evil  in  the  name  of 
the  cross.]  1.  To  utter  a  wish  of  evil 
against;  to  execrate.  2.  To  vex, 
harass,  or  torment.  —  v.  i.  To  use 
profane  language  ;  to  swear.  —  n. 
Wish  of  evil ;  malediction ;  impreca¬ 
tion  ;  execration. 

GOrs'ed  (60),  a.  1.  Blasted  by  a 
curse.  2.  Deserving  a  curse. 

Syn.  —  Execrable;  hateful;  detestable. 

COrs'ed-ey,  ndv.  Miserably;  enor¬ 
mously  ;  detestably. 

Curs'er,  n.  One  who  utters  a  curse. 

Cur's! ve,  a.  [L.  Lat.  cursivus ,  from 
cursare,  to  run  hither  and  thither.] 
Running;  rapid;  flowing. 

CuR'so-Rl-LY,  adv.  In  a  cursory 
manner ;  superficially.  [attention. 

Gur'SO-RI-ness,  n.  Hasty  view  or 

Cur'so-ry,  a.  [Lat.  cursor ius,  from 
currere ,  cur  sum,  to  run.]  Character¬ 
ized  by  haste ;  hastily  or  superficially 
performed  ;  superficial ;  careless. 

Curst,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Curse. 

Curt,  a.  [Lat.  curtus .]  Short ;  con¬ 
cise  ;  abrupt ;  crusty. 

CUR-TAIL',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -TNG.]  [0.  Fr. 
curt ,  short,  and  tailler,  to  cut.]  To 
cut  short ;  to  abridge  ;  to  diminish. 

GOr'tain  (kdr'tin,  42),  n.  [Lat.  cor- 
tina,  kettle,  circle,  circle  of  a  thea¬ 
ter.]  1.  A  movable  cloth  screen  or 
covering.  2.  Part  of  the  rampart 
and  parapet  between  the  flapks  of 
two  bastions. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  inclose  as  with  curtains. 

CftR'Tl-LAGE  (45),  n.  [L.  Lat.  curti- 
lagium ;  cortile ,  curtile,  court,  court¬ 
yard.]  A  yard  or  piece  of  ground 
pertaining  to  a  dwelling-house,  and 
included  within  the  same  fence. 

COrt'ly,  adv.  Briefly;  abruptly. 

Gu'rule  ,  a.  [Lat.  curulis,  fr.  currus , 
a  chariot.]  (Rom.  Antiq.)  Belong¬ 
ing  to  a  chariot ;  —  applied  to  a  kind 
of  chair. 


Gur'vate,  )  a.  [Lat.  curvare,cur- 

CUR'VA-TED, )  vatus,  to  curve.] 
Bent  in  a  regular  form  ;  curved. 

Cur-va'tion,  n.  Act  of  bending. 

COr'va-ture  (63),  n.  Continual 
bending  of  a  line  or  surface. 

Cure,  a.  [Lat.  curvus,  allied  to  Gr. 
Kvpro s,  curved.]  Bent  without  an¬ 
gles  ;  curved. 

COrve,  n.  1.  A  bending 
without  angles  ;  a  flex- 
ure.  2.  A  line  of  which  Lurve- 
no  three  consecutive  points  are  in 
the  same  direction. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  bend;  to  crook  ;  to  inflect. 

GOr'vet,  n.  [Fr.  courbette.  See 
CURVE.]  1.  Leap  of  a  horse,  in 
which  all  his  legs  are  in  the  air  at 
once.  2.  A  prank;  a  frolic. —  v.i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  make  a  curvet. 
2.  To  leap  and  frisk. 

Gur'vi-lin'e-al,  1  a.  [N.  Lat.  curva , 

Cur'vi-LIN'e-ar,  )  a  curve,  and 
Lat.  linea,  line.]  Consisting  of,  or 
bounded  by,  curved  lines. 

Gur'vi-ty,  n.  State  of  being  curved. 

Cusit'at  (kobslVat),  n.  [A.-S.  cusce- 
ote.\  The  ring-dove,  or  wood-pigeon. 

Gush'ion  (kdosh'un),  n.  [Fr.  cous- 
sin,  Ger.  Icvssen.]  1.  A  stuffed  case 
to  sit  upon.  2.  Any  stuffed  or  pad¬ 
ded  surface. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  furnish  with  cushions. 

Cusp,  n.  [Lat.  cuspis ,  point.]  1.  A 
projecting  point  in  arches,  panels, 
&c.  2.  Point  or  horn  of  the  crescent. 

Cusp'i-dal,  a.  Ending  in  a  point. 

CDsp'i-date,  (  a.  Having  a  sharp 

Cusp'i-da'ted,  )  end. 

Clls'TARD,  n.  [0.  Fr.]  A  dish  com¬ 
posed  of  milk  and  eggs. 

Cus'tard-ap'PLE,  n.  A  plant  grow¬ 
ing  in  the  West  Indies,  and  its  yel¬ 
lowish  pulpy  fruit. 

Gus-to'di-an,  n.  [Lat.  custos,  a 
guard.]  One  who  has  custody  of 
some  public  building ;  a  superin¬ 
tendent. 

Cus'TO-DY,  ii.  1.  A  keeping  or  guard¬ 
ing.  2.  Confinement ;  imprisonment. 

Cus'TOM,  n.  [L.  Lat.  costnma ,  from 
Lat.  consuetudo ,  or  from  a  later  sec¬ 
ondary  form  consu.etumen ,  custom.] 
1.  Habitual  or  long-established  prac¬ 
tice.  2.  Business  support  ;  patron¬ 
age.  3.  Customary  toll  or  tax.  4. 
pi.  Duties  on  commodities. 

Cus'tom-a-ble,  a.  1.  Common ; 
habitual.  2.  Subject  to  the  payment 
of  duties. 

CtJs'Tor.T-A-Ri-LY,  adv.  Habitually. 

Gus'tom-a-ry,  a.  According  to  cus¬ 
tom  ;  conventional. 

Gus'tom-er,  n.  One  who  frequents 
any  place  for  buying  what  he  wants ; 
a  purchaser. 

COs'tom-house,  n.  The  building 
where  customs  and  duties  are  paid, 
and  where  vessels  are  entered  or 
cleared. 

COt,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  CUT.]  [Norm. 
Fv.cotu,  cut.  Cf.  W.  cwtau ,  to  cur¬ 
tail.]  1.  To  separate  the  parts  of 
with  a  sharp  instrument  ;  to  divide  ; 
to  sever.  2.  To  hew,  as  wood ;  or 


mow  and  reap.  3.  To  carve.  4.  To 
intersect ;  to  cross. — v.  i.  1.  To  serve 
in  dividing.  2.  To  admit  of  incision 
or  severance.  — n.  1.  A  cleft :  a  gash. 
2.  An  injury  or  wound.  3.  That 
which  wounds  the  feelings.  4.  A 
notch  or  channel  made  by  cutting. 
5.  A  portion  cut  off.  6.  An  engraved 
block,  or  an  impression  from  it.  7. 
Shape  ;  style  ;  fashion. 

Cu-ta'ne-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  cutis,  skin.] 
Belonging  to,  or  affecting,  the  skin. 

Cute,  a.  [An  abbrev.  of  acute.]  Clev¬ 
er  ;  keen ;  sharp. 

Cu'ti-cle,  n.  [Lat.  cuticula.  dim.  of 
cutis,  skin.]  The  outer  skin  ;  epi¬ 
dermis.  [cuticle. 

Cu-tIc'u-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

CU'TIS,11.  [Lat.]  A  dense  membrane, 
next  below  the  cuticle. 

Cut'lass,  ii.  [L.  Lat.  cultellacius, 
augm.  of  Lat.  cxdtellvs,  dim.  oiculter, 
knife.]  A  broad,  curving  sword. 

Cut'ler,  n.  [Lat.  cultdlvs ,  dim.  of 
culter,  knife.]  A  dealer  in  cutlery. 

Cl/T'LER-Y,  n.  1.  Business  of  a  cut¬ 
ler.  2.  Cutting  instruments  in  gen¬ 
eral. 

Cut'eet,  n.  [Fr.  cbtelette ,  little  rib, 
dim.  of  cote ,  rib.]  A  piece  of  meat, 
cut  for  broiling. 

Gut'pOrse,  ii.  One  who  cuts  purses 
for  the  sake  of  stealing  their  con¬ 
tents.  Hence,  a  pickpocket. 

ClJT'TER,  11.  1. 

One  who  cuts. 

2.  A  vessel 
rigged  nearly 
like  a  sloop. 

CUT'-THROAT, 
ii.  A  murder¬ 
er  ;  an  assas¬ 
sin  ;  a  ruffian. 

Gut'ting,  n.  1. 

Act  of  one  who 
cuts.  2.  Something  cut,  cut  off,  or 
cut  out. 

GOt'tle,  )  n.  [A.- 

CUT'TLE-Fi'STT,  )  S.  Ciul- 
ele,  Ger.  Icuttel-ftsch ;  fr. 

Ger.  kottel,  hotel,  dirt 
from  the  guts.]  A  mol¬ 
luscous  animal,  which, 
when  '  pursued,  throws 
out  a  blackish  liquor  to 
conceal  itself. 

Cut'- waiter,  n.  Fore 
part  of  a  ship’s  prow. 

CCt'-worm  (-wflrm),  n. 

pillar  which  eats  young  plants. 

Qy'a-nide,  n.  A  basic  compound  of 
cyanogen  with  some  other  element  or 
compound. 

Qy-an'o-gen,  n.  [Gr.  xvavo?,  dark 
blue,  and  root  of  yevvaeiv,  to  beget.] 
A  gas  composed  of  one  equivalent  of 
nitrogen  and  two  of  carbon. 

<y y'a-nom'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  Kvavos, 
dark  blue,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An 
instrument  for  estimating  degrees  of 
blueness,  as  of  the  skyr. 

Qy'cle,  n.  [Gr  kukAos,  ring  or  circle.] 
1.  An  imaginary  circle  in  the  heav¬ 
ens.  2.  An  interval  of  time  marked 
by  the  recurrence  of  certain  events. 


I,  o,  u,  Y ,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  y,  short , 


Cutter. 


Cuttle-fish. 
Any  cater- 


CYCLIC 


DAM 


CtfE'L te,  |  a.  Pertaining  to  a  cy- 
QYe'lig-al,  )  cle  ;  moving  in  cycles. 
(^Y'ELOID,  n.  [From  Gr. /cu/cAos,  circle, 
and  elSos,  form.]  A  curve  generated 
by  a  point  in  the  plane  of  a  circle, 
when  the  circle  is  rolled  along  a 
straight  line.  [cloid. 

Cy-€LOID'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  cy- 
(]y-€l6m'e-try,  n.  [Gr.  /cu/cAos,  cir¬ 
cle,  and  perpo v,  measure.]  Art  of 
measuring  circles. 

Qy'ELONE,  n.  [Gr.  kvkAos,  circle.] 
A  rotatory  storm  or  whirlwind. 
(^Y^ELO-PiPAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Cyclops;  huge;  gigantic;  massive. 


n.  [Gr.  kvkAo?, 
circle,  and  vai- 


CY'ELO-PE'DI-A,  ) 

(^Y'ELO-PAS'DI-A,  J 

Seta,  the  bringing  up  of  a  child,  edu¬ 
cation,  erudition,  from  naiSeveii',  to 
bring  up  a  child,  fr.  vats,  child.]  The 
circle  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  Hence, 
a  dictionary  of  arts  and 
sciences. 

QYg'net,  n.  [Lat.  cygnus, 

Gr.  kvkvos,  swan.]  A 
young  swan. 

Q¥l'in-der,  n.  [Gr.  kv- 
AiuSpos,  fr.  /cuAtVSeiv,  kv- 
Aieti/,  to  roll.]  A  body  of 
which  the  longitudinal  sec-  Cylinder. 


103 

tion  is  oblong,  and  the  cross  sec¬ 
tion  is  circular. 

Qy-lin'drie,  la.  Having  the 
(^Y-LIN'DRIE-AL,  )  form  of  a  cylin¬ 
der,  or  partaking  of  its  properties. 
Qyl/in-droid,  n.  [Gr.  KvAivSpos, 
cylinder,  and  elSos,  form.]  A  solid 
body  resembling  a  right  cylinder. 
QyM'BAL,  n.  [Gr.  /cup./ 3aAor;  /cvp^os, 
any  thing  hollow.]  A 
musical  instrument. 

£yme,  n.  [Gr.  Kvfxa, 
young  sprout  of  a  cab¬ 
bage.]  A  flat-topped  or 
convex  flower-cluster.  Cymbals. 
■Qy'mose,  la.  Containing  a  cyme; 
Cy'mous,  j  in  the  form  of  a  cyme. 
(jlYNGE,  1  a.  [Gr.  /cwi/cos,  dog-like.] 
<j)YN'lE-AL,  )  1.  Snarling  ;  captious  ; 

surly;  currish.  2.  Belonging  to  the 
sect  of  philosophers  called  Cynics. 
Qyn'IE,  n.  1.  One  of  the  sect  of  an¬ 
cient  philosophers.  2.  A  snarler  ;  a 
misanthrope. 

fp YN'I-CISM,  n.  Practice  or  principles 
of  a  cynic. 

Qyn'o-sure  (snPo-shqr  or  sPno- 
shijr),  n.  [Gr.  Kvvocrovpa.,  fr.  kvoiv, 
/cuuov,  dog,  and  ovpd,  tail.]  1.  Con¬ 
stellation  of  the  Lesser  Bear,  which 


contains  the  polar  star.  2.  A  oenter 
of  attraction. 

Qy'pher,  n.  See  Cipher. 

(Jy'press,  n.  [Gr.  /cvn-dpio'cro?.]  A 
coniferous  tree,  generally  evergreen. 
It  is  an  emblem  of  mourning. 

(Jyp'ri-an,  n.  1.  A  native  of  Cy  prus. 
2.  A  lewd  woman.  —  a.  1.  Belonging 
to  Cyprus.  2.  Pertaining  to  lewdness. 

■GyRG-O-LO&GE,  a.  [Gr.  /cvpioAcryiKOs; 
Kupios,  chief,  and  Aoyos,  di.-course.] 
Pertaining  to  capital  letters. 

Qyst,  n.  [Gr.  kuVtis,  from  kvciv,  to 
hold.]  A  pouch  or  sac  without 
opening,  containing  morbid  matter. 

QystGE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
tained  in,  a  cyst. 

Qys'TO-^ELE,  n.  [Gr.  /cucrris,  bag, 
and  /cr/Aq,  tumor.]  Hernia  of  the 
urinary  bladder. 

Qys-tot'o-my,  n.  [Gr.  /cucrns,  blad¬ 
der,  and  repveiv,  to  cut.]  Act  or 
practice  of  opening  cysts. 

Czar  (zar),  n.  [0.  Pol.,  fr.  Lat.  Cx- 
sar.]  Title  of  the  emperor  of  Russia. 

Cza-ri'nA  (za-re'na),  n.  Title  of  the 
empress  of  Russia. 

Czar'o-witz  (zSr/o-wjt.s),  n.  [Russ. 
tsarewitch.]  Title  of  the  eldest  son 
of  the  czar  of  Russia. 


D(de),  is  the  fourth  letter,  and  the 
third  consonant  of  the  alphabet. 
See  Prin.  of  Pron.  §  70. 

DAB,t’.  t.  [-BED;  -BING,  138.]  [Cf. 
dap,  dip,  tap ,  tip.}  To  strike  gently, 
as  with  the  hand  or  with  a  soft  sub¬ 
stance. —  n.  1.  A  gentle  blow.  2.  A 
small  lump  of  anyr  thing  soft.  3.  An 
expert.  4.  A  small  flat  fish. 
DXb'ble,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  dab.]  To  wet  by  little  dips  or 
strokes. —  v.  i.  1.  To  play  in  water.  2. 
To  touch  here  and  there ;  to  tamper. 
Dab'bler,  n.  1.  One  who  dabbles. 

2.  A  superficial  meddler.  [ness. 
DXb'ster,  n.  A  master  of  his  busi- 
Da  capo  (da-ka/po).  [It.]  (Mus.) 
A  direction  to  return  to,  and  end 
with,  the  first  strain. 

Da^e,  n.  A  small  river  fish. 
DXe'tyl,  n.  [Gr.  Sd/cruAo?,  prop,  a 
finger.]  A  poetical  foot  of  three  syl¬ 
lables,  one  long,  followed  by  two 
short,  or  one  accented  followed  by 
two  unaccented. 

Dae-tylGE  (123),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  dactyls. — n.  A 
line  chiefly  or  wholly  of  dactyls. 
DXe'tyl-ist,  n.  One  who  writes  dac¬ 
tylic  verse. 

Da€'tyl-ol'0-6y,  n.  [Gr.  Sd/cruAo?, 
finger,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A 
method  of  communication  by  certain 
positions  and  motions  of  the  hand 
and  fingers. 

DXd,  f  n.  Father ;  — a  word  used 
DXd'dy,  (  by  little  children. 


Da'do,  n.  [It.  &  Sp.]  Square  part 
in  the  middle  of  the  pedestal  of  a 
column. 

DXf'fo-dTl,  n.  [Fr.  d'asphodcle ,  Gr. 
acr<f)68e Aos,  a  flowering  plant.]  A 
plant  with  beautiful  yellow  flowers 

Daft  (6),  a.  Delirious  ;  insane  ;  cra¬ 
zy  ;  foolish. 

Dag'ger,  n.  [D.  dagge ,  a  dagger,  XY. 
dager,  dagr .]  1.  A  short  sword  ;  a 

poinard.  2.  (Print.)  A  mark  of  ref¬ 
erence  in  the  form  of  a  dagger 
[thus,  t]-  —  v.  t.  To  stab. 

DXg'gle,  V.  t.  [-E D ;  -ING.]  To 
trail  so  as  to  wet  or  befoul. 

DXg'gle-taie,  n.  A  filthy  person. 

DXg'-lock,  n.  [0.  Eug.  dag,  dew, 
and  lock.)  A  dirty  lock  of  wool. 

Da-GUER're-AN  1  (-gerG-an),  a.  Per- 

Da-guerreG-an  )  taining  to  Da¬ 
guerre,  or  to  his  invention  of  the  da¬ 
guerreotype. 

Da-guerre'o-type  (-ger'o-tip),  n. 
[From  Daguerre ,  the  discoverer.]  1. 
A  method  of  taking  pictures  by  pho¬ 
tography,  on  plates  of  silvered  cop¬ 
per.  2.  The  picture  thus  produced. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  represent  by  photo¬ 
graphs.  2.  To  impress  with  great 
distinctness. 

Dahl'IA  (daPya  or  daPya),  n.  [From 
Dahl,  a  Swedish  botanist.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  flowering  plants. 

Dai'LY,  a.  Happening  or  belonging  to 
each  successive  day.  —  adv.  Every 
day. 

Dain'ti-ly,  adv.  Fastidiously  ;  nicely. 


Dain'ti-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  dainty. 

Datn'ty,  a.  [Prob.  from  Lat.  dignus , 
worthy,  suitable.]  1  Delicious  to  the 
taste.  2.  Elegant  in  form,  manner, 
or  breeding.  3.  Hard  to  please  ;  fas¬ 
tidious.  —  n.  That  which  is  delicious, 
delicate,  or  nice. 

Syn.  —  Delicacy.  —  A  delicacy  is  a 
nice  article  of  any  kind;  a  dainty  is  an 
exquisite  article  of  cookery. 

Dai'ry  (diPry,  89),  n.  [From  a  sup¬ 
posed  0.  Eng.  day  or  dty,  milk.] 
Place  where  milk  is  kept,  and  made 
into  butter  or  cheese. 

DAGs,  n.  [Gr.  SiVkos,  quoit,  It.  desco, 
Ger.  tisch,  a  table.]  I.  A  raised  floor 
at  the  tipper  end  of  the  dining-hall. 
2.  A  seat  with  a  high  wainscot  back, 
for  the  use  of  those  who  sat  at  the 
high  table. 

Dai'§y,  n.  [A.-S.  dxges-eage,  day’s 
eye,  daisy.]  A  well-known  plant. 

Dale,  n.  [Goth,  dal,  Icel.  dalr,  dala,\ 
A  vale  or  valley. 

DXl'li-an<;:e,  n.  Act  of  dallying; 
interchange  of  caresses. 

DXl'li-er,  n.  One  who  dallies. 

DXi/ly,  v.  i.  |-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Teel. 
thylia,  to  talk,  A.-S.  dol,  foolish.]  1. 
To  waste  time  in  trifles ;  to  delay. 
2.  To  use  fondling  or  wantonness  ;  to 
sport. 

DXm,  n.  [See  Dame.]  1.  A  female 
parent ;  —  used  of  beasts.  2.  [Icel. 
dammr .]  A  bank  of  earth,  or  any 
wall  to  obstruct  the  flow  of  water.  — 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  took;  0RN,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  As;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  teis. 


DAMAGE 


DATELESS 


104 


v.t.  [-MED  ; -MING.]  1.  To  obstruct 
the  flow  of,  by  a  dam.  2.  To  confine. 

Dam'age,  n.  [0.  Fr. ,  from  Lat.  dam¬ 
num ,  damage.]  1.  Any  permanent 
injury  or  harm.  2.  pi.  Compensation 
for  a  wrong  or  injury  done.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  hurt ;  to  injure. 

Dam'age-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
damaged. 

Dam'AS-^ENE,  n.  [From  Damascus , 
a  city  celebrated  for  its  plums.]  A 
damson. 

Dam'ask,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  re¬ 
sembling  the  products  of,  Damascus. 
2.  Having  the  color  of  the  damask- 
rose. —  n.  1.  A  kind  of  stuff  with 
raised  figures  woven  in  the  loom.  2. 
Linen  woven  in  imitation  of  damask 
silk.—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  decorate 
with  ornamental  figures  by  weaving, 
etching,  or  inlaying. 

Dam'ask-en,  1  v.t.  [See  Damas- 

Dam'ask-een7,  )  cene.]  To  dam¬ 
ask. 

DaM'ASK-IN,  n.  A  kind  of  saber  ;  — 
so  called  from  Damascus. 

Dame,  n.  [Lat.  domina,  mistress, 
lady,  fr.  domus ,  house.]  1.  A  lady. 
2.  Mistress  of  a  family  or  of  a  school. 

Damn  (d&m),  v.  t.  [damned;  p. 

DAMNING  (dam'ing  or  damping, 
81).]  [Lat.  damnare ,  fr.  damnum , 
damage,  fine.]  1.  To  condemn  ;  to 
sentence.  2.  To  condemn  to  pun¬ 
ishment  in  the  future  world. 

Dam'na-ble,  a.  Worthy  of,  or  liable 
to,  damnation. 

Dam'na-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  incur  or 
deserve  damnation. 

Dam-na'tion,  7i.  Condemnation  to 
everlasting  punishment. 

Dam'na-to-ry,  a.  Condemning  to 
damnation. 

Damned  (damd  ;  in  serious  discourse, 
dSm'ned),  p.  a.  1.  Sentenced  to 
punishment  in  a  future  state.  2. 
Hateful ;  detestable. 

Damp,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  Moderately 
wet ;  moist.  —  n.  [Icel.  dampi,  Ger. 
damp f,  steam,  vapor,  smoke.]  1. 
Moisture  ;  fog.  2.  Dejection  ;  dis¬ 
couragement. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  moisten.  2.  To  render  chilly  ; 
to  deject.  3.  To  discourage. 

Damp'en,  v.  t.  or  i.  [ed;  -ing.] 
To  make  or  become  damp. 

Damp'er,  n.  That  which  damps  or 
checks ;  as  a  valve  in  the  flue  of  a 
stove,  to  regulate  the  draught. 

Damp'ness,  n.  Moderate  humidity  ; 
moisture. 

DAM'gEL,  n.  [L.  Lat .  domicalla,  dom- 
inicella.  See  DAME.]  A  young  un¬ 
married  woman. 

Dam'§ ON  (d&m'zn),  n.  [Contr.  from 
damascene .]  A  small  black  plum. 

Dan^e,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  II. 
Ger.  dansZn,  to  draw,  fr.  dinsan,  to 
draw.]  1.  To  move  with  measured 
steps  to  a  musical  accompaniment. 

2.  To  caper;  to  frisk. —  v.  t.  To 
cause  to  dance. — n.  1.  Movements 
regulated  by  art,  and  the  sound  of 
instruments.  2.  A  tune  for  dancing. 

Danger,  n.  One  who  dances. 


Dan'de-LI'ON,  n.  [Fr.  dent  de  lion, 
lion’s  tooth,  from  the  size  and  form 
of  its  leaves.]  A  plant,  with  large 
yellow  flowers. 

Dan'der,  n.  [Corrupted  fr.  dandruff .\ 
1.  Dandruff  or  scurf.  2.  Anger  or 
vexation.  [Low.] 

Dan'di-prat,  7i.  [From  da7idy  and 
brat,  child.]  A  little  fellow  ;  a  child. 

Dan'dle,  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
tandeln,  fr.  tund,  trifle,  prattle.]  1. 
To  caress ;  to  fondle.  2.  To  treat  as 
a  child  ;  to  pet.  [dren. 

Dan'dler,  n.  One  who  dandles  chil- 

Dan'druef,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  tan,  a 
tetter,  and  drof,  dirty.]  A  scurf  off 
the  head.  [a  coxcomb. 

Dan'dy,  n.  [Allied  to  dandle.]  A  fop  ; 

DAN'DY-igM,  7i.  Manners  and  charac¬ 
ter  of  a  dandy. 

Dan'ger,  n.  [L.  Lat.  danger  item ,  fr. 
Lat.  damnum,  damage.]  Exposure 
to  injury,  loss,  pain,  or  other  evil. 

Syn.—  Peril;  hazards  risk;  jeopardy. 
—  Danger  is  generic;  peril  is  instant  or 
impending  danger,  as,  in  peril  of  one’s 
life.  Hazard  arises  from  something  for¬ 
tuitous  or  beyond  our  control,  as,  the 
hazard  of  the  seas.  Risk  is  doubtful  or 
uncertain  danger,  often  incurred  volun¬ 
tarily;  as,  to  risk  an  engagement.  Jeop¬ 
ardy  is  extreme  danger. 

Dan'ger-oDs,  a.  1.  Attended  with 
danger  ;  perilous  ;  unsafe.  2.  Caus¬ 
ing  danger. 

Dan'ger-ous-LY,  adv.  In  a  danger¬ 
ous  manner.  [exposed  to  evil. 

Dan'ger-ous-ness,  7i.  State  of  being 

Dan'gle,  v.  i.  [Icel,  dingla .]  To 
hang  loosely,  or  with  a  waving  mo¬ 
tion. 

Dan'gler,  n.  One  who  hangs  about 
or  follows  others.  [moist;  humid. 

Dank,  a.  [Allied  to  damp.]  Damp; 

Dapii'Ne  (diff'ne),  n.  [Gr.  Sa^i/rj.] 
The  laurel,  a  genus  of  diminutive 
flowering  shrubs. 

Dap'per,  a.  [D.  dapher,  brave,  val¬ 
iant,  Ger.  tapfer.]  Little  and  active  ; 
lively  ;  spruce  ;  smart. 

Dap'ple,  a.  [Perh.  fr.  apple.]  Spot¬ 
ted  ;  variegated.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
To  variegate  with  spots  ;  to  spot. 

DAre,  v.  i.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  DURST.] 
[A.-S.  dean ,  Goth,  dais,  daursun , 
darusta,  allied  to  Gr.  Oapaeiv,  dap- 
petv.]  To  have  sufficient  courage ;  to 
venture.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  venture  to  do.  2.  To  challenge  ; 
to  defy.  [some  fellow. 

Dare'-dev'jl,  71.  A  rash,  venture- 

Dark,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  dearc, 
deorc.]  1.  Destitute  of  light  ;  ob¬ 
scure.  2.  Obscure  ;  mysterious.  3. 
Unrefined  ;  ignorant.  4.  Vile  ;  wick¬ 
ed. —  n.  1.  Absence  of  light ;  ob¬ 
scurity.  2.  Ignorance ;  secrecy. 

Dark'en,  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
make  dark  or  black.  2.  To  render 
dim.  3.  To  render  less  intelligible. 

• —  v.  i.  To  grow  dark  or  darker. 

Dark'ish,  a.  Somewhat  dark  ;  dusky. 

Dark'ling,  a.  In  the  dark,  or  with¬ 
out  light. 

Dark'ly,  adv.  With  imperfect  light ; 
obscurely  ;  dimly  ;  blindly. 


Dark/ness,  n.  1.  Absence  of  light. 
2.  Privacy  ;  secrecy.  3.  A  state  of 
ignorance  or  error  ;  wickedness. 

Syn.  — Dimness  ;  obscurity  ;  gloom. 
—  Darkness  arises  from  a  total,  and  dim¬ 
ness  from  a  partial  want  of  light.  A 
thing  is  obscure  when  so  overclouded  or 
covered  as  not  to  be  easily  perceived.  A* 
the  shade  or  obscurity  increases,  it  deep¬ 
ens  into  gloom.  When  taken  figurative¬ 
ly,  these  words  have  a  like  use.  as,  the 
darkness  of  ignorance;  dimness  of  dis¬ 
cernment:  obscurity  of  reasoning;  ‘gloom 
of  superstition. 

Dark/some  (-sum),  a.  Dark;  gloomy. 

Dar'ling,  n.  [A.-S.  deorling ;  deore, 
dear.]  One  dearly  beloved  ;  a  favor¬ 
ite. —  a.  Dearly  beloved;  favorite. 

Darn,  r.  h  [-ed;-ing.]  [Cf.  A.-S. 
dtarnan ,  dyrna7i,  to  hide.]  To  mend, 
as  a  rent,  with  yarn  or  thread.  —  n. 
A  place  mended  by  darning. 

Dar'nel,  n .  A  plant ;  r3e-grass. 

Dart,  n.  [A.-S.  daradh,  Icel.  dar- 
radhr,  0.  II.  Ger.  tart,  javelin,  dart-] 
A  pointed,  missile  weapon,  to  be 
thrown  by  the  hand.  — v.  t.  [-ID  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  throw  with  a  sudden 
effort ;  to  hurl.  2.  To  emit ;  to 
shoot.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  le  let  fly  or 
launched,  as  a  dart.  2.  To  start  and 
run  swiftly. 

Dart'er,  n.  I.  One  who  throws  a 
dart.  2.  A  bird  of  the  pelican  fami- 
ily  ;  — so  called  from  the  way  it  darts 
out  its  long  neck  at  its  prey. 

Dash,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Icel.  das- 
ka,  to  beat,  strike.]  1.  To  throw 
with  violence  or  haste.  2.  To  break, 
as  by  throwing.  3.  To  touch  here 
and  there.  4.  To  form  or  sketch 
rapidly. — v.i.  To  rush  with  vio¬ 
lence  ;  to  come  into  collision.  —  n.  1. 
Collision  ;  crash.  2.  Admixture,  in¬ 
fusion,  or  adulteration.  3.  Capacity 
for  quick,  bold  movements  against  an 
enemy.  4.  A  vain  show  ;  parade.  5. 
A  mark  or  line  [thus  — ],  in  writing 
cr  printing. 

Dash'-board,  n.  A  board  on  the 
fore  part  of  a  vehicle,  to  intercept 
water,  mud,  or  snow. 

Dash'er,  7i.  1.  That  which  dashes. 

2.  A  dash-board. 

Das'tard,  n.  [From  dastriged.  p.  p. 
of  A.-S.  dastrigan,  to  frighten.]  An 
arrant  coward;  a  poltroon.  —  a. 
Meanly  shrinking  from  danger  ;  cow¬ 
ardly. 

Das'tard-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  make  a  dastard  of. 

Das'tard-ly,  a.  Meanly  timid;  cow¬ 
ardly  ;  sneaking. 

Da'ta ,  7i.  pi.  [Lat.,  neut.  pi.  of  da¬ 
tum,  given.]  See  Datum. 

Date,  n.  [Lat.,  datus,  given.]  1. 
Specification  of  the  time  w  hen  a  writ¬ 
ing,  inscription,  &c.,  was  given  or 
executed.  2.  Precise  period  or  time. 

3.  [Gr.  SotKTvAos,  a  finger,  a  date,  fr. 
the  fancied  resemblance  of  this  fruit 
to  the  finger.]  Fruit  of  the  date- 
palm. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  note 
the  time  of.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  have  be¬ 
ginning.  2.  To  have  a  date. 

Date'less,  a.  Without  date;  having 
no  fixed  term. 


DATE-PALM 


105 


DEBASEMENT 


Date'- °AL?.i(pam),  1  n. 

Date '-tree,  j  The 
genus  of  palms  which 
bear  dates. 

Da'tive,  n.  [Lat.  dativus, 
fr.  dare ,  to  give.]  The 
case  of  a  noun  which  ex¬ 
presses  the  remoter  ob¬ 
ject. -a.  Pertaining  to  Date.tree> 
tnecase  named  dative. 

Da'tum ,  n. ;  pi.  da'ta.  [Lat.] 
Something  given  or  admitted. 

Daub,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [VV.  dtvbiaw.] 

1.  To  smear  with  soft,  adhesive  mat¬ 
ter.  2.  To  paint  in  a  coarse  manner. 
—  n.  A  picture  coarsely  executed. 

Daub'er,  n.  One  who  daubs  ;  a 
coarse  painter.  [tion. 

Daub'er-y,  n.  A  daubing  ;  imposi- 

Daugh'ter  (daw' ter,  75),  n.  [A.-S 
doktor ,  dokter ,  Gr.  Ovyaapp,  Skr. 
duhitri.]  A  female  child  or  descend¬ 
ant.  [of  one's  son. 

DAUGH'TER-iN-EAW(davv'-),  n.  Wife 

Daugh'ter-ly  (daw'-),  a.  Becom¬ 
ing  a  daughter ;  filial. 

Daunt,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
domitare ,  intens.  form  of  domare,  to 
tame.]  To  repress  the  courage  of. 

Syn.— To  dismay;  appall;  intimidate. 

Daunt'less,  a.  Bold;  fearless. 

Dau'phjn,  n.  [Fr.  dauphin ,  a  dol¬ 
phin,  —  a  name  given,  from  some 
reason  unexplained,  to  Guigo,  count 
of  Vienne,  in  the  12th  century.]  Eld¬ 
est  son  of  the  king  of  France. 

Dau'phin-ess,  n. 

Wife  of  the  dauphin . 

Dav'it,  or  Da'vit, 
n.  One  of  two 
pieces  of  timber  or 
iron,  projecting  over 
a  ship's  side  or 

stern  to  ruise  a  boat  . 

j^y  Davits. 

Daw,  n.  A  kind  of  crow  ;  a  jackdaw. 

Daw'dle,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Allied 
to  dandle.]  To  waste  time  in  trifling 
employment. — v.  t.  To  waste  by 
trifling. 

Daw'dler,  n.  One  who  dawdles. 

Dawn,®,  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A -S. dagi- 
an ,  from  dxg,  day.]  1.  To  begin  to 
grow  light.  2.  To  begin  to  open  and 
give  promise.  — n.  1.  Break  of  day. 

2.  First  opening  or  expansion. 

Day,  n.  [A.-S.  dxg,  Goth,  dags ,  Skr. 

dyu,  from  dyu,  div,  to  shine.]  1. 
Period  from  sunrise  to  sunset.  2. 
Period  of  the  earth’s  revolution  on 
its  axis,  —  divided  into  24  hours.  3. 
A  specified  time.  4.  Victory. 

Day'-book,  n.  A  book  in  which  are 
recorded  the  accounts  of  the  day,  in 
their  order. 

Day'-break,  n.  First  appearance  of 
light  in  the  morning. 

Day'-dream,  n.  A  vain  fancy  or 
speculation 

Day'-la'bor,  n.  Labor  by  the  day. 

Da  y'light  (-lit),  n.  Light  of  day. 

DAYg'MAN  (150),  n.  An  umpire. 

Day'spring,  n.  Beginning  of  the 
day ;  the  dawn. 

Day'-star,  n.  The  morning  star. 


Day'-time  ,  n.  Time  between  sunrise 
and  sunsetting. 

DAZE,  v.  t.  [0.  D.  daesen ,  to  be  fool¬ 
ish,  insane,  A.-S.  dwxs ,  dwxsig, 
stupid,  foolish.]  To  dazzle  ;  hence, 
to  confuse  ;  to  bewilder. 

Daz'zle,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Dim. 
of  daze.]  1.  To  overpower  with 
light.  2.  To  surprise  with  any 
brilliancy  or  display. 

Dea'UON  (de'kn),  n.  [Gr.  fiid/coeo?,  a 
servant.]  A  subordinate  officer  in 
Christian  churches. 

Dea'e on-ess  (dS'kn-es),  n.  A  female 
deacon  in  the  primitive  church. 

Dea'con-RY,  I  n.  Office  or  ministry 

De  a'€  on-ship,  )  of  a  deacon. 

D£ad,  a.  [A.-S.  dead,  Goth,  dauths.] 

1.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  life  ;  in¬ 
animate  ;  lifeless.  2.  Resembling 
death  in  any  respect.  3.  Inactive ; 
unprofitable  ;  dull  ;  monotonous  ; 
fixed.  —  adv.  To  the  last  degree; 
completely;  wholly. — n.  1.  The 
most  quiet  or  death-like  time.  2.  pi. 
Those  who  are  dead. 

Dead'en,®,;.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
impair  in  vigor,  &c.  2.  To  retard. 

3.  To  make  vapid.  4.  To  deprive  of 
brilliancy. 

Dead'-head,  n.  One  who  receives 
free  tickets  for  theaters,  public  con¬ 
veyances,  &c.  [main  strength. 

Dead'-lift,  n.  A  lift  made  with 

Dead'-light  (-lit),  n. 

A  strong  shutter,  for 
a  cabin  window. 

Dead'li-ness,u.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  deadly  ; 
destructiveness. 

Dead'ly,  a.  1.  Capa¬ 
ble  of  causing  death  ;  Dead-light, 
mortal ;  fatal.  2.  Implacable  ;  des¬ 
perately  hostile. — adv.  1.  So  as  to 
resemble  death.  2.  So  as  to  occa¬ 
sion  death.  [a  funeral. 

Dead'-march,  n.  Solemn  music  at 

DBad'ness,  n.  State  of  being  dead  ; 
dullness  ;  languor  ;  coldness. 

Dead'-reck'on-ing,  n.  Method  of 
determining  the  place  of  a  ship  with¬ 
out  the  aid  of  celestial  observations. 

Dead'-wa/ter,  n.  The  eddy  that 
closes  behind  a  ship  as  she  passes  on. 

Dead'- weight  (ded'wat),  n.  A  heavy 
or  oppressive  burden. 

Deaf  (def  or  d3f),  a.  [A.-S.  deaf, 
Goth,  daubs  ]  1.  Wanting  the  sense 
of  hearing  either  wholly  or  in  part. 

2.  Unwilling  to  hear  or  listen. 

Deaf'jsn  (def'n  or  dc'fn),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  1.  To  make  deaf ;  to  stun. 
2.  To  render  impervious  to  sound, 
as  a  floor. 

Deaf'-MUTE  (def'mut  or  def'mut),  n. 
One  who  is  deaf  and  dumb. 

DEAF'NESS  (dSfi-  or  def'-),  n.  1.  Want 
of  the  sense  of  hearing.  2.  Unwill¬ 
ingness  to  hear. 

Deal,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  dealt.] 
[A.-S.  dxlan,  Goth,  dailjan.]  To  di¬ 
vide  ;  to  distribute.  —  v.i.  1.  To 

make  distribution.  2.  To  trade  ;  to 
carry  on  business.  3.  To  act ;  to 
manage;  to  treat. — n.  [A.-S .  dxl, 


Goth,  dails.]  1.  A  part  or  portion. 

2.  Distribution  of  cards  ;  also,  the 
portion  distributed.  3.  A  pine  or  fir 
board  or  plank.  4.  Wood  of  the 
pine  or  fir. 

Deal'er,  n.  One  who  deals. 

Dean,  n.  [From  Lat.  decanus,  chief 
of  ten,  from  decern,  ten.]  1.  An  ec¬ 
clesiastical  dignitary,  subordinate  to 
a  bishop.  2.  An  officer  in  the  uni¬ 
versities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
Eng.  3.  Head  of  the  faculty  in  some 
English  universities.  4.  A  secretary 
of  the  faculty  in  a  department  of  a 
college.  [Amer.  J 

Dean'er-y,  n.  Office,  residence,  or 
jurisdiction  of  a  dean . 

Dean'ship,  n.  Office  of  a  dean. 

Dear,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  deore, 
deor,  dior.]  1.  Bearing  a  high  price  ; 
costly.  2.  Scarce  and  of  high  price. 

3.  Much  esteemed ;  precious.  —  n. 
One  dearly  beloved  ;  a  darling. 

Dear'born  (-burn),  n.  A  light  four- 
wheeled  carriage.  [a  dear  rate. 

Dear'ly,  adv.  In  a  dear  manner  ;  at 

Dear'ness,  n.  State  of  being  dear. 

DEARTH  (14),  n.  1.  Scarcity  which 
renders  dear.  2.  Want ;  need ; 
famine.  3.  Poverty  ;  sterility. 

Death,  n.  [A.-S.  deadk.  See  Dead 
and  Die.]  1.  Cessation  or  extinction 
of  bodily  life.  2.  Total  loss.  3.  Man¬ 
ner  of  djing.  4.  Cause  or  instru¬ 
ment  of  loss  of  life.  5.  A  skeleton. 
6.  Danger  of  death. 

Sxsr. —  Decease  ;  demise  ;  departure; 
release. —  Death  applies  to  every  form 
of  existence;  the  other  words  only  to  the 
human  race.  Decease  is  the  term  used 
in  law  for  the  removal  of  a  human  being 
out  of  life;  demise  was  formerly  confined 
to  the  decease  of  princes,  but  is  now 
sometimes  used  of  distinguished  men, 
as,  the  demise  of  Mr.  Pitt;  departure  and 
release  are  peculiarly  terms  of  Christian 
affection  and  hope. 

Death'-bed,  n.  Bed  on  which  a 
person  dies.  [or  extinction. 

Death'less,  a.  Not  subject  to  death 

Death'ly,  a.  Resembling  death  or 
a  dead  body. 

Death's'-head,  n.  An  image  rep¬ 
resenting  the  head  of  a  human  skel¬ 
eton. 

Death’s'man.  n.  An  executioner. 

Death'-war/rant,  n.  An  order 
from  the  proper  authority  for  the 
execution  of  a  criminal. 

Deatii'-watch,  n.  A  small  beetle, 
whose  ticking  noise  (the  call  of  the 
male  for  its  mate),  has  been  thought 
to  forebode  death. 

De  bar',  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring,  136.] 
[From  de  and  bar.]  To  cut  off  from 
entrance,  as  if  by  a  bar  ;  to  exclude; 
to  deny. 

De-bark',  v.  t.  [Fr.  dcbarquer ,  from 
barque.  See  Bark.]  To  land;  to 
disembark.  [barking. 

De'bar-ka'tion,  n.  Act  of  disem- 

De-base',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
de  and  base.]  To  reduce  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  state. 

Syn.  —  To  abase;  degrade;  lower. 

De-base  'me  nt  ,  n.  Act  of  debasing ; 
state  of  being  debased  ;  degradation. 

1,  hard;  A§  ;  EXIST  ;  Nas  NG;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  took;  Drn,  RyE,  pull ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  c,6,.so/t;  €,  G 


DEBASER 


106 


DECIDUOUS 


De-Bas'er,  n.  One  who  debases. 

De-bat'a-ble,  a.  Liable  to  be  de¬ 
bated  ;  disputable. 

De-bate',  n.  Contention  in  words 
or  arguments.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[See  Beat  and  Abate.]  To  contend 
for  in  words  or  arguments. — v.  i. 
To  dispute  ;  to  deliberate. 

De  -BAT'er,  n.  One  who  debates. 

De-baucii',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
dcbaucher,  orig.  to  entice  away  from 
the  workshop.]  To  corrupt ;  to  lead 
astray  ;  to  seduce.  —  n.  1.  Intem¬ 
perance  ;  gluttony ;  lewdness.  2.  Act 
of  debauchery. 

Deb'au-^iiee'  (deb'o-she'),  n.  A  sen¬ 
sual  or  dissipated  person. 

De-BAUCH'er,  n.  One  who  debauches. 

De-BAUCH'er-Y,  n.  Excessive  in¬ 
dulgence  of  the  appetites  ;  intemper¬ 
ance  ;  sensuality.  [ing. 

De-bauch_'bient,  n.  Act  of  debauch- 

De-bEnt'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat.  debentur , 
3d  pers.  pi.  pres.  pass,  of  d there ,  to 
owe.]  1.  A  writing  acknowledging  a 
debt.  2.  Certificate  entitling  an  ex¬ 
porter  of  imported  goods  to  a  draw¬ 
back.  3.  Bonds  and  securities  for 
money  loans. 

De-bil'i-tate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  debilitate,  debilitatum ,  fr.  de¬ 
bit  is,  feeble.]  To  make  feeble,  faint, 
or  languid. 

De-bIl'I-ty,  n.  State  of  being  feeble 
or  weak  ;  languor. 

Syn.  —  Infirmity  ;  imbecility.  —  An 
infirmity  belongs,  for  the  most  part,  to 
individual  members,  and  is  often  tem¬ 
porary,  as  of  the  eyes,  & c. ;  debility  is 
more  general,  and  prevents,  while  it 
lasts,  the  ordinary  functions  of  nature; 
imbecility  attaches  to  the  whole  frame, 
and  renders  it  more  or  less  powerless. 
These  words,  in  their  figurative  uses, 
have  the  same  distinctions;  we  speak  of 
infirmity  of  will,  debility  of  intellect,  and 
an  imbecility  which  affects  the  whole 
man. 

Deb'it,  ti.  [Lat.  debitum ,  debt,  from 
debere ,  to  owe.]  A  recorded  item  of 
debt;  debtor  side  of  an  account.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ]  1.  To  charge 

with  debt.  2.  To  enter  on  the  debtor 
side  of  a  book. 

DEb'o-nair',  a.  [Fr.  debonnaire ,  fr. 
de,  of,  bon,  good,  and  air,  air,  look, 
manner.]  Characterized  by  courte¬ 
ousness  ;  complaisant. 

De-bou^h'  (-bobslff),  v.  i.  [Fr.  dc- 
bouclier ;  from  de  and  boucher ,  to  stop 
up.]  To  issue  out  of  a  confined 
place. 

Debouchure  (da'boo'shpr'),  n. 
[Fr.]  Outward  opening,  as  of  a  val¬ 
ley,  river,  &c. 

Debris  (da'bree'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  briser, 
to  break.]  1.  Fragments  from  a 
rock  or  mountain,  piled  up  at  the 
base.  2.  Rubbish  ;  remains. 

Debt  (det),7i.  [0.  Fr.  debte,  fr.  Lat. 

debita,  pi.  of  debitum.  See  DEBIT.] 
1.  Due  ;  obligation  ;  liability.  2.  A 
fault ;  a  crime  ;  a  trespass. 

Debt'or  (d6t'or),  n.  One  who  owes 
another  money,  goods,  or  services. 

Debut  (da-bu'  or  da-biff),  n.  [Fr., 
prop,  first  cast  or  throw  at  play.]  A 


beginning,  first  attempt,  or  first  ap¬ 
pearance. 

Debutant  (da/bu-tong'),  n.  [Fr.] 
One  who  makes  his  first  appearance 
before  the  public. 

Dec'ade,  n.  [Gr.  Seicas,  from  8eie a, 
ten.]  Sum  or  number  often. 

De-ea'ben^e,  (  n.  [Lat.  de.  and  ca- 

De-ea'ben-CY,  j  dere,  to  fall.]  De¬ 
cay  ;  fall ;  deterioration. 

Dec'A-gon,  n.  [Gr.  Sexa,  ten,  and 
yon da,  corner,  angle.]  A  plane  figure 
of  ten  sides  and  ten  angles. 

Dec'a-iie'dral,  a.  Having  ten  sides. 

Dec'a-iie'dron,  n. ;  pi.  dec1  a-he'- 
dra.  [Gr.  Sefia,  ten,  and  eSpa,  a 
seat,  a  base.]  A  solid  body  haviDg 
ten  sides. 

De-cal'o-gist,  n.  One  who  explains 
the  decalogue. 

Dec'a-logue  (-log),  n.  [Gr.  Se<cd- 
Aoyos,  from  Sena,  ten,  and  Aoyos, 
speech.]  The  ten  commandments. 

De-CAM'E-RON,  «.  [Gr.  Se/ca,  ten,  and 
pepog,  part.]  A  work  in  ten  books. 

De-camp',  r.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Fr. 
decamper,  from  camp,  a  camp.]  To 
move  away  from  a  camp  ;  to  depart 
suddenly. 

De-camp'ment.  n.  Departure  from 
a  camp  ;  a  marching  off. 

DE-GANT',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
decanter,  prop,  to  pour  off  from  the 
edge  of  a  vessel,  from  de  and  0.  Fr. 
cant,  edge.]  To  pour  off  gently,  as 
liquor  from  its  sediment. 

De'can-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  pouring 
off  a  fluid  gently.  [cant  liquors. 

De-cant'er,  n.  A  vessel  used  to  de- 

De-cap'i-tate,  r.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[L.  Lat.  decapitate ,  decapitatum,  fr. 
Lat.  de  and  caput,  head.]  To  cut  off 
the  head  of ;  to  behead.  [ing:. 

De-gap'i-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  behead- 

Dec'a-P&d,  n.  [Gr.  Seica,  ten,  and 
7ro{is,  7roSbs,  foot.]  A  crustacean 
with  ten  feet  or  legs,  as  the  crab. 

De-car'bon-i-za'tion,  n.  Process 
of  depriving  a  substance  of  carbon. 

De-car'bon-Ize,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  deprive  of  carbon . 

DEC'A-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  Se/cacrTvAos, 
fr.  be/ca,  ten,  and  arrv Aos,  column.] 
A  building  having  a  portico  with  ten 
columns  in  front. 

Dec'A-syl-l  ab'ig,  a.  [Gr.  beKa,  ten, 
and  avWafSri,  a  syllable.]  Consisting 
of  ten  syllables. 

De-cay', ' v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
de  and  cadere,  to  fall.]  To  pass 
gradually  from  a  sound  or  perfect 
state  to  a  worse  one  ;  to  fail.  — v.  t. 
To  bring  to  a  worse  state.  —  n. 
Gradual  failure  of  health,  strength, 
soundness,  or  prosperity. 

Syn.  —  Decline. —  Decay  is  stronger 
than  decline.  What  is  declining  leans 
toward  a  fall;  what  is  decaying  is  on  the 
way_to  destruction. 

De-^ease',  ti.  [Lat.  decessus,  fr.  de- 
cedere,  to  depart,  die.]  Departure 
from  this  life. 

Syn.  —  Death;  demise;  release. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  Todepartfrom 
this  life  ;  to  die. 

De-^eit',  n.  [0.  Eng.  deceipt,  from 


Lat.  deceptvs,  deception.]  Attemp 
or  disposition  to  deceive. 

Syn.  —  Deception;  fraud;  imposition. 

De-^eit'ful,  a.  Full  of  deceit 
triokisli.  [ful  manner. 

De-^eit'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  deceit 

De  -<j.'EiT'FUii-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to 
deceive.  [or  imposition 

De-ceiv'A-ble,  a.  Subject  to  deceit 

Deceive',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
decipere ,  fr.  de  and  capere,  to  catch.] 
To  lead  into  error ;  to  impose  upon. 

Syn.  —  To  delude  ;  insnare  ;  entrap. 

De-^eiv'er,  n.  One  who  deceives. 

Syn. —  Impostor. — A  deceiver  operates 
by  stealth  and  in  private:  an  impostor 
Practices  his  arts  on  the  community  at 
arge.  The  one  succeeds  by  artful  false¬ 
hood;  the  other,  by  bold  assumption. 

De-^em'ber,  n.  [Lat.,  from  decern, 
ten ;  this  being  the  10th  month 
among  the  early  Romans.]  The  last 
month  in  the  year. 

De-^em'vir,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  de-^Em'- 
virs  ;  Lat.  pi.  DE-p em/  vi-rI. 
[Lat.,  from  decern,  ten,  and  vir,  a 
man.]  One  of  ten  magistrates  in  an¬ 
cient  Rome  from  449  to  447  B.  c. 

De-^em'vi-RAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
decemvirs. 

De-^em'vi-rate  (45),  n.  1,  Office 
of  the  decemvirs.  2.  A  body  of  ten 
men  in  authority. 

De'CEI\-<^y,  n.  i.  State  of  being  de¬ 
cent  ;  proper  formality  ;  modesty.  2. 
That  which  is  decent  or  becoming. 

De-^EN'NA-RY,  7i.  [Lat.  decern,  ten, 
and  annus,  a  j  ear.]  A  period  of  ten 
years. 

De-^en'NI-al,  a.  Consisting  of  ten 
2’ears,  or  happening  every  ten  years. 

Decent,  a.  [Lat.  decens,  p.  pr.  of 
decet,  decere,  to  be  fitting.]  1.  Suit¬ 
able  in  words,  behavior,  &c.  2. 

Modest.  3.  Moderate,  but  compe¬ 
tent ;  sufficient;  hence,  respectable. 

De'CENT-ly,  adv.  In  a  decent  man¬ 
ner. 

De-^ep'tion,  ti.  [Lat.  deceptio.  See 
Deceive.]  1.  Act  of  deceiving.  2. 
State  of  being  deceived.  3.  That 
which  deceives. 

Syn.  —  Deceit  ;  fraud  ;  imposition. — 
Deception  usually  refers  to  the  act,  and 
deceit  to  the  habit  of  the  mind;  hence  we 
speak  of  a  person  as  skilled  in  deception 
rnd  addicted  to  deceit.  An  imposition 
is  an  act  of  deception  practiced  upon 
some  one  to  his  annoyance  or  injury;  a 
fraud  implies  the  use  of  stratagem,  with 
a  view  to  some  unlawful  gain  or  ad¬ 
vantage. 

De-cEp'tTve,  a.  Tending  to  deceive  ; 
deceitful  ;  misleading. 

De-^ep'to-RY,  a.  Tending  to  deceive. 

De-charm',  v.  t.  To  disenchant. 

De-^ide',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
decidere,  from  de  and  ceedere,  to  cut.] 
To  settle  ;  to  end  :  to  conclude.  —  v. 
i.  To  form  a  definite  opinion ;  to 
come  to  a  conclusion. 

De-^iid'ed,  a.  1.  Free  from  ambigu¬ 
ity  :  unequivocal.  2.  Determined ; 
of  fixed  purpose.  3.  Undeniable ; 
clear.  [manner. 

De-^ID'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  decided 

De-^id'er,  ti.  One  who  decides. 

De-^Id'u-ous,  a.  [Lat.  deciduus,  fr. 


A,  E,  l,  o,  u,  Y ,long;  A,  E,  1, 6,  t),  E ,  short 


CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


DECILLION 

decidere ,  to  fall  off.]  Having  but  a 
temporary  existence. 

DE-9ILLM0N,  n.  [Lat.  decern ,  ten.] 
According  to  the  English  notation,  a 
million  involved  to  the  tenth  power, 
or  a  unit  with  69  ciphers  annexed  ;  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  French  notation,  a  unit 
with  33  ciphers  annexed. 

Be^'I-mal,  a.  [Lat.  decimus,  tenth, 
fr.  decern,  ten.]  Pertaining  to  deci¬ 
mals  ;  proceeding  by  tens. 

Decimal  fractions ,  fractions  in  which 
the  denominator  is  some  power  of  10. 

—  n.  A  number  or  fraction  ex¬ 
pressed  in  the  scale  of  tens. 

De9'i-mate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
decimare,  - malum ,  from  decent ,  ten.] 
1.  To  take  the  tenth  part  of.  2.  To 
select  by  lot  and  puuish  with  death 
every  tenth  man  of. 

De^'i-ma/tion,  n.  A  selection  of 
every  tenth  by  lot. 

De^'i-ma/tor,  n.  One  who  decimates. 

DE-91'PHER,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [From 
de  and  cipher .]  1.  To  translate  from 
a  cipher  into  intelligible  terms.  2. 
To  find  out  the  meaniug  of. 

DE-9I'PHER-A-BEE,a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  deciphered. 

De-cI'pher-er,  n.One  who  deciphers. 

DE-915'ION  (-slzh'un),  n.  [Lat.  decisio. 
See  DECIDE.]  1.  Determination; 
settlement.  2.  A  report  of  a  legal 
adjudication.  3.  Prompt  and  fixed 
determination. 

De-cI'sive,  a.  1.  Having  the  quality 
of  deciding  a  question  or  controversy, 
&c.  2.  Marked  by  promptness  and 
decision . 

DE-91'SIVE-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  end  de¬ 
liberation,  doubt,  or  contest. 

DE-91'siyE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  end¬ 
ing  doubt,  controversy,  &c.  ;  coa- 
clusiveness.  [determine. 

DE-91'SO-RY,  a.  Able  to  decide  or 

DECK,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  de¬ 
can,  gedecan,  allied  to  Lat.  tegere,  to 
cover  ]  1.  To  cover.  2.  To  dress  ; 
to  clothe  with  elegance.  3.  To  fur¬ 
nish  with  a  deck. —  n.  1.  Floor-like 
covering  of  a  ship.  2.  A  pile  of  cards. 

Deck'er,  n.  1.  One  who  decks  or 
adorns.  2.  A  vessel  which  has  a 
deck  or  decks  ;  — used  in  composition. 

De-claim',  v.  /.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
declamare ,  fr.  de  and  clam  are,  to  cry 
out.]  1.  To  make  a  formal  speech 
or  oration  ;  to  harangue.  2.  To 
speak  pompously  and  elaborately. 

De-CLAIM'er,  n.  One  who  declaims. 

Dec'la-ma'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  de¬ 
claiming.  2.  A  set  speech.  3.  Pre¬ 
tentious  rhetorical  display. 

De-cl a m'a-to-ry  ,  a.  Characterized 
by  mere  rhetorical  display. 

Dec'la-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  de¬ 
claring.  2.  That  which  is  declared 
or  proclaimed  ;  distinct  statement. 

De-€L  Xr'A-tive,  la.  Making  dec- 
,  )  laratiou  ;  ex- 


De-clar'a-to-ry 
planatory  ;  assertive. 

De-clare',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
declarare ,  fr.  de  and  clarare,  to  make 
clear.]  1.  To  make  known  publicly; 
to  proclaim.  2.  To  assert ;  to  af- 


107 

firm.  —  v.  i.  To  make  a  declaration  ; 
to  proclaim  one’s  self. 

De-CLAR'ed-LY,  adv.  Avowedly. 

De-clen'sion,  n.  [See  Decline,]  1. 
Declination  ;  descent.  2.  Deteriora¬ 
tion  ;  decay.  3.  Act  of  courteously 
refusing.  4.  Inflection  of  a  word, 
according  to  its  grammatical  forms. 

De-clin'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of  de¬ 
clension.  [ward. 

I)ec'li-nate  (45),  a.  Curved  down- 

Dec'li-na'tion,  n.  1.  A  bending 
downward.  2.  Deterioration  ;  de¬ 
cay  ;  decline.  3.  Act  of  deviating  ; 
obliquity.  4.  Angular  distance  of  any 
object  from  the  celestial  equator. 

De-clIn'a-to-ry,  a.  Containing  or 
involving  a  declination.  [ing. 

De-clin'a-ture  (53),  n.  Act  of  refus- 

De-cline',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
declinare,  fr.  de  and  a  supposed  din¬ 
ar  e,  to  lean,  incline.]  1.  To  bend 
over  or  hang  down.  2.  To  fail ;  to 
sink  ;  to  decay.  3.  To  deviate  ;  to 
stray.  4.  To  refuse. — v.  t.  1.  To 
turu  off  or  away  from ;  to  reject 
courteously.  2.  To  inflect  in  order 
in  the  changes  of  grammatical  form. 
—  n.  1.  A  falling  off ;  diminution; 
deterioration.  2.  A  gradual  wasting 
away  of  the  physical  faculties. 

Syn. —  Decay;  consumption. —  The 
first  stage  of  the  downward  progress  is 
decline;  decay  follows,  tending  to  ulti¬ 
mate  destruction;  consumption  is  steady 
decay  from  an  inward  wasting  of 
strength. 

De-ClIn'er,  m.  One  who  declines. 

De-cli  V'l-T  Y,  n.  [Lat.  declivitas,  fr. 
declivis,  sloping.]  1.  Inclination 
downward ;  slope.  2.  An  inclining 
surface  ;  a  slope. 

De-cli'vous,  1  a.  Gradually  de- 

DE-CLiv'I-ToOs,  )  dining  or  de¬ 
scending  ;  sloping. 

De-coct',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
decoquere ,  decoctum,  from  de  and  co- 
quere,  to  cook.]  1.  To  prepare  by 
boiling.  2.  To  digest. 

De-coc'tion.  n.  1.  Act  of  preparing 
for  use  by  boiling.  2.  An  extract 
prepared  by  boiling. 

DE-€OL'LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  :  -ING.] 
[Lat.  decollare ,  derollatum,  from  col- 
lum,  neck.]  To  behead  ;  to  decapi¬ 
tate.  [ing. 

De'col-LA'tion,  n.  Act  of  behead- 

De-col'or  (-kuPur),  v.  t.  To  deprive 
of  color.  _  [absence  of  color. 

De-COL'or-A'TION,  n.  Removal  or 

DE'COM-POg'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of 
being  decomposed. 

DeTom-pose',  d.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  resolve  into  original  elements. 

DE'COM-Pog'lTE ,  a.  Compounded 
more  than  once. 

De-€OM/po-£I'tton  (zlsh'un),  n.  1. 
Act  of  decomposing  ;  analysis.  2. 
State  of  being  decomposed. 

De 'COM -POUND',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  mix  with  that  which  is  already 
compound.  2.  To  decompose.  —  a. 
Compound  of  what  is  already  com¬ 
pounded. 

De'com-pound'A-ble,  a.  Capable 
of  being  decompounded 


DECREPITATION 

DEc'o-rate,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
decorare,  detoraium,  fr.  decus ,  orna¬ 
ment.]  To  deck  with  that  which  is 
becoming  or  ornamental. 

Syn.  —  To  adorn;  embellish  ;  orna¬ 
ment;  beautify. 

Dec'o-ra'iion,  «.  1.  Act  of  deco¬ 

rating.  2.  That  which  decorates. 

De€'o-ra-tive,  a.  Suited  to  em¬ 
bellish  ;  adorning.  [rates. 

Dec'o-ra'TOR,  n.  One  who  deco- 

DE-co'ROUS,or  Dec'o-ro0s(118),  a. 
[Lat.  decorosus .]  Becoming  ;  prop¬ 
er  ;  seemly. 

De-co'roDs-ly,  or  Dfie'o-Rotis-LY, 
adv.  In  a  becoming  manner. 

De-cor'ti-cate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  decorticare ,  decorticatum ,  from 
de  and  cortex,  bark.]  To  take  off  the 
bark  of;  to  husk  ;  to  peel. 

De-cor'ti-CA'tion,  n.  Act  of  strip¬ 
ping  off  the  bark  or  husk. 

De-c5'rum  (118),  n.  [Lat.  See  De¬ 
corous.]  Propriety  of  speech,  man¬ 
ner,  or  conduct. 

Syn.  —  Dignity.  —  Decorum  is  that 
which  is  becoming  in  outward  act  or  ap¬ 
pearance;  dignity  springs  from  an  in¬ 
ward  elevation  of  soul  producing  a  cor¬ 
respondent  effect  on  the  manners. — The 
decorum  of  a  public  assembly;  the  dig¬ 
nity  of  the  men  who  compose  it. 

De-coy',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 
de  and  coy ;  orig.  to  soothe,  entice.] 
To  lead  into  a  snare. 

Syn.  —  To  deceive;  entrap;  insnare. 

—  n.  1.  A  lure  for  birds  used  by 
sportsmen.  2.  A  place  into  which 
Avild  fowl  are  enticed. 

De-coy'-dCck,  n.  A  duck,  or  an 
imitation  of  one,  used  to  draw  others 
into  a  net ;  — often  used  figuratively. 

De-crease',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
decrescere ,  from  de  and  crescere ,  to 
grow.]  To  become  less. — v.  t.  To 
make  less  ;  to  diminish  gradually. 

Syn.  —  To  diminish. —  Things  usually 
decrease  or  fall  off  by  degrees,  and  from 
within,  or  through  some  cause  which  is 
imperceptible;  as,  the  flood  decreases; 
the  cold  decreases ;  their  affection  lias 
decreased.  Thing^commonly  diminish 
or  are  diminished  by  an  action  from  with¬ 
out,  or  one  which  is  apparent:  as,  their 
affection  lias  diminished  since  their  sepa¬ 
ration.  The  turn  of  thought,  however, 
is  often  such  that  these  words  may  be  in¬ 
terchanged. 

—  n.  A  becoming  less  ;  gradual  dim¬ 
inution. 

De-cree',  n.  [Lat.  dccretuvr,  fr.  de- 
cernere,  to  decide.]  An  order  or  de¬ 
cision  made  by  some  competent  au¬ 
thority. —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
determine  by  authority  ;  to  order ; 
to  appoint. 

DEC'RE-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  decrementum , 
from  decrescere.  See  DECREASE.]  1. 
Decrease ;  waste  ;  loss.  2.  Quantity 
lost  by  gradual  diminution. 

De-crep'it,  a.  [Lat.  decrepitus,  orig. 
noised  out,  noiseless,  as  old  people.] 
Wasted  by  the  infirmities  of  old  age. 

De-crLp'i-tate,  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  roast  or  calcine,  so  as  to  cause  a 
continual  crackling  —  r.  i.  To 
crackle,  as  salts  when  roasting. 

De-crLp'i-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  de¬ 
crepitating. 


to  proclaim.  to  assert  j  to  at-  oi  Doing  decompounded.  crepitating. 

6r,  do,  wolf, too, took  ;  Drn, rue,  pull  ;  E,  i,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  e,H,hard;  Ag;  e^cist  ;  < 


DECREPITNESS 


108 


DEFENSE 


De-crep'it-ness,  1  n.  Broken  state 

De-crep'i-tude,  )  produced  by  de¬ 
cay  and  the  infirmities  of  age. 

De-crescent,  a.  Decreasing. 

De-ERE'tal,  a.  [Lat.  decre  talis .  See 
Decree.]  Containing  a  decree.  — 
n.  1.  An  authoritative  decree  ;  esp. 
a  letter  of  the  pope,  determining 
some  point  in  ecclesiastical  law.  2.  A 
collection  of  the  pope's  decrees. 

De-cre'tist,  n.  One  who  studies,  or 
is  versed  in,  the  decretals. 

De -CREATIVE,  a.  Having  the  force 
or  nature  of  a  decree. 

DLc're-to-ry  (50),  a.  Established 
by  a  decree  ;  definitive. 

De-crT'al,  n.  A  crying  down  ;  a 
clamorous  censure. 

De-crT'er,  n.  One  who  decries. 

De-cry',  V  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.]  [Fr. 
decrier.  See  CRY.]  To  censure  as 
faulty,  mean,  or  worthless. 

Syn.—  To  depreciate;  detract;  dispar¬ 
age.  —  Decry  and  depreciate  refer  to  the 
estimation  in  which  a  thing  is  held,  the 
former  seeking  to  cry  it  down,  and  the 
latter  to  run  it  down  in  the  opinion  of 
others.  Detract  and  disparage  refer  to 
merit  or  value,  which  the  former  assails 
with  caviling,  &c.,  while  the  latter  will- 

’  fully  underrates  and  seeks  to  degrade  it. 
Men  decry  their  rivals  and  depreciate 
their  measures.  The  envious  detract 
from  the  merit  of  a  good  action,  and  dis¬ 
parage  the  motives  of  him  who  performs 
it. 

De-eum'bence,  In.  Act,  posture,  or 

De-€UM'ben-9Y,  )  state  of  lying 
down. 

De-eum'bent,  a.  [Lat.  decumbere , 
decumbens ,  from  de  and  cumber e ,  for 
cubare,  to  lie  down.]  Lying  down; 
prostrate ;  recumbent. 

Dec'U-ple,  a.  [Gr.  fie/carrAovs,  from 
SeKa.,  ten.]  Tenfold  ;  multiplied  by 
ten. — n.  A  number  ten  times  re¬ 
peated.  —  v.  t.  To  make  tenfold. 

De-eu'ri-on,  n.  [Lat.  decurio ,  fr.  de¬ 
curia ,  a  division  of  ten.]  A  Roman 
officer  who  commanded  ten  soldiers. 

De-eur'rent,  a:  [Lat  decurrere,  de- 
currens,  to  run  down.]  Extending 
downward. 

De-cus'sate,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  decussate ,  - atum ,  from  decussis, 
(orig.  equiv.  to  decent  asses),  the 
number  X,  or  ten.]  To  cross  at  an 
acute  angle.  [the  form  of  an  X. 

De'eus-sa'tion,  n.  Intersection  in 

De-dee'o-RoGs,  a.  [Lat.  dedecorus. 
See  Decorous.]  Disgraceful;  un¬ 
becoming  ;  infamous. 

DEd'i-eate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
dedicare ,  -catum,  from  de  and  dicare , 
to  declare,  dedicate.]  1.  To  set 
apart  and  consecrate.  2.  To  inscribe 
or  address. 

Ded'i-eate  (45),  a.  Set  apart ;  de¬ 
voted ;  consecrated. 

DLd'i-ca'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  dedicat¬ 
ing.  2.  Address  to  a  patron  or 
friend,  prefixed  to  a  book. 

Ded'i-ca'tor,  n.  One  who  dedicates. 

Ded'i-ea-to-ry  (50),  a.  Composing, 
or  serving  as,  a  dedication. 

De-du^e',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 


draw.]  To  obtain  as  the  result  of 
reasoning  ;  to  infer. 

De-du9E'ment,  n.  Act  of  deducing; 
that  which  is  deduced.  [deduced. 

DE-DU'91-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

De-DU'91VE,  a.  Performing  the  act 
of  deduction. 

De-duet',  v.t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
deducere ,  deductum.  See  Deduce.] 
To  take  away  ;  to  subtract. 

De-due'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  method 
of  deducing.  2.  Act  of  deducting. 

3.  That  which  Is  deduced  ;  inference. 

4.  That  which  is  deducted ;  part 
taken  away. 

De-dPet'Ive,  a.  Pertaining  to  de¬ 
duction  ;  deducible.  [deduction. 

De-duct'Ive-ly,  adv.  By  way  of 

Deed,  n.  [A.-S.  deed,  fr.  don,  to  do.] 
1.  That  which  is  done ;  an  act.  2. 
Achievement ;  exploit.  3.  A  sealed 
instrument  in  writing,  containing 
some  transfer  or  contract,  especially 
in  regard  to  real  estate.  —  v.  t.  To 
convey  by  deed. 

Deem,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  de¬ 
man,  domian.)  To  think  ;  to  judge; 
to  be  of  opinion. 

Deep,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S.  drop, 
diop,  from  dyppan,  to  dip,  immerse.] 

1.  Extending  far  below  the  surface. 

2.  Extending  far  back  from  the 
front.  3.  Low  in  situation.  4.  Hard 
to  penetrate  or  comprehend  ;  pro¬ 
found.  5.  Profoundly  iearned.  6. 
Penetrating;  thorough.  7.  Com¬ 
plete  and  overmastering.  8.  De¬ 
pressed  ;  abject.  9.  Dark ;  intense. 
10.  Of  low  tone;  grave. — adv.  Far 
down;  profoundly;  deeply. — n.  1. 
Deep  water.  2.  that  which  is  pro¬ 
found.  3.  The  midst ;  the  depth. 

Deep'en,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
make  deep  or  deeper.  2.  To  make 
darker.  — v.  i.  To  become  deeper. 

Deep'ly,  adv.  1.  At  or  to  a  great 
depth.  2.  Profoundly. 

Deer,  n.  sing.  &  pi. 

[A.  -S.  dcor,  an  ani¬ 
mal,  esp.  a  wild  ani¬ 
mal.]  A  ruminant 
quadruped  of  several 
species. 

De-fA9E',u.  t.  [-ed; 

-ING.]  [Lat.  de  and 
facies,  face.]  To  mar 
the  appearance  of ;  to 
disfigure. 

De-fa9E'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  defa¬ 
cing;  injury  to  the  external  appear¬ 
ance.  2.  That  Avhich  defaces. 

De-fa'9ER.  n.  One  who  defaces. 

De-fXl'eate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[L.  Lat.  defalcate ,  defalcatum,  to  de¬ 
duct,  orig.  to  cut  off  with  a  sickle.] 
To  cut  off ;  to  deduct  a  part  off. 

De'fal-ca'tion,  n.  1.  A  cutting  off: 
deficit.  2.  That  which  is  cut  off.  3. 
An  abstraction  of  money,  & c. ;  an 
embezzlement. 

DLf'a-ma'tion,  n.  [See  Defame.] 
Slander  ;  detraction  ;  calumny. 

De-fa m'A-to-ry,  a.  Containing  def¬ 
amation  ;  calumnious;  slanderous. 

De-fame',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 


defamare,  from  de  and  fama,  fame  ] 
To  speak  evil  of ;  to  asperse. 

Syn.— To  slander;  calumniate. 

De-fam'er,  n.  One  who  defames. 

De-fauet'.  n.  [L.  Lat.  defalta ,  from 
de  and  fallere,  to  deceive.]  1.  Omis¬ 
sion  of  what  ought,  to  be  done.  2. 
Defect ;  want ;  failure  ;  lack.  3.  Fail¬ 
ure  to  take  some  step  necessary  to 
secure  the  benefit  of  law.  —  v.i. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  fail  to  appear  in. 
court. —  v.  t  1.  To  fail  to  perform. 

2.  (Lam.)  To  call,  as  a  defendant, 
and  make  an  entry  of  his  default,  if 
he  fails  to  appear  in  court. 

De-fault'er,  n.  One  who  fails  to 
account  for  public  money  intrusted 
to  his  care. 

De-fea'san9e,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  de- 
fesance,  fr.  definite,  to  undo.]  A  ren¬ 
dering  null  or  void.  [defeated. 

De-fea'st-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

De-feat',  n.  [Fr.  defaite,  from  de¬ 
faire,  to  undo.]  1.  An  overthrow, 
as  of  an  attack,  an  army,  &c.  2. 
Frustration. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  render  null  and  void.  2.  To 
overcome,  as  an  army.  3.  To  re¬ 
sist  with  success. 

Syn. —  To  overthrow  ;  ruin  ;  over¬ 
power  ;  subdue  ;  rout  ;  foil  ;  discomfit  ; 
baffle;  disappoint;  frustrate. 

Def'e-cate.  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
defxcare,  defsecatum,  from  de  ar.d 
fsex,  dregs.]  To  clear  from  lees, 
dregs,  &c.  ;  to  purify. 

Def'e-CATE  ,  a.  Freed  from  any 

thing  that  can  pollute ;  refined ; 
purified.  [from  impurities. 

DLf'e-ua'TION,  n.  Act  of  separating 

De-FE€T',  n.  [Lat.  defeclus ,  from  de- 
ficere,  to  desert,  fail,  be  wanting.]  1. 
Want  or  absence  of  something  ne¬ 
cessary.  2.  Blemish  ;  deformity. 

Syn.  —  Fault.  —  Defect  is  negative,  de- 
notingtbe  absence  of  that  which  isneces- 
sary  to  a  thing’s  completeness  or  perfec¬ 
tion  ;  fault  is  positive,  denoting  some¬ 
thing  improper  or  wrong.  Th e  faults  of 
a  friend  are  too  often  palliated  into  mere 
defects. 

De-fec'tion,  n.  Act  of  abandoning 
a  person  or  cause ;  apostasy. 

De-fect'ive,  a.  Wanting  in  some 
important  respect ;  deficient ;  faulty. 

De-fegt'ive-ey,  adv.  Imperfectly. 

De-fect'Ive-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
imperfect. 

De-f£n9e',  n.  See  Defense. 

De-fEnd',  t!.  t.  [-ED;  -ING-]  [Lat. 
defendere .]  1.  To  guard  from  injury. 
2.  To  contest,  as  a  suit. 

Syn.  —  To  protect.  —  To  defend  is  lit¬ 
erally  to  ivard  of;  to  protect  is  to  cover 
over.  We  defend  those  who  are  attacked; 
we  protect  those  who  are  liable  to  injury 
or  invasion.  A  fortress  is  defended  by  its 
guns,  and  protected  by  its  walls.  See  also 
Vindicate. 

De-f£nd'ant,  n.  1.  One  who  makes 
defense.  2.  (Law.)  The  party  that 
opposes  a  complaint,  demand,  or 
charge. 

De-f£nd'er,  n.  One  who  defends. 

De-fLn'sa-tive,  n.  That  which 
serves  to  guard  or  defend. 

De-fense',  (  n.  [Fr.  defense,  Lat.  de- 

De-fence',  )  fensa.  See  Defend.] 


deducere,  from  de  and  ducere,  to  lead, 

A,  E,  I,  o,u,  Y,  long ;  X,  £,l,  6,  0,  5,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  ere,  veil,  tLrm;  pique,  firm;  son. 


Deer. 


DEHORT 


DEFENSELESS 


109 


1.  Act  of  defending.  2.  That  which 
defends.  3.  Defendant’s  plea. 

Syn.  —  Protection  ;  guard  ;  fortifica¬ 
tion;  vindication;  apology;  justification. 

De-fense'less,  )  a.  Destitute  of 

De-fenqe'less,  j  defense  or  pro¬ 
tection.  [defended. 

De-fen'st-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Pe -fen's! ve,  a.  1.  Serving  to  de¬ 
fend.  2.  Carried  on  by  resisting  at¬ 
tack.  3.  In  a  state  to  defend.  —  n. 
That  which  defends  ;  a  safeguard. 

De-fen's!ve-ly,  adv.  In  a  defensive 
manner. 

DE-FfiR'  (14),  V.  t.  [-RED  ;  -RING-.] 
[Lat.  deferre,  to  bear  away,  deliver, 
report ;  differre ,  to  bear  apart,  put 
off,  delay.]  1.  To  put  off ;  to  post¬ 
pone.  2.  To  submit  in  a  respectful 
manner.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  delay;  to 
wait.  2.  To  yield  from  respect  to 
another. 

Def'er-en(!E  ,  n.  A  yielding  of  judg¬ 
ment  or  preference  ;  complaisance. 

Syn.  —  Respect.  —  Deference  usually, 
but  not  always,  implies  respect.  We 
may  defer  on  some  one  point  to  a  man 
who  knows  better  than  we  do,  while  we 
have  no  general  respect  for  his  character. 

Def'ER-ENT,  a.  Serving  to  convey. 
—  n.  That  which  carries  or  conveys. 

Def'er-en'TIAL,  a.  Expressing  def¬ 
erence. 

De-fi'an^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  defying  ; 
a  challenge.  2.  State  of  opposition  ; 
willingness  to  fight.  [insolent. 

De-fi'ant,  a.  Full  of  defiance;  bold  ; 

De-fi'cien^e,  I  n.  State  of  being 

De-fI'cien-^y,  )  deficient;  inade¬ 
quacy  ;  failure. 

De-fI'cient  (-fish'ent),  a.  [Lat.  de- 
ficere ,  deficiens,  to  be  wanting  ]  Want¬ 
ing  to  make  up  completeness. 

Syn. —  Inadequate;  defective;  imper¬ 
fect;  short. 

De-fi'cient-ly  (-fish'ent-),  adv.  In 
a  deficient  manner. 

Def'i-9'it,  n.  [Lit.  it  is  wanting .] 
Deficiency  in  amount  or  quality. 

De-fPer,  n.  One  who  defies. 

De-file',  or  De'file,  n.  [Fr.  de¬ 
file,  fr.  defiler. ]  A  long,  narrow  pass, 
as  between  hills,  &c. 

De-file', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Eng. 
defyle ,  defoul ,  A.-S.  fylan ,  to  pol¬ 
lute,  from  fill,  foul.]  1.  To  pollute  ; 
to  corrupt.  2.  To  make  impure  or 
turbid.  3.  To  make  ceremonially 
unclean.  —  v.  i.  [Fr.  defiler ,  from 
de,  for  des ,  and  file,  a  row  or  line.] 
To  march  off  file*  by  file. 

De-filf/ment,  n.  State  of  being 
defiled  ;  foulness  ;  pollution. 

De-fil'er,  n.  One  who  defiles  or  pol¬ 
lutes.  [defined. 

De-fin'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

De-fIne',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
definire ,  fr.  de  and  finire ,  to  limit,  to 
end.]  1.  To  end.  2.  To  mark  the 
limits  of.  3.  To  determine  with  pre¬ 
cision.  4.  To  explain  ;  to  interpret. 

De-fIn'er,  n.  One  who  defines. 

DEf'i-nIte,  a.  1.  Having  certain 
limits.  2.  Precise  in  signification. 
3.  Fixed ;  exact.  4.  Serving  to  de¬ 
fine  or  restrict. 


Def'i-nIte-ly,  adv.  In  a  definite 
manner;  exactly.  [definite. 

Def'i-nIte-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
I  Def'i-ni'tion  (-nish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  defining.  2.  An  explanation  of 
the  meaning  of  a  word  or  term. 

Syn.  —  Explanation;  description.  —  A 
definition  is  designed  to  settle  a  thing  in 
its  compass  and  extent;  an  explanation 
is  intended  to  remove  some  obscurity  or 
misunderstanding,  and  is  therefore  more 
extended  and  minute;  a  description  en¬ 
ters  into  striking  particulars  with  a  view 
to  interest  or  impress  by  graphic  effect. 

De-fin'i-t1ye,  a.  Determinate;  final ; 
conclusive  ;  unconditional.  —  n.  A 
word  used  to  limit  the  extent  of  the 
signification  of  a  common  noun. 

De-fin'i-tive-ly,  adv.  Finally  ;  con¬ 
clusively  ;  positively.  [ness. 

De-fIn'i-tive-ness,  n.  Conclusive- 

De-fla'gra-ble,  or  Def'la-gra- 
ble,  a.  Burning  with  a  sudden 
and  sparkling  combustion. 

Def'la-grate,  v.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  defiagrare,  deflagratum ,  fr.  de, 
and fiagrare,  to  flame.]  To  burn 
with  a  sudden  and  sparkling  com¬ 
bustion. 

Def'la-gra'tion,  n.  A  sudden  and 
sparkling  combustion,  without  ex¬ 
plosion. 

Def'la-gra'tok,  n.  A  form  of  the 
voltaic  battery  for  producing  rapid 
and  powerful  combustion. 

DE-FLEGT',  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
deflectere,  fr.  de  and  flectere ,  to  bend.] 
To  deviate  from  a  right  line,  proper 
position,  course,  or  direction.  — v.  t. 
To  cause  to  turn  aside. 

De-flEg'tion,  n.  Act  of  turning 
aside  from  a  right  line  or  proper 
course ;  deviation. 

De-flex'ure,  n.  A  bending  or  turn¬ 
ing  asidej  deflection.  [ing. 

Def'lo-ra'tion,  n.  Act  of  deflour- 

De-flour',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  deflornre,  fr.  de  and  florare ,  to 
flower.]  To  deprive  of  virginity;  to 
ravish ;  to  seduce. 

De-flDx'ion  (-fluk'shun),n.  [Lat.  de- 
fiuxio,  fr.  defiuere,  to  flow  down.]  A 
discharge  of  humors. 

De-fo'li-A'TION,  n.  [Low  Lat.  de- 
foliare,  to  shed  leaves.]  The  fall  of 
the  leaf,  or  shedding  of  leaves. 

De-for<^e',  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
deforcer,  def order.  See  Force.]  To 
keep  from  the  lawful  possession  of 
the  owner. 

De-for^e'ment,  n.  A  wrongful 
withholding,  as  of  lands  or  tene¬ 
ments. 

De-for'CIANT,  n.  One  who  keeps  out 
of  possession  the  rightful  owner  of 
an  estate. 

De-form', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.rfe- 
formare,  fr.  de  and  formare,  to  form.] 
1.  To  mar  ;  to  disfigure.  2.  To  ren¬ 
der  displeasing  or  ugly.  [uring. 

Def'or-ma'tion,  n.  Act  of  disfig- 

De-form'er,  n.  One  who  deforms. 

De-form'i-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
deformed  ;  irregularity  of  shape.  2. 
Any  thing  that  destroys  beauty, 
grace,  or  propriety. 


Syn.  —  Distortion;  ugliness;  defect. 

De-fraud',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
defraud  are,  from  de  and  fraud  are,  to 
cheat.]  To  deprive  of  right  by  fraud, 
deception,  or  artifice. 

Syn.  —  To  cheat ;  cozen  ;  deceive. 

De-fraud'er,  n.  One  who  defrauds. 

De-frAy',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr 
defrayer,  fr.  de  and  frais,  expense.' 
To  bear  or  pay  the  expense  of. 

De-fray'al,  n.  Act  of  defraying. 

De-fray'er,  n.  One  who  pays  ex¬ 
penses. 

Deft,  a.  [A.-S.  daft;  dafan,  to  be  fit 
or  apt.]  Apt;  fit;  neat.  [ously. 

Deft'ly ,adv.  Aptly;  fitly;  dexter- 

De-fOnct',  a.  [Lat.  defunctus,  p.  p. 
of  defungi ,  to  discharge,  depart,  die.] 
Dead  ;  deceased.  —  n.  A  dead  person. 

De-fy',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.]  [Fr. 
defier,  from  Lat.  dis  and  fides,  faith.] 
To  provoke  to  combat  or  strife ;  to 
challenge ;  to  dare. 

DE-GAR'NISH,U.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
dcgarnir,  from  de  and  garnir,  to  fur¬ 
nish.]  To  deprive  of  entirely,  as  of 
furniture  or  troops. 

De-gen'er-a-^y,  n.  A  becoming  de' 
generate  ;  a  growing  worse. 

Syn.  —  Decay ;  deterioration. 

De-gen'er-ate,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  degenerare ,  - aturn ,  fr.  degener , 
degenerate.]  To  be  or  grow  worse; 
hence,  to  be  inferior  ;  to  deteriorate. 

De-6£n'er-ate  (45),  a.  Deteriorated  •, 
degraded ;  mean ;  base  ;  low. 

De-6en'er-ate-LY,  adv.  In  a  de¬ 
generate  manner. 

De-gen'er-ate-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  degenerate.  [worse. 

De-gen'er-a'TION,  n.  A  growing 
Syn.  —  Decline;  degradation;  debase¬ 
ment;  deterioration. 

DE-GLU'TI-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  deglutinare,  -atum,  fr.  de  and 
glutinare,  to  glue.]  To  unglue. 

Deg'lu-tI'tion  (-tlsh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
deglutire,  to  swallow  down.]  Act  or 
power  of_swallowing. 

Deg'ra-da'tion,  n.  [L.  Lat.  degra . 
datio.  See  Degrade.]  1.  A  reducing 
in  rank,  character,  or  reputation.  2. 
A  gradual  wearing  down,  as  of  rocks, 
banks,  and  the  like. 

De-grade',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  reduce  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
rank  or  degree.  2.  To  reduce  in  es¬ 
timation  or  reputation.  3.  To  wear 
down,  as  hills  and  mountains. 

Syn.  —  To  abase;  demean;  lower. 

DE-GREE',  n.  [Fr.  degrd,  fr.  Lat.  de 
and  gradus,  step,  degree.]  1.  One 
step  upward  or  downward ;  grade ; 
gradation.  2.  Position;  station; 
rank ;  extent.  3.  Academical  rank 
indicated  by  a  diploma.  4.  360th 
part  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle. 
6.  A  division  on  a  mathematical  or 
other  instrument.  6.  ( Mus .)  Differ¬ 
ence  in  position  between  two  notes. 

De-hIs'cen^e,  n.  [Lat.  dehiscere,  de- 
hiscens,  to  gape.]  1.  Act  of  gaping. 
2.  Opening  of  pods,  & c.,  at  maturity. 

De-hIs'^ent,  a.  Opening,  as  the  cap- 
sule^of  a  plant. 

De-hort',  v.  t.  [Lat.  dehortari,  from 


DEHORTATION 

de  and  hortari,  to  urge,  exhort.]  To 
dissuade._  [ing. 

De'hor-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  dissuad- 

De-hort'a-to-ry,  a.  Fitted  to  dis¬ 
suade. 

De'I-^Ide,  n.  [Lat.  deus,  god,  and 
csedere ,  to  cut,  kill  ]  1.  Act  of  put¬ 

ting  to  death  a  being  possessing  a 
divine  nature.  2.  One  concerned 
in  putting  Christ  to  death. 

De-if'I€,  I  a.  [Lat.  deificus ,  from 

De-if'I€-AL,  )  deus,  Si  god,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  Making  divine. 

De'i-fi-€A'tion,  n.  Act  of  deifying  ; 
apotheosis. 

De'i  fI'er,  n.  One  who  deifies. 

De'I-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  deus,  a  god,  and 
forma.]  Like  a  god;  of  a  godlike 
form.  ■ 

De'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
deificare.  See  DElFrc.]  1.  To  make 
a  god  of.  2.  To  treat  as  an  object 
of  supreme  regard. 

D^ign  (dan),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
daigner,  from  Lat.  dignus,  worthy.] 
To  vouchsafe  ;  to  condescend.  — v.  t. 
To  condescend  to  give  or  bestow. 

De'ism,  n.  Doctrine  or  creed  of  a  deist. 

De'IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  the 
existence  of  a  God,  but  denies  re¬ 
vealed  religion ;  a  freethinker. 

De-1ST'I€,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  de- 

De-Ist'I€-al,  )  ism  or  to  deists. 

De'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  deltas ,  from  deus, 
god.]  1.  Divinity  ;  godhead.  2.  A 
•  divine  being. 

De-JE€T',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  de- 
jicere,  dejectum,  fr.  de  and  jnccre,  to 
throw.]  To  cast  down  the  spirits  of. 

Syn.—  To  dispirit  ;  dishearten  ;  de¬ 
press. 

De-Ject'ed-ly,  adv.  In  a  dejected 
manner. 

De-JE€'tion,  n.  1.  Lowness  of  spir¬ 
its  ;  melancholy  ;  disheartenment.  2. 
A  low  condition ;  weakness.  3.  ( Med. ) 
(a.)  Act  of  voiding  the  excrements. 
(b)  Matter  voided. 

De-lapse',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
delabi ,  delapsus,  to  fall  down.]  To 
fall  or  slide  down. 

De-lay',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
put  off ;  to  defer.  2.  To  stop  or 
hinder,  for  a  time. 

Syn.  —  To  procrastinate  ;  prolong. 

—  v.  i.  To  move  slowly;  to  linger. 

—  n.  [Fr.  dclai,  fr.  Lat.  dilatum , 
from  differre,  to  defer.]  1.  A  put¬ 
ting  off  or  deferring ;  procrastination. 
2.  Stay  ;  detention  ;  hindrance. 

De-lay'er,  n.  One  who  delays. 

De'LE ,  v.  t.  [Lat.,  imp.  sing,  of  de- 
lere ,  to  destroy.]  Erase  ;  remove ;  — 
a  direction  to  cancel  something  which 
has  been  put  in  type.  [ted  out. 

Del'e-BLE,  a.  Capableof  being  blot- 

De-lec'TA-ble.  a.  [Lat.  delectabilis , 
from  delectare,  to  delight.]  Highly 
pleasing ;  delightful. 

De-l£€'ta-bly,  adv.  In  a  delecta¬ 
ble  manner.  [delight. 

Dl'leg-ta'tion,  «.  Great  pleasure ; 

DLl'e-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  delegare,  delegatum ,  from  de, 
and  legare,  to  send  as  embassador, 


110 

to  depute.]  I .  To  send  as  one’s  rep¬ 
resentative.  2.  To  assign  ;  to  commit. 

Del'e-GATE  (45),  n.  One  deputed  to 
represent  another.  —  a.  Sent  to  act 
for  or  represent  another. 

Del'e-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  dele¬ 
gating.  2.  One  or  more  persons  de¬ 
puted  to  represent  others. 

De-lete',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Dele.]  To  blot  out ;  to  erase. 

Del'e-te'ri-ous  (89),  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  destroying,  or  extinguish¬ 
ing, _  life. 

De-le'TION,  n.  Act  of  deleting. 

Delf,  n.  Earthen  ware,  covered  with 
white  glazing. 

De-lib'er-ate,  V.  7.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  deliberare,  deliberatum,  from  de 
and  librare ,  to  weigh.]  To  take 
counsel  with  one’s  self ;  to  reflect ;  to 
consider. 

De-LIB'er-ATE,  a.  1.  Carefully  con¬ 
sidering  the  probable  consequences  ; 
circumspect.  2.  Formed  with  delib¬ 
eration.  3.  Not  hasty  ;  slow. 

De-lYb'er-ATE-LY,  adv.  Circum¬ 
spectly  ;  slowly.  [being  deliberate. 

De-lIb'er-A.te-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

De-lYb'er-A'tion,  «.  1.  Act  of  de¬ 

liberating.  2.  Careful  discussion  and 
examination  of  the  reasons  for  and 
against  a  measure. 

De-lib'er-a-tive,  a.  Proceeding  or 
acting  by  deliberation. 

Del'i-ca-^y,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
delicate  ;  delightfulness.  2.  Nicety 
of  form  or  texture ;  hence,  frailty  or 
weakness.  3.  Susceptibility  or  ten¬ 
derness  of  feeling  ;  and  hence,  effem¬ 
inacy.  4.  Critical  niceness.  5.  A 
luxury  or  pleasure.  6.  Something 
pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  a  dainty. 

Del'I-€ATE,  a.  [Lat.  delicatus,  from 
delicix,  delight.]  1.  Delightful.  2. 
Pleasing  to  the  senses.  3.  Fine  or 
slender.  4.  Slight  or  smooth.  5.  Soft 
and  fair.  6.  Refined.  7.  Tender ; 
not  able  to  endure  hardship.  8.  Re¬ 
quiring  nice  handling. 

Syn.  — Nice;  fine  ;  elegant  ;  gentle  ; 
considerate  ;  feeble  ;  fraii  ;  effeminate  ; 
critical;  luxurious. 

DLl'i-€ATE-ly,  adv.  In  a  delicate 
manner.  [delicate. 

Del'i-GATE-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

De-li'cious  (-IMP us),  a.  [Lat.  deli- 
ciosus,  fr.  deli  else,  delight.]  Sweet  or 
grateful  to  the  senses,  especially  to 
the  taste. 

Syn.  —  Delightful. — Delicious  refers 
to  the  pleasure  derived  from  certain  of 
the  senses,  as,  delicious  food,  a  delicious 
fragrance;  delightful  may  also  refer  to 
most  of  the  senses,  but  has  a  higher  ap¬ 
plication  to  matters  of  taste,  feeling,  and 
sentiment,  as,  a  delightful  abode,  conver¬ 
sation,  prospect,  & c. 

De-lPcioOs-ly  (-ITsh'us-),  adv.  In 
a  delicious  manner. 

Del'I-GA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  deligatio, 
fr.  deligare ,  to  bind  up.]  A  binding 
up  £  a  bandaging. 

De-light'  (-lit'),  n.  [From  Lat.  de¬ 
lectare .]  1.  Lively  pleasure  or  hap¬ 
piness  ;  joy.  2.  That  which  affords 
delight.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Fr.  deliter,  from  Lat.  delectare,  from 


DELUDE 

de  and  lacere,  to  entice.]  To  please 
highly.  [delight. 

De-light'ed  (-lit'-),  p.  a.  Full  of 

Syn.  —  Glad;  pleased  ;  gratified  ; 
charmed. 

De-light-ful  (-lit'-),  a.  Affording 
great  pleasure  and  satisfaction. 

De-light'ful-ly  ( de-llt'- ),  adv.  In 
a  manner  to  delight. 

De-lin'e-ate,  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  delineare ,  -atum,  fr.  de  and  l in- 
ear  e.]  1.  To  represent  by  sketch  or 

diagram. _2.  To  portray  to  the  mind. 

De-lin'e-A'tion,  n.  Act  of  delin¬ 
eating. 

Syn.  —  Sketch  ;  portrait  ;  outline  ; 
diaught. 

De-lin'e-a'tor  ,  n.  One  who  delin¬ 
eates. 

De -lin'que N-r Y  (de-link'wen-),  n. 
Omission  of  duty  ;  fault;  misdeed. 

De-lin'quent  ( -llnk'went),  a.  Fail¬ 
ing  in  duty.  —  n.  [Lat.  delinrjuescere, 
delinquens,  to  be  wanting  in  duty.] 
One  who  fails  to  perform  his  duty ; 
an  offender  or  transgressor. 

DLl'i-ques^e'  (-kwes'),  v.  7.  [-ED 
(-kwest');  -ING.]  [Lat.  deliquescere, 
fr.  de  and  liquescere,  to  become  fluid.] 
To  dissolve  gradually  by  absorbing 
moisture  from  the  air. 

Del'i-ques'^en^e,  n.  Act  or  state 
of  being  deliquescent.  [the  air. 

DEl'I-QuLs'^ENT,  a.  Liquefying  in 

De-lIr'i-oGs,  a.  Having  a  delirium  ; 
lightheaded  ;  insane. 

De-LIR'I-UM,  n.  [Lat.,  from  delirare, 
orig.  to  go  out  of  the  furrow.]  1. 
Mental  aberration.  2.  Strong  ex¬ 
citement. 

Delirium  tremens ,  a  violent  delirium 
induced  by  the  excessive  use  of  intoxi¬ 
cating  liquors. 

Syn.  -  Insanity;  frenzy;  madness. 

De-lYv'er,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
dclivrer,  fr.  Lat.  de  and  liberare,  to 
set  free.]  1.  To  set  at  liberty;  to 
save  from  evil.  2.  To  give  or  trans¬ 
fer.  3.  To  communicate.  4.  To  re¬ 
lieve  of  a  child  in  child-birth. 

Syn.— To  release;  discharge;  liberate; 
surrender;  resign;  pronounce;  utter.— 
One  who  delivers  a  package  gives  itforth  ; 
one  who  delivers  a  cargo  discharges  it  ; 
one  who  delivers  a  captive  liberuteshim  ; 
one  who  delivers  a  message  or  a  discourse 
utters  or  pronounces  it;  when  a  platoon 
of  soldiers  deliver  their  fire,  they  set  it 
free  or  give  itforth. 

DE-LIV'ER-AN^E,  n.  1.  Act  of  deliv¬ 
ering.  2.  State  of  being  delivered; 
freedom. 

De-LIV'er-er,  n. '  One  who  delivers. 

De-LIV'er-y,  n.  1.  Act  of  delivering  ; 
rescue  ;  surrender.  2.  Style  of  ut¬ 
terance.  3.  Parturition.  4.  Free¬ 
dom  ;  preservation. 

D£ll,  n.  [See  Dale.]  A  small  re¬ 
tired  dale  or  valley. 

Del'piiin,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

Del'PHINE  ,  (  dauphin  of  France  or 
to  an  edition  of  the  classics,  prepared 
for  his  use. 

DEL'TA,  77.  1.  The  Greek  letter  A. 

2.  A  tract  of  land  of  a  similar  figure  ; 
esp._between  two  mouths  of  a  river. 

De-lude',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deludere ,  fr.  de.  and  ludere,  to  play, 


DELUDER 

mock.]  1.  To  lead  into  error.  2.  To 
frustrate  or  disappoint. 

De-lud'er,  n.  One  who  deludes. 

Del'UGE,  n.  [Fr.  deluge ,  fr.  Lat.  di¬ 
luvium,  from  diluere,  to  wash  away.] 
1.  An  inundation  ;  a  flood.  2.  Any 
great  calamity. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  overflow  ;  to  inundate. 

De-EU'£ION,  n.  1.  Act  of  deluding  ; 
deception.  2.  State  of  being  delud¬ 
ed.  3.  False  belief. 

Syn.  —  Illusion;  fallacy.  —  An  illusion 
is  a  false  show,  a  mere  cheat  on  the  fancy 
or  senses;  a  delusion  is  a  false  judgment, 
usually  affecting  the  real  concerns  of 
life;  a  fallacy  is  something  (like  an  argu¬ 
ment,  &c.)  having  a  specious  appearance, 
hut  destitute  of  reality  and  truth.  The 
illusions  of  youth;  the  delusions  of  stock- 
jobbing;  a, fallacy  in  reasoning. 

DE-LU'SlVE,  a.  Fitted  to  delude ;  de¬ 
ceptive  ;  beguiling.  [lacious. 

De-lu'so-ry,  a.  Apt  to  delude  ;  fal- 

Delve,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
del  fan.]  1.  To  dig.  2.  To  pene¬ 

trate  ;  to  trace  out. —  v.  i.  To  labor 
with  the  spade. 

DElv'er,  n.  One  who  delves. 

Dem'a-gog'Ism,  n.  Practices  of  a 
demagogue. 

DfiM'A-GOGUE  (-g“g),  n.  [Gr.  Spy-a- 
•ywyos,  fr.  Srj juos,  the  common  people, 
and  aycoyos,  leading.]  An  artful 
politician. 

De-main',  n.  See  Demesne. 

DE-MAND',  V.  t.  [-EDJ-1NG.]  [Lat. 
demandare ,  to  intrust.]  1.  To  ask 
or  call  for  with  authority.  2.  To  ask ; 
to  question.  3.  To  be  in  urgent  need 
of.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  demanding  ;  exac¬ 
tion.  2.  Earnest  inquiry.  3.  Dili¬ 
gent  search.  4.  Thing  claimed. 

De-MAND'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
demanded.  [a  plaintiff. 

De-mAnd'ANT,  n.  One  who  demands ; 

De'mar-CA'TION,  ii.  [Fr.  demarca¬ 
tion.  See  MARK.]  1.  Act  of  mark¬ 
ing,  or  setting  a  limit.  2.  A  limit 
ascertained. 

De-mean',  v. t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  [0. 
Fr.  demener ,  demesner,  from  de  and 
mener,  to  lead,  drive,  conduct.]  To 
manage  ;  to  conduct ;  to  treat.  —  v. 
t.  2.  To  carry  or  conduct ;  to  behave. 
3.  [From  de  and  mean.]  To  debase  ; 
to  lower. 

Syjt. — To  degrade.  —  Among  our  early 
writers,  demean  was  taken  to  be  connect¬ 
ed  with  mien  and  demeanor,  and  not  with 
mean.  This  is  still  the  approved  use  of 
the  word;  yet  it  is  not  unusual,  even  at 
the  present  day,  to  speak  of  a  man’s  de¬ 
meaning  [i.  e.  degrading],  himself  by 
improper  conduct. 

De-Mean'or,  n.  Manner  of  behaving. 

Syx.  —  Behavior  ;  deportment  ;  car¬ 
riage  ;  bearing;  mien;  conduct. 

De'MEN-£Y,  n.  [Lat.  dementia ,  from 
demens ,  mad.]  Insanity. 

De-mEn'tAte,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  dementare ,  dementatus.]  To  de¬ 
prive  of  reason.  [reason. 

De'men-ta'tion,  n.  Deprivation  of 

De-men' ti-A  (-shPa),  n.  [Lat.]  1. 
Insanity.  2.  A  total  loss  of  reason  ; 
idiocy. 

De-mE’pii'i-tTze,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[From  de  and  Fr.  mdphitiser,  to  infect 

Ill 

with  mephitis.]  To  purify  from  foul, 
unwholesome  air. 

De-MER'IT,  n.  [Fr.  demerite,  from  de 
and  mcrite,  merit.]  1.  That  which  de¬ 
serves  blame  ;  fault ;  crime  ;  vice.  2. 
Ill-desert. 

De-m£r'sion,  n.  1.  A  drowning  ;  im¬ 
mersion.  2.  State  of  being  over¬ 
whelmed. 

De-mes'mer-Ize,  v.  t.  To  relieve 
from  mesmeric  influence. 

De-MESNE'  (-meen'),  n.  [From  Lat. 
dominium ,  prop,  right  of  ownership.] 
Chief  manor-place,  with  part  of  the 
lands  belonging  thereto. 

D£m'i-god,  n.  A  fabulous  hero. 

Dem'I-JohN  (-jon),  n.  [A  corrupt,  of 
Damaghan,  in  Khorassan.]  A  glass 
vessel  inclosed  in  wicker-work. 

D£m'i-lune,  n.  A  work  constructed 
beyond  the  main  ditch  of  a  fortress, 
to  defend  the  curtain  ;  a  ravelin. 

De-MI§e',  n.  [From  Fr.  demettre,  p. 
p.  demis ,  demise ,  to  put  away,  lay 
down.]  1.  Transmission  ;  transfer¬ 
ence.  2.  Decease  of  a  royal  or  prince¬ 
ly  person,  or  of  any  distinguished  in¬ 
dividual.  3.  Conveyance  or  transfer 
of  an  estate. 

Syn.  —Death  ;  decease;  departure.  See 
Death. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ; -ING.]  To  transmit 
by  succession  or  inheritance  ;  to  be¬ 
queath. 

DEm'i-sLm'i-qua'yer,  n.  A  short 
note,  equal  to  half  of  a  semi-quaver. 

DE-Mls'siON  (-mish'un),  n.  [Lat.  de- 
in  issio.]  Degradation ;  humiliation. 

Dem'i-tint',  n.  A  gradation  of  color 
between  positive  light  and  positive 
shade. 

Dem'i-Or&e,  n.  [Gr.  Sryjuovpyos,  work¬ 
ing  for  the  people,  a  workman.]  An 
exalted  and  mysterious  agent,  em¬ 
ployed  in  the  creation  of  the  world 
and  of  man  from  matter. 

Dem'i-voet,  n.  An  artificial  motion 
of  a  horse,  in  which  he  raises  his  fore¬ 
legs  in  a  peculiar  manner. 

De-M  J€'RA-9Y,  n.  [Gr.  SrpAOKpa/Tia, 
fr.  Srj p.os,  the  people,  and  xpare tv,  to 
rule.]  Government  in  which  the 
supreme  power  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
people.  [mocracy. 

Dem'o-crXt,  n.  An  adherent  of  de- 

DEm'O-erXt'IG,  1  a.  Pertaining 

Dem'o-erXt'ie-al,  j  to,  or  favor¬ 
ing,  democracy. 

Dem'o-erXt'IC-al-ly,  adv.  In  a 
democratical  manner. 

De-BIol'ish, u.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
demoliri,  from  de  and  moliri,  to  con¬ 
struct.]  To  throw  or  pull  down  ;  to 
pull  to  pieces;  to  ruin. 

Syh.  —  To  overturn  ;  overthrow;  de¬ 
stroy  ;  dismantle;  raze. —  That  is  over¬ 
turned  or  overthrown,  which  had  stood 
upright;  that  is  destroyed  whose  compo¬ 
nent  parts  are  scattered;  that  is  demol¬ 
ished  which  had  formed  a  m  iss  or  struct¬ 
ure;  that  is  dismantled  which  is  stripped 
of  its  covering,  as  a  vessel  of  its  sails,  or  a 
fortress  of  its  bastions,  &c.;  that  is  razed. 
which  is  brought  down  smooth  and  level 
to  the  ground. 

De-mol'ISH-er,  n.  One  who  demol¬ 
ishes. 

DEMURRAGE 

DSm'O-lI'TION  (-lish'un),  n.  Act  of 
demolishing ;  ruin  ;  destruction. 

De'MON,  n.  [Gr.  Saipuvv,  a  divinity.] 

1.  (  Gr.  Anliq.)  A  spirit  holding  a 
middle  place  between  men  and  the 
gods  :  also,  a  departed  soul.  2.  An 
evil  spirit ;  a  devil. 

De-mo'ni-Xe,  la.  Pertaining  to, 

Dem'o-ni'ac-al,  j  or  influenced  by, 
demons ;  devilish. 

De-mo'ni-Xc,  n.  A  human  being 
possessed  by  a  demon.  [false  gods. 

DE'MON-IgM,  n.  Belief  in  demons  or 

De'MON-ol'A-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  Saipuiv, 
demon,  and  AarpeCa,  worship.]  Wor¬ 
ship  of  demons. 

De'mon-ol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  Saiptov, 
demon,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A 
treatise  on  demons. 

De-mon'stra-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  demonstrable. 

De-MON'stra-bee,  a.  Capable  of 
being  demonstrated. 

De-Mon'stra-bky,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  demonstrate 

Dem'on-strate,  or  De-mon'- 
STRATE  (117),  v.  t.  [Lat.  demon- 
strare,  demonstratus,  fr.  de  and  mon- 
strare,  to  show.]  1.  To  point  out; 
to  indicate.  2.  To  prove,  or  estab¬ 
lish  so  as  to  exclude  possibility  of 
doubt.  3.  To  exhibit  and  describe 
the  parts  of  when  dissected. 

DLm'ON-STRA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  dem¬ 
onstrating  ;  proof.  2.  A  manifesta¬ 
tion.  3.  Exhibition  and  description 
of  the  parts  of  a  subject  for  dissec¬ 
tion.  4.  (Mil.)  A  decisive  exhibi¬ 
tion  of  force. 

De-mon'stra-tIve,  a.  1.  Having 
the  power  of  demonstration.  2. 
Frank  ;  open. 

De-mon'stra-tive-ly,  adv.  Cer¬ 
tainly;  clearly;  openly. 

Dem'on-stra'tor,  n.  One  who  dem¬ 
onstrates.  [demonstrate. 

De-Mon'stra-to-ry,  a.  Tending  to 

De-mor'al-I-za'tion,  n.  Act  of 
subverting  morals,  or  of  corrupting 
discipline,  courage,  & c. 

DE-MOR'AL-IzE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  render  corrupt  in  morals,  or  in 
discipline,  courage,  &c. 

De-mot'IE,  a.  [Gr.  617/1.0x1x69,  from 
SrjfjLOi,  the  people.]  Pertaining  to  the 
people;  popular;  common. 

De-mOl'^ENT,  a.  [Lat.  demulcens, 
p.  pr.  of  demulcere ,  to  soften.]  Soften¬ 
ing,  mollifying.  —  n.  A  substance  of 
a  bland,  mucilaginous  nature. 

De-mOr',  v.  i.  [-RED  ;  -RING,  136.] 

[Lat.  demorari,  fr.  de  and  morari,  to 
delay.]  1.  To  delay;  to  suspend 
proceedings  in  view  of  a  doubt.  2. 

To  raise  an  objection,  and  rest  upon 
it  for  a  decision  by  the  court.  —  n. 

Stop  ;  hesitation  as  to  proceeding. 

De-mure',  a.  [0.  Fr.  de  murs ,  i.  e.  da 
bonnes  murs,  of  [good]  manners.]  1. 

Of  modest  appearance  ;  grave.  2. 
Making  a  show  of  gravity. 

De-MURE'EY,  adv.  In  a  demure  man¬ 
ner.  [demure. 

De-MURE'ness,  n.  State  of  being 

De-mOr'rage,  n.  1.  Detention  of  a 

6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Brn, rue,  pyLL ;  e,i,  o,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft;  E,  g,  hard ;  A£;  e^ist;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 

DEMURRER 


DEPLANTATION 


112 


vessel  by  the  freighter.  2.  Payment 
made  for  such  detention. 

De-mOr'RER,  n.  1.  One  who  demurs. 
‘2.  (Law.)  A  stop  in  an  action  upon 
a  point  of  difficulty  which  must  be 
determined  by  the  court  before 
further  proceedings  can  be  had. 

De-my',  n.  A  size  of  paper  next 
smaller  than  medium. 

Den, /t.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  cave  used  for 

concealment  or  security.  2.  A  haunt ; 
a  retreat. 

Den'A-RY,  a.  [La1  drvarius,  from  de¬ 
cern,  ten.]  Containing  ten  ;  tenfold. 
—  ft.  The  number  ten. 

De-NA'TIon-AL-IZE  (-n&sh'un-),  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  direst  of  national 
character  or  rights. 

DE-NXT'U-RAL-JZE,!’.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  render  unnatural.  2.  To  de¬ 
nationalize. 

Den'drj-form,  a.  [Gr.  SevSpov,  a 
tree,  and  Lat.  forma ,  form.]  Having 
the  appearance  of  a  tree. 

BEN'DRITE,  ft..  [Gr.  fiei'SpiTT)?,  from 
fieVSpo v,  a  tree.]  A  mineral,  on  or  in 
which  are  branching  figures. 

Den-drit'I€,  )  a.  Containing  de- 

Den-drit'ie-al,  j  lineations  which 
branch  like  shrubs  or  trees. 

Den'droid,  a.  [Gr.  fievSpoetfiijs,  from 
SevSpov,  tree,  and  etoos,  form.]  Re¬ 
sembling  a  shrub  or  tree  in  form. 

Den-drol'o-gist,  ft.  One  who  is 
acquainted  with  the  natural  history 
of  trees. 

Den-drol'o-gy,  m,.  [Gr.  SevSpov,  a 
tree,  and  Aoyov,  discourse.]  Natural 
history  of  trees. 

Den-dr5m'e-ter,  ft.  [Gr.  SeVSpo v, 
a  tree,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An 
instrument  to  measure  the  height 
aud  diameter  of  trees.  [denied. 

De-ni'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

De-NI'al,  ft.  1.  Act  of  denying.  2.  A 
contradiction.  3.  Refusal  to  grant.  4. 
Refusal  to  acknowledge  ;  disavowal. 

De-nPer,  ft.  One  who  denies. 

Dkn'I-ZA'tion,  ft.  Act  of  making 
one  a  denizen  or  adopted  citizen. 

DEN'I-ZEN  (-zn),  ft.  [Norm.  Fr.  deins- 
zein.]  1.  An  adopted  or  naturalized 
citizen.  2.  A  dweller ;  an  inhabit¬ 
ant. 

De-nom'i-na-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  denominated  or  named. 

DE-n6m'I-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  denominare ,  denominatum,  fr. 
de  and  nomen ,  a  name.]  To  give  a 
name  to  ;  to  entitle  ;  to  designate. 

DE-NOM'I-NA'TrON,  ft.  1.  A  name, 
esp.  a  general  name  indicating  a  class 
of  like  individuals.  2.  A  collection 
of  individuals  called  by  the  same 
name  ;  a  sect.  [a  denomination. 

De-nom'i-na'tion-al,  a.  Relating  to 

De-Nom'I-na-tKve,  a.  Conferring  or 
possessing  a  denomination  or  title. 

De-nom'i-na'tor,  ft.  1.  One  who 
gives  a  name.  2.  That  number 
placed  below  the  line  in  vulgar  frac¬ 
tions.  [denoted. 

De-not'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Den'o-ta'tion,  ft.  Act  of  denoting. 
De-note',  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 


denotare,  fr.  de  and  notare,  to  mark.] 
1.  To  indicate;  to  mark.  2.  To 
signify  ;  to  mean. 

Denouement  (d'ncTo'mong'),  n. 
[Fr.]  1.  Catastrophe.  2.  Solution 

of  a  mystery  ;  event. 

De -noun^e', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
denunciare,  from  de  and  nunciare,  to 
announce.]  1.  To  threaten.  2.  To 
inform  against. 

De-noun^e'ment.  ft.  Denunciation. 

Dense,  a.  [Lat.  densus .]  Having  the 
constituent  parts  closely  united ; 
close  ;  compact.  [compactness. 

Den'si-ty,  ft.  Quality  of  being  dense ; 

Dent,  n.  [A  modif.  of  dint.]  Mark 
made  by  a  blow  ;  indentation. —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  make  a  dent  upon  ; 
to  indent. 

Den'tal,  a.  [Lat.  dens,  dentis,  a 
tooth.]  Pertaining  to  the  teeth. 

Den'TATE,  )  a.  [Lat.  dentatus,  fr. 

Den'ta-ted,  J  dens,  a  tooth.] 
Toothed  ;  notched.  [of  teeth. 

Den-ta'tion,  ft.  Form  or  formation 

Dent'ed,  a.  Impressed  with  little 
hollows.  [point. 

Den'ti-ele,  m.  A  small  projecting 

Den-tig'u-late,  )  a.  Notched  into 

Den-tie'U-la'ted,  ]  little  tooth¬ 
like  projections. 

Den-tie'u-la'tion,  ft.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  set  with  small  notches. 

Den'ti-form,  a.  [Lat.  dens,  tooth, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  tooth. 

Den'ti-fri'ce,  ft.  [Lat.  dentfricium, 
fr.  dens,  a  tooth,  and  fricare,  to  rub.] 
A  powder  to  clean  the  teeth  with. 

Den'til,  ft.  [Lat.  denliculus .]  A 

square  block  in  cornices. 

Den'tist,  ft.  One  who  cleans,  ex¬ 
tracts,  repairs,  or  fills  teeth,  and  in¬ 
serts  artificial  ones.  [a  dentist. 

D£n'tist-ry,  m.  Art  or  profession  of 

Den-tPtion  (-tlsh'un), «.  1.  Pro¬ 

cess  of  cutting  the  teeth.  2.  System 
of  teeth  peculiar  to  an  animal. 

Den'toid,  a.  [Lat.  dens,  tooth,  and 
Gr.  e!6o?,form.]  Shaped  like  a  tooth. 

De-nude',  v.  t.  [Lat.  denudare,  from 
de  and  nudare,  to  make  naked.]  To 
make  bare  or  naked  ;  to  strip. 

Den'U-da'tion,  ft.  1.  Actof  making 
bare.  2.  The  wearing  away  of  rocks, 
as  by  running  water.  [nounce. 

De-nOn'ci-ate  f-shl-at),  v.  t.  To  de- 

De-nOn'ci-a'tion  (-shl-a/shun),  «. 
1.  Act  of  denouncing.  2.  Public 
menace  or  accusation.  [denounces. 

De-nOn'ci-A'tor  (-shl-),  ft.  One  who 

De-nun'ci-a-to-ry  (-shl-),  a.  Con¬ 
taining  a  denunciation. 

De-ny',  V.  t.  [  ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [0. 
Eng.  denay ,  Lat.  denegare ,  Irom  de 
and  ne.gare,  to  say  no.]  1  To  con¬ 
tradict.  2.  To  refuse  ;  to  reject.  3. 
To  withhold.  4.  To  disown. 

De-ob'stru-ent,  a.  Removing  ob¬ 
structions;  aperient.  —  n.  A  medi¬ 
cine  which  removes  obstructions  ;  an 
aperient. 

De'o-dXnd',  n.  [Lat.  Deo  dandum , 
to  be  given  to  God.]  A  personal 
chattel  given  to  God,  that  is,  for¬ 


feited  to  the  crown,  to  be  applied  to 
pious  uses.  [odor. 

De-o'dor-ize,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of 

De-o'dor-iz'er,  ft.  He  who,  or 
that  which,  deodorizes,  [deontology. 

De'on-tol'o-gist,  w.  One  versed  in 

De'on-tol'o-gy,  ft.  [Gr.  Seov,  an  ob¬ 
ligation,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Sci¬ 
ence  of  that  which  is  morally  binding. 

De-ox'i-date,  v.  t.  [-ED;-ING.]  To 
deprive  of  oxygen. 

De-ox'i-da'tion,  ft.  Act  or  process 
of  reducing  from  the  state  of  an  ox¬ 
ide.  _  [deoxidate. 

De-ox'i-dize ,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 

De-part',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 
Lat.  de  and  partire,  partiri,  to  part, 
divide,  distribute.]  1.  To  go  forth 
or  away.  2.  To  quit  this  world  ;  to 
die. 

De-part'ment,  m.  1.  A  distinct 
portion  or  course.  2.  Subdivision 
of  business  or  official  duty.  3.  Ter¬ 
ritorial  division.  4.  Military  sub¬ 
division  of  a  country. 

De-part-ment'al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  department. 

De-part'ure  (53),  ft.  1.  Act  of  de¬ 
parting.  2.  Death.  3.  Distance  east 
or  west  from  the  meridian  from 
which  a  vessel  or  course  departs. 

Syx.  —  See  Death. 

De-pEnd',  r.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
depend  ere,  from  de.  and  pender  e ,  to 
hang.]  1.  To  hang.  2.  To  be  in 
suspense.  3.  To  rely  for  support. 
4.  To  trust ;  to  confide.  5.  To  be  in 
a  condition  of  service. 

De-pend'ant,  n.  See  Dependent. 

De-pend'en^e,  w.  1.  Act  or  state 
of  depending  or  of  being  dependent ; 
concatenation  ;  subjection  ;  reliance. 
2.  That  which  depends. 

De-pend'en-^y,  ft.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  dependent.  2.  A  thing  hanging 
down.  3.  That  which  is  attached  to 
something  else.  4.  A  colony. 

De-pend'ent,  a.  [See  Depend.]  1. 
Hanging  down.  2.  Contingent  or 
conditioned;  subordinate. — «.  1. 

One  who  depends ;  a  retainer.  2. 
That  which  depends  ;  a  corollary. 

De-phleg'mate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  de  and  phtegma,  phlegm,  Gr. 
<f>\eypa.]  To  deprive  of  superabun¬ 
dant  water  ;  to  rectify. 

Depii'leg-ma'tion,  ft.  Operation  of 
dephlegmating  ;  concentration. 

Deph'lo-gHs'ti-cate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  deprive  of  phlogiston,  or 
the  supposed  principle  of  inflamma¬ 
bility. 

De-pIet',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
depingere,  depictum ;  from  de  and 
ping  ere,  to  paint.]  1.  To  form  a 
painting  or  picture  of.  2.  To  rep¬ 
resent  in  words  ;  to  describe. 

De-pIct'ure  (53),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[From  Lat.  de  and  pictura,  painting.] 
To  paint ;  to  picture. 

De-PIL'a-to-RY,  a.  [From  Lat.  de- 
pilar e,  to  strip  of  hair.]  Having 
power  to  remove  thp  hair  and  make 
bald. 

De'PLAN-TA'TION,  ft.  [Lat.  deplan- 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,Y  ,long;  X,E,I,  o,  0  short;  cA.RE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  f:RE,  VEIL,  t£rm;  pKque,  firm;  s6n, 


DEPLETE 


DERIDINGLY 


tare ,  to  take  off  a  twig,  from  de  and 
planta,  plant.]  Act  of  taking  up 
plants  from  beds. 

De-plete',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deplere ,  depletion ,  to  empty  out.]  1. 
To  empty  by  venesection.  2.  To  ex¬ 
haust  the  strength  or  resources  of. 

De-ple'tion,  n.  Act  of  depleting. 

De-ple'TO-ry,  a.  Calculated  to  de- 
plete^  [ing  deplored. 

Pe-plor'A-ble  ,  a.  Worthy  of  be- 

Syn.  —  Lamentable.  —  Literally,  the 
word  lamentable  denotes  mourning 
aloud,  and  deplorable,  mourning  with 
tears.  The  last  is,  therefore,  the  strongest. 

De-plor'a-ble-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  deplorable. 

De-plor'a-bly,  adv.  Lamentably. 

De-plore',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deplorare.  from  de  and  plorare,  to  cry 
out.]  To  express  poignant  grief  for. 

De-pl5r'ER,  n.  One  who  deplores. 

De-ploy',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Fr. 
deploy  er,  from  de ,  equiv.  to  Lat.  dis, 
and  ployer,  equiv.  to  pldr,  to  fold,fr. 
Lat.  plicare.]  To  open  ;  to  extend. 

Dep'lu-ma'tion,  n.  1.  The  stripping 
or  falling  off  of  plumes  or  feathers. 
2.  A  disease  of  the  eyelids. 

De-plume', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
Lat.  de  and  plumare ,  to  cover  with 
feathers.]  1.  To  deprive  of  plumes 
or  plumage.  2.  To  lay  bare. 

De-p5'nent,  a.  [Lat.  deponents,  lay¬ 
ing  down  (its  proper  passive  mean¬ 
ing).]  Having  a  passive  form  with 
an  active  meaning  ;  — said  of  certain 
verbs.  —  n.  [Lat.  deponens,  laying 
down  (evidence).]  1.  One  who  gives 
a  deposition  under  oath.  2.  A  de¬ 
ponent  verb. 

De-pop'u-late,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.J 
[0.  Fr.  depopuler.\  To  deprive  of 
inhabitants ;  to  dispeople. 

De-pop'u-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  de¬ 
populating.  [populates. 

De-pop'u-la'tor,  n.  One  who  de- 

De-port',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deportare,  fr.  de  and  portare ,  to  car¬ 
ry.]  1.  To  transport ;  to  carry  away. 
2.  To  demean  ;  to  behave. 

De'por-ta'tion,  n.  Banishment; 
exile ;  transportation. 

De-port'ment,  n.  Manner  of  de¬ 
meaning  one’s  self  with  respect  to 
the  courtesies  and  duties  of  life. 

Syn. —  Carriage;  behavior;  conduct. 

De-po§'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
deposed. 

DE-POg'AL,  n.  Act  of  deposing. 

DE-PO§E',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr.  rfd- 
poser ,  fr.  Lat.  de  and  ponere ,  to  put, 
place.]  1.  To  degrade  ;  to  divest  of 
office.  2.  To  bear  written  testimony 
to.—  v.  i.  To  bear  witness. 

De -Poj'er,  n.  One  who  deposes. 

.  ©E-POg'IT,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deponere,  deposition.  See  supra.]  1. 
To  laydown;  to  place;  to  put.  2. 
To  lay  away  for  safe  keeping.  —  n. 
1.  That  which  is  deposed,  or  laid  or 
thrown  down.  2.  That  which  is  in¬ 
trusted  to  the  care  of  another. 

DE-Pog'i-T A-RY,  n.  One  with  whom 
any  thing  is  left  in  trust ;  a  trustee. 

DfiP'O-gl'TION  (-zlsh'un),  n.  1.  Act 


113 

of  deposing  or  depositing.  2.  Act  of 
setting  aside  a  public  officer ;  re¬ 
moval.  3.  That  which  is  deposited  ; 
sediment.  4.  (Laiv.)  Testimony  in 
writing,  under  oath  or  affirmation. 

_  Syn.  —  Affidavit.  —  An  affidavit  is 
simply  a  declaration  under  oath  ;  a  dep¬ 
osition  is  the  testimony  of  a  witness 
who  is  unable  to  attend  on  a  trial.  It 
must  so  be  taken  before  a  magistrate  that 
both  parties  have  an  opportunity  to  ask 
questions. 

De-p52'i-tor,?i.  One  who  makes  a 
deposit. 

DE-Pog'l-TO-RY,  n.  Place  where  any 
thing  is  deposi  ted  for  sale  or  keeping. 

De-pot'  (de-po7  or  dj'po),  n.  [Fr. 
depot.  See  Deposit.]  1.  A  ware¬ 
house  ;  a  storehouse.  2.  A  military 
station.  _3.  A  railway  station. 

Dep'ra-va'tion,  n.  T.  Act  of  de¬ 
praving.  2.  State  of  being  depraved ; 
corruption ;  profligacy. 

De-prave',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
depravare ,  fr.  de  and  pravus ,  crooked, 
wicked.]  To  make  bad  or  worse. 

Syn.  —  To  corrupt  ;  vitiate  ;  contami¬ 
nate:  pollute. 

De-prav'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  de  and  pravi- 
tas,  crookedness,  perverseness.]  State 
of  being  depraved  ;  extreme  wicked¬ 
ness. 

Syn. —  Depravation  ;  corruption.  — 
Depravity  is  a  disposition  or  settled 
tendency  to  evil;  depravation  is  the  act 
or  process  of  making  depraved,  as,  the 
depravation  of  morals.  Corruption  ap¬ 
plies  to  any  thing  which  is  greatly  viti¬ 
ated,  ns,  a  corruption  of  morals,  of  taste, 
of  language,  & c. 

Dep're-cate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  deprecari,  deprecation,  from  de 
and  precari,  to  pray.]  To  pray  for 
deliverance  from  ;  to  regret  deeply. 

Dep're -ca'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  dep- 
recatiug._  2.  Entreaty  for  pardon. 

Dep'RE-EA'tive,  a.  Deprecatory. 

DJep'RE-EA'TOR,  n.  One  who  depre¬ 
cates.  [to  deprecate. 

Dep're-ga-to-ry  (50),  a.  Serving 

De-pre'ci-ate  (-shFat,  95),  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat .  depretiare,  de- 
pretiatum ;  de  and  pretiare ,  to  prize.] 
To  lessen  in  price  or  estimated  value. 

Syn. — To  decry;  disparage  ;  traduce  ; 
lower  ;  underrate.  See  Decry. 

—  v.  i.  To  fall  in  value  ;  to  become 
of  less  worth  ;  to  sink  in  estimation. 

De-pre'ci-a'tion  (-pre'shi-),  n.  1. 
Act  of  lessening  reputation,  price,  or 
value.  2._Falling  of  value. 
De-pre'ci-a'tive  (-pre'shi-),  a.  In¬ 
clined  to_underrate. 

Dep're-date,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  deprsedari ,  deprxdatum,  fr.  de 
and  prxdari,  to  plunder.]  1.  To 
plunder  ;  to  despoil.  2.  To  devour. 

Dep're-da'tion,  n.  Act  of  depre¬ 
dating,  or  state  of  being  depredated. 

Dep're-da'tor,  n.  One  who  com¬ 
mits  depredations. 

De-press',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deprirnere,  depressum,  from  de  and 
premere,  to  press.]  1.  To  press 
down  ;  to  cause  to  sink.  2.  To  hum¬ 
ble.  3.  To  cast  a  gloom  upon.  4. 
To  embarrass,  as  trade,  commerce, 
&c.  5.  To  cheapen. 


De-pres'sion  (de-presh'un),  n.  1. 
Act  of  depressing.  2.  State  of  being 
depressed.  3.  A  cavity  or  hollow,  i. 
Humiliation.  5.  Despondency.  6. 
Embarrassment  or  hindrance,  as  of 
trade,  &c.  7.  Angular  distance  of  a 
celestial  object  below  the  horizon. 

Syn.  —  Deduction  ;  sinking  ;  fall ;  de¬ 
jection;  melancholy. 

De-press'Ive,  a.  Able  or  tending  to 
depress. 

De-PR! v'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  de¬ 
prived,  dispossessed,  or  deposed. 

Dep'RI-VA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  de¬ 
priving.  2.  Loss  ;  want  ;  bereave¬ 
ment. 

De-prive',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
de  and  priv are,  to  bereave,  deprive.] 

1.  To  take  away  ;  to  remove.  2.  To 
dispossess.  3.  To  divest  of  office. 

Syn.  —  To  strip  ;  bereave  ;  rob  ;  de¬ 
spoil;  debar  ;  abridge. 

De-prjv'ER,  n.  One  who  deprives. 

Depth,  n.  [From  deep.]  1.  Quality 
of  being  deep.  2.  Profundity;  ob¬ 
scurity  ;  poignancy  ;  completeness  ; 
darkness  ;  lowness.  3.  That  which 
is  deep  ;  a  deep,  or  the  deepest  part. 

Dfip'u-RATE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L, 
Lat.  depurare,  depuratum,  fr.  Lat. 
de  and  put  are,  to  purify.]  To  free 
from  impurities  or  feculence,  [ing. 

Dep'u-ra'tion,  n.  Act  of  depurat- 

DeP'U-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  appoint¬ 
ing  a  substitute  or  representative. 

2.  Person  or  persons  deputed  to  act 
on  behalf  of  another. 

De-pute',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deputare,  to  esteem,  in  late  Lat.  to 
destine,  allot.]  To  appoint  as  subs¬ 
titute  or  agent ;  to  delegate. 

Dep'u-ty,  n.  One  appointed  as  the 
substitute  of  another,  and  empow¬ 
ered  to  act  for  him. 

Cgy  Deputy  is  used  in  composition 
with  the  names  of  various  executive 
officers,  to  denote  an  assistant  empow¬ 
ered  to  act  in  their  name. 

De-range',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr 
deranger,  fr.  de,  for  des,  and  ranger, 
to  range,  arrange.]  1.  To  put  out  of 
place.  2.  To  disturb  in  the  action 
or  function.  3.  To  render  insane. 

Syn. —  To  disorder;  embarrass;  dis¬ 
arrange;  disturb;  ruffle  ;  disconcert. 

De-range'ment,  n.  The  act  of  de¬ 
ranging,  or  the  state  of  being  de¬ 
ranged  ;  mental  disorder. 

Der'E-LI€T,  a.  [Lat.  derelictus,  .p.  p. 
of  derelinquere,  to  forsake  wholly.]  1. 
Abandoned.  2.  Abandoning  respon¬ 
sibility. —  n.  A  thing  voluntarily 
abandoned  by  its  proper  owner. 

DEr'e-lIc'tion,  n.  1.  Abandon¬ 
ment.  2.  State  of  being  abandoned. 

De-ride',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deridere ,  fr.  de  and  ridSre,  to  laugh.] 
To  laugh  at  with  contempt. 

Syn. —  To  ridicule  ;  mock  ;  taunt. — 
A  man  may  ridicule  without  unkind¬ 
ness  of  feeling  ;  his  object  may  be  to 
correct.  He  who  derides  is  actuated  by 
a  severe  and  contemptuous  spirit ;  to 
mock  is  stronger,  denoting  open  and 
scoffing  derision  ;  to  taunt  is  to  reproach 
with  bitter  insult. 

De-rTd'er,  n.  One  who  derides. 

De-rid'ing-LY,  adv.  In  derision. 

5,  hard;  A§;  E^IST  ;  n  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Prn,  RUE,PyLL;  E,I,  o,  silent ;  9,6,  soft;  €,t 

8 


DERISION 


DESIRE 


DE-Rlg'ION  (-rlzh'un),  n.  1.  Scorn¬ 
ful  or  contemptuous  treatment.  2. 
An  object  of  contempt. 

Syn.—  Scorn;  mockery;  insult;  ridi¬ 
cule. 

De-rI'sIve,  a.  Expressing,  or  char¬ 
acterized  by  derision.  [manner. 

De-ri's!ve-ly,  adv.  In  a  derisive 

De-rIv'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
derived  ;  inferrible. 

BEr'i-va'tion,  n.  1.  A  drawing  or 
descending  from  a  source.  2.  That 
which  is  derived  ;  a  derivative. 

De-riv'a-tIve,  a.  Derived;  second¬ 
ary. —  n.  That  which  is  derived  ;  any 
thing  obtained,  or  deduced  from,  an¬ 
other.  [ative  manner. 

De-riv'a-tTve-li?.  adv.  In  a  deriv- 

De-rIve',  v.  t.  [-Et>;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
derivare ,  from  de  and  rivus,  stream.] 
1.  To  receive  as  from  a  source.  2. 
To  trace  the  origin,  descent,  or  deri¬ 
vation  of. 

Syn.  —  To  trace;  deduce;  infer;  draw. 
—  v.  i.  To  flow  ;  to  proceed. 

De-riv'er,  n.  One  who  derives. 

DERM  (14),  n.  [Gr.  Seppa  ]  Natural 
covering  of  an  animal ;  skin. 

BErm'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  skin. 

Der'ni-er,  a.  [Fr.]  Last;  final. 

Der'o-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  derogare ,  derogatum ,  from  de 
and  rogare  to  ask  the  people  about 
a  law.]  1.  To  annul  in  part ;  to  re¬ 
strict.  2.  To  detract  from  ;  to  dis¬ 
parage. —  v.  i.  To  take  away. 

Der'o-gate  (45),  a.  Diminished  in 
value;  damaged. 

DEr'o-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  derogat¬ 
ing,  partly  repealing,  or  lessening  in 
value. 

De-rog'a-to-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  de¬ 
rogatory  manner. 

De-rog'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Tending  to 
lessen  in  value  ;  injurious.  * 

Der'RICK,  n.  [Orig.  an 
abbrev.  of  Theodoric; 
the  name  of  a  celebrat¬ 
ed  execvitioner  at  Ty¬ 
burn  in  the  17th  cen¬ 
tury  ;  hence  it  became 
a  general  term  for  a 
hangman.]  A  spar  sup¬ 
ported  at  the  top  by 
stays,  with  suitable 
tackle  for  raising  heavy  weights. 

DEr'VIS,  )n.  [Per.  dtnv&scli, poor.] 

DC  ii' vise  ,  j  A  Turkish  or  Persian 

DEr'visii,  )  monk  who  professes 
extreme  poverty. 

Des'GANT,  n.  [0.  Fr.  deschant ,  from 
Lat.  dis  and  cantus,  singing.]  1.  A 
variation  of  an  air.  2.  A  comment 
or  comment;.  3.  ( Mus .)  A  compo¬ 
sition  in  parts,  or  the  art  of  com¬ 
posing  in  parts. 

Des-gXnt',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
sing  a  variation  2.  To  comment. 

De-s^end'  (-send'),  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  descenders ,  fr.  de  and 
scandere,  to  climb.]  1.  To  come  or 
go  down  in  any  way.  2.  To  lower 
one’s  self;  to  condescend.  3.  To 
pass  from  the  more  general  or  im¬ 
portant  to  the  particular  or  more 


Derrick 

Crane. 


114 

trivial. —  v.  t  To  go  down  upon  or 
along. 

De-s^end'ant,  n.  One  who  de¬ 
scends,  as  offspring,  however  remote¬ 
ly- 

De-s^End'ent,  a.  Proceeding  from 
an  ancestor  or  source. 

De-scEnd'i-ble,  a.  1.  Admitting  de¬ 
scent.  2.  Capable  of  descending. 

De-s^en'sion  (-sen'shun),  n.  Act  of 
going  downward ;  descent. 

De-s^en'sion-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
descension  or  descent. 

De-S^Ent',  n.  1.  Act  of  descending. 
2.  Incursion.  3.  Progress  downward , 
as  in  station,  virtue,  or  the  like.  4. 
Lineage,  birth,  extraction.  5.  In¬ 
clined  or  sloping  surface. 

De-sgrib'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  described. 

De-sgrIbe',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
describere,  from  de  and  scribere,  to 
write.]  1.  To  form  or  represent  by 
lines.  2.  To  sketch  in  writing  of. 

Syn.  —  To  delineate  ;  recount;  nar¬ 
rate  ;  explain  ;  depict ;  portray. 

De-sgrib'er,  n.  One  who  describes. 

De-sgri'er,  n.  One  who  descries. 

De-SGRIP'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  describ¬ 
ing.  2.  A  sketch  of  any  thing  in 
words.  3.  The  class  to  which  a  cer¬ 
tain  representation  applies. 

Syn. —  Account;  recital;  relation; 
detail ;  narrative  ;  narration  ;  explana¬ 
tion  ;  delineation  ;  sort. 

De-sgrip'tLve,  a.  Tending  to  de¬ 
scribe  ;  containing  description. 

De-sgry',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
Norm.  Fr.  deserter ,  to  discover,  per¬ 
ceive.]  To  discover  by  the  eye,  as 
objects  at  a  distance. 

Syn.—  To  behold  ;  espy  ;  detect ;  dis¬ 
cern. 

DES'E-GRATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ] 
[Lat.  desecrare,  - cratum ,  fr.  de  and  sa- 
crare,  to  declare  as  sacred.]  To  treat 
in  a  sacrilegious  manner.  [ing. 

DEs'E-GRA'TlON,  n.  Act  of  desecrat- 

DE-gERT'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  deserere,  desertum ,  fr.  de  and 
serere,  to  join.]  To  part  fr^m  ;  to 
leave  w  ithout  permission ;  to  run 
away. 

Syn.  —  To  abandon  ;  forsake  ;  leave  ; 
quit ;  relinquish.  See  Abandon. 

—  n.  [0.  Fr.  deserle ,  desserte,  mer¬ 
it,  recompense.]  That  which  is  de¬ 
served  ;  —  usually  in  a  good  sense. 
Syn.  —  Merit;  worth;  excellence;  due. 

DEg'ERT,  a.  Forsaken  ;  without  life 
or  cultivation.  — n.  A  deserted  tract 
of  land  ;  an  unproductive  region. 

De-rErt'er,  n.  One  who  forsakes 
duty,  post,  or  party,  or  friend. 

De-ser'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  deserting. 

2.  State  of  being  deserted. 
De-sserve'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  deservire,  to  serve  zealously,  fr. 
de  and  servire ,  to  serve.]  To  earn 
by  service  ;  to  merit.  —  v.  i.  To  bo 
worthy  of  recompense. 

De-rErv'ed-ly,  adv.  According  to 
desert,  whether  good  or  evil  :  justly. 

DE-gERV'ER,  n.  One  who  deserves. 

DE-gERV'lNG-LY,  adv.  In  a  deserv¬ 
ing  manner. 


Deshabille  (des'a-bil'),  n.  [Fr. 

deshabille ;  deshabiller,  to  undress.] 
An  undress;  a  careless  toilet. 

De-sig'gant,  a.  Drying,  —  n.  A 
medicine  that  dries  a  sore. 

Des'ig-gate,  or  De.-s1'€'€ATE  ,  V.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat .  desiccare,  desic- 
catuin,  from  de  and  siccare ,  to  dry.] 
To  exhaust  of  moisture;  to  dry. — 
v.  i.  Tp  become  dry.  [ing. 

Des'ic-GA'tion,  n.  Act  of  desiecat- 

De-sjg'ga-tive,  a.  Tending  to  dry. 

DE-sId'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  desiderare ,  -ratum ,  to  desire,  to 
miss.]  To  be  sensible  of  the  lack  of ; 
to  miss ;  to  desire.  [desire. 

De  -sId'e  r- a-tIve  ,  a.  Expressing 

De-sId' e-ra’ tuju,  n. ;  pi.  L>E- 
s/d'e-ra'ta.  [Lat.]  A  wTant  gen¬ 
erally  felt  and  acknowledged. 

De-sign'  (-sin'  or  -zln'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  design  are,  from  de  and 
signarc ,  to  mark,  mark  out.]  1.  To 
sketch  for  a  pattern  or  model.  2. 
To  mark  out  and  exhibit ;  to  desig¬ 
nate.  3.  To  form  a  plan  of ;  to  con¬ 
trive.  4.  To  intend  or  purpose. 

Syn. —  To  sketch  ;  delineate  ;  plan  ; 
project ;  mean. 

—  v.  i.  To  have  a  purpose.  —  n.  1. 
Preliminary  sketch  ;  a  delineation. 

2.  Preliminary  conception  ;  scheme. 

3.  Contrivance.  4.  Object  for  which 
one  plans  ;  aim  ;  intent. 

Syn.  —  Intention  ;  purpose.  —  Design 
has  reference  to  something  aimed  at;  in¬ 
tention  (lit.,  straining  after)  to  the  feel¬ 
ings  or  desires  with  which  it  is  sought; 
purpose  to  a  settled  choice  or  determina¬ 
tion  for  its  attainment.  "I  had  no  de¬ 
sign  to  injure  you,”  means,  it  was  no 
part  of  my  aim  or  object.  “  1  had  no  in¬ 
tention  to  injure  you,”  means,  I  had  no 
wish  or  desire  of  that  kind.  “  My  pur¬ 
pose  was  directly  the  reverse”  makes 
the  case  still  stronger. 

DES'iG-NATE,r.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [See 
Design.]  1.  To  mark  out  and 
make  known ;  to  indicate.  2.  To 
set  apart  for  a  purpose  or  duty. 

Des'IG-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  point¬ 
ing  out.  2.  Selection  and  appoint¬ 
ment.  3.  Distinctive  title  ;  appella¬ 
tion.  _  [ignate. 

Des'ig-na'tTve,  a.  Serving  to  des- 

De-sign'ed-ly  (-sin'-  or  -zln'-),  adv. 
By  design  ;  purposely. 

De-sign'er  (-sin'-  or  -zln'-),  n.  One 
who  designs. 

De-sip'i-ent,  a.  [Lat.  desipiens,  p. 
pr.  of  desipere ,  to  be  foolish.]  Tri¬ 
fling  ;  foolish  ;  sportive. 

DE-giR'A-BLE  (89),  a.  Worthy  of  de¬ 
sire  or  longing.  [ing  desirable. 

DE-glR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  be- 

DE-glRE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING."  [Fr. 
dcsirer,  Lat.  desiderare .]  1.  To  wish 
for.  2.  To  express  a  wish  for. 

Syn. —  To  request. —  To  desire  Is  to 
feel  a  wish  or  want;  to  request  is  to  ask 
for  its  gratification.  A  man  desires  food, 
and  requests  to  have  it  prepared.  Desire 
may  be  used  for  request  when  the  rela¬ 
tions  of  the  parties  are  such  that  the  ex¬ 
pression  of  a  wish  is  all  that  is  felt  to  be 
necessary.  A  man  desires  his  friend  to 
W'rite  often ;  a  merchant  desires  bis  clerk 
to  be  more  careful  in  future.  In  this  lat¬ 
ter  case,  desire  is  stronger  than  request; 
it  implies  a  command  or  injunction. 


A,  E,  I,  5,  u,  y,  long;  A,  E,I,  o,  0,  y,  short ;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


DESIROUS 


—  n.  1.  Eagerness  to  obtain  any 
good.  2.  A  request ;  petition.  3. 
Any  good  which  is  desired.  ' 

Syn.—  Wish  ;  craving  ;  aspiration  : 
longing. 

DE-giR'OUS  (89),  a.  Feeling  desire  ; 
solicitous ;  eager.  [eagerly. 

De-§ir'ou's-ly,  adv.  With  desire; 

De-sIst',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing  ]  [Lat. 
( lesistere ,  fr.  de  and  sistere,  to  stop.] 
To  cease  to  proceed  or  act ;  to  for¬ 
bear. 

De-sist'an^e,  n.  Act  of  desisting. 

Desk,  n.  [A.-S.  allied  to  Gr.  6iV/co?, 
a  round  plate,  quoit.]  1.  A  table 
with  a  sloping  top.  2.  Pulpit. 

Des'man  (150),  n.  An  amphibious 
animal. 

Des'o-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
desolar e,  desolatum ,  from  de  and  so¬ 
lar  e,  to  make  lonely.]  1.  To  deprive 
of  inhabitants.  2.  To  lay  waste;  to 
ravage. 

Des'O-LATe  (45),  a.  1.  Deprived  of 
inhabitants.  2.  Laid  waste ;  ruin¬ 
ous.  3.  Left  alone  ;  solitary. 

Syn.  —  Desert  ;  uninhabited  ;  lonely  ; 
waste. 

Des'o-late-ly,  adv.  In  a  desolate 
manner. 

Des'o-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  laying 
waste.  2.  State  of  being  laid  waste. 
3.  A  desolate  place  or  country. 

De-spair',  v.  i.  [~ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
desperare ,  from  de  and  sperare,  to 
hope.]  To  give  up  all  hope  ;  to  des¬ 
pond. —  n.  1.  Loss  of  hope.  2. 
That  which  is  despaired  of. 

Syn. —Desperation  ;  despondency. 

De-spair'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  despair¬ 
ing  manner. 

De-spatch',  n.  See  Dispatch. 

Des'per-a'do,  n.  [0.  Sp.]  A  des¬ 
perate  fellow  ;  a  madman. 

Des'per-ate  (45),  a.  1.  Beyond 
hope  ;  despaired  of.  2.  Proceeding 
from  despair. 

Syn. — Despairing;  rash;  precipitate; 
mad  ;  furious  ;  frantic. 

Des'per-ate-ly,  adv.  In  a  desper¬ 
ate  manner. 

Des'per-A'TION,  n.  1.  A  giving  up 
of  hope.  2.  State  of  despair. 

Des'PI-GA-ble,  a.  [Lat.  despicabilis, 
fr.  despicari,  to  despise.]  Deserving 
to  be  despised. 

Syn. —  Contemptible  ;  mean  ;  vile  ; 
worthless  ;  pitiful ;  paltry  ;  sordid  ;  de¬ 
grading.  See  Contemptible. 

Des'pi-€A-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  despicable,  [manner. 

Des'pi-ea-bly,  adv.  In  a  despicable 

De-spi§e',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
despicere,  to  despise,  fr.  de  and  spi- 
cere,  to  look.]  To  look  down  upon 
with_  contempt. 

De-spi§'er,  n.  One  who  despises. 

De-spite',  n.  [0.  Fr.  despite ,  from 
Lat.  despectus ,  contempt  ]  Extreme 
malice;  malignity. — prep.  In  spite 
of ;  notwithstanding. 

De-spite'fvl,  a.  Full  of  despite  ; 
malicious ;  malignant. 

De-spite'fvl-ly,  adv.  In  a  de¬ 
spiteful  manner. 

De-spoil',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 


115 

despoliare  ;  de  and  spoliare,  to  strip.] 
To  strip  or  divest,  as  of  clothing. 

Syn.  —  To  rob  ;  bereave  ;  rifle. 

De-spoil'er,  n.  One  who  despoils. 

De-spo'li-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  despoil¬ 
ing. 

De-sp5nd',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
despondere ,  to  promise  away,  to  lose 
courage.]  To  give  up;  to  abandon 
hope  ;  to  become  dispirited. 

De-spond'ence,  In.  State  of  de- 

De-spond'en-9Y,  )  sponding;  dis¬ 
couragement  ;  permanent  dejection. 

De-spond'ent,  a.  Marked  by,  or 
given  to,  despondence. 

De-spond'ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  de¬ 
spondent  manner. 

De-spond'ing-ly,  adv.  In  a  de¬ 
sponding  manner. 

Des'pot,  n.  [Gr.  Se<T7rbrr)s,  master, 
lord.]  1.  A  sovereign  invested  with 
absolute  power.  2.  A  tyrant. 

DES-POT're,  )  a.  Having  the  char- 

Des-pot'ic-AL,  )  acter  of,  or  per¬ 
taining  to,  a  despot ;  tyrannical ;  ar¬ 
bitrary.  [potic  manner. 

Des-pot'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  des- 

Des'POT  ism,  n.  1.  Power  or  prin¬ 
ciples  of  a  despot ;  tyranny.  2.  A 
government  directed  by  a  despot. 

Des'pu-mate,  or  De-spu'mate 
(117),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat.  des- 
pumare ,  despumatum ,  from  de  and 
spumare ,  to  foam,  froth.]  To  throw 
off  impurities  ;  to  form  scum. 

Des'pu-ma'tion,  a.  Separation  of 
scum;  clarification. 

Des'QUA-ma'tion,  n.  [Lat.  desqua¬ 
mate,  to  scale  off.]  Separation  of 
the  cuticle  in  the  form  of  scales. 

DES-gLRT'  (dez-zert',  14),  n.  [Fr.  des¬ 
sert,  fr.  desservir,  to  clear  the  table.] 
A  service  of  pastry,  fruits,  See.,  at 
the  close  of  an  entertainment. 

Des-TEM'per,  )  n.  [Fr.  detrempe, 

Dis-TEM'PER,  )  from  Lat.  dis,  and 
temper  are ,  to  temper.]  A  peculiar 
sort  of  painting  with  opaque  colors. 

Des'ti-na'tion,  n.  1.  Predetermined 
end,  object,  or  use.  2.  Place  or 
point  aimed  at. 

Des'tine,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
destinare ,  fr.  de  and  the  root  stan-o, 
allied  to  Gr.  iaravio,  lit.  to  set,  to 
make  fast.]  1.  To  set  apart  by  de¬ 
sign  or  intention.  2.  To  establish 
irrevocably. 

Syn.  —  To  design  ;  intend  :  devote  ; 
doom.  —  We  may  speak  of  goods  as  des¬ 
tined  to  a  certain  port,  and  of  a  ship  as 
bound  thither.  We  may  also  speak  of  a 
city  as  destined  to  become  a  great  com¬ 
mercial  emporium  ;  but  to  say  it  is 
bound  to  become  so,  or  that  a  man  is 
bound  to  succeed  in  life,  is  a  gross  abuse 
of  language.  Bound  always  implies 
some  obligation  or  engagement;  and  yet 
the  above  use  of  the  word  is  common  in 
some  parts  of  our  country,  and  is  find¬ 
ing  its  way  into  our  newspapers. 

DES'TI-NY,  n.  1.  Foreordained  con¬ 
dition  ;  doom.  2.  The  power  con¬ 
ceived  of  as  determining  the  future. 

Des'ti-tute  (30),  a.  [Lat.  destitu¬ 
te,  destitutus,  to  leave  alone,  to  for¬ 
sake.]  1.  In  want ;  deficient.  2. 
Needy  ;  poor ;  indigent. 


PETECTER 

Des'ti-tu'tton,  n.  State  of  being 
destitute  ;  want ;  poverty. 

De-stroy',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Eng.  distruye,  Lat.  destruere ,  fr.  de 
and  struere,  to  pile  up.]  1.  To  pull 
down.  2.  To  put  an  end  to  ;  to  lay 
waste. 

Syn.  —  To  demolish;  consume;  ruin; 
overthrow;  subvert;  annihilate;  kill. 

De-stroy'er,  v .  One  who  destroys. 

De-strue'ti-eil'i-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  capable  of  destruction. 

De-strU€'ti-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  de¬ 
struction. 

De-str0€'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  de¬ 
stroying.  2.  State  of  being  de¬ 
stroyed.  3.  Destroying  agency. 

Syn. —  Demolition;  subversion;  over- 
throw^  extinction  ;  extermination. 

De-st RUE'TIVE,  a.  Causing  destruc¬ 
tion  ;  ruinous.  —  n.  One  who  de¬ 
stroys  ;  a  radical  reformer. 

De-strue'tive-ness,  n.  1.  Quali¬ 
ty  of  destroying.  2.  Faculty  which 
impels  to  acts  of  destruction. 

Des/u-da'TION,  n.  [Lat.  desudatio , 
from  de  and  sudare,  to  sweat.]  A 
copious  sweating. 

Des'ue-tude  (des'we-,  53),  n.  [Lat. 
desuetudo ,  fr.  desucscere,  to  become 
unaccustomed.]  Cessation  of  use  ; 
disuse. 

Des'UL-to-ri-LY,  adv.  In  a  desul¬ 
tory  manner. 

Des'ul-to-ry,  a  [Lat.  desultorius , 
fr.  de  suitor,  a  leaper.]  Leaping  from 
one  thing  to  another,  without  order 
or  rational  connection. 

Syn. —  Immethodical;  discursive;  dis¬ 
connected;  inconstant;  cursory;  loose. 

De-TACH',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
detacher ,  from  do,  des,  and  the  root 
of  Eng.  tack,  to  fasten.]  1.  To  part; 
to  disunite.  2.  To  separate  for  a 
special  object  or  use. 

De-tach'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  de¬ 
taching.  2.  State  of  being  detached. 
3.  A  body  of  troops  or  part  of  a  fleet 
detailed  for  special  sendee. 

De-tail',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
detailler,  to  cut  up  in  pieces,  from 
de  and  tailler,  to  cut.]  1.  To  partic¬ 
ularize.  2.  To  appoint  for  a  partic¬ 
ular  service,  as  an  officer,  a  troop,  or 
a  squadron. 

De'tail,  or  De-tail'  (114),  n.  1.  A 
minute  portion  ;  a  particular.  2.  Se¬ 
lection  for  a  particular  service  of  a 
person  or  company  ;  hence,  the  per¬ 
son  or  company  so  selected. 

De-tain',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
detinere,  fr.  de  and  tenere,  to  hold.] 

1.  To  keep  back  or  from.  2.  Tore- 
strain  from  proceeding.  3.  To  hold 
in  custody. 

Syn.  — To  withhold  ;  retain  ;  stops 
stay;  retard;  delay  ;  hinder. 

De-tain'der,  n.  A  writ.  See  DE» 
TINUE. 

De-TAIN'er,  n.  1.  One  who  detains, 

2.  Detention  of  what  is  another’s. 

DE-TEET',  I',  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 

detegere ,  detectum,  fr.  de.  and  teg  ere, 
to  cover.]  To  uncover ;  to  bring  to 
light ;  to  expose. 

De-tegt'er,  n.  One  who  detects. 

G,  hard;  Ag;  EJIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  tRN  .  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  (i,  soft;  €, 


DETECTION 


DEVISE 


De-tec'tion,  n.  Act  of  detecting; 
discovery. 

De-tect'ive  ,  a.  Fitted  for,  or  em¬ 
ployed  in,  detecting.  —  n.  A  police¬ 
man  whose  business  is  to  detect 
rogues.  [which,  detects. 

De-tect'or,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

De-tent',  n.  That  which  locks  or 
unlocks  a  movement,  as  the  wheel- 
work  in  the  striking  part  of  a  clock. 

De  -TEN'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  detain¬ 
ing  ;  a  withholding.  2.  Confine¬ 
ment  ;  restraint ;  delay. 

De-tEr'  (14),  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring, 
136.]  [Lat.  deterrerc,  fr.  de  and  ter- 
rere ,  to  frighten.]  Tc  prevent  by 
fear ;  hence,  to  hinder,  cr  prevent 
by  opposing  motives. 

De-terge',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
detergere ,  fr.  de  and  tergcre ,  to  rub 
off.]  To  cleanse  ;  to  purge  away. 

De-t£r'GENT,  a.  Cleansing;  purg¬ 
ing.  —  n.  A  medicine  that  cleanses 
the  vessels  or  the  skin. 

De-te'ri-o-rate  (89),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  deteriorare ,  - ratum ,  fr. 
deterior ,  worse.]  To  make  worse.  — 
v.  i.  To  grow  worse ;  to  degenerate. 

De-te'ri-o-ra'tion,  n.  State  of 
growing,  or  of  having  grown ,  worse. 

De-tEr'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  deter¬ 
ring.  2.  That  which  deters. 

De-tEr'mi-na-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  determined. 

De-TKR'mi-NATE  (45),  a.  1.  Having 
defined  limits ;  fixed ;  established. 

2.  Conclusive ;  decisive. 

De-ter'mi-nate-ly,  adv.  Definite¬ 
ly  ;  distinctly. 

De-tEr'mi-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
determining,  or  state  of  being  deter¬ 
mined.  2.  Termination.  3.  Ten¬ 
dency  to  a  certain  end.  4.  Result  of 
deliberation.  5.  Decision  of  mind. 

Syn.  —  Decision  ;  resolution.  — Decis¬ 
ion  is  a  cutting  short ,  and  supposes  en¬ 
ergy  and  promptitude;  determination  is 
the  settling  of  a  thing  with  a  fixed  pur¬ 
pose  to  adhere  ;  resolution  is  a  spirit  to 
face  danger  or  suffering  in  carrying  out 
one’s  determinations.  Luther  was  distin¬ 
guished  for  his  prompt  decision,  stead¬ 
fast  determination,  and  inflexible  reso¬ 
lution. 

De-tEr'MI-NA-TIVE  ,  a.  Having  pow¬ 
er  to  determine. 

De-t£r'm!ne,  v.  t,  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  determinare,  fr.  de  and  termi- 
nare ,  to  limit.]  1.  To  mark  off  and 
separate.  2.  To  bring  to  an  end. 

3.  To  fix  the  form  or  character  of. 

4.  To  fix  the  course  of.  5.  To  ascer¬ 

tain  definitely.  6.  To  resolve  on. — 
v.  i.  To  come  to  a  decision  ;  to  re¬ 
solve.  [as  a  sore. 

Be-t£r'SION,  n.  Act  of  cleansing, 

De-t£r's!ve,  a.  Having  power  to 
free  from  offending  matter ;  cleans¬ 
ing. 

De-tEst',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
detcstari,  to  curse  while  calling  a 
deity  to  witness,  to  execrate.]  To 
hate  or  dislike  extremely. 

Syn.  —  Hate  ;  abhor  ;  abominate  ; 
loathe. —  Hate  is  generic.  We  abhor 
what  is  repugnant  to  our  sensibilities  or 
feelings;  we  detest  what  contradicts  our 


116 

moral  principles.  What  we  abominate 
does  equal  violence  to  our  religious  ami 
moral  sentiments;  what  we  loathe  is  of¬ 
fensive  to  our  nature,  and  excites  un¬ 
mingled  disgust. 

De-test'a-ble,  a.  Worthy  ofbeing 
detested. 

Syn.  —  Abominable  ;  execrable. 

De-TEST'A-bly,  adv.  Very  hateful¬ 
ly  ;  abominably. 

Det'es-ta'tion,  or  De'tes-TA'- 
TION,  n.  Extreme  hatred  or  dis¬ 
like  ;  abhorrence. 

De-throne',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
drive  from  a  throne  ;  to  depose. 

De-tiirone'ment,  n.  Removal  from 
a  throne  ;  deposition.  [tained. 

Det'i-NUE,  n.  A  person  or  thing  de- 

Det'o-nate,v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
detonare,  -alum,  to  thunder  down 
or  away.]  To  explode  with  a  sudden 
report,  —  v.  t.  To  cause  to  explode. 

DET'O-NA'TION,  n.  Explosion  by  the 
inflammation  of  combustible  bodies. 

DET'O-NIZE,  V.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  To 
cause  to  explode ;  to  burn  with  an 
explosion.  —  v.  i.  To  explode;  to 
detonate. 

De-tort',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  de- 
torquere,  -tortum,  fr.  tfeand  torquere, 
to  twist.]  To  pervert;  to  wrest. 

De-tor'tion,  n.  Act  of  detorting, 
or  state  ofbeing  detorted. 

Detour  (da'tdor'), n.  [Fr.]  A  turn¬ 
ing  ;  a  circuitous  way. 

DE:TRA€T',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
detrahere ,  deDactum ,  fr.  de  and  tra¬ 
il  ere,  to  draw.]  1.  To  take  away.  2. 
To  take  credit  or  reputation  from. 

Syn.  —  To  decry;  disparage  ; depreci¬ 
ate;  abuse;  vilify ;  traduce. 

—  v.  i.  To  remove  a  part;  to  take 
away  reputation. 

De-trac'tion,  n.  Act  of  depreciat¬ 
ing  another,  from  envy  or  malice. 

De-TRACT'or,  n.  One  who  detracts. 

De-TRACT'o-RY,  a.  Defamatory  ;  de¬ 
rogatory. 

Det'ri-ment,  n.  [Lat.  detrimentum, 
from  deter  ere,  to  rub  or  wear  away.] 
That  which  injures  ;  diminution. 

Syn.  — Injury  ;  loss  ;  damage  ;  hurt  ; 
mischief ;  harm. 

DET'RI-MENT'AL,  a.  Causing  det¬ 
riment  ;  injurious.  [ing  away. 

De-trI'tion  (-trish/un),  n.  A  wear- 

De-trI'tus,  n.  [Lat.]  A  mass  of 
substances  worn  off  from  solid  bodies. 

De-trude',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
detrudere,  from  de  and  trudere,  to 
thrust.]  To  push  down  with  force. 

DE-TRUN'€ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  detruncare ,  -catum,  fr.  de  and 
truncare,  to  maim,  by  cutting  off.] 
To  shorten  by  cutting;  to  lop.  [off. 

De'trun-UA'TION,  n.  Act  of  cutting 

DE-TRU'glON,  n.  1.  Act  of  thrusting 
down.  2.  The  slipping  of  one  por¬ 
tion  of  a  substance  over  another. 

Deu^e,  n.  1.  [Fr.  deux,  two.]  Two  ; 
a  card  or  a  die  with  two  spots.  2. 
[Amor,  dus ,  lefiz,  phantom,  specter.] 
An  evil  spirit;  the  devil. 

Deu'^ed  (60),  a.  Devilish;  exces¬ 
sive.  [Louk] 

Deu'TER-og'a-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Sevrepo- 


ya/xia,  fr.  Seurepos,  second,  ana  yd- 
pos,  marriage.]  A  second  marriage. 

DEU'TtR-ON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  AevTepo- 
vo/juov,  from  Sevrepog,  second,  and 
v6p.o s,  law.]  Fifth  book  of  the  Pen 
tate.uch,  containing  the  second  gri 
ing  of  the  law  by  Moses. 

Deu-tox'ide,  n.  [Gr.  fieuTepos,  the 
second,  and  Eng.  oxide.]  A  com¬ 
pound  of  two  equivalents  of  oxygen 
with  one  of  a  base. 

Dev'as-tate,  or  De-vAs'tate,  v- 
t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  dtvastare, 
-tatum,  from  de  and  vast  are,  to  lay 
waste.]  To  lay  waste  ;  to  desolate. 

Dev'as-ta'tion,  77.  Act  of  devastat¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  devastated. 

De-vel'op,  v.  t.  [-E D ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
developper ,  fr.  de  and  0.  Fr.  voluper, 
from  Lat.  volup ,  volupe,  agreeably ; 
hence,  orig.  to  make  agreeable  or 
comfortable  by  enveloping,  to  keep 
snug.]  To  uncover  ;  to  disclose  ;  to 
unfold  gradually;  to  lay  open  to 
view  by  degrees. 

De-vel'op-ment,  ti.  Act  of  de¬ 
veloping  ;  a  series  of  progressive 
changes. 

De-vest',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
deveslire,  to  undress  ]  1.  To  divest. 

2.  Toalienate,  as  title  or  right. 

De'VI-ATE,  v,  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 

deviare,  - atum ,  fr.  de  and  riare,  to 
go,  travel.]  To  turn  aside  from  a 
course  or  direction. 

Syn.  — To  swerve;  stray;  digress;  de¬ 
part  ;_dofleet  ;  err. 

De'vi-a'tion,  77.  1.  A  wardering 

from  one’s  course.  2.  State  of  hav- 
ing  deviated  ;  error. 

DE-vifjE',  7?.  [From  Lat.  dividere, 
divisus,  to  distinguish.]  1.  A  con¬ 
trivance;  a  stratagem.  2.  An  her¬ 
aldic  motto,  connected  with  an  em¬ 
blematic  picture.  3.  Invention  ; 
genius. 

Syn. —  Contrivance.  —  A  device,  im¬ 
plies  more  of  invention  ;  a  contrivance 
more  of  skill  in  manipulation.  The 
former  word  is  often  used  in  a  bad 
sense;  the  latter  almost  always  in  a  good 
one,  as  a  crafty  device,  a  useful  contriv- 

CL71CC • 

Dev'JL  (dev'l),  77.  [A.-S.  deaf,  Gr. 

fiiajSoAo?,  the  devil,  the  slanderer.] 
1.  The  evil  one,  Satan.  2.  An  evil 
spirit.  3.  A  machine  for  tearing  or 
cutting  raw  materials,  as  cotton, 
wool,  &c.  4.  A  very  wicked  person. 

5.  An  errand  boy  or  youngest  ap¬ 
prentice  in  a  printing  office,  [treme. 

Dev'/l-Ish,  a.  Wicked  in  the  ex- 

Syn.  —  Diabolical  ;  infernal  ;  hellish  ; 
satanic;  fiendish. 

Dev'/l-try,  7?.  Diabolism;  malig¬ 
nant  mischief. 

DE'VI-otJS,  a.  [Lat.  devius ;  de  and 
via,  way.]  1.  Out  of  a  straight 
line.  2.  Going  out  of  the  right  or 
common  course  ;  erring. 

De'vi-oGs-ly,  adv.  In  a  devious 
manner.  [devised. 

De-V1§'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

De-vise',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
form  in  the  mind  ;  to  strike  out  by 
thought.  2.  To  plan  or  scheme 

3.  To  give  by  will,  as  real  estate. — 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,I,  5,  0,  ¥ ,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm-,  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 


DEVISEE  117  DIAMOND 


t>.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  ;  to  lay  a 
plan.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  giving  real 
estate  by  a  will.  2.  A  will  or  testa¬ 
ment.  3.  Property  given  by  will. 

DEv'I-gEE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  de¬ 
vise  is  made.  [inventor. 

De-vis'er,  n.  One  who  devises;  an 

DE-vip'OR  (127),  n.  One  who  devises 
or  gives  real  estate  by  will ;  a  testa¬ 
tor.  [session. 

De-void',  a.  Destitute  ;  not  in  pos- 

Devoir  (dev-worQ,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat. 
debere ,  to  owe.]  Duty  ;  service  owed  ; 
hence,  due  respect ;  compliment. 

Dev'o-lu'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  rolling 
down.  2.  A  passing  or  falling  upon 
a  successor. 

De-volve',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
devolvere,  fr.  de  and  volvere,  to  roll.] 

1.  To  roll  onward  or  downward.  2. 
To  transfer  from  one  person  to  an¬ 
other;  to  hand  down.  —  v.  i.  To 
pass  by  transmission  or  succession. 

De-vote',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
devovere ,  devotum ,  fr.  de  and  vovere, 
to  vow.]  1.  To  appropriate  by  vow. 

2.  To  doom  to  evil.  3.  To  direct 
the  attention  of  wholly  or  chiefly. 

Syn.—  To  addict  ;  consecrate  ;  "des- 
tinej  consign. 

De-vot'ed-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
devoted  ;  addictedness. 

Dev'o-TEE',  n.  One  wholly  devoted, 
especially  to  religion  ;  a  bigot. 

De-vo'tion,  n.  1.  Affection;  esp., 
feelings  toward  God  implied  in  acts 
of  worship.  2.  Act  of  devoutness. 

3.  Object  of  affection. 

Syn.  —  Consecration ;  devoutness;  re¬ 
ligiousness  ;  piety  ;  attachment  ;  earn¬ 
estness. 

De-vo'tion-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
used  in,  devotion. 

De-vour',  c.  f.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
devorare ,  fr.  de  and  vorare ,  to  eat 
greedily.]  1.  To  consume  raveuous- 
ly.  2.  To  seize  on  and  destroy  or 
appropriate.  3.  To  enjoy  with  avid¬ 
ity. 

Syn.  —  To  waste;  destroy;  annihilate. 

De-vour'er,  n.  One  who  devours. 

De-vout',  a.  [See Devote.]  1.  Pi¬ 
ous  ;  reverent.  2.  Expressing  piety. 
3.  Hearty  ;  earnest.  [ner. 

De-vout'ly,  adv.  In  a  devout  man- 

De-vout'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
devout. 

Dew  (30),  n.  [A.-S.  deaio.]  Moisture 
from  the  atmosphere  condensed  by 
cool  bodies  upon  their  surfaces.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  wet  with  dew. 

Dew'-drop,  n.  A  drop  of  dew. 

Dew'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  dewy. 

Dew'lap,  n.  [From  dew  and  lap,  to 
lick.]  Flesh  hanging  from  the 
throats  of  oxen,  which  laps  the  dew 
in  grazing. 

Dew'-point,  n.  Temperature  at 
which  dew  begins  to  form. 

Dew'y  (du'y),  a.  1.  Covered  with 
dew.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem¬ 
bling,  dew.  [posed  to  left. 

Dex'ter,  a.  [Lat.]  Right,  as  op- 

Dex-tLr'i-ty,  n.  1.  Readiness  arid 
grace  in  physical  activity.  2.  Men¬ 
tal  activity  and  expertness. 


Syn.  —  Skill  ;  adroitness  ;  address  ; 

.  tact ;  cleverness;  aptness;  aptitude. 
Dex'ter-ous,  a.  1.  Ready  and  ex¬ 
pert  in  the  use  of  the  body.  2. 
Quick  at  inventing  expedients.  3. 
Done  with  dexterity. 

Syn.— Adroit;  expert;  skillful;  clev~- 
er;  apt;  handy. 

Dex'ter-ous-ly,  adv  In  a  dexter- 
.  ous  manner. 

Dex-tror'sal,  )  a.  [Lat.  dextror- 
Dex'trorse,  j  sum,  toward  the 
right,  fr.  dexter,  right,  and  versus, 
vorsus,  turned.]  Rising  from  right 
to  left,  as  a  spiral  line  [ous. 

Dex'troGs,  a.  Same  as  Dexter- 
Dey  (da),  n.  [Turk,  dal,  orig.  a  ma¬ 
ternal  uncle.]  Governor  of  Algiers. 
Di'a-be'  TE$,  n.  [Gr.  fr. 

SiaPaCveiv ,  to  pass  through.]  A  dis¬ 
ease  attended  with  a  persistent,  ex¬ 
cessive  discharge  of  urine. 
DPa-BET'1€,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 
Di-a-bet'I€-al,  /  or  afflicted  with, 
diabetes. 

Diablerie  (de-ab'lu-rS'),  )  n.  [Fr-, 
Dl-AB'LER-Y  (de-Sb'ler-y),  j  from 
diable,  devil.]  Deviltry  ;  sorcery  ; 
mischief. 

Di'A-bol'IC,  )  a.  [Gr.  Sia^oAiKos. 
Di'A-BOL'ie-AL, )  See  Devil.]  Per¬ 
taining  to,  rese  nbling,  or  appropri¬ 
ate  to,  the  devil ;  devilish. 
DPA-bQl'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  dia¬ 
bolical  manner. 

DI-A€'o-NAL,  a.  [See  Deacon.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  deacon. 

Dl'A-COUS'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  Sia Koveev,  to 
hear  through.]  Pertaining  to  the 
science  of  refracted  sounds. 
Di'A-eous'TICS,  n.  sing.  Science 
which  treats  of  the  properties  of 
sound  refracted  by  passing  through 
different  mediums. 

DPA-crIt'IC,  )  a.  [Gr.  Sia/cpiT- 
DPA-CRIT'IC-AL,  j  i /cos,  fr.  Sta/cpi'- 
i/eiv,  to  separate,  distinguish.]  In¬ 
dicating  something  to  be  distin¬ 
guished. 

Dl'A-DEM,  n.  [Gr.  SidSijp.a,  fr.  SiaSecv, 
to  bind  round.]  1.  A  badge  of  roy¬ 
alty  ;  a  crown.  2.  Royalty ;  sover¬ 
eignty. 

Di-iER'E-sis,  )  n. ;  pi.  di-aer/e-ser, 
Di-ER'e-sIs,  j  or  Dl-ER'E-SEig.  [Gr. 
fiioupecris,  fr  Biapeiv,  to  divide,  Lat. 
diseresis.]  A  mark  [••]  over  the  sec¬ 
ond  of  two  adjacent  vowels,  to  de¬ 
note  that  they  are  to  be  pronounced 
as  distinct  letters,  as,  aerial. 
DPag-jVO'sis,  n.  [Gr.  Sidywo-is,  fr. 
Siayiyvoicr/cei.i',  to  distinguish.]  De¬ 
termination  of  a  disease  by  means  of 
distinctive  characteristics. 
Di'ag-nos'tic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
furnishing,  a  diagnosis. — n.  Symp¬ 
tom  by  which  a  disease  is  known. 
Di-ag'o-nal,  a.  [Gr. 

Siaydmo?,  from  an¬ 
gle  to  angle,  fr.  Sid, 
through,  and  yam'a, 
an  angle.]  Joining  Diagonal, 
two  not  adjacent  angles,  and  divid¬ 
ing  the  figure  into  two  parts  ;  cross¬ 
ing  at  an  angle  with  one  of  the  sides. 


—  n.  A  right  line  from  one  angle  to 
another  not  adjacent.  [direction. 
Di-ag'o-nal-ly,  adv.  In  a  diagonal 
Dl'A-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  SLa.ypap.pa,  fr.fiia- 
ypa^etv,  to  mark  out  by  lines.]  1. 
A  figure  to  illustrate  a  statement,  or 
facilitate  a  demonstration.  2.  Any 
illustrative  outline  or  drawing. 
Di'a-graph,  n.  [See  Diagram.]  An 
instrument  used  in  perspective. 
Dl'AL,  v.  [L.  Lat.  dialis,  daily,  fr.  Lat. 
dies,  day.]  1.  An  instrument  to  show 
the  time  of  day  from  the  shadow  of  a 
style.  2.  The  graduated  face  of  a 
time-piece. 

Dl'A-LE€T,  n.  [Gr.  SidAe/cros,  fr.Sia- 
Ae'yeiv,  to  converse ;  discourse.]  1. 
Language ;  tongue.  2.  Local  form 
of  a  language. 

DI'a-lee'ti€,  1  a.  1.  Pertaining 
Di'a-leg'tig-al,  )  to  a  dialect.  2. 

Pertaining  to  dialectics  ;  logical. 
Di'a-lee-ti'cian  (-tish'an),  n.  A 
logician  ;  a  reasoner. 
Di'a-leg'ties,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  8iaAe/c- 
ti/ct)  (sc.  Te'xv>]).]  That  branch  of 
logic  which  teaches  the  rules  of  rea¬ 
soning.  [structing  dials. 

Di'al-ING,  n.  Science  or  art  of  con- 
Dl-AL'O-GIST,  n.  1.  A  speaker  in  a 
dialogue.  2.  A  writer  of  dialogues. 
Di-al'o-gist'ig,  [  a.  Relating  to, 

Di-al'O-gist'ie-al,  j  or  having  the 
form  of,  a  dialogue.  [dialogue. 

Di-al'o-gize,  v.  i.  To  discourse  in 
Di'A-logue  (-log),  n.  [Gr.  StdAoyos, 
fr.  fitaAeyecrdai,  to  converse.]  1.  A 
formal  conversation  between  two  or 
more.  2.  A  composition  in  which 
two  or  more  persons  are  represented 
as  conversing. 

DI-AL'Y-StiS,n.  [Gr.  SidAvcris,  from 
StaAveiv,  to  part  asunder]  [Med.) 
(a.)  Debility.  (6.)  A  solution  of  con¬ 
tinuity. 

DPa-mag-nRt'ic,  a.  [Gr.  Sea, 
through,  or  across,  and  p.ayvrjr»)s, 
magnet.]  Pertaining  to  the  phenom¬ 
ena  of  diamagnetism.  — n.  Any  sub¬ 
stance  which  in  a  field  of  magnetic 
force  is  differently  affected  from  the 
ordinary  magnetic  bodies. 
DPA-mag'net-ISM,  n.  That  form  of 
magnetic  action  which  characterizes 
diamagnetic  bodies. 

Di-am'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  fiidjuerpos,  fr 
Sia,  through,  and  pe t-  “v. 

pov,  measure.]  1.  A  /  \ 

right  line  through  the/  1 

center  of  a  figux-e  or  l  J 

body,  and  terminated  V  y 

by  the  opposite  bound-  . - 

aries.  2.  Width ;  thick-  Diameter, 
ness. 

Di'a-met'rie,  )  a.  1.  Relating 
DPA-met'ric-al,  j  to  a  diameter. 

2.  Directly  adverse.  a 

Di'a-met'rie-al-ly,  adv.  In  /  \ 
a  diametrical  direction ;  di-/  \ 
rectly.  \  / 

DI'a-mond  (or  dl'mund),  n.  \  / 
[Corrupt,  from  Lat.  adamas, 

- mantis ,  Gr.  aSdp.as,  -/uavros,  n^'r^ 
steel,  diamond.]  I.  A  mineral  (o). 
remarkable  for  its  hardness ; 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  tciok.  ;  Drn,  RUE,  pvll;  jE,  i,  o,  silent ;  q,G,soft;  e,g,  hard ;  A§  ;  E^IST  ;  Nosng;  this 


DIAPASON 


118 


DIFFERENTIATION 


crystallized  carbon.  2.  A  geometri¬ 
cal  figure ;  a  lozenge.  3.  One  of  a 
suit  of  playing  cards.  4.  The  small¬ 
est  kind  of  type. 

This  line  i3  printed  in  the  type  called  Diamond. 

DI'A-PA'gON,  n.  [Gr.  SiaTracrco*',  from 
8ia,  through,  and  naauiv,  gen.  pi.  of 
was,  all.]  1.  The  octave  or  interval 
which  includes  all  the  tones.  2.  Har¬ 
mony.  3.  One  of  certain  stops  in  the 
organ,  extending  through  the  scale 
of  the  instrument. 

Di'A  -PER,  n.  [Fr.  diaper ,  diaspre, 
jaspe,  variegated,  L.  Lat.  diaspra,  a 
kind  of  costly  stuff,  fr.  Lat.  jaspis, 
a  green-colored  precious  stone.  See 
Jasper.]  1.  Figured  linen  cloth, 
for  towels,  napkins,  & c.  2.  A  towel 
or  napkin;  an  infant’s  breech-cloth. 
3.  Paneling  filled  up  with  arabesque 
gilding  and  painting,  or  with  carving, 
&c.  —  v.t.  1.  To  diversify  with  fig¬ 
ures,  as  cloth.  2.  To  put  a  dia¬ 
per  on. 

DPa-pita-ne'j-ty,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  diaphanous. 

Di-aph'A-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  Sia^ainfc, 
from  Sicufiah'eiv,  to  show,  or  shine 
through.]  Pellucid;  transparent. 

DPa-PHON'IE?,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  8ia, 
through,  and  (fxnvrj,  a  sound,  tone.] 
Doctrine  of  refracted  sound. 

DI'A-PHO-RE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  8ia(f)6pr)- 
<ri s,  fr.  8ia<j)opelv,  to  carry  through.] 
Augmentation  of  the  insensible  per¬ 
spiration. 

DPA-PHO-RET'IC,  1  a.  Capable 

DFA-PHO-RET'IE-AL,  }  of  increas¬ 
ing  the  insensible  perspiration. 

DPA-pho-ret'ie,  n.  A  medicine 
which  promotes  insensible  perspira¬ 
tion. 

Di'a-phragm  (-friim),  n.  [Gr.  8id- 
(ppaypa,  fr.  8ia<f)payvvvai,  to  fence  by 
a  partition  wall.]  1.  A  dividing 
membrane  or  thin  partition.  2. 
The  muscle  that  separates  the  chest 
from  the  abdomen  ;  midriff. 

Dl'A-RIST,  n.  One  who  keeps  a  diary. 

DPAr-riie'A  1  (-re/a),  n.  [Gr.  8uip- 

Dl/AR-RHCE'A  )  poia,  fr.  Siappeiv,  to 
flow  through.]  A  morbidly  frequent 
evacuation  of  the  intestines. 

DPar-rhet'ig,  I  a.  Producing  diar- 

DPar-rhcet'IG,  (  rhea,  or  a  purging. 

Di'A-ry,  n.  [Lat.  diarium,  from  dies, 
day.]  A  register  of  daily  occur¬ 
rences  ;  a  journal. 

DI-Xs'to-ze,  n.  [Gr.  SkxcttoA^ ,  fr. 
Siao-re'AAeiv,  to  separate.]  1.  Dilata¬ 
tion  of  the  heart.  2.  A  figure  by 
which  a  syllable  naturally  short  is 
made  long. 

DT-A  TIDE- sis,  n.  [Gr.  Siddecris,  fr. 
SumfltVcu,  to  place  separately,  to  ar¬ 
range.]  Bodily  condition  that  pre- 
_disposes  to  a  particular  disease. 

DPA-TON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Sia-rovi/cos  ;  8ia- 
reiveiv,  to  stretch  out.]  Pertaining 
to  the  scale  of  eight  tones,  the  eighth 
of  which  is  the  octave  of  the  first. 

DI'A-TRIBE,  n.  [Gr.  8ia.rpi.pe,  fr.  8i a- 
rpifleiv,  to  rub  away,  spend  time.] 
An  invective  harangue. 


DlB'BER,  )  n.  A  pointed  hand  instru- 

Dib'ble,  j  ment,  to  make  holes  for 
planting  seeds,  &c. 

Dib'ble,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
plant  with  a  dibble.  2.  To  make 
holes  in,  as  with  a  dibble. 

D19E,  n. ;  pi.  of  Die.  A  game.  See 
Die  —  v.  i.  To  play  with  dice. 

Di^'er,  n.  A  player  at  dice. 

DI'GHRO-'fgM,  n.  [Gr.  61'xpoos ,  two- 
colored.]  Property  of  presenting  dif¬ 
ferent  colo’s  by  transmitted  light, 
when  viewed  in  two  different  direc¬ 
tions. 

DfeilRO-MATflc,a.  [Gr.  Si'xpio/uos, 
two-colored.]  Having  or  producing 
two  colors. 

DiCK/ER,  n.  [Lat.  decuria,  a  division 
of  ten,  fr.  decern ,  ten.]  1.  Number 
of  ten,  particularly,  ten  hides  or 
skins.  2.  A  chaffering  exchange  of 
small  wares.  — v.  i.  To  barter. 

Dick'ey,  1  n.  1.  A  seat  behind  a 

Dick/Y,  j  carriage,  for  servants, &c. 
2.  A  false  shirt-bosom.  3.  A  gentle¬ 
man’s  shirt-collar. 

DI'g'tate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  dic- 
tare.,  -tatum,  freq.  form  of  dicere,  to 
say.]  1.  To  state,  or  utter,  for  an¬ 
other  to  reduce  to  writing.  2.  To  de¬ 
liver  to  a  subordinate,  as  a  command. 

Syn. —  To  suggest;  prescribe;  enjoin; 
urge;  admonish. 

—  v.  i.  To  deliver  or  communicate 
commands.  —  n.  An  authoritative 
rule  or  principle. 

Syn. —  Command;  order;  injunction. 

Dig-ta/tion,  n.  Act  of  dictating. 

Dig-ta/tor.  n.  1.  One  who  dictates. 
2  One  invested  with  absolute  au¬ 
thority ._ 

DiG/TA-TO'Rl-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of,  a  dictator. 

Syn.  —  Absolute  ;  imperious;  over¬ 
bearing. 

Dig-ta^tor- ship,  n.  Office,  or  term 
of  office,  of  a  dictator. 

Dig-ta'tress,  I  n.  A  female  dicta- 

Dig-ta'trix,  )  tor. 

Dig'TIOjN,  n.  [Lat.  dictio,  from  dicere , 
to  say.]  Choice  of  words;  manner 
of  expression. 

Syn. —  Style;  phraseology.  —  Style  re¬ 
lates  both  to  language  and  thought;  dic¬ 
tion,  to  language  oidy;  phraseology,  to 
the  mechanical  structure  of  sentences, 
or  the  mode  in  which  they  are  phrased. 
The  style  of  Burke  was  enriched  with  all 
the  higher  graces  of  composition;  his 
diction  was  varied  and  copious  ;  his 
phraseology,  at  times,  was  careless  and 
cumbersome. 

DTg'tion-a-ry,  n.  [N.  Lat.  dictio- 
narium,irom  dictio.  Sec  supra.]  A 
book  in  which  words  are  alphabeti¬ 
cally  arranged  and  explained  ;  a 
lexicon ;  a  word-book. 

Die'tum,  71. ;  pi.  Die /  TA .  [Lat  ,  fr. 
dicere,  to  say.]  An  authoritative 
saying  or  assertion. 

Did,  imp.  of  Do. 

DI-dag'tig,  1  a.  [Gr.  8i8clktik6<;, 

Dl-DAG'TIG-AL,  (  from  SiSdcr/ceiv,  to 
teach.]  Fitted  or  inclined  to  teach  ; 
preceptive.  [of  teaching. 

,  Di-dag'tigs,  n.  sing.  Art  or  science 
I  Did'ap-PER,  7i.  [For  dip-dabber,  fr. 


dip,  and  dab.]  A  certain  bird  that 
dives  into  the  water. 

Didst.  Second  person  imperfect  of  Do. 

DlE,V.L  [DIED;  DYING.]  [Icel.  deya, 
deyja ,  Goth,  divan.]  1.  To  cease  to 
live.  2.  To  become  lost  or  extinct. 
3.  To  sink ;  to  faint.  4.  To  grow 
fainter  or  imperceptible. 

Syn.— To  expire;  decease;  perish; 
depart;  vanish. 

—  n.  [Fr.  dc,  fr.  Lat.  dare,  to  give, 
to  throw.]  3.  [pi.  dice.]  A  small 
cube  used  in  gaming.  2  Any  small 
cubical  body.  3.  [/jLdies.]  Cubi¬ 
cal  part  of  a  pedestal,  between  its 
base  and  cornice.  4.  A  piece  of  metal 
on  which  a  device  is  cut  for  stamp¬ 
ing  money,  medals,  & c. 

Di-er'e-sis,  n.  Same  as  Diaeresis. 

Di'et,  n.  [Lat.  diseta,  Gr.  8iaira, 
manner  of  living.]  1.  Habitual 
food.  2.  Course  of  food  selected  with 
reference  to  health.  3.  [L.  Lat .dietu, 
diseta,  an  assembly,  from  Lat.  dies, 
day.]  A  legislative  or  administrative 
assembly. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
feed  ;  esp.  to  cause  to  eat  and  drink 
sparingly,  or  by  prescribed  rules. — 
v.  i.  To  eat  sparingly,  or  according 
to  prescribed  rules. 

Di'et-A-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  diet,  or 
rules  of  diet. — n.  Allowance  of 
food. 

Dpe-tet'IG,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

DPe-tet'ig-al,  j  diet,  or  to  the 
rules  for  diet. 

DPe-tet'igs,  7i.  sing.  That  part  of 
the  medicine  which  relates  to  diet. 

Dif'fer,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
differre,  from  dis  and  ftrre,  to  bear  ] 

1.  To  disagree  ;  to  be  unlike.  2.  To 
have  a  difference  or  quarrel. 

Syn.  —  Differ  with  ;  differ  from—  Dif¬ 
fer  with  is  used  in  reference  to  opinions, 
as,  “I  differ  with  my  friend  on  that 
point.”  In  all  other  cases,  expressing 
simple  unlikeness,  differ  from,  is  used, 
as,  “  These  two  persons  or  things  differ 
entirely  from  each  other.”  This  distinc¬ 
tion  is  fully  established  in  England,  and, 
to  a  great  extent,  in  America. 

Dif'fer-ence,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
different,  2.  Disagreement  in  opin¬ 
ion  ;  dissension,  or  cause  of  dissen¬ 
sion.  3.  Characteristic  quality. 

Syn. —  Distinction;  dissimilarity;  di¬ 
versity;  contrariety;  disagreement;  va¬ 
riance;  dispute;  controversy  ;  quarrel. 

—  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  cause  to 
differ. 

DTf'fer-ent,  a.  1.  Distinct;  not  the 
same.  2.  Unlike  ;  dissimilar. 

Dif/fer-en'tial,  a.  1.  Creating  a 
difference  ;  discriminating ;  special. 

2.  ( Meek .)  (a.)  Differing  in  amount  or 
in  the  producing  force,  {b.)  Intended 
to  produce  or  indicate  difference  of 
motion  or  effect. 

Differeiitial  calculus,  one  of  the  higher 
branches  of  mathematics. 

—  n.  An  increment,  usually  an  in¬ 
definitely  small  one,  given  to  a  vari¬ 
able  quantity. 

DIf/fer-en'ti-ate  (-shl-at),  v.  t.  To 
obtain  the  differential,  or  differential 
•  co-efficient,  of. 

Dif/fer-en/ti-a'tion  (-shl-a/shun), 
n.  1.  Act  of  distinguishing  a  thing, 


A,  e,  1, 6,  u,  y ,  long ;  a,  e,  1,6,0,  ¥,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Lre,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son. 


DIFFERENTLY 


DILIGENT 


by  giving  its  specific  difference.  2. 
Act  of  differentiating. 

DIf'fer-ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  different 
manner. 

Dif'fi-eult,  a.  [Lat.  difficilis,  dif- 
ficid.]  1.  Hard  to  make  or  do.  2. 
Beset  with  difficulty.  3.  Not  easily 
wrought  upon  ;  not  complaisant. 

DTf'fi-cult-ly,  adv.  With  difficulty. 

Dif'fi-eul-ty  (110),  n.  1.  State  of 
being  difficult.  2.  Something  difficult. 
3.  A  controversy  ;  disagreement. 

DIf'fi-den^e,  n.  A  being  diffident ; 
want  of  confidence  in  one’s  self. 

Syn. —  Bashfulness:  modesty;  dis¬ 
trust;  timidity;  hesitation. 

Dif'fi-dent,  a.  [Lat.  diffidens,  p. 
pr.  of  diffidere ,  to  distrust.]  1. 
Wanting  confidence  in  others.  2. 
Wanting  confidence  in  one’s  self. 

Dif'FI-dent-ly,  adv.  In  a  diffident 
manner. 

Dif-fragt',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
diffringere ,  diffractum,  to  break  in 
pieces.]  To  break  or  separate  into 
parts. 

Dif-frag'tion,  n.  Deflection  and 
decomposition  cf  light  in  passing  by 
the  edges  of  opaque  bodies  or  through 
narrow  slits. 

Dif-fuse',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
diffundere ,  diffusum ,  from  d  is  and 
funder e,  to  pour.]  To  pour  out  and 
spread,  as  a  fluid ;  to  send  out  in  all 
directions. 

Dif-fuse'  (dif-fus'),  a.  Poured  out: 
not  restrained,  especially  as  to  style  ; 
verbose ;  prolix. 

Dif-fOse'ly,  adv.  In  a  diffuse  man¬ 
ner  :  verbosely.  [diffuse. 

Dif-fuse'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Dif-fu'si-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  diffusible.  [diffused. 

Dif-fu'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Dif-FU'|ion,  n.  Act  of  diffusing  ;  dis¬ 
semination  ;  extension  ;  dispersion. 

Dif-fu'sive,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  diffusing  ;  extending.  [manner. 

Dif-fD'sive-ly,  adv.  In  a  diffusive 

DIF-FU'SIVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  diffusive  or  diffuse  ;  —  said  espe¬ 
cially  of  style. 

Dig,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  dug  or 
digged.]  [A.-S.  didan,  Goth,  di- 
gan ,  deigan ,  to  form.]  1.  To  turn 
and  throw  up,  as  the  earth.  2.  To 
excavate.  —  v.  i.  To  work  with  a 
_spade :  to  delve. 

Dl-GAM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  fiiycqqaa,  fr.  8i', 
for  fits,  twice,  and  y<xp\ ua,  the  letter 
T  ;  —  because  it  resembled  two  gam¬ 
mas,  one  above  the  other.]  A  letter 
(F)  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  v'hich 
early  fell  into  disuse. 

DI-gest',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
digerere ,  digestum ,  to  separate,  ar¬ 
range,  dissolve.]  1.  To  arrange 
methodically.  2.  To  prepare  in  the 
stomach  for  conversion  into  blood ; 
to  turn  into  chyme.  3.  To  think 
over  ;  to  reflect  upon. 

Syn.— To  arrange;  distribute;  dispose. 

DI'gest,  n.  1.  That  which  is  classi¬ 
fied  and  arranged.  2.  A  collection 
of  Roman  laws,  arranged  under  pro- 


119 

per  titles  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Justinian. 

Syn.  —  Compendium  ;  summary  ; 
abridgment ;  pandect. 

Di-GEST'ER,  7i.  1.  One  who  digests. 

2.  Something  that  aids  digestion.  3. 
A  strong,  closed  vessel,  for  gradually 
dissolving  bones  or  other  substances. 

Di-gest'i-bil'i-ty,  ti.  Quality  of 
being  digestible.  [digested. 

Di-4est'i-bbe,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Di-ges'tion  (66),  ti.  1.  Act  of  di¬ 
gesting.  2.  Conversion  of  food  into 
chyme.  3.  Gradual  solution. 

Di-gest'ive,  a.  Causing  to  digest; 
producing  digestion. 

DIg'ger,  7i.  One  who  digs. 

DlG'GlNG,  7i.  1.  Act  of  one  who  digs. 

2.  pi.  Places  where  ore,  especially 
gold,  is  dug. 

Digiit  (dlt),  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p. 
DIGHT,  or  DIGHTED.]  [A.-S.  dih- 
tan ,  to  dictate,  arrange,  fr.  Lat.-  die- 
tarc,  to  say  often,  dictate.]  To  put 
in  order  ;  to  array  ;  to  adorn. 

Dig'it,  7i.  [Lat.  digitus,  a  finger,  an 
inch.]  1.  A  finger.  2.  One  of  the 
ten  figures,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 
by  which  all  numbers  are  expressed. 

3.  A  twelfth  part  of  the  diameter  of 
the  sun  or  moon. 

Dig'i-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  fin¬ 
gers,  or  to  digits. 

Dig'I-T ATE ,  )  a.  [See  supra.]  Ilav- 

DlG'I-T A/TED,  )  ing  several  leaflets, 
arranged  like  the  fingers  of  the  hand. 

Dig'I-ta'tion,  7i.  A  division  into 
finger-like  processes. 

Dig'i-ti-grade',  a.  [Lat.  digitus, 
finger,  toe,  and  gradi,  to  walk.] 
Walking  on  the  toes.  —  n.  An  ani¬ 
mal  that  walks  on  its  toes,  as  the 
lion,  wolf,  &c. 

DIg'ni-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  dignus,  worthy,  and  facere ,  to 
make.]  To  invest  with  dignity  or 
honor. 

Dig'ni-ta-ry,  ti.  One  who  possesses 
exalted  rank,  esp.  ecclesiastical  rank. 

Dig'ni-ty,  71.  [Lat.  digiiitas,  fr.  dig¬ 
nus,  worthy.]  1.  Elevation  of  mind 
or  character.  2.  Elevation  of  rank. 
3.  Loftiness  and  elegance.  4.  A  dig¬ 
nitary. 

DI'GrXph,  n.  [Gr.  Si,  for  Si?,  twice, 
double,  auu  ypa^ri,  a  writing.]  A 
combination  of  two  characters  to  ex¬ 
press  a  single  sound. 

DI-GR&SS',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
digredi ,  digressus,  fr.  di,  for  dis,  and 
gradi,  to  walk.]  1.  To  turn  aside, 
esp.  in  writing  or  speaking,  from  the 
main  subject.  2.  To  turn  aside  from 
the  right  path. 

Syn.  —  To  deviate  ;  wander  ;  depart. 

DI-GRfis'slON  (-gresh'un),  ti.  Act 
of  digressing,  especially  in  writing 
and  speaking. 

Di-gres'sion-al  (-gresh'un-),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  consisting  in,  digres¬ 
sion.  [main  subject. 

I  Dl-GRESS'IVE,  a.  Departing  from  the 

Dike,  ti.  [A.-S.  die.  See  Dig.]  1. 
A  ditch.  2.  A  mound  to  prevent  low 
lands  from  being  inundated.  3.  A 


wall-like  mass  of  mineral  matter, 
filling  up  fissures. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ing.]  1.  To  protect  with  a  dike  or 
bank.  2.  To  drain  by  a  dike. 
Di-la9'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  dilacerare,  dilaceratum ,  fr.  di, 
for  dis,  and  lacerare,  to  tear.]  To 
rend  asunder.  [ing  asunder. 

DI-LAC'er-a'tion,  ti.  Act  of  rend- 

Di-lap'i-date,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  dilapidare,  -datinn,  to  scatter 
like  stones,  from  di,  for  dis,  and  lapi- 
dare,  to  throw  stones.]  1.  To  suffer 
to  fall  into  a  condition  of  decay.  2. 
To  squander. 

Di-lap'I-da'tion,  n.  Act  of  dilapi¬ 
dating,  or  state  of  being  dilapidated. 

Di-lat'a-BIL'i-ty,  a.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  dilatable.  [sion  or  extension. 

Df-LAT'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  expan- 

Dil'A-TA'tion,  ti.  Act  of  dilating  ; 
expansion ;  dilation. 

Di-late',  or  Di-late',  v.t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  [Lat.  dilatare,  fr.  di,  for  dis, 
and  latus,  wide.]  To  enlarge  or  ex¬ 
tend  in  all  directions. 

Syn.  —  To  expand;  distend;  enlarge. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  swell  or  extend  in  all 
directions.  2.  To  expatiate  ;  to  des¬ 
cant. 

Di-la'tion,  or  DI-la'tion,  ti.  [From 
Dilute.]  Act  of  dilating,  or  state  of 
being  dilated ;  dilatation.  [tardily. 

D7l'a-to-RI-ly,  adv.  With  delay; 

Dil'a-to-RY  (50),  a.  [Lat.  dilatori- 
us,  fr.  differre ,  dilatum,  to  delay.]  1. 
Inclined  to  put  off  what  ought  to  b^ 
done  at  once.  2.  Marked  with  delay. 
3.  Intended  to  make  delay. 

Syn. —  Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  backward  ; 
procrastinating  ;  tardy. 

Dl-LEM'MA,  or  DI-lem'ma,  71.  [Gr. 
fiiArj/i/aa,  fr.  fit,  for  fit'?,  twice,  double, 
and  Arjju pa,  an  assumption.]  1.  An 
argument  which  presents  an  antago¬ 
nist  with  two  or  more  alternatives, 
but  is  equally  conclusive  against 
him,  whichever  he  chooses.  2.  A 
difficult  or  doubtful  choice. 

Dil' et-tan' te,  7i.;  pi.  dil'et- 
tAn'TI.  [It. ,  fr.  Lat.  dele ctare,  to 
delight.]  An  admirer  of  the  fine  arts  ; 
an  amateur. 

Dil'et-tan'te-Ism,  ti.  Quality  of 
being  a  dilettante. 

Dil'i-gen^e,  n.  Quality  of  being  dil¬ 
igent  ;  sedulousness ;  assiduity. 

Syn.  —  Industry.  —  Industry  has  the 
•wider  sense  of  the  two,  implying  an  hab¬ 
itual  devotion  to  labor  for  some  valuable 
end,  as  knowledge,  property,  &c.  ;  dili¬ 
gence  denotes  earnest  application  to  some 
specific  object  or  pursuit.  A  man  may 
be  diligent  for  a  time,  or  in  seeking  some 
favorite  end,  without  meriting  the  title 
of  industrious.  Such  was  the  case  with 
Fox,  while  Burke  was  eminent  not  only 
for  diligence,  but  industry ;  he  was  al¬ 
ways  at  work,  and  always  looking  out 
for  some  new  field  of  mental  effort. 

Diligence (d3/l'/zhongss')1  n.  [Fr.] 
A  four-wheeled  public  stage-coach, 
used  in  France. 

Dil'i-GENT,  a.  [Lat.  diligens,  p.  pr. 
of  diligere ,  to  esteem  highly.]  Steady 
in  application  to  business. 

Syn.  —  Active  :  assiduous;  sedulous; 
attentive;  industrious. 


G,  hard ;  A§  ;  E£IST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS, 


DILIGENTLY 


DIRECTION 


120 


D1l'i-gent-ly,  adv.  With  industry 
or  assiduity  ;  not  carelessly. 

DILL,  n.  [A.-S.  dil. J  A  plant  having 
aromatic  seeds. 

Dill'Y,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  diligence .]  A 
kind  of  stage-coach. 

DIl'u-ent,  a.  [See  Dilute.]  Mak¬ 
ing  thinner  or  weaker  by  admixture. 
—  n.  That  which  dilutes  or  weakens 
any  thing  (especially  the  blood)  by 
mixture  with  it. 

DI-lute',  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
diluere,  dilutum.  fr.  di,  for  dis,  and 
luere ,  to  wash.]  1.  To  make  thinner, 
by  admixture  with  something.  2.  To 
reduce,  especially  by  the  addition 
of  water.  —  a.  Thin ;  reduced  in 
strength,  as  spirit  or  color. 

Di-lu'tion,  n  Act  of  diluting,  or 
state  of  being  diluted. 

Di-lu'vi-al,  a.  [Lat.  diluvialis ,  fr. 
diluvium .]  Pertaining  to,  or  pro¬ 
duced  by,  a  deluge. 

DI-lu'vi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  del¬ 
uge,  or  to  the  Noachian  deluge. 

Iit-LU'vi-oif,  In.  [Lat.]  A  deposit 

D  i-L  v'  vi-  UM,  )  of  loam ,  sand ,  grav¬ 
el,  pebbles,  &c.,  caused  by  former 
action  of  the  sea. 

Dim,  a.  [-her  ; -mest,  136.]  [A.-S. 
dim ,  allied  to  Skr.  tamns,  dark¬ 
ness.]  1.  Not  bright  or  distinct ; 
obscure.  2.  Of  obscure  vision  ;  hence, 
dull  of  apprehension. 

Syn.  —  Dusky  ;  dark  ;  dull  ;  obtuse. 
—  V.  t.  [-MED;  -MING.]  1.  To 

i  render  dim  ;  to  darken  ;  to  dull.  2. 
To  darken  the  senses  or  understand¬ 
ing  of. 

DlME,n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  decern,  ten.]  A 
silver  coin  of  the  United  States,  of 
the  value  of  ten  cents. 

Di-men'sion,  n.  [Lat.  dimensio ,  fr. 
dimetiri ,  dimensus ,  to  measure  out.] 
Measurement  in  a  single  direction  ; 
extent;  size.  [sions  or  limits. 

Di-men'sive,  a.  Marking  the  dimen- 

Di-mid'i-ate,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING  ]  [Lat. 
dimidiate ,  - alum ,  fr.  dimidius ,  half.] 
To  divide  into  two  equal  parts. 

Di-mid'i-ate,  a.  Divided  into  two 
equal  parts. 

Dl-MIN'ISH,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
diminuere,  from  dis  and  minuere,  to 
lessen.]  To  make  smaller  in  any 
manner. 


Syn.— To  decrease;  lessen;  reduce. 
—  v.  i.  To  become  or  appear  less  or 
smaller. 

Di-  min1  u-  Bn'  do, - _ 

adv.  [It.]  (Mus.)  In  . 
a  gradually  diminish-  Diminuendo. 

ing  manner;  —  indicated  as  in  the 
margin . 

DTm'i-nu'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  dimin¬ 
ishing  ;  reduction  in  size,  quantity, 
or  degree.  2.  A  lessening  of  dignity 
or  consideration. 


Di-min'u-tive,  a.  Of  small  size;  mi¬ 
nute.  —  n.  A  derivative  from  a  noun 
denoting  a  small  or  young  object  of 
the  same  kind  as  the  primitive. 

DI-mIn'u-tIve-ly,  adv.  In  a  dimin¬ 
utive  manner.  [littleness. 

DI-mIn'u-tive -ness,  n.  Smallness; 


DlM'Is-so-RY  (50),  a.  [Lat.  dimisso- 
rius,  from  dimittere,  to  send  away.] 
Dismissing  to  another  jurisdiction. 

DlM'l-TY,  n.  [Gr.  Si p.iro?,  lit.  of  double 
thread.]  A  stout,  white,  cotton  cloth, 
ribbed  or  figured. 

Dim'ly,  adv.  In  a  dim  or  obscure 
manner.  [tinct. 

DlM'MJSH,  a.  Somewhat  dim  ;  indis- 

DIM'NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  dim. 

Syn.  —  Darkness  :  indistinctness;  ob¬ 
scurity.  See  Darkness. 

DI-MOR'phism,  n.  [Gr.  Si?,  twice, 
double,  and  p.a>p$r?,  form.]  Prop¬ 
erty  of  being  dimorphous. 

Di-mor'phoOs,  a.  Occurring  under 
two  distinct  forms. 

Dim'ple,  n.  [Of.  Ger.  dumped,  a  pool.] 
A  slight  natural  depression  on  the 
cheek  or  chin.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  form  dimples  or  little  inequalities. 

Din,  n.  [A.-S.  dyne.']  Loud,  stunning 
noise;  clamor. — v.  t.  [-NED; 
-NING,  136.]  To  stun  with  noise. 

Dine,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr.  diner, 
from  Lat.  dis  and  jejunare,  to  fast.] 
To  take  dinner. — v.  t.  To  give  a 
dinner  to. 

Ding,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  clingan,  dencgan,  to 
knock.]  1.  To  bluster.  2.  To  ring  or 
tinkle. — n.  A  stroke,  esp.  of  a  bell. 

DTng'-DONG,  n.  Sound  of  bells  or 
some  similar  sound. 

Din'gi-ness,  n.  State  of  being  dingy. 

Din'gle  (dmg'gl),  n.  [Of.  Den.]  A 
narrow  dale. 

Din'gy,«.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [Allied 
to  dim  and  dun.]  Of  a  dark  or  dusky 
color ;  dun. 

DlN'NER,  n.  [See  Dine  ]  Principal 
meal  of  the  day,  between  breakfast 
and  supper. 

Dint,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  make  a 
small  cavity  on,  as  by  a  blow. 

Di-6<j'e-san,  or  DI'o-^e'san,  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  diocese.  — n.  A  bishop. 

DPo-^ese,  11.  [Gr.  Siouojcri?,  house¬ 
keeping,  administration,  province, 
jurisdiction.]  District  of  a  bishop’s 
ecclesiastical  authority. 

Di-OP'TRI-G,  )  a.  [Gr.  Si07rrpi/<d?, 

Di-OP'TRI€-al,  j  belonging  to  the 
SioTTTpa.,  a  geometrical  instrument  ] 
Relating  to  dioptrics. 

Di-op'trigs,  11.  sing.  That  part  of 
optics  which  treats  of  the  laws  of  the 
refraction  of  light  in  passing  through 
different  lenses.  _ 

DPo-RA/MA,  or  DPo-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr. 
61a,  through,  and  6 papa,  a  sight.]  1. 
A  painting  seen  from  a  distance 
through  a  large  opening.  2.  A  build¬ 
ing  for  such  an  exhibition. 

Di'o-ram'ig,  a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 
a  diorama. 

DIP,  v.  t.  [-PED  : -PTNG.]  [A.-S.  dip- 
pan,  dyppan,  133.]  1.  To  plunge  into 
a  fluid  and  withdraw  again.  2.  To 
take  out,  by  immersing  and  remov¬ 
ing  again  a  dipper,  ladle, or  pail,  &c. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  immerse  one's  self  2. 
To  take  out  something,  by  immersing 
and  withdrawing  a  receptacle.  3.  To 
enter  slightly.  4.  To  incline  down¬ 
ward. —  n.  1.  Action  of  dipping.  2. 


Inclination  downward ;  slope.  3. 
Gravy  or  sauce. 

DI-pet'al-oOs,  a.  [Gr.  Si?,  double, 
and  irerakov,  a  leaf.]  Having  two 
petals. 

Diph-the'ri-a  (dip'-  ordTf'-),  n.  [Gr. 
Si <f)6epa,  a  membrane.]  An  epidemic 
disease  in  which  the  throat  becomes 
coated  with  a  false  membrane. 

Diph'thong  (diP-  or  dip'-),  n.  [Gr. 
8i(j>6oyyoi ,  from  Si?,  twice,  and  <f)66y. 
yo?,  voice.]  1.  A  union  of  two  vowel 
sounds  pronounced  in  one  syllable; 
as,  ou  in  out ,  oi  inwo/se.  2.  A  union 
of  two  vowels  in  the  same  syllable, 
only  one  of  them  being  sounded ;  as, 
ai  in  rain,  eo  in  people. 

Diph-tiion'gal  (dif-  or  dip-,  82),  a. 
Belonging  to  a  diphthong. 

Di-plo'ma  (150),  n.  [Gr.  Sinkwpa,  fr. 
Si7rAo5v,  to  double.]  A  deed  of  priv¬ 
ilege;  a  certificate  of  a  literary  de¬ 
gree^ 

Dl-PLO'MA-£Y,  n.  1.  Conduct  of  ne¬ 
gotiations  between  nations.  2.  Dex¬ 
terity  in  securing  advantages.  3. 
Body  of  ministers  or  envoys. 

Dip'lo-mat,  )  n.  One  skilled  in  di- 

Dip'lo-mate,  j  plomacy  ;  a  diplo¬ 
matist. 

Dip'lo-mat'iu,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 

DlP'LO-MAT'pe-AL,  (  a  diploma,  to 
diplomacy,  or  to  diplomatics. 

Dip'lo-mat'IGS,  n.  sing.  Art  of  read¬ 
ing  ancient  writings,  public  docu¬ 
ments,  & c.  :  paleography. 

Di-plo'ma-TIst,  n.  One  skilled  in 
diplomacy  ;  a  diplomat.  [dips. 

Dip'per,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Dip'ping-nee'dle.  v.  A  magnetic 
needle  suspended  so  as  to  move  freely 
in  a  vertical  plane. 

DIp'ter-al,  a.  [Gr.  Si 'irrepos,  with 
two  wings.]  1.  Having  two  wings 
only.  2.  Having  a  double  row  of 
columns  on  each  of  the  flanks. 

DIp'ter-ous,  a.  Having  two  wings, 
or  wing-like  processes. 

Dip'TYGFI,  n.  [Gr.  fii'a-rvyo?,  folded, 
doubled.]  1.  A  writing  tablet  among 
the  ancients,  consisting  of  tuo  leaves. 
_2.  A  list  of  bishops  and  saints. 

Dl-RA'DI-A'TION,??.  [N.  Lat.  diradia- 
tio,  fr.  dis  and  radiatio,  radiation.] 
Emission  and  diffusion  of  rays  of 
light. 

Dire  ,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat.  dir  us.] 
Dreadful;  hcriible  :  terrible. 

DI-REGT',  a.  1.  Straight.  2.  Straight¬ 
forward  :  sincere;  outspoken.  3. 
Unambiguous  ;  absolute.  4.  In  the 
line  of  descent.  — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  dirigere,  directum ,  fr.  dis  and 
regere,  to  keep  straight.]  1.  To  give 
direction  to  2.  To  determine  the 
course  of.  3.  To  put  upon  the  right 
track.  4.  To  instruct  as  a  superior. 
5.  To  superscribe. 

Di-re€'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  directing. 
2.  Guiding  or  authoritative  instruc¬ 
tion.  3.  Name  and  residence  of  a  per¬ 
son  ;  superscription  ;  address.  4.  Line 
or  point  of  tendency. 

Syn. —  Control  ;  command.  —  These 
words,  as  here  compared,  have  reference 


DIRECTIVE 


121 


DISCERNMENT 


to  the  exercise  of  power  over  the  actions 
of  others.  Control  is  negative,  denoting 
power  to  restrain;  command  is  positive, 
implying  a  right  to  enforce  obedience  ; 
directioiis  are  commands  containing  in¬ 
structions  how  to  act.  A  shipmaster  has 
the  command  of  his  vessel  ;  he  gives  di¬ 
rections  to  the  seamen  as  to  the  mode  of 
sailing  it ;  and  exercises  a  due  control 
over  the  conduct  of  the  passengers. 

Di-regt'ive,  a.  Having  power  to  di¬ 
rect  ;  directing. 

Di-regt'ly,  adv.  In  a  direct  man¬ 
ner  ;  immediately. 

Syn.  — Immediately  ;  instantly  ;  in¬ 
stantaneously. —  “I  will  do  it  directly," 
means,  “  I  will  go  straightway  about  it.” 
—  “I  will  do  it  immediately ,”  means,  “  I 
will  do  it  as  the  very  next  thing.”  —  “  I 
will  do  it  instantly  or  instantaneously," 
allows  not  a  particle  of  delay. 

Di-regt'ness,  n.  State  of  being  di¬ 
rect. 

Dl-REGT'OR,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  directs  ;  especially  one  of  a 
body  of  persons  who  manage  the 
affairs  of  a  corporation. 

DI-REGT'o-rate,  n.  A  body  of  direct¬ 
ors,  or  the  office  of  director. 

Di-re G-TOfRi-ALi,  a.  1.  Directive.  2. 
Pertaining  to  a  director  or  to  a  di¬ 
rectory. 

Dl-REGT'O-RY,  a.  Containing  direc¬ 
tions. —  n.  1.  A  collection  of  direc¬ 
tions.  2.  A  book  of  the  names  and 
residences  of  the  inhabitants  of  any 
place  3.  A  body  of  directors. 

Dx-REGT'ress,  n.  A  female  director. 

Dire'ful,  a.  Dire;  dreadful;  terri¬ 
ble.  [ribly. 

Dire'ful-ly,  ad r.  Dreadfully  ;  ter- 

DlRGE  (18),  n.  [From  the  first  word 
of  a  hymn,  “  Dirige  gressus  meos ,” 
formerly  sung  at  funerals.]  A  piece 
of  music  of  a  mournful  character. 

Dirk  (18),  n.  [ Ir.  &  Gael,  duirc ,  dure, 
a  dagger.]  A  kind  of  dagger.  — v.  t. 
To  stab  with  a  dirk. 

Dirt  (18),  n.  [Icel.  drit,  excrement, 
drita,  to  dung,  A.-S.  drltan,  id.]  Any 
foul  or  filthy  substance,  as  excre¬ 
ment,  mud,  &c. — v.  t.  To  soil;  to 
dirty.  [ily. 

RIrt'i-l  Y,  adv.  Foully  ;  nastily  ;  filth- 

Dirt'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  1. 

Defiled  with  dirt.  2.  Sordid ;  base  ; 
groveling. — v.  t.  [-ED ; -ING,142.]  1. 
To  foul ;  to  soil.  2.  To  scandalize. 

Dis'A-bii/i-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
disabled;  incapacity.  2.  Want  of 
legal  qualification. 

Syn.  —  Inability. —  Inability  is  want 
of  power  in  itself  considered  ;  disability 
arises  from  some  depravation  or  loss  of 
the  needed  competency.  One  who  be¬ 
comes  deranged  is  under  a  disability  of 
holding  his  estate;  and  one  who  is  made 
a  judge,  of  deciding  in  his  own  case. 

Dis-a/ble,  v  t.  [-E D  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
render  unable  or  incapable.  2.  To 
deprive  of  legal  qualification. 

DlS/A-BU2E,)  v.  t.  [-E d  ;  -ING-.]  To 
undeceive  ;  to  set  right,  [commode. 

Dis'ac-gom'mo-date,  v.  t.  To  in- 

Dis'ae-goaUivio-da/tion,  n.  A  state 
of  being  unaccommodated  or  un¬ 
suited.  [accustomed. 

Dls'AC-ciJS'TOM,  v.  t.  To  render  un- 

DIs/ad-van,tage, n.  1.  Deprivation 


of  advantage.  2.  Prejudice  to  inter¬ 
est,  fame,  profit,  or  other  good. 

Dis-Xd'van-ta'geous,  a.  Attended 
with  disadvantage ;  prejudicial ;  det¬ 
rimental. 

Dis-Xd'van-ta'geous-ly,  adv.  With 
loss  or  inconvenience. 

Dis-Xd-'van-ta'geous-ness,  n.  In¬ 
convenience  ;  loss. 

Dis'AF-FFlET',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  fill  with  unfriendliness.  2.  To  dis¬ 
order. 

DiVaf-feg'tion,  n.  State  of  being 
disaffected;  want  of  good-will. 

DiVaf-fIrm'  (18),  v.  t.  To  contra¬ 
dict  ;  to  deny. 

Dis/af-fIrm'an^e  ,  n.  Act  of  disaf¬ 
firming  ;  denial ;  negation. 

Dis'a-gree',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1. 
To  fail  to  agree ;  to  be  at  variance. 
2.  To  differ  in  opinion.  3.  To  be  un¬ 
suited. 

DIs'a-gree'a-ble,  a.  Not  agreeable  ; 
exciting  repugnance. 

Syn.  —  Unpleasant  ;  offensive  ;  dis¬ 
pleasing. 

Dis'a-gree'able-ness,  n.  Unpleas¬ 
antness.  [agreeable  manner. 

Dis'a-gree'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  dis- 

DiVa-gree'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  dis¬ 
agreeing.  2.  Difference  of  opinion.  3. 
Unsuitableness.  4.  A  controversy. 

Syn.— Diversity  ;  discrepancy  ;  vari¬ 
ance  ;  dissent ;  dispute  ;  discord. 

DlS'AL-LOW',  h.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
refuse  to  allow  ;  to  disown  and  re¬ 
ject.  —  v.  i.  To  refuse  permission. 

Dis'al-low'a-ble,  a.  Not  allow¬ 
able  ;  not  to  be  suffered. 

Dis'AL-LOW'ANyE,  n.  Refusal  to  ad¬ 
mit  or  permit. 

Syn.  —  Disapprobation;  rejection. 

Dis-an'i-mate,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of 
spirit ;  to  discourage  ;  to  dishearten. 

DiVan-nex';  v.  t.  To  separate. 

DiVan-nOi/,  v.  t.  To  annul. 

133“  The  prefix  in  this  word  is  inten¬ 
sive. 

DIVap-pear',  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  1. 
To  vanish  from  the  sight ;  to  become 
invisible.  2.  To  cease  to  be  or  exist. 

Dis'AP-PEAR'ANyE,  n..  Act  of  disap¬ 
pearing. 

Dis'ap-point',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[Pref.  dis  and  appoint,  prop.,  to  un¬ 
fix  or  unsettle.]  1.  To  defeat  of  ex¬ 
pectation  or  hope.  2.  To  hinder  of 
result. 

Syn.  —  To  frustrate;  balk;  baffle;  foil. 

Dis'ap-point'ment,  n.  1.  Defeat  or 
failure  of  expectation  or  hope.  2. 
That  which  disappoints. 

Dis-Xp'pro-ba'tion,  n.  Act  of  dis¬ 
approving. 

Dis-ap'pro-BA-TO-ry  (50),  a.  Con¬ 
taining  disapprobation. 

Dis'ap-prov'al,  n.  Disapprobation. 

Dis'ap-prove', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  regard  as  wrong  or  inexpedient ; 
to  censure.  2.  To  decline  to  sanc¬ 
tion  ;  to  disallow. 

Di§-arm'  (91),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
deprive  of  arms,  or  of  the  means  of 
attack  or  defense. 

Dis-arm'a-ment,  n.  Act  of  disarm¬ 
ing. 


DIS/AR-RAN6E',  V.  t.  [-ED;-ING.I 
To  disturb  the  due  arrangement  of. 

Dis'ar-range'Ment,  ii.  Act  of  dis¬ 
arranging;  confusion;  disorder. 

DlS'AR-RAY',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  break  the  array  of.  2.  To  undress ; 
to  unrobe.  —  n.  1.  Disorder;  con¬ 
fusion.  #2.  Undress;  dishabille. 

Dlg-AS'TER  (91),  n.  [Lat.  dis  .and  as- 
trum ,  Gr.  derrpov,  dcmjp,  star.]  A 
sudden  misfortune. 

Syn.— Calamity ;  mishap;  mischance. 

Dis-as'trous,  a.  Unfortunate;  ca¬ 
lamitous. 

Dis-as'trous-LY,  adv.  In  a  disas¬ 
trous  manner.  [ness. 

Dis-as'trous-ness,  n.  Unfortunate- 

Dis'a-vouch',  v.  t.  To  disavow. 

Dis'a-vow',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
refuse  to  own  or  acknowledge.  2.  To 
disprove.  [disclaimer. 

Dis'a-vow'al,  n.  Act  of  disavowing  ; 

Dis-band',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  dis¬ 
perse  ;  esp.  to  break  up  the  military 
organization  of.  —  v.  i.  To  become 
separated  or  broken  up. 

Dis-bark',  v.  t.  To  put  on  shore  ;  to 
disembark. 

Dis/BE-L1EF,)  n.  1.  Act  of  disbeliev¬ 
ing  ;  denial  of  belief.  2.  System  of 
error. 

Syn.  — Unbelief.  —  Unbelief  is  a  mere 
failure  to  admit ;  disbelief  is  a  positive 
rejection.  One  may  be  an  unbeliever  in 
Christianity  from  ignorance  or  want  of 
inquiry;  a  disbeliever  has  the  proofs  be¬ 
fore  him,  and  incurs  the  guilt  of  setting 
them  aside. 

DlS'BE-LIEVE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  hold  not  to  be  true  ;  to  refuse 
credit  to.  [lieves. 

Dis'be-LIEV'ER,  n.  One  who  disbe- 

DIS-BOW'EL,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  137.] 
To  take  out  the  bowels  of ;  to  gut. 

Dis-bur'den,  V.  t.  [-ED;-1NG.]  1. 
To  rid  of  a  burden.  2.  To  become 
relieved  of.  — v.  i.  To  ease  the  mind. 

Dis-bOrse',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
pay  out ;  to  expend. 

Dis-burse'ment,  n.  Act  of  disburs¬ 
ing;  expenditure.  [money. 

Dis-burs'er,  n.  One  who  disburses 

Disc,  n.  A  circular  plate.  See  Disk. 

Dis-gard',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
cast  off  or  dismiss  ;  to  discharge. 

Di§-cern'  (-zerW,  14,  05),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  discernere,  fr.  dis,  and 
cernere,  to  separate,  perceive.]  1.  To 
note  the  distinctive  character  of.  2 
To  perceive  and  recognize.  3.  To 
perceive  with  the  mind. 

Dis-cern'ER,  n.  One  who  discerns. 

Di|-c£rn'I-ble  (diz-zcrnO-bl),  a.  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  discerned. 

Di§-gern'ment  (diz-zerW-),  n.  1. 
Act  of  discerning.  2.  Faculty  of  the 
mind  by  which  it  distinguishes  one 
thing  from  another. 

Syn.  —  Discrimination ;  penetration  ; 
sagacity.  —  Discernment  is  accuracy  and 
keenness  of  mental  vision  ;  penetration 
is  the  power  of  seeing  deeply  into  a  sub¬ 
ject  in  spite  of  every  thing  that  inter¬ 
cepts  the  view;  discrimination  is  a  ca¬ 
pacity  of  tracing  out  minute  distinctions 
and  the  nicest  shades  of  thought.  A  dis¬ 
cerning  man  is  not  qasily  misled;  one  of 
a  penetrating  mind  sees  a  multitude  of 


&r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  urn,  rue,  pyLL  ; 


E,  I,  o,  silent;  C,G,soft;  c,  G,  hard ;  A§;  E^CIST;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 


DISCERPTION 


DISCRETION 


things  which  escape  others  ;  a  discrimi¬ 
nating  judgment  detects  the  slightest 
differences. 

Dis-^ERP'TION,  n.  [Lat.  discerpere, 
to  rend.]  Act  of  pulling  to  pieces. 

Dis-charge',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  relieve  of  a  charge  or  burden  ;  to 
unload.  2.  To  let  go  the  charge  of. 
3.  To  relieve  of  a  debt,  obligation,  ac¬ 
cusation,  office,  & c.  4.  To  perform  or 
execute,  as  an  office  or  part.  5.  To  give 
vent  to;  to  utter. —  v.  i.  To  throw 
off  a  charge,  or  burden.  —  n.  1.  Act 
of  discharging.  2.  That  which  dis¬ 
charges.  3.  That  which  is  discharged. 

Pis-CHAR'GER,  ii.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  discharges. 

Dis-^i'ple,  n.  [Lat.  disn'pulus ,  from 
discere,  to  learn.]  A  learner  ;  a  schol¬ 
ar  ;  a  pupil ;  a  follower.  [disciple. 

Dis-£I'ple-ship,  n.  State  of  being  a 

Dis'<Ji-plin-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  disciplined. 

Dis^I-plin-a'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining 
to  discipline.  —  n.  One  who  enforces 
rigid  discipline. 

Dis'^I-plin-a-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  intended  for,  discipline. 

Dis'^I-pline,  n.  [Lat .  disciplina.  See 
Disciple.]  1.  Treatment  suited  to 
a  disciple  or  learner.  2.  Training ; 
subjection  to  rule.  3.  Corrective 
punishment. 

Syn. —  Education;  instruction;  cul¬ 
ture;  correction;  chastisement. 

— ■ v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  educate  ; 
to  bring  under  control ;  to  drill.  2. 
To  correct ;  to  chastise.  3.  To  in¬ 
flict  ecclesiastical  penalties  upon. 

Dis-elaim',  V.  t.  [-ed ;  -ING.]  To 
reject  all  claim  to ;  to  disavow ;  to 
disown. 

Dis-claim'er,  n.  1.  One  who  dis¬ 
claims.  2.  (Law.)  A  denial  or  re¬ 
nunciation,  as  of  a  title,  estate  or 
trust._  3.  A  public  disavowal. 

Dis-CLOSE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
unclose  ;  to  open  ;  to  bring  to  light ; 
to  makejcnown. 

Dis-CLOg'ER,  n.  One  who  discloses. 

Dis-CLOg'URE,  n.  1.  Act  of  disclos¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  is  disclosed. 

Dis'COID,  n.  Any  thing  having  the 
form  of  a  disc. 

Dis'COID,  1  a.  [Gr.  5t,(r/coetfi>js,  fr. 

DlS-COID'AL,  |  Si'cr/cos,  a  quoit,  and 
elSos,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
disk. 

Dis-col'or  (-kukur),  v.  t.  [-Ed; 
-ING.]  To  alter  the  color  or  appear¬ 
ance  of :  to  stain  ;  to  tinge. 

Dis-col'or-a'tion,  ii.  1.  Change  of 
coloring.  2.  Discolored  spot ;  stain. 

Drs-€OM'FiT  (-kunpfit),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  dis  and  conficere,  to 
prepare.]  1.  To  scatter  in  fight.  2. 
To  break  up  and  frustrate  the  plans 
of. 

Syn. —  To  disconcert;  defeat;  rout. 

Dis-com'fit-ure  (-kum'fit-yiir,  53), 
n.  Act  of  discomfiting  ;  rout ;  de¬ 
feat  ;  frustration. 

Dis-c6m'fort  (-kumffurt),  n.  Want 
of  comfort ;  uneasiness ;  inquietude. 
— v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  destroy 
or  disturb  the  cbmfort  of. 


122 

BIs-COM-M|ND',  v.  t.  To  blame. 

DlS'COM-MODE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  dis  and  covimodare,  to  make 
fit.]  To  put  to  inconvenience;  to  in¬ 
commode^  [ous. 

Dis'com-mo'di-ous',  a.  Incommodi- 

DlS'COM-POgE',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  disarrange.  2.  To  destroy  the 
composure  of. 

Syn.  —  To  disorder;  derange;  dis¬ 
turb;  disconcert;  ruffle. 

Dis'com-pos'ure,  n.  1.  Disorder  ; 
agitation.  2.  Discordance  ;  incon¬ 
sistency. 

Dis'con-^Lrt'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  throw  into  disorder.  2.  To 
disturb  the  composure  of.  [formity. 

Dis/EON-form'I-ty,  n.  Want  of  con- 

DiS'CON-NECT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  separate  ;  to  sever. 

Dis'con-nec'tion,  n.  Separation ; 
want  of  union. 

Dis-con'so-late  (45),  a.  1.  Desti¬ 
tute  of  consolation ;  deeply  dejected  ; 
melancholy.  2.  Cheerless. 

Dis-EON'SO-late-ly,  adv.  In  a  dis¬ 
consolate  manner. 

Dls/-eoN-TENT,)  n.  Want  of  content ; 
dissatisfaction.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  deprive  of  content ;  to  dissatisfy. 

Dis'CON-tent'ed-ly,  adv.  In  a  dis¬ 
contented  manner.  [inquietude. 

Dis^gON-tent'ment,  n.  Uneasiness ; 

Dis'con-tin'u-an^e,  n.  Act  of  dis¬ 
continuing  ;  want  of  continued  con¬ 
nection. 

Syn.  —  Cessation  ;  intermission  ;  in¬ 
terruption;  disjunction  ;  disruption. 

DlS'CON-TIN'UE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  interrupt  the  continuance  of ; 
to  put  an  end  to.  2.  To  cease  atten¬ 
tion  to.  3.  To  disunite. —  v.  i.  To 
cease ;  to  part. 

Dis-CON'Tl-NU'l-TY,  n.  Want  of  con¬ 
tinuity  or  cohesion. 

Dls'CON-TlN'u-otJS,  a.  Not  continu¬ 
ous  ;  interrupted  ;  broken  up. 

Dis'CORD,  n.  [Lat.  discordia,  fr.  dis 
and  cors,  cordis,  heart.]  1.  Want  of 
concord  ;  variance.  2.  Union  of  mu¬ 
sical  sounds  which  strikes  the  ear 
disagreeably. 

Syn.  —  Difference  ;  dissension  ;  con¬ 
tention;  strife;  dissonance. 

Dls-€ORD'AN£E,  1  n.  Disagreement; 

Dis-cord'an-^  Y,  j  inconsistency. 

Dis-EORD'ant,  a.  1.  Being  at  vari¬ 
ance  ;  opposing.  2.  Not  in  harmony 
or  musical  concord. 

Syn.  —  Incongruous;  repugnant;  con¬ 
trary;  dissonant;  harsh. 

DIS-eord'ant-LY,  adv.  In  a  dis¬ 
cordant  manner. 

Dis'EOUNT,  ii.  [Prefix  dis  and  count.] 
1.  An  allowance  made  on  an  ac¬ 
count,  debt,  price  asked,  &c.  2.  A 

deduction  for  interest,  in  advancing 
money  upon  a  bill  or  note  not  due. 

Dis'eount,  or  Discount',  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING  ]  1.  To  deduct  from  an 
account,  debt,  charge,  &c.  2.  To 
loan  money  upon,  deducting  allow¬ 
ance  for  interest.  —  v.  i.  To  lend 
money,  abating  the  discount. 

Dis-eount'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  discounted. 


DlS-EOUN'TE-NAN^E,  V.  t.  f-ED; 
-ING.]  1.  To  put  out  of  counte¬ 
nance  ;  to  abash.  2.  To  discourage. 
—  n.  Cold  treatment ;  disapproba¬ 
tion  . 

Dfs'EOUNT-ER,  n.  One  who  discounts. 

Dis-eour'age  (-kdr'ej),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  1.  To  extinguish  the  courage 
of.  2.  To  deter  one  from. 

Syn. —  To  dishearten;  dispirit;  de¬ 
press;  dissuade. 

Dis-cour'age-ment  (-kdr'ej-)  n.  1. 
Act  of  discouraging ;  dejection.  2. 
That  which  discourages. 

Dis-eourse',  n.  [Lat.  discursus,  fr. 
discurrere,  to  run  to  and  fro.]  1. 
Oral  treatment  of  a  subject ;  talk ; 
conversation.  2.  A  formal  disserta¬ 
tion  ;  a  sermon. —  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

1.  To  exercise  reason.  2.  To  talk  or 
treat  in  a  continuous  or  formal  man¬ 
ner.  —  v.  t.  To  utter  or  give  forth. 

Dis-e5urs'ive,  a.  1.  Reasoning;  dis¬ 
cursive.  2.  Containing  conversation. 

Dis-eour'te-oDs  (-kQrffe-us),  a.  Un¬ 
civil  ;  rude. 

Dis-eour'te-sy,  n.  Want  of  courte¬ 
sy  ;  rudeness. 

Disc'ous,a.  Disk-like  ;  circular,  wide, 
and  flat. 

DIS-EOV'ER  (-kdv7-),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  remove  the  covering 
from  ;  to  expose  to  view.  2.  To  make 
known.  3.  To  find  out. 

Syn.  —  To  invent. — We  discover  what 
existed  before  but  remained  unknown  ; 
we  invent  by  forming  combinations 
which  are  either  entirely  new  or  which 
attain  their  end  by  means  unknown  be¬ 
fore.  Columbus  discovered  America  ; 
Whitney  invented  the  cotton-gin. 

Dis-eov'er-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  discovered. 

Dis-eov'er-er,  n.  One  who  discov¬ 
ers  ;  an  explorer. 

Dis-eov'er-y  (-kd x'-),n.  1.  Action 
of  discovering  ;  disclosure.  2.  Rev¬ 
elation.  3.  Rinding  out  for  the  first 
time.  4.  That  which  is  discovered. 

Dis-erEd'it,  n.  1.  Want  of  credit ; 
disesteem.  2.  Act  of  discrediting,  or 
state  of  being  discredited.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  disbelieve.  2. 
To  deprive  of  credibility.  3.  To  bring 
reproach  upon. 

Dis-cred'it-a-ble,  a.  Tending  to 
injure  credit ;  disgraceful. 

Dis-CREET',  a.  [Lat.  discretus ,  p.  p. 
of  discernere.  fee  Discern.]  Pos¬ 
sessed  of  discernment  or  discretion. 

Syn. —  Prudent  ;  sagacious  ;  circum¬ 
spect. 

Dis-creet'LY,  adv.  Prudently. 

Dis-crep'an^e  )  (113),  a.  Disagree- 

Dis-crep'an-^y  )  ment;  variance; 
inconsistency. 

Dis-crep'ant  (113),  a.  [Lat.  discre. 
pare ,  discrepans,  to  sound  discord¬ 
antly.]  Discordant ;  disagreeing ; 
different. 

Dis-crete',  a.  [See  Discreet.]  1. 
Separate;  distinct.  2.  Disjunctive. 

Dis -erection  (-kresh'un),  n.  [Lat- 
discretio,  separation,  difference.  See 
Discreet.]  1.  Sagacity  ;  prudence. 

2.  Freedom  to  act  according  to  one’s 
own  judgment. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,  long ;  A,E,I,  5,  0,  ?,  short;  CA.RE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 

I _ _ _ _ _ _ 


DISCRETIONAL 

Dis-€RE'tion-al  )  (-kresh'un-),  n. 

Dis-ere'tion-a-ry  j  Left  to  discre¬ 
tion  ;  unrestrained  except  by  discre¬ 
tion. 

Dis-ere'tion-al-ly  )  (-kresh'un), 

Dis-ere'tion-a-ri-ly  )  adv.  At 
discretion  ;  according  to  discretion. 

Dis-€RE'TIVE,  a.  Disjunctive;  sep¬ 
arating. 

DlS-€RIM'I-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  discriminare ,  - atum ,  fr.  discri- 
men,  division,  distinction.]  1.  To  sep¬ 
arate  ;  to  distinguish.  2.  To  distin¬ 
guish  by  a  peculiar  note  or  sign.— v.  i. 
To  make  a  difference  or  distinction. 

Dis-GRIM'I-nate-LY,  adv.  Distinctly. 

Dls-eRlM/I-NA'TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  dis¬ 
criminating.  2.  Faculty  of  nicely 
distinguishing.  3.  Mark  of  distinc¬ 
tion. 

Syn.— See  Discernment. 

Dis-€RIM'1-na-tIve,  a.  1.  Distin¬ 
guishing  ;  distinctive.  2.  Observing 
distinctions.  [prive  of  a  crown. 

Dis-grown',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  de- 

Dis-eum'ben-^y,  n.  [Lat.  discum - 
here,  - cumbens ,  to  lie  down,  recline.] 
Act  of  reclining  at  meat,  after  the 
manner  of  the  ancients. 

Dxs-gum'ber,  v.  t.  To  unburden. 

Dis-gur'sion,  n.  [See  Discourse.] 
1.  Desultory  talk.  2.  Act  of  reason- 
inS\ 

Dis-cur'sive,  a.  1.  Rational.  2.  Rov¬ 
ing  ;  rambling ;  digressive. 

Dis-gur'sive-ly,  adv.  In  a  discur¬ 
sive  manner.  [discursive. 

Drs-GUR'so-RY,  a.  Argumentative; 

Djfs'€us,n.  1.  A  quoit.  2.  A  disk. 

Dis-guss',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
discutere,  discussum ,  fr.  (//sand  qua- 
tere,  to  shake,  strike.]  1.  To  break 
up  ;  to  disperse.  2.  To  examine  by 
disputation. 

S  yn.  —  To  debate.  —  To  discuss  a  sub¬ 
ject  is  to  pull  it  to  pieces;  to  debate  a 
point  is  to  battle  it  out. 

Dis-GUS'sion  (-ktish'un),  n.  Act  of 
discussing;  debate;  disputation. 

Dis-GUSS'ive,  a.  Able  or  tending  to 
discuss. 

Dis-GU'TIENT,  a.  [Lat.  discutiens, 
p.  pr.  of  discutere.  See  DISCUSS.] 
Serving  to  disperse  morbid  matter. — 
n.  A  medicine  to  disperse  any  coag¬ 
ulated  fluid  in  the  body. 

D15-DAIN',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
dis  and  dignari,  to  deem  Worthy.] 
To  look  with  scorn  upon ;  to  despise. 

Syx.  —  See  Contemn. 

D15-DAIN',  n.  A  feeling  of  contempt 
!  and  aversion. 

Pig-DAIN'FUL,  a.  Full  of  disdain; 

;  scornful ;  haughty.  [ful  manner. 

Dlg-DAIN'FUL-LY,  adv.  Inadisdain- 

Dlg-EASE',  n.  [Prefix  dis  and  ease.] 
A  morbid  condition  of  body  ;  sick¬ 
ness; —  applied  figuratively  to  the 
mind,  to  moral  character,  to  insti¬ 
tutions,  &c 

Syn.  —  Disorder;  distemper  :  malady. 
—  Disease  is  the  leading  medical  term. 
Disorder  means  the  same,  though,  per¬ 
haps  with  some  slight  reference  to  an  ir¬ 
regularity  of  the  system.  Distemper  is 
now  used  by  physicians  only  of  the  dis¬ 
eases  of  animals.  Malady  is  not  a  med- 

123 

ical  term,  and  is  less  used  than  formerly 
in  literature. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  afflict 
with  sickness  ;  —  used  almost  exclu¬ 
sively  in  the  past  participle. 

DlS'EM-BARK',  V.  1.  [-E D ;  -ING.] 

To  put  on  shore;  to  land. — v.i. 
To  go  on  land.  [embarking. 

DIS-em/bar-ka/tion,  n.  Act  of  dis- 

DlS'EM-BAR'RASS,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  free  from  embarrassment ;  to 
clear. 

DIVem-bar'rass-ment,  n.  Act  of 

disembarrassing. 

Dis'em-bel'lish,  V.  t.  To  deprive  of 
embellishment.  [bitterness. 

Dis'em-BIT'ter,  v.  t.  To  free  from 

DlS'EM-BOD'Y,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
To  divest  of  the  body. 

Dis'em-bogue'  (-bog'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  discharge  at  the  mouth, 
as  a  stream. 

Dis'em-bow'el  (137),  v.  l.  To  take 
out  the  bowels;  to  eviscerate ;  to  gut. 

DlS'EM-BROIL',  V.  t.  [-ED  ,  -ING.] 
To  free  from  perplexity  or  confusion. 

DlS'EN- CHANT',  V.  t.  '[-ED;  -ING.] 
To  free  from  enchantment. 

D'fs'EN-CHANT'MENT,  n.  Act  of  dis¬ 
enchanting. 

D'iVen-gum'ber,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  free  from  encumbrance. 

Dis'en-cum'bran^e,  n.  Deliverance 
from  any  thing  burdensome  or  trou¬ 
blesome. 

Dis'en-gage',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
release  from  some  previous  connec¬ 
tion  or  engagement. 

Syn.  —  To  liberate;  free  ;  loose;  de¬ 
tach;  withdraw. 

DIs'en-gage'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of 
disengaging  ;  extrication.  2.  Free¬ 
dom  from  engrossing  occupation  ; 
leisure. 

Dis'en-no'ble,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of 
what  ennobles  ;  to  degrade. 

Dis'en-roll',  v.  i.  To  erase  from  a 
roll  or  list. 

Dis'en-tan'gle,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  free  from  entanglement. 

Syn. —  To  unravel;  untwist;  loose; 
extricate ;  disengage. 

Dis'en-tan'gle-ment,  n.  Act  of 
disentangling. 

Dis'e  N-TOjVXB'  (-tcTom'),  v.  t.  To  take 
out  from  a  tomb. 

Dis'es-TEEM',  n.  Want  of  esteem  ; 
disfavor. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
regard  with  disapproval ;  to  slight. 

Dis-fa'vor,  n.  1.  Want  of  favor; 
disesteem.  2.  An  unkindness.  —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  withhold  or  with¬ 
draw  favor  from. 

Dis-fig'u-ra'tion,  n.  Act  of  disfig¬ 
uring,  or  state  of  being  disfigured. 

DlS-FIG'URE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
mar  the  figure  or  appearance  of. 

Syn. —  To  deface;  deform;  injure. 

Dis-FiG'URE-MENT,  n.  Deformity  ; 
defacement. 

Dis-fran'chIse  (-chiz),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  deprive  of  a  franchise  or 
chartered  right ;  to  dispossess  of  any 
right  of  a  citizen. 

Dis-fr Xn'chise-ment  (-chiz-),  n. 
Act  of  disfranchising. 

DISHONOR 

Dis-fOr'nish,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
deprive  of  furniture ;  to  strip. 

Dis-gar'nish,  v.  t.  To  divest  ofgarni- 
ture,  ornaments,  or  furniture ;  to 
dismantle. 

Dis-gorge',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 

To  vomit.  2.  To  throw  out  with 
violence,  as  from  a  mouth.  3.  To 
make  restitution  of. 

Dis-GORGE'ment,  n.  Act  of  dis¬ 
gorging  ,  that  which  is  disgorged. 

Dis-GRA£E',  n.  1.  Lack  or  loss  of 
favor.  2.  Ignominy ;  infamy.  3. 

Cause  of  shame. 

Syn. — Opprobrium;  dishonor;  shame; 
disrepute. 

—  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  dis¬ 
miss  with  dishonor.  2.  To  bring  re¬ 
proach  or  shame  upon. 

Syn.  —  To  degrade;  dishonor;  debase. 

Dxs-GRA£e'ful,  a.  Bringing  dis¬ 
grace  ;  shameful ;  infamous. 

Dis-gra^e'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  dis¬ 
graceful  manner.  [pleasing. 

Dis-gra'cious,  a.  Ungracious  ;  un- 

Dis-gui§e'  (72),  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

1.  To  change  the  guise  or  appear¬ 
ance  of ;  especially  to  conceal  by  an 
unusual  dress.  2.  To  intoxicate.  — 
n.  1.  Something  put  on  to  conceal 
or  deceive.  2.  Slight  intoxication. 

Dis-GUI^'er,  n.  One  who  disguises 

Dis-GUST',  n.  [Lat.  prefix  dis9  and 
gustus,  tasting,  taste.]  Repugnance 
to  what  is  offensive; — said  of  any 
thing  which  offends  the  organ  of 
taste,  or  the  sensibilities  of  the  soul. 

Syn.  —  Aversion  ;  disrelish  ;  dislike. 

See  Aversion. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  provoke 
disgust  in  ;  to  displease. 

Dis-gDst'ful,  a.  Provoking  dis¬ 
gust  ;  nauseous.  [to  disgust. 

Dis-gOst'ing-ly,  adv.  In  a  manner 

Dish,  n.  [A.-S.  disc.  See  Desk  and 

Disk.]  1.  A  vessel  for  serving  up 
food.  2.  Any  particular  kind  of 
food.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing]  1.  To 
put  in  a  dish.  2.  To  make  like  a 
dish.  3.  To  frustrate.  [ Low .] 

DIs'iia-biule'  (dis'a-bTl'),  n.  An  un¬ 
dress  ;  deshabille. . 

DIsh'gloth,  1  n.  A  cloth  for  wiping 

DIsh'clout,  )  dishes. 

DlS-HEART'EN,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  deprive  of  heart,  courage,  or  hope. 

Syn;  —  To  dispirit ;  discourage  ;  de¬ 
press:  deject. 

Di-shev'el  (-shev'l),  v.  t.  [-ed, 

-ING;  or  -LED,  -LING,  137]  [Fr. 
decheveler ,  fr.  Lat.  dis  and  capillus, 
hair.]  To  suffer  to  hang  in  a  loose 
or  negligent  manner,  as  the  hair. 

Disii'FUL,  n.  As  much  as  a  dish  holds. 

Di§-hon'est  (-on'est,  91),  a.  1. 
Wanting  in  honesty  ;  fraudulent.  2. 
Characterized  by  fraud 

Di§-hon'est-ly  (-on'est-),  adv.  In 
a  dishonest  manner. 

DIS-HON'ES-TY  (-on'es-ty),  n.  1. 

Want  of  honesty.  2.  Violation  of 
trust  or  of  justice. 

Diss-hon'or  (diz-on'ur,  91),  n.  Want 
of  honor. 

Syn.  —  Disgrace  ;  ignominy  ;  shame  ; 
reproach;  opprobrium. 

OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO, took;  Urn, rue  ,  pull ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  C,G ,hard;  Ag;  E£IST;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 

DISPATCH 


DISHONORABLE  124 


—  r .  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  bring 
reproach  or  shame  on.  2  To  violate 
the  chastity  of.  3.  To  refuse  to  ac¬ 
cept  or  pay  ;  —  said  of  a  draft  which 
is  due  and  is  presented. 

Syn.  —  To  disgrace  ;  shame  ;  degrade. 
Dis-hon'or-a-ble  (-on'ur-),  a. 
Bringing  or  deserviug  dishonor; 
base  ;  wanting  in  honor. 
DiS-hon'or-a-bly  (-on'-),  adv.  In  a 
dishonorable  manner.  [mor. 

Dis-hu'mor,_«.  Peevishness  ;  ill  hu- 
Dls-IN'f’LI-NA'TlON,  ii.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  disinclined. 

Syn.  —  Unwillingness;  aversion;  re¬ 
pugnance. 

DIs'in-elTne',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
excite  the  dislike  or  aversion  of. 
Dis'in-fegt',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
cleanse  from  infection. 
Dis'in-feet'ant,  ii.  That  which  dis¬ 
infects.  [iog. 

Dls'in-feg'tion,  n.  Act  of  disinfect- 
Dls'lN-GEN'u-otrs,  a.  1.  Mean  ;  un¬ 
worthy.  2.  Wanting  in  candor  or 
frankness. 

Dis'in-g e n'u-o (is -l y ,  adv.  Unfairly  ; 

not  openly  and  candidly.  [candor. 
Dis'in-gen'u-ous-ness,  n.  Want  of 
Dis'in-her'it,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
deprive  of  an  inheritance. 
Dis'in-her'it-ance  ,  n.  Act  of  dis¬ 
inheriting,  or  condition  of  being  dis¬ 
inherited. 

Dis-in'te-grate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  integrare,  - atum ,  to  renew,  from 
integer ,  whole.]  To  separate  into 
integrant  parts,  [to  integrant  parts. 
Dis-!n'te-gra/tion,  n.  Reduction 
Dis'in-ter',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  136.] 
To  take  out  of  the  grave  or  tomb. 
Dis-in'ter-est-ed,  a.  Not  influ¬ 

enced  by  regard  to  personal  advan¬ 
tage. 

Syn.  —  Unbiased;  impartial. 
Dis-Tn'ter-est-ed-ly,  adv.  In  a 
disinterested  manner. 
Dis-In'ter-est-ed-ness,  n.  State 
of  being  disinterested ;  impartiality. 
Dis'in-tEr'ment,  n.  Act  of  disin¬ 
terring. 

Dis'in-tiirall',  v.  t.  To  release 

from  thralidom  ;  to  emancipate. 
Dis'in-thrall'ment,  n.  Emanci¬ 
pation.  [part ;  to  separate. 

Dis-JOIN',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
Dis-joint',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
put  out  of  joint ;  to  dislocate.  2. 
To  separate  at  junctures.  3.  To 
break  the  natural  order  and  relations 
of.  [state. 

Dis-joint'ly,  adv.  In  a  disjointed 
DlS-JUN€T',  a.  [Lat.  disjungere ,  dis- 
junctus,  to  disjoin.]  Disjoined;  sep¬ 
arated.  [tion. 

Dis-junc'tion,  n.  Disunion  ;  separa- 
Dis-JUNL’T'Ive,  a.  Tending  to  dis¬ 
join;  separating.  —  n.  A  conjunc¬ 
tion  connecting  grammatically  two 
words  or  clauses  expressing  at  the 
same  time  an  opposition  inherent  in 
the  notions.  [junctive  manner. 
Pis-jiJNGT'iVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  dis- 
Disk,  n.  [Gr.  fitV/co?.  See  Desk  and 
Dish.]  1.  A  flat,  circular  plate.  2. 

A,  E,  I,  6,u,  y,  Ion 


A  quoit.  3.  Face  of  a  celestial  body. 
4.  Central  part  of  a  radiate  com¬ 
pound  flower. 

Dis-like',  n.  Positive  aversion. 

Syn.  —  Disapprobation  ;  displeasure  ; 
distaste;  antipathy;  repugnance. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  have  an 
aversion  to. 

DIs'eo-gate  (45),  a.  Dislocated. 

Dis'lo-eate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  prefix  dis  and  locare,  to  place.] 
To  displace  ;  to  put  out  of  joint. 

DIs'lo-ga'tion,  n.  1.  A  displacing ; 
displacement.  2.  A  disjointing ; 
luxation. 

Dis-lodge',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
drive  from  a  lodge,  or  place  of  rest  or 
hiding. 

Dis-Lodg'ment,  n.  Act  of  dislodging. 

Dis-eoy'al,  a.  Not  loyal ;  false  to 
allegiance. 

Syn.  —  Faithless;  treacherous;  per¬ 
fidious;  inconstant. 

Dis-LOY'al-ly,  adv.  Treacherously. 

Dis-LOY'AL-TY,  n.  Want  of  loyalty ; 
violation  of  allegiance. 

Dismal  (diz'mal,  91),  a.  [Orig.  a  n.  ; 
from  Lat.  dies  malus,  evil  day.] 
Gloomy  to  the  eye  or  ear  ;  sorrowful 
and  depressing. 

Syn.  —  Dreary  ;  doleful  ;  direful. 

Dis'MAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  dismal  man¬ 
ner;  dolefully. 

Dis-man'tle,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
deprive  of  dress,  apparatus,  furni¬ 
ture,  equipments,  or  fortifications. 

Dis-mask',  v.  t.  To  strip  a  mask  from. 

DlS-MAST',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
deprive  of  masts. 

Dis-may',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [0.  Fr. 
esmaier,  from  des,  es,  equiv.  to  Lat. 
dis,  ex,  and  Goth,  magan,  to  be 
strong.]  To  fill  with  distressing  fear. 

Syn.  —  Daunt;  appall.  —  Dismay  de¬ 
notes  a  continuous  state  of  gloomy  ap¬ 
prehension;  to  daunt  supposes  some¬ 
thing  more  sudden  and  startling;  to  ap¬ 
pall  is  the  strongest  term,  implying  a 
sense  of  terror  which  overwhelms  the 
faculties. 

—  n.  Loss  of  firmness  and  energy 
through  fear. 

Syn.  —  Fear;  fright;  terror;  consterna¬ 
tion. 

Dis-MEM'BER,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  divide  limb  from  limb.  2.  To 
strip  of  its  essential  parts. 

Syn.  —  To  disjoin;  mutilate. 

Dis-MEM'ber-MENT,  ii.  A  dismem¬ 
bering  ;  mutilation. 

Dis-m'iss',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dimittere,  for  dismittere,  - missum , 
from  dis  and  mittere,  to  send.]  1.  To 
send  away  ;  to  cause  or  permit  to  go. 
2.  To  remove  from  office  or  employ¬ 
ment.  3.  To  lay  aside  or  reject. 

Dis-miss'al,«.  Dismission  ;  discharge. 

Dis-mis;SION  (-mish'un),  n.  Act  of 
dismissing  ;  removal ;  discharge. 

Dis-missGye,  a.  Giving  dismission, 
or  leave  to  depart. 

Dis-mount',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
descend  ;  to  alight  from  a  horse.  — 
v.  t.  To  throw  or  bring  down  from 
an  elevation,  place  of  honor  and  au¬ 
thority,  &c. 

DIs'O-be'di-ence,  n.  Neglect  or  re¬ 
fusal  to  obey. 


DIs'o-be'di-ent,  a.  Neglecting  or 
refusing  to  obey. 

DTs'o-be'di-ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  dis¬ 
obedient  manner. 

Dis'o-bey',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
neglect  or  refuse  to  obey. 

Dis-ob'li-GA'tion,  11.  Act  of  dis¬ 
obliging.  [ing  obligation. 

Dis-ob'li-ga-to-ry  (50),  a.  Releas- 

DIs'o-blige',  r.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
offend  by  an  act  of  unkindness  or  in¬ 
civility ._ 

Dis'o-bli'ging-ly,  adv.  In  a  diso¬ 
bliging  manner.  [proper  orbit. 

Dis-ORBED',  a.  Thrown  out  of  the 

Dis-or'der,  n.  1.  Want  of  order.  2. 
Neglect  of  order  or  system.  3.  Dis¬ 
turbance  of  the  peace.  4.  Disturb¬ 
ance  of  functions  of  body  or  mind. 

Syn.  —  Disease:  irregularity:  confus¬ 
ion;  tumult;  bustle;  illness;  malady; 
distemper.  See  Disease. 

—  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  throw 
into  confusion.  2.  To  make  sick.  3. 
To  disturb  the  regular  operations  of. 

Syn. —  To  disarrange  ;  confuse;  dis¬ 
compose. 

Dis-or'der-li-ness,  a.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  disorderly. 

Dis-or'der-ly,  a.  1.  Marked  by 
disorder.  2.  Not  acting  in  an  orderly 
way.  3.  Not  complying  with  the 
restraints  of  law.  4.  Not  regulated 
by  the  restraints  of  morality. 

Dis-or'gan-i-za'tion',  n.  Act  of 
disorganizing  or  state  of  being  disor¬ 
ganized. 

DlS-OR'GAN-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  destroy  the  organic  structure  or 
connected  system  of.  [organizes. 

Dis-or'gan-Tz'er,  n.  One  who  dis- 

Dis-own'  (91),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
refuse  to  own. 

Syn.  — To  disavow;  disclaim;  deny; 
disallow. 

Dis-par'age,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  disparagare,  fr.  dis  and  paragi- 
um,  parity  of  condition  or  birth,  fr. 
par,  equal.]  To  injure  by  depreciat¬ 
ing  comparisons  ;  to  detract  or  dero¬ 
gate  from. 

Syn. —  To  decry;  undervalue;  vilify; 
degrade.  See  Decky. 

Dis-par'age -ME NT,  n.  Injurious 
comparison  with  an  inferior  ;  unjust 
depreciation. 

Syn. —  Derogation;  detraction. 

Dis-PAR'A-GER,  ii.  One  who  dis¬ 
parages. 

Dls-PAR'l-TYr.  n.  [Lat.  dispar,  unlike, 
unequal.]  Difference  in  age,  rank, 
condition,  or  excellence. 

Syn.  —  Inequality ;  disproportion. 

Dis-PART',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  part  asunder  ;  to  separate. 

DIS-PAS'SION  (-pdsh'un),  n.  Freedom 
from  passion. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate  (45),  a.  1.  Free 
from  passion.  2.  Not  dictated  by 
passion. 

Syn.  —  Calm  ;  cool  ;  composed  ;  tem¬ 
perate. 

Dis-PAS'SION-Ate-ly,  adv.  Without 
passion  ;  calmly. 

Dis-pXtch',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
pref.  dis  and  pangere ,  pactum,  to 
fasten,  fix.]  1.  To  send  off  on  a 


g;  X,  £,i,  5,  u,  short.-  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  son> 


DISPATCHFUL 

special  errand.  2.  To  put  out  of  the 
way  ;  to  put  to  death.  3.  To  dis¬ 
pose  of,  as  business. 

Syn.  —  To  expedite  ;  hasten  ;  speed  ; 
conclude  ;  slay  ;  kill. 

—  «.  1 .  The  sending  of  a  messenger 

in  haste.  2.  Any  sending  away.  3. 
Rapid  performance.  4.  A  message 
dispatched  or  sent  off.  [eating,  haste. 

DlS-PATCH'FUL,  a.  Bent  on,  or  indi- 

Dis-pau'per,  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  the 
claim  of  a  pauper  to  public  support. 

Dis-PEL';  V.  t.  [-LED  ;  -LING,  136.] 
[Lat.  dispellere ,  pref.  dis  and  pellere , 
to  push.]  To  drive  away  ;  to  cause 
to  disappear. 

Dis-pen'sa-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  dispensed  or  administered.  2. 
Capable  of  being  dispensed  with. 

DIS-pen'SA-RY,  n.  A  place  where 
medicines  and  medical  advice  are 
given  gratis  to  the  poor. 

Dis'pen-sa/tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  dis¬ 
pensing  or  dealing  out ;  —  often  used 
of  the  dealing  of  God  with  his  crea¬ 
tures.  2.  A  system  of  principles, 
promises,  and  rules  ordained  and  ad¬ 
ministered.  3.  The  granting  of  a 
license,  or  the  license  itself,  to  do 
what  is  forbidden. 

Dis-PEN'SA-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Granting, 
or  authorized  to  grant,  dispensations. 

—  n.  A  book  of  directions  for  com¬ 
pounding  medicines. 

Dis-pense',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dispensare ,  from  dis  and  pendere,  to 
weigh.]  1.  To  deal  out  in  portions. 
2.  To  apply,  as  laws  to  particular 
cases. 

Syn. —  To  distribute;  administer;  ex¬ 
ecute. 

—  v.  i.  To  permit  neglect  or  omis¬ 
sion. 

Dis-pens'er,  a.  One  who  dispenses. 

Dis-peo'ple,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
depopulate. 

Di-sp£rm'ous,  a.  [Gr.  St?,  twice, 
double,  and  aneppa,  seed.]  Contain¬ 
ing  two  seeds  only. 

Dis-p£rse'  (53),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  dispergere,  from  pref.  dis  and 
spargere ,  to  scatter.]  1.  To  scatter 
here  and  there  ;  to  spread,  as  knowl¬ 
edge,  light,  &c.  2.  To  cause  to 

separate. 

Syn.  —  To  dissipate;  dispel;  diffuse; 
distribute;  disseminate. 

Dis-p£r'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  dispers¬ 
ing.  2.  State  of  being  scattered. 

DIS-PIR'IT,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To 
depress  the  spirits  of. 

Syn.  —  To  dishearten ;  discourage;  de¬ 
ject. 

DlS-PLA^E',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  change  the  place  of ;  to  remove 
2.  To  discharge  ;  to  depose. 

Dis-pla^e'ment,  n.  1.  A  displacing ; 
removal ;  discharge.  2.  Quantity  of 
water  displaced. 

Dis-plXnt',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
remove  from  the  place  where  any 
thing  has  been  planted. 

DIs'PLAN-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  dis¬ 
placing  ;  removal. 

Dis-play',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
desployer ,  fr.  des  and  player ,  to  un- 

125 

fold.]  1.  To  unfold ;  to  spread  wide. 
2.  To  exhibit  to  the  view.  3.  To  set 
in  view  ostentatiously. 

Syn. —  To  show;  parade;  expand. 

—  n.  1.  Exhibition;  manifestation. 
2.  Ostentatious  show ;  parade. 

DlS-PLEAgE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  Not 
to  please  ;  to  make  angry. 

Syn.  — To  offend;  dissatisfy;  disgust; 
vex;  chafe;  provoke. 

Dis-pl£a2'ure  (-plezh'ur),  n.  1.  Feel¬ 
ing  of  one  who  is  displeased.  2.  That 
which  displeases. 

Syn.  —  Dissatisfaction  ;  disapproba¬ 
tion;  dislike;  anger. 

Dis-plode',  v.  t.  &  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  displodere,  fr.  dis  and  plodere , 
plaudere ,  to  clap,  strike.]  To  dis¬ 
charge  ;  to  explode. 

Dis-plo'rion,  n.  An  explosion. 

Dis-Pl5'siVE,  a.  Tending  to  displode. 

Dis-PLUME',  v.  t.  To  strip  of  plumes. 

Dis-PORT',  n.  Play  ;  sport ;  diversion. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [As  if  from 
a  Lat.  word  disportare ,  to  carry  to 
and  fro.]  To  play  ;  to  sport. 

Dis-POg'A-BLE ,  a.  Liable  to  be  dis¬ 
posed  of. 

Dis-Pdg'AL,  n.  1.  Act  of  disposing, 
or  disposing  of.  2.  Regulation  of  the 
condition,  application,  &c.,  of  any 
thing.  3.  Authority  to  dispose  of. 

Syn.  —  Dispensation  ;  management ; 
arrangement;  regulation. 

Dis-pore',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
disponere ,  - positum ,  fr.  dis  and  po¬ 
ll  ere,  to  lay,  set.]  1.  To  set  in  order. 
2.  To  regulate.  3.  To  assign  to  a 
service  or  use.  4.  To  give  a  tendency 
or  inclination. 

To  dispose  of \  (a.)  To  exercise  the 
power  of  control  over.  ( b .)  To  part 
with;  to  get  rid  of. 

Dls-POgHD',  p.  a.  Inclined;  minded. 

Dis-POg'ER,  n.  One  who  disposes. 

Dls/PO-gl,TlON  (-zMCun),  n.  1.  Act 
of  disposing  ;  disposal ;  distribution  ; 
arrangement.  2.  Tendency  result¬ 
ing  from  natural  constitution.  3. 
Aptitude  of  mind  resulting  from 
constitution.  4.  Moral  character. 

Syn.  —  Inclination  ;  tendency.  —  A 
man’s  disposition  is  the  prevailing  spirit 
or  governing  purpose  of  his  mind;  his 
inclinations  are  excited  states  of  desire  or 
appetency;  tendency  is  a  strong  determi¬ 
nation  or  proclivity  toward  some  partic¬ 
ular  mode  of  action.  A  man’s  inclina¬ 
tions  are  variable;  his  natural  tendencies 
are  apt  ultimately  to  prevail;  but  a  dis¬ 
position  formed  and  sustained  on  the 
side  of  virtue  will  give  him  the  control 
of  both.  ^ 

Dls'POS-sfiss'  (-pos-s6s/  or  -poz-zSsQ, 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  put  out  of 
possession. 

DIs'pos-ses'sion  (-sSsh'un  or  -zgslV- 
un),  n.  1.  A  putting  out  of  posses¬ 
sion.  2.  Result  of  the  act. 

DlS-PRAlgE',  n.  Blame  ;  censure ;  re¬ 
proach  ;  disparagement.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  To  censure;  to  blame. 

Dis-pread',  v.  t.  To  spread  abroad. 

Dis-proof',  n.  A  proving  to  be  false  ; 
confutation. 

Dfs/PRO-POR,TlON,  n.  l.Wantof  pro¬ 
portion  or  of  symmetry.  2.  Want 
of  suitableness.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  unsuitable. 

I 

DISRESPECTFUL 

Dis'pro-por'tion-a-ble,  a.  Dispro- 
portional ;  inadequate. 

DIs'pro-por'tion-al,  a.  Not  hav¬ 
ing  due  proportion. 

Dis'pro-por'tion-al-ly,  adv.  Un¬ 
suitably  with  respect  to  form,  quan¬ 
tity,  or  value.  [proportioned. 

Dis'pro-por'tion-ATE  (45),  a.  Not 

Dis'pro-por'tion-ate-ly,  adv.  Un- 

•  suitably ;  inadequately. 

Dis-prov'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  disproved. 

Dis-prove',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
prove  to  be  false  ;  to  confute. 

Dis'PU-TA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
disputed ;  controvertible. 

DIs'PU-TANT,  n.  One  who  disputes. 

D!s/PU-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  disputing ; 
controversy  in  words. 

Dls'PU-TA'TlOLfs,  1  a.  Inclined  to  dis- 

Dis-pu'ta-tive,  j  pute ;  apt  to 
cavil. 

Dis-PUTE',  V.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
disputare,  from  dis  and  putare,  to 
clean,  set  in  order,  reckon.]  1.  To 
contend  in  argument ;  to  debate.  2. 

To  strive  in  opposition  to  a  competi¬ 
tor. —  v.  t.  1.  To  argue  for  and 
against.  2.  To  struggle  for  the 
possession  of.  3.  To  call  in  question. 

Syn. —  To  controvert;  contest;  debate. 

—  n.  1.  Verbal  controversy;  de¬ 
bate.  2.  Contest ;  struggle. 

Syn. —  Altercation;  quarrel;  disagree¬ 
ment;  difference. 

Dis-put'er,  n.  One  who  disputes. 

Dis-qualG-fi-ea'tion,  n.  1.  A  dis¬ 
qualifying  ;  disability  ;  especially  le¬ 
gal  disability .  2.  Want  of  qualifica¬ 
tion.  3.  That  which  disqualifies. 

DIS-QUAL'I-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 

1.  To  render  unfit ;  to  incapacitate. 

2.  To  deprive  of  legal  capacity. 

Dis-quUet,  n.  Want  of  quiet;  un¬ 
easiness  ;  restlessness.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  To  render  unquiet;  to  dis¬ 
turb. 

Dis-QUI'e-tude  (30),  n.  Uneasiness; 
disturbance  ;  agitation. 

DIs'QUI-sI'tion  (-zish'un),  n.  [Lat. 
disquisitio,  fr.  disquirere,  to  investi¬ 
gate.]  A  formal  or  systematic  in¬ 
quiry  into,  or  discussion  of,  any  sub¬ 
ject.' 

DIs're-gXrd',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To 
pay  no  heed  to ;  to  neglect ;  to 
slight.  —  n.  Omission  to  notice. 

Dis-rel'ish,  n.  1.  Want  of  relish  ; 
distaste ;  aversion.  2.  Bad  taste.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  feel  a 
degree  of  disgust  at.  2.  To  make 
nauseous. 

Dis-rep'u-ta-ble,  a.  Tending  to 
bring  into  discredit. 

Syn. -- Dishonorable;  low;  mean;  dis¬ 
graceful. 

Dis-REP'U-TA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  dis¬ 
reputable  manner. 

Dis-rep'u-ta'tion,  )  n.  Loss  or 

D'iVre-PUTE',  )  want  of  repu¬ 

tation  or  credit. 

Syn.— D’shonor;  disgrace. 

DIs'RE-spfieT',  n.  Want  of  respect 
or  reverence  ;  disesteem  ;  incivility. 

DIs/re-sp£€T,fvLj  a.  Wanting  in 
respect ;  uncivil. 

or,  do,Wi;lf,  too,  took;  Orn,  RUE,  ptill  ;  je,i,  o,  silent ;  (j,  a,  soft;  €,g  ,hard;  A§  ;  e^ist;  g  as  ns  ;  this 

DISRESPECTFULLY 

Dis'RE-spegt'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a 
disrespectful  manner. 

Dis-robe',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
divest  of  a  robe  ;  to  strip. 

Dis-ROOT',  v.  t.  I -ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
tear  up  by  the  roots  ;  to  extirpate. 

Dis-rOpt',  a.  [Lat.  disrumpere,  dis- 
ruptus,  to  break  asunder.]  Rent 
asunder ;  broken. 

Dis-rup'tion,  n.  A  rending  asunder  ; 
disrupture.  [asunder. 

Dis-rupt'ure  (53),  n.  A  rending 

Dis-sat'is-fag'tion,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  dissatisfied. 

Syx.  —  Discontent;  displeasure;  dis¬ 
like. 

Dis-sat'is-fag'to-ry,  a.  Causing 
dissatisfaction. 

Dis-sat'is-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
To  render  discontented. 

DIS-SE€T',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dissecare,  dissectum,  from  d is  and 
secare ,  to  cut.]  1.  To  cut  in  pieces 
for  the  purpose  of  examining  the 
structure.  2.  To  analyze  into  its 
constituent  parts. 

Dis-segt'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  dissected. 

Dis-seg'tion,  n.  Act  of  dissecting  ; 
anatomy. 

Dis-segt'OR,  n.  One  who  dissects. 

Dis-seize',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
dispossess  wrongfully. 

DIs'sei-zee',  n.  One  put  out  of  pos¬ 
session  of  an  estate  unlawfully. 

Dis-sei'zin,  n.  An  unlawful  dispos¬ 
session  of  a  person  actually  seized  of 
the  freehold. 

Dis-sei'zor,  n.  One  who  disseizes. 

Dis-sem'ble  ,  t\  t.  [-eo;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dissimulate,  fr.  (//sand  simulate ,  to 
make  like  another.]  1.  To  hide  un¬ 
der  a  false  semblance ;  to  disguise  ; 
to  mask.  2.  To  make  pretense  of ; 
to  feign. —  v.  i.  To  conceal  the  real 
fact,  motives,  or  sentiments,  under 
some  pretense.  [bles. 

Dis-sem'bler,  n.  One  who  dissem- 

S  yx.  —  Hypocrite.  —  A  dissembler  con¬ 
ceals  what  he  is.  A  hypocrite  feigns  to 
be  what  he  is  not.  When  Andre  passed 
within  the  American  lines  in  a  citizen’s 
dress  he  war  a  dissembler;  Arnold,  whom 
he  went  to  visit,  had  long  been  a  hypo¬ 
crite. 

DlS-SEM'I-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  disseminate,  -nation,  from  dis 
and  seminars ,  to  sow.]  1.  To  sow,  as 
seed.  2.  To  spread  or  extend  by  dis¬ 
persion. 

Syx.—  To  diffuse  ;  propagate  ;  circu¬ 
late;  disperse. 

Dis-sEm'I-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  dis- 
seminating;  diffusion  ;  dispersion. 

Dis-sem'I-NA/TOR,  n.  One  who  dis¬ 
seminates. 

Dis-SEN'SION,  «.  [Lat.  dissensio.  See 
Dissent.]  Violent  disagreement  in 
opinion  ;  strife ;  quarrel. 

Dis-s£nt',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dissentire,  fr.  dis  and  sentire,  to  feel, 
think.]  1.  To  differ  in  opinion.  2. 
To  differ  from  the  established  church. 
—  n.  1.  Act  of  dissenting  ;  disagree¬ 
ment.  2.  Separation  from  an  estab¬ 
lished  church,  esp.  that  of  England. 

Dis-s£nt'er,  n.  One  who  dissents  ; 


126 

esp.  a  Protestant  who  dissents  from 
the  church  of  England. 

Dis-s£n'TIENT,  a.  Disagreeing;  de¬ 
claring  dissent. —  n.  One  who  dis¬ 
sents. 

Dis'ser-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  disserta- 
tio,  from  dissertate,  to  discuss  ]  A 
formal  or  elaborate  discourse ;  a  dis¬ 
quisition. 

Dis-sErye'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  injure  ;  to  harm.  [chief. 

Dis-s£rv'Ice,  n.  Injury  ;  harm  ;  mis- 

Dis-SERV'IyE-A-BLE,  a.  Mischiev¬ 
ous  ;  harmful. 

Dis-sev'er,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [In 
this  word  dis  augments  the  significa- 
tio  ; .]  To  disunite  ;  to  sever. 

DIS-SEV'ER-AN^E,  n.  Act  of  dissev¬ 
ering.  [sent. 

Dis'si-DENyE,  n.  Disagreement;  dis- 

DIs'SI-DENT,  a.  [Lat.  dissidere ,  dis- 
sidens,  to  sit  apart;  to  disagree.] 
Dissenting. — n.  One  who  dissents 
from  the  established  religion  ;  a  dis¬ 
senter.  [neous. 

Dis-sIm'i-lar,  a.  Unlike  ;  heteroge- 

Dis-SIM/I-LAR'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  re¬ 
semblance  ;  unlikeness. 

Dis-sIm'i-lar-ly,  adv.  In  a  dissim¬ 
ilar  manner. 

Dis'si-mil'i-tude  (30),  n.  Unlike¬ 
ness;  dissimilarity.  [to  feign. 

Dis-sIm'u-late,  v.i.  To  dissemble; 

Dis-sIm'U-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  dissem¬ 
bling  ;  Jhypocrisy. 

DIS'SI-PATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dissipare ,  -palum,  from  dis  and  an 
obs.  sipare,  to  throw.]  1.  To  drive 
asunder.  2.  To  destroy  by  wasteful 
extravagance. 

Syx. —  To  disperse  ;  scatter  ;  dispel ; 
squander;  waste;  lavish. 

Dis-si-pa'tion,  n.  1.  A  dissipating 
or  dispersing.  2.  A  dissolute  course 
of  life.  3.  A  state  of  distracted  at¬ 
tention. 

Dis-so'cia-ble,  a.  Not  well  associ¬ 
ated  or  assorted  ;  incongruous. 

Dis-so'ciajl,,  a.  Unfriendly  to  society. 

Dis-so'Cl-ATE  (-shi-at),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  dissociate,  -alum,  fr. 
dis  and  sociare,  to  unite.]  To  sepa¬ 
rate  ;  to  disunite. 

Dls-so/c  I- ACTION  (-shT-a'shun),  n. 
Act  of  dissociating  ;  disunion. 

Dis'so-lu-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
dissolved. 

DIs'so-LUTE  (30),  a.  [Lat.  dissolvere, 
dissolntus  See  Dissolve.]  Aban¬ 
doned  to  vicious  pleasures. 

Syx.  —  Wild;  wanton;  luxurious  ;  li¬ 
centious;  rakish;  debauched. 

Dis'so-lute-LY,  adv.  In  a  loose  or 
dissolute  manner.  [dissipation. 

DIS'SO-LUTE-NESS,  n.  Debauchery  ; 

Dls'so-LU'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  dissolv¬ 
ing.  2.  Change  from  a  solid  to  a 
fluid  state.  3.  Change  of  form  by 
chemical  agency.  4.  The  breaking 
up  of  an  assembly  or  a  partnership. 
5.  Death.  6.  Destruction;  ruin. 

Dlg-goLV'A-BLE  a.  Capable  of  being 
dissolved. 

Dlg-goLVE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dissolvere,  from  dis  and  solvere,  to 


DISTEMPERATURE 

loose,  free.]  1.  To  separate  into 
component  parts.  2.  To  disconnect. 
3.  To  melt ;  to  liquefy.  4.  To  destroy 
the  power  of.  5.  To  cause  to  disap¬ 
pear.  6.  To  annul;  to  rescind. — 
v.  i.  1.  To  waste  or  fade  away.  2. 
To  be  melted. 

Dlg-gOLV'ENT,  a.  Having  power  to 
dissolve.  —  n.  That  which  has  tho 
power  of  dissolving  ;  a  solvent. 

Dig-goLv'ER,  n.  One  who  dissolves. 

Dis'so-NANyE,  n.  1.  A  mingling  of 
discordant  sounds  ;  discord.  2.  Dis¬ 
agreement  ;  inconsistency. 

DIs'so-NANT,  a.  [Lat.  dissonare ,  dis- 
sonans,  to  be  discordant,  from  dis 
and  sonarr,  to  sound.]  1.  Discord¬ 
ant  ;  unharmonious.  2.  Incongru¬ 
ous. 

Dis-suade'  (-swad/),  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing  ] 
[Lat.  dissuadere,  fr.  dis  and  suadere, 
to  persuade.]  To  advise  or  exhort 
against. 

Dis-suad'er,  n.  One  who  dissuades. 

Dis-sUA/glON  (-swa'zhun),  n.  1.  Act 
of  dissuading.  2.  A  dissuasive. 

Dis-sua'sIve  (-sw.Usiv),  a.  Tending 
to  dissuade. — n.  An  argument  to 
deter  one  from  a  measure. 

DTs'syl-lab'ie,  a.  Consisting  of  two 
syllables  only 

DiS-sVL'LA-BLE,  orDlS'SYL-LA-BLE, 
n.  [Gr.  8icrcrvAAa/3os.  fr.  fits,  twice, 
and  crvAAa/3ij,  syllable.]  A  word  con¬ 
sisting  of  two  syllables  only. 

Dis'taff  (149),  n.  [A.- 
S.  distsef.]  Staff  for 
holding  the  material 
from  which  the  thread 
is  drawn  in  spinning. 

Dis-tain',  v.  t.  [-E D  ; 

-ing.]  To  stain. 

Dis'tance,  n.  1.  Space 
between  two  objects.  2. 

Remoteness  of  place  ;  Distaff, 

a  l-emote  place.  3.  In¬ 
terval  of  time.  4.  Reserve  ;  ceremo¬ 
niousness. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  place  at  a  distance.  2.  To  leave 
behind,  as  in  a  race. 

DIs'TANT,  a.  [Lat.  distare ,  distans,  to 
stand  apart.]  1.  Standing  apart; 
separate.  2.  Far  separated  ;  remote. 
3.  Reserved  in  manners  :  cold. 

DIs'tant-ly,  adv.  At  a  distance  ;  re¬ 
motely  ;  with  reserve. 

Dis-taste',  n.  1.  Dislike  of  food  or 
drink.  2.  Alienation  of  affection. 

Syx.  — Disrelish;  disinclination;  dis¬ 
like;  disgust. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To  dislike 
the  taste  of ;  to  disrelish. 

Dis-taste'ful,  a.  1.  Unpleasant  to 
the  taste.  2.  Displeasing  to  the  feel¬ 
ings.  [pleasing  manner. 

Dis-taste'ful-ly,  adv.  1  In  a  dis- 

Dis-tem'per,  n.  1.  A  morbid  state 
of  the  animal  system  ;  —  often  re¬ 
stricted  to  the  diseases  of  brutes.  2. 
Ill  humor,  or  bad  temper.  3.  A 
preparation  of  opaque  colors. — v.t. 
[-ED :  -ING.]  ].  To  derange  the 
functions  of.  2.  To  disturb  ;  toruffie. 

Dis-t£m'per-a-ture  (53), n.  1.  Con¬ 
fusion  ;  disorder.  2.  Violent  dis- 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y ,  long ;  X,£,I,  o,  G,  V,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  term;  riQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6n, 


DISTEND 

turbance.  3.  Slight  illness.  4.  Men¬ 
tal  uneasiness. 

Dis-tend',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
distend  ere,  from  dis  and  tendere,  to 
stretch.]  1.  To  lengthen  out.  2. 
To  stretch  or  spread  in  all  directions. 

Syn.—  To  dilate  ;  expand  ;  enlarge. 

Dis-ten'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
distended. 

Dis-ten'tion,  n.  1.  Distending.  2. 
Space  occupied  by  the  thing  distend¬ 
ed. 

DiS'TICH  ( -tik),  n.  [Gr.  fiicmxos,  5icr- 
rt-xov,  with  two  rows,  of  two  verses.] 
A  couple  of  verses  making  complete 
sense. 

DYs'Ti€H-oOs,  a.  Having  two  rows. 

Bis-tIll',  1  v.  i.  [-ED,  -ing  ;  or  -LED, 

Dis-TIL',  )  -LING,  137.]  [Lat.  destil- 
lare ,  fr.  de  and  stillnre ,  to  drop.]  1. 
To  fall  in  drops.  2.  To  flow  gently. 

—  t.  1.  To  let  fall  in  drops.  2. 
To  obtain  by  distillation  j  to  rec¬ 
tify. 

DIs'TIL-LA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  fall¬ 
ing  in  drops.  2.  Operation  of  ex¬ 
tracting  spirit  from  a  substance  ;  rec¬ 
tification. 

Dis-tIll'er,  n.  One  who  distills. 

Dis-tIll'er-y,  n.  Building  and 
works  where  distilling  is  carried  on. 

Dis-tIngt',  a.  [Lat.  distinguere ,  dis¬ 
tinctly,  to  distinguish.]  1.  Distin¬ 
guished.  2.  Spotted  ;  variegated.  3. 
Not  united  by  growth  or  otherwise. 
4.  Different ;  individual. 

Syn.—  Separate  ;  clear  ;  plain  ;  obvi¬ 
ous. 

Dis-t!n€'TION,  a.  1.  Marking  off  by 
visible  signs.  2.  Discrimination.  3. 
distinguishing  quality.  4.  Regard 
to  distinguishing  circumstances.  5. 
Conspicuous  station. 

Dis-tInet'ive,  a.  Marking  or  ex¬ 
pressing  distinction. 

Dls-TfNeT'ivE-LY,  adv.  With  dis¬ 
tinction  ;  plainly. 

Dis-tInut'ly,  adv.  With  distinct¬ 
ness;  clearly.  [of  being  distinct. 

Dis-tingt'ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 

Dis-tIn'guish  (-tlng'gwish),  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat  .distinguere,  fr. 
dis  and  sting uere,  to  quench.]  1.  To 
note  as  different.  2.  To  recognize  by 
characteristic  qualities.  3.  To  make 
to  differ.  4.  To  make  eminent. 

Syn.— To  mark  ;  discriminate!  dis¬ 
cern;  perceive;  signalize. 

—  v.  i .  To  make  distinctions  ;  to 
exercise  discrimination. 

Dis-tin'guish-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  distinguished. 

Dis  TfN'GUlSHED  (-ting'gwisht),  p. 
a.  Having  distinction  ;  noted. 

Syn. —  Eminent ;  conspicuous  ;  cele¬ 
brated;  illustrious.  —  A  man  is  eminent 
when  he  stands  hifjh  as  compared  with 
others  around  him  ;  conspicuous  when 
he  is  so  elevated  as  to  be  generally  seen 
and  observed  ;  distinguished  when  he 
has  something  which  makes  him  stand 
apart  from  others  in  the  public  view; 
celebrated  when  he  is  widely  spoken  of 
with  honor  and  respect;  illustrious  when 
a  splendor  is  thrown  around  him  which 
confers  the  highest  dignity. 

Dis-tort',  v.  1.  [-EU;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
distorquere,  distortum ,  from  dis  and 


127 

torquere,  to  twist.]  To  twist  out  of 
shape. 

Syn. —  To  twist;  wrest;  deform  ;  per¬ 
vert;^  bend. 

Dis-tor'tion,  n.  A  twisting  out  of 
shape;  visible  deformity. 

Dis-trXut',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
distrahere ,  distractum,  from  dis  and 
trahere ,  to  draw.]  1.  To  perplex  ;  to 
confuse.  2.  To  agitate  by  conflict¬ 
ing  passions.  3.  To  craze. 

Dis-tra€'tion,  n.  1.  Confusion  of 
attention.  2.  Confusion  of  affairs. 
3.  Perturbation  of  mind.  4.  A  state 
of  disordered  reason. 

Syn.  —  Perplexity  ;  disorder;  dissen¬ 
sion;  derangement;  madness. 

Dis-tractG've  ,  a.  Causing  perplex¬ 
ity  ;  distracting. 

Dis-train',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
distringere,  to  draw  asunder,  hinder, 
molest.]  To  seize  for  debt,  without 
legal  process. 

Dis-trAin'or,  n.  One  who  distrains. 

Dis-TR aught'  (-trawt'),  a.  Distracted. 

DlS-TRESS',  n.  [Lat.  distringere ,  dis- 
trictus.  See  DISTRAIN.]  1.  Ex¬ 
treme  pain  of  body  or  mind.  2. 
That  which  occasions  suffering.  3. 
State  of  danger  or  necessity.  4.  Act 
of  distraining,  or  thing  taken  by  dis¬ 
training. 

Syn. —  Suffering  :  pain  ;  agony  ;  mis¬ 
ery;  calamity;  misfortune.  See  Afflic¬ 
tion. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  cause 
pain  or  anguish  to. 

Dis-tress'ful,  a.  Inflicting,  indi¬ 
cating,  or  proceeding  from,  distress. 

Dis-trib'u-ta-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  distributed. 

Dis-trib'ute,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  distribuere ,  -butum,  fr.  dis  and 
tribuere,  to  assign.]  1.  To  divide 
among  several.  2.  To  administer. 
3.  To  separate,  as  into  classes,  or¬ 
ders,  &c.  [utes. 

Dis-trIb'u-ter,  n.  One  who  distrib- 

Dis'TRl-BU'TiON,  n.  Act  of  distrib¬ 
uting. 

Syn. — Apportionment;  allotment;  dis¬ 
pensation  ;  classification. 

Dis-trYb'u-tive,  a.  1.  Tending  to 
distribute ;  dealing  to  each  his  prop¬ 
er  share.  2.  Expressing  separation 
or  divison.  [tribution  ;  singly. 

Dis-trib'u-tive-ly,  adv.  By  dis- 

Dis'trigt,  n.  [L.  Lat.  districtus,  dis¬ 
trict,  from  Lat.  distringere,  to  draw 
asunder.]  1.  A  defined  portion  of  a 
state  or  city  for  legislative  or  elective 
purposes.  2.  Any  portion  of  terri¬ 
tory. 

Syn. —  Division  ;  quarter  ;  province  ; 
region. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  divide  into 
districts. 

Dis-trust',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  Not 
to  confide  in  ;  to  mistrust.  —  n.  1. 
Doubt  of  reality  or  sincerity.  2. 
Suspicion  of  evil  designs. 

Dis-trust'ful,  a.  I.  Apt  to  dis¬ 
trust  ;  suspicious.  2.  Diffident ;  mod¬ 
est. 

Dis-tOrb',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
disturbare ,  from  dis  and  turba,  disor¬ 
der,  crowd.]  1.  To  throw  into  con- 


DIVAN 

fusion.  2.  To  interfere  with.  3.  To 
agitate  the  mind  of. 

Syn.  —  To  disorder;  disquiet;  agitate; 
trouble  ;  ruffle;  stir;  move. 

Dis-tOrb'AN^E,  n.  1.  Derangement 
of  the  regular  course  of  things.  2. 
Confusion  of  the  mind.  3.  Public 
commotion.  [or  disquiets. 

Dis-turb'er,  n.  One  who  disturbs 

Dis-un'ion,  n.  1.  Termination  of 
union.  2.  A  breach  of  concord  and 
its_effect.  [disunion. 

Dis-un'ion-Yst,  n.  An  advocate  of 

Dis'u-nite',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  destroy  the  union  of.  -  2.  To 
break  the  concord  of.  —  v.  i.  To 
part;  to  become  separate. 

Dis-u'ni-ty,  n.  State  of  separation. 

Dis-u'sage,  n.  Neglect  of  use,  exer¬ 
cise,  or  practice. 

Dis-use',  n.  1.  Cessation  of  use.  2. 
Cessation  of  custom;  desuetude. 

Dls-ugE',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
cease  to  use  or  practice,  [disesteem. 

Dis-VAL'UE,  v.  t.  To  undervalue  ;  to 

Ditch,  n.  [A.-S.  die.  See  Dike  and 
DIG.]  A  trench  in  the  earth.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  dig  a  ditch  or 
ditches  in ;  to  trench. 

Ditch'er,  n.  One  who  digs  ditches. 

Dl'THE-IgM,  n.  [Gr.  fit's,  twice,  and 
theism,.]  Doctrine  of  the  existence 
of  two  gods,  one  good  and  one  evil. 

Dith'Y-rXmb,  I  n.  [Gr.  fitflv'paju- 

Dith'Y-rXm'BUS,  )  /3os,  a  kind  of 

lyric  poetry  in  honor  of  Bacchus.] 
An  ancient  Greek  hymn  in  honor  of 
Bacchus. 

DIth/y-rXivi'bi€,  a.  Wild  ;  impetu¬ 
ous  and  boisterous,  like  a  dithyramb. 
—  n.  1.  A  dithyramb.  2.  A  wild, 
enthusiastic  poem. 

Di'TONE  ,  n.  [Gr.  fitrovos,  of  two 
tones.]  An  interval  comprehending 
two  whole  tones. 

Dit'ta-ny,  n.  [From  Mt.  Dictd,  in 
Crete.]  A  kind  of  aromatic  peren¬ 
nial  plant. 

Dit'to,  n.  [It.  detto,  fr.  Lat.  dictum , 
said.]  That  which  has  been  said ; 
the  aforesaid  thing.  —  adv.  As  be¬ 
fore  ;  in  the  same  manner. 

DIt'TY,  n.  [A.-S.  diht,  said,  dictated, 
Lat.  dictum  ,  something  said.]  A  lit¬ 
tle  poem  to  be  sung. 

DPu-re'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  fit,  for  Sid, 
through,  and  ofipov,  urine.]  Excre¬ 
tion  of  urine. 

DRu-ret'ic,  a.  Exciting  the  discharge 
of  urine.  —  n.  A  medicine  with  diu¬ 
retic  properties. 

Di-Br'NAL,  a.  [Lat.  diurnalis ,  from 
dies,  day.]  1.  Relating  to  the  day¬ 
time.  2.  Daily  ;  recurring  every  day. 
3.  Constituting  a  day. 

DI-Or'NAL-LY,  adv.  Daily ;  everyday. 

DPu-tOr'nal,  a.  [Lat.  diuturnus , 
fr.  diu,  a  long  time.]  Of  long  con¬ 
tinuance  ;  lasting. 

Di-vXn',  n.  [Per.  diwhn .]  1.  A  book; 
a  collection  of  poems.  2.  A  council 
of  state  ;  the  royal  court ;  the  court 
of  justice;  office  for  customs.  3.  An 
audience  chamber  or  saloon  for  com¬ 
pany.  4.  A  kind  of  cushioned  seat. 


DIVARICATE 


DOCUMENT 


D1-VXr'I-€ATE,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  divaricare ,  -catum,  fr.  di,  for 
dis,  and  varicare ,  to  straddle.]  To 
part  into  two  branches  ;  to  fork.  —  v. 
t.  To  divide  into  two  branches. 

DI-vXr'i-cate  (45),  a.  Widely  di¬ 
vergent. 

Di-vAr'i-ca'tion,  n.  1.  A  parting; 
a  forking.  2.  A  wide  divergence. 

Dive,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  dy- 
fan.  Cf.  Dip.]  1.  To  plunge  into 
water  head  first.  2.  To  plunge  into 
any  business  or  condition.  3.  To 
_sinlc ;  to  penetrate. 

pIv'ER,  n.  One  who  dives. 

DI-vErge'  (14),  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  dis  and  vergere,  to  bend,  in¬ 
cline.]  1.  To  deviate  gradually  from 
a  given  course.  2.  To  vary  from  a 
type,  a  normal  state,  or  the  truth. 

DK-vEr'Gen^e,  In.  A  receding  from 

Di-vEr'gen-^y, )  each  other  in  ra¬ 
diating  lines. 

Di-v£r'£ent,  a.  Deviating  gradual¬ 
ly  from  a  given  point  or  direction. 

DI'VERg  (dl'verz),  a.  [Lat.  diversus , 
turned  in  different  directions,  differ¬ 
ent,  p.  p.  of  divertere .]  Several ;  sun¬ 
dry. 

DI'verse,  a.  [See  Divers.]  Differ¬ 
ent  in  kind  ;  unlike  ;  dissimilar.  — 
adv.  In  different  directions. 

Di'VERSE-LY,  adv.  1.  Differently; 
variously.  2.  Jn  different  directions. 

DI-vBr'si-FI-CA'tion,  n.  Act  of  di¬ 
versifying. 

Dt-VKR'SI-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  diversus , 
different,  and  forma,  form.]  Of  va¬ 
ried  forms. 

Df'-vfiR'si-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  diversus,  different,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  To  make  diverse  or  vari¬ 
ous  in  form  or  qualities. 

DI-vEr'sion  (14),  n.  1.  A  turning 
aside.  2.  That  which  diverts.  3.  A 
drawing  of  the  attention  and  force  of 
an  enemy  from  the  point  where  the 
principal  attack  is  to  be  made. 

Syn. —•  Amusement;  pastime;  recrea¬ 
tion. 

Dl-v£R'si-TY,  n.  1.  A  state  of  differ¬ 
ence  ;  unlikeness.  2.  Variety. 

D1-v£rt',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  di¬ 
vertere,  fr.  dis  and  vertere,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  off  from  any  course,  direc¬ 
tion,  or  intended  application.  2.  To 
turn  from  business  or  study. 

Syn.  — To  please;  gratify;  amuse;  en¬ 
tertain. 

DI-vert'er,  m.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  diverts. 

D  I  V  E  RT I  a  E  ME  N  T  ( de'v&r'tSz'- 
mong'),  n.  [Fr.]  A  short  enter¬ 
tainment  between  the  acts  of  longer 
pieces. 

Di-vPrt'ive,  a.  Tending  to  divert. 

DI-vest',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Devest.]  1.  To  strip,  as  of  clothes. 

2.  To  deprive.  [vesting. 

DI-vest'i-tuke  (53),  n.  Act  of  di- 

DI-vIde',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 

dividere,  from  dis  and  root  vid,  to 
part.]  1.  To  sever  into  parts.  2.  To 
cause  to  be  separate.  3.  To  appor¬ 
tion.  4.  To  separate  into  two  parts, 


128 

for  ascertaining  opinions  for  and 
against  a  measure. 

Syn.  —  To  sever;  sunder;  distribute  ; 
share;  allot. 

Div'i-dend,  n.  1.  Share  of  the  inter¬ 
est  or  profit  of  stock  which  belongs 
to  each  proprietor.  2.  A  number  to 
be  divided. 

DI-vid'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
divides;  esp.,j»L,an  instrument  for 
dividing  lines,  describing  circles,  &c. 

Dfv'l-NA'TiON,  n.  Act  of  divining  ; 
augurj'. 

Di-vine',  a.  [Lat.  divinus ,  fr.  divus, 
belonging  to  a  deity.]  Belonging  to, 
or  proceeding  from,  God. 

Syn. —  Supernatural;  godlike;  heav¬ 
enly  ;  holy  ;  sacred. 

—  n.  1-  A  priest ;  a  clergyman.  2. 
A  man  skilled  in  divinity.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  To  foresee  or  fore¬ 
know. 

Syn.  —  To  foretell ;  predict ;  presage. 
— y.  i.  To  conjecture. 

DI-vIne'ly,  adv.  In  a  divine  manner  ; 
by  divine  agency. 

Di-vin'er,  n.  One  who  divines. 

Div'ing-bell,  n.  A  hollow  vessel  in 
which  one  may  descend  into  deep 
water. 

Di-VIN'i-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  being  di¬ 
vine.  2.  The  Deity  ;  God.  3.  A  false 
god.  4.  A  celestial  being.  5.  Sci¬ 
ence  of  divine  things  ;  theology. 

Dl-vi'g'I-BU/l-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 
divisible.  [vided. 

Di-Vig'l-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being  di- 

Df-vfg'ION  (-vTzh'un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
dividing.  2.  That  which  divides.  3. 
Portion  separated  by  dividing.  4.  Dif¬ 
ference  in  opinion  or  feeling.  5.  Sec¬ 
tion  of  an  army  or  fleet,  complete  in 
itself. 

Syn. —  Compartment;  section  ;  sepa¬ 
ration;  variance;  discord. 

Di-VIS'ION-AL ,  a.  1.  Expressing  or 
making  division.  2.  Belonging  to  a 
division.  [cord. 

Dl-vI'SIVE,  a.  Creating  division  or  dis- 

Dl-Vl'gOR,  ft.  Number  by  which  the 
dividend  is  divided. 

Di-v5r^e',  ft.  [Lat.  divortium ,  fr.  di- 
vortere ,  divertere,  to  separate.]  1.  A 
legal  dissolution  of  the  marriage  con¬ 
tract.  2.  Separation  of  things  closely 
united.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  1.  To 
separate  by  divorce.  2.  To  disunite. 

Di-vorfe'a-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
divorced. 

DI-vor'^er,  ft.  One  who  produces 
divorce.  [vorce. 

D'f-vdR'clVE,  a.  Having  power  to  di- 

DI-v0l6e',4».  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
divulgare ,  from  dis  and  vulgare,  to 
make  public.]  To  reveal ;  to  disclose. 

DI-vul'Ger,  ft.  One  who  divulges. 

DI-vul'sion ,  ft.  [Lat.  divulsio ,  from 
dive  Here.]  A  rending  asunder! 

DI-vOl'sIve,  a.  Tending  to  pull  asun¬ 
der  or  rend. 

Diz'un  (dlz'n  or  dl'zn),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  dress  gaudily  ;  to  over¬ 
dress. 

DIz'zi-ness,  n.  Giddiness  ;  vertigo. 

Diz'ZY,  a.  [-er  :  -est,  142.]  A.-S. 
dysig,  gedysig,  foolish,  insipid.]  1. 


Giddy ;  hence,  confused.  2.  Causing 
giddiness.  3.  Heedless. 

Do,  ft.  A  syllable  attached  to  the  first 
tone  of  the  major  diatonic  scale  for 
solmization. 

Do  (ddo),  v.  t.  or  auxiliary.  [imp. 
did;  p.  p.  done.]  [A.-S.  dCn, 
Goth,  taugan.]  1.  To  perform ;  to 
execute.  2.  To  produce ;  to  effect. 

3.  To  finish  ;  to  accomplish.  4.  To 
cook  completely.  5.  To  translate.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  act  or  behave.  2.  To 
fare.  3.  To  answer  an  end. 

Doat,  v.  i.  See  Dote. 

Do^'i-bil'i-ty,  I  ft.  Quality  of  being 

Do^'i-ble-ness,  )  docible ;  teach¬ 
ableness  ;  docility. 

Do^'i-ble,  a.  [Lat.  docibilis,  from 
docere ,  to  teach.]  Easily  taught; 
teachable ;  docile. 

Do^'ILE,  a.  [Lat.  docilis,  fr.  docere, 
to  teach.]  Teachable  ;  ready  to  learn  ; 
tractable.  [ness  to  learn. 

Do-(’Il'i-ty,  n.  Teachableness  ;  readi- 

Do9'I-MA-9Y,  ft.  [Gr.  SoKipacria.,  ex¬ 
amination.]  Art  of  applying  tests  to 
ascertain  the  nature,  quality,  See., 
of  objects.  [ments. 

Do^'i-mXs'TIC,  a.  Proving  by  experi- 

Doc.’K,  ft.  [A.-S.  docce .]  1.  A  plant 
having  a  long  root.  2.  [Icel.  dockr.] 
Stump  of  a  tail,  or  part  left  after  cut¬ 
ting.  3.  [Lat.  doga ,  sort  of  ves¬ 
sel,  Gr.  Soxy,  receptacle.]  An  artifi¬ 
cial  inclosure  for  the  reception  of 
vessels.  4.  Space  between  two  piers 
for  ships.  6.  Place  where  a  criminal 
stands  in  court.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  cut  off;  to  curtail.  2.  To  de¬ 
duct  from.  3.  To  destroy  or  defeat. 

4.  To  place  in  a  dock.  [a  dock. 

Dock'aGe,  n.  Charge  for  the  use  of 

Dcck'et,  ft.  [From  dock,  to  cut  off 

a  part.]  1.  A  summary.  2.  A  label 
tied  to  goods.  3.  A  list  of  causes  in 
court  ready  for  hearing  or  trial.  4. 
Any  list  of  business  matters  to  be 
acted  on.  —  v  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
enter  in  a  docket ;  to  mark  the  con¬ 
tents  of  on  the  back. 

Dock'-yard,  ft.  A  yard  near  a  har¬ 
bor,  for  naval  stores  and  timber. 

Doc'TOR,  ft.  [Lat.,fr.  docere,  to  teach.] 
1.  A  learned  man.  2.  One  who  has 
received  the  highest  degree  in  a  fac¬ 
ulty  ;  especially,  a  physician.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  attend  or  treat  as 
a  physician. 

DoE'TOR-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  de¬ 
gree  or  practice  of  a  doctor.  [tor. 

Doc'tor- ATE  (45),  ft.  Degree  of  adoc- 

Do€'TOR-ess,  i  n.  A  female  doctor; 

DSc'tress,  j  a  woman  who  is  a 
physician. 

Doc'tor-ship,  ft.  Degree  of  a  doctor. 

Do€'TR1-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  doc¬ 
trine. 

Dog'TRIne,  ft.  [Lat.  doctrina,  fr.  doc. 
tor-]  Instruction  ;  body  of  princi¬ 
ples,  in  any  branch  of  knowledge ; 
tenet. 

Syn. —  Precept.  —  A  doctrine  is  some¬ 
thing  to  be  believed  ;  a  precept,  some¬ 
thing  to  be  obeyed 

Doe'U-MENT,  ft.  [Lat.  documentum , 


X,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long ;  X,  £,  I,  6,  tf,  ¥,  short ;  CARE,  fXr,  Ask,  ALL,  WIIAT;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  firm;  s6n, 


DOCUMENTAL 

fr.  docere ,  to  teach.]  An  original  or 
official  paper,  relied  on  as  the  proof 
or  support  of  any  thing  else.  — v.  t. 
To  furnish  with  documents. 

Doc'u-ment'al,  I  a.  Pertaining  to 

Doo'u-ment'a-ry,  j  documents,  or 
written  evidence  ;  consisting  in  doc¬ 
uments. 

Dod'der,  a.  A  parisitical  vine,  which, 
decaying  at  the  root,  is  nourished  by 
the  plant  that  supports  it. 

Do-deo'a-gon,??.  [Gr.  dmSeKa.  twelve, 
and  yum'a,  angle.]  A  polygon  hav¬ 
ing  twelve  equal  sides,  and  twelve 
equal  angles. 

Do-decA-he'dual,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  dodecahedron. 

Do-dRo'a-hk'dron,  n.  [Gr.  JK 
SuiSeKa,  twelve,  and  eSpa,  'M? 
seat,  base.]  A  solid  having 
twelve  equal  faces.  4§sp 

Dodge,  *.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  Dodeca. 
Prob.  a  modif.  of  dog,  v.  t.J  hcdrons. 

1.  To  start  suddenly  aside. 

2.  To  play  tricks. — v.t.  To  escape 
by  starting  aside.  —  n.  Act  of  skill¬ 
fully  evading;  hence,  a  dexterous 
trick. 

bo'DO,  n. ;  pi.  DO'DOEg.  An  extinct 
bird  of  large  size,  once  inhabiting  the 
Island  of  Mauritius.  [fallow-deer. 

Doe,  ??.  [A.-S.  da.]  Female  of  the 

DOE'SKIN,  n.  A  compact,  twilled 
woolen  cloth. 

Do'er  (dcTo'er),  n.  One  who  does  ;  an 
actor  ;  an  agent. 

D5ff,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [From  do 
and  off.]  1.  To  put  off,  as  dress.  2. 
To  rid  one’s  self  of. 

Dog,  n.  [Icel.  doggr.]  1.  A  well- 
known  quadruped.  2.  A  mean, 
worthless  fellow.  3.  An  andiron.  4. 
(Meek.)  (a.)  A  grappling-iron.  ( b .) 
An  iron  with  fangs  for  securing  a  log. 
(c.)  A  kind  of  catch  or  clutch.  —  v.  t. 
[-GED  ;  -GING,  136.]  To  follow  in¬ 
sidiously  or  indefatigably  ;  to  hunt. 

D5g'-€ART,  n.  A  one-horse  vehicle 
for  sportsmen.  [or  offal. 

Dog'-cheap,  a.  Cheap  as  dog’s  meat 

D5g'-day,  n.  One  of  the  days  when 
the  Dog-3tar  rises  and  sets  with  the 
sun,'  beginning  the  latter  part  of  Ju¬ 
ly,  and  ending  the  beginning  of  Sep¬ 
tember. 

Doge,  n.  [It.,  fr.  Lat.  dux,  a  leader.] 
Chief  magistrate  in  the  republics  of 
Venice  and  Genoa. 

Dog'-eared,  a.  Having  the  corners 
of  the  leaves  turned  down  by  careless 
usage.  [lily  obstinate. 

Dog'ged  (60).  a.  [From  dog.]  Sur- 

Dog'ged-ly,  adv.  In  a  dogged  man¬ 
ner  ;  sullenly.  [  roseness. 

Dog'ged-ness,  n.  Sullenness  ;  mo- 

D5g'ger-el,  a.  [Cf.  Dog-Latin.] 
Low  in  style,  and  irregular  in  meas¬ 
ure. — n.  Mean,  irregular  verse. 

Dog'gISII,  a.  Like  a  dog  ;  churlish. 

Dog'-Lat'IN,  n.  Barbarous  Latin. 

Dog'mA,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  dog'mAs  ;  Lat. 
pi.  DdG'MA-TA.  [Lat., fr.  Gr.  8oyp.a, 
fr.  Soksiv,  to  think.]  1.  That  which  is 
held  as  an  opinion.  2.  An  estab¬ 
lished  tenet.  3.  A  principle  of  doc- 


129 

trine  asserted  without  sufficient  evi¬ 
dence. 

Syn.  — Tenet. —  A  tenet  is  an  article  of 
faith,  which  is  firmly  held.  Dogma  has 
now  a  somewhat  odious  sense,  from  its 
carrying  with  it  the  idea  of  authority  or 
undue  assumption,  as  in  its  derivative 
dogmatism. 

Dog-mat'IC,  la.  1.  Pertaining  to 

Dog-mat'ig-al,  |  a  dogma.  2.  Mag¬ 
isterial.  3.  Positive ;  authoritative. 

DOG-MAT'IE-AL-LY,  adv.  Arrogantly. 

Dog-mat'ics,  n.  sing.  Doctrinal  the¬ 
ology.  [ion. 

DoG'MA-TIgM,  n.  Arrogance  in  opin- 

Dog'ma-tist,  n.  A  dogmatizer. 

Dog'ma-tIze,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
assert  with  bold  and  undue  confi¬ 
dence.  [tizes. 

Dog'ma-tiz'er,  n.  One  who  dogma- 

DoG’g'-EAR,  n.  Corner  of  a  leaf, 
turned  down  like  the  ear  of  a  dog. 

Dog'-star,  n.  Sirius,  a  star  of  the 
first  magnitude.  [that  of  a  dog. 

Dog'-trot,  n.  A  gentle  trot  like 

Dog'- watch,  n.  (Naut.)  One  of  two 
watches  of  two  hours  each,  the  first 
being  from  4  to  6,  P.  M.,  the  second 
from  6  to  8,  P.  M. 

Dog' wood,  n.  A  genus  of  large 
shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Doi'ly  (148),  n.  [Cf.  Towel.]  A 
small  napkin,  generally  colored. 

Doit,  n.  [D.  duit,  perh.  fr.  Fr.  ddiuit, 
of  eight,  as  it  is  the  eighth  part  of  a 
stiver.]  1.  A  small  Dutch  coin, 
worth  about  half  a  farthing.  2.  Any 
trifle. 

Do-lXb'ri-form,  a.  [Lat.  dolabra, 
pick-ax,  and  forma,  form.]  Having 
the  form  of  an  ax  or  hatchet. 

Dolce  (dol'cha),  1  adv. 

Dolcemente  (-men'ta),  J  [It.] 
(Mus.)  Softly;  sweetly. 

Dole,??.  [A.-S.  dal;  dxlan,  to  divide.] 
1.  Act  of  dealing.  2.  That  which  is 
dealt  or  distributed.  3.  Alms  ;  char¬ 
ity.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  deal 
out  in  small  portions. 

Dole'ful,  a.  Full  of  dole  or  grief. 

Syn. — Piteous;  sorrowful;  woful;  mel¬ 
ancholy;  sad;  gloomy. 

Dole'ful-ly,  adv.  Sadly.  [mal. 

Dole's6me  (-sum),  a.  Doleful ;  dis- 

Doll,  n.  [A  contr.  of  Dorothy.]  A 
puppet  or  baby  for  a  child. 

Dol'lar,  n.  [Abbrev.  of  Joachims- 
thaler,  i.  e.,  a  piece  of  money  first 
coined,  about  1518,  in  the  valley  of 
St.  Joachim,  in  Bohemia.]  1.  A  sil¬ 
ver  coin  of  the  United  States,  equal 
to  one  hundred  cents.  2.  A  coin  of 
the  same  general  weight  and  value, 
in  several  other  countries. 

Dd'LOR,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  dolere,  to  feel 
pain.]  Pain;  grief;  distress. 

DoL'OR-lF'ie,  )  a.  Lat.  dolor,  and 

DOL'OR-IF'ie-AL, )  facere ,  to  make.] 
Causing  pain  or  grief ;  dolorous. 

Dol'or-oOs,  a.  1.  Full  of  grief.  2. 
Occasioning  pain  or  grief. 

Syn.  — Doleful;  dismal;  sorrowful. 

Dol'or-oOs-ly,  adv.  In  a  dolorous 
manner. 

Dol'PHIN,  n.  [Lat.  delphin ,  Gr.  SeA- 
4>lv.]  1.  A  cetaceous  mammal.  2. 


DOMINO 

A  fish  celebrated  for  its  surprising 
changes  of  color  when  dying. 

Dolt  (20),  ??.  [A.-S.  dot,  dvol,  dval, 
erring,  foolish.  Cf.  Dull.]  A  heavy, 
stupid  fellow. 

DoLT'jsn,a.  Dull;  stupid. 

Do-main',  n.  [Lat.  dominium,  prop¬ 
erty,  ownership,  fr.  dominus,  mas¬ 
ter,  owner.]  1.  Territory  over  which 
dominion  is  exerted.  2.  Landed  prop¬ 
erty  ;  estate,  esp.  an  estate  or  patri¬ 
mony  which  one  has  in  his  own  right. 

Dome,??.  [Lat.  domus,  a  house.]  1. 
A  building.  2.  A  cupola.  3.  Auy 
similar  erection. 

DOMEg'DAY,  n.  See  Doomsday. 

Do-MES'Tre,  a.  [Lat.  domesticus ,  fr. 
domus,  house.]  1.  Belonging  to  the 
house  or  home.  2.  Pertaining  to  a 
nation  considered  as  a  family,  or 
home.  3.  Remaining  much  at  home. 
4.  Living  in  or  near  human  habita¬ 
tions.  5.  Made  in  one’s  own  house 
or  country.  —  n.  A  house-servant. 

Do-mes'ti-oate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[L.  Lat.  domesticate ,  - catum ,  from 
domus,  house.]  1  To  make  domestic. 

2.  To  act  as  if  at  one's  own  home. 

3.  To  tame.  [ticating. 

Do-mes'ti-ua'tion,  n.  Act  of  domes- 

Do'mes-ti'9'i-ty,  ii.  State  of  being 

domestic ;  a  household  act. 

Dom'I-^ILE,  n.  [Lat.  domicilium ,  fr. 
t/o????/.s,ahouse.]  Place  of  permanent 
residence. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
establish  in  a  fixed  residence  ;  to  dom¬ 
iciliate. 

Dom'i-^il'I-a-ry  (or  -sil'ya-ry),  a. 
Pertaining  to  domicile. 

DOM/I-CIL'I-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  establish  in  a  permanent  resi¬ 
dence  ;  to  domicile.  [residence. 

Dom'I-^IL'I-A'TION,  n.  Permanent 

Dom'1-nant,  a.  [See  infra.]  Ruling; 
prevailing ;  predominant.  —  ??.  Fifth 
tone  of  the  scale. 

Dom'I-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
dominari,  -natus,  fr.  dominus,  mas¬ 
ter,  lord.]  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

Dom'1-na'tion,  n.  1.  Dominion; 
government.  2.  Fourth  of  the  sup¬ 
posed  orders  of  angelical  beings. 

Dom'i-na-tiye,  a.  Ruling;  impe¬ 
rious.  _  [power. 

Dom'I-NA'TOR,  ??.  A  ruler  or  ruling 

Dom'I-neer',  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
rule  with  insolence  or  arbitrary 
sway. 

Do-MlN're-AL,  a.  [From  Lat.  dovii-  * 
nus,  lord.]  Indicating  the  Lord’s  day, 
or  Sunday. 

Dominical  letter ,  one  ofthe  first  seven 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  used  in  almanacs 
to  denote  the  Sabbath  or  Lord’s  day. 

Do-mIn'i-can,  n.  A  monk  of  an  order 
founded  by  Dominic  de  Guzman. 

Do-min'ion,  n.  [See  Domain.]  1. 
Supreme  authority.  2.  Predomin¬ 
ance.  3.  Territory  over  which  au¬ 
thority  is  exercised.  4.  A  governing 
power  of  high  rank. 

Syn.  —  Sovereignty  ;  control  ;  rule  ; 
authority;  government;  region. 

Dom'i-no,_?i.  ;  pi.  dom'i-nos,  or 
DOM'l-NOEg.  [It.  &  Sp.,  from  Lat. 

g,  hard;  As;  exist;  N  as  NG ;  this. 


OR  DO.WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  BrN,  RUE,  PyLL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  (J,  G,  soft ;  €, 

9 


DON 


DOUGH* 


dominus.  master.]  1.  A  kind  of 
hood.  2.  A  long,  loose  cloak,  with 
a  hood  removable  at  pleasure,  used 
as  a  disguise.  3.  A  person  wearing 
a  domino.  4.  pi.  A  game,  or  one  of 
the  pieces  with  which  it  is  played. 

Don,  n.  [Sp. ,  from  Lat.  dominus , 
master.]  1.  Sir;  Mr.; — a  title  of 
courtesy  in  Spain.  2.  A  grand  per¬ 
sonage. —  v.  t.  [-NED;  -NING,  142.] 
JTo_c/o  on.]  To  put  on. 

Do'nate,  v.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat. 
donare,  donatum,  from  donum,  gift.] 
To  give.  [Recent.] 

Do-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  giving.  2. 
That  which  is  given  ;  a  grant. 

Syn. — Gift;  present. — Gift  is  generic; 
a  present  is  a  gift  intended  as  a  compli¬ 
ment  or  expression  of  kindness;  a  dona¬ 
tion  is  a  word  of  more  dignity,  denoting 
a  gift  to  some  public  object,  and  usually 
large  in  amount. 

Don'a-tive,  n.  A  gift;  a  gratuity. 

Done  (57),  p.  p.  from  do.  1.  Per¬ 
formed;  executed.  2.  [Fr.  donni, 
corrupted  in  law  to  done ,  or  done,  fr. 
donner ,  to  give.]  Given  out ;  made 
public  ;  —  used  in  the  clause  ex¬ 
pressing  the  date  of  an  official  pub¬ 
lic  document.  [made. 

Do-nee',  n.  One  to  whom  a  gift  is 

L»ON' JON  (dun'jun),  n.  [See  DUN¬ 
GEON.]  A  massive  tower  in  ancient 
castles  ;  —  also  called  the  keep. 

Don'key  (150),  n.  1.  An  ass,  or  mule. 
2.  A  stupid  fellow. 

Don'na,  n.  [It.,  from  Lat.  domina , 
mistress.]  A  lady ;  madam  ;  — title 
given  a  lady  in  Italy,  [gratuitously. 

Do'NOR,  n.  One  who  gives  or  bestows 

Do"om,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  con¬ 
demn.  2.  To  mulct  or  fine.  3.  To 
destine;  to  fate. — n.  [A.-S.  dom.] 
Judicial  sentence ;  penal  decree. 

Do"OMg'DAY,  n.  1.  A  day  of  doom  or 
condemnation.  2.  Day  of  the  final 
judgment. 

Doom5'day-bo'ok,  n.  A  book  com¬ 
piled  by  order  of  William  the  Con¬ 
queror,  containing  a  survey  of  all 
the  lands  in  England,  their  owner¬ 
ship,  &c. 

Door,  n.  [A.-S.  duru,  dom,  Gr.  Svpa, 
Skr.  dear,  dvara.]  1.  An  opening  in 
the  wall  of  a  house  for  going  in  and 
out  at.  2.  Frame  by  which  such  an 
opening  is  closed.  3.  Means  of  access. 

Door'-keep'er,  n.  One  who  guards 
a  door  ;  a  porter  ;  a  janitor. 

Door'- WAY,  n.  The  passage  of  a  door. 

Dor'ig,  a.  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  Doris, 
or  the  Dorian 
race,  in  ancient 
Greece.  2.  Be¬ 
longing  to  an  or¬ 
der  of  columns, 
between  the  Tus¬ 
can  and  Ionic. 

DoR'I-^IgM,  n.  A 
phrase  of  the 
Doric  dialect. 

Dor'man-^y,  m.  Doric  0rder- 
State  of  being  dormant. 

DOR'MANT,a.  [Fr.,  p.  pr.  of  dormir, 
to  sleep.]  Sleeping  ;  hence,  quies- 


130 

cent ;  not  disclosed,  asserted,  or  in¬ 
sisted  on. 

Dor'mer,  _  )  n.  [Lit.,  the 

Dor'mer-win'dow,  j  window  of  a 
sleeping  apart¬ 
ment.  Lat.  dor- 
mire,  to  sleep.]  A 
window  placed 
vertically  on  the 
inclined  plane  of  a 
roof. 

DOR'MI-TlYE,  n.  Dormer-window. 
[Lat.  dormire ,  to  sleep.]  A  medicine 
to  promote  sleep  ;  an  opiate  ;  a  so¬ 
porific.  —  a.  Causing  sleep. 

Dor'mi-to-ry  (50),  n.  [Lat.  dormi- 
torium,  from  dormire,  to  sleep.]  A 
room  or  building  used  to  sjeep  in. 

DoR'MOUSE,n. ;  pi.  dor'MI(,!e.  [Lat. 
dormire,  to  sleep,  and  mouse.]  A 
small  rodent  mammal  which  lives  on 
trees  like  the  squirrel.  It  is  usually 
torpid  during  the  winter. 

Dor'SAL,  a.  [Lat.  dorsualis,  fr.  dor¬ 
sum,  back.]  Pertaining  to  the  back. 

Dor-sif'er-ous,  )  a.  [Lat.  dorsum, 

Dor-sIp' a-rous,  J  back,  and  ferre , 
to  bear,  par  ere,  to  bring  forth,  bear.] 
Bearing  seeds  on  the  back  of  the  leaves. 

Do'ry,  n.  A  canoe  or  small  boat. 

Dose,  n.  [Gr.  Socris,  a  giving,  dose, 
fr.  SiSovai,  to  give.]  1.  Quantity  of 
medicine  given  at  one  time.  2.  As 
much  as  one  can  take.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  form  into  suitable 
doses.  2.  To  give  potions  to  con¬ 
stantly  and  without  need. 

Dos'SIL,  n.  [L.  Lat.  ducillus,  fr.  Lat. 
ducere,  to  lead,  draw.]  A  portion  of 
lint  in  a  cylindrical  form. 

Dot,  n.  1.  [Perh.  corrupt,  fr.  jot,  or 
allied  to  A.-S.  dyttan,  to  close  up.  ]  A 
small  point  or  spot.  2.  [Fr,  fr.  Lat. 
<tos.]  A  dowry. — v.t.  [-ted;  -TING.] 
To  mark  with  dots. 

Dd'TA&E,  n.  [From  dote.]  1.  Child¬ 
ishness  ;  senility.  2.  Weak  and  fool¬ 
ish  affection. 

Do'TAL,  a.  [Lat.  dotalis,  fr.  dos,  do- 
tis,  marriage  portion  ]  Pertaining 
to,  or  constituting,  dower,  or  com¬ 
prised  in  it. 

Do'tard.ji.  [From  dote.]  A  man 
whose  intellect  is  impaired  by  age. 

Do-TA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  dotare,  to  en¬ 
dow,  fr.  dos ,  dotis,  dower.]  1.  Act  of 
endowing  a  woman.  2.  Endowment; 
establishment  of  funds  for  support 
of  any  object. 

Dote,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  .-ing.]  [W.  dotio , 
dotiaw.]  1.  To  have  the  intellect 
impaired,  especially  by  age.  2.  To 
be  foolishly  fond. 

Dot'er,  n.  One  who  dotes. 

Dot'TARD,  n.  [For  dotard ,  fr.  dote.] 
A  decayed  tree. 

Dot'ter-el,  1  n.  [From  dote  ]  A 

Dot'trel,  j  wading  bird  allied 
to  the  plover. 

DoOb'le  ( diib/l ),  a.  [Lat.  duplus ,  fr. 
duplex,  twofold,  double.]  1.  Two¬ 
fold;  multiplied  by  two.  2.  In  pairs  ; 
coupled.  3.  Vacillating ;  deceitful. 
4.  Having  several  rows  of  petals  pro¬ 
duced  by  cultivation. —  adv.  Twice  ; 


twofold.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
multiply  by  two  ;  to  duplicate.  2. 
To  fold  one  part  on  another  part  of. 
3.  To  contain  or  be  worth  twice  as 
much  as.  4.  To  pass  around  or  by. 
5.  (Mil.)  To  unite,  as  ranks  or  files, 
so  as  to  form  one'.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  in¬ 
crease  to  twice  as  much.  2.  To  return 
upon  one’s  track.—??.  1.  Twice  as 
much.  2.  That  which  is  doubled  over 
or  together  ;  a  fold.  3.  A  trick ;  an 
artifice.  4.  A  counterpart. 

Doub'LE-base,  [ »?.  The  largest  ar.d 

Doub'le-BASS,  J  lowest-toned  in¬ 
strument  in  the  violin  form. 

Doub'le-deal'er,  n.  A  deceitful, 
triekish  person.  [plicity. 

Doub'le-dlal'ing,  n.  Artifice  ;  du- 

DoOb'le-en'try,  v.  A  mode  of 
book-keeping  in  which  two  entries 
are  made  of  every  transaction. 

DoiJB'.LE-MiND'ED,  a.  Having  dif¬ 
ferent  minds  at  different  times ; 
wavering ;  unstable. 

Doub'le-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
double  or  doubled. 

Doub'le— QUICK,  n.  Fastest  step,  in 
marching,  next  to  the  run,  requiring 
165  steps,  each  S3  inches  in  length, 
to  be  taken  in  one  minute. 

Doub'ler,  n.  One  Mho,  or  that 
which,  doubles. 

Doub'let,  n.  [0.  Fr.  doublet,  dim. 
of  double.]  1.  Two  of  the  same  kind ; 
a  pair;  a  couple.  2.  Inner  garment 
of  a  man  ;  a  waistcoat. 

Doub'lets,  n.  pi.  Two  dice,  which, 
when  throMTn,  have  each  the  same 
number^of  spots  on  the  upper  face. 

Doub-loon',  n.  [Fr.  doublon.  See 
Double,  a.]  A  Spanish  gold  coin, 
worth  about  16  dollars. 

Doub'ly,  adv.  In  twice  the  quantity. 

Doubt  (dout),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat  dubitare ,  fr.  duo,  two.]  1.  To 
be  in  suspense  or  uncertainty.  2. 
To  fear  ;  to  be  apprehensive.  —  v.  t. 
1.  To  question.  2.  To  fear  ;  to  sus¬ 
pect ;  to  believe.  —  n.  1.  Uncer¬ 
tainty  of  mind.  2.  Suspicion ;  np- 
pi’ehtnsion.  3.  Difficulty  urged  for 
solution. 

Syn.  —  Hesitation .  —  Doubt  belongs  to 
the  understanding,  and  hesitation  to  the 
will.  While  theie  are  serious  doubts  in 
the  mind,  there  must  he  a  painful  hesita¬ 
tion  as  to  the  course  to  be  pursued. 

Doubt'a-ble  (dout'a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  doubted.  [doubts. 

Doubt'er  (dout'-),  n.  One  who 

Doubt'ful  (dout'-),  a.  1.  Not  set¬ 
tled  in  opinion.  2.  Admitting  of 
doubt;  not  clear  or  certain.  3.  Of 
uncertain  issue. 

Doubt'ful-ly  (dout'-),  adv.  In  a 
doubtful  manner. 

Doubt'ful-ness  (dout'-),  n.  State 
of  being  doubtful.  [tionably. 

DOUBT'LESS  (dout'-),  adv.  Unques- 

Douceur  (dcTo'sfir'),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
doux,  sweet.]  A  present ;  a  bribe. 

Dove  HE  (dcTosh),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat 
ducere,  to  conduct  (water).]  A  jet 
or  current  of  water  or  vapor  directed 
on  some  part  of  the  body. 

Dough  (do),  n.  [A.-S.  dah,  dag,  fr. 


A,  £,  I,  o,  u,  A, long;  X,£,I,  6,  t),  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  jyLL,  WHAT;  £re,  VE'L,  t£ri;  pique,  fIrm  ;  SON, 


DOUGHNUT 

1  # 

Goth,  daigctn,  to  form,  mold.]  Flour 
or  meal  moistened  and  kneaded ,  but 
not  yet  baked. 

Dough'nDt  (do'nut),  n.  A  small, 
i  roundish  cake,  fried  in  lard. 

Dough'ti-ness  (dou'ti-nes),  n.  Val¬ 
or  ;  bravery. 

Dough'TY  (dou'ty),  [A.-S.  dohtig, 

dyhtig ,  from  dugan ,  to  be  able  or 
strong.]  Valiant  ;  redoubtable. 

Dough'y  (dd'y),  a.  Like  dough  ;  soft ; 
yielding  to  pressure. 

Douse,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Gr. 
Sveiv,  fut.  Su'o-u),  to  plunge  into.]  1. 
To  thrust  iuto  water  ;  to  dip.  2.  To 
strike  or  lower  in  haste.  3.  [Corrupt, 
fr.  (/out  (obs.),  i.  e.  do  out.]  To  ex¬ 
tinguish. 

Dove,  n.  [A.-S.  duva,  dufe ,  fr.  dufan, 
to  dive.]  A  bird  of  the  pigeon  fami¬ 
ly,  especially  a  tame  pigeon. 

Dove'-got  (dflvdtot),  n.  A  small  box 
for  doves. 

Dove'tail,  n.  A  joint  r~ - \ 

made  by  'letting  one  OWvZMVl 
piece,  in  the  form  of  a  liffA/t/Cy 

dove's  tail  spread,  into  nflflfi'ETK 
a  corresponding  cavity  qiHrvY\kv\ 

in  another.  —  v.  t.  \ _ _____  jy 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  ^  7 

unite  by  a  tenon  in  Dovetails, 
form  of  a  dove’s  tail  spread. 

Dow'a-gek,  n.  [See  Dower  ]  1.  A 
widow  endowed,  or  having  a  jointure. 
2.  A  title  in  England  of  a  widow  of 
rank,  distinguishing  her  from  the 
wife  of  her  husband's  heir  bearing 
the  same  name. 

Dow'dy,  a.  [Scot,  dawdie,  slovenly, 
daw ,  da,  sluggard.  Cf.  Dead.] 
Awkward;  ill-dressed. —  n.  An  awk¬ 
ward,  ill- dressed  woman. 

Dow'Dy-ISH,  a.  Like  a  dowdy. 

Dow’el,  v.  t.  [-ed,  -ing  ;  or  -led, 
-LING,  137  ]  To  fasten  together  by 
dowels.  —  n.  A  pin  of  wood  or  metal 
for  joining  two  pieces  of  wood,  &c. 

Dow'er,  n.  [Fr.  douaire,  from  Lat. 
dotare,  to  endow.]  1.  Endowment; 
gift.  2.  Property  with  which  a  mar¬ 
ried  woman  or  a  widow  is  endowed. 

Dow'las,  n.  [Prob:  fr.  Doullens ,  in 
France.]  A  kind  of  coarse  linen  cloth. 

Down,ji.  [Icel.  dim.]  1.  Fine,  soft, 
hairy  outgrowth  from  the  skin  of 
animals  or  plants.  2.  [A.-S.  diin ,  fr. 
Ir.  dim,  hill,  fortified  hill.]  A  hillock 
of  sand  thrown  up  by  the  wind  near 
the  shore.  3.  A  tract  of  sandy,  level, 
and  barren  land.  [Eng.]  4.  pi.  A 
road  for  shipping  in  the  English 
Channel. — prep.  [A.-S.  dime,  from 
dim,  mountain,  hill.]  1.  In  a  de¬ 
scending  direction  along.  2.  Toward 
the  mouth  of  a  river.  —  adv.  1.  In 
a  descending  direction.  2.  From  a 
higher  to  a  lower  condition.  3.  In  a 
low  position  or  condition. —a.  1. 
Downcast ;  dejected.  2.  Proceeding 
from  the  chief  terminus. 

Down'cast,  a.  Cast  downward ;  di¬ 
rected  to  the  ground. 

Down'fall,  n.  1  A  falling  down¬ 
ward.  2.  Sudden  descent,  as  from 
rank  or  position  ;  destruction  ;  ruin. 

131 

Down'fallen  (-fawln),  a.  Fallen  ; 
ruined.  [spirits. 

Down'heart-ed,  a.  Dejected  in 

DOWN'HLLL,  n.  Declivity  ;  descent ; 
slope.  —  a.  Descending  ;  sloping. 

Down'right  (-rlt),  adv.  1.  Straight 
down;  perpendicularly.  2.  In  plain 
terms;  absolutely. — a.  Plain;  art¬ 
less;  undisguised;  absolute. 

Down'-sit'TING,  n.  Act  of  sitting 
down  ;  repose. 

Dow.n'trod'den,  a.  Trodden  down ; 
trampled  under  foot. 

Downward,  1  adv.  1.  From  a 

Down' wards,  J  higher  to  a  lower 
place  or  condition.  2.  From  a  re¬ 
mote  time. 

Do WN' ward,  a.  Moving  or  extend¬ 

ing  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place. 

Down'y,  a.  1.  Covered  with  down. 
2.  Made  of,  or  resembling,  down  ; 
hence,  soft ;  soothing  ;  quiet. 

Dow'ry,  it.  [See  Dower.]  1.  A  gift. 
2.  Portion  given  with  a  wife  ;  dower. 

Dox'o-log'ie-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
doxology. 

Dox-ol'6-GY,  n.  [Gr.  6o£oAoyia,  fr. 
Sofa,  opinion,  glory,  praise.]  A  short 
hymn  of  praise  and  honor  to  God. 

Dox'y,  n.  [Cf.  Ger.  docke ,  doll,  baby.] 
1.  A  mistress  or  paramour.  2.  A 
prostitute. 

Doze,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  d vises , 
dwxsig ,  dysig ,  dull,  stupid,  foolish.] 
To  slumber  ;  to  sleep  lightly.  —  v.  t. 
To  spend  in  drowsiness.  — n.  Alight 
sleep ;  a  drowse. 

Doz'jen  (duz'n),  n.;  pi.  Ddz'HN  (be¬ 
fore  another  noun),  or  DOZ^Ng. 
[Fr.  douzaine ,  fr.  douze ,  twelve.]  A 
set  of  twelve. 

Doz'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  dozy. 

Doz'y,  a.  Drowsy;  heavy;  sleepy. 

Drab,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  drabbe, dregs, lees.] 
A  strumpet;  a  prostitute.  2.  [Fr. 
drap ,  cloth.]  A  dull  brownish-yellow 
or  gray  color.  —  a.  Of  a  dun  color. 

Drab'ble,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
A.-S.  drabbe ,  dregs.]  To  draggle; 
to  wet  and  befoul.  [Drachma. 

Drachm  (dram),  n.  See  Dram  and 

Dragii'mA ,  n. ;  Eng.pl.  DRACIUMAS, 
Lat.pl.  DRARlPMJE.  [Gr.  fipay/ur), 
lit.  a  handful.]  1.  A  Grecian  silver 
coin  of  various  value.  2.  A  Grecian 
weight  of  about  2  dwt.  7  gr.  Troy. 

Draff,  n.  [A.-S.  drof ,  draffy,  dirty.] 
Refuse  ;  dregs  ;  wash  for  swine. 

DRAFF'Y,  a.  Dreggy;  waste;  worth¬ 
less. 

Draft,  n.  [Orig.  a  corrupt  spelling  of 
draught.]  1.  Act  of  drawing.  2.  A 
selection  of  men  from  a  military 
band,  or  from  the  people  at  large.  3. 

i  An  order  directing  the  payment  of 
money.  4.  A  sketch  ;  outline.  [See 
Draught.]  5.  Depth  of  water  ne¬ 
cessary  to  float  a  ship.  [See 
DRAUGHT.]  6.  A  current  of  air. 
[See  Draught.]  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  1.  To  delineate.  2.  To  com¬ 
pose  and  write.  3.  To  draw  from 
any  company  or  collection. 

DrXg,  V.t.  [-GED  ; -GING,  136.]  [A.- 
S.  dragan.  Cf.  Draw.]  1.  To  draw 

DRAMATIZE 

along  by  main  force ;  to  pull.  2. 

To  break  or  harrow,  as  land.  3.  To 
draw  along,  slowly  or  laboriously.  — 
v.i.  1.  To  be  drawn  along  on  the 
ground.  2.  To  move  slowly  ouward. 

—  n.  Any  thing  that  is  dragged,  as  a 
net  or  harrow. 

Drag'gle,  r.  1.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Dim. 
of  drag.]  To  wet  and  dirty  by  draw¬ 
ing  on  mud,  &c.  —  v.i.  To  become 
wet  or  dirty  by  being  drawn  on  the 
mud  or  wet  grass.  ^ 

Drag'-net,  n.  A  fish-net  to  be  drawn 
along  the  bottom  of  a  river  or  pond. 

Drag'o-man  (150),  n.  [Ar.  tardju- 
man ,  turdjuman ,  fr.  tardjama,  to  in¬ 
terpret.]  An  interpreter  in  the  East. 

Drag'on,  n.  [Gr.  SpaKcov,  prob.  from 
Spauern,  to  look,  from  its  terrible 
eyes.]  1.  A  monstrous  winged  ser¬ 
pent  or  lizard.  2.  A  fierce,  violent 
person.  3.  A  northern  constellation. 

Drag/on-n ADE',  n.  [Fr.,fr.  dragon ,. 
dragoon.]  A  rapid  and  devastating 
incursion,  as  of  dragoons. 

DrXg'on’§-bl6od  (-blud),  n.  A 
resinous  substance  brought  from 
tropical  countries. 

Dra-goon',  n.  [Lat.  draconarius, 

standard-bearer,  bearing  a  banner  on 
which  was  the  figure  of  a  dragon.] 

A  soldier  taught  and  armed  to  serve 
on  horseback  or  on  foot.  —  v.  t. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  enslave,  or  per¬ 
secute,  by  soldiers.  2.  To  harass ; 
to  force.  [ONNADE. 

Drag'oon-ade',  n.  Same  as  Drag- 

Drain;  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S- 
drehnigean ,  from  drxlien,  dren,  drop, 
tear.]  1.  To  empty  or  exhaust  of. 

2.  To  make  gradually  dry  or  empty. 

3.  To  filter.  —  v.i.  1.  To  flow  off 

gradually.  2.  To  be  emptied  by 
flowing. — n.  1.  Act  of  draining,  or 
of  drawing  off.  2.  A  channel ;  a 
trench  ;  a  sewer.  [drained. 

Drain'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Drain'age,  n.  1.  A  draining.  2.  Sys¬ 
tem  of  drains  and  their  operation. 

Drake,  n.  [L.  Ger.  drake,  0.  II.  Ger. 
antrache ,  fr.  anil,  duck,  A.-S.  ened, 

Lat.  anas  and  -rlh,  ruler,  chief.]  The 
male  of  the  duck  kind. 

Dram,  n.  [Contr.  from  drachma.]  1. 

( Apothecaries ’  Weight.)  A  weight  of 
the  eighth  part  of  an  ounce.  2. 

( Avoirdupois  Weight.)  Sixteenth  part 
of  an  ounce.  3.  As  much  liquor  as 
is  drank  at  once. 

Dra/mA,  or  Dea'ma,  n.  [Gr.  Spapa, 
fr.  Spav,  to  act.]  1.  A  composition, 
designed  to  be  acted  on  the  stage.  2. 

A  real  series  of  events  invested  with 
a  dramatic  interest. 

Dra-mat'IG,  ( a.  Fertaining  or 

Dra-MAT'IC-AL,  j  appropriate  to  a 
drama.  [tation. 

Dra-mat'ig-AL-ly,  adv.  Byrepresen- 

DrXm’a-tis  Per-HO'nJe.  [Lat.] 

The  characters  represen ted'in  a  play. 

Dram'a-tist,  n.  Author  of  a  dra¬ 
matic  composition. 

Dram'a-tize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
compose  in  the  form  of  a  drama  ;  to 
represent  in  a  drama. 

or,  DO,  WOPF,  TOO,  took  ;  Drn,  rue  ,  pyLL ;  E,  j,  o,  silent ;  c,  G,  soft;  c,  g,  hard;  As;  e.xist  ;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 

DRAPE  132  DRIVE 


DRAPE,  v.  t.  [Fr.  draper ,  from  drap, 
cloth.]  To  adorn  with  drapery. 

Dra'per,  n.  A  dealer  in  cloths. 

DrA'per-y,  n.  1.  Cloth,  or  woolen 
stuffs  in  general.  2.  Garments  with 
which  any  thing  is  draped  ;  hangings 
of  any  kind. 

Dras'TIO,  a.  [Gr.  Spaon/cos,  fr.  Spijv, 
to  act.]  Acting  with  strength  or 
violence. 

Draught  (draft),  n.  [A.-S.  droht,  fr. 
dragan ,  to  draw.]  1.  Act  of  draw¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  is  drawn ;  as, 
(a.)  A  potion.  ( b .)  (Mil.)  Forces 
drawn  ;  a  detachment,  (c.)  A  sketch, 
outline,  or  representation.  (d.) 
(  Com.)  An  order  for  the  payment  of 
money,  (e.)  A  current  of  air.  3. 
That  which  draws.  4.  Capacity  of 
being  drawn.  5.  ( Naut .)  Depth  a 
ship  sinks  in  water.  6.  pi.  A  game 
played  on  a  checkered  board. 

DrAughts'MAN  (drafts-'-,  150),  n.  One 
who  draws  writings  or  designs. 

Draw,  v.  t.  [imp.  drew  ;  p.  p. 
DRAWN.]  [A.-S.  dragan.  See  DRAG.] 

1.  To  pull  along  ;  to  haul ;  to  drag. 

2.  To  attract  ;  hence,  to  entice.  3. 
To  bring  forth  ;  to  extract ;  to  force 
out;  to  derive  ;  to  win  ;  to  gain.  4. 
To  remove  the  contents  of.  5.  To  in¬ 
hale;  to  inspire.  6.  To  lengthen 
out;  to  stretch.  7.  To  produce,  as 
a  sketch,  figure,  or  picture.  8.  To 
form  a  sketch,  figure,  or  picture  of; 
to  depict.  9.  To  write  in  due  form. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  pull.  2.  To  practice 
the  art  of  delineation  ;  to  sketch.  3. 
To  make  a  written  demand  for  pay¬ 
ment  of  money.  —  n.  Part  of  a  bridge 
which  is  raised  up  or  drawn  aside. 

Drawn  game ,  or  battle,  one  in  which 
neither  party  wins. 

Draw'back,  n.  1.  A  discouragement 
or  hindrance.  2.  Money  paid  back. 

Draw'-bridge,  n.  A  bridge  of  which 
a  part  is  made  to  be  raised  up,  let 
down,  or  drawn  aside. 

Draw-ee',  n.  One  to  whom  an  order 
or  bill  of  exchange  is  addressed. 

Draw'er,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  draws.  2.  That  which  is 
drawn;  as,  (a.)  A  sliding  box  in  a 
case,  (b.)  pi.  A  close  under-garment 
for  the  lower  limbs. 

Draw'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  pulling.  2. 
A  representation  on  a  plain  surface 
of  the  appearance  of  objects. 

Draw'ing-room  (28),  n.  [Abbrev. 
fr.  withdrawing  room.)  1.  A  room 
to  which  company  withdraws  from 
the  dining-room.  2.  Company  as¬ 
sembled  in  such  a  room. 

Drawl,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  D. 
draelen,  to  linger.]  To  utter  in  a 
slow,  lengthened  tone.  — n.  A  length¬ 
ened  utterance  of  the  voice. 

Dray,  n.  [A.-S.  drxge,  fr.  dragan,  to 
draw.]  1.  A  low  cart  on  wheels 
used  for  heavy  burdens.  2.  A  drag. 

Dray'man  (150),  n.  A  man  who  at¬ 
tends  a  dray . 

Dread,  n.  1.  Overwhelming  appre¬ 
hension  of  danger.  2.  Reverential 
fear.  3.  An  object  of  fear. — a.  1. 


Exciting  great  fear ;  terrible  ;  fright¬ 
ful.  2.  Venerable  in  the  highest  de¬ 
gree. —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  fear 
in  a  great  degree.  —  v.  i.  To  be  in 
great  fear. 

Dread'ful,  a.  1.  Inspiring  dread  ; 
fearful.  2.  Inspiring  awe. 

Syn.  —  Terrible  :  shocking. —  Terri¬ 
ble  is  stronger  and  more  vivid  than 
dreadful;  shocking  strikes  with  all  its 
force  on  the  moral  feelings.  A  dreadful 
accident;  a  terrible. catastrophe;  a. shock¬ 
ing  exhibition  of  wickedness. 

Dread'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  dreadful 
manner ;  awfully.  [dreadful. 

DrEad'ful-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Dread'naught  (-nawt),  n.  1.  A 
garment  of  very  thick  cloth,  that 
can  defend  against  storm  and  cold. 
2.  The  cloth  itself. 

Dream,)!.  [Icel.  draumr.  Cf.  A.-S. 
dream ,  joy,  gladness.]  1.  Series  of 
thoughts  of  a  person  in  sleep.  2.  An 
idle  fancy;  a  re  very.  —  v.i.  [-ED 
or  -T  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  have  images  in 
the  mind,  in  sleep.  2.  To  indulge  in 
idle  revery  ;  to  imagine. — v.t.  To 
imagine  in  a  dream,  or  in  an  anal¬ 
ogous  state. 

Dream'er,  n.  One  who  dreams. 

Dream'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  Full 
of  dreams  ;  visionary. 

Drear,  a.  [See  Dreary.]  Dismal ; 
gloomy.  [ly. 

Drear'i-ly,  adv.  Gloomily  ;  dismal- 

Drear'I-ness,  «.  Gloomy  solitude. 

Drear'y  (89),  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.] 
[A.-S.  dreorig,  bloody,  sorrowful,  fr. 
dredr,  blood.]  Comfortless  ;  dismal. 

Dredge,  n.  [A.-S .  drtege.]  Any  in¬ 
strument  to  gather  or  take  by  drag¬ 
ging. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
catch,  gather,  or  deepen  with  a 
dredge.  2.  To  sprinkle  flour  on,  as 
on  roast  meat. 

Dredg'er,  n.  1.  One  who  fishes 
with  a  dredge.  2.  A  utensil  for 
dredging  meat.  3.  A  dredging-ma¬ 
chine. 

Dredg'ing-ma-chine'',  n.  An  en¬ 
gine  to  take  up  mud  from  the  bottom 
of  rivers,  docks,  &c. 

Dregs,  n.  pi.  [Icel.  dregg,  Ger.  dreclc , 
dirt,  mud,  trash.]  Feculence  ;  lees  ; 
grounds  ;  sediment ;  hence,  the  vilest 
part  of  any  thing.  [or  lees. 

Dreg'gi-ness,  n.  Fullness  of  dregs 

Dreg'gy,  a.  Containing  dregs  or 
lees ;  feculent. 

Drench  (66),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  drencean,  drencan,  to  give  to 
drink,  to  drench.]  1.  To  cause  to 
drink  ;  to  dose  by  force  ;  to  purge  vi¬ 
olently.  2.  To  wet  thoroughly  ;  to 
soak;  to  saturate.  — n.  A  drink; 
a  potion  of  medicine,  especially  one 
that  causes  purging. 

Dress,  v.  t.  [dressed  or  drest.] 
[Fr.  dresser ,  to  make  straight,  to 
raise,  prepare.]  1.  To  make  straight ; 
hence,  to  arrange  in  a  straight  line ; 
to  align.  2.  To  adjust ;  to  put  in 
good  order;  to  arrange. — v.i.  1.  To 
arrange  one’s  self  in  due  position  in 
a  line.  2.  To  put  on  one’s  garments. 
—  n.  1.  Clothes  ;  garments.  2.  A 


lady’s  gown.  3.  Attention  to  ap. 
parel. 

Dress'er,  n.  1.  One  who  dresses.  2. 
A  set  of  shelves  for  dishes,  &c. 

Dressing,  n.  1.  Dress.  2.  Appli¬ 
cation  to  a  sore.  3.  Manure  spread 
over  land.  4^  (  Cookery.)  Stuffing. 

Dress'ing-room,  n.  An  apartment 
for  dressing  in. 

Dress'y,  a.  Showy  in  dress. 

Drib'ble,  V.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [For 
dripple,  dim.  of  drip.]  1.  To  fall  in 
drops.  2.  To  slaver  ;  to  drivel. 

Drib'blet,  (  n.  [From  dribble.]  A 

Drib'let,  j  small  piece  or  sum. 

Drift,  n.  [From  drive.]  1.  That 
which  is  driven;  as,  (a.)  A  mass  of 
matter  which  has  been  forced  on¬ 
ward  together  into  its  present  posi¬ 
tion.  (b.)  A  drove  or  flock.  2.  Act 
or  motion  of  drifting.  3.  Direction 
along  which  any  thing  is  driven.  4. 
Tendency  ;  object  aimed  at  or  in¬ 
tended.  5.  (Mining.)  A  passage  for 
a  road  under  ground. — v.i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  be  driven  along  by  a  cur 
rent  of  water. — v.t.  To  drive  into 
heaps.  [floated  by  water. 

Dr'ift'wood,  n.  Wood  drifted  or 

Drill,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
thyrlian ,  fr.  thurh,  through.]  1.  To 
pierce  with  a  drill.  2.  To  sow,  as 
seeds,  in  rows.  3.  To  train  in  the 
military,  cr  any  other  art.  —  n.  1. 
A  pointed  instrument  for  boring 
holes.  2.  A  light  furrow  to  put  seed 
into.  3.  Act  of  training  soldiers ; 
hence,  diligent  and  strict  instruction 
and  exercise. 

Drill'ing,  )!.  1.  Act  of  piercing  with 
a  drill.  2.  [L.  Lat.  trilex,  from  Lat. 
ires,  three,  and  licinm,  a  thread  of 
the  warp.]  A  course  linen  or  cotton 
cloth. 

Drill'-plow,  )  n.  A  plow  for  sowv 

Drill'— plough,  (  ing  grain  in  drills. 

Drink,  v.  i.  [imp.  drank  (formerly 
drunk)  ;  p.  p.  drunk  or  drank  ; 
p.  pr.  &  vb.  n.  DRINKING.]  [A.-S. 
drincan .]  1.  To  swallow  any  thing 

liquid.  2.  To  take  spirituous  liquors 
to  excess. — v.t.  1.  To  swallow.  2. 
To  absorb.  3.  To  hear  or  see. — n. 
Liquor  of  any  kind  to  be  swallowed. 

Drink'A-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
drunk  ;  fit  for  drink. 

Drink'eii,  n.  One  who  drinks,  es¬ 
pecially  to  excess. 

Drip,!'.?,  [-ped  ; -ping,  136.]  [A.-S. 
dripan.  Cf.  Drop.]  To  fall  in  drops. 
—  v.  t.  To  let  fall  in  drops.  —  n.  1. 
A  falling  in  drops  ;  that  which  drips. 
2.  Edge  of  a  roof. 

Drip'fing,  n.  That  which  falls  in 
drops,  as  fat  from  meat  in  roasting. 

DrIp'ping-pan,  n.  A  pan  for  the 
fat  from  meat  in  roasting. 

Drip'-st5ne,  n.  A  tablet  over  win¬ 
dows,  & c.,  to  throw  off  rain. 

DrIve,  v.  t.  [imp.  drove  ;  p.p. driv¬ 
en.]  [A.-S.  drifan.)  1.  To  push 
forward.  2.  To  chase  ;  to  hunt.  3. 
To  urge  on  as  the  beasts  which 
draw  a  vehicle,  or  the  vehicle  itself. 
4.  To  urge,  impel,  hurry  forward. 


i,  5,  u,  y,  long ;  A,  £,  I,  6,  tl,  short 


DRIVEL 


DRYER 


133 


5.  To  carry  on. — v.  i.  1.  To  rush  I 
and  press  with  violence.  2.  To  he 
forced  along  3.  To  proceed  by  urg¬ 
ing  on  a  vehicle  or  the  animals  that 
draw  it.  4.  To  aim  or  tend  to  a 
point.  —  n.  1.  An  excursion  in  a 
carriage.  2.  A  road  for  driving. 

DR1V'.EL,  V.  i.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED, 
-LING,  13'.]  [From  the  root  of  drip.] 

1.  To  let  spittle  flow  from  the  mouth 

2.  To  dote.  —  n.  1.  Slaver;  saliva.  2. 
Inarticulate  or  unmeaning  utter¬ 
ance. 

DkIv'-EL-er  [  (drlv'l-er),  n.  A  slab- 

DRIY'EL-LER  j  lerer  ;  an  idiot;  a  fool. 

DRIV'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  drives.  2. 
One  who  drives  beasts  or  a  carriage. 

3.  (Mach  )  That  which  communi¬ 
cates  motion  to  something  else. 

Driz'zle,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
A.-S.  dreosan,  to  fall.]  To  rain 
gently.  — n.  Fine  rain  or  mist. 

Driz'ZLY,  a.  Shedding  small  rain. 

Droll,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Fr .  drClc, 
Ger.  drollig.]  Fitted  to  provoke 
laughter ;  queer ;  amusing ;  funny. 

Syn.  — Laughable;  comical.  —Laugh¬ 
able  is  generic,  denoting  any  thing  cal¬ 
culated  to  excite  laughter;  comical  de¬ 
notes  something  humorous  of  the  kind 
exhibited  in  comedies  ;  droll  stands  low¬ 
er  on  the  scale,  being  derived  from  the 
French  drolc,  a  buffoon  or  antic,  who 
awakened  laughter  by  queer  tricks,  &c. 
n.  1.  A  jester  ;  buffoon  ;  antic.  2. 
A_  farce. 

Droll'er-y,  n.  Quality  of  being 
droll ;  sportive  tricks  ;  comicality. 

Droll'ish,  a.  Somewhat  droll. 
Drom'e-da-ry 
(drum7-),  n. 

[Lat.  dromas 
(sc.  camelus ), 
from  Gr.  Spo- 
/aas,  running.] 

A  species  of 
camel  having 
one  bunch  or  Dromedary, 
protuberance  on  the  back. 

Drone,  n.  [A.-S.  dran,  drsen.]  1. 
Male  of  the  honey-bee.  2.  A  lazy, 
idle  fellow.  3.  A  low  humming 
sound. — v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
live  in  idleness.  2.  To  give  a  low, 
heavy  sound.  [bagpipe. 

Drone'-pipe,  n.  Largest  tube  of  a 

Dron'ish,  a.  Like  a  drone  ;  lazy. 

DrcTol,  v.  i.  [Contr.  fr.  drivel.]  To 
drivel,  or  drop  saliva. 

Droop,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  drop.]  1.  To  hang  down,  as  an 
animal,  plant,  & c.,  from  weakness. 
2.  To  grow  weak  or  faint. 

J3yn.  —  To  bend  ;  flag;  languish. 

Drop,  n.  [A.-S.  dropa,  drypa.  See 
infra.]  1.  A  globule  falling  or  about 
to  fall.  2.  That  which  resembles  a 
liquid  drop.  3.  Whatever  is  ar¬ 
ranged  to  drop,  hang,  or  fall  from  an 
elevated  position.  4.  pi.  Any  medi¬ 
cine  the  dose  of  which  is  measured 
by  drops. 

Drop  serene  (Med.),  an  affection  of  the 
retina,  causing  blindness. 

—  v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping,  136.]  1. 

To  pour  or  let  fall  in  drops.  2.  To 
let  fall.  3.  To  dismiss  ;  to  set  aside. 


4.  To  bestow  indirectly.  5.  To  lower, 
as  a  curtain. — v.  i.  1.  To  distill; 
to  fall  in  drops.  2.  To  let  drops  fall. 
3.  To  descend  suddenly.  4.  To  die 
suddenly.  5.  To  cease.  6.  To  come 
unexpectedly.  7.  To  fall  or  be  de¬ 
pressed. 

Drop'let,  n.  A  little  drop. 

Drop'-let'ter,  n.  A  letter  dropped 
into  a  post-office  box,  for  delivery 
in  the  same  town. 

Drop'-s^ene,  n.  A  painted  curtain 
which  drops  in  front  of  the  stage, 
in  a  theater. 

Drop'SIE-AL,  a.  Diseased  with  dropsy. 

Drop'sy,  n.  [Abbrcv.  from  hydropsy , 
fr.  Gr.  {iSptai/f,  dropsy.]  An  unnatu¬ 
ral  collection  of  serous  fluid  in  any 
part  of  the  body. 

Dros'ky,  n.  [Russ,  drozhlci ,  dim.  of 
drogi,  a  kind  of  carriage.]  A  pecu¬ 
liar  kind  of  low  four-wheeled  car¬ 
riage,  used  in  Russia  and  Prussia. 

Dross,  n.  [A.-S.  dros,  fr.  dreosan ,  to 
fill.]  1.  Scum  of  metals,  thrown  off 
in  melting.  2.  Rust.  3.  Waste ; 
refuse.  [of  being  drossy. 

Dross'i-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 

Dross'Y,  a.  Composed  of  dross;  im¬ 
pure  ;  worthless. 

Drought  (drout),  n.  [A.-S.  drugadh, 
fr.  dryge ,  Eng.  dry.]  Dryness  of  the 
weather;  wautofrair. 

Drougiit'i-ness  (drout'-),  n.  Dry¬ 
ness  of  the  weather. 

Drougiit'y  (drout'-)  a.  Wanting 
rain  ;  dry  ;  arid. 

Drouth,  n.  Same  as  Drought. 

Dr5ve,  imp.  of  drive. — n.  [A.-S. 
draf,  fr.  drlfan ,  Eng.  drive.]  1.  A 
collection  of  cattle,  driven  or  for  driv¬ 
ing.  2.  Any  crowd. 

Drov'er,  n.  One  who  drives  cattle. 

Drown,i-.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
drunenian,  to  immerse,  drown.]  1. 
To  overwhelm  in  water  ;  to  deluge  ; 
2.  To  sink  under  water  till  dead.  3. 
To  overpower. — v.  i.  To  be  suffo¬ 
cated  in  water. 

Drowse,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
dreosan ,  drusian ,  to  fall,  droop.] 
To  slumber  ;  to  dose.  —  n.  Imper¬ 
fect  sleep  ;  a  doze.  [ner. 

Drow'si-ly,  adv.  In  a  drowsy  man- 

Drow'si-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
drowsy. 

Drow'sy,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Inclined  to  drowse.  2.  Disposed  to 
sleep.  3.  Dull ;  stupid. 

Drub,  v.  t.  [-bed  ; -bing,  136.]  [Icel. 
drabha,  to  beat.]  To  beat  with  a 
stick. 

Syn. —  To  thrash;  cudgel;  beat;  pum¬ 
mel;  thump. 

—  n.  A  blow  with  a  cudgel. 

DrOb'ber,  n.  One  who  drubs. 

Drudge,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prob. 
a  dialectic  form  of  drag.]  To  work 
hard.  —  n.  One  who  drudges. 

Drudg'er,  n.  One  who  drudges  ;  a 
drudge.  [hard  labor. 

Drudg'er-y,  n.  Act  of  drudging; 

Drug,  n.  [Fr.  drogue. ,  fr.  A.-S.  dryge , 
drige,  Eng.  dry,  orig.  dry  substance.] 
1.  Any  substance  used  in  the  compo¬ 


sition  of  medicine,  in  dyeing,  oi  ki 
chemical  operations.  2.  Any  com¬ 
modity  not  salable.  — v.  i.  [-GED ; 
-GING,  136.]  To  prescribe  or  admin¬ 
ister  drugs.  —  v.t.  1.  To  affect  with 
drugs.  2.  To  tincture  with  some¬ 
thing  offensive  or  injurious.  3.  To 
dose  to  excess. 

Drug'get,  n.  [Fr.  droguet ,  dim.  of 
drogue ,  drug,  trash.]  A  coarse,  wool¬ 
en  cloth,  generally  used  over  carpets. 

Drug'Gist,  n.  A  dealer  in  drugs. 

Dru'id,  n.  [W.  denvydd ,  fr.  ddr,  pi. 
derw ,  oak,  and  gwydd,  knowledge.] 
A  priest  or  minister  of  religion. 

Drtj'id-ESS,  n.  A  female  druid. 

Dru-id'ig,  I  a.  Pertaining  to 

Dru-ID'IC-AL,  )  Druids,  or  their  re¬ 
ligion.  [the  druids. 

DRU'ID-ism,  n.  System  of  religion  of 

Drum,  n.  [Icel.  trumba,  trumpet ;  0. 
Sax.  dram ,  noise.]  1.  An  instru¬ 
ment  of  music.  2.  Any  thing  resem¬ 
bling  a  drum  in  form. — v.  i.  [-MED  ; 
-MING.]  ’  1.  To  play  a  tune  on  a 
drum.  2.  To  beat  with  the  fingers. 
3.  To  throb.  4.  To  go  about  to 
gather  recruits,  &c.  — v.  t.  To  exe¬ 
cute  on  a  drum ,  as  a  tunc ;  with  out , 
to  expel  with  beat  of  drum. 

Drum'— ma'jor,  n.  Chief  drummer 
of  a  regiment. 

Drum'mer,  n.  One  who  beats  a  drum. 

Drum'mond-ligiit  (-lit),  n.  [From 
Capt.  Drummond .]  An  intense  light, 
produced  by  turning  two  streams  of 
ignited  gas,  one  oxygen  and  the 
other  hydrogen,  upon  a  ball  of  lime. 

DrOm'stIck,  n.  1.  A  stick  with 
which  a  drum  is  beaten.  2.  Any 
thing  resembling  a  drumstick. 

Drunk,  a.  Overcome  by  drinking; 
intoxicated;  inebriated. 

Drunic'ard,  n.  One  who  habitually 
drinks  to  excess  ;  a  sot ;  a  toper. 

Drunk'hn  (drdnk'n),  a.  1.  Intoxi¬ 
cated;  inebriated.  2.  Pertaining  to 
intoxication. 

Drunk'£N-ness  (109),  n.  1.  State  of 
being  drunken  ;  intoxication  ;  ine¬ 
briety.  2.  Disorder  of  the  faculties, 
resembling  intoxication  by  liquors. 

Syn. —  Intoxication;  inebriation;  ine¬ 
briety. —  Drunkenness  refers  more  to  tire 
habit  of  excessive  drinking;  intoxication 
and  inebriation  to  specific  acts.  The 
first  two  words  are  extensively  used  in  a 
figurative  sense. 

Drupe,  n.  [Lat.  drvpa ,  an  over-ripe 
olive,  Gr.  Spvmra,  fr.  Spv—eTijs ,  rip¬ 
ened  on  the  tree.]  A  pulpy  pericarp 
or  fruit,  containing  a  nut  or  stone 
with  a  kernel. 

Dry,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  [A.-S. 

dryg,  dryge.]  1.  Free  from  moisture 
of  any  kind  ;  arid ;  thirsty.  2.  Un- 
embeilished  ;  plain.  3.  Shrewd; 
sharp;  sarcastic. 

Dry  goods,  cl  fhs,  laces,  ribbons,  &c.. 
in  distinction  from  groceries. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  To  free 
from  moisture  of  any  kind. — v.  i. 
To  grow  dry  ;  to  lose  moisture. 

Dry'ad,  n.  [Gr.  Spud?,  fr.  Spvs,  oak, 
tree.]  A  nymph  of  the  woods. 

Dry'er,  n.  One  who  dries. 


1 


DRYING 


134 


DUODENUM 


Dry'ing,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
rapidly  becoming  dry. 

Dry'ly,  adv.  In  a  dry  manner. 

Dry'ness,  n  State  of  being  dry. 

Dry'-nOrsf  ,  n.  A  nurse  who  attends 
and  feeds  a  child  by  hand. 

Dry'-rot,  n.  A  rapid  decay  of  tim¬ 
ber,  by  which  it  is  converted  into  a 
dry  powder. 

Dry'-salt'er,  n.  1.  A  dealer  in 
salted  or  dry  meats,  pickles,  & c.  2. 
A  dealer  in  drugs,  dye-stuffs,  and 
chemicals. 

Du'ad,  n.  [Gr.  finds,  fr.  fido,  two.] 
Union  of  two;  duality. 

Du'AL,  a.  [Lat.  dualis,  fr.  duo ,  two.] 
Expressing,  or  consisting  of,  two. 

Du'AL-ism,  n.  Any  thing  divided  into 
two  ;  a  twofold  division. 

Du'al-ist'ig,  a.  Consisting  of  two. 

Du-AL'I-TY,  n.  1.  Division;  separa¬ 
tion.  2.  State  of  being  two. 

DBu,  v.  t.  [-bed;  -bing-.]  [A.-S. 
dubban ,  to  strike.]  1.  To  strike  with 
a  sword  and  make  a  knight.  2.  To 
entitle. 

Du'BI-OUS,a.  [Lat.  dubius,  fr.  dubarc, 
to  doubt.]  1.  Doubtful  in  opinion. 
2.  Occasioning  doubt.  3.  Of  uncer¬ 
tain  issue. 

Syn.  —  Doubting  ;  unsettled  ;  doubt¬ 
ful ;  ambiguous;  equivocal;  uncertain. 

Du'bi-ous-ly,  adv.  Doubtfully ;  un¬ 
certainly.  [certainty. 

Du'bi-oCs-NEss,  n.  Doubtfulness ;  un- 

Du'cal  (30),  a.  [Lat.  ducalis,  from 
dux,  leader  ]  Pertaining  to  a  duke. 

DOc'AT,  n.  [L.  Lat.  ducatus ,  fr.  dux, 
leader.]  A  coin  of  several  countries 
in  Europe,  struck  in  the  dominions 
of  a  duke. 

Dfic'A-TOON',  ji.  A  silver  coin  of 
several  countries  of  Europe. 

Duch'ess,  n.  1.  Consort  or  widow  of 
a  duke.  2.  Female  sovereign  of  a 
duchy. 

Ducii'y,  n.  Territory  of  a  duke. 

Duck,  n  1.  [Ger.  tuch,  cloth.]  A 
coarse  cloth  for  small  sails,  sacking 
of  beds,  &c.  2.  [From  the  verb  to 

duck.}  A  well-known  water-fowl.  3. 
An  inclination  of  the  head.  4.  A 
pet ;  a  darling.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[0.  II.  Ger.  txihhan,  to  stoop,  dive.] 

1.  To  plunge  and  withdraw;  to  im¬ 
merse.  2.  To  bow,  stoop,  or  nod.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  plunge  the  head  in  w  ater. 

2.  To  drop  the  head  or  person  sud¬ 
denly.  [cringing  person. 

DOck'er,  n.  1.  One  who  ducks.  2.  A 

Duck'ing-stool,  n.  A  stool  in 
which  common  scolds  were  formerly 
tied,  and  plunged  into  water. 

Duck/ling,  n.  A  young  duck. 

Duct,  n.  [Lat.  ductus ,  a  conduit.] 
Any  tube  or  canal  for  conveying  a 
fluid. 

Due'TJLE,  a.  [Lat.  ductilis,  fr.  ducere, 
to  lead.]  1.  Easily  led  or  drawn  out ; 
flexible  ;  pliable.  2.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  drawn  out  or  extended. 

Duc'tIle-ness,  In.  Quality  of  being 

Due-Tir/i-T  Y,  j  ductile  ;  flexibili¬ 
ty  ;  pliableness. 

DOd'&eon  (diid'jun),  n.  1.  [Cf.  Ger. 


degen ,  sword.]  A  small  dagger  or 
its  hilt.  2.  [W.  dygen,  anger,  grudge.] 
Anger ;  resentment ;  ill-will. 

Duds,  n.  pi.  Old  clothes. 

Due,  a.  [Fr.  dii,  p.  p.  of  devoir,  to 
owe,  Lat.  debere.]  1.  Owed  ;  proper 
to  be  paid  or  done  to  another.  2. 
Required  by  the  circumstances  ;  be¬ 
coming;  fit.  3.  Appointed;  exact. 

4.  Liable  to  come  at  any  moment  .  5. 
Owing  ;  occasioned.  —  adv.  Direct¬ 
ly  ;  exactly.  —  n.  1.  That  which  is 
owed ;  a  fee  ;  an  emolument.  2.  J  ust 
title  or  claim. 

Du'el,  9?.  [Lat.  duellum ,  orig., aeon- 
test  between  two.]  A  fight  between 
two  persons  to  decide  some  private 
difference.  — v.  i.  To  figh  t  a  duel.  — 
v.  t.  To  attack  cr  fight  fingly. 

Du'EIi-IST,  I  u.  One  who  fights  in 

Du'el-lIst,  j  single  combat. 

Du-EN'NA,  9i.  [Sp.  duenna ,  duena , 
from  Lat.  domina.  See  Don.]  An 
old  woman  kept  to  guard  a  y  ounger 
one ;  a  governess. 

Du-et',  n.  [From  Lat.  duo,  two.]  A 
composition  for  two  performers. 

Dug,  97.  [Dan.  dagge,  to  suckle  (a 
child.)]  A  teat,  cr  nipple,  especially 
of  a  cow  or  other  beast. — v.,  imp.  & 
p.  p.  of  Dig. 

Duke  (30),  n.  [Lat.  dux,  duels,  lead¬ 
er,  commander,  fr.  ducere,  to  lead.] 
1.  One  of  the  highest  order  of  nobil¬ 
ity  next  below  the  Prince  cf  Wales. 
[Eng.]  2.  A  sovereign  prince,  in 
some  European  countries. 

Duke'dom,  97.  1.  Possessions  of  a 

duke.  2.  Title  of  a  duke 

Dul/c(:et,  a.  [0.  Fr  dulcet,  dim.  of 
dols ,  now  doux,  Lat.  dulcis ,  sweet.] 
1.  Sweet  to  the  taste  or  the  ear.  2. 
Pleasing  to  any  of  the  senses  or  to 
the  mind.  [ening 

Dul'c i-fi-ca'tion,  9i.  Act  of  sweet- 

Dul'^i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  dulcis,  sweet,  and  facere ,  to 
make.]  To  make  sweet ;  to  sweeten. 

Dul'ci-mer,  n.  [Lat.  dulcis,  sweet, 
and’  Gr.  p.c'Aos,  melody.]  A  stringed 
instrument,  played  on  with  little 
sticks. 

Dull,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  dol, 
dvcl,  dual,  erring,  foolish.]  1.  Slow 
of  understanding.  2.  Slow  in  action, 
motion,  perception,  sensibility,  &c. 
3.  Elnnt.  4.  Not  bright  or  clear. 

5.  Furnishing  little  delight  or  vari¬ 
ety. 

Syn.—  Stupid;  doltish;  obtuse. 

—  v.  t.  [-E d  ;  -ING.]  To  make  dull. 

—  v.  i.  To  become  dull.  [dolt. 

Dull'ARD,  97.  A  stupid  person;  a 

Dull'ness,  I  9i.  State  of  beipg  dull ; 

Dul'ness,  j  stupidity. 

1)U'LY,  ado.  In  a  fitting  manner. 

Dt)MB  (dum),  a.  [A.-S]  1.  Destitute 

of  the  power  of  speech.  2.  Not  will¬ 
ing  to  speak  ;  silent. 

DOmb'-bells  (dum'-), 

9i.  Weights  for  swing¬ 
ing  in  the  hands. 

DGmb'ly  (dhm/ly),«rf79. 

In  silence  ;  mutely. 

DfiMB'NESS  (dfim'nes),  Dumb-bells. 


77.  Quality  or  state  of  being  dumb; 

muteness_ 

Dumb'-siiow  (dum'sho),  n.  Gesture 
without  words  ;  pantomime. 

Dumb'-wait'er  (dflm-),  n.  A  mov¬ 
able  frame  by  which  dishes,  &c.,are 
passed  from  one  story  to  another. 

Dum'found,  I  v.  t.  To  strike 

Dum'found-er,  J  dumb;  to  con¬ 
fuse.  [ Colloq .] 

Dum'my,  97.  1.  One  who  is  dumb.  .2. 
a  dumb-waiter.  3.  A  figure  on  which 
clothing  is  exhibited.  4.  A  locomo¬ 
tive  with  condensing  engines,  and, 
hence,  without  the  noise  of  escaping 
steam. 

Dump,  9?.  [Cf.  Damp.]  Sadness;  mel¬ 
ancholy  ;  despondency  ;  —  usually  in 
the  pi.—  v.  t.  To  unload  from  a 
cart  by  tilting  it  up. 

Dijmp'isii,  a.  Dull ;  stupid ;  moping. 

Dump'isii-ly,  adv.  In  a  dumpish 
manner.  [dumpish. 

Dump'isii-ness,  97.  State  of  being 

Dump'ling,  97.  [Cf.  Eng.  dumpy; 
also  D.  dompelen,  to  dip.]  A  kind  of 
pudding  or  mass  of  paste,  in  cookery. 

Dump' Y ,  a.  [Cf.  Icel.  dii mp,  a  stout 
servant-maid.]  Short  and  thick. 

Dun,  a.  [A.-S.  dunn .]  1.  Of  a  dark 
color;  swarthy.  2.  Gloomy;  ob¬ 
scure.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  cure,  as  cod¬ 
fish,  so  as  to  give  them  a  dun  color. 
2.  [-ned  ;-NlNG. ]  [A.-S.  dynian.]  To 
beset  for  payment.  —  97.  1  One  who 
duns.  2.  Urgent  demand  of  pay  ment. 

Dun^e,  77.  [Orig.  a  nickname  from 
Duns  Scotus,  called  the  subtle  doctor , 
who  died  in  1308.]  A  person  of  weak 
intellect ;  a  dullard  ;  a  dolt. 

Dun/der-iiead,  I  97.  [Prcv.  Eng. 

Dun'de R-PATE ,  j  dundtr,  srme  as 
thunder,  used  to  increase  the  bad 
sense  of  a  word.]  A  dunce. 

Dun'-fisii,  n.  Cod-fish  prepared  so 
as  to  give  it  a  dun  or  brown  color. 

Dung,  n.  [A.-S.]  Excrement  of  an 
animal.  — v.  i.  To  void  excrement. 

Dun'geon  (-jun),  77.  1.  Donjon.  2. 

A  dark,  subterranean  prison. 

Dung'iiill,  97.  1.  A  heap  of  dung. 
2.  Any  mean  situation  or  condition. 

Dung'Y,  a.  Full  of  dung  :  filthy. 

Dun'nage,  97.  [Cf.  dun,  nound,  and 
dune.]  (iVant.)  (a.)  I.cose  materials 
laid  on  the  bottom  of  a  ship  to  raise 
heavy  goods  above  the  bottom  to 
prevent  injury  by  water. 

Du'o,  97.  [Lat.,  two.]  (Mus.)  A  duet. 

Du'o-dec'I-MAL,  cr.  [Lat.  duodecim, 
twelve.]  Proceeding  in  computation 
by  twelves. 

Du'o-dec'i-mal£,  77.  pi.  A  kind  of 
multiplication  in  which  the  denomi¬ 
nations  proceed  by  twelves. 

Du'o-dec'I-MO,  a.  [Latin  duodecimo, 
fr.  duodecim,  twelve.]  Formed  of 
sheets  folded  so  as  to  make  twelve 
leaves. — n.  ;  pi.  DU'o-DEC'l-MOg. 
1.  A  book  in  which  a  sheet  is  folded 
into  12  leaves.  2.  Size  of  a  book  thus 
composed  ; —  usually  indicated  12mo 
or  12°. 

Du' o-DErNUM,n.  [From  Lat.  duo. 
deni,  twelve  each  ;  because  its  length 


A,  e,  I,  6,  u,  y,  long;  a,  e,  I,  6,  0,  y,  short;  care,  far,  Ask;  all,  what;  ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 


DUPE 


EAGER 


is  about  12  fingers'  breadth.]  First 
of  the  small  intestines. 

DUPE,  n.  [Prov.  Fr.  dupe,  duppe , 
hoopoe,  a  foolish  bird,  easily  caught.] 
One  who  is  duped;  a  gull. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  deceive  ;  to  trick. 

DO'PLE  (da'pl),  a.  [Lat.  duplus.] 
Double. 

§)D'PLI~eATE,  a.  [Lat.  duplicare,  -ca- 
tus,  to  double.]  Double;  two-fold. — 
n.  That  which  exactly  resembles  or 
is  of  the  same  kind  as  something  else. 

Du'pli-cate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
double  ;_to  make  a  copy  of. 

Du'PLI-EA'tion,  n.  Act  of  duplicat¬ 
ing.  [of  a  membrane. 

DO'pli-ca-ture  (53),  n.  A  fold,  as 

DU-PLig'l-TY,  n.  [Lat.  duplicitas,  fr. 
duplex,  double.]  Doubleness  of 
heart,  speech,  or  dealing. 

Syn. —  Double-dealing;  deceit;  guile. 

DO'RA-bIl'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  durable. 

Du'RA-ble  (89),  a.  [Lat.  durabilis , 
fr.  durare,  to  last.]  Able  to  endure 
or  continue  in  a  particular  condition. 

Syn.—  Lasting  ;  permanent ;  stable. 

Du'ra-ble-ness,  n.  Durability. 

Du'ra-BLY,  adv.  In  a  durable  man¬ 
ner. 

Du'ra-mA'  ter,  n.  [Lat.,  lit.,  hard 
mother;  —  called  mater,  because  it  I 
was  thought  to  give  rise  to  every 
membrane.]  Outer  membrane  of  the 
brain. 

Dur'an^e,  n.  [Lat.  durare ,  durans, 
to  endure.]  1.  Continuance  ;  dura¬ 
tion.  2.  Imprisonment. 

Du-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Durability.  2. 
Continuance  in  time. 

Du'RESS,  or  Du-RESS',  n.  [Lat.  du- 
ritia,  durities,  fr.  durus ,  hard.]  Hard¬ 
ship  ;  constraint ;  imprisonment. 

DUR'ING.  [Originally  the/;,  pr.  of  dure 
( obs .),  to  last,  now  used  as  a  prep.] 
In  the  time  of ;  as  long  as  the  action 
or  existence  of. 

Durst,  imp.  of  Dare. 

DOsk,  a.  [Cf.  A.-S.  thystre,  the6r.tr e, 
tarnish.]  Tending  to  darkness;  dark¬ 
ish. —  n.  1.  Imperfect  obscurity; 
twilight.  2.  A  color  partially  black. 

DDsk'i-ly,  adv.  In  a  dusky  manner  ; 
darkly  ;  dimly. 

Dusk/I- ness,  n.  State  of  being  dusky. 

Dusk'ISH,  a.  Moderately  dusky. 

Dusk'y,  a.  1.  Partially  dark  or  ob¬ 
scure.  2.  Tending  to  blackness.  3. 
Gloomy  ;  melancholy. 

DDsT,n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Yery  fine,  dry  par- 


135 

tides  of  earth,  or  other  matter. 

The  grave.  3.  A  low  condition.  — 
v.t.  [-ED;  -1NG.]  1.  To  free  from 

dust.  2.  To  sprinkle  with  dust. 

DOst'er,  n.  1.  One  who  dusts  ;  a 
utensil  for  dusting.  2.  A  light  over- 
garment,  to  protect  the  clothing 
from  dust. 

Dust'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  dusty. 

Dust'-man  (150),  n.  One  whose  em¬ 
ployment  is  to  carry  away  dirt  and 
filth. 

Dust'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1.  Cov¬ 
ered  with  dust.  2.  Like  dust. 

Dutch,  a.  [N.  D.  duitsch,  German, 
orig.  popular,  national.]  Pertaining 
to  Holland,  its  inhabitants,  or  their 
language. 

Du'te-ous,  a.  Performing  what  duty, 
law,  justice,  or  propriety  requires. 

Du'ti-a-ble,  a.  Subject  to  the  pay¬ 
ment  of  a  duty. 

Du'ti-ful,  a.  1.  Performing  duties 
required.  2.  Controlled  by  a  sense 
of  duty. 

Syn.  —  Duteous  ;  obedient  ;  reverent; 
submissive;  respectful. 

Du'ti-ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  dutiful 
manner.  [dutiful. 

Du'ti-ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Du'ty,  n.  1.  That  which  is  due  from 
one  person  to  another.  2.  Service 
rendered  ;  —  said  esp.  of  military  ser¬ 
vice.  3.  Respect ;  reverence ;  regard. 
4.  Tax  ;  toll ;  impost,  or  customs. 

D  u- UMf  vi r ,  n. ;  pi.  dv-  um> vi- r T. 
[Lat.,  fr.  duo,  two,  and  vir,  man.] 
One  of  two  Roman  magistrates 
united  in  the  same  public  functions. 

Du-um'vi-RATE  (45).  n.  Union  of  two 
men  in  the  same  office. 

Dwarf,  n.  [A.-S.  dveorg,  Icel.  dvergr.] 
An  animal  or  plant  much  below  the 
ordinary  size  of  the  species.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING,]  To  hinder  from  grow¬ 
ing  to  the  natural  size  ;  to  stunt. 

Dwarf'ish,  a.  Like  a  dwarf;  very 
small.  [stature. 

Dwarf'ish-ness,  n.  Smallness  of 

Dwi5LL,r.  i.  [imp.  &  p.p.  DWELLED, 
usually  dwelt.]  [Icel.  dvelia ,  to 
linger,  delay.]  To  abide  as  a  perma¬ 
nent  resident,  or  to  inhabit  for  a  time. 

Syn.  -  To  reside  ;  sojourn  ;  continue  ; 
stay;  rest;  remain. 

Dwell'ER,  n.  An  inhabitant ;  a  res¬ 
ident.  [domicile. 

Dwelling,  n.  Habitation;  abode; 

Dwell'ing-house,  »,  A  house  in¬ 
tended  for  residence. 


Eng.  divine,  A.-S.  dvrnan,  to  pine, 
vanish.]  To  diminish ;  to  waste 
away.  — v.  t.  To  make  less. 

Dye,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  dea- 
gan,  deagian,  fr.  deag,  color.]  To 
stain  ;  to  give  a  new  and  permanent 
color  to.  [dye  cloth,  &c. 

Dy'er,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 

DyGng,  a.  1.  Destined  to  death ;  mor¬ 
tal.  2.  Supporting  a  dy  ing  person. 
3.  Pertaining  to  death. 

Dyke,  n.  See  Dike. 

Dy-nam'e-ter,  a.  [Gr.  Svvapus,  pow¬ 
er,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  to  determine  the  magnifying 
power  of  telescopes. 

Dy-nam'IC,  )  a.  [Gr.  SvvapiKo?, 

Dy-nam'ic-al,  )  fr.  Svvapis,  power.] 
Pertaining  to  dynamics. 

Dy-NAM'ICS,  n.  sing.  1.  Science  of 
moving  forces.  2.  The  moving  moral 
forces,  or  the  laws  which  relate  to 
them.  3.  Department  of  musical 
science  relating  to  the  force  of  mu¬ 
sical  sounds. 

Dyn'a-mom'e-ter,  n.  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  measuring  force,  especially 
jhat  of  animals  or  machines. 

Dy-nast'I€,  a.  Relating  to  a  dynasty 
or  line  of  kings. 

Dy'nas-TYT,  n.  [Gr.  SwcurTeia,  fr.  Su~ 
vao-reveiv,  to  hold  power.]  A  race  of 
kings,  of  the  same  line  or  family. 

DYS'GRA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  SvcrKpacria,  from 
inseparable  pref.  Suer-,  ill,  and  /cpdcris, 
mixture.]  An  ill  habit  or  state  of 
the  constitution. 

Dys'en-ter'I€,  1  a.  Pertaining 

Dys'en-ter'ic-al,  j  to,  or  afflicted 
with,  dysentery. 

Dys'EN-TER'Y,  n.  [Gr.  hvaevrepia,  fr. 
Svo--,  ill,  and  eVrepa,  intestines.]  In¬ 
flammation  of  the  rectum  or  colon, 
with  frequent  discharges  of  mucus 
and  blood. 

Dys-pep'si-A,  )  n.  [Gr.  Svanexpia,  fr. 

DYS-PEP'SY,  J  6ucr-,  ill,  and  ireir- 
reiu.  to  digest.]  Chronic  difficulty 
of  digestion. 

Dys-PEP'tig,  )  a.  Afflicted  with, 

Dys-pep'tic-al,  J  or  pertaining  to, 
dyspepsia.  [with  dyspepsia. 

Dys-pep'TIU,  n.  A  person  afflicted 

Dysp-nce’a  (-n5'-h),n.  [Gr.  Sva-nuoLa, 
fr.  Svcr-,  ill,  and  nvorj ,  nvocq ,  breath¬ 
ing.]  A  difficulty  of  breathing. 

DYS'U-RY,  n.  [Gr.  Svcrovpia ,  fr.  Suer-, 
ill,  and  oSpov,  urine.]  Difficulty  in 
discharging  the  urine. 


2.  1  DwIn'DLE,  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [0. 


E. 


E(e). 

fifth  letter  of  the  alphabet. 

^  Prin.  of  Pron.  §§  10-14,  46,  and  47. 
Each,  a.  [A.-S.  ale,  elc,  equiv.  to 
a-lic,  fr.  a.  aa ,  ever,  and  lie.]  Denot¬ 
ing  every  one  of  the  two  or  more  in¬ 


dividuals  composing  a  whole,  consid¬ 
ered  separately  from  the  rest. 
Ea'GER,  a.  [Lat.  acer,  sharp.]  Ex¬ 
cited  by  desire  in  the  pursuit  of  any 
object. 

Syn.  —  Earnest. —  Eager  marks  an  ex¬ 


cited  state  of  desire  or  passion ;  earnest 
denotes  a  permanent  state  of  moral  sen¬ 
timent  or  feeling.  A  child  is  eager  for  a 
plaything;  a  hungry  man  is  eager  for 
food;  a  covetous  man  is  eager  for  gain. 
A  preacher  is  earnest  in  his  appeals  to 
the  conscience;  an  agent  is  earnest  in 
his  solicitations. 


The  second  vowel  and  the 


'ee 


wolf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue  ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  <j>  G,  soft ;  e,  G,  hard;  A§;  exist;  n 


N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


EAGERLY 


Ea'ger-ly,  adv.  With  great  ardor 
_  of  desire  ;  earnestly. 

Ea'ger-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
_  being  eager. 

Ea'gle  (3'gl),  n. 

[Lat.  arjuila .]  1. 

A  rapacious  bird 
of  the  falcon 
family.  2.  A 
geld  coin  of  the 
„  United  States,  worth  ten  dollars, 
ii  A'G  L  e  -E  V  E  D ,  a.  Sharp-sighted,  as 
an  eagle.  [eagle. 

Ea'glet,  n.  A  young,  or  diminutive, 
Ear,  n.  [A.-S.  care,  Lat.  auris .]  1. 
Organ  or  sense  of  hearing.  2.  At¬ 
tention  ;  heed.  3.  Any  thing  re¬ 
sembling  an  ear  in  shape  or  position. 
4.  Spikes  of  grain. — v.i.  To  form 
ears,  as  corn. 

Earl  (14),  n.  [A.-S.  eorl,  man,  noble.] 
A  nobleman  of  England  ranking  be- 
_  low  a  marquis. 

Ear'lap,  n.  The  tip  of  the  ear. 
Earl'dom,  n.  Jurisdiction  or  dignity 
_  of  an  earl. 

Ear'less,  a.  Without  ears  ;  deaf. 
Earl'-MAR'shal,  n.  An  officer  of 
state  in  England  who  orders  all  great 
ceremonials,  and  is  the  head  of  the 
_  herald’s  office.  [ear. 

EAR'lock,  n.  A  curl  of  hair  near  the 
Ear'LY  (14),  a.  [A.-S.  arlice,  from  dr, 
before.]  In  advance  of  the  usual  or 
appointed  time.  —  adv.  Soon;  in 
_  good  season. 

Ear'— mark,  n.  1.  A  mark  on  the  ear. 
_  2.  Any  distinguishing  mark. 

Earn, 'C.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  earni- 
an .]  1.  To  merit  by  labor.  2.  To 
_  acquire  by  labor  or  service. 
Ear'nest,u.  [A.-S.  eornost.]  1.  Ar¬ 
dent  in  the  pursuit  of  an  object.  2. 
Intent ;  fixed. 

Syn. — Eager  ;  warm  ;  zealous;  ani¬ 
mated;  fervent.  See  Eager. 

—  ii.  1.  Seriousness;  reality.  2.  A 
pledge  or  token  of  what  is  to  come. 

Syn.  —  Pledge.  — An  earnest.,  like  first- 
, fruits ,  gives  assurance  that  more  is  com¬ 
ing  of  the  same  kind  ;  a  pledge,  like 
money  deposited,  affords  security  and 
ground  of  reliance.  Washington  gave 
earnest  of  his  talent  as  a  commander  by 
saving  his  troops  after  Braddock’s  de¬ 
feat;  his  fortitude  and  thntof  his  soldiers 
during  the  winter  at  Valley  Forge  were 
a  pledge  of  their  ultimate  triumph. 

Ear'nest-LY,  adv.  In  an  earnest 
manner.  [earnest ;  zeal. 

Ear'NEST-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
Earning,  «.  That  which  is  earned  ; 
_  wages ;  stipend. 

EAR'-iung,  n.  An  ornament  sus¬ 
pended  from  the  ear. 

Earth  (14),  n.  [A.-S.  eordlie,  earth, 
card,  region,  country.]  1.  The  globe  ; 
world.  2.  The  dry  land.  3.  Soil  of 
all  kinds;  ground.  4.  A  region;  a 
country.  5.  A  tasteless  and  inodor¬ 
ous,  earthy-looking,  metallic  oxide. — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  hide,  or  cause  to 
hide, in  theearth. —  v.i  To  burrow. 
Earth'  board.  Board  of  a  plow, 
_  that  turns  over  the  earth. 
Eartii'en  (Crth'n),  a.  Made  of  earth 
or  baked  clay. 


Eagle. 


136 


ECHELON 


EARTH'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
_  earthy. 

Earth'li-ness,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  earthly  ;  grossness.  2.  Worldli¬ 


ness. 


Earth'ling,  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
_  the  earth  ;  a  mortal. 

Eartii'ly,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  earth  ; 
not  spiritual.  2.  Of  all  things  on 
earth ;  possible. 

Earth'-nut,  n.  1.  Root  of  a  certain 
umbelliferous  plant.  2.  Seed-vessel 
and  seed  of  a  leguminous  plant. 
Earth'quake^,  n.  A  shaking  of  the 
earth,  due  to  subterranean  causes. 
Earth'-work  (erth'wfirk),  n.  1. 
Removal  of  large  masses  of  earth,  in 
the  construction  of  public  works.  2. 
A  fortification  made  by  throwing  up 
embankments  of  earth. 
Earth'-worm  (-wQrm),  n.  The  com- 
__  mon  worm  found  in  the  soil. 
Earth'y,  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or  re¬ 
lating  to, earth.  2.  Gross;  unrefined. 
Ear'-wax,  n.  A  viscous  substance, 
secreted  by  the  glands  of  the  ear. 
Ear' WIG,  n.  [A.-S.  ear-wigga,  from 
car ,  car,  and  wirga,  beetle.]  An  in¬ 
sect  which  has  been  erroneously  sup¬ 
posed  to  creep  into  the  human  brain 
_  through  the  ear. 

Ease,  n.  [Fr.  aise,  A.-S.  eadh,  ready, 
easy.]  Freedom  from  pain,  disturb¬ 
ance,  trouble,  toil,  constraint,  stiff¬ 
ness,  &c. 

Syn.  —  Rest;  repose;  tranquillity;  fa¬ 
cility;  readiness. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  free 
from  any  thing  that  pains,  disquiets, 
_  or  oppresses.  2.  To  shift  a  little. 


Easel. 


EA'g^L,  n.  [Ger.  esel,  ass, 
donkey.]  A  wooden 
frame  on  which  pictures 
are  placed  while  being 
painted. 

Ease 'ME  NT,  n .  That 
which  gives  ease ;  con- 
_  vcnience. 

EA'gi-LY,  adv.  With  ease  ; 

readily  ;  gently. 

Eas'i-ness,  n.  1.  Freedom  from  dis¬ 
tress  ;  ease.  2.  Act  of  moving  as  if 
_  with  ease. 

East,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Point  in  the  heav¬ 
ens  where  the  sun  is  seen  to  rise  at 
the  equinox.  2.  Southern  parts  of 
Asia,  which  lie  east  of  southern  Eu¬ 
rope.  —  a.  Toward  the  rising  sun. 

n.  [A.-S.  Eastre,  a 
goddess  of  light  or 
spring,  in  honor  of  whom  a  festival 
was  celebrated  in  April.]  A  festival 
commemorating  Christ’s  resurrection. 
East'er-LY,  a.  1.  Coming  from  the 
eastward.  2.  Situated  or  directed 
_  toward  the  east. 

East'ERN,  a.  1.  Situated  in  the  east; 

oriental.  2.  Going  toward  the  east. 
East'warh,  adv.  Toward  the  east. 
Ea'ry,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  1.  Free 
from  pain,  care,  disgust,  or  con¬ 
straint.  2.  Affording  rest.  3.  Not 
difficult.  4.  Furnishing  comfort.  5. 
Not  making  resistance.  6.  Not 
straitened  as  to  money  matters. 


1U[JU.  -  Lfc.  JLLMV 

East'er,  _  1 

East'er-day,  ) 


Syn.  —  Quiet;  tranquil;  secure;  calm. 
Eat,  v.  t.  [imp.  eat,  or  ate  ;  p.  p. 
Eat,  or  eaten.]  [A.-S.  ctan.]  1. 
To  swallow  as  food.  2.  To  rust ;  to 
waste  or  wear  away. 

Syn.  —  To  consume;  devour;  corrode. 
—  r.  i.  1.  To  take  food.  2.  To  taste 
or  relish. 

Eat'a-ble,  a.  Fit  to  be  eaten;  edi- 
__  ble.  —  n.  Any  thing  to  be  eaten. 
Eat'er,  n.  One  who  eats. 

Eaves,  n.  pi.  [A.-S.  e/cse.]  Lower 
__  edges  of  the  roof  of  a  building. 
Eave£'dr6p,  v.  i.  To  watch  for  op¬ 
portunities  of  hearing  the  private 
__  conversation  of  others.  [drops. 

Eaver'drop-per,  n.  One  who  eaves- 
Ebb,  n.  [A.-S.  chba,  ebbe.]  1.  Return 
of  tide-water  toward  the  sea.  2.  De¬ 
cline  ;  decay.  —  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  flow  back.  2.  To  decline;  to 
w  decay j  decrease. 

EBB'- tide,  n.  Reflux  of  tide-water. 
Eb'on,  a.  Consisting  cf,  or  like,  ebony. 
EB'ON-lZE,  V.  t  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
w  make  black  like  ebony. 

EB'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  c/3cvo?,  c/Sei'T),  from 
Ileb.  Chen,  eben ,  stone.]  A  hard, 
heavy  wood,  of  a  black  color. 
E-BRl'E-TY,  n.  [Lat.  ebrie.tas,  fr.  ebri- 
__  us,  intoxicated.]  Drunkenness. 
E'bri-os'i-ty,  n.  Partial  intoxication. 
E-bul'lience  (-buPyens),  1  n.  A 
E-bul'lien-V:y  (-bul'yen-sy), )  boil¬ 
ing  over. 

E-bul'lient  (e-bul'vent),  a.  [Lat. 

ebullire ,  cbulliens ,  to  boil  up,fr.  bulla, 
w  bubble.]  Boiling  over,  as  a  liquor. 
Eb'ul-lI'.TION  (-lish'un),  n.  1.  Op¬ 
eration  of  boiling.  2.  Effervescence. 
3.  Exhilaration. 

E-BU r'ne-AN,  a.  [Lat.  eburneus,  from 
ebur,  ivory.]  Made  of  ivory. 
Eg-cEn'TRIC,  )  a.  [Gr.  e/c/cevTpo?, 
Eg-CEN'TRI€-AL,  )  from  c«,outof, 
and  KevTpov ,  center.]  1.  Deviating 
from  the  center.  2.  Pertaining  to 
eccentricity  or  to  an  eccentric.  3. 
Not  having  the  same  center.  4.  De¬ 
viating  from  the  usual  course. 
Eg-cen'trig,  n.  1.  A  wheel  or  disk, 
having  its  axis  of  revolution  out  of 
its  center  of  figure,  for  obtaining  al¬ 
ternate  motion.  2.  An  odd  person. 
Eg-c;en'tri€-al-ly,  adv.  In  an  ec- 
centric  manner. 

Ec'cen-tr'ic'i-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  eccentric  ;  oddity,  whimsicalness. 

2.  Deviation  from  the  tenter. 
EG-GLE'RI-AS'TIC,  )  a.  [Gr. 
E€-€LE'£I-AS'TI€-AL,  )  (cArjcn'a,  the 

church.]  Pertaining  to  the  church. 
Eg-cle'si-as'tib,  n.  A  clergyman; 
a  priest. 

Eg-gle'ri-Xs'tic-al-ly,  adv.  In  an 
ecclesiastical  manner. 
Eg-€LE'£I-as'ti-CIRM,  it.  Strong  at¬ 
tachment  to  ecclesiastical  observ¬ 
ances.  [ing  to  ecclesiology. 

Eg-gle'ri-o-log'ig-al,  a.  Belong- 
EE-GLE'RI-Ql'O-GY,  11.  [Gr.  tKK\r\- 
<ria,  church,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 
Science  of  church  building  and  deco¬ 
ration. 

E^h'e-lon (esh'e-lon),  n.  [Fr.,from 


i   . . 

ECHINATE 

eclielle ,  ladder,  scale.]  Position  of  a 
military  body  with  one  division  more 
advanced  than  another. 

Egh'I-NATE,  )  a.  [Lat.  echinatus, fr. 

Egh'i  NA/TED, )  echinus .]  Prickly, 
like  a  hedge-hog. 

Egii'i-nite,  n.  A  fossil  echinus. 

E-€HI'NUS,  n. ;  pi.  E-enI'NI.  [Lat., 
fr.  Gr.  exivo?.]  1.  A  hedgehog.  2.  A 

w  sea-hedgehog.  3.  A  form  of  molding. 

Ech'o  (ek/o),  n.;  pi.  fieikOES.  [Lat., 
from  Gr.  t^oj.]  A  sound  reflected  or 
reverberated  to  the  ear. —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  reverberate  or  send 
back.  2.  To  repeat  with  assent.  — 
v.  i.  To  be  echoed ;  to  cause  an  echo. 

E-GLAIR'^Isse-MENT  {or  e-klar'siz- 
mung’),  n.  [Fr.]  The  clearing  up 
of  any  thing  not  easily  understood. 

Egla  r(e-kla/),  n.  [Fr.,fr.  cclater,  to 
burst,  explode,  shine  brilliantly.]  1. 
Brilliancy  of  success  or  effort.  2.  Ap¬ 
plause. 

Eg-LEG'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  exAe/cri/rd?,  from 
cK,\dysLv,  to  pick  out.]  Selecting; 
choosing  at  will.  —  n.  One  who  fol¬ 
lows  an  eclectic  method  in  science, 
religion,  & c. 

EG-LKe'Ti-^i'sM,  n.  An  eclectic  sys¬ 
tem,  as  of  philosophy. 

E-glipse',  n.  [Gr.  ‘w  e. - 

eK\eu//is,  prop,  a 

forsaking.  fall- 

ing.]  1.  An  in- 

terception  or  ob-  ** — — ~  ~ — 

scuration  of  the  Eclipses.  S,sun;  E, 

light  of  the  sun  earth;  M,  moon. 

!  or  moon,  by  the  intervention  of  some 

other  body.  2.  Temporary  obscura¬ 
tion. —  v.t.  [-Eu;  -ING.]  1.  To 
darken  or  hide ;  —  said  of  a  heavenly 
body.  2.  To  throw  into  the  shade. 

E-GLIP'TIG,  n.  The  apparent  path  of 
the  sun,  or  the  real  path  of  the 
earth. — a.  [Gr.  e/cAet7rrt/cos,  belong¬ 
ing  to  an  eclipse.]  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  described  by,  the  ecliptic.  2.  Per¬ 
taining  to  an  eclipse. 

Eg'logue  (ekdog),  n.  [Gr.  e/cAoyij, 
a  picking  out,  collection,  especially 
of  passages  in  authors.]  A  pastoral 
poem  ;  a  bucolic ;  an  idyl. 

fVGO-NOM'lG,  (  a.  1.  Domestic.  2. 

5 Vgo-N om/IG-Al  ,  j  Saving  of  waste 
and  unnecessary  expense.  3.  Man¬ 
aged  with  frugality.  [omy. 

E'GO-NOM'IG-AL-LY,  adv.  With  econ- 

Evgo-nom'IGS,  n.  sing.  1.  Science  of 
domestic  and  internal  management. 
2.  Political  economy. 

E-gon'o-mist,  n.  1.  One  who  econo¬ 
mizes.  2.  One  who  is  conversant 
with  political  economy. 

E-gon'o-mize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
expend  with  frugality. — v.  i.  To 
make  a  prudent  use  of  money. 

!  E-gon'o-my,  n.  [Gr.  oiKovopla ,  from 

ocfco;,  house,  and  vop.os,  law,  rule.] 

1.  Management  of  domestic  affairs. 

2.  Internal,  pecuniary  management 

!  of  any  undertaking,  corporation,  See. 

3.  System  of  rules  and  regulations. 

4.  Thrifty  and  frugal  housekeeping. 

Syn. —  Frugality;  parsimony. — Econ- 

omy  avoids  all  waste  and  extravagance, 

137 

and  applies  money  to  the  best  advantage; 
frugality  cuts  off  all  indulgences,  and 
proceeds  on  a  system  of  rigid  and  habit¬ 
ual  saving  ;  parsimony  is  frugality  car¬ 
ried  to  an  extreme,  involving  meanness 
of  spirit  and  a  sordid  mode  of  living. 
Economy  is  a  virtue,  and  parsimony  a 
vice.  Frugality  may  lean  to  the  one  or 
the  other  according  to  the  motives  from 
which  it  springs. 

Eg'sta-sy,  n  [Gr.  eWraviv,  from 
efio-rdvai,  to  put  out  of  place.]  1. 
A  state  iu  which  the  mind  is  carried 
away  beyond  the  reach  of  ordinary 
impressions.  2.  Excessive  joy  ;  rap¬ 
ture  ;  transport.  3.  Insanity. 
Eg-stat'ig,  1  a.  1.  Rendering  one 

Eg-stat'ig-al,  j  beside  one’s  self. 

^  2.  Rapturous. 

Eg'u-men'ig,  1  a.  [Gr.  01/covp.evt- 

Eg'U-MEN'IG-AL,  )  /CO?,  from  oiicov- 

ixevri  (sc.  yq ) ,  the  inhabited  world.] 
General ;  universal. 

E-da'CIOUS,  a.  [Lat.  edax,  fr.  edere, 
to  eat.]  Greedy  ;  voracious. 
E-DAti'l-TY, n.  Greediness;  vox-acity. 
Ed’ da,  n.  [Iccl.,  lit.  great-grand¬ 
mother  (i.e., of  Scandinavian  poetry).] 
One  of  two  mythological  books  of  tlic 
old  Scandinavian  tribes  of  German 
w  origin. 

Ed'dy,  n.  [A.-S.  ed,  backward,  and  ca, 
running  water.]  1.  A  backward  cur¬ 
rent.  2.  A  whirlpool.  —  v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING,  142.]  To  move  as  an  eddy. 
E-DEM'A-TObTS,  1  a.  [Gr.  o'iSyjfxa,  a 
E-DEM'a-tose,  j  swelling.]  Per¬ 

taining  to,  or  affected  with,  a  serous 
humor. 

E'dhn,  n.  [Ileb.  Men,  delight.]  The 
garden  where  Adam  and  Eve  first 
dwelt. 

E-DEN'TATE,  1  a.  [Lat.  edentare , 
E-den'ta-ted,  j  edentatus ,  to  ren- 
^  der  toothless.]  Destitute  of  teeth. 
Edge  (ej),  71.  [A.-S.  erg-.]  1.  Thin 

cutting  side  of  an  instrument ;  hence, 
that  which  cuts  as  an  edge  does.  2. 
Any  sharp  terminating  border.  3. 
Acrimony;  severity.  4.  Early  part; 
beginning. 

Syn.  — Rim  ;  verge  ;  skirt ;  margin  ; 
brink;  keenness. 

—  v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  1.  To  furnish 
with  an  edge ;  to  sharpen.  2.  To 
urge  or  egg  on.  3.  To  move  by  lit¬ 
tle  and  little.  — v.  i.  To  move  side- 
w  ways  and  gradually. 

EDGE'-BONE  (20),  n.  A  bone  of  the 
rump,  which,  in  dressed  beef,  pre- 
w  sents  itself  edgewise  to  view. 
Edge'-tool,  n.  An  instrument  hav¬ 
ing  a  sharp  edge. 

Edge'WISE,  adv.  In  the  direction 
w  of  the  edge.  [edge  or  border. 

EDG'ING,  n.  That  which  forms  an 
ED'I-BLE,  a.  [From  Lat.  edere,  to 
eat.]  Fit  to  be  eaten  ;  eatable. 
E'digt,  n.  [Lat.  edictum,  fr.  edicere, 
to  declare,  proclaim.]  A  special  proc¬ 
lamation  of  command  or  prohibi¬ 
tion. 

Syn. — Regulation;  decree;  ordinance; 
manifesto. 

EdG-FI-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  edifying ; 
a  building  up,  especially  in  a  relig¬ 
ious  sense. 

EFFACE 

Ed'I-fice,  n.  [Lat.  xdificium,  from 
xdificare,  to  build.]  A  large  build- 
w  ing  ;  a  structui’e  ;  a  fabric. 

Ed'I-fPer,  n.  One  who  edifies. 

Ed'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat 
sediftcare,  from  sedes,  a  building,  and 
facer e ,  to  make. ]  To  instruct  and  im¬ 
prove,  especially  in  moral  and  relig- 
_  ions  knowledge. 

E'DILE,  n.  [Lat.  sedilis,  from  sides, a 
building.]  A  Roman  magistrate,  who 
had  the  care  of  buildings,  highways, 
public  places,  &c. 

E'DILE-shIp,  71.  The  office  of  edile. 

Ed'it,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lai. edere, 
editum ,  to  give  out,  publish.]  To 
prepare  for  publication. 

E-dPtion  (-dislPun),  n.  1.  Publica¬ 
tion  of  any  literary  work.  2.  Whole 
w  number  of  copies  published  at  once. 
Ed'IT-OR,  n.  One  who  prepares,  su¬ 
perintends,  and  corrects  a  book  or 
w  newspaper,  & c.,  for  publication. 
Ed/it-o'ri-al  (89),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  editor. — n.  An  article  by  the 
w  editor  of  a  newspaper. 

EBGt-o'ri-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  man- 
^  ner  or  character  of  an  editor. 
Ed'it-or-ship,  7i.  Business  or  office 
w  of  an  editor. 

E.d'u-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
edur.are ,  educatum ,  from  educere,  to 
lead  forth,  bring  up.]  To  bring  up  ; 
to  cultivate  and  discipline  the  vari¬ 
ous  powers  of  the  mind. 

Syn.  —  To  instruct ;  teach;  inform; 
breed;  train. 

Ed'u-ga'tion,  77.  Act  or  process  of 
educating  ;  tuition  ;  nurture. 

Syn.  —  Instruction  :  teaching  ;  breed¬ 
ing.  —^Education  includes  the  whole 
course*  of  training,  moral,  intellectual, 
and  physical.  Instruction  and  teaching 
apply  to  the  communication  of  knowl¬ 
edge,  the  latter  term  being  the  more  fa¬ 
miliar  of  the  two.  Breeding  relates  to 
the  manners  and  outward  couduct. 
Ed/U-ga,TION-AL, a.  Pertaining  to 
education.  [motes  education. 

Ed^u-ga/tion-ist,  n.  One  who  pro- 
Ed'u-GA/tor,  77.  One  who  educates. 
E-du^e',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat- 
educere ,  from  e,  out,  and  ducere ,  to 
lead.]  To  draw  forth,  as  if  from  con¬ 
cealment. 

Syn.  —  To  elicit;  extract. 

E-d0g;tion,  71.  Act  of  drawing  out. 

E-DUL'EO-RATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  e,  out,  and  dulcorarc,  -ratum, 
to  sweeten.]  1.  To  render  sweet ;  to 
sweeten.  2.  (Chem.)  To  purify. 
E-dul/go-ra/tion,77.  Act  of  edul¬ 
corating. 

Eel,  77.  [A.-S.  al.]  A  species  of  soft- 

finned,  snake-like  fishes. 

Eel'pot,  n.  A  kind  of  basket  used 
_  for  catching  eels. 

E’en.  A  contraction  for  Even. 

E’er  (ar).  A  contraction  for  Ever. 
Ef'FA-ble,  a.  [Lat.  effahilis,  from 
effari,  to  utter.]  Capable  of  being 
uttered  or  explained. 

Ef-fa^e',  V .  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
effacer,  prop,  to  destroy  the  face  or 
form,  fr.  Fr  .face,  face,  form.]  1.  To 
erase  or  scratch  out ;  to  rub  off.  2. 

To  remove  from  the  mind. 

6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  toTok;  Brn,  rue,  pull;  e.  i.  o,  silent;  £,  g,  soft;  g,  g,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  ng;  this 

EJECT 


EFFACEMENT  138 


Syn. —  To  expunge;  erase;  obliterate; 
cancel;  destroy. 

Ef-facie'ment,  n.  Act  of  effacing. 
Ef-FEGT',  n.  [Lat.  effectus,  from  effi- 
cere,  to  produce.]  1.  That  which  is 
produced  by  an  agent  or  cause.  2. 
Impression  produced.  3.  Efficiency. 
4.  General  intent.  5.  pi-  Goods  ; 
movables  ;  personal  estate. 

Syn.  —  Consequence;  result. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.']  [Lat  efficere , 

.  effectum ,  from  car,  out,  and  facere,  to 
make.]  1.  To  produce,  as  a  cause, 
or  agent.  2.  To  bring  to  pass. 
Ef-fegt'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
effected.  [tion. 

Ef-feg'tion,  n.  Creation  or  procluc- 
Ef-feet'ive,  n.  Suited  or  tending 
to  produce  effects. 

Syn.  —  Efficient;  efficacious;  effectu¬ 
al  ;  operative  ;  forcible. 
Ef-fegt'ive-ly,  adv.  With  effect. 
Ef-fegt'ive-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  effective.  [maker. 

Ef-fegt'OR,  n.  One  who  effects  ;  a 
EF-FEET'u-al,  a.  Producing,  or  hav¬ 
ing  power  to  produce,  an  intended 
effect ;  adequate. 

Ef-FE€T'U-AL-LY,  adv.  With  effect. 
Ef-FEGT'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  bring  to  pass. 

Ef-fem'I-na-cy,  n.  Unmanly  deli¬ 
cacy  ;  womanly  weakness. 
Ef-fem'I-nate  (45),  a.  [Lat.  effem- 
inare ,  -natus,  to  make  womanish.] 
Soft  or  delicate  to  an  unmanly  degree. 
EF-FEM'I-NATE,  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  womanish. 
Ef-fem'i-nate-ey,  adv.  Weakly ; 

softly  ;  delicately.  [softness. 

Ef-fem'i-nate-ness,  n.  Unmanly 
Ef-fen'di,  n.  [Turk.]  Master  ;  sir ; 
w  —  title  of  a  Turkish  state  official. 
Ef'fer-ves^e'  (-vesQ,  v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  effierrescere,  fr.  ex,  out 
of,  and  fervescere,  to  begin  boiling.] 
To  bubble  and  hiss. 
ifF'FER-VES'CEN^E,  (71.  A  kind  of 
Ef'FER-VES'^EN-^Y, )  natural  eb- 
^  ullition. 

£f'fer-vJ:s'<^ent,  a.  Gently  boiling 
or  bubbling  by  disengagement  of  gas. 
EfEer-ves'ci-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
producing  effervescence. 

Ef-fete',  a.  [Lat.  effeetus,  from  rx, 
out,  and  foetus,  pregnant,  produc¬ 
tive.]  Worn  out ;  barren. 
EfEi-ga'cious,  a.  [Lat.  efficax ,  fr. 
efficere,  to  produce.]  Producing  the 
effect  intended  ;  effectual  ;  powerful. 
Ef'fi-ga'cious-ly,  adv.  Effectually. 
Ef'fi-ga'cious-ness,  )  7i.  Power  to 
Ef'fi-ga-^y,  J  produce  ef¬ 

fects  ;  production  of  the  effect  in¬ 
tended. 

Syn.  —  Virtue;  force;  energy. 
Ef-f'Pcien^e  (-ffslPenss),  I  n.  1. 
Ef-fPcien-^Y  (-fish'en-),  )  Quali¬ 
ty  of  being  efficient.  2.  Power  of 
producing  the  effect  intended. 
Ef-fPcient  (ef-flslPent),  a.  [See 
Effect,  v.  f.]  Causing  effects. — 
7i.  Agent  or  cause  which  produces. 
Ef-fPcient-Ly,  adv.  With  effect. 
EF'fi-gy,  7t.  [Lat.  effigies,  fr.  effin- 
gere,  to  form,  fashion.]  Image;  a 


likeness  in  sculpture,  painting,  bass- 
relief,  or  drawing. 

Ef'flo-rEs^e'  (-res'),  v.i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  efflorescere,  from  ex, 
out,  and florescere,  to  begin  to  blos¬ 
som.]  1.  To  change  to  a  whitish, 
mealy  powder.  2.  To  become  cov- 
ered  with  a  whitish  crust. 
Ef'flo-res'^enc^e,  1  7i.  1.  Time  of 
Ef^lo-res'Cen^y,  J  flowering. 
2.  Eruption,  as  in  rash,  &c.  3. 

Formation  of  the  whitish  loose  pow¬ 
der  on  the  surface  of  efflorescing 
bodies.  4.  Powder  or  crust  itself 
w  thus  formed. 

Ef'flo-res'CENT,  a.  1.  Liable  to 
effloresce.  2.  Covered  with  an  efflo- 
w  rescence. 

Ef'flu-en^e,  7i.  1.  A  flowing  out. 

w  2.  That  which  issues. 

Ef'flu-ent,  a.  [Lat.  efffuerc,  efflu- 
ens,  to  flow  out.]  Flowing  otit. 
EF-FEU'VI-UM,  71.  ;  pi.  EF-FLU'VI-A. 

[Lat.,  fr.  effluere ,  to  flow  out.]  Nox- 
^  ious  exhalation. 

Ef'FLUX,  71.  [Lat.  effluere,  effluxum..] 
Emanation ;  effluence. 
Ef-flUx'ion,  7i.  Effusion  ;  effluvi- 
w  um ;  emanation. 

Ef'FORT  (eflfurt),  n.  [Lat.  fortis, 
strong.]  Exertion  of  strength,  wheth¬ 
er  physical  or  mental. 

Syn.  —  See  Endeavor. 
Ef-front'er-y,  ti.  [Lat.  effrons, 
shameless.]  Excessive  assurance ; 
sauciness. 

Ef-ful'gence,  7i.  Extreme  brillian¬ 
cy  ;  great  luster. 

Ef-ful'gent,  a.  [Lat.  effulgere ,  ef- 
fulgens ,  to  flash  forth.]  Diffusing  a 
flood  of  light;  shining;  bright. 
Ef-fuse',  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
effuTidere,  efusum.]  To  pour  out,  as 
a  fluid;  to  spill. 

Ef-fu'rion,  7i.  1.  Act  of  pouring 

out.  2.  That  which  is  poured  out. 
Effusive  a.  Pouring  forth  largely. 
Eft,  ti.  [A.-S .  efete.]  The  common 
smooth  new't. 

Egg,  7i.  [A.-S.  tig.']  A  spheroidal 

body  containing  the  germ  of  a  bird 
or  other  animal. —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[See  Edge.]  To  urge  on;  to  insti- 
gate. 

Egg-nog',  n.  A  drink  of  eggs  beaten 
up  with  sugar, milk,  and  wine. 
Eg'DAN-tine  (-tin  or  -tin),  ?i.  [Fr. 
eglantine,  fr.  0.  Fr.  aiglent ,  brier,  fr. 
aiguille,  needle.]  A  species  of  rose  ; 
the  sweet-brier. 

E-'GO-lgM,  7i.  [Lat.  ego,  I.]  1.  Sub¬ 
jective  idealism.  2.  Excessive  love 
_  of  self ;  egotism. 

E'GO-lST,  n.  A  believer  in  subject¬ 
ive  idealism  ;  one  given  to  egotism. 
E'go-tism,  ti.  Practice  of  too  often 
using  the  w?ord  I ;  hence,  self-praise. 

Syn.  —  Self-conceit  ;  vanity.  —  Self- 
conceit  is  an  overweening  opinion  of 
one’s  self ;  egotism  is  the  expression  of 
self-conceit  in  words  or  actions  ;  r'auitji 
is  inflation  of  mind  arising  from  the 
idea  of  being  thought  highly  of  by  oth¬ 
ers.  A  man  may  be  vain  or  self-conceit¬ 
ed,  and  yet  have  sense  enough  to  avoid 
egotism. 


E'GO-TIST,  n.  One  who  repeats  th$ 
_  word  I  very  frequently. 
E'go-tist'ie,  la.  Addicted  to,  or 
E'go-tist'ig-al,  )  showing,  ego¬ 
tism. 

Syn.— Conceited;  vain;  self-important. 
E-gre'gious,  a.  [Lat.  egregius,  lit., 
chosen  from  the  herd,  i.  e.,  distin¬ 
guished.]  Distinguished  from  com¬ 
mon  men  or  actions  ;  —  generally  in 
a  bad  sense. 


Syn.  —  Extraordinary  ;  remarkable  ; 

monstrous;  precious. 

E-gre'GIOUS-ly,  adv.  Greatly  ;  re¬ 
markably. 

E'gress,  7i.  [Lat.  egressus ,  fr.  egredi , 
to  go  or  come  out.]  Act  of  leaving 
or  power  to  leave. 

E-gres'sion  (-gresh'unl,  n.  Act  of 
going  out ;  egress. 

E'gret,  7i.  [See  Aigret.]  1.  The 
lesser  white  heron.  2.  Feathery  or 
hairy  crown  of  seeds.  [monds,  &c. 

E-GRETTE',  7).  A  tuft  of  feathers,  dia- 

E-gyp'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Egypt. 
—  ti.  1.  A  native  of  Egypt.  2.  A 


gypsy- 

Eh  (a),  interj.  An  expression  of  inqui¬ 
ry  or  slight  surprise. 

Ei'der  (Idler), 

Ei'der-duck, 
cies  of  sea-duck, 
which  produces  anGSlfe] 
uncommonly  fine 

down.  1  , 

Ei'DER-DOWN,  n.  E'der-fluck. 

Down  of  the  eider-duck. 

Eight  (at),  a.  [A.-S.  eahta,  ahta.] 
Twice  four  in  number.  —  7 1.  Sum 
of  four  and  four. 

Eigiit'een  (at'een),  a.  Twice  nine. 

—  71.  Sum  of  ten  and  eight. 
Eighteenth  (at'eenth),  a.  Next  in 

order  after  the  seventeenth. — 71.  1. 

One  of  eighteen  equal  parts.  2. 
Eighth  after  the  tenth. 

Eighth  (atth),  a.  Next  in  order  after 
the  seventh.  —  71.  One  of  eight  equal 
parts.  [eighth  place. 

Eighth'ly  (atth'ly),  adv.  In  the 
Eigiit'I-ETII  (at'i-eth),  a.  Next  in 
order  after  the  seventy -ninth.  —  n. 
One  of  eighty  equal  parts. 

EIGIIT'y  (at'y),  a.  Eight  times  ten. 

—  71.  Sum  of  eight  times  ten. 
El'THER  (3'ther  or  FiJ  er  ;  but  analo¬ 
gy,  as  well  as  the  best  and  most  gen¬ 
eral  usage,  is  decidedly  in  favor  of 
c'the.r ),  a.  or  pro7i.  [A.-S.  agdlierfr. 
a,  hv,  ever,  and  hvadher,  whether.] 
1.  Cue  or  the  other.  2.  Each  of 
two.  -  conj.  Used  as  correlative  to 


or. 

E-jag'u-late,  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ejaculari ,  - latv7n ,  fr.  e,  out,  and 
jaculari ,  to  throw  the  javelin.]  To 
throw  out,  as  an  exclamation. 

E-jag'u-la'tion,  7i.  Uttering  of  a 
short,  sudden  exclamation  or  prayer, 
or  the  exclamation  or  prayer  uttered. 

E-JA€'u-la-to-ry  (50),  a.  1.  Cast¬ 
ing  out.  2.  Suddenly  darted  out. 

E-j£€t',  v.  t.  [-e D‘;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ejicere,  ejectvm ,  fr.  e,  out,  iwd  jacere, 
to  throw.]  1.  To  throw  out.  2.  To 


EJECTION 


drive  away.  3.  To  dispossess  of  own¬ 
ership  or  occupancy. 

E-j£e'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  ejecting  ;  ex¬ 
pulsion.  2.  State  of  being  ejected. 
E-Jeet'ment,  n.  1.  Expulsion  ; 
ejection.  2.  A  species  of  mixed  ac¬ 
tion,  for  the  recovery  of  possession 
of  real  property. 

E -JEET'OR,  n.  One  who  ejects. 

Eke,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  eacan , 
Gr.  av^eiv  ]  1.  To  increase  ;  to  ex¬ 

tend.  2.  To  add  or  supply  ;  to  pro¬ 
long.  —  adv.  [From  the  preceding.] 
In  addition ;  also  ;  likewise. 
E-lab'o-rate,  v.  t.  [-eg:  -ing.] 
[Lat.  elaborare,  -ratum,  fr.  e  out,  and 
laborare ,  to  labor.]  To  produce  or 
perfect  with  labor. 

E-lab'o-rate  (45),  a.  Wrought  with 
labor;  highly  finished.  [labor. 

E-LAB'O-RATE-LY,  adv.  WiFi  great 
E-lab'o-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  pro¬ 
ducing  with  labor ;  state  of  being  so 
produced.  2.  Natural  process  of 
formation  or  assimilation.  [rates. 
E-L  vb'o-ra'tor,  n.  One  Avho  elabo- 
E-LA'xne,  n.  [Gr.  eAaiVov,  of  the  olive.] 
Liquid  principle  of  oils  and  fats. 
E-lapse',  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
elabi,  elapsus ,  fr.  e,  out,  and  labi,  to 
slide.]  To  glide  by  ;  to  pass  away 
silently,  as  time. 

E-LAS'TIE,  a.  [From  Gr.  iXavveiv,  to 
drive.]  Springing  back  ;  recovering 
its  former  figure.  —  n.  A  garter. 
E'LAS-TlC'r-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  elastic  ;  springiness.  2.  Power 
of  recovery  from  depression  or  over- 
Avorlt. 

E-late',  a.  1.  Lifted  up ;  raised ; 
elevated.  2.  Flushed  with  confi¬ 
dence. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
efferre ,  datum,  to  carry  out,  to 
raise.]  To  exalt  the  spirit  of;  to 
flush  with  success.  [of  mind. 

E-la'tion,  ii.  Inflation  or  elevation 
El'bow,  n.  [A.-S.  e'lboga,  elnboga , 
from  eln,  an  ell,  orig.  fore-arm,  and 
boga,  bow.]  1.  Joint  connecting  the 
arm  and  fore-arm.  2.  Any  bend  or 
angle,  especially  if  obtuse.  —  v.  t. 
[-eg;  -ing.]  To  push  Avith  the  el¬ 
bow. —  v.  i.  To  jut  into  an  angle  ; 
to  project.  [arms  for  the  elbows. 
El'bow-e hair,  n.  A  chair  with 
El'boav-room,  it.  Room  to  move 
the  elboAvs  ;  room  for  motion  or  ac- 
^  tion. 

Eld,  ii.  [A.-S.]  1.  Old  age.  2.  Old 
people.  3.  Old  times. 

Elb'er,  a.  [A.-S.  ildra ,  compar.  of  aid , 
eald ,  old.]  Older  ;  more  advanced  in 
age ;  senior. —  n.  1.  One  Avho  is  older ; 
a  senior.  2.  An  ancestor.  3.  A  per¬ 
son  occupying  any  office  appropriate 
to  such  as  have  the  experience  and 
dignity  Avhich  age  confers.  4.  [A.-S. 
ellarn .]  A  genus  of  plants  having 
w  white  flowers  and  dark-red  berries. 
Eld'er-LY,  a.  Somewhat  old. 
Elg'er-ship,  n.  1.  Seniority.  2. 
w  Office  of  an  elder. 

ELD'ESTLffl.  Oldest. 

El  Do-ra'do,  or  El  Do-ra'do. 
[Sp.]  A  fabulous  region  in  South 


139 

America,  immensely  rich  in  gold, 
gems,  &c. ;  hence,  any  country 
abounding  in  gold,  or  other  precious 

w  products  of  nature. 

El'e-EAM-pane',  11.  [Lat.  inula,  he.l- 
eniuin ,  and  L.  Lat.  campana,  a  bell.] 

1.  A  plant  Avhose  root  has  a  pungent 
taste.  2.  A  sweet-meat  from  the  root. 

E-lLet',  v.  t.  [-eg;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
eligere,  electum,  fr.  e,  out,  and  legere, 
to  choose.]  1.  To  pick  out.  2.  To 
select  for  an  office  by  vote. 

Syn.  —  To  choose  ;  prefer;  select.  See 
Choose. 

—  a.  1.  Chosen  ;  selected.  2.  Set 
apart,  to  eternal  life.  3.  Chosen,  but 
not  invested  Avith  office.  —  n.  1. 
One  chosen  or  set  apart.  2.  pi.  Those 
Avho  are  chosen  for  salvation. 

E-lee'tion,  n.  [Lat.  elect  io,fr.  eli¬ 
gere,  to  choose.]  1.  Act  of  choosing, 
esp.  of  choosing  a  person  to  fill  an 
office  or  employment.  2.  Power  of 
choosing;  free  will.  3.  Discrimi¬ 
nating  choice.  4.  Predetermination 
of  individuals  as  objects  of  salvation. 
5.  Those  who  are  elected. 

E-lee'tion-eer',  v.  i.  [-eg  ;  -ING.] 
To  use  arts  for  securing  the  election 
of  a  candidate. 

E-leet'ive,  a.  1.  Making  selection. 

2.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting  in, 
choice.  3.  Dependent  on  choice. 

Elective,  affinity  ( ('hem.'),  a  tendency 
to  unite  Avith  certain  tilings  rather  than 
Avith  others. 

E-leet'ive-ly,  adv.  By  choice  or 
preference. 

E-LEET'OR,  m.  One  who  elects,  or 
has  the  right  of  choice  or  vote. 

E-leet'OR-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of,  electors. 

E-leet'or-ate  (45),  n.  1.  Dignity  of 
an  elector.  2.  Territory  of  an  elector. 

E-leet’ress,  ii.  Wife  or  Avidow  of 
an  elector  in  the  German  empire. 

E-LEE'TRIE,  I  a.  1.  Pertaining 

E-LEE'TRIE-AL,  (  to,  or  containing, 
electricity.  2.  Capable  of  occasion¬ 
ing  electrical  phenomena. 

E'LEE-trI'CIAN  (-trlsh'an),  n.  One 
versed  in  electricity. 

E'LEE-TRflp'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  electrum, 
Gr.  p\eKrpou,  amber  ;  —  so  named 
as  being  produced  by  the  friction  of 
amber.]  1.  A  subtle  agent,  evohTed 
in  any  disturbance  of  molecular 
equilibrium,  and  exhibiting  itself  in 
a  variety  of  ways.  2.  Science  A\rhich 
unfolds  the  phenomena  and  laws  of 
the  electric  fluid. 

E-lee'tri-fPA-ele,  a.  Capable  of 
receiving  electricity. 

E-lee'tri-fy,  v.  t.  [-eg;  -ing, 
142.]  [Lat.  electrum  and  facere,  to 
make.]  1.  To  charge  Avith  electrici¬ 
ty.  2.  To  give  an  electric  shock  to. 

3.  To  excite  suddenly  ;  to  surprise. 

E-lee'trize,  V.  t.  [-EG  ;  -ING.]  To 

electrify. 

E-LEE'TrO-EHEM'IS-TRY,  11.  That 
science  Avhich  treats  of  the  agency 
of  electricity  in  effecting  chemical 
changes. 

E-lee'tro-mag'net,  n.  A  mass 
of  soft  iron,  rendered  temporarily 


ELEMENT 

magnetic  by  being  placed  within  a 
coil  of  Avire  through  which  a  current 
of  electricity  is  passing. 
E-lLe'tro-mag-net'ie,  a.  Desig¬ 
nating  what  pertains  to  magnetism, 
as  connected  with  electricity,  or  af¬ 
fected  by  it. 

E-LEE'TRO-mag'net-ism,  n.  Sci¬ 
ence  which  treats  of  the  deArelopment 
of  magnetism  by  means  of  voltaic 
electricity,  and  of  the  currents 
evolved. 

E'LEE-TROM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  r]AeK- 
rpov,  amber  (for  electricity),  and 
perpov,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  quantity  or  inten¬ 
sity  of  electricity. 

E-LEE'TRO-SEOPE,  n.  [Gr.  pheurpov, 
amber  (for  electricity),  and  ct/cottos, 
spying.]  An  instrument  to  detect 
changes  in  the  electric  state  of  bodies. 

E-LEE'TRO-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  TjAe/c-pov, 
amber  (for  electricity),  and  tvttos, 
an  impression.]  A  stereotype  taken 
byr  electric  deposition,  or  the  process 
by  which  this  is  effected. — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  take  copies  of  by 
electric  deposition. 

E-lee'tro-typ'er,  n.  One  who 
makes  electrotypes. 

E-LEET'U-A-RY,  ll.  [Gr.  e/cAeiKTOv,  eK- 
Xeiypa,  a  medicine  that  melts  in  the 
mouth.]  A  medicine  composed  of 
poivders,  made  up  into  a  confection. 

El'EE-MOS'Y-NA-RY,«.  [Gr.  eAerjfio- 
a-vvt],  pity,  mercy,  alms.]  1.  Relating 
to  charity.  2.  Given  in  charity  of 
alms.  3.  Supported  by  charity.  •— 

w  n.  One  who  subsists  on  charity. 

El'e-GAN^E,  1  n.  1.  Beauty  result- 

El'e-gan-^y,  (  ing  from  the  com¬ 
plete  absence  of  that  Avhich  deforms 
or  impresses  unpleasantly.  2.  That 
Avhich  is  elegant. 

Sa^n.— Grace. —  Elegance  implies  some¬ 
thing  which  is  produced  by  training  and 
art,  as,  elegance,  of  manners,  composition, 
handwriting,  &c.;  elegant  furniture,  an 
elegant  house,  an  elegant  mansion,  &c. 
Grace  is  a  lorvcr  order  of  beauty.  It 
may  be  a  natural  gift;  the  manner  of  a 
peasant-girl  may  be  graceful ,  but  would 
be  hardly  called  elegant.  Grace  is  op¬ 
posed  to  aAvkwardness. 

El'e-GANT,  a.  [Lat.  elegans ,  fr.  eli¬ 
gere,  to  select.]  1.  Pleasing  by  grace 
and  beauty.  2.  Exercising  a  nice 
choice. 

w  Syx.  —  Beautiful  ;  polished  ;  refined. 

El'e-GANT-LY,  adv.  In  an  elegant 
manner. 

E-le'GI-AE,  or  El'e-gi'AE  (117),  a. 
1.  Belonging  to  elegy,  or  Avritten  in 
elegiacs.  2.  Dsed  in  elegies.  —  n. 

w  Elegiac  verse.  [egy ;  elegiac. 

EL'E-GI'AE-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  el- 

El'E-GIST,  11.  A  writer  of  elegies. 

El'E-GY,  n.  [Gr.  eAeyi'a,  fr.  eAey's, 
a  lament,  fr.  e  e  Aeyetv,  to  cry  avoo  ! 
woe !]  A  mournful  or  plaintive  poem  ; 

w  a  funereal  song. 

El'e-ment,  n.  1.  [Lat.  elementurn  ] 
One  of  the  simplest  parts  or  princi¬ 
ples  of  which  any  thing  consists.  2. 
One  of  the  essential  ingredients.  3. 
pi.  Fundamental  principles  of  any 
system  in  philosophy, science, or  ait; 

g,  hard;  Ag  ;  exist  ;  n  as  NG  ;  Tills. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  to”ok;  Orn, rue, pull ;  e,i,  o,  silent ;  £,6,  soft ;  E, 


ELEMENTAL 


ELYSIUM 


rudiments.  4.  That  which  ancient 
philosophy  supposed  to  be  simple 
and  uudecomposable ;  as,  air,  earth, 
water,  and  fire  ;  lienee,  the  state  nat¬ 
ural  to  any  thing,  or  suited  for  its 
w  existence.  [meuts. 

EL'E-MENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ele- 
El'E-MENT'a-RY  (44),  a.  1.  Having 
only  one  principle  or  constituent 
part.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or  treating 
of,  elements. 

Syn.—  Simple;  uncompounded;  rudi¬ 
mentary  ;  primary. 


EL'E-PHANT,  n.  [Gr. 
eAe'c/xx?.]  A  quadru¬ 
ped  characterized  by 
a  proboscis,  and  two 
large  ivory  tusks.  It 
is  the  largest  quad- 
ruped  now  existing. 

El'E  -  PHAN-  Tl'A  -  Elephant. 
sis,  n.  [From  its  likeness  to  the 
elephant's  hide.]  A  disease  of  the 
skin,  attended  with  destruction  or 
deformity  of  the  part  affected. 
El'e-phXn'tYne,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  resembling,  the  elephant;  huge. 
El'eu-sin'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  se¬ 
cret  rites  in  honor  of  Ceres,  cele- 
w  brated.  at  Eleusis,  in  Greece. 
El'E-VATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -1NG.]  [Lat. 
elevare ,  -vatum,  fr.  e,  out,  and  levare, 
to  lift  up.]  1  To  lift  to  a  higher 
place.  2.  To  raise  to  a  higher  station, 
intellectually,  socially,  or  morally. 
3.  To  make  louder,  as  the  voice. 


Syn. —  To  exalt ;  erect  ;  elate  ;  cheer  ; 
flush;  excite;  animate. 

El/e-VA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  raising. 
2.  Condition  of  being  raised  ;  exalta¬ 
tion.  3.  An  elevated  place  or  station. 
4.  Drawing  of  the  front  view  of  a  ma- 
w  chine,  building,  or  other  object. 
El/e-VA/tor,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  elevates;  especially,  a  me¬ 
chanical  contrivance  for  lifting  grain, 
&c.,  to  an  upper  floor. 

E-l£v'en  (e-lev'n),  a.  [A.-S.  endleof \ 
fr  Goth,  ains,  ain ,  one,  and  lif,  ten.] 
Ten  and  one  added.  —  n .  Sum  of  ten 
and  one. 


E-lev'enth,  a.  Next  in  order  after 
the  tenth.  — n.  One  of  eleven  equal 
w  parts  of  a  thing. 

Elf,  n. ;  pi.  Elves.  [A  -S.  elf,  dlf  , 
elfen .]  A  diminutive  and  mischiev¬ 
ous  spirit,  supposed  to  inhabit  wild 
and  desert  places.  — v.  t.  To  entan¬ 
gle  intricately. 

Elf'— lock,  n.  Ilair  twisted  into 
w  knots,  as  if  the  work  of  fairies. 
Elf'in,  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
^  elves.  — n.  A  little  elf  or  urchin. 
Elf'ish,  a.  Elf- ike;  mischievous,  as 
though  caused  by  ehes. 

E-Lt<j'lT,  v.  t.  [-eu;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
elicere,  elicitum,  fr.  e,  out,  and  lac  ere, 
to  entice.]  To  draw  out ;  to  bring  to 
light. 

E-lide',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
elidere ,  fr.  e,  out,  and  Itedere,  to  strike 
with  force  against.]  To  cut  off  or 
suppress,  as  a  syllable. 
ElQ-gi-bTl'i-ty,  n.  1.  Capability  of 
being  elected.  2.  Fitness  to  be  chosen. 


140 


El'i-6i-ble,  a.  1.  Legally  qualified. 

^  2.  Worthy  to  be  chosen  ;  desirable. 

El'i-gi-ble-ness,  ?i.  Suitableness ; 

w  desirableness.  [ner. 

El'I-GI-bly,  adv.  In  an  eligible  man- 

E-lim'i-nate,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  eliminare,  -natuin,  fr.  e,  out, 
and  limen,  threshold.]  1.  To  cause 
to  disappear  from  an  equation.  2. 
To«et  aside  as  unimportant  in  a  pro¬ 
cess  of  inductive  inquiry. 

E-lYmQ-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  ex¬ 
pelling.  2.  The  causing  a  quantity 
to  disappear  from  an  equation. 

E-lis'ion  (-llzh'un),  n.  [See  Elide.] 
The  cutting  off  of  a  vowel  at  the  end 
of  a  word  standing  before  another 
vowel  in  the  following  line. 

Elite  (a'leet'),  n.  [Fr.  See  Elect.] 
A  choice  or  select  body. 

E-lYx'ir,  n.  [Ar.  el-iksir,  the  philos¬ 
ophers  stone,  the  life-prolonging 
tincture  of  gold.]  1.  A  compound 
tincture  2.  {Alchemy.)  A  liquor  for 
transmuting  metals  into  gold.  3. 
Quintessence.  4.  Any  thing  which 
invigorates. 

E-liz'a-beth-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Queen  Elizabeth  or  her  times,  or  to 
a  style  of  architecture  then  preva¬ 
lent. 


Elk,  n.  [A.  -  S. 
elch. ]  A  quad¬ 
ruped  of  the 
w  stag  kind. 

Ell,  n.  [A.-S. 
eln,  Lat.  ulna.] 

A  cloth  -  meas¬ 
ure,  of  different 
lengths  in  dif- 
ferent  countries. 

The  English  ell  is  45  inches. 
El-lYpse',  n.  [Sec  infra.)  An  oval  or 
oblong  figure,  bounded  z-' 

by  a  regular  curve.  (_ _ _\ 

El-lYp'sis,  n.  ;  pi.  EL-  V  J 

LlVSEg.  [Gr.  e'AAei-  — J 

i /as,  a  defect,  fr.  eAAei-  Ellipse, 
irem,  to  fall  short.]  Omission  ;  a  fig¬ 
ure  of  syntax,  by  which  one  or  more 
words  arc  omitted. 

El-lYp'soid,  ii.  [Gr.  e'AA eufng,  and 
clSo s,  form.]  A  solid,  all  piano  sec¬ 
tions  of  which  are  ellipses  or  circles. 
El -lip' Tic,  1  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 

El-lIp'tig-al,  j  or  having  the  form 
of,  an  ellipse.  2.  Defective. 
El-lip'tic-al-ly,  adv.  I.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  form  of  an  ellipse.  2. 
w  With  a  part  omitted. 
El'LIP-tYc'i-ty,  n.  Deviation  from 
^  the  form  of  a  circle  or  sphere. 

Elm,  n.  [A.-S.]  A  tree 
of  several  species, 
much  used  as  a 
shade  tree. 

El'o-gu'tion,  n. 

[Lat.  elocutio,  from 
eloqui,  to  speak  out, 
declare.]  Mode  of 
utterance  or  delive¬ 
ry,  accompanied 
w  with  gesture. 

El'o-eu'tion-a-ry,  a.  Pertaining 
to  elocution. 


El'o-cu'tion-Yst,  ii.  One  who  is 
versed  in  elocution  ;  a  teacher  of  el¬ 
ocution. 

Eloge  (a/lozh'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat. 
elogium ,  a  short  saying.]  A  funeral 
oration. 

E-Lon'gate,  a.  Drawn  out  at  length. 
E-lon'gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  elongare ,  -galvm ,  from  Lat.  lon- 
gus,  long.]  To  lengthen  ;  to  extend. 
E-LON-G A’TION,  n.  1.  A  lengthening 
out;  protraction  ;  extension.  2.  That 
which  lengthens  out.  3.  Departure; 
intervening  space. 

E-lope',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
hledpan ,  to  run,  jump,  leap.]  To  run 
away  ;  —  said  especially  of  a  woman 
who  runs  away  with  a  lover. 

E-lope 'me NT,  n.  Private  or  unli- 
w  censed  departure. 

El'o-quenoe,  ii.  1.  Expression  of 
strong  emotion  so  as  to  excite  like 
emotions  in  others.  2.  That  which 
w  is  eloquently  uttered  or  written. 
El'o-QUENT,  a.  [Lat.  eloqui ,  elo- 
queiis,  to  speak  out,  to  declaim.] 
Expressing,  or  adapted  to  express, 
w  strong  emotions  with  eloquence. 
El'o-quent-ly,  adv.  In  an  eloquent 
w  manner. 

Else,  a.  &  pron.  [A.-S.  elles ,  same  as 
eljes,  otherwise.]  Other ;  one  or 
something  beside.  —  adv.  &  conj. 
1.  lleside.  2.  Otherwise ;  if  the  facts 
w  were  different. 

Else'where,  adv.  1.  In  any  other 
place.  2.  In  other  places  indefi¬ 
nitely. 

E-lu'ci-date,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[L.  Lat.  c  lucid  are,  -datum,  from  luci- 
dus,  light,  clear.]  To  make  clear;  to 
explain  ;  to  illustrate. 
E-LU/ci-DA'tion,  n..  1.  Act  of  elu¬ 
cidating.  2.  That  which  elucidates  ; 
explanation  ;  illustration. 

E  lu'CI-da/tYve,  a.  Making  clear. 
E-lu'^i-da'tor,  n.  One  who  eluci¬ 
dates. 

E-lude',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
elndcre ,  fr.  e,  out,  and  ludere,  to 
play.]  1.  To  avoid  by  artifice  or 
dexterity.  2.  To  remain  unex¬ 
plained  or  undiscovered  byr. 

Syx. —  To  evade ;  avoid ;  escape;  shun ; 
flee;  mock. 

E-lud'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
eluded.  [or  deception. 

E-LU'pion,  n.  An  escape  by  artifice 
E-LU'SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  elude. 
E-lu'so-RI-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
elusory. 

E-LU'SO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  elude. 

Syx.— Evasive;  fraudulent;  fallacious; 
deceitful. 

E-LU'TRI-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  elutriare,  -atum.)  To  purify  by 
Avashing. 

El  YE,  n.  The  same  as  Elf. 
Elv'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  elves. 

E-L YS'1-AN  (-lizh'i-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Elysium,  or  the  abode  of  the 
blessed  after  death. 

E-LY.fl-UM  (-ITzh'i-),  n.,-  Eng.  pi. 
E-LYf  l-UM$  (-ljzh'T-);  Lat.  pi. 
E-LY£'I-A  (-ITzh'i-).  [Lat.  Elysium, 


A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y,  long;  X,£,I,6  short ;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  what;  £re,  V^IL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 


ELYTRON 


141 


EMBRYO 


Gr.  ’HAvoaov.]  (Myth  )  A  dwelling 
place  of  happy  souls  after  death ; 
hence,  any  delightful  place. 

El'y  -tron,  )  n. ;  pi.  EL'Y-TRA.  [Gr. 

El'Y-TRUM,  j  eXvTpov ,  fr.  eAiieiv,  to 
roll  round.]  One  of  the  wing-sheaths 
in  the  tribe  of  beetles. 

EM,  n.  Space  formerly  occupied  by 
the  letter  in  —  then  a  square  type, — 
used  as  a  unit  by  which  to  measure 
the  amount  of  any  printed  matter. 

E-MA'CI-ate  (-ma'shT-,  95),  v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  emaciare.-atum, 
lr.  e,  out,  and  macies,  leanness.]  To 
lose  flesh  gradually.  [cd. 

E-MA'CI-ATE  (-ma'shT-),  a.  Emaciat- 

E-ma/ci-a'tion  (-shi-a'sliun),  n.  Con- 

w  dition  of  becoming  lean. 

Em'a-nant,  a.  [See  infra.)  Ema- 
nating ;  passing  forth  into  an  act. 

EM'A-NATE,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -IMG.]  [Lat. 
emanare ,  -atum,  fr.  e,  out,  and  ma- 
nare,  to  flow.]  1.  To  issue  forth  from 

w  a  source.  2.  To  take  origin. 

Em'A-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  flowing 
forth.  2.  That  which  issues  or  flows 
forth ;  efiluYium. 

E-mXn'c;i-pate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  emancipare,  -patum,  fr.  e ,  out, 
and  mancipare,  to  transfer  ownership 
in.]  To  set  free;  to  liberate. 

E-MAN'91-PATE,  a.  Set  at  liberty. 

E-Man^i-pa'tion,  11.  A  setting  free 
from  slavery  or  subjection. 

Syn.  —  Deliverance  ;  liberation  s  re¬ 
lease;  freedom. 

E-MXN'91-PA/TOR,  n.  One  who  eman¬ 
cipates. 

E-M.Xs'CU-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  emasculare ,  -latum,  fr.  e,  out, 
and  masculus,  male.]  1.  To  castrate  ; 
to  geld.  2.  To  render  effeminate. 

E-mXs'gu-late  (45),  a.  Deprived  of 
virility  ;  castrated. 

E-mXs'gu-la'tion,  11.  Act  of  emas¬ 
culating  ;  castration. 

Em-balm'  (-bam'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Er.  embaumer ,  fr.  baume ,  balm.] 
To  preserve  from  decay  by  means  of 
balm  or  other  aromatics,  [embalms. 

EM-bXlm'er  (-bam'-h  n.  One  who 

Em-bXnk',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  in¬ 
close  with  a  bank  ;  to  bank  up. 

Em-bXnk'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  em¬ 
banking.  2.  A  bank  raised  for  any 
purpose. 

Em-bXr'go,  n.  [Sp.,  fr.  barra ,  bar.] 
A  prohibition  by  public  authority, 
and  for  a  limited  time,  of  departure 
from  a  port ;  hence,  any  restraint. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;’  -ING.]  To  hinder  from 
sailing  out  of  port,  by  some  law  or 
edict,  for  a  limited  time. 

Em-bark/,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
put  or  cause  to  go  on  board  a  vessel. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  go  on  board  of  a  ship, 
boat,  or  vessel.  2.  To  engage  in  any 
business. 

Em'BAR-ka'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  em¬ 
barking.  2.  That  which  is  embarked. 

Em-bXr'rass,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
embarrasser,  fr.  L.  Lat.  barra,  a,  bar.] 
1.  To  hinder  through  perplexity ; 
to  confound.  2.  To  incumber  with 
debt. 


Syn.—  To  perplex;  puzzle.  —  We  are 
puzzled  when  our  faculties  are  confused 
by  something  we  do  not  understand. 
We  are  perplexed,  when  our  feelings  as 
well  as  judgment,  are  so  affected  that  we 
know  not  how  to  decide  or  act.  We  arc 
embarrassed  when  there  is  some  bar 
or  hindrance  upon  us  which  impedes 
our  powers  of  thought,  speech,  or  mo¬ 
tion.  A  school-boy  is  puzzled  by  a  diffi¬ 
cult  sum;  a  reasoner  is  perplexed  by  the 
subtleties  of  his  opponent;  a  youth  is 
sometimes  so  embarrassed  before  stran¬ 
gers  as  to  lose  his  presence  of  mind. 
Em-bXr'rass-MENT,  n.  State  of  per¬ 
plexity,  entanglement,  cr  confusion. 
Em-BAS'SA-dor,  )  n.  [Fr.  embassa- 
Am-bas'sa-dor,  j  deur ,  ambassa- 
deur ,  Goth,  andbahts,  servant,  mes¬ 
senger.]  A  minister  of  the  highest 
rank  sent  by  one  government  to  an¬ 
other,  as  the  personal  representative 
w  of  the  appointing  power. 

EM'BAS-SY,  n.  1.  Public  function  of 
an  embassador.  2.  Person  or  per¬ 
sons  sent  as  embassadors.  3.  Dwell¬ 
ing  or  office  of  an  embassador. 
EM-BAT'TLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  arrange  in  order  of  battle.  2.  To 
prepare  for  battle. 

Em-bay',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  in¬ 

close  in  a  bay  or  inlet. 

EM-BfiD',  «.  t.  [-DED  ;  -DING,  133.] 
To  lay  as  in  a  bed. 

Em-bel'lisii,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
embellir,  fr.  cm,  for  en,  and  bcl,  beau¬ 
tiful.]  To  make  beautiful  or  elegant 
by  ornaments. 

Syn.  —  Sec  Adorn. 

Em-bel'lisii-ment,  11.  1.  Act  of 

embellishing.  2.  That  which  adds 
w  beauty  or  elegance  ;  ornament. 
EM'ber,  ii.  [A.-S.  drnyrie,  hot  ashes.] 
A  lighted  coal,  smoldering  amid  ash¬ 
es  ;  —  chiefly  in  the  pi. ;  cinders. 
Em-bez'zle,  v.  t.  [ed;  -ing.] 
[Norm.  Fr.  embeasi’er,  to  filch.]  To 
appropriate  fraudulently  to  one’s 
own  use. 

Em-b£z'zle-ment,  n.  Fraudulent 
appropriation  to  one’s  own  use  of 
what  is  intrusted  to  one’s  care. 
EM-bez'zler,  n.  One  who  embezzles. 
EM-BIT'TER,  v.  t.  See  Imbitter. 
Em-blaze',  v.  t.  1.  To  adorn  with 
glittering  embellishments.  2.  To 
emblazon. 

Em-bla'zon  (-bla'zn),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  1.  To  decorate.  2.  To  adorn 
with  figures  of  heraldry. 
EM-BLA'ZON-ER,  n.  One  who  em¬ 
blazons. 

Em-bla'zon-ry,  n.  Heraldic  or  or- 
w  namental  decoration. 

EM'BLEM,  ii.  [Gr.  e/a/3Ar)p.a,  inlaid 
work.]  An  object  or  picture  sym¬ 
bolizing  and  suggesting  some  other 
object,  quality,  or  the  like. 
w  Syn. —  Figure;  type;  sign;  symbol. 
EM'blem-Xt'IC,  I  a.  Pertaining 
Em'blem-Xt'io-al,  j  to,  or  com¬ 
prising,  an  emblem. 
Em'blem-Xt'ie-al-ly,  adv.  Byway 
or  means  of  emblems. 
EM-bl£m'A-t1st,  n.  A  writer  or  in¬ 
ventor  of  emblems. 

Em-bl£m'a-tize,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
To  represent,  as  by  an  emblem. 


Em-bod'i-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  em- 
bodying.  2.  That  which  is  embodied. 
Em-bod'y,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.] 
1.  To  form  into  a  body  ;  to  invest 
with  matter.  2.  To  collect  into  a 
whole ;  to  incorporate. 

Em-BOGUE',  v.  i.  [Fr.  s’ embouclier , 
It.  imboccare ,  of  a  river,  to  empty, 
fr.  Lat.  bucca ,  cheek,  cavity.]  To 
discharge,  as  a  river,  its  water,  into 
tho  sea  or  into  another  river. 
Em-bold'en  (-b51d'n),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  give  boldness  to  ;  to  en¬ 
courage. 

Embonpoint  (ong'bong'pwong'), 
n.  [Fr.,  from  en  bon  point,  in  good 
condition.]  Plumpness  of  person  ; 
fleshiness.  [border. 

Em-bor'der,  v.  t.  To  adorn  with  a 
Em-BOSS',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
cover  with  bosses ;  to  ornament  in  re¬ 
lief.  2.  To  fashion  raised  work  on. 
Em-boss'MENT,  n.  Raised  work. 
Embouchure  (ong'bdo'shffr'),  n. 
[Fr.  See  Embogue.]  A  mouth,  as 
of  a  river,  cannon,  & c. 
Em-bow'el,  v.  t.  [-ED,  -ING ;  or 
-led,  -ling,  137.]  1.  To  eviscerate ; 
hence,  to  embalm.  2.  To  bury  ;  to 
secrete. 

EM-BOW'ER,  v.  i.  To  lodge  or  rest  in 
a  bower.  —  v.  t.  [ED;  -ING.]  To 
cover  with  a  bower. 

Em-bra('E',  r.  i.  [ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
embrasscr,  fr.  cm,  for  en,  and  bras, 
arm.]  1.  To  clasp  in  the  aims.  2. 
To  cherish  with  affection.  3.  To  sur¬ 
round  or  inclose.  4.  To  include.  5. 
To  seize  eagerly  ;  to  welcome.  —  n. 
Close  encircling  with  the  arms ; 
clasp;  hug.  [arms;  embrace. 

EM-BRA9E'MENT,  n.  A  clasp  in  the 
Em-bra'^ER,  «.  One  who  embraces. 
Em-BRA'cer-y,  n.  Attempt  to  cor¬ 
rupt  a  jury,  or  court,  &c. 
Em-BRA'sure  (-bra'zhfir),  n.  [Fr., 

ing  in  a  wall  or  1 

which  cannon  SI 
„  are  discharged,  e  e,  Embrasures  in 
EM'BRO-GATE,  v.  a  Parapet.  A  A, 

t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  Merlons. 

[From  Gr.  ep.^po\rj,  equiv.  to  e/3 pey- 
pa,  lotion.]  To  moisten  and  rub,  as 
w  a  diseased  part,  with  a  liquid. 
EM'BRO-GA'TION,  n.  A  moistening 
and  rubbing  a  diseased  part  with 
some  lotion  ;  or  the  lotion  itself. 
Em-broid'er,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
cover  with  ornamental  needle-work. 
Em-broid'er-er,  n.  One  who  em¬ 
broiders.  [work. 

Em-broid'er-Y  ,  n.  Variegated  needlo- 
EM-broil',  v.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Seo 
Broil.]  To  throw  into  perplexity, 
contention,  or  trouble. 

Syn.  —  To  perplex;  entangle;  distract; 
disturb. 

Em-broil'MENT,  n.  A  state  of  con¬ 
tention,  perplexity,  or  confusion. 
Em'bry-O,  n.  [Gr.  epflpvov.  i.  e.,  t b 
erros  (ipiior,  from  e/a,  for  ev,  in,  and 


or,  do,  wqlf,  TOOjTO'OK  ;  Orn, rue,  pvll ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  ,  6 ,  soft ;  0,0,  hard;  A§;  e^ist;  as  ng  ;  this 


EMBRYOLOGY 


142 


EMPYREAN 


[Spvetv,  to  be  full  of.]  First  rudiments 
w  of  an  organized  being  or  thing. 
EM'BRY-oL'O-GY,  ii.  [Gr.  ep.j3puoi' ,  an 
embryo,  and  Aoyo?,  discourse.]  Doc¬ 
trine  of  the  development  of  the  em¬ 
bryo  and  fetus  of  animals. 

E-mend',  v.  t.  See  Amend. 
ilM'EN-DA'TlON.  ii.  1.  A  correction. 

2.  Alteration  of  a  text  so  as  to  give  a 
^  better  reading. 

liM'EN-DA'TOR,  it.  One  who  amends 
by  removing  faults.  [emendation. 
E-mSnd'A-to-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to 
lSM'ER-ALD,  n.  [From  Gr.  <xp.dpay3os, 
juapaySos,  Skr.  marnkata .]  1.  A  pre¬ 
cious  stone  of  a  rich  green  color.  2. 
A  kind  of  type.  [Eng.] 

This  lino  is  printed  in  Emerald  type. 

E-m£rge'  (14),  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  emergere,  fr.  e,  out,  and  mer¬ 
ger?,  to  dip.]  To  rise  out  of,  or  as 
out  of,  a  fluid. 

E-m£r'geni[E,  In.  1.  Sudden  up- 
E-MEr'gen-cy,  )  risal  or  appear¬ 
ance.  2.  An  unforeseen  occurrence. 

3.  Pressing  necessity. 

E-mLr'gent,  a.  1.  Rising  out  of  a 

fluid ;  issuing.  2.  Suddenly  appear¬ 
ing  ;  urgent. 

E-mf.r'  i-rus,  n. ;  pi.  e-mer'i-tT. 
[Lat.,  one  who  has  served  his  time.] 
One  honorably  discharged  from  pub¬ 
lic  service. — a.  Honorably  discharged 
^  from  the  performance  of  public  duty. 
EM'E-RODg,  1  n.  pi.  [Corrupted  from 
Em'E-ROIDR,  )  hemorrhoids.]  Hem¬ 
orrhoids  ;•  piles. 

E-mEr'SION,  n.  [From  Lat.  emergere. 

See  Emerge.]  Act  of  rising  out  of 
^  any  enveloping  substance. 

Eax'ER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  equipts,  <rp.rjpis.] 
Corundum  intimately  blended  with 
oxide  of  iron,  used  for  grinding  and 
polishing  metals,  & c. 

E-MET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ejaeri/cos,  fr.  epeiv, 
to  vomit.]  Inducing  to  vomit.  — ii. 
A  medicine  which  causes  vomiting. 
Emeute  (I'niut'),  n.  [Fr. ,  fr.  Lat. 

emovere ,  to  stir  up.]  A  seditious 
w  commotion  ;  a  riot. 

Em'I-CA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  emicalio,  fr. 
emicare,  to  spring  forth.]  A  flying 
off  in  small  particles,  as  heated  iron  ; 
scintillation. 

E-Mle'TION,  n.  [Lat.  e ,  out,  and  min- 
gere ,  inictum ,  to  make  water.]  1. 
^  Discharge  of  urine.  2.  Urine. 
£m'I-grant,  a.  Removing  from  one 
country  to  another. — n.  One  who 
y  quits  onecountry  to  settle  in  another. 
£M'I-GRATE,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
emigrare ,  -gratum.]  To  leave  one 

country  or  state  to  reside  in  another. 
iSmG-gra'tion,  n.  1.  Change  of  resi¬ 
dence  from  one  country  or  state  to 
w  another.  2.  A  body  of  emigrants. 
Em'i-nen^e,  In.  1.  A  height;  ele- 
£i»I'I-NEN-c(:y,  )  vation.  2.  High 
rank  ;  distinction.  3.  A  title  of  a 
cardinal. 

Em'I-nent,  a.  [Lat.  eminere,  emi- 
nens,  to  stand  out,  be  prominent.]  1. 
High  ;  lofty.  2.  Exalted  in  rank. 

Syr.  —  Distinguished  ;  conspicuous  ; 


prominent ;  famous  ;  celebrated.  See  I 
Distinguished. 

Em'1-nent-ly,  ndv.  In  an  eminent 
_  or  high  degree. 

E’mir,  1  ri.  [Ar.  emir,  amir ,  a  com- 
E'MEER,  )  mander.]  Arabian  prince 
and  military  commander ;  also,  an 
honorary  title  given  in  Turkey  to  the 
w  descendants  of  Mohammed. 
Em'is-sa-ry,  ii.  [Lat.  emissarius ,  fr. 
emittere,  to  send  out.]  A  secret 
agent ;  a  spy. 

E-MIS'SION  (-mish'un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
sending  out ;  issue.  2.  That  which 
is  sent  or  put  out  at  one  time  ;  issue. 
E-mit',  v.  t.  [-ted  ;  -ting,  133.]  [Lat. 
emittere ,  out.]  1.  To  send  forth  ;  to 
cause  to  issue.  2.  To  print  and  send 
^  into  circulation,  as  notes. 

Em'MET,  n.  An  ant  or  pismire. 
iEm'mol-les'^ence,  n.  [Lat.  e,  out, 
and  mollescere,  to  become  soft.]  First 
or  lowest  degree  of  fusibility. 
E-MOL'LI-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  emollire,  to  soften.]  To  soften. 
E-MOL'LIENT  (-moFyeut),  a.  Soften¬ 
ing  ;  making  supple.  —  n.  An  ex¬ 
ternal  application  to  allay  irritation, 
w  and  alleviate  soreness.  [softening. 
EM'OL-Lt'TION  (-lish'un),  n.  Act  of 
E-mol'u-ment,  n.  [Lat.  emolumen- 
tum,  lit.  a  working  out.]  1.  Profit 
from  office  or  employment.  2.  Gain 
in  general . 

E-m5'TION,  n.  [From  Lat.  emovere, 
to  move,  excite.]  A  state  of  excited 
feeling  of  any  kind. 

Syn.  —  Feeling;  agitation.  —  Feeling  is 
the  weaker  term,  and  may  be  of  the  body 
or  the  mind  ;  emotion  is  of  the  mind 
alone,  being  the  excited  action  of  some 
inward  susceptibility  or  feeling,  as  an 
emotion  of  pity,  terror,  &c.  Agitation 
may  be  bodily  or  mental,  and  usually 
arises  in  the  latter  case  from  a  vehement 
struggle  between  contending  desires  or 
emotions. 

E-mo'tion-al,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 
E-m6'tive,  )  emotion,  or  the 
capacity  for  emotion. 

Em-pale',  v.  t.  [-ed; -ing.]  [Fr. 
empaler,  fr.  em,  for  en,  in,  and  pal, 
Lat.  palits,  a  stake.]  1.  To  inclose  ; 
to  shut  in.  2.  To  put  to  death  by 
fixing  on  a  stake. 

Em-pale'ment,  ii.  1.  A  fencing  with 
stakes.  2.  A  putting  to  death  by 
thrusting  a  stake  iuto  the  body. 
Em-pan'el,  n.  A  panel. 

EM-per'il  (137),  v.  t.  To  put  in  peril. 
£m'per-or,  n.  [Lat.  imperator,  from 
imperare,  to  command.]  The  sover- 
w  eign  of  an  empire. 

Em'PHA-SIS,  11.  ;  pi.  EM'PHA-SEg. 
[Gr.  significance,  force  of 

expression,  fr.  ep.^au'eiv,  to  indicate.] 
Stress  of  utterance,  given  to  the 
words  or  parts  of  a  discourse,  intend¬ 
ed  to  be  impressed  specially  on  an 
audience. 

Em'piia-sIze,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
utter  or  pronounce  with  a  particular 
stress  of  voice  ;  to  make  emphatic. 
Em-phXt'ig,  )  a.  Uttered  with,  or 
Em-phXt'ic-al,  )  requiring,  em¬ 
phasis. 

Syn.  —  Forcible;  impressive;  striking. 


EM-PHAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  em¬ 
phasis  ;  forcibly.  [tumor. 

Em' phy-se’ma,  n.  [Gr.]  A  puffy 
EM'pire,  n.  [Lat.  imperium.]  1.  Su¬ 
preme  power  in  governing.  2.  Do¬ 
minion  of  an  emperor,  or,  rarely,  of 
a  king.  3.  Predominant  influence. 

Syn.— Sway;  dominion;  sovereignty; 
rule. 

Em-pIr'ic  or  Em'pir-i-g  (123),  n.  1. 
One  who  relies  on  experiment  and 
observation.  2.  A  quack  doctor  ;  & 
charlatan. 

Eai-PiR'lc,  )  a.  [Gr.  efa7rttpi(ros,  ex- 
Em-pir'ic-AL ,  j  perienced.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  founded  upon,  experi¬ 
ment  or  experience.  2.  Depending 
on  experience  or  observation  alone. 
Em-pir'jc-al-ly,  adv.  By  experi¬ 
ment  or  experience ;  without  science. 
Em-pIr'i-^Irm,  ii.  1.  Method  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  an  empiric.  2.  Charlatanry  ; 
quackery. 

Em-PlXs'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  ep.7rAacrTi/cds,  fr. 
epwA acrcreiv,  to  plaster  up.]  Glutin¬ 
ous  ;  adhesive. 

EM-PLOY',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING,]  [Lat. 
implicare,  to  infold,  engage.]  1.  To 
use.  2.  To  use  as  an  instrument  or 
means,  or  as  materials.  3.  To  use 
as  an  agent  or  servant. — n.  Em¬ 
ployment.  [Poet.] 

Employe  (Cm'ploy-a'  or  cng'plwo- 
ya'),  n.  [Fr.]  One  who  is  employed. 

©3T*  The  English  form  of  this  word, 
viz.,  employee,  though  perfectly  con¬ 
formable  to  analogy,  and  therefore  per¬ 
fectly  legitimate,  is  not  sanctioned  by 
the  usage  of  good  writers. 

Em-ploy'er,  ii.  One  who  employs. 
Em-ploy'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  employ¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  employed.  2. 
That  which  engages  or  occupies. 
Em-po'ri-um,  ii.  ;  Lat.  pi.  EM-PO'- 
RI-A ,  Eng.pl.  EM-PO'RI-UMR.  [Lat.; 
Gr.  ipnopiov,  from  e/u7ropos,  traveler, 
trader.]  A  commercial  city  or  town  ; 
a  mart. 

Em-pow'er,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
^  give  power  or  authority  to. 
Em'press,  n.  1.  Consort  of  an  em¬ 
peror.  2.  A  woman  who  governs  an 
empire. 

EM-prire',  n.  [0.  Fr.]  An  enterprise. 
EMP'TI-NESS  (84),  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  empty;  vacuum;  exhaustion; 
destitution.  2.  Unsatisfactoriness. 
3.  Want  of  knowledge  or  sense. 
EMP'TY,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [A.-S. 
emtig,  cimtig,  fr.  emta,  umta,  quiet, 
rest.]  1.  Containing  nothing  ;  void. 
2.  Destitute  of  effect,  sincerity,  or 
sense.  3.  Unsatisfactory.  4.  Desti¬ 
tute  of  reality  ;  unsubstantial. —  v.  t. 
[■ed;  -ING.]  To  exhaust:  to  deprive 
of  the  contents.  — v.  i.  1.  To  pour 
w  or  flow  out.  2.  To  become  empty. 
Emp'ty-ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  making 
empty.  2.  pi.  Lees  of  beer,  cider, 
&c.  ;  yeast.  [pie  color. 

Em-pOr'ple,  v.  t.  To  tinge  of  a  pur- 
Em-pyr'e-al,  a.  [?ee  Empyrean, 
w  n.]  Formed  of  pure  fire  or  light. 
Em'PY-re'an  (124),  a.  Empyreal.  — 
n.  [L.  Lat.  empyrxum,  fr.  Gr.  eprrv- 
pos,  in  fire.]  The  highest  heaven, 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,  Y , long ;  X,  E,  1,  6,  0,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm ;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 


EMPYREUMATIC 


ENDEAR 


where  the  pure  element  of  fire  was 
supposed  by  the  ancients  to  subsist. 
Sm'py-reu-mXt'ie,  1  a.  Pertain- 
EM/PY-REU-MAT'IC-AL,  )  ing  to  the 
taste  or  smell  of  burnt  animal  or 
w  vegetable  substances. 

Em'u-late,®.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
mmulari,  -latum, from  semulus ,  emu¬ 
lous.]  To  strive  to  equal  or  excel ; 
^  to  vie  with  ;  to  rival. 
JEM/u-la,tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  attempt¬ 
ing  to  equal  or  excel.  2.  Conten¬ 
tion  ;  contest. 

Syn. —  Competition;  rivalry. —  Compe¬ 
tition  is  the  struggle  of  two  or  more  per¬ 
sons  for  the  same  object.  Emulation  is 
an  ardent  desire  for  superiority,  arising 
from  competition,  but  not  implying,  of 
necessity,  any  improper  feeling.  Rivalry 
is  a  personal  contest,  and  almost  of  course 
gives  rise  to  envy,  resentment,  or  detrac¬ 
tion. 

EMT-la'tor,  n.  A  rival ;  a  compet¬ 
itor. 

E-MUL'&ENT,  a.  [Lat.  emulgere, emul- 
gens,  fr.  e ,  out,  and  mulgere,  to  milk.] 
Milking  or  draining. 

£m'U-loOs,  a.  1.  Desirous  to  equal 
w  or  excel.  2.  Engaged  in  competition. 
EM/u-LOtis-LY,  adv.  With  desire  to 
equal  or  excel. 

E-mOl/sion,  n.  [From  Lat.  emulgere , 
emulsum .]  A  soft,  liquid  remedy, 
resembling  milk. 

E-mOi/sIve,  a.  1.  Softening;  milk¬ 
like.  2.  Yielding  oil  by  expression. 
E-mDN€'TO-RY,  n.  [Lat.  emunctorium , 
from  emungere,  to  blow  the  nose,  to 
cleanse.]  Any  organ  of  the  body  car¬ 
rying  off  excrementitious  matter. 
EN-A'BLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  & 
Norm.  Fr.  enkabler ,  from  en ,  in,  and 
liable,  Eng.  able.]  To  give  strength 
or  ability  to. 

En-Xet',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
decree;  to  make  into  a  law.  2.  To 
perform.  3.  To  act  the  part  of. 
EN-Xet'ment,  n.  1.  The  passing  of  a 
bill  into  a  law.  2.  A  decree  ;  a  law. 
3.  The  acting  a  part  or  character. 
En-Xct'or,  n.  One  who  passes  a  law. 
E-NAL'  LACE,  n.  [Gr.  evaAAayij,  an 
exchange.]  Substitution  of  one  gen¬ 
der,  number,  case,  person,  tense, 
mode,  or  voice,  of  the  same  word,  for 
another. 

En-XM'el,  n.  [Prefix  en  and  obs. 
umel.]  1.  A  substance  resembling 
glass,  but  more  fusible  and  nearly 
opaque.  2.  That  which  is  enameled. 
—  V.t.  [-ED,-ING;  or  -LED,  -LING, 
137  ]  1.  To  cover  with,  or  paint  in, 
enamel.  2.  To  form  a  glossy  surface 
upon. 

En-Xm'el-AR,  I  a.  Like  enamel  ; 
En-Xm'el-lar,  J  glossy. 
En-Xm'or,  r.  (  [-ED;  -ING.]  [0.  Fr. 
ennmourer ,  from  en,  in,  and  amour, 
love.]  To  inflame  with  love. 
En-€AGe',  v.  t.  To  confine  in  a  cage. 
En-eXmp',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  To  form 
and  occupy  a  camp. — v.t.  To  form 
into  a  camp. 

En-€Xmp'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  pitch¬ 
ing  tents  or  forming  a  camp.  2.  A 
camp. 


143 

En-caus'tIc,  a.  [Lat.  encausticus,  Gr. 
ey/eavoTucbs,  fr.  eyKaieiv,  to  burn  in.] 
Pertaining  to  the  art  of  burning  in 
colors. — n.  Method  of  painting  in 
heated  or  burnt  wax,  or  in  any  way 
where  heat  is  used  to  fix  the  colors. 

Enceinte  (ong'sant'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 
enceindre,  to  sui-round.]  (Fort.)  The 

w  main  inclosure.  —  a.  Pregnant. 

EN^E-PHXl'IC,  a.  [Gr.  eyKe^aAov, 
the  brain.]  Belonging  to  the  head 
or  brain. 

En-chain',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING  ]  1.  To 
fasten  with  a  chain.  2.  To  hold  fast. 

En-CHAIN'MENT,  n.  Act  of  enchain¬ 
ing. 

En-chant', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
incantare,  to  chant  a  magic  formula 
over  or  against  one.]  1.  To  charm 
by  sorcery.  2.  To  delight  in  a  high 
degree. 

Syn.  —  To  captivate  ;  fascinate  ;  rav¬ 
ish;  enrapture. 

En-chant'er,  n.  One  who  enchants  ; 
a  sorcerer  or  magician. 

En-chant'Ment,  n.  1.  Use  of  magic 
arts,  spells,  or  charms.  2.  That 
which  enchants. 

En-chant'ress,  n.  A  woman  who 
enchants ;  a  sorceress. 

En-chase',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
enchasser,  fr.  c/iasse,  frame.]  1.  To 
encircle ;  to  inclose.  2.  To  adorn 
with  embossed  or  engraved  work. 

En-€HO'ri-al,  1  a.  [Gr.  ey^copios,  do- 

En-eho'rie,  )  mestic,  native.]  Na¬ 
tive  ;  popular ;  common  ;  —  said  esp. 
of  the  written  characters  employed 
by  the  common  people  of  Egypt,  in 
distinction  from  the  hieroglyphics. 

EN-ylR'CLE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
form  a  circle  about ;  hence,  to  em¬ 
brace.  2.  To  go  or  come  round. 

Syn.  —  To  encompass  ;  inclose  ;  sur¬ 
round;  environ. 

EN-OLIt'IE,  )  a.  [Gr.  eyicAmicd?, 

EN-CLiT'ie-AL ,  j  inclined,  inclining.] 
Subjoined  ;  — said  of  a  word  so  closely 
united  to  the  preceding  word  as  to 
seem  to  be  a  part  of  it,  and  to  lose 
its  own  independent  accents.  —  n.  A 
word  joined  to  another  so  closely  as 
to  lose  its  proper  accent. 

En-olo§e',  v.  t.  See  Inclose. 

EN-CO'MI-Ast,  n.  [Gr.  ey/ccojuiacmj?, 
fr.  eyKioyua^eiv,  to  praise.]  One  ad¬ 
dicted  to  praise  ;  a  eulogist. 

En-c5/mi-ast,1€,  1  a.  Bestowing 

En-€0'mi-Xst'I€-Xl,  ]  praise;  eu¬ 
logistic  ;  laudatory. 

En-co'mi-Om,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  EN-CO'MI- 
t)Mg,  Lat.  pi.  EN-CO' MI-A.  [Gr. 
eyKoi/xiov ,  (sc.  ire Aos,  song),  chante^ 
in  a  Bacchic  festival.]  Formal  praise ; 
high  commendation. 

Syn.  —  Eulogy  ;  panegyric.  See  Eu¬ 
logy. 

En-€6m'pass,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
describe  a  circle  about. 

Syn.  —To  encircle;  inclose;  surround; 
environ. 

En-€6m'pass-ment,  n.  A  surround- 
ing  or  encircling. 

En-€ORE'  (ong-koU),  adv.  [Fr. ,  from 
Lat.  in  kanc  horarn,  till  this  hour.] 
Once  more  ;  again  ;  —  u  call  for  a 


repetition.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
call  for  a  repetition  of. 

En-count'er,  n.  [0.  Fr.  eneonlre,  fr. 
Lat.  in  and  contra,  against.]  1.  A 
meeting  face  to  face.  2.  A  meeting, 
with  hostile  purpose. 

Syn.  —  Contest;  fight;  skirmish. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  meet  face 
to  face  ;  to  meet  with  hostile  intent. 

—  v.  i.  To  meet  together,  especially 
as  enemies. 

EN~eoiJR'AGE,u.  t.  [-ed:-ing.]  [Fr. 
encourager ,  from  prefix  en  and  cour¬ 
age.]  To  give  courage  to. 

Syn.  —  To  embolden;  animate;  incite; 
cheer;  stimulate. 

EN-€Ol/R'AGE-MENT,  1 1.  1.  Act  of 

giving  courage ;  incentive.  2.  That 
which  serves  to  support  or  promote. 

En-€oOr'A-GING,  a.  Furnishing 
ground  to  hope  for  success  ;  favoring. 

En-eoOr'A-ging-ly,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  give  courage  or  hope  of  success. 

En-croach',  t.  ).  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  encroer ,  L.  Lat.  incrocare ,  to  hang 
by  a  hook.]  To  enter  gradually  into 
the  rights  and  possessions  of  another. 

Syn.  —  Intrude;  trench;  infringe;  in¬ 
vade^  trespass. 

En-eroach'er,  n.  One  who  en¬ 
croaches. 

En-€ROACH'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  en¬ 
croaching.  2.  That  which  is  taken 
by  encroaching. 

EN-etJM'BER,  V.  t.  [.-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
encombrer ,  fr.  Lat.  cumulus,  heap.] 

1.  To  impede  the  motion  or  action 
of.  2.  To  load  with  mortgages,  or 
other  legal  claims. 

Syn.  —  To  load  ;  clog  ;  oppress  ;  em¬ 
barrass. 

En-eGm'bran^e,  n.  1.  That  which 
impedes  action  ;  clog ;  impediment. 

2.  That  which  encumbers  an  estate, 
as  a  debt ;  a  lien. 

EN  €Y€'LI€-AL,  a.  [Gr.  ey/obcAtos,  fr. 
eu,  in,  and  /cukAos,  circle.]  Sent  to 
many  persons  or  places  ;  circular. 

En-^Y/ELO-PE'di-A,  In.  [Gr.  ey  kvk- 

EN-yY'eLO-PAE'DI-A,  f  AonaiSeia,  for 
ey/cv/cAios  naiSela,  instruction  in  a 
circle.]  A  work  in  which  the  various 
branches  of  science  or  art  are  treated 
of,  usually  in  alphabetical  orderl 

En-^y'clo-pe'di-an,  a.  Embracing 
the  whole  circle  of  learning. 

EN-^Y'ELO-PED'ie,  la.  Pertain- 

EN-^Y^GLO-PED'ie-AL,  )  ing  to  an 
encyclopedia ;  universal  in  knowl¬ 
edge.  [an  encyclopedia. 

En-9Y'€LO-pe'DIST,  n.  Compiler  of 

EN-y  yst'ed,  a.  Inclosed  in  a  cyst. 

END,  n.  [A.-S.  ende.]  1.  Extreme  or 
last  portion.  2.  Conclusion  ;  result. 

3.  Destruction  or  that  which  causes 
destruction  or  death.  4.  Object 
aimed  at.  5.  That  which  is  left.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  bring  to  an 
end.  2.  To  destroy  ;  to  put  to  death. 

Syn.  — To  finish;  conclude;  close; 
terminate. 

—  v.i.  To  come  to  the  ultimate 
point ;  to  cease.  [put  to  hazard. 

EN-DAN'&ER,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 

EN-DEAR',  V.  t.  [-E  D ;  -ING.]  To 
make  dear,  or  more  dear. 

G,  hard;  Ag;  EJIST ;  5f  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


6r,do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Brn,  RUE,pyLL;  £,  /,  o,  silent ;  y ,  & ,  soft ;  €, 


ENDEARMENT 

En-dear'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  endear¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  endears. 
EN-DEAV'or,  n.  [Fr.  en  devoir,  in 
duty.]  An  attempt  or  trial. 

Syn. —  Effort;  exertion;  struggle.— 
Endeavor  is  the  widest  term.  An  effort 
is  a  vigorous  endeavor  or  taxing  of  our 
powers;  an  exertion  is  a  peculiarly  earn¬ 
est  and  prolonged  effort ;  a  struggle  is 
a  violent  and  exhausting  effort  of  the 
body.  —  “Ordinary  endeavors  will  not 
now  avail;  every  possible  effort  must  be 
made;  we  must  strain  all  our  exertions, 
and  struggle  to  the  utmost.” 

—  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  exert 
strength  of  body  or  mind  for  the  ac¬ 
complishment  of  an  object. 

Syn.  —  To  attempt;  try;  strive;  strug¬ 
gle;  essay;  aim. 

—  v.  t.  To  attempt  to  gain. 
En-dk'MI-AL,  1  a.  [Gr.  eVSrjjaos,  ev- 
En-dem'I€,  [  SrjfiLOs,  fr.  ev,  in, 
En-dem'I€-al,  )  andSi]p.os,  the  peo- 
w  pie.]  Peculiar  to  a  people  or  nation 
Enduing,  n.  1.  Termination  ;  result ; 

conclusion.  2.  Terminating  sylla¬ 
ble  or  letter. 

End'less,  a.  Having  no  end. 

Syn.  —  Eternal;  everlasting;  intermi¬ 
nable;  infinite;  incessant  ;  perpetual. 
END'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  end. 
End'less-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
endless. 

En'do-gen,  n.  A 
plant  which  in¬ 
creases  in  size  by 
internal  growth 
and  elongation  at 
the  summit,  and 
has  no  distinction 
of  pith,  wood,  and  Endogen. 
bark,  as  the  palm,  cornstalk,  &c. 
EN-d66'E-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  evSoyevrfc,  fr. 
evSov,  within ,  and  ycvecrGat,  to  be 
produced.]  Increasing  by  internal 
growth  and  elongation  at  the  sum¬ 
mit. 

En-dorse',  v.  t.  [More  correctly  in¬ 
dorse.]  To  write  on  the  back  of. 
En-dorse'ment,  n.  Act  of  indors- 
ing.A  See  INDORSEMENT. 
EN-dors'ER,  n.  An  indorser. 
En-dow',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Norm. 
Fr.  endouer,  from  Lat.  dotare ,  to  en¬ 
dow.]  1.  To  make  pecuniary  provis¬ 
ion  for;  esp.  to  furnish  with  dower. 
2.  To  enrich  ;  to  indue. 
En-dow'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  settling 
a  fund  or  permanent  provision  for 
the  support  of  any  one.  2.  Proper¬ 
ty,  fund,  or  revenue  permanently 
appropriated.  3.  Talents  ;  natural 
capacity. 

En-due',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  in- 
duere.]  1.  To  invest ;  to  clothe.  2. 
To  endow.  [endured. 

‘dlN-DUR'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
En-dur'an^e,  n.  1.  A  state  of  dura¬ 
tion  ;  continuance.  2.  Act  of  bear¬ 
ing  pain  or  distress  without  being  [ 
overcome. 

Syn.—  Sufferance;  patience;  fortitude,  j 
En-dure',  v.  t.  1.  To  remain  firm 
under;  to  sustain.  2.  To  bear  with 
patience.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
in  and  durare,  to  harden,  to  persist.] 
1.  To  continue  in  the  same  state ;  to 


144 

abide  ;  to  last.  2.  To  remain  firm 
w  under_  trial  or  suffering. 

END'WIgE,  adv.  1.  On  the  end.  2. 
^  With  the  end  forward. 

En'e-my,  n.  [Lat.  inimicus ,  from  in, 
negative,  and  amicus ,  friend.]  One 
actuated  by  unfriendly  feelings. 

The  enemy ,  (a.)  The  evil  one  ;  the 
devil,  (b.)  {Mil.)  The  opposing  force. 

Syn.  —  Adversary;  opponent ;  antag¬ 
onist;  foe. 

EN/ER-GET,IG,  1  a.  1.  Exerting 
En'er-get'ig-AL,  J  force  ;  active. 
2.  Exhibiting  energy. 

Syn.  —  Forcible  ;  powerful  ;  potent  ; 
w  vigorous;  effective. 

En'er-gLt'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In  an 
w  energeric  manner. 

EN'ER-GIZE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
act  with  force  or  vigor.  —  v.  t.  To 
give  strength  or  force  to. 

EN'ER-GY,  n.  [Gr.  evepyeta,  fr.  ev,  in, 
and  epyov,  work.]  1.  Inherent  pow¬ 
er.  2.  Power  efficiently  exerted.  3. 
Strength  of  expression. 

Syn.— Force;  vigor;  strength;  spirit; 
efficiency;  resolution. 

E-n£r'vate,  v.  i.  [ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  enervare ,  -vatum,  fr.  enervis, 
nerveless.]  To  deprive  of  nerve, 
strength,  or  courage. 

Syn.— To  weaken;  enfeeble;  un- 
w  nerve;  debilitate. 

En'er-VA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  weak¬ 
ening.  2.  State  of  being  weakened. 
En-fee'ble,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
render  feeble. 

Syn.  —  To  weaken  ;  debilitate  ;  ener¬ 
vate. 

En-fee'ele-ment,  n.  Enervation. 
En-feoff'  (-feF),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[See  Feoff.]  To  give  a  feud  to  ;  to 
invest  with  a  fee. 

En-feoff'MENT  (-fgfment),  n.  Act 
of  giving,  or  deed  which  gives,  the 
w  fee-simple  of  an  estate. 

EN'FI-LADE*,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  enfiler,  to 
thread,  to  rake  with  shot.]  (Mil.) 
A  line  or  straight  passage.—  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  rake  with  shot 
through  the  whole  length  of,  as  a 
line  of  troops. 

En-f5ld',  v.  t.  See  Infold. 
En-f5r^e',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  ing.]  1.  To 
force  ;  to  compel.  2.  To  make  or 
gain  by  force.  3.  To  give  force  to  ; 
to  strengthen.  4.  To  give  effect  to. 
En-FOR£E'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  en¬ 
forcing ;  compulsion.  2.  A  putting 
in  execution.  3.  That  which  en¬ 
forces. 

En-f5r'^er,  n.  One  who  enforces. 
En-fran'chI£E  (-fran/chtz),  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  set  free.  2.  To 
fpake  free  of  a  city,  corporation,  or 
state  ;  to  naturalize. 
En-fran'chIse-ment  (-frSn'chTz-), 
n.  Act  of  enfranchisement. 
En-ga&e',  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
engager,  from  en  and  gage,  pledge, 
pawn.]  1.  To  put  under  pledge  ;  to 
bind.  2.  To  win  and  attach.  3.  To 
enter  into  contest  with  ;  to  encoun¬ 
ter. —  v.i.  1.  To  become  bound.  2. 
To  take  a  part ;  to  enlist.  3.  To  en¬ 
ter  into  conflict. 

En-ga6ed',/>.  a.  1.  Pledged  ;  prom¬ 


ENGROSSMENT 

ised;  especially,  promised  in  mar¬ 
riage  :  affianced  ;  betrothed.  2.  Great¬ 
ly  interested. 

En-gage'ment,  n.  1.  An  engaging 
or  being  engaged.  2.  That  which  is 
engaged.  3.  That  which  engages ;  ob¬ 
ligation  ;  engrossing  occupation.  4. 
A  general  action  or  battle. 

En-c  en'der,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
engendrer,  Lat.  ingenerare ,  fr.  in  and 
generare,  to  beget.]  1.  To  procreate. 

2.  To  produce  ;  to  sow  the  seeds  of. 

Syn.— To  breed;  generate;  beget;  oc¬ 
casion;  cause. 

w  — v.  i.  To  be  caused. 

EN'gine  (en'jin),  n.  [Lat.  ivgenivm, 
natural  capacity,  invention.]  1.  A 
machine  in  which  two  or  more  me¬ 
chanical  powers  are  combined.  2. 
An  instrument  to  wound  and  kill. 

3.  Any  thing  used  to  effect  a  pur- 

w  pose ;  means. 

EN'Gi-neer',  n.  1.  A  person  skilled 
in  the  principles  and  practice  of  en¬ 
gineering.  2.  One  who  manages  an 
engine. —  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
perform  the  work  of  an  engineer.  2. 

w  To  carry  through  a  measure. 

EN'gi-neer'ing,  n.  Science  and  art 
of  utilizing  the  forces  and  materials 

w  of  nature. 

En'gine-ry  (en'jin-ry-),  n.  1.  Act  of 
managing  engines,  or  artillery.  2. 
Engines  in  general. 

EN-GiRD',  V.  t.  [imp.  &  p.p.  EN¬ 
GIRDED,  or  ENGIRT.]  To  encircle. 

EN'glish  (Ing'glish,)  a.  [From  the 
Angles,  a  tribe  of  Germans  who  set¬ 
tled  in  Britain.]  Belonging  to  Eng¬ 
land,  or  to  its  inhabitants,  or  to  their 
language.  —  n.  1.  People  of  Eng¬ 
land.  2.  Language  of  the  English, 
and  of  their  descendants  in  other 
countries.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ; -ING.]  To 
translate  into  English. 

En-gorge',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
engorger,  fr.  gorge,  throat.]  To  swal¬ 
low  with  greediness.  — v.  i.  To  feed 
with  eagerness  or  voracity. 

En-GRAFT',  v.  t.  Same  as  INGRAFT. 

En-graii/,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing  J  [Fr. 
engriler,  fr.  grcle,  hail.]  To  varie¬ 
gate,  spot,  or  indent,  as  with  hail. 

EN-GRAIN',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
dye  in  grain,  or  in  the  raw  material. 

En-grAsp',v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
holdfast;  to  gripe. 

En-grave',®.  t.  [imp.  engraved; 
p.  p.  ENGRAVED  or  ENGRAVEN.] 

1.  To  carve  letters  or  devices  upon. 

2.  To  form  by  means  of  incisions 
on  wood,  metal,  &c.  3.  To  impress 
deeply ;  to  infix. 

En-grAv'er,  n.  One  who  engraves. 

En-gra  v'ing,  n.  1.  Act  or  art  of  the 
engraver.  2.  An  engraved  plate.  3 
Impression  from  an  engraved  plate. 

En-gross',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
copy  in  a  large,  fair  hand.  2.  To 
occupy  wholly.  3.  To  take  or  as¬ 
sume  in  undue  quantity. 

Syn.  —  To  absorb  ;  engulf ;  forestall ; 
monopolize. 

En-gross'er,  n.  One  who  engrosses. 

En-gross'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  en- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  Y , long ;  A,  £,I,  o,  0,  tf, short ;  CARE  far,  Ask,  all,  WHAT;  £re,  VEIL,  TfiRM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6n, 


ENGULF 


145 


ENTHRALL 


grossing.  2.  That  which  has  been 
engrossed.  [up  as  in  a  gulf. 

En-gulf',  v.  t.  To  absorb  or  swallow 

EN-IIAN9E',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Norm. 
Fr.  enhnuncer,  enhancer.]  To  raise  to 
a  higher  point ;  to  advance ;  to  in¬ 
crease. 

En-iiAn£e'3IENT,  n.  Augmentation ; 
aggravation. 

E-nYg'MA,  n.  [Gr.  acutypa,  fr.  alvicr- 
cftcrOau,  to  speak  darkly.]  1.  A  puz¬ 
zle  ;  a  riddle.  2.  A  statement,  the  hid¬ 
den  meaning  of  which  is  to  be  discov¬ 
ered  ;  an  action  which  cannot  be  sat¬ 
isfactorily  explained. 

E'NIG-mXt'IG,  1  a.  Relating  to,  or 

E'NIG-mXt'IG-AL, )  containing,  an 
enigma  ;  obscure. 

E'nig-mXt'IE-AL-ly,  adv.  In  an 
obscure  manner. 

E-nIg'MA-tIst,  n.  One  who  makes  or 
talks  in  enigmas. 

E-nYg'ma-tTze,  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  deal  in  riddles. 

En-join',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
enjoindre,  fr.  Lat.  injungere ,  to  join 
into,  to  charge.]  1.  To  put  an  injunc¬ 
tion  on  ;  to  order.  2.  To  prohibit  or 
restrain  by  a  judicial  order. 

En-joy',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
feel  or  perceive  with  pleasure.  2.  To 
have  and  use  with  satisfaction. 

En-joy'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
enjoyed. 

En-joy'ment,  n.  1.  Condition  of 
enjoying  ;  pleasure.  2.  Cause  of  joy. 

En-kYn'dle,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  set  on  fire ;  to  kindle.  2.  To 
excite ;  to  rouse, 

En-larGe',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1. 
To  make  larger.  2.  To  increase  the 
capacity  of.  — v.  i.  1.  Togrow large 
or  larger.  2.  To  expatiate. 

En-lXrge'ment,  n.  1.  An  increase 
in  size  or  bulk.  2.  Expansion,  as  of 
the  mental  powers.  3.  Release  from 
confinement,  distress,  &c.  4.  Dif¬ 

fusiveness. 

En-lIght'en  (-llt'n),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  supply  with  light;  to 
illuminate.  2.  To  inform ;  to  in¬ 
struct. 

EN-LlGHT'EN-ER^lIVn-)  n.  One  who, 
or  that  which,  enlightens. 

En-lIght'-EN-ment  (-ITt'n-,)  n.  Act 
of  enlightening,  or  state  of  being  en¬ 
lightened. 

En-lYst',  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  en¬ 
roll  ;  to  register.  2.  To  engage  in  pub¬ 
lic  service.  3.  To  unite  firmly  fo  a 
cause.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  engage  in  public 
service  by  enrolling  one’s  name.  2. 
To  enter  heartily  into  a  cause. 

En-lYst'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  enlist¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  enlisted.  2. 
writing  by  which  a  soldier  is  bound. 

EN-L1V'£N  (-llv'n),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  give  life  to  ;  to  animate. 

En-LIV'en-er,  n.  One  who  enlivens. 

En'MI-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  an 
enemy.  2.  A  state  of  opposition. 

.  Syn.—  Rancor;  hostility;  hatred;  an¬ 
imosity;  ill-will. 

En-n5'ble,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  noble ;  to  dignify. 


En-no'ble-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  en¬ 
nobling.  2.  That  which  ennobles. 
Ennui  (ong'mve'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  in 
odio,  in  hatred.]  A  feeling  of  weari¬ 
ness  and  disgust ;  lassitude. 
E-nor'mi-ty,  n.  That  which  is  enor¬ 
mous  ;  atrocious  crime  ;  an  atrocity. 
E-nor'mous,  a.  [Lat.  enormia ,  out 
of  rule.]  1.  Deviating  from  the  usu¬ 
al  rule  or  measure.  2.  Great  beyond 
the  common  measure.  3.  Exceed¬ 
ingly  wicked ;  atrocious. 

Syn.  —  Immense  ;  excessive.  —  We 
speak  of  a  thing  as  enormous  when  it 
overpasses  its  ordinary  law  of  existence, 
and  becomes  —  so  to  speak  —  abnormal  in 
its  magnitude,  degree,  &c.;  as,  a  man  of 
enormous  strength,  a  deed  of  enormous 
wickedness.  Immense  and  excessive  are 
figurative  terms  used  to  intensify,  and 
are  somewhat  indefinite  in  their  degree 
of  strength. 

E-nor'moGs-ly,  adv.  Beyond  meas¬ 
ure  ;  excessively.  [enormous. 

E-nor'moOs-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
E-noOgh'  (e-ndfi)  a.  [A.-S.  genO/i , 
genog ,  from  geneah ,  it  is  sufficient.] 
Adequate  ;  sufficient.  —  adv.  1.  Suf¬ 
ficiently.  2.  Fully  ;  quite.  3.  In  a 
tolerable  degree.  —  n.  A  sufficiency. 
En-QUIRE',  v.  i.  &  t.  See  INQUIRE. 
EN-RAGE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  fill 
with  rage  ;  to  provoke  to  frenzy. 
En-rXijk/,  v.  t.  To  place  in  ranks  or 
in  order. 

En-rapt'ure  (53),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  transport  with  pleasure. 
En-rXv'ish,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
enchant.  [enravished. 

En-rTv'ish-ment,  n.  State  of  being 
En-rYch',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
make  rich  ;  to  adorn.  2.  To  fertil¬ 
ize.  3.  To  store  with  knowledge. 
En-rYch'ment,  n.  Act  of  making 
rich,  or  that  which  enriches. 
En-robe',  v.  t.  To  invest  with  a  robe. 
En-role',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.J  1.  To 
write  in  a  roll  or  register  ;  hence,  to 
record  ;  also,  reflexively,  to  enlist.  2. 
To  envelop. 

En-roll'ment,  (  n.  1.  Act  of  en- 
En-rol'ment,  )  rolling.  2.  That  in 
which  any  thing  is  enrolled. 
En-root',  v.  t.  To  fix  by  the  root ;  to 
implant  deep. 

En-s\m'ple,  n.  An  example.  [  Obs .] 
En-sXn'guine  (-sXng/gwin),  v.  t.  To 
stain  with  blood. 

En-sgon^e',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
cover  or  shelter,  as  with  a  sconce  ;  to 
protect. 

En-seal',  v.  t.  To  impress  with  a  seal. 
En-seam',  v.  t.  To  inclose  by  a  seam  ; 
hence,  to  include. 

Ensemble  (ong'sSm'bl),  n.  [Fr., 
fr.  Lat.  insimul ,  at  the  same  time.] 
The  whole  ;  all  parts  taken  together. 
En-shrine',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
^  inclose  in  a  shrine ;  hence,  to  cherish. 
En'si-form,  a.  [Lat.  ensis,  sword, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  shape 
w  of  a  sword. 

EN'siGN  (gn^m),  n.  [Fr.  enseigne, 
from  Lat.  insignia,  pi.  of  insigne, 
badge,  flag.]  1.  Banner  which  dis¬ 
tinguishes  a  company  of  soldiers,  or 


a  vessel ;  a  badge.  2.  An  officer, 
who  formerly  carried  the  ensign  or 

w  flag- 

En'sign-gy  1  (en'sln),  n.  Rank  or 
EN'SIGN-SHIP  )  office  of  an  ensign. 
En-seave',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
reduce  to  slavery  or  bondage. 
En-slave'ment,  n.  Slavery  ;  bond¬ 
age  ;  servitude. 

En-slav'er,  n.  One  who  enslaves. 
En-snare',  v.  t.  See  Insnare. 
En-sphere',  v.  t.  To  place  in,  or 
form  into,  a  sphere. 

En-stamp',  V.  t.  [-ed  :  -ING.]  To 
impress  as  with  a  stamp. 

En-su-e',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Norm. 
Fr.  ensuer,  from  Lat.  insequi,  to  fel¬ 
low.]  To  follow;  to  pursue. — v.i. 
To  come  after  ;  to  succeed. 
EN-sure'  (-shfirQ,  v.  t.  See  INSURE. 
En-tXb'la-ture  (58),  n.  [0.  Fr.,fr. 
Lat.  in  and  tabula,  board,  table.] 
That  part  of  an  order  which  is  over 
the  columns,  including  the  archi¬ 
trave,  frieze,  and  cornice. 

En-TAIL',  n.  [Fr.  entaille,  fr.  entail- 
ler,  to  cut  away.]  1.  An  estate  lim¬ 
ited  to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs.  2. 
Rule  by  which  the  descent  is  fixed. 
—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  settle  in¬ 
alienably  on  a  person  or  thing,  or 
on  a  person  and  his  descendants. 
En-TAIL'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  entail¬ 
ing.  2.  Condition  of  being  entailed. 
EN-TXn'GLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  twist  or  interweave  so  as  not  to  bo 
easily  separated.  2.  To  perplex  ;  to 
embarrass ;  to  puzzle. 
En-tan'gle-ment  (-tXng/gl-),  n.  In. 

tricacy  ;  perplexity. 

EN'ter,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  en- 
trer ,  Lat.  intrare,  fr.  intro,  inward.] 

1.  To  come  or  go  into.  2.  To  unite 
in;  to  join.  3.  To  engage  in.  4.  To 
attain;  to  begin.  5  To  insert.  6. 
To  inscribe  ;  to  record.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
go  or  come  in  ;  also,  to  begin.  2.  To 
get  within  ;  to  form  or  constitute  a 

w  part.  3.  To  penetrate  deeply. 
EN'TER-PRlgE,  n.  [Fr.  enterprise,  fr. 
entreprendre ,  to  undertake.]  1.  That 
which  is  undertaken  ;  an  adventure. 

2.  Willingness  to  engage  in  labor  re- 
w  quiring  boldness,  &c. 
EN'TER-PRlgQNG,  a.  Bold  or  for- 
w  ward  to  undertake. 

En'ter-tain',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

[Fr.  enlretenir ,  from  entre,  between, 
and  tenir,  to  hold.]  1.  To  maintain  ; 
to  support.  2.  To  show  hospitality 
to.  3.  To  divert.  4.  To  receive  and 
take  into  consideration.  5.  To  har¬ 
bor  :  to  cherish. 

Syn.  —  See  Amuse. 

EN'ter-tain'er,  n.  One  who  enter- 
w  tains.  [tertainment. 

En'TER-TAIN'ING,  a.  Affording  en- 
Syn.  —  Pleasing;  amusing;  diverting. 
En'ter-tatn'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of 
entertaining.  2.  That  which  enter¬ 
tains,  or  with  which  one  is  enter¬ 
tained  ;  especially  a  repast ;  a  feast. 

Syn.  —  Amusement;  diversion  ;  rec¬ 
reation;  pastime;  banquet. 

En-thrall',  v.  t.  See  Inthrall. 


ENTHRONE 

EN-TIIRONE',  V.  t.  [ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  place  on  a  throne ;  to  invest  with 
sovereign  authority.  2.  To  induct 
or  install,  as  a  bishop. 
En-tiirone'jment,  n.  Act  of  en¬ 
throning. 

EN-THU'gl-XgM,  n.  [Gr.  evOovcriao-- 
fj.os,  fr.  evdovcrid^eu/,  to  be  inspired 
by  the  god.]  An  ardent  zeal,  in  re¬ 
spect  to  some  object  or  pursuit. 

Syn.  —  Fanaticism.  —  Enthusiasm  was 
formerly  used  for  heat  of  imagination, 
especially  in  religion  ;  but  this  sense  is 
now  more  commonly  confined  to  fanati¬ 
cism,  which  denotes  wild  and  extrava¬ 
gant  notions  on  this  subject,  often  lead¬ 
ing  to  the  most  dangerous  delusions. 
Fanaticism  is  also  sometimes  extended 
to  other  subjects  besides  religion. 
En-thu'si-ast,  n.  One  who  is  moved 
by  enthusiasm. 

EN-TPiu/gl-XsT'l-e,  )  a.  Filled  with 

EN-THU'gl-XsT'ie-AL,  I  enthusi¬ 

asm  ;  zealous  in  the  pursuit  of  an 
object.  [enthusiasm. 

EN-THlbgl-XsT're-AL-LY,  adv.  With 
EN'TIIY-MEME,  n.  [Gr.  evdvprjpa.  fr. 
evdvpeicrdai.,  to  keep  in  mind,  to  con¬ 
sider.]  An  argument  of  only  two 
propositions,  .an  antecedent  and  a 
consequent  deduced  from  it. 
En-TI^E',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  Fr. 
enticer ,  enticher,  fr.  pref.  en,  and  0. 
II.  Ger.  stechan,  stechCn,  to  prick, 
goad.]  To  draw  on  by  exciting  hope 
or  desire  ;  especially,  in  a  bad  sense, 
to  lead  astray  ;  to  tempt. 

Syn.  —  See  Allure. 

En-ti^e'ment,  n.  1.  Act  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  enticing.  2.  That  which  in¬ 
cites  to  evil. 

EN-Tl'<jER,  n.  One  who  entices. 
En-tjre',  a.  [Lat.  integer.]  1.  Com¬ 
plete  ;  full  and  perfect.  2.  Not  par¬ 
ticipated  with  others.  3.  Compris¬ 
ing  all  requisites  in  itself.  4.  With¬ 
out  mixture  or  alloy. 

En-tire'ly,  adv .  Wholly;  fully. 
En-tire'ness, n.  Completeness;  full¬ 
ness  ;  totality.  or  whole. 

En-tire'ty,  n.  State  of  being  entire 
En-ti'tle,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  intitular e ,  from  in,  in,  and  titu- 
lus,  title.]  1.  To  give  a  title  to  ;  to 
call.  2.  To  give  a  claim  to  ;  to  fur¬ 
nish  grounds  for  seeking. 

Syn.  — To  name;  designate;  denomi- 
wnate  ;  style;  characterize. 

En'TI-ty,  n.  [L.  Lat.  entitas,  fr.  ens , 
thing.]  A  real  being,  whether  in 
thought  or  fact ;  essence  ;  existence. 
En-tomb'  (en-toonP),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
w  -ING.]  To  lay  in  a  tomb  ;  to  bury. 
EN'TO-MO-LOG'I€'AL,  a.  Pertaining 
w  to  the  science  of  entomology 
EN^O-MOL'o-Gist,  n.  One  versed  in 
w  entomology. 

En'TO-mol'o-Gy,  n.  [Gr.  evroyov, 
insect,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  That 
part  of  zoology  which  treats  of  in- 
sects. 

En'trailr,  n.  t d.  [Fr.  entraillrs,  as 

iffr.  a  Lat.  word,  intralia,  fr.  intra, 
within.]  1.  The  bowels.  2.  Inter- 
nal  parts,  as  of  the  earth. 
EN'tran^e,  v.  1.  Act  of  entering  ; 
hence,  act  of  taking  possession.  2. 

• 

146 

Door  or  passage.  3.  Act  of  beginning ; 
commencement ;  initiation. 
En-trAn^e',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To 
put  into  a  trance.  2.  To  enrapture. 
En-trXp',  v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping,  136.] 
To  catch  as  in  a  trap. 

En-treat',  r.  t.  t-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To 
treat ;  to  use  or  manage.  2.  To  ask 
earnestly ;  to  supplicate. 

Syn.—  To  beseech;  beg;  solicit ;  crave. 
En-treat'y,  n.  Act  of  entreating. 
Entree  (ong'tra'),  n.  [Fr.,fr.  en- 
trer,  to  enter.]  1.  Permission  or  right 
to  enter.  2.  A  course  of  dishes. 
Entrepot  (Snghr-pd'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 
Lat.  interpositum,  fr.  interponere,  to 
interpose.]  1.  A  warehouse  for  the 
^  deposit  of  goods.  2.  A  free  port. 
En'TRY,  n.  I.  Act  of  entering;  en¬ 
trance  ;  ingress.  2.  Act  of  record¬ 
ing.  3  A  passage  ;  a  vestibule.  4. 
Any  account  entered  on  record. 
EN-TWINE',  V.  t.  [-ED,  -ING.]  To 
twine.  [twist  around. 

En-twIst',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
E-nu'cle-ate  ,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  enucleare ,  - atum ,  fr.  e,  out,  and 
nucleus ,  kernel.]  To  bring  out,  as  a 
kernel  from  its  enveloping  husks  :  to 
clear;  to  explain.  [rting. 

E-nu'€LE-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  enucle- 
E-NU'MER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  enumerare ,  - atum ,  from  e ,  out, 
and  numerare ,  to  count.]  To  count ; 
to  reckon ;  to  compute ;  hence,  to 
recount. 

E-nu'iuer-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  enu¬ 
merating.  2.  A  detailed  account.  3. 
A  recapitulation  in  the  peroration 
of  the  heads  of  an  argument. 
E-nu'mer-A-tive,  «.  Reckoning  up 
one  by  one. 

E-nOn'ci-ate  (-nun/shi-),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  emtneiare,  - alum .  from 
e,  out,  and  nuncius,  messenger.]  1. 
To  announce;  to  proclaim.  2.  To 
utter ;  to  pronounce. 
E-nun''ci-a,tion  (-ntin'shY-),  n.  1. 
Act  of  enunciating.  2.  Mode  of  ut¬ 
terance  or  pronunciation.  3.  An¬ 
nouncement;  declaration. 
E-nF;n'ci-a-tive  (-shi-a-),  a  Per¬ 
taining  to  enunciation. 
E-n0n'CI-a-TO-RY  (-shi-a-),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  enunciation  or  utterance. 
En-VEL'op,  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
envelopper.  See  Develop.]  1.  To 
surround  as  a  covering.  2.  To  wrap 
w  up. 

En'vel-ope,  1  n.  A  wrapper,  espe- 
En-vEl'op,  )  dally  of  a  letter. 

Egf  This  word,  in  the  orthography  en¬ 
velope,  often  has  a  semi-French  pronun¬ 
ciation,  bng/ve-lop',  or  ongcve-lopc. 

En-vei/op-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  en¬ 
veloping.  2.  That  which  envelops. 
En-vEn'om.  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 

To  taint  with  venom  ;  to  poison.  2. 
w  To  taint  with  bitterness. 
En'vi-a-ble,  a.  Fitted  to  excite  envy. 
KN'vi-er,  n.  One  who  envies. 
EN'VI-oC’S,  a.  Feeling  or  exhibiting 
w  envv.  [manner. 

EN'vi-oOs-LY,  adv.  In  an  envious 
En-vi'ron  (89),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

EPICENE 

[Fr.  environner ,  fr.  environ,  about, 
fr.  viron,  circle,  circuit.]  1.  To  sur¬ 
round  ;  to  encompass.  2.  To  in¬ 
volve  ;  to  envelop. 

En-vi'ron-ment,  n.  1.  ActofenvL 
roning.  2.  Thatwhich  environs. 
En-vi'rons,  or  En'vi-rons,  n.  pi. 

Places  which  surround  another  place,  j 

^  or  lie  near  it. 

EN'VOY,  n.  [Fr.  envoy 6,  fr.  envoyer, 
to  send.]  A  person  deputed  to  nego¬ 
tiate  a  treaty ,  or  transact  other  busi- 
w  ness  with  a  foreign  government. 

En'vy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.]  1. 

To  regard  with  discontent  and  malev-  ; 

olent  longing.  2.  To  desire  strongly  ; 
to  covet.  —  v.  i.  To  be  filled  with 
envious  feelings.  —  n.  [Lat.  invidia , 
fr.  invidere,  to  look  askance  at,  or 
with  enmity.]  1.  Pain,  or  discon¬ 
tent  excited  by  anothers  superiority 
or  success.  2.  Object  of  envious  no- 
_  tice  or  feeling. 

E'o-fENE,  a.  [Gr.  rjws,  dawn,  and 
Kaivos,  new.]  Pertaining  to  the  ear¬ 
liest  part  of  the  tertiary  period. 
E-o'li-AN,  1  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  iEolia 
E-oi/I€,  j  or  AEolis,  in  Asia  Minor. 

2.  Pertaining  to  iEolus,  the  god  of 
_the  winds,  and  hence  to  the  wind. 
E'on,  n.  SeeiEON. 

E'pagt,  n.  [Gr.  ea-a/cro?,  brought  on 
or  in,  added.]  Excess  of  the  solar 
w  3  ear  or  month  beyond  the  lunar. 
EP'AR-CII,  n.  [Gr.  enapx os,  fr.  Ini, 
and  apxv,  supreme  power.]  Gov- 
w  ernor  cr  prefect  of  a  province. 
Ep'arch-y,  n.  A  province  under  an 
eparch. 

E-PAULE'ment,  n .  [Fr.fr.  epaider,  to 
protect  by  the  shoulder  of  a  bastion, 
fr.  cpavle ,  shoulder  ]  (Fort.)  A  side- 
w  work,  made  of  earth  heaped  up. 
EP'AU-LET',  1  n.  [Fr.  epaulette, 

Ep'au-LETTE',  j  fr.  dpaule,  shoul¬ 
der.]  A  badge  worn  on  the  shoulder 
by  military  and  naval  officers. 

E-pen' tiie-sis,  n.;  pi.  e-pEn'- 
TlIE-SEg.  [Gr.,  fr.  enevnOtvai,  to 
insert.]  Insertion  of  a  letter  or  syl¬ 
lable  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 
Epergne  (f-pfrn'),  n.  [Fr.,  econ¬ 
omy.]  An  ornamental  stand  for  a 
large  dish. 

EP-eVe-GE'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  eVe^yem-dat, 
to  explain  in  detail.]  Exegesis;  in¬ 
terpretation. 

E-PHEME-RA,  n.  [Gr.  e<f>rjp.epos, 
daily,  lasting  but  a  day.]  A  fly  that 
lives  one  day  only ;  any  insect  that 
is  very  short-lived. 

E-piiEm'e-ral,  a.  1.  Beginning  and 
ending  in  a  day.  2.  Existing  for  a 
short  time  only. 

E-piiLm'e-rYs,  n.  ;pl.  eph'e-mer'- 
1-DE£.  [Gr.  ecfrripcpLS,  fr.  ] 

I.  A  journal.  2.  An  astronomical 
almanac. 

EPH'OD,  v.  [Heb.  fphCd,  fr.  hpl.ad, to 
put  on.]  A  girdle  worn  by  Jewish 
w  priests. 

EP'I€,  a.  [Gr.  eaaxos,  fr.  enos,  word, 
tale.]  Containing  heroic  narration. 
w  —  n.  An  epic  or  heroic  poem. 
EP'I-(,'ENE,  a.  or  n.  [Gr.  eniicotvos, 

a,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,  e.  1,  6,  0,  ?,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask;  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n, 

i 

EPICURE 

fr.  £7rt,  and  koivo?,  common.]  Com¬ 
mon  to  bot  li  sexes  ;  —  applied  to  such 
nouns  as  have  but  one  form  of  gen- 
w  der  for  both  sexes. 

Ep'i-€URE,  n.  A  follower  of  Epicurus, 
a  Greek  philosopher  ;  one  addicted  to 
sensual  enjoyments. 

Syn. —  Voluptuary;  sensualist. 
EPH-GU'RE-AN,  Of  £pG-€U-RE'AN, 
(124),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Epicurus, 
or  his  philosoph}’.  2.  Given  to  lux¬ 
ury  ;  luxurious. — n.  1.  A  follower 
of  Epicurus.  2.  One  given  to  the 
^  luxuries  of  the  table. 
EpG-GU'RE-an-XSM,  n.  Attachment 
w  to  the  doctrines  of  Epicurus. 
EP'I-eu-RlsM,  n.  1.  The  doctrines, 
or  a  doctrine  of  Epicurus.  2.  Sensu- 
w  al  enjoyments  ;  voluptuousness. 
EP'I-C Y/CLE ,  n.  [Gr.  67rucuKAo?,from 
€7rt  and  kvi cAos,  circle.]  ( Ptolemaic 
Astron.)  A  circle,  whose  center 
moves  round  in  the  circumference  of 
w  a  greater  circle. 

EpG-c-y'uloid,  n. 

[Gr.  en-ucvKAo9, 
and  elSo?,  form. 

See  supra.~\  A 
curve  generated 
by  a  point  in  the 
circumference  of 
a  movable  circle, 
which  rolls  on  the 
circumference  of 
a  fixed  circle,  as  Epicycloid. 

by  the  point  a  or  a,  in  the  circle  A 
^  or  AG 

EpG-oy-gloid'al,  a.  Relating  to  the 
^  epicycloid,  or  having  its  properties. 
Ep'i-dem'ig,  )  a.  [Gr.  h rtSij/ao?, 
EPG-dem'ig-AL,  I  among  the  peo¬ 
ple.]  1.  Affecting  a  whole  people  or 
community .  2.  Generally  prevailing. 
—  n.  A  disease  which  affects  num¬ 
bers  of  persons  at  the  same  time. 
Bp'i-der'mis,  n.  [Gr.  eTriSeppa?, 
fr.  67 ri  and  Seppa,  skin.]  1.  Outer 
layer  of  the  skin  of  animals.  2.  Ex- 
ternal  layer  of  the  bark  of  a  plant. 
Ep'I-dote,  n.  A  hard  vitreous  min - 
w  eral  of  a  greenish  or  grayish  color. 
EpG-GAS'TRIG,  a.  [Gr.  e— lydcrrpio? .] 
Pertaining  to  the  upper  and  anterior 
w  part  of  the  abdomen. 
EP'I-GlSt'TIS,  11.  [Gr.  67riyAwTTi?.] 
A  leaf-shaped  cartilage,  whose  use  is 
to  prevent  food  or  drink  from  enter- 
w  ing  the  larynx  while  eating. 
EP'I-GRAM,  It.  [Gr.  eirCypappa,  from 
cntypat^eiv,  to  write  upon.]  A  short 
^  pointed  poem. 

EpG-gram-mSt'ig,  )  a.  1.  Writ- 
EP'I-GRAM-mXt'IG-AL,  J  ing  epi¬ 
grams.  2.  Belonging  to  epigrams  ; 
w  like  an  epigram  ;  concise  ;  pointed. 
EpG-gram-mat'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In 
w  an  epigrammatic  style. 
EpG-gram'ma-tIst,  n.  One  who 
w  composes  epigrams. 
EPG-GrXm'MA-TIZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ; 
w  -ING.]  To  express  by  epigrams. 
EP'I-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  ernypa^ri,  from 
imypdcjieiv ,  to  write  upon  ]  1.  An 

inscription  on  a  building  denoting 
its  use.  2.  A  motto. 


147 

Ep'i-lep'sy,  n.  [Gr.  eTTiArji/ua,  from 
67n.Aa/x/3dveu',  to  attack.]  A  disease 
of  the  brain  attended  by  paroxysms 
w  and  loss  of  consciousness. 
EpG-LEP'tig,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
w  affected  with,  epilepsy.  [epilogue. 
EPG-LO-gis'tiu,  a.  Pertaining  to 
EP'I-LOGUE  (-log),  n.  [Gr.  eTriAoyo?, 
conclusion.]  A  short  address  to  the 
spectators  recited  after  the  conclu¬ 
sion  of  a  play. 

E-pipii'A-n y,  ii.  [Gr.  cnufxli'La  (sc. 
lepa),  €7n.(f>du£La,  appearance.]  A 
church  festival  on  the  Gth  day  of 
January,  in  commemoration  of  the 
appearance  of  our  Savior  to  the  wise 
men  who  came  to  adore  him. 
E-pis'go-pa-CY.  n.  [Lat.  episcopatus, 
fr.  episcopus,  bishop.  See  Bishop.] 
Government  of  the  church  by  bish¬ 
ops,  priests,  and  deacons. 
E-pIs'CO-PAL,,  a.  1.  Governed  by 
bishops.  2.  Belonging  to  bishops. 
E-p'xs/GO-PA'li-an,  a.  Pertaining  to 
episcopacy.  —  n.  One  who  adheres  to 
the  episcopal  form  of  church  govern¬ 
ment  ;  a  churchman.  [pacy. 

E-Pfc/GO-PA'LI-AN-lRM,  n.  Episco- 
E-p'xs'co-pal-LY,  adv.  In  an  episco¬ 
pal  manner. 

E-p'xs'go-pate  (44),  n.  1.  A  bishop- 
w  ric.  _2.  Collective  body  of  bishops. 
EP'I-SODE,  n.  [Gr.  eTretcrcSo?,  fr.  67 rt 
and  eicroSo?,  a  coming  in.]  An  inci¬ 
dental  narrative,  naturally  arising 
w  from  the  main  subject. 

EpG-sodGG,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 
EP/I-sod,ig-AL,  j  or  contained  in, 
an  episode. 

E-PIs'TLE  (-pisd),  11.  [Gr.  em<TTo\ri , 
fr.  67ricrTeAAeiv,  to  send  to.]  A  writ¬ 
ing  sent  to  a  person  ;  a  letter. 
E-pis'to-la-ry,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
w  epistles.  2.  Contained  in  letters. 
EP'I-tIPII,  n.  [Gr.  e7n.Ta<£iov,  fr.  67rt, 
and  rac/ios,  tomb.]  An  inscription 
w  on  a  funeral  monument. 
EpG-TAPH'XG,  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
epitaph,  or  to  epitaphs. 
Sp'i-tiia-la'mt-  um ,  n.  [Lat.  ;  Gr. 
eTridaAdjuioi/  (sc.  pie'Ao?),  fr.  e~t  and 
0aAap.o?,  bride-chamber,  bridal  bed.] 
w  A  nuptial  song. 

EPG-THET,  n.  [Gr.  eirCdeTOV,  fr.  eTrt- 
deros,  added.]  An  adjective  express¬ 
ing  some  quality,  attribute,  or  rela¬ 
tion,  specially  appropriate  to  a  per¬ 
son  or  thing. 

Syn.  —  Title;  appellation.— The  name 
epithet  was  formerly  extended  to  nouns 
which  give  a  title  or  describe  character 
(as  liar,  &c.,)  but  is  now  confined  wholly 
to  adjectives.  Some  rhetorical  writers 
restrict  it  still  further,  considering  the 
term  epithet  as  belonging  only  to  a  lim¬ 
ited  class  of  adjectives,  viz.,  those  which 
add  nothing  to  the  sense  of  their  noun, 
but  simply  bold  forth  some  quality  nec¬ 
essarily  implied  therein,  as  the  bright 
sun,  the  lojty  heavens,  &c.  But  this  re¬ 
striction  is  not  sanctioned  hy  Johnson, 
and  it  certainly  docs  not  prevail  in  gen- 
eral  literature. 

Ep'i-tiiet'ig,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
abounding  in,  epithets. 

E-pIt'O-ME  (147),  n.  [Gr.  emTopp, 
fr.  67rtT6'p.veiv,  to  cut  on  the  surface.] 
A  brief  summary. 


EQUIDISTANT 

Syn.  —  Abridgment  ;  compendium  ; 
compend  ;  abstract. 

E-pit'o-mist,  n.  One  who  makes  an 
epitome. 

E-pxt'o-mIze,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
w  abridge,  as  a  writing  or  discourse. 
Ep'ogh,  7i.  [Gr.  enoxv,  a  check,  pause, 
stop,  in  the  reckoning  of  time.]  A 
fixed  point  of  time,  from  which  suc- 
w  ceeding  years  are  numbered. 

EP'ODE,  n.  [Gr.  eTrcoSo?,  fr.  6770)56?, 
sung  or  said  after.]  The  third  or  last 
w  part  of  an  ancient  ode. 

EP'O-PEE/,  n.  [Gr.  ermroua,  fr.  67ro?, 
song,  and  noieiv,  to  make.]  An  epic 
poem  or  its  action  or  fable. 
E'QUA-BIL'I-TY,  ii.  Evenness  or  uni- 
^  formity. 

E'qua-ble,  a.  [Lat.  xquabilis ,  fi’om 
xquare ,  to  make  level  or  equal.]  1. 
Continuing  the  same  at  different 
times.  2.  Uniform  in  action  or  in¬ 
tensity.  [ner. 

E'QUA-bly,  adv.  In  an  equable  man- 
E'QUAL,  a.  [Lat.  xqualis,  fr.  xquus , 
even,  equal.]  1.  Having  the  same 
magnitude,  dimensions,  value,  &c. 
2.  Having  competent  power,  or 
means  ;  fit.  3.  Not  variable  ;  equa¬ 
ble.  4.  Characterized  by  fairness. 
—  n.  One  not  inferior  or  superior 
to  another.  —  r.  t.  [  ED,  -ING;  or 
-LED,  -LING,  137  ]  1.  To  be  or  be¬ 
come  equal  to.  2.  To  recompense 
fully.  3.  To  make  equal  or  equal 
to  ;  hence,  to  compare  as  equals. 
E-QUAL'i-ty,  n.  Condition  of  being 
equal.  _  [ing- 

E/Qxjal-i-za'tion,  n.  Act  of  equaliz- 
E'QUAL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 

To  make  equal.  2.  To  pronounce 
_  equal.  [ner  or  degree. 

E'qual-ly,  adv.  In  an  equal  man- 
E'qua-nim'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  mquanimi- 
tas,  from  rnquus,  equal,  and  animus , 
mind.]  Evenness  of  mind  ;  compos¬ 
ing 

E-QUA/TION,  n.  1.  An  expression  of 
the  condition  of  equality  between  two 
algebraic  quantities  or  sets  of  quanti¬ 
ties.  2.  Difference  between  the  true 
and  the  mean  place  or  other  element 
of  a  celestial  body. 

E-Qu A/TOR,  n.  [From  Lat.  xquare. 
See  supra.]  1.  A  great  circle  on  the 
earth’s  surface,  everywhere  equally 
distant  from  the  two  poles.  2.  A 
great  circle  of  the  celestial  sphere, 
coincident  with  the  plane  of  the 
earth’s  equator. 

E^UA-to'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
equator.  —  it.  An  astronomical  in¬ 
strument. 

E-QUER'RY, )  n.  [Fr.  ccurie,  stable.^ 
EQ/UE-RY,  j  1.  A  large  stable  for 
horses.  2.  An  officer  of  princes, 
charged  with  the  care  of  their  horses. 
E-ques'tri-an,  a.  [Lat.  equestris,  fr. 
eques,  horseman.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
horses  or  horsemanship.  2.  Riding 
on  horseback.  —  ii.  A  horseman. 
E-ques'tri-an-Irm,  n.  Horseman¬ 
ship.  [angles. 

E/qui-Xn'gu-lar,  a.  Having  equal 
E'QUI-DIS'TANT,  a.  [Lat.  xquidis- 

G,  hard;  A§;  EXIST;  NasNG;  THIS 


OR,  do,  wolf,  TOO,  toTok  ;  t>RN,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €, 


EQUILATERAL 


ERST 


148 


tans,  fr.  xquus,  equal,  and  distans, 
_  distant.]  Eeing  at  an  equal  distance. 
E'QUI-lat'er-al,  a.  [Lat.  xquilate- 
ralis  ;  xquus,  equal,  and  latus,  side.] 
Having  all  the  sides  equal. 
E'QUI-Ll'BRATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  xquilibrare,  -bra turn,  fr.  xquus, 
equal,  and  librare,  to  weigh,  poise.] 
To  balance  equally  ;  to  keep  in  equi- 
_  poise.  [balance  even  ;  equipoise. 
I^QUI-lI-bra'tion,  n.  A  keeping  the 
E'qui-lib'ri-ty,  n.  Equilibrium. 
E'qui-lib'ri-um,  n.  1.  Equality  of 
weight  or  force.  2.  A  just  poise  or 
balance  in  respect  to  an  object.  3. 
Equal  balancing  of  the  mind  between 
motives  or  reasons. 

E-QUI'nal,  )  a.  [Lat.  equinus,  from 
E'QUlNE,  ]  e quits,  horse.]  Per- 

_  taining  to,  or  resembling,  a  horse. 
E'QUI-nou'TIAL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  equinoxes,  or  to  the  regions  or 
climate  of  the  equinoctial  line  or 
equator.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  time 
when  the  sun  enters  the  equinoctial 
_  points.  —  n.  The  celestial  equator. 
E'QUI-nox,  n.  [Lat.  xquinoctium,  fr 
xquus,  equal,  and  nox,  night.]  The 
precise  time  when  the  sun  passes  the 
equinoctial. 

E-qujlp', V.  t.  [-ped;  -ping, 136.]  [Fr. 
cquiper,  to  supply,  0.  Fr.  esquiper , 
fr.  esquif  boat.]  1.  To  supply  with 
whatever  is  necessary; — said  of 
ships  or  of  troops.  2.  To  dress  up  ; 
w  to  array. 

EQ'ui-page,  n.  1.  Furniture  ;  equip¬ 
ment.  2.  Ornamental  furniture  ; 
accouterments.  3.  Attendance ;  ret¬ 
inue. 

E-QUIP'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  equipping. 

2.  Any  thing  used  in  equipping  ;  fur- 
_  niture;  equipage. 

E'qui-poise,  n.  [Lat.  xquus,  equal, 
and  Eng.  poise.]  Equality  of  weight 
or  force;  equilibrium  ;  hence,  equal- 
_  ity. 

E/QUi-POL'LEN9E,  \n.  Equality  of 
E/QUI-Pol/len-^y,  |  power  or  force. 
E'Qui-pol'lent,  a.  [Lat.  xquipol- 
lens,  from  xquus,  equal,  and  pollens, 
strong,  powerful.]  Having  equal 
_  force ;  equivalent. 
E'qui-pon'der-an^e,  n.  Equality  of 
_  weight ;  equipoise.  [same  weight. 
E'QUI-pSn'der-ant,  a.  Having  the 
E'qui-pon'der-ate,  v.  i.  [Lat. 
xquus ,  equal,  and  ponder  are,  to 
weigh.]  To  be  equal  in  weight. 
Eq'UI-TA-ble  (ek'wl-),  a.  [See  EQUI¬ 
TY.]  1.  Possessing  equity  ;  giving, 
or  disposed  to  give,  each  his  due.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  tribunal  or  the 
rule  of  equity. 

1  Syn. — Just  i  fair  ;  right ;  impartial  ; 
V,  upright. 

Eq'ui-ta-bly,  adv.  In  an  equitable 
w  manner. 

Eq'ui-ty  (ck'wi-ty ),  n.  [Lat.  xquitas, 
fr.  xquus,  even,  equal.]  1.  The  giv¬ 
ing,  or  desiring  to  give,  to  each  man 
his  due.  2.  An  equitable  claim.  3. 
A  svstem  of  jurisprudence,  the  object 
■A  which  is  to  supply  the  deficiencies 
of  the  courts  of  law. 


Syn. —  Impartiality  ;  rectitude  ;  fair¬ 
ness;  honesty;  uprightness. 

E-quiv'a-LEN£E,  )  n.  1.  Condition 

E-QUI  v'A-LEN-c  Y,  j  of  being  equiv¬ 
alent.  2.  Equal  power  or  force. 

E-QUIV'A-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  xquivalere, 
-valens,  to  have  equal  power.]  1. 
Equal  in  value,  worth,  power,  im¬ 
port,  &c.  2.  (Geom.)  Equal  in  di¬ 
mensions,  but  not  superposable.  — 
n.  1.  That  which  is  equal  in  value, 
weight,  dignity,  or  force.  2.  Atomic 
weight  of  a  substance. 

E-QUiv'o-UAL,  a.  [Lat.  xquivocus, 
from  xquus,  equal,  and  vox,  word.] 
Having  different  significations  equal¬ 
ly  appropriate  ;  uncertain. 

Syn.  —  Ambiguous.  —  An  expression 
is  ambiguous  when  different  parts  of  it 
can  be  so  construed  as  to  bring  out  a  di¬ 
versity  of  meanings.  An  expression  is 
equivocal  when,  taken  as  a  whole,  it  ex¬ 
presses  a  given  thought  with  perfect 
clearness  and  propriety,  and  also  another 
thought  with  equal  propriety  and  clear¬ 
ness.  The  former  is  a  mere  blunder  of 
language  ;  the  latter  is  usually  intend¬ 
ed  to  deceive,  though  it  may  occur  at 
times  from  mere  inadvertence. 

E-QUIY'O-UATE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  use  Avords  of  equivocal  significa¬ 
tion  Avith  a  vieAV  to  mislead. 

Sa'n. —  To  prevaricate;  evade;  shuffle. 

E-QU I v/o-U ACTION,  n.  Ambiguity  of 
speech.  _  [ocates. 

E-quiv'o-g a/tor,  n.  One  who  equiv- 

EQ'UI-VOQUE,  (  n.  1  An  ambiguous 

EQ'UI-VOKE,  j  term.  2.  Equivo¬ 
cation. 

E'ra  (89, 147),  n.  [Late  Lat.  xra.] 
1.  A  fixed  point  of  time,  from  which 
a  series  of  years  is  reckoned.  2.  A 
succession  of  years  comprehended  be- 
tiveen  two  fixed  points. 

E-ra'di-ate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  Lat. 
e,  out,  and  radius,  ray,  beam.]  To 
shoot  forth,  as  rays  of  light. 

E-ra/di-a/tion,  n.  Emission  of  light 
or  splendor. 

E-rad'i-gate,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
eradicare,  -caium,  from  e,  out,  and 
radix,  root.]  1.  To  extirpate  ;  to  root 
out.  2.  To  destroy  thoroughly. 

E-radT-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  rooting 
out ;  extirpation. 

E-rXd'i-UA-TIVE  ,  a.  Tending  or  serv¬ 
ing  to  eradicate.  [erased. 

E-RAS'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being 

E-rase',  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
eradere,  erasum,  fr.  t,  out,  and  ra- 
dere,  to  scrape.]  1.  To  rub  or  scrape 
out ;  to  efface.  2.  To  obliterate,  as 
ideas. 

E-rase'ment,  n.  Obliteration  ;  de¬ 
struction.  [erases. 

E-ras'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  Avhich, 

E-ra§'ure  (-rS/zhyr),  n.  Act  of  eras¬ 
ing  ;  obliteration. 

Ere  (ar),  adv.  [A.-S.  xr,  Goth,  air.] 
Before  ;  sooner  than.  —  prep.  Before 
in  respect  to  time. 

E-RE-GT',  a.  [See  infra.]  1.  Upright, 
or  in  a  perpendicular  posture.  2. 
Raised  ;  uplifted. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  erigere ,  erectum .  fr.  e,  out,  and 
regere,  to  lead  straight.]  1.  To  set 
upright ;  to  raise.  2.  To  raise,  as  a 


hermit ;  an  anclio- 
[Lat.]  Therefore ;  con- 


building.  3.  To  give  loftiness  or  high 
tone  to.  4.  To  cheer.  5.  To  set  up 
as  an  assertion  or  consequence.  6. 
To  establish  anew.  [erected. 

E-rect'ile,  a.  Capable  of  being 
E-reu'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  erecting. 

2.  Any  thing  erected  ;  any  building. 
E-rect'ly,  adv.  In  an  erect  posture. 
Ere-long'  (21  ),'~adv.  Soon;  before 
long.  _  [ret, 

ER'e-mite,  n.  A  ‘ 

Er'go,  adv. 

_  sequen  tly. 

ER'GOT  (14),  n.  [Ft.  ergot,  argot.]  1. 
A  parasitic  fungus,  found  in  rye.  2- 
A  protuberance  beloAV  the  pastern- 
joint  of  a  horse’s  leg. 

Er'mine,??.  [The 
Armenian  rat,  be¬ 
cause  these  ani¬ 
mals  are  found  in 
Armenia .]  1.  An 
animal  allied  to 
the  weasel.  2.  Fur 
of  the  ermine, 

Avhich  in  winter  is  white.  3.  Dignity 
ofjudges  and  magistrates. 

E-rode',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
erodere ,  from  e,  out,  and  rodere ,  to 
gnaw.]  ~ 

E-RO'£ION, 
corrosion 
E-RGT'IU, 


Ermine  (1). 


To  eat  into  ;  to  corrode. 


n.  Act  of  eating  away ; 
canker. 

,,  1  a.  [Gr.  epioTixo?,  fr. 

E-ROT'ic-al,  j  epos,  loA;e.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  love  ;  amatory.  [TOEOGY. 
Er'pe-tol'o-gy,  v.  See  IIerpe- 
£rr,  v.  i.  [erred  ;  erring  (Cu¬ 
ring).]  [Lat.  enure.]  1.  To  Avander 
from  the  right  Avay.  2.  To  mistake 
w  in  judgment.  3.  To  fail  morally. 
ER'RAND,  n.  [A.-S.  xrende,  xrend ,  fr. 

dr,  messenger.]  A  message  ;  a  eom- 
w  mission. 

Er'RANT,  a.  [Lat.  err  are,  errans.  See 
Err.]  1.  Deviating;  wandering; 
roving  ;  rambling.  2.  Wild ;  extrav¬ 
agant  ;  notorious. 


Er-rat'ic, 

EK-RAT'I€-AI. 


[Lat.  enaticus,  fr. 
errare,  to  Avander.] 

1.  Roving  about ;  eccentric.  2.  Mov¬ 
ing  ;  not  fixed. 

Er-rat'I€-ae  ly ,adv.  Without  rule, 
order,  or  established  method. 

Er-ra'tum,  n.;  pi.  er-ra'ta. 
[Lat. ,  fr.  errare,  to  Avander.]  An  error 
or  mistake  in  writing  or  printing. 

Er-ro'ne-ous,  a.  [Lat.  enonevs,  fr. 
errare,  to  err.]  1.  Deviating  from 
a  right  course  or  right  way.  2.  Lia¬ 
ble  to  mislead. 

Syn. —  Irregular;  false;  mistaken. 

ER-RO'NE-ous-LY,  adv.  By  mistake. 

Er-ro'ne-oDs-ness,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  erroneous. 

Er'ror,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  wandering 
from  the  right  course  or  standard. 

2.  Want  of  truth  ;  inaccuracy.  3. 
Violation  of  law  or  duty. 

Syn.  —  Blunder;  mistake;  fault. 

Erse,  n.  [A  modif.  of  Irish.]  Lan¬ 
guage  of  the  descendants  of  the  Gael 
or  Celts  in  the  Highlands  of  Scot¬ 
land.  —  a.  Pei  taining  to  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  Scotland. 

Erst,  adv.  [A.-S.  xrest,  superl.  of 


1,  E,  I,  o,u,  Y,  long;  X,£,t,  o,u,  Y ,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  tErm;  pique,  FIRM;  s6n, 


ERUBESCENCE 

xr.  See  Ere.]  1.  First;  at  first. 
^  2.  Once  ;  formerly  :  long  ago. 

Er'u  bes'<;:ence  )  (52),  n.  Act  of 
Er'u-bes'cen-^y  j  becoming  red; 
w  a  blushing. 

Er'u-bes'CENT,  a.  fLat.  erubesccre , 
erubescent,  to  grow  red.]  Red,  or 
reddish ;  blushing. 

E-RUET',  1  v.  t.  fLat.  eructare , 

E-RU€'tate,  J  - tatum ,  from  e,  out, 

and  ructare,  to  belch.]  To  eject,  as 
wind,  from  the  stomach  ;  to  belch. 
Er'ug-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  belch¬ 
ing  wind  from  the  stomach.  2.  A 
violent  bursting  forth. 

Er'u-dite,  a.  [Lat.  erudire,  -ditus,  to 
polish,  instruct.]  Characterized  by 
extensive  knowledge  ;  learned. 
Er'U-dI'tion  (-dish'un),  n.  State  of 
i  being  erudite  or  learned. 

E-ru'gi-nous,  a.  [Lat.  xruginosics , 
fr.  xrugo,  rust.]  Partaking  of  cop¬ 
per  or  of  its  rust. 

E-rup'tion,  n.  [Lat.  eruptio,  from 
erumpere,  to  break  forth.]  1.  Act  of 

1  bursting  forth.  2.  That  which  bursts 

forth  in  a  sudden  manner.  3.  The 
breaking  out  of  a  cutaneous  disease. 
4.  The  disease  itself. 

E-RUP'tTve,  a.  1.  Breaking  or  burst¬ 
ing  forth.  2.  Attended  with  erup- 
w  tion,  or  producing  it. 
ER'Y-sIp'E-LAS,  n.  [Gr.  epucriVeAav, 
fr.  ipvdos,  red,  and  Tre'AAa,  skin.]  A 
febrile  disease  with  a  diffused  inflam¬ 
mation  of  the  skin. 

Er'y-si-pel'a-toDs,  (  a.  Resem- 

Er'y-sip'e-lous,  j  bling  erysip- 

o  elas,  or  partaking  of  its  nature. 
Es'UA-lade',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  scala , 
ladder.]  An  attack  by  troops  on  a 
fortified  place,  in  which  ladders  are 
used. 

Es-€AL'op  (es-skol'up),  n.  [D.  schulp, 
shell.]  '  1.  A  bivalve  shell,  with  the 
face  usually  marked  with  ribs.  2. 
A  regular,  curving  indenture  in  the 
^  margin  of  any  thing. 

Es'ca-pade',  n.  [Fr.  See  Escape.] 

1.  Fling,  or  backward  kick,  of  a 
horse.  2.  An  unconscious  impro¬ 
priety  of  speech  or  behavior. 

Es-€APE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Sp. 
escapar ,  0.  Fr.  eschapper,  e scamper , 
prob.  fr.  0.  II.  Ger.  champ f. ,  combat, 
fight,  hence,  orig.,  to  escape  from 
battle.]  To  flee  from  and  avoid  ;  to 
shun. — v.  i.  1.  To  hasten  away. 

2.  To  be  passed  without  harm. — 
n.  Act  of  fleeing  from  danger,  of 
evading  harm,  or  of  avoiding  notice. 

i  Es-eAPE'MENT,  n.  Con-  G) 

.  trivance  in  a  time-piece 
which  connects  the 
wheel  -  work  with  the 
pendulum  or  the  bal- 
ance ;  —  so  called  be-  vf  J  7 

cause  it  allows  a  tooth 
to  escape  from  a  pallet  at 
each  vibration.  Escape- 

Es-carp',  n.  [Fr.  escarpe,  nient. 
fr.  escarper ,  to  cut  steep,  fr.  0.  II. 
Ger.  scarp,  sharp,  acute.]  Any 
thing  high  and  precipitous,  as  the 
side  of  the  ditch  next  the  parapet. 

•  | 

149 

Es-carp'ment,  n.  A  steep  descent  or 
w  declivity. 

EsyrPA-LOT'  (esh'a-lot'),  n.  [Fr.es- 
c alotte,  eschalolte,  Lat.  cepa  Ascalo- 
nia,  it  having  been  orig.  brought  fr. 
^  Ascalon.]  A  species  of  small  onion. 
Es'-char  (esfltar),  n.  [Gr.  ecrxapa-] 
w  A  dry  crust  or  scab. 

Es'UHA-ROT're,  a.  Producing  a  scar ; 
caustic. 

Es-cheat|,  n.  [0.  Fr.  eschet,  a  thing 
fallen  to,  fr.  escheoir,  to  fall  to,  to 
fall  to  the  lot  of.]  1.  The  reverting 
of  lands  to  the  lord  of  the  fee,  in 
consequence  of  the  extinction  of  the 
blood  of  the  tenant.  2.  (17.  S.)  The 
falling  or  reverting  of  real  property 
to  the  state.  —  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  revert,  return,  or  become  forfeit¬ 
ed,  to  the  lord,  the  crown,  or  the 
state. 

Es-ciieat'a-ble,  a.  Liable  to  es¬ 
cheat. 

Es-ciiew',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
0.  II.  Ger.  skiu/ian.  to  shun,  avoid.] 
w  To  flee  from  ;  to  shun. 

Es'uort,  n.  [It.  scorta ,  fr.  scorgere, 
to  perceive,  lead,  fr.  Lat.  ex  and  cor- 
rigere,  to  correct.]  1.  A  guard; 
persons  giving  attendance  to  afford 
safety,  or  as  a  mark  of  respect.  2. 
Protection  on  a  journey  orexcursion. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  accom¬ 
pany  as  safeguard. 

Es'uri-toire'  (-twor'),  n.  [0.  Fr., 
from  Lat.  scriptorius,  belonging  to 
w  writing.]  A  writing-desk. 
Es'uu-la'pi-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Es- 
culapius,  the  god  of  the  healing  art ; 
hence,  medical ;  curative. 
Es'UU-lent,  a.  [Lat.  esculentus ,  fr. 
escare,  to  eat.]  Fit  to  be  eaten  ;  eat¬ 
able;  edible. — n.  Any  thing  that 
is  eatable. 

Es-uutch'eon  (-kuch'un),  n.  [0. 
Fr.  escusson ,  from  Lat.  scutum, 
shield.]  The  shield  or  ground  on 
which  a  coat  of  arms  is  represented. 
E-soph'a-gus,  n.  [Gr.  oicro<f>ayos,  fr. 
oiaa) ,  fut.  of  (ftepecv ,  to  carry,  and 
(j)ayeLv,  to  eat.]  The  gullet.  [Written 
also  oesophagus .] 

Es'O-TER'IU,  a.  [Gr.  eo-ure  pacos,  fr. 
e<rajTepos,  inner.]  Designed  for  the 
specially  initiated  alone  ;  —  said  of 
the  instructions  of  philosophers ; 

—  opposed  to  exoteric. 

Es-pal'ier  (-paPyer),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  0. 

Fr.  espalde ,  N.  Fr.  cpaule,  shoulder.] 
1.  A  row  of  trees  trained  up  to  a  lat¬ 
tice.  2.  A  lattice-work  to  train  fruit- 
trees  on. 

Es-PE'CIAL  (-pesh'al),  a.  [0.  Fr.  es¬ 
pecial,  from  Lat.  species,  a  particular 
sort.]  Distinguished  among  others 
of  the  same  kind. 

Syn.— 1  Peculiar  ;  special  ;  particular; 
principal;  chief. 

Es-PE'CI  AL-LY  (-pesh'ab),  ad v.  In  an 
especial  manner. 

Es-pi'AL,  n.  Act  of  espying. 
Es'PI-on-AGE/  (es'pe-on-aj7  or  es'pe- 
on-izh/),  n.  [Fr.  espionage,  tv.  espi- 
onner,  to  spy.]  Practice  or  employ¬ 
ment  of  spies. 

ESTEEM 

Es^la-nade',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  expla- 
nare,  to  flatten  or  spread  out.]  1. 
[Fort.)  The  sloping  of  the  parapet  of 
the  covered  way  toward  the  country. 

2.  A  grass  plat. 

Es-poujPal,  n.  1.  Act  of  espousing; 
especially,  in  the  pi.,  betrothal  or 
marriage  ceremony.  2.  Adoption. 

ES-POU£E',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 

Fr.  espouser,  fr.  Lat.  sponsare,  to  be¬ 
troth.]  1.  To  betroth;  to  affiance; 
to  unite  by  a  promise  of  marriage  or 
by  a  marriage  ceremony.  2.  To  take 
as  a  spouse ;  to  wed.  3.  To  take  up 
the  cause  of ;  to  adopt. 

Es-POU§'er,  n.  One  who  espouses. 

Es-PY',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr.es- 
pier.  See  Spy.]  1.  T<5  catch  sight 
of.  2.  To  examine  and  keep  watch 
upon.  — v.  i.  To  look  narrowly. 

Es- quire',  n.  [0.  Fr.  escuyer,  esquier, 
fr.  escu,  now  ecu,  shield.]  A  shield- 
bearer  or  attendant  on  a  knight ;  in 
modern  times,  a  title  of  dignity  next 
in  degree  below  a  knight,  given  by 
courtesy  to  any  gentleman.  —  v.  t. 

[-ED ;  -ing.]  To  wait  on  ;  to  attend. 

Es-say',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
try  ;  to  attempt.  2.  To  make  an  ex¬ 
periment  or  trial  of.  —  n.  [Fr.  essai, 
from  Lat.  exagium ,  weight,  balance.] 

1.  A  trial ;  attempt ;  endeavor.  2.  A 
composition  shorter  and  less  method¬ 
ical  than  a  formal  treatise.  3.  Ex- 
periment. 

Es'say-ist,  orEs-SAY'isT,  n.  A  writer 

w  of  essays. 

Es'sen^e,  n.  [Lat.  essentia,  fr.  esse, 
to  be.]  1.  Formative  nature  of  a 
complex  notion.  2.  Constituent  qual¬ 
ities  of  a  thing.  3.  Solution  in  spirits 
of  wine  of  a  volatile  or  essential  oil. 

4.  Perfume  ;  odor. 

Es-sen'tial,  a.  1.  Really  existing. 

2.  Important  in  the  highest  degree. 

3.  Highly  rectified  ;  pure.  4.  Neces¬ 
sary  ;  indispensable.  —  n.  First  or 
constituent  principle. 

Es-sen'tial-ly,  ado.  In  an  essential 
manner  or  degree. 

Es-tab'lish,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0- 
Fr.  establir,  fr.  Lat.  stabilis,  firm, 
stable.]  1.  To  make  stable  or  firm- 
2.  To  enact  or  decree  ;  to  ordain.  3. 

To  found  ;  to  institute. 

Es-tXB'lish-ment,  n.  1.  Settle¬ 
ment;  confirmation.  2.  State  of 
being  established.  3.  That  which  is 
established,  as  a  permanent  civil, 
military,  or  commercial  force  or  or¬ 
ganization. 

Es'TA-FET',  )  «.  [Fr.  estafette,  fr. 

Es' TA-FETTE',  )  0.  II.  Ger.  staph, 

footstep,  footprint.]  One  of  a  series 
of  couriers  in  relay. 

Es-tate',  n.  [0.  Fr.  estat,  from 

Lat.  status,  fr.  stare,  to  stand.]  1. 

Fixed  condition ;  rank  ;  state  ;  posi¬ 
tion.  2.  Property,  esp.  property  in 
land.  3.  One  of  the  classes  of  men 
which  are  considered  as  constituting 
the  state. 

Es-teem',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
xstimare,  fr.  xs,  brass,  copper,  mon¬ 
ey.]  1.  To  set  a  value  on.  2.  To  re- 

OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  urn, rue  ,  pyLL ;  E,i,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  c,  G,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  NG;  this. 

ESTHETICS 


gard  with  respect  or  affection. — n. 
High  value  or  estlmatibn. 

Syn. —  To  estimate:  appreciate. —  We 
esteem  a  man  for  his  moral  qualities  ;  we 
estimate  a  person  or  thing  according  to 
our  views  of  their  real  value.  The  for¬ 
mer  implies  respect  and  attachment;  the 
latter  is  a  mere  exercise  of  judgment  or 
computation.  —  See  Appreciate. 

Es-thet'I€S,  n.  sing.  Science  of  the 
beautiful,  or  of  the  theory  of  taste. 
w  See  .Esthetics. 

Es'TI-MA-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
w  estimated.  2.  Worthy  of  esteem. 
Es'ti-mate,  a.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
xstimare,  -matum.]  To  judge  and 
form  an  opinion  of  the  value  of,  with- 
out  actually  measuring  or  weighing. 
Es'Tl-MATE  (45),  n.  An  approximate 
judgment  as  to  amount,  cost,  & c. 
EiVtt-ma/tion,  n.  An  opinion  of  the 
worth,  extent,  or  quantity  of  any 
w  thing.  _ 

Es'TI-MA'tor,  n.  One  who  estimates. 
Es'Tl-VAL,  a.  [Lat.  {estiva Us,  fr.  tes¬ 
las,  summer.]  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
tinuing  through,  the  summer. 
Es-top'1,  V..  t.  [-FED  ;  -PING,  136.] 
[0.  Fr.  estoper,  esloppare,  to  hinder, 
fr.  Lat.  stupa,  stuppa,  tow,  oakum.] 
To  bar  ;  to  stop  the  progress  of. 
Es-top'pel,  n.  A  conclusive  admis¬ 
sion,  which  cannot  be  denied  or  con¬ 
troverted. 

Es-TO'vers,  n.  pi.  [0.  Fr.  estover,  es- 
tovoir,  necessary,  need.]  {Law.)  Ne¬ 
cessaries  or  supplies. 

Es-trange',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [See 
Strange.]  1.  To  keep  at  a  dis¬ 
tance.  2.  To  divert  from  its  original 
use  or  possessor.  3.  To  alienate  the 
affections  of. 

Es-trange'ment,  n.  Act  of  es¬ 
tranging  ;  alienation  ;  removal. 
Es-tray',  n.  Any  animal  found  wan¬ 
dering  from  its  owner. 

£st'u-a-ry  (64),  n.  [Lat.  xstuarium, 
fr.  xstuare,  to  boil  up.]  A  narrow 
passage,  as  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
where  the  tide  meets  the  current. 
EtagLre  (et'a-zhar'),  n.  [Fr.,from 
etage,  a  shelf,  story,  floor.]  A  piece 
of  furniture  having  a  number  of 
v  shelves,  one  above  another. 

Etcii,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [N.  H. 
Ger.  atzen,  atzen,  to  feed,  corrode, 
etch.]  To  produce,  as  designs,  on 
metal  or  glass,  by  means  of  lines  eat- 
^  en  in  by  strong  acid. 

Etch'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  etch¬ 
es.  2.  Impression  from  an  etched 
plate. 

E-t£r'nal,  a.  [Lat.  xternalis ,  from 
xternus.]  1.  Without  beginning  or 
end  of  existence.  2.  Without  end; 
everlasting  ;  endless.  3.  Perpetual ; 
ceaseless.  4.  Existing  at  all  times 
without  change  ;  immutable.  —  n. 
The  Deity ;  God.  [ning  or  end. 

E-tEr'NAL-ly,  adv.  Without  begin- 
E-t£r'ni-ty,  a.  1.  Condition  of  be¬ 
ing  eternal.  2.  Condition  which 
begins  at  death. 

E-ter'nize,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
make  eternal ;  to  immortalize. 
E-TE'glAN,  a.  [Gr.  enjertos,  pi.  erx/- 


150 

<ncu  (sc.  avepoi),  winds,  from  enjor.- 
09,  annual.]  Blowing  at  stated  times 
of  the  year ;  periodical. 

E'THER,  n.  [Gr.  aWrjp,  fr.  aiOeev,  to 
kindle.]  1.  A  subtle  fluid  supposed 
to  pervade  all  space.  2.  A  very  light, 
volatile,  and  inflammable  fluid. 
E-THE'RE-AL  (89,  124),  a.  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  ether ;  celestial.  2. 
Consisting  of  ether ;  exceedingly 
light  or  airy._  3.  Relating  to  ether. 
E-the're-al-ize,  v.  1.  1.  To  con¬ 

vert  into,  or  saturate  with,  ether.  2. 
To  render  ethereal. 

E'ther-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 

To  convert  into  ether.  2.  To  put 
w  under  the  influence  of  ether. 

ETII'IC,  1  a.  [Gr.  ^01X09,  fr.  T;0O9, 
Etii'ic-AL,  )  custom,  moral  nature.] 
w  Relating  to  manners  or  morals. 
ETH'ic-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to 
^  ethics.  [duty  ;  rules  of  duty. 

ETH'ICS,  n.  sing.  Science  of  human 
Eth'nic,  )  a.  [Gr.  eOvuios,  from 
ETH'NIE-AL,  )  C0VO9,  nation.]  1.  Be¬ 
longing  to  races ;  based  on  distinc¬ 
tions  of  race.  2.  Heathen;  pagan. 
Etfi-nog'ra-pher,  n.  One  who  cul- 
w  tivates  ethnography. 
ETH'NO-GRAPH're,  1  a.  Pertain- 
EtiPno-GRAPH'ic-al,  J  ing  to  eth¬ 
nography. 

Etii-nog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  e'0vo9,  na¬ 
tion,  and  y pa(f)eLv.  to  write.]  A  de¬ 
scription  of  the  different  races  of 
men,  with  their  different  character- 
w  istics,  habits,  & c. 

ETH'NO-LOG'IC, 

IlTH'NO-LOG'IC-AL 
Eth-nol/o-gist,  n.  One  versed  in 
ethnology'. 

Eth-nol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  eduog,  nation, 
and  Aoyo9,  discourse.]  Science  which 
treats  of  the  division  of  man  into 
w  races,  their  origin,  relations,  &c. 
ETlPo-LOG'IC,  la.  Pertaining  to 
EtfPo-log'jc-al,  j  ethics. 
E-THOI/O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  r*0o9,  e'0O9,  cus¬ 
tom,  manners,  morality,  and  Aoyo9, 
discourse.]  Science  of  ethics. 
E'ti-o-late, v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
etioler,  orig.  to  become  slender,  prob. 
fr.  Ger.  stiel,  stalk.]  To  be  whitened 
by  excluding  the  light  of  the  sun,  as 
plants. —  v.  t.  To  blanch. 
E'ti-o-la'tion,  n.  Operation  of 
blanching  so  as  to  render  plants 
w  white,  crisp,  and  tender. 
ET'I-QUETTE'  (et'i-ket'),  n.  [Fr., 
prop,  a  label,  ticket.]  Observance  of 
the  proprieties  of  rank  and  occasion. 
Etvi( a'twe'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  0.11.  Ger. 

stHcha,  a  short  and  narrow  muff.]  A 
w  ladies’  reticule  or  work-box. 
Et'y-mo-log'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining 
w  to  etymology. 

Et'y-mo-log'IC-al-ly,  adv.  Ac- 
w  cording  to  etymology,  [etymology. 
Et'y-mol'o-gTst,  n.  One  versed  in 
Et'y-mol'o-gize,  v.  i.  To  search 
w  into  the  origin  of  words. 
ET'Y-MOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ervpoAoyi'a, 
from  ervpou  and  Aoyo9,  discourse.] 
1.  That  part  of  philology  which  ex¬ 
plains  the  origin  of  words.  2.  That 


1  a.  Pertaining 
j,  )  to  ethnology. 


EUROPEAN 

part  of  grammar  which  relates  to  the 
changes  in  the  forms  of  words  in 
a  language. 

Et'y-mon,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  fiT'Y-MONg  ; 
Gr.pl.  ET'Y-MA.  [Gr.  ervp ov,  true 
literal  sense  of  a  word,  from  ervpog, 
true,  real.]  A  primitive  word  ;  root. 

EU'CHA-RIST,  n.  [Gr.  ev\apLarla, 
thanksgiving,  fr.  ev,  well,  and  \apLs, 
favor,  thanks.]  The  Lord’s  supper ; 
the  communion. 

EtbcHA-RlST'IC,  )  a.  Pertaining 

Eu'ciia-rist'ic-al,  j  to  the  Lord’s 
supper. 

Eu'chre  (ytpker),  n.  A  game  at  cards. 

Eu'di-om'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  evSi'a,  fair, 
clear  weather,  and  perpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
purity  of  the  air. 

Eu'lo-gjst,  n.  One  who  eulogizes. 

Eu/lo-gist,I€,  a.  Commendatory ; 
laudatory. 

EU-LO'Gl-UM,  n.  [Gr.  evAoyi a,  eulo¬ 
gy.]  A  formal  eulogy.  [praise. 

Eu'lo-gize,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 

EU'LO-GY,  n.  [Gr.  evAoyia,  fr.  evAo- 
yo9,  well  speaking.]  A  commenda¬ 
tory  speech  or  writing. 

Syn.  —  Encomium ;  panegyric.  —  The 
word  encomium  is  used  as  to  both  per¬ 
sons  and  things,  and  denotes  warm 
praise;  euloejimn  and  eulogy  apply  only 
to  persons,  and  arc  more  prolonged  and 
studied  ;  a  panegyric  was  originally  a 
set  speech  in  a  full  assembly  of  the  peo¬ 
ple,  and  hence  denotes  a  more  foimal 
eulogy,  couched  in  terms  of  warm  and 
continuous  praise. 

Ett'nuch  (yjpnuk),  n.  [Gr.  evvovyo9, 
prop,  guarding  the  couch,  fr.  evv-q, 
couch,  bed,  and  e^eie,  to  keep.]  A 
castrated  man,  often  employed  as  a 
chamberlain. 

Eu-pep'sy,  n.  [Gr.  eS,  well,  and 
7rei//i9,  digestion.]  Good  digestion. 

Eu-pep'TIC,  a.  Having  good  diges¬ 
tion. 

Eu'PIIE-MISM,  n.  [Gr.  ev^pLapog, 
fr.  ev,  well,  and  <£ rj/ai,  to  speak.]  A 
delicate  word  used  for  one  that  is 
harsh  or  indelicate. 

EU''P1IE-M1S'TI€,  \  a.  Pertaining 

Eu/piie-]Y11S,tic-al,  J  to,  or  con¬ 
taining,  euphemism. 

Eu-PHON'IC,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 

Eu-phon'IC-AL,  i  or  exhibiting,  eu¬ 
phony  ;  euphonious. 

Eu-piio'ni-ous,  a.  Agreeable  in 
sound ;  euphonic. 

Eu'PHO-n'i'sm,  n.  An  agreeable  com¬ 
bination  of  sounds  ;  euphony. 

Eu'piio-ny,  n.  [Gr.  evtfxovia,  fr.  ev, 
well, and  sound.]  An  agreea¬ 

ble  sound  or  enunciation  of  sounds. 

Eu'phu-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  evc/jv?) 9,  well- 
grown,  graceful.]  Affectation  of  ex¬ 
cessive  elegance  of  language. 

Eu'phu-Kst,  n.  One  w  ho  affects  ex¬ 
cessive  refinement  of  language. 

Eu/PHU-ISTrI€!,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
euphuists,  or  to  euphuism. 

EU-ROC'LY-DON,  n.  [Gr.  evpoxAvSam, 
fr.  e§po9,  the  south-east  wind,  and 
xAvSuiv,  wave.]  A  tempestuous  east¬ 
erly  wind  in  the 
levanter. 

Eu'ro-pe'an  (124),  a. 


Mediterranean ;  a 
[Europe. 
Pertaining  to 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  A,£,l,  6,0,5,  short;  CARE,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


EUTERPEAN 


EXACERBATE 


Eu-t£r'pe-an,  a.  Relating  to  the 
muse  Euterpe  ;  hence,  pertaining  to 
music. 

EO'TIIA-NA'gl-A,  )  n.  [Gr.  evOavatria, 
Eu-than'a-sy,  )  fr.  ev,well,  and 
ddraros,  death.]  An  easy  death. 
i;-VA€'u-ANT,  a.  Purgative;  cathar¬ 
tic.  —  n.  A  cathartic  medicine. 

E  VAC'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  evacuan  .  - atu-m ,  fr.  e,out,  and 
vacuus,  empty.]  1.  To  make  empty. 
2.  To  remove  ;  to  eject.  3.  To  with¬ 
draw  from,  or  desert.  4.  To  make 
void  ;  to  nullify. 

E-vac'u-a'tion,  7i.  1.  Actof evacu¬ 
ating.  2.  That  which  is  evacuated ; 
esp.  a  discharge  by  stool.  [ates. 

E-VA€'U-A/TOR,  n.  One  who  evacu- 
E-VA.de',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
evadere,  fr.  e,  out,  from,  and  vadere, 
to  go.]  To  get  away  from  by  arti- 
w  fice  ;  to  elude ;  to  escape. 
EV'A-GA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  evagatio,  fr. 

$ vagari ,  to  wander  forth.]  Act  of 
w  wandering.  [away. 

ET'a-nesTen^e,  n.  A  vanishing 
Ev'a-nesTent,  a.  [Lat.  evanescere , 
evanescens ,  fr.  e  out,  and  vanescere , 
to  vanish.]  1.  Vanishing;  fleeting. 
2.  Imperceptible. 

E-VAN'gel,  n.  [Lat.  evangelium,  Gr. 
euayye'Aioe,  glad  tidings,  the  gospel.] 
Good  news  ;  the  gospel. 
E'VAN-Del'LG,  (  a.  1.  Contained 
E'VAN-fiEL'ie-AL,  I  in,  or  relating 
to,  the  Gospels.  2.  Belonging  to,  or 
consonant  with,  the  gospel.  3.  Tech¬ 
nically  applied  to  a  party  in  the 
English  and  other  churches. 

E' VAN-gel 'IO-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an 
evangelical  manner.  [the  gospel. 
E-van'gel-ism,  n.  Promulgation  of 
E-van'gel-ist,  n.  1.  One  of  the 
writers  of  the  gospel  history.  2.  A 
preacher  authorized  to  preach,  but 
not  having  charge  of  a  particular 
church,  and  not  allowed  to  adminis¬ 
ter  the  eucharist. 

E-van'gel-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  preach  the  gospel  to  ;  to  convert 
to  a  belief  of  the  gospel. 

E-van'ish,  v.  i.  To  vanish. 
E-vap'o-ra-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
evaporated. 

E-VAP'O-RATE,  V.  7.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  evaporare,  -xtum,  from  e,  out, 
and  vaporare,  to  emit  vapor.]  1.  To 
pass  off  in  vapor  2.  To  be  dissipated. 
— v.  t.  To  dissipate  in  vapor  or  fumes. 
E-VAP/o-R ACTION,  n.  Act  of  turning 
into,  or  passing  off  in,  vapor. 
E-vap'o-ra'tive,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  producing,  evaporation. 
E-VA'glON,  n.  Act  of  evading,  par 
ticularly  an  accusation,  interroga 
tion,  &c. 

Syn.— Shift  ;  subterfuge  ;  prevarica¬ 
tion  ;  equivocation. 

E-VA/SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  evade,  or 
marked  by  evasion. 

E-VA'SIVE-LY,  adv-  By  evasion. 
Eve,  (  n.  [A.-S.  efen , 

E'VE n  (e'vn,  58),  j  afen ,  allied  to 
even,  level.]  1.  Latter  part  of  the 
day  ;  evening.  2.  Evening  preceding 


151 

some  particular  day,  also,  the  period 
just  preceding  some  important  event. 
E-VE€'TlON,  n.  [Lat.  evectio,  from 
evehere,  to  carry  out.]  1.  An  in¬ 
equality  of  the  moon's  motion  in  its 
__  orbit.  2.  Libration  of  the  moon. 
E'VjEN  (3/vn),  a.  [A.-S.  even,  efen, 
Goth,  ibns.]  1.  Level,  smooth,  or 
equal  in  surface ;  not  rough.  2. 
Equable  ;  not  easily  ruffled.  3.  Par¬ 
allel  ;  on  a  level.  4.  Equally  bal¬ 
anced  ;  fair ;  equitable.  5.  Capable 
of  division  by  2  ;  —  said  of  numbers. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  make 
even  or  level ;  to  level.  2.  To  bal¬ 
ance  accounts.  —  adv.  1.  In  an 
equal  manner;  exactly.  2.  At  the 
very  time.  3.  So  much  as.  4.  As 

_  was  not  to  be  expected,  [impartial. 
E'VBN-HAND'ED  (3'vn),  a.  Pair  or 
E'ven-ing  (3'vn-ing),  n.  [See  Even.] 

1.  Close  of  the  day,  and  beginning 
of  night.  2.  Latter  portion,  as  of 

__  life.  [roughness. 

E'v.en-l,y  (G'vn-ly ),  adv.  Without 
E'V-EN-NESS  (iXa-,  109),  n.  State 
of  being  even,  level,  or  undisturbed. 
E-vent',  n.  [Lat.  eventus,  fr.  evenire , 
fr.  e ,  out,  and  venire,  to  come.]  1. 
That  which  falls  out ;  any  incident. 

2.  Consequence  of  any  thing. 

Syn. —  Occurrence;  adventure;  issue; 
result ;  termination ;  conclusion  ;  end. 

E-vent'ful,  a.  Full  of,  or  distin¬ 
guished  for,  events. 

E-vent'u-al,  a.  1.  Happening  as  a 
consequence  or  result.  2.  Final ; 
ultimate. 

E-VENT'u-al'I-TY,  n.  Disposition  to 
take  cognizance  of  events. 
E-VENT'u-AL-LY,  adv.  Finally. 
E-vent'u-ate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
w  issue  ;  to  terminate.  [Rare  in  Eng.] 
EV'EK,  adv.  [A.-S.  afre,  dfe.r,  fr.  av, 
age,  eternity.]  1.  At  any  time.  2. 
At  all  times  ;  always.  3.  Without 
w  cessation  or  interruption. 
Ev'er-glade,  n.  A  tract  of  land 
covered  with  water  and  interspersed 
w  with  patches  of  high  grass. 

Ev'ER- green,  a.  Green  throughout 
the  year.  —  n.  A  plant  that  retains 
w  its  verdure  through  all  the  seasons. 
Ev'er-lAst'ing,  a.  1.  Lasting  or 
enduring  forever ;  immortal.  2.  Con¬ 
tinuing  indefinitely. 

Syn.  —  Eternal. — Eternal  denotes  that 
which  has  neither  beginning  nor  end  ; 
everlasting  is  sometimes  used  in  our  ver¬ 
sion  of  the  Scriptures,  in  the  sense  of 
eternal,  but  in  modern  usage  each  word 
has  its  distinctive  meaning,  and  these 
ought  not  to  be  confounded. 

—  n.  1.  Eternity.  2.  A  plant  whose 
w  flowers  keep  their  color  when  dry. 
Ev'er-last'ing-ly,  adv.  Eternal- 

ly  ;  perpetually  ;  continually. 
Ev'er-more',  adv.  1.  Always  ;  eter¬ 
nally.  2.  For  an  indefinite  future 
period. 

E-v£rt'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
evertere,  from  e,  out,  and  vertere,  to 
turn.]  1.  To  overturn.  2.  To  turn 
^  inside  out. 

fiv'ER-Y,  a.  [0.  Eng.  e.veryclie,  eve- 
rich,  A.-S.  afre  ale,  i.  e.,  ever  each.] 


The  separate  individuals  which  con¬ 
stitute  a  whole,  regarded  one  by  one. 
£v'er-y-where,  adv.  In  every 
place  ;  in  all  places. 

E-vIot',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.. 
evincere ,  evictum ,  from  e,  out,  and 
vinctre ,  to  conquer.]  To  dispossess 
by  a  judicial  process. 

E-VI€'tion,  n.  Act  of  dispossessing 
w  by  judicial  process. 

Ev'i-den^e,  71.  1.  That  which  makes 
evident ;  conclusive  testimony.  2.  A 
witness.  3.  Means  of  proof.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  render  evident ;  to 
w  prove  ;  to  evince. 

EV'I-DENT,  a.  [Lat.  evidens,  from  e, 
out,  and  videns ,  seeing.]  Clear  to 
w  the  vision  or  to  the  understanding. 

E  v'i-den'TIAL ,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
w  furnishing,  evidence. 

Ev'I-dent-LY,  adv.  In  an  evident 
_  manner ;  clearly. 

E'v/l  (S'vl),  a.  [A.-S.  efel,  yfel.]  1. 
Having  bad  natural  qualities.  2. 
Having  bad  moral  qualities.  3.  Pro¬ 
ducing  or  threatening  sorrow,  inju¬ 
ry,  or  calamity.  — n.  1.  That  which 
causes  suffering  of  any  kind.  2.  Mor¬ 
al  badness.  3.  A  malady  or  disease. 
—  adv.  In  an  evil  manner  ;  ill. 

E- vinge',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
evincere,  from  e,  out,  and  vincere,  to 
vanquish.]  To  prove  beyond  any 
reasonable  doubt.  [proved. 

E-vin'ci-bl,e,  a.  Capable  of  being 
E-v'in'CIVE,  a.  Tending  to  prove. 
E-Vl's'^ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  eviscerare ,  -atum,  from  e,  out, 
and  viscera,  bowels,]  To  take  out 
the  entrails  of ;  to  disembowel. 
E-vis'cer-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  evis¬ 
cerating. 

Ev'I-TA-BLE ,  n.  [Lat.  evitabilis ,  from 
evitare,  to  shun.]  Capable  of  being 
shunned;  avoidable. 

E-voke',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

evocare,  from  e,  out,  and  vocare,  to 
w  call.]  To  call  out ;  to  summon  forth. 
Ev'o-lu'tion,  7i.  [Lat.  evoluere,  evo- 
lutus,  to  unroll.]  1.  Act  of  unrolling 
or  unfolding  ;  hence  development. 
2.  A  series  of  things  unrolled.  3. 
Formation  of  an  involute  by  un¬ 
winding  a  thread  from  another 
curve.  4.  Extraction  of  mathemat¬ 
ical  roots.  5.  A  regular  movement 
of  a  body  of  troops,  or  of  a  vessel  or 
w  fleet.  [to  evolution 

EV'O-LU'TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining 
E-VoLVE/,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [See 
Evolute.]  1.  To  unfold  or  unroll ; 
to  develop.  2.  To  throw  out;  to 
emit.  —  v.  i.  To  become  developed. 
E-v&l'sion,  n.  [Lat.  evulsio,  from 
evellere,  to  pluck  out.]  Act  of  pluck¬ 
ing  out. 

Ewe  (yp),  n.  [A.-S.  eowu,  Skr.  avis, 
Lat.  ovis,  Gr.  ois.]  A  female  sheep. 
Ew'er  (yijr),  n .  [0.  Fr.  eviere,  from 

Lat.  aqua,  water.]  A  pitcher  with  a 
wide  spout.  w 

Ex-ac'er-bate,  or  Ex'a-cer'bate 
(Hi),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat,  ex- 
acerbare,  -batum,  from  ex,  out,  and 
acerbare,  to  make  harsh  or  bitter.] 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO.,  TOOK  ,  OrN,  RUE  ,  Pl/LL  ; 


EXCISION 


EXACERBATION 

To  render  more  violent  or  bitter ;  to 
irritate ;  to  exasperate. 

Ex-ac'er-ba'tion  (egz-),  n.  1.  A 
rendering  more  violent  or  bitter.  2. 
A  periodical  increase  of  violence  in  a 
disease. 

Ex-agt'  (egz-'akt'),  a.  [Lat  exigere, 
exactus ,  to  drive  out,  demand,  meas¬ 
ure.]  1.  Precisely  agreeing  with  a 
standard,  a  fact,  or  the  truth.  2. 
Accurate  ;  methodical ;  punctual.  3. 
Marked  by  habitual  or  constant 
nicety  or  care.  4.  Proceeding  from, 
or  characterized  by,  exactness. 

Syn.  —  Correct ;  precise  ;  nice  ;  care¬ 
ful.  See  Accurate. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  demand 
or  require  authoritatively  ;  to  extort. 

Ex-AOT'er,  n.  One  who  exacts. 

Ex-ag'TION,  n.  1.  Authoritative  de¬ 
mand  ;  hence,  extortion.  2.  That 
which  is  exacted. 

Ex-Xgt'i-tude,  n.  Exactness. 

Ex-act'ly  (HO),  adv.  In  an  exact 
manuer ;  accurately.  [exact. 

Ex-A€T'ness,  n.  Condition  of  being 

Ex-A€T'or,  n.  One  who  exacts ; 
hence,  an  extortioner. 

Ex-ag'ger-ate  (egz-aj'er-at),  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  exaggerare,  -re¬ 
turn,  from  ex  and  aggerare,  to  heap 
up.]  1.  To  amplify  ;  to  represent  as 
greater  than  truth  or  justice  will 
warrant.  2.  (Paint.)  To  heighten  in 
coloring  or  design. 

Ex>ag'ger-a'tion,  n.  1.  Represen¬ 
tation  beyond  the  truth  ;  hyperbole. 
2.  (Paint.)  A  representation  of  things 
beyond  natural  life. 

Ex-alt'  (egz-awlt'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  exaltare ,  from  ex  and  altare,  to 
make  high.]  1.  To  elevate;  to  lift 
up.  2.  To  elevate  in  rank,  dignity, 
power,  &c.  3.  To  extol;  to  glorify. 

^  4.  To  elate. 

E^c'al-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  exalting ; 
state  of  being  exalted  ;  elevation. 

Ejc-am'I-na'tion,  n.  1.  An  examin¬ 
ing  ;  careful  search  or  inquiry.  2. 
A  process  for  testing  qualification. 

Syn.  —  Search;  inquiry;  investiga¬ 
tion;  research;  scrutiny;  inquisition. 

Ex- A m'Ine  (egz-am'inj,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  examinare,fr.  examcn, 
means  of  examining,  examination.] 
1.  To  try  and  assay  by  the  appropri¬ 
ate  methods  or  tests.  2.  To  inquire 
into  and  determine.  3.  To  try,  as 
an  offender  ;  to  test  the  attainments 
of,  as  a  scholar;  to  question;  to 
prove  by  a  moral  standard. 

Ex-am'i-ner,  n.  One  who  examines. 

Ex-am'ple,  n.  [Lat.  ex.nnplum,  orig., 
what  is  taken  out  of  a  larger  quanti¬ 
ty,  as  a  sample .]  1.  A  portion  taken 
to  show  the  character  of  the  whole  ; 
a  sample.  2.  A  pattern  or  copy.  3. 
Something  serving  for  illustration  of 
a  rule  or  precept. 

Syn.  —  Instance.  — Any  thing  brought 
forward  as  an  example  must  represent  a 
class  of  objects;  an  instance  may  be  a 
single  and  solitary  case.  A  man’s  life 
may  present  many  examples  of  virtue, 
with  only  one  instance  of  departure  from 
rectitude. 

Ex-an'i-mate,  a.  [Lat.  exanimare , 


152 

exanimatum ,  to  deprive  of  life  or 
spirit.]  1.  Destitute  of  life  ;  inani- 
w  mate.  2.  Spiritless. 
EX'AN-THE'MA,  n.  ;  pi.  EX'  AN¬ 
THEM'  A-  TA.  [Lat.  ;  Gr.  e^avOppa, 
fr.  egavdeh/,  to  burst  forth  as  liowers.] 
An  efflorescence  or  redness  of  the 
skin  ;  an  eruption. 

Ex-as'per-ate  (egz-),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  exasperare, -ratum,  2v. 
ex  and  asperare ,  to  make  rough.]  1. 
To  irritate  in  a  high  degree.  2.  To 
aggravate  ;  to  imbitter. 

Syn.  —  To  provoke;  inflame;  enrage. 
Ex-as'per-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  exas- 
w  perating  :  irritation;  provocation. 
Ex'ean-des'cen^e,  n.  A  white  or 
w  glowing  heat. 

Ex'CAN-DES'fENT,  a.  [Lat.  excan- 
descere,  excandescens,  to  kindle, 
glow.]  White  or  glowing  with  heat. 
Ex'-ga-vate,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
cxcavare,  - vatum ,  fr.  ea;,out,  and  cu¬ 
rare,  to  make  hollow.]  1.  To  hollow 
w  out.  2.  To  form  by  hollowing. 
EX'GA-VA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  exca¬ 
vating.  2.  A  cavity  formed  by  remov- 
w  ing  the  interior.  3.  A  tunnel. 
ExTA-vXtor,  n  One  who,  or  that 
which,  excavates. 

Ex-^eed',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ex cedere,  from  ex,  out,  and  c.edere,  to 
go,  to  pass.]  1.  To  pass  or  go  be¬ 
yond.  2.  To  surpass ;  to  excel.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  go  too  far.  2.  To  be  more 
or  larger.  [degree. 

Ex-^eed'ing,  adv.  In  a  very  great 
Ex-ceed'ing-ly,  adv.  Very  much. 
Ex-cel',  v.  t.  [-led  ;  -ling,  133.] 
[Lat.  excellere,  from  ex,  out,  and  root 
cell,  akin  to  Gr.  kcWclv,  to  impel.] 
To  exceed  ;  to  surpass,  esp.  in  good 
qualities.  —  v.  i.  To  have  good  quali- 
^  ties  in  an  unusual  degree. 
Ex'^el-len^e,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
excellent ;  eminence.  2.  An  excel¬ 
lent  quality.  3.  A  title  of  honor. 
w  Syn. — Superiority ;  perfection;  worth. 
Ex'^EL-LEN-^Y,  n.  1.  Valuable  qual- 
w  ity  ;  excellence.  2.  A  title  of  honor. 
Ex'£ EL-LENT,  a.  Excelling  others 
in  virtue,  worth,  dignity',  attain¬ 
ments,  &c. 

Syn. —Worthy;  choice;  prime;  valu- 
w  able;  select;  exquisite;  transcendent. 
Ex^el-lent-ly,  adv.  Exceeding¬ 
ly;  transcendently. 

Except',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
excipere,  exceptum,  fr.  ex,  out,  and 
capcre,  to  take.]  To  leave  out  of;  to 
exclude. — v.i.  To  take  exception 
to  ;  to  object.  — prep.,  but  orig.  and 
prop,  a  verb  in  the  imperative  mode. 
With  exclusion  of ;  leaving  out ; 
excepting. 

Syn.  —  But.  —  Both  except  nnd  but  are 
used  in  excluding,  but  with  this  differ¬ 
ence,  that  except  does  it  more  pointedly. 
“  I  have  finished  all  the  letters  except 
one,”  is  more  marked  than  “  I  have  fin¬ 
ished  all  the  letters  but  one.”  The  same 
remarks  apply  to  excepting,  and  with  the 
exception  of. 

—  conj.  linless  ;  if  not. 
Ex-^£pt'ING,  prep.,  but  prop,  a  par¬ 
ticiple.  Excluding;  except. 
Ex-^ep'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  excepting  ; 


exclusion.  2.  That  which  is  ex¬ 
cepted  ;  something  not  included.  3. 
An  objection  :  dissent. 

Ex-^ep'tion-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  ex¬ 
ception  ;  objectionable.  [ception. 

Ex-cep'tion-AL,  a.  Forming  an  ex- 

Ex-^ept'Ive,  a.  1.  Including  an  ex¬ 
ception.  2.  Being  an  exception  ;  ex¬ 
ceptional. 

Ex-^ept'or,  n.  One  who  takes  ex¬ 
ceptions. 

Ex-c(’Lrpt',  7i.  [From  Lat.  ex cerpcrr, 
excerptum,  to  extract,  select.]  An 
extract ;  a  passage  selected. 

Ex-^ess',  7i.  [Lat.  excessus,  from  ex- 
cedere.  See  Exceed.]  1.  State  of 
going  beyond  limits  ;  superfluity.  2. 
Intemperance  ;  dissipation.  3.  That 
which  exceeds  what  is  usual  or  prop¬ 
er.  4.  Amount  by  which  one  thing 
exceeds  another ;  remainder. 

Ex-^ess'ive,  a.  1.  Exhibiting  ex¬ 
cess.  2.  Transgressing  the  laws  of 
morality,  prudence,  or  propriety,  &c. 

Syn.—  Extreme;  vehement.  —  Anger 
or  any  other  feeling  may  be  extreme  or 
vehement  without  being  of  necessity 
wro  g;  the  occasion  may  justify  it;  but 
to  he  excessively  angry, 'or  excessive  in 
any  thing,  involves  a  want  of  self-com¬ 
mand  which  is  blameworthy.  See 
Enormous. 

Ex-cess'Ive-ly,  adv.  In  an  extreme 
degree. 

Ex-change',  v.  t.  I-ed;-ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  exchanger.  See  CHANGE.]  1. 
To  give  or  take  in  return  for  some¬ 
thing  ;  to  barter.  2.  To  part  with 
for  a  substitute. 

Syn.  —  To  change  ;  commute  ;  inter¬ 
change;  bargain;  swap;  traffic. 

—  7i.  1.  A  giving  or  taking  one  thing 
in  return  for  another  ;  a  giving  and 
receiving  reciprocally.  2.  The  thing 
given  or  received  in  return  for  some¬ 
thing.  3.  (Com.)  Process  of  settling 
accounts  or  debts  between  parties  at 
a  distance  from  each  other,  by  ex¬ 
changing  orders  or  drafts,  called  bills 
of  exchange. 

03“  The  term  bill  of  exchange  is  often 
abbreviated  into  exchange;  as,  to  buy 
exchange;  to  sell  exchange. 

4.  Place  where  business  men  meet  to 
transact  business,  at  certain  hours. 

Ex-ciiange''a-bil'I-ty,  77.  Quality 
or  state  of  being  exchangeable. 

Ex-ch ANGE'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of 
being,  or  fit  to  be,  exchanged. 

Ex-chan'ger,  7i.  One  who  ex¬ 
changes. 

Ex-ciiEq'uer  (-chek'er),  n.  [See 
Checker  and  Chess.]  1.  One  of 
the  superior  courts  of  law.  [E77g.~\ 
2.  The  treasury  ;  hence,  pecuniary 
possessions  in  general. 

Ex-cfisE',  7i.  [Lat.  txcisvTV,  cut  off, 
from  excidere,  to  cut  off.]  An  inland 
duty  of  the  nature  of  a  direct  tax  cm 
the  consumer  ;  also  levied  on  certain 
licenses. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  lay 
or  impose  an  excise  upon. 

Ex-£I§e'MAN  (150),  7i.  An  officer 
charged  with  collecting  the  excise. 

Ex-^Ig'lON  (ek-sizh'un),  «.  1.  Acted 
cutting  off;  extirpation  ;  destruction. 
2.  Excommunication. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  l07lg;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,shor' !  CA.RE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  £RE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON. 


1 

r 

EXCITABILITY 

i  Ex-i^It'a-eil'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  readily  excited.  [excited. 

Ex-cit'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

1  EX'^I-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  exciting; 

also,  the  excitement  produced. 

Ex-^Ite',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
call  to  activity  in  any  way.  2.  To 
increase  the  vital  activity. 

Syn. —  To  incite. —  When  we  excite 
we  rouse  into  action  feelings  which  were 
less  stiong;  when  we  incite  we  urge  for¬ 
ward  to  acts  correspondent  to  the  feel¬ 
ings  awakened.  Demosthenes  excited 
the  passions  of  the  Athenians  against 
Philip,  and  thus  incited  the  whole  nation 
to  unite  in  the  war  against  him. 

Ex-cite'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  excit¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  excites. 

Ex-CIT'er,  n.  One  who  excites. 

Ex-cIt'ing,  p.  a.  Rousing  into  action. 

Ex-claim',  v  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
exclamare ,  fr.  ex,  out,  and  clamare , 
to  cry  out.]  To  cry  out  from  earnest¬ 
ness  or  passion  ;  to  vociferate. 

Ex-glaim'er,  7i.  One  who  exclaims. 

Ex'GLA-MA'TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  ex¬ 

claiming.  2.  An  uttered  expression 
of  surprise,  joy,  and  the  like  3.  An 
interjection.  4.  A  sign  by  which 
emphatical  utterance  or  outcry  is 
marked ;  thus  [!] 

Ex-el  am'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Contain¬ 
ing,  or  expressing,  exclamation. 

Ex-elude'  (30),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  exdudere ,  fr.  ex,  out,  and  clau- 
dere,  to  shut.]  1.  To  thrust  out  or 
eject.  2.  To  hinder  from  entrance 
or  admission. 

Ex-CLU'^iON,  7i.  Act  of  excluding. 

Ex-clu'sion-ist,  it.  One  who  would 
exclude  another  from  some  privilege. 

Ex-GLU'SlVE,  a.  1.  Having  the  power 
of  excluding.  2.  Not  taking  into  the 
account.  —  n.  One  of  a  coterie  who 
exclude  others. 

Ex-elu'sIve-ly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  exclude.  [ing  exclusive. 

Ex-clu'sIve-NESS,  7i.  Quality  of  be- 
Ex-eog'i-tate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

:  [Lat.  excogitate ,  -tatum,  fr.  ex,  out, 

and  cogitate,  to  think.]  To  produce 
as  the  result  of  thinking. 

Ex-GOG'1-ta'tion,  7i.  Act  of  devising 
in  the  thoughts ;  contrivance. 

ExTom-mu'ni-cate,  v.  t.  [-ed; 

(  -ING.]  [Lat.  excominunicare,  -catum, 

to  put  out  of  the  community.]  1.  To 
expel  from  the  communion  of  the 
church.  2.  To  denounce  excom¬ 
munication  against. 

Ex'eom-mu'ni-ea'tion,  n.  Act  of 
excommunicating. 

Ex-e5'ri-ate  (89),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  excoriate,  -atum,  fr.  ex,  out  of, 
from,  and  corium,  skin,  hide.]  To 
wear  off  the  skin  of ;  to  abrade  ;  to 
gall.  [ing. 

Ex-eo'ri-a'tion,  7i.  Act  of  excoriat- 

Ex-eor'TI-GA'tion,  71.  [Lat.  ex,  out 
of,  from,  and  cortex ,  bark.]  Act  of 
stripping  off  bark. 

Ex'GRE-MENT,  7i.  [Lat.  excrement um, 
from  excernere,  excretum,  to  sift  out, 
discharge.]  1.  An  outgrowth,  as  the 
hair  and  nails.  2.  Matter  ejected ; 
dung. 

153 

Ex'ERE-MENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to, 

w  or  of  the  nature  of,  excrement. 

Ex'ere-men-ti'tioDs  (-tlsh'us),  a. 
Pertaining  to  excrement. 

Ex-gres'^en^e,  7i.  Any  thing  grow¬ 
ing  out  unnaturally  from  any  thing 
else. 

Ex-CRES'CENT,  a.  [Lat.  excrescere,  ex¬ 
crescent,  to  grow  out.]  Growing  out 
in  a  preternatural  or  morbid  manner. 

Ex-erete',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
discharge  from  the  body  as  useless  ; 
to  eject. 

Ex-gre'tion,  7i.  1.  Act  of  throwing 
off  effete  matter  from  the  system.  2. 

^  That  which  is  excreted. 

Ex'gre-ti ve  ,  a.  Having  the  power 
of  excretiug. 

fix'GRE-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  throwing  off  excrementi- 
tious  matter,  —  n.  A  vessel  that 
serves  to  receive  and  excrete  matter. 

Ex-gru'CI-ATE  (-shi-at),  V.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  excruciare ,  -atum,  from 
ex,  out  of,  from,  and  cruciare,  to 
crucify,  torment.]  To  torture ;  to 
torment. 

Ex-gru'CI-a'tion  (-krii'shi-),  n.  In¬ 
fliction  of  extreme  pain  ;  torture. 

Ex-gul'pa-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
exculpated. 

EX-GUL'PATE  (117),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ex,  out  of,  from,  and  culpare , 
culpatum ,  to  blame.]  To  clear  from 
the  charge  or  imputation  of  guilt. 

Syn. — Toexonerate;  absolve;  excuse. 

Ex'gul-pa'tion,  71.  Act  of  exculpat¬ 
ing  ;  exoneration.  [tabling  excuse. 

Ex-gul'pa-to-ry, a.  Excusing;  con- 

Ex-gOr'sion,  n.  [Lat.  excursio,  from 
excurrere,  to  run  out.]  1.  A  setting 
out  from  some  point ;  an  expedition. 

2.  A  trip  for  pleasure  or  health.  3. 
Digression. 

Syn.  —  Journey;  tour;  ramble;  jaunt. 

Ex-gOr'SIYE,  a.  Wandering;  ram¬ 
bling. 

Ex-rur' sus,  n.  [Lat.  See  supra.]  A 
dissertation  appended  to  a  work,  and 
containing  a  more  full  exposition  of 
some  important  topic. 

Ex-GUg'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  or  worthy 
of  being  excused ;  pardonable. 

Ex-GU §' A-B L Y ,  adv.  In  an  excusable 
manner ;  pardonably. 

Ex-gu§'a-to-ry,  a.  Making,  or  con¬ 
taining,  excuse  ;  apologetical. 

Ex-guse',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
excusare,  from  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
causa,  cause.]  1.  To  exculpate  ;  to 
absolve.  2.  To  pardon,  as  a  fault. 

3.  To  overlook.  4.  To  free  from  an 
obligation.  5.  To  ask  pardon  for. 

Ex-guse'  (-kus',  91),  n.  1.  A  plea  of¬ 
fered  in  extenuation  of  a  fault  or  ir¬ 
regular  deportment.  2.  That  which 
extenuates  a  fault. 

Syn.  —  Apology.  —  An  excuse  refers  to 
what  is  wrong]  an  apology,  to  what  is 
unbecoming  or  indecorous.  A  pupil 
offers  an  excuse  for  absence,  and  an 
avology  for  rudeness  to  his  instructor. 
"When  an  excuse  has  been  accepted,  an 
apology  may  still,  in  some  cases,  be  ne¬ 
cessary  or  appropriate. 

EX'E-GRA-BLE,  a.  Deserving  to  be 

EXEQUATUR 

execrated  ;  very  hateful ;  detestable ; 
w  abominable. 

Ex'e-gra-bly,  adv.  Detestably. 
Ex'E-GRATE ,  v.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
execrari,  -cratum,  fr.  ex,  out  of,  from, 
and  sacer,  holy.]  To  imprecate  evil 
w  upon  ;  hence,  to  abhor  ;  to  curse, 
Ex'e-gra'tion,  n.  Act  of  cursing  ;  o 
___  curse  pronounced. 

Ex'e-gute,  u.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat, 
exsequi,  exsecutus ,  to  pursue,  fr.  ex, 
out,  and  sequi,  to  follow.]  1.  liA 
carry  into  complete  effect.  2.  'To 
perform  what  is  required  to  givo 
validity  to.  3.  To  give  effect  to.  4. 

To  put  to  death.  5.  To  perform,  as 
a  piece  of  music. 

Syn.  —  To  accomplish;  effect;  fulfill; 
achieve;  consummate;  finish. 

Ex'e-eu'ter,  n.  One  who  carries 
w  into  effect. 

Ex'e-eu'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  oxoou "  - 
ing  ;  performance  ;  hence,  legal  ac¬ 
complishment.  2.  A  putting  to  death 
as  a  legal  penalty.  3.  Act  or  mode 
w  of  performing.  4.  Effect. 
Ex'e-gu'TION-er,  n.  One  who  car¬ 
ries  into  effect  a  judgment  of  death. 
Ex-EG'u-tive,  a.  Designed  for  exe¬ 
cution,  or  carrying  into  effect;  per¬ 
taining  to  the  execution  of  the  laws. 

—  7i.  The  officer  who  superintends 
the  execution  of  the  laws. 

Ex-Lg'u-tor,  n.  The  person  ap¬ 
pointed  by  a  testator  to  execute  his 
will  after  his  decease.  [executor. 

Ex-eg'u -tor-ship,  7i.  Office  of  an 
Ex-eg'U-to-ry  (50),  a.  1.  Perform¬ 
ing  official  duties ;  executive.  2. 
Designed  to  be  executed  in  future. 
Ex-ee'u-tress,  )n.  A  female  execu- 
Ex-eg'u-trIx,  j  tor. 
fix'E-GE'sis,  71.  [Gr.  efijyijtrts.]  Ex¬ 
position  ;  explanation  ;  interpreta- 
w  tion  of  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
Ex'e-get'ic-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
exegesis ;  explanatory. 

Ex-em'plar  (egz-em'plar),  n.  [Lat. 

See  Example.]  A  model,  original, 
w  or  pattern,  to  be  copied  or  imitated. 

Ex'e  M-PL A-RI-L  Y ,  adv.  By  way  of 
^  example. 

Ex'e  M-PL  A-RY,  a.  [Lat.  exemplaris, 
from  exemplar. ]  Acting  as  an  exem-  1 
plar  ;  serving  as  a  pattern. 
EX-EM'PLI-FI-GA'TION.  71.  1.  Act  of 
exemplifying.  2.  That  which  exem¬ 
plifies.  [plifies. 

Ex-EM'PLI-fi'er,  n.  One  who  exem- 
Ex-em'pli-fy,  11.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING, 142.1 
[Lat.  exemplum,  example,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  1.  To  show  by  example. 

2.  To  make  an  attested  copy  of.  3. 

To  prove  or  show  by  an  attested 
copy. 

Ex-empt'  (84),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING./ 

[Lat.  eximere,  exemptmn ,  to  remove.] 

To  take  out  or  from  ;  to  release.  — a. 
Taken  out  or  removed  ;  released. — 
n.  One  freed  from  duty  ;  one  not 
subject. 

Ex-emp'tion  (84),  7i.  Act  of  exempt¬ 
ing;  state  of  being  exempt;  immu¬ 
nity  ;  privilege. 

Sx'E -QUA'^TUR,  n.  [Lat.,  let  him 

OR,  do,  WOLF,  too,  TOOK ;  Drn, RUE, PULL ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  9,G ,soft;  E,  G,  hard ;  Ag  ;  E>CIST  ;  N  os  NG;  this 

EXEQUY 

perform.]  A  written  official  recog - 
v  nition  of  a  commercial  agent. 
fix'E-QUY  (148),  n.  [Lat.  exequiae,  ex- 
sequise ,  a  funeral  procession.]  A  fu- 
;  neral  rite. 

Ex'ER-ijlsE,  n.  [Lat.  exercitium,  fr. 
exercere,  exercitum,  to  drive  on,  keep 
busy.]  1.  Act  of  exercising  ;  exer¬ 
tion  ;  application.  2.  Perfomiance ; 
practice.  3.  Performance  of  a  pub- 
'ic  office,  esp.  of  religious  worship. 
4.  Exertion  for  the  sake  of  training 
or  health.  5.  A  disquisition  ;  a  les¬ 
son;  a  task.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
1.  To  set  in  action ;  to  train ;  to 
busy.  2.  To  exert  for  the  sake  of 
training  or  improvement ;  hence, 
to  discipline  3.  To  task  ;  to  tax  ;  to 
afflict.  4.  To  put  in  practice ;  to 
use. — v.  i.  To  use  action  or  exer- 
w  tion. 

Ex'er-9IS/er,  n.  One  who  exercises. 
Ex'ER-cdVl-BRE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
exercised. 

Ex-£rgue'  (egz-erg/),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Gr. 
e£,  out,  and  epxov,  work.]  The  place 
on  a  coin  or  medal,  in  which  the  date 
and  engraver’s  name  is  placed. 
Ex-£rt',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  ex- 
erere,  (or  exserere),  exeitwm ,  from  ex 
and  severe,  to  join  or  bind  together.] 
1.  To  put  forth,  as  strength  or  abil¬ 
ity.  2.  To  do  or  perform. 
Ex-ER'TION,  n.  Effort;  struggle. 
Ex-fo'li-ate,  v.  i.  [-ed ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  exfoliare,  -atum,  to  strip  of 
leaves.]  To  come  off  in  scales,  as 
pieces  of  carious  bone. 
Ex-fo'li-a'tion,  n.  Scaling  off  of  a 
bone,  or  a  rock.  [exhaled. 

Ex-iial'a-ele,  a.  Capable  of  being 
Ex'iia-la'tion,  ii.  1.  Act  of  exhal¬ 
ing  ;  evaporation.  2.  That  which  is 
exhaled. 

Ex-hale'  (egz-haF),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  exhalare,  fr.  ex,  out  of,  from, 
and  lialare,  to  breathe.]  1.  To  emit, 
as  vapor,  or  an  odor.  2.  To  cause 
to  be  emitted  ;  to  evaporate.  — v.  i. 
To  be  given  off,  as  vapor. 

Ex-IIAUST' (egz-hawst'),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
ING.]  [Lat.  exhaurire ,  -haustum, fr. 
ex,  out  of,  from,  and  haurire,  to 
draw.]  1.  To  draw  out  or  drain  off 
completely.  2.  To  empty.  3.  To 
wear  out ;  to  weary. 

Ex-iiaust'er,  v.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  exhausts.  [exhausted. 

Ex-HAUST'i-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
Ex-HAUST'ION,  n.  1.  Act  of  exhaust¬ 
ing.  2.  The  state  of  being  exhausted. 
Ex-HAUST'less,  a.  Not  to  be  ex¬ 
hausted;  inexhaustible. 
Ex-iier'e-da'tion,  n.  [Lat.  exhere- 
datio ,  from  exheres,  disinherited.] 
A  disinheriting. 

Ex-HIB'IT  (egz-hib'it),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  exhibere,  exhibitum ,  fr . 
ex,  out  of,  from,  and  habere,  to  have 
or  hold.]  1.  To  hold  forth  to  view  ; 
to  show  ;  to  display.  2.  To  present 
in  a  public  or  official  manner.  —  n. 
Any  paper  serving  as  a  voucher. 
Ex/hi-bI'tion  (-bish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  exhibiting ;  manifestation.  2. 

154 

That  which  is  exhibited ;  any  pub- 
w  lie  show. 

EX'HI-BI'TION-ER  (-bish'un-),  n. 
(Eng.  Universities.)  One  who  has 
a  pension  granted  for  support. 
Ex-hil'a-rate  (egz-hll '-),v.t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  txhilarare,  -ralum,  fr. 
ex,  out  of,  from,  and  hxlarare ,  to  make 
merry.]  To  make  cheerful  or  merry  ; 
to  enliven  ;  to  cheer. 
Ex-iul'a-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  ex¬ 
hilarating.  2.  State  of  being  exhil¬ 
arated. 

Syn.  —  Animation;  joyousness  ;  glad¬ 
ness;  cheerfulness. 

Ex-iiort'  (egz-hort'),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  exhortari ,  fr.  ex,  out  of, 
from ,  and  hortari,  to  encourage.]  To 
incite  ;  to  advise,  warn,  or  caution.  — 
v.  i.  To  deliver  exhortation. 
Ex'hor-ta'tion  (-eks-),  it.  1.  Act 
of  exhorting.  2.  Language  intended 
to  incite  and  encourage  ;  advice. 
Ex-hor'TA-tive  1  (egz-),  a.  Con- 
Ex-hor'ta-to-ry  J  taining,  or 

serving  for,  exhortation  ;  hortatory. 
Ex-hort'er,  n.  One  who  exhorts. 
Ex/HU-MA'TlON,  n.  Act  of  exhuming. 
Ex-hume',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 

ex,  out,  and  humus ,  ground.]  To 
w  dig  up,  as  from  a  grave  ;  to  disinter. 
Ex'l-GEN^E,  1  ii.  Urgent  or  exacting 
EX'i-gen-^y,  )  want. 

Syn.  —  Demand;  urgency;  emergen¬ 
cy  ;  necessity. 

Ex'I-gent,  a.  [Lat.  exigens,  -genii s, 
driving  forth,  exacting.]  Requiring 
w  immediate  aid  or  action  ;  pressing. 
EX'I-GU'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being 
small ;  slenderness. 

Ex-ig'u-ous,  a.  [Lat.  exiguus .]  Small ; 
w  slender ;  minute. 

Ex'ile  (eks'Il),  n.  [Lat.  exilium,  ex- 
si  Hum,  banishment.]  1.  Forced  rep¬ 
aration  from  one's  native  country. 
2.  One  expelled  from  his  country.  — 

Syn.  —  Banishment;  expulsion. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  banish  or 
expel  from  one’s  own  country. 
Ex-ILE'  (egz-TF),  a.  [Lat.  exilis.] 
Small ;  thin  ;  fine. 

Ex-ist'  (egz-ist'),  v.i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  exislere,  exsistere,  from  ex,  out 
of,  from,  and  sister e,  to  set,  place.] 
1.  To  be  ;  to  have  an  actual  or  real 
being.  2.  To  live  ;  to  have  life. 
Ex-ist'en^e,  \  n.  1.  State  of  exist- 
Ex-fsT'EN-(jY,  )  ing.  2.  That  which 
exists ;  a  being ;  a  creature,  [isting. 
Ex-ist'ent,  a.  Having  being ;  ex- 
Ex'it,  n.  [Lat.,  3d  pers.  pres,  of  ex- 
ire,  to  go  out.]  1.  Departure  of  a 
player  from  the  stage.  2.  Any  de¬ 
parture  ;  death ;  decease.  3.  Way 
w  of  departure. 

EX'O-DUS,  n.  [Gr.  e|oSos,  fr.  e£,  out, 
and  oSos,  way.]  1.  Departure  from 
a  place;  esp.  the 
departure  of  the  Is- 
raelites  from  Egypt  yl 

under  Moses.  2. 

Second  book  of  the 
w  Old  Testament.  ™H0]3IP  \\\ 

Ex'o-GEN,  n.  [Gr.  ^ 

e£a),  outside,  and  Exogen. 

EXPATIATE 

yeve iv,  yeveoOau,  to  bring  forth.]  A 
plant  characterized  by  having  dis¬ 
tinct  bark,  wood,  and  pith,  and 
increasing  by  the  annual  addition  of 
a  new  la}  er  to  the  outside  next  to 
the  bark. 

Ex-og'e-nous,  a.  Growing  by  suc¬ 
cessive  additions  to  the  outside  ol 
the  wood. 

Ex-on'er-ate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  exonerare,  -atum,  fr.  ex,  out 
of,  from,  and  onerare,  to  load.]  To 
relieve  of,  as  a  charge,  obligation, 
or  load  of  blame. 

Syn. —  To  acquit;  exculpate  ;  clear  ; 
justify.  See  Absolve. 

Ex-on'er-A'tion,  n.  Act  of  exoner- 
w  ating  ;  a  disburdening. 

EX'O-RA-BLE  a.  [Lat.  exorabilis,  fr. 
exorare,  to  obtain  by  request.]  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  moved  by  entreaty, 
Ex-or'bi-tance,  1  n.  Enormity; 
Ex-OR'Bi-TAN-9 y,  }  extravagance. 
Ex-or'bi-tant,  a.  Lat.  exorbitare, 

exorbitans ,  fr.  ex,  out  of,  Irom,  and  | 

orbita,  track  or  rut.]  Departing  from 
the  usual  track ;  hence,  excessive ; 
w  extravagant ;  enormous.  i 

Ex'OR-ciSE,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Gr. 
e^opKL^e iv,  fr.  out,  and  opicigeiv, 

to  bind  by  an  oath.]  To  drive  away,  i 

w  as  an  evil  spirit,  by  adjuration. 
Ex'or-^iVer,  ii.  One  who  exorcises. 
Ex'OR-tjnsM,  n.  Act  of  exorcising; 

also,  a  prayer  or  incantation  for  this 
w  end.  [expel  evil  spirits. 

Ex'OR-ClST,  n.  One  who  pretends  to 
Ex-OR'DI-AL  (egz-),  a.  Introductory. 
Ex-OR'DI-UBI,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  exordiri, 
to  begin  a  web,  to  begin.]  Begin¬ 
ning;  especially,  the  beginning  of  a 
^  discourse. 

EX'O-TER'IC,  )  a.  [Gr.  ifarepuco';, 

EX'O-TER'IG-AL,  )  fr.e£w,  outside.] 

Public  ;  not  secret ;  hence,  capable 
of  being  readily  comprehended ;  — 
opposed  to  esoteric. 

Ex-6t'I€,  a.  [Gr.  e^wri/cos,  fr.  e£to, 
outside.]  Not  native  ;  foreign.  —  n. 

Any  thing  of  foreign  origin,  as  a 
plant. 

Ex-ot'I-^isM,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
exotic.  2.  Any  thing  foreign. 

Ex-PAND',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
expandere ,  fr  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
pandere,  to  spread  out,  to  open.]  1. 

To  lay  open.  2.  To  make  larger  ;  to 
dilate  ;  hence,  to  enlarge  ;  to  extend.  j 

— • v .  i.  To  become  opened,  dilated, 
or  enlarged.  [or  body. 

Ex-PA NSE',  n.  A  wide  extent  of  space 
Ex-pan'si-bil'i-ty,  n.  Capacity  of 
being  expanded.  [expanded. 

Ex-pa  n'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
Ex-pan'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  expand¬ 
ing;  enlargement.  2.  That  which  is  i 

expanded  ;  expanse.  3.  Extension 
of  space  ;  room.  4.  Increase  of  the 
circulation  of  bank-notes.  ; 

Ex-pan'sIve,  a.  Serving  or  tending 
to  expand.  [one  side  only. 

Ex-paR' TE.  a.  [Lat.]  Upon  or  from 
Ex-pa'ti-ate  (-pa'shT-),  v.  i.  [-ed; 

-ING.]  [Lat.  expatiari,  exspatiari, 

-atum,  fr.  ex,  out,  and  spatiari ,  to 

A,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,  e,  i,  6,  U,  ¥,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  tErm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  son 

1 

EXPATIATION 

walk  about.]  1.  To  wander  without 
restraint.  2.  To  enlarge  in  discourse 
or  writing.  [of  expatiating. 

Ex-pa'ti-a'tion  (-shi-a'-)i  n ■  Act 

EX-PA'TRI-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ex,  out,  aud  patria,  (sc.  terra') 
one’s  fatherland.]  To  banish  ;  re- 
flexivelj',  to  remove  from  one’s  na¬ 
tive  country. 

Ex-pa'tri-a'tion,  n.  A  banishing  ; 

state  of  banishment ;  exile. 
Ex-pe-gt',  v.  t.  [-E d  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
expectare ,  exspeclare,  to  look  out  for, 
to  expect.]  1.  To  wait  for  ;  to  await. 

2.  To  look  forward  to  ;  to  anticipate. 

Syn.  —  To  think;  believe. —  Expect 
always  relates  to  the  future.  To  use  it 
for  think  or  believe ,  with  reference  to  the 
-  it  and  present,  as,  “  I  expect  the  mail 
as  arrived,”  “  I  expect  he  is  at  home,”  is 
a  blunder  (very  common  in  this  coun¬ 
try)  which  should  be  studiously  avoided. 

Ex-pe€T'AN£E,  In.  1.  Actor  state 
Ex-pegt'an-^y,  j  of  expecting ;  ex¬ 
pectation.  2.  That  which  is  expected. 
Ex-pegt'ant,  a.  Waiting ;  looking 
for ;  in  medicine,  waiting  for  the  ef¬ 
forts  of  nature.  —  n.  One  who  waits 
w  in  expectation. 

Ex'peg-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  state 
of  expecting.  2.  State  of  being  ex¬ 
pected.  3.  That  which  is  expected. 
4.  Ground  of  expecting. 

Syn. — Anticipation ; confidence;  trust. 

Ex-PE€T'er,  n.  One  who  expects. 
Ex-PEG'TO-RANT,  a.  Tending  to  pro¬ 
mote  discharges  from  the  lungs  or 
throat.  —  n.  A  medicine  which  pro¬ 
motes  expectoration. 
EX-PE€'TO-RATE,  f.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  expectorare ,  -ratum.  fr.  ex,  out, 
and  pectus,  breast-]  To  discharge,  as 
phlegm,  by  coughing  and  spitting. 
Ex-peg'to-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
expectorating.  2.  That  which  is  ex¬ 
pectorated.  [expectoration. 

Ex-peg'to-ra/tive,  'n.  Promoting 
Ex-PE'di-en^e,  (  n.  1.  State  or 
Ex-PE'DI-EN-^Y,  j  quality  of  being 
expedient ;  desirableness.  2.  Self- 
interest  ;  self-seeking. 
Ex-pe'di-ent,  a.  [Lat.  expedire,  ex¬ 
pedient ;.  See  Expedite.]  1.  Hast¬ 
ening  forward ;  hence,  proper  under 
the  circumstances;  advisable.  2. 
Tending  to  self-interest,  or  selfish 
ends. — n.  1.  Suitable  means  to  ac¬ 
complish  an  end.  2.  Means  employed 
in  an  exigency. 

Syn.—  Shift;  contrivance;  resort;  re¬ 
source. 

Ex-pe'di-ent-ly,  adv.  Suitably. 
EX'PE-DlTE,r.  t.  [ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
expedire,  - ditum ,  to  free  one  caught 
in  a  snare  by  the  feet.]  1.  To  relieve 
of  impediments  ;  to  quicken.  2.  To 
dispatch  ;  to  issue  officially.  —  a. 
w  Free  of  impediment ;  expeditious. 
Ex'pe-dite-ly,  adv.  With  expedi- 
^  tion  ;  readily  ;  speedily. 
fix'PE-Bl'TlON  (-dlsh'un),  n.  1.  Effi¬ 
cient  promptness  ;  haste  ;  speed.  2. 
An  important  enterprise  or  attempt 
at.  some  distance  ;  also,  the  persons 
engaged  in  it. 


155 

Ex'PE-dY'TIoOs  (-dish'us),  a.  Char¬ 
acterized  by  expedition. 

Syn. —  Prompt;  ready;  speedy;  quick. 

Ex'pe-dT'tious-ly  (-dish'us-),  adv. 
With  dispatch. 

Ex-pel',  v.  t.  [-led  ;  -ling,  136.] 
[Lat.  expellere,  fr.  ex,  out  of,  from, 
smdpellere,  to  drive.]  1.  To  drive  out ; 
to  eject.  2.  To  banish. 

Ex-pend',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
expendere ,  to  weigh  out,  pay  out.] 
To  employ  in  any  way  ;  to  consume 
by  use  ;  to  waste. 

Ex-pen  d'i-tu re  (53),  n.  1.  Act  of 
expending ;  disbursement.  2.  That 
which  is  expended. 

Expense'(155),  n.  1.  Actof expend¬ 
ing;  disbursement;  outlay.  2.  That 
which  is  expended. 

EX-PE n'si  ve ,  a.  1.  Occasioning  ex¬ 
pense  ;  costly.  2.  Very  liberal ;  lav¬ 
ish.  [expense. 

Ex-pen'sive-ly,  adv.  With  great 
Ex-pe'ri-en^e  (89),  n.  [Lat.  expe- 
rientia,  fr.  experiri ,  to  try.]  1.  Prac¬ 
tical  personal  acquaintance  with  any 
matter.  2.  Instruction  and  enlight¬ 
enment  gained  by  repeated  trials.  — 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  prac¬ 
tical  acquaintance  with. 
Ex-pe'ri-en^:  ed  (-enst),p.  a.  Taught 
by  experience. 

Ex-PKR'I-ment,  n.  A  trial  deliber¬ 
ately  instituted  ;  practical  test.  —  v. 
i  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  test  by  trial. 
Ex-per'I-MENT'al,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  experiment.  2.  Taught  by,  or  de¬ 
rived  from,  experience. 
Ex-per'i-ment'al-Ist,  n.  One  who 
experiments.  [periment. 

Ex-per'i-ment'al-ly,  adv.  By  ex- 
Ex-per'i-ment'er,  n.  One  who 
makes  experiments. 

Ex-pErt'  (14),  a.  [Lat.  experiri,  ex- 
pertits.  See  Experience.]  Taught 
by  use  or  experience ;  having  a  facil¬ 
ity  from  practice. 

Syn.  —  Adroit  ;  dexterous  ;  skillful. 
Ex'pert,  or  Ex-pert',  ».  A  skillful 
or  practiced  person.  [ner. 

Ex-pert'ly,  adv.  In  a  skillful  man- 
Ex'pErt'ness,  n.  Skill  derived  from 
^  practice.  [piated. 

Ex'pi-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being  ex- 
Ex'pi-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED;-ING.]  [Lat. 
expiare,  -alum,  fr.  ex,  out  of,  from, 
and  piare ,  to  seek  to  appease.]  To 
^  make  reparation  for ;  to  atone  for. 
Ex'PI-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  expiating  ; 

atonement.  2.  Means  by  which 
w  atonement  is  made. 
fix'Pl-A-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Having  power 
w  to  make  expiation. 

Ex'PI-RA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  breathing 
out  air.  2.  Last  emission  of  breath  ; 
death.  3.  Cessation  ;  termination.  4. 
Matter  breathed  forth  ;  exhalation. 
Ex-Pl'RA-TO-RY  (89),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  employed  in,  the  expiration  of 
breath. 

Ex-pire',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
expirare ,  exspirare  ;  ex,  out  of,  from, 
and  spirare,  to  breathe.]  1.  To 
breathe  out.  2.  To  emit  in  minute 


EXPONENT 

particles;  to  exhale.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
emit  the  last  breath  ;  to  die.  2.  To 
come  to  an  end  ;  to  perish. 
Ex-plain',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
explanare  ;  ex,  out  of,  from,  and  pla¬ 
nar  e,  to  make  level  or  plain.]  To  make 
plain,  manifest,  or  intelligible. 

Syn. —  To  expound;  interpret;  eluci- 
w  date. 

Ex'PLA-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  ex¬ 
plaining.  2.  That  which  explains. 

3.  Meaning  attributed  to  any  thing. 

4.  A  mutual  exposition  of  meaning  or 
motives 

Syn.  —  Explication ;  exposition ;  inter¬ 
pretation;  illustration;  recital.  See  Def¬ 
inition. 

Ex-plan'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Serving  to 
w  explain  ;  containing  explanation. 
Ex'ple-tive ,  a.  [Lat.  expletivus.] 
Filling  up  ;  hence,  superfluous.  —  n. 
A  word  or  syllable  not  necessary  to 
w  the  sense.  [fluous. 

Ex'ple-to-ry,  a.  Expletive;  super- 
Ex'PLI-CA-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
w  explicated. 

EX'PLI-€ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  explicare,  -catum,  from  ex,  out 
of,  from,  and  plicare,  to  fold.]  To 
w  unfold  the  meaning  of;  to  explain. 
EX'PLI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  ex¬ 
plaining  ;  explanation.  2.  Sense 
given  by  an  expositor. 
Ex'pli-GA'tive,  la.  Serving  to  un- 
Ex'plt-EA'to-ry,  j  fold  or  explain. 
Ex-pli^'it,  a.  [Lat.  explicitum ,  p.  p. 
of  explicare,  to  unfold.]  1.  Distinctly 
stated;  clear.  2.  Having  no  disguised 
meaning  or  reservation. 

Syn.  —  Express.  —  Express  is  stronger 
than  explicit;  it  adds  force  to  clearness. 
An  express  promise  or  engagement  is  not 
only  unambiguous,  but  stands  out  (ex¬ 
pressed)  in  bold  relief,  with  the  most 
binding  hold  on  the  conscience. 

Ex-PLI9'it-ly,  adv.  Plainly;  ex¬ 
pressly.  [explicit. 

Ex-PLI£'IT-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
Ex -PL ODE',  a;.  L  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
explod  ere,  fr.  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
plaudere,  plodere,  to  clap,  to  burst 
with  noise.]  To  burst  with  a  loud 
report;  to  detonate.  —  v.  t.  1.  To 
cause  to  explode.  2.  To  bring  into 
disrepute. 

Ex-PLOIT',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  explici¬ 
tum,  fr.  explicare ,  to  unfold,  display.] 
An  heroic  act ;  a  feat. 
Ex'plo-ra'tion,  n.  Actof  exploring. 
Ex'PLO  ra'tor,  n.  One  who  explores. 
Ex-plor'a-to-ry,  a.  Serving  to  ex¬ 
plore. 

Ex-plore',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
explorare ,  from  ex  and  plorare,  to  cry 
out.]  To  search  through  ;  to  ex¬ 
amine  thoroughly. 

Ex-PLOR'ER,  n.  One  who  explores. 
Ex-PLO'glON,  n.  1.  Act  of  exploding. 
2.  Detonating,  or  suddenly  shatter¬ 
ing.  3.  Violent  manifestation  of  pas¬ 
sionate  feeling. 

Ex-PLd's'iVE,  a.  Causing  explosion. 
Ex-PO'nent,  n.  _  [Lat.  exponere,  ex- 
ponens,  to  put  out,  to  set  forth,  to 
expose.]  1.  (Alg.)  A  number,  or  let¬ 
ter,  on  the  right  hand  of  and  above 

G,  hard;  Ag;  ejcist;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  too,  took  ;  Drn,RUE,  pull;  E,  I,  o,  silent;  9,  G,  soft;  €, 


EXPONENTIAL 

a  quantity,  and  denoting  how  many 
times  the  latter  is  repeated  as  a  fac¬ 
tor.  2.  An  index  or  representative. 

EX'po-nen'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
exponents. 

Ex-port',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
exportare,  from  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
portare ,  to  carry.]  To  carry  from  a 
state  or  country  to  other  nations. 

2x'port,  n.  1.  Act  of  exporting  ; 
exportation.  2.  That  which  is  ex¬ 
ported. 

Ex-port'a-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
exported.  [ing- 

Ex'POR-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  export- 

Ex-port'er,  n.  One  who  exports. 

Ex-p6.se',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
exponere ,  -positum  ;  ex,  out  of,  from, 
and  ponere,  to  place.]  1.  To  place 
so  as  to  be  seen.  2.  To  explain.  3. 
To  deprive  of  cover  or  protection.  4. 
To  deprive  of  concealment. 

Expose  (eks'po'za'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
formal  statement,  recital,  or  exposi¬ 
tion. 

Ex'po-si'TION  (-zish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  exposing  ;  hence,  a  public  exhibi¬ 
tion.  2.  Act  of  expounding;  ex¬ 
planation  ;  interpretation  ;  hence,  a 
work  containing  explanations. 

Ex-Pog'l-TIVE ,  a.  Serving  to  expose 
or  explain;  explanatory. 

Ex-pos'I-tor,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which ,  expounds  ;  an  interpreter. 

Ex-pos'i-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Belonging 
to  an  expositor,  or  to  exposition  ;  ex¬ 
planatory  ;  illustrative. 

Ex  POST  FAP’TO.  [Lat.]  (Law.) 
Done  after  another  thing. 

Ex  post  facto  law,  a  law  which  ope¬ 
rates  retrospectively. 

Ex-post'u-late,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.j 
[Lat.  expostulare ,  -latum,  fr.  ex,  out 
of,  from,  and  postulare ,  to  ask,  re¬ 
quire.]  To  reason  earnestly  with  on 
some  impropriety  of  conduct. 

Ex-post'u-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  ex¬ 
postulating  ;  remonstrance. 

Ex-post'U-LA-to-ry  (50),  a.  Con¬ 
taining  expostulation. 

Ex-pos'ure,  n.  1.  Act  of  exposing. 
2.  State  of  being  exposed.  3.  Posi¬ 
tion  as  to  points  of  compass,  or  in¬ 
fluences  of  climate,  &c. 

Ex-pound',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
expondre.  See  Expose.]  To  explain; 
to  interpret. 

Ex-pound'er,  n.  One  who  expounds. 

Ex-press',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
exprimere ,  expressum ,  fr.  ex,  out  of, 
from,  and  premere,  to  press.]  1.  To 
press  or  squeeze  out.  2.  To  represent 
and  exhibit  by  a  look  or  gesture,  or 
by  language.  3.  To  make  known 
one’s  opinions  or  feelings.  4.  To  de¬ 
note  ;  to  designate.  5-  To  send  by 
express  messenger. 

Syn. —  To  declare;  utter;  signify;  in¬ 
timate. 

—  a.  1.  Closely  resembling.  2  Clear  ; 
plain.  3.  Dispatched  with  special 
speed. 

Syn.  —  Explicit;  open;  unambiguous. 
See  Explicit. 

—  n.  A  special  messenger ;  hence,  a 

156 

regular  and  quick  conveyance  for 

packages,  &c. 

Ex-press' age  (45),  n.  Charge  forcar- 
rying  a  parcel  by  express. 
Ex-press'1-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
expressed. 

Ex-pres'sion  (-presh'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  expressing.  2.  Utterance.  3. 
Lively  or  vivid  representation  of 
meaning,  feeling,  &c.  4.  Look  or 
appearance,  as  indicative  of  thought 
or  feeling.  5.  A  mode  of  speech. 
Ex-press'ive,  a.  1.  Serving  to  ex¬ 
press  ;  indicative.  2.  Full  of  expres¬ 
sion  ;  significant,  [pressive  manner. 
Ex-press'Ive-ly,  adv.  In  an  ex- 
Ex-press'ly,  adv.  In  an  express 
manner ;  in  direct  terms ;  plainly. 
Ex-pugn'  (-pun'),  v.  t.  [Lat.  expug- 
nare.]  To  take  by  assault,  [pugns. 
Ex-pugn'er  ( -pun'-),  n.  One  who  ex- 
Ex-pul'sion,  n.  [Lat.  expulsio,  from 
expellere .]  1.  Act  of  expelling.  2. 
State  of  being  expelled. 

Ex-PUL'SIVE,  a.  Serving  to  expel. 
EX-PUNGE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
expun gere,  from  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
pungere,  to  puncture.]  1.  To  blot 
out,  as  with  a  pen.  2.  To  wipe  out 
or  destroy. 

Syn.  —  To  efface  ;  erase  ;  obliterate  ; 
w  cancel. 

Ex'pur-gate,  or  Ex-pDr'gate 
(117),  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ex¬ 
pur  gar  e,  -gatum,  fr.  ex,  out  of, from, 
and  purgare,  to  cleanse.]  To  purify 
from  any  thing  noxious,  offensive,  or 
w  erroneous  ;  to  cleanse.  [ing. 

Ex'pur-GA'tion,  n.  Act  of  expurgat- 
EX'PUR-GA'TOR,  or  Ex-PUR'GA-TOR, 
n.  One  who  expurgates. 
Ex-PUR'GA-to-RY,  a.  Serving  to  pu¬ 
rify  from  any  thing  noxious  or  er- 
w  roneous. 

Ex'QUl-slTE  (eks'kwi-zit),  a.  [Lat. 
exquirere,  exquisitum ,  fr.  ex,  out  of, 
from,  and  quserere,  to  seek.]  1.  Care¬ 
fully  selected  :  hence,  of  surpassing 
excellence.  2.  Exceeding ;  extreme. 
3.  Not  easy  to  satisfy. 

Syn.  —  Nice;  delicate;  exact:  ac¬ 
curate;  refined:  consummate;  perfect. 

—  n.  One  over-nice  in  dress  ;  a  fop  ; 
a  dandy.  [manner. 

EX'QUI-RITE-LY,  adv.  In  an  exquisite 
EX-SIC'E AN T  (117),  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  drying  up.  —  n.  A  drying 
medicine. 

Ex'sie-eate,  or  Ex-sig'gate  (117), 
v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  exsiccare, 
-catum,  fr.  ex,  out  of,  from,  and  sic- 
w  care,  to  make  dry.]  To  dry. 
EX'SIE-EA'TION,  n.  Act  or  operation 
of  drying.  [dry. 

Ex-sig'ga-tive  ,  a.  Tending  to  make 
Ex-suc'tion,  n.  [Lat.  exsugere,  ex- 
suctum,  to  suck  out.]  Act  of  suck- 
w  ing  out. 

Ex'TANT,  a.  [Lat.  extans,  extantis, 
p.  pr.  of  extare ,  or  exstare,  to  stand 
forth.]  Continuing  to  exist ;  in  being. 
Ex-tem'po-ra'ne-ous,  a.  [Lat.  ex 
tempore .]  Proceeding  from  the  im¬ 

pulse  of  the  moment ;  unpremedi¬ 
tated  ;  off-hand. 

EXTINCTION  1 

Ex-TEM'PO-ra-ry  (44),  a.  Extem¬ 
poraneous. 

Ex-tem'po-jre,  adv.  [Lat.,  fr.  ex, 
out  of,  from,  and  tempus,  time.] 
Without  preparation ;  suddenly. 
Ex-tem'po-re,  a.  Without  previous 
study  ;  extemporaneous. 
Ex-tem'po-rize,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

To  speak  extempore,  or  without  prep¬ 
aration.  [temporizes. 

Ex-tem'po-rIz'er,  n.  One  who  ex- 
Ex-TEND',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
extendere,  from  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
tender e ,  to  stretch.]  1.  To  prolong, 
as  a  line  ;  to  protract.  2.  To  enlarge, 
as  a  surface  or  volume  ;  to  expand. 

3.  To  continue,  as  time.  4.  To  hold 
out  or  reach  forth.  5.  To  bestow 
on  ;  to  offer.  —  v.  i.  To  stretch  ;  to 
reach.  [extended. 

Ex-tend'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
Ex-ten'si-bil'i-ty,  n.  Capacity  of 
being  extended.  [extended. 

Ex-ten'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being  | 

Ex-ten'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  extend¬ 
ing;  a  stretching.  2.  State  of  being 
extended.  3.  That  property  of  a 
body  by  which  it  occupies  a  portion 
of  space.  4.  A  written  grant  to  a 
debtor  of  further  time  to  pay  a  debt. 
Ex-ten'sive,  a.  Having  wide  extent ; 

expanded ;  broad  ;  wide. 
Ex-ten'sive-ly,  adv.  To  a  great 
extent ;  widely.  j 

Ex-tent',  h.  1.  Superficies;  bulk; 
size  ;  length.  2.  A  levy  of  an  execu¬ 
tion  upon  real  estate.  [Amer.~\ 
Ex-ten'u-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

[Lat.  extenua.re,  -atum,  fr.  ex,  out  of, 
from,  and  tenuare,  to  make  thin.]  1. 

To  make  thin,  lean,  or  slender.  2. 

To  lessen  ;  to  palliate  as  a  crime. 
Ex-ten'u-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  extenu¬ 
ating;  palliation.  [tenuates. 

Ex-ten'u-a'tor,  n.  One  who  ex- 
Ex-te'ri-or  (89),  a.  [Lat.,  compar.  of 
exterus,  on  the  outside,  outward.]  1. 
External.  2.  Extrinsic.  3.  Relating 
to  foreign  nations;  foreign. — n.  1. 
Outward  surface  or  part  of  a  thing. 

2.  External  deportment,  form,  or 
ceremony. 

Ex-t£k'mi-nate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  exterminare ,  -natum,  from  ex,  ; 

out  of,  from,  and  terminus,  bound¬ 
ary.]  1.  To  drive  from  within  the  ; 

limits  of.  2.  To  put  an  end  to  the 
power  of ;  to  eradicate. 

Ex-t£r'MI-NA  tion,n.  1.  Act  of  ex¬ 
terminating  ;  eradication ;  extirpa¬ 
tion.  2.  Elimination,  [terminates. 
Ex-t£r'mi-na'tor,  n.  One  who  ex- 
Ex-tEr'nal,  a.  [Lat.  exlermis,  from. 
exter,  exterus,  on  the  outside.]  1. 
Outward;  exterior.  2.  Foreign;  re¬ 
lating  to  foreign  nations. 
£x'ter-nXl'i-ty,  n.  Existence  in 
space  ;  exteriority. 

Ex-ter'nal-LY,  adv.  Outwardly. 
Ex-ter'nal§,  n.  pi.  Whatever  things 
are  external ;  outward  parts. 

Ex-TINGT',  a.  [See  EXTINGUISH.]  1. 
Extinguished;  quenched  2.  Ended; 
terminated. 

Ex-ting'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  extin- 

A,  E,  i,  o,u,  y,  long;  a,  £,T,  6,  0,  short;  cAre^  far,  ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  son, 

EXTINGUISH 


157 


EYElE 


guishing.  2.  State  of  being  extin¬ 
guished. 

Ex-tin'guish,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  extinguere,  exstinguere ,  from 
ex,  out  of,  from,  and  stinguere,  to 
quench.]  1.  To  smother;  to  quench. 
2.  To  put  an  end  to  ;  to  destroy.  3. 
To  obscure  by  superior  splendor. 
Ex-tin'guish-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being,  extinguished. 

Ex-tin'GUISH-er,  n.  1.  One  who  ex¬ 
tinguishes.  2.  A  utensil  to  put  out  a 
light. 

Ex-tIn'guish-ment,  n.  Act  of  extin¬ 
guishing;  extinction;  destruction. 
Ex'tir-pate,  or  Ex-tir'pate  (117), 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  extirpare, 
-patum,  from  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
stirps,  stock,  stem.]  To  pull  up  by 
w  the  roots;  to  destroy  totally. 
Ex'tir-p a'tion,  n.  Act  of  extirpat- 
w  ing  ;  total  destruction. 
EX'TIR-PA'TOR,  or  EX-TIR'PA-TOR, 
n.  One  who  extirpates. 

Ex-toe',  v.  t.  [-led;  -ling,  135.] 
[Lat.  extollere,  from  ex,  out  of,  from, 
and  tollere,  to  lift,  raise.]  To  elevate 
by  praise  ;  to  eulogize  ;  to  magnify. 

Syn.  —  To  praise  ;  applaud  ;  com¬ 
mend  ;  celebrate  ;  laud  ;  glorify.  See 
Celebrate. 

Ex-tort',  «.  «.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
extorquere,  -tortum,  from  ex,  out  of, 
from,  and  torquere ,  to  turn  about.] 
To  wrest  from  by  physical  or  other 
means  ;  to  exact.  — v.  i.  To  practice 
extortion. 

Ex-tor'tion,  n.  Illegal  exaction ; 

oppression ;  rapacity. 
Ex-tor'tion-a-ry,  )  a.  Pertaining 
Ex-TOR'TION-ATE,  j  to,  or  charac¬ 
terized  by,  extortion. 
Ex-tor'tion-er,  n.  One  who  practi- 
w  ces  extortion. 

Ex'TRA,  n.  Something  in  addition  ;  — 
commonly  in  the  pi.  —  a.  [Lat. 
extra,  beyond  or  outside  of.]  Over 
and  above  ;  uncommon. 

Ex-trXot',  r.  1.  [-ED;-ING.]  [Lat. 
extrahere,  extractum,  from  ex,  out  of, 
from,  and  irahere,  to  draw.]  1.  To 
draw  out.  2.  To  remove  forcibly.  3. 
To  withdraw  by  distillation,  &c.  4. 
To  take  by  selection. 

Ix'TRAOT,  n.  1.  That  which  is  ex¬ 
tracted,  as  a  passage  from  a  book.  2. 
Any  thing  drawn  from  a  substance 
by  distillation,  or  other  process. 
Ex-tr\€'tion,  n.  1.  A  drawing  out. 

2.  Lineage  ;  birth  ;  descent. 
Ex-TRV€T'Ive,  a.  1.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  extracted.  2.  Tending  to  ex¬ 
tract. 

fix'TRA-Dl'TlON  (-dlsh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
ex,  out  of,  from,  and  traditio,  a  de¬ 
livering  up.]  Delivery,  by  one  govern¬ 
ment  to  another,  of  fugitives  from 
w  justice. 

Ex'tra-ju-dI'cial  (-dlsh'al),  a.  Out 
of  the  ordinary  course  of  legal  pro- 
cedure.  [yond  the  walls. 

Ex'TjxA-mu'ral,  a.  Without  or  be- 
Ex-tra'ne-o&s,  a.  [Lat.  extraneus, 
fr.  Lat.  extra,  on  the  outside.]  Not 
dependent ;  not  essential ;  foreign. 


Ex-traor'di-na-ri-ly  (-tror'-  or 
-tra-or'-),  adv.  In  a  manner  out  of 
the  ordinary  method. 
Ex-traor'di-na-ry  (eks-tror'-  or 
eks'tra-or'-),  a.  [Lat.  extr aor dinar i- 
ns,  from  Lat.  extra,  and  ordinarius.] 

1.  Out  of  the  common  order  or 
method.  2.  Remarkable ;  uncom¬ 
mon  ;  rare.  3.  Sent  for  an  unusual 
or  special  object. 

Ex-trav'a-gance,  In.  1.  Awan- 
EX-TRA v'A-GAN-C Y,  j  dering  beyond 
proper  limits.  2.  State  of  being  ex¬ 
travagant,  or  prodigal  beyond 
bounds. 

Syn. — Wildness;  irregularity;  ex¬ 
cess;  prodigality;  profusion;  waste. 

Ex-TR.\ v'A-GANT,  a.  [Lat.  extra  and 
vagans,  wandering.]  1.  Wandering 
beyond  bounds.  2.  Wild  ;  excessive  ; 
unrestrained.  3.  Profuse  in  ex¬ 
penses  ;  prodigal. 

Ex-tray' a-gan'zA,  n.  A  musical 
composition,  characterized  by  its 
wild  irregularity. 

Ex-TRAV'A-SATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  extra  and  vas,  vessel.]  To  let 
out  of  the  proper  vessels,  as  blood. 
Ex-trav'a-sa'tion,  n.  The  act  of 
forcing  or  letting  out  of  its  proper 
vessels,  as  blood. 

Ex-treme',  a.  [Lat.  extremus,  superl. 
of  exter,  extents,  on  the  outside.]  1. 
Utmost ;  furthest.  2.  Last ;  final ; 
conclusive.  3.  Worst  or  best ;  great¬ 
est ;  highest. — n.  1.  Utmost  point 
of  a  thing  ;  extremity.  2.  Utmost 
limit  or  degree  ;  hence,  great  neces¬ 
sity  ;  —  often  in  the  plural. 
Ex-TREME'LY,  adv.  In  the  utmost 
degree  ;  to  the  utmost  point. 
Ex-trem'ist,  n.  One  who  holds  ex¬ 
treme  opinions. 

Ex-TREM'i-ty,  n.  1.  Utmost  limit. 

2.  Highest  degree.  3.  Greatest  need 
or  peril. 

Syn.  —  Verge;  border;  extreme;  end; 
termination. 

Ex'TRI-CA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
w  extricated. 

EX'TRI-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  extricare ,  -catum,iv.  ex,  out  of, 
from,  and  tricse,  hindrances,  vexa¬ 
tions.]  1.  To  free  from  difficulties  or 
perplexities.  2.  To  cause  to  be 
w  emitted.  {ing. 

EX'TRI-CA'TION,  «.  Act  of  extricat- 
Ex-trIn'sI€,  )  a.  [Lat.  extrinse- 
Ex-trIn'si-g-al,  j  cms.]  External; 

outward ;  unessential. 
Ex-trIn'sI€-AL-ly,  adv.  In  an  ex¬ 
trinsic  manner;  externally. 
Ex-trude',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
exlru’dere ,  from  ex,  out  of,  from,  and 
trudere,  to  thrust.]  1.  To  thrust 
out ;  to  expel.  2.  To  drive  away. 
Ex-tru'§ion;  n.  Act  of  thrusting 
out  ;  "expulsion. 

Ex-tu'ber-an^e,  In.  A  swelling;  a 
Ex-tu'ber-an-^y,  j  protuberance. 
Es-U'ber-an^e  (egz-yp'),  )  n.  State 
Ex-u'BER-AN-<j  Y  (egz-yi}'), j  of  being 
exuberant ;  superfluous  abundance. 

Syn.  — Plenty;  abundance.—  Plenty 
is  a  plenum  or  fullness  of  all  that  could 


be  desired ;  abundance  is  overflowing 
plenty  ;  exuberance  is  abundance  car¬ 
ried  to  excess. 

Ex-u'ber-ant  (egz-yq'ber-ant),  a. 
[Lat.  exuberans ,  p.  pr.  of  exuberare.] 
Over-abundant ;  superfluous. 
Ej-U'ber-ant-ly,  adv.  Abundantly. 
Ex'u-da'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  exuding 
2.  Substance  exuded. 

E^C-UDE',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ex- 
udare,  exsudare,  to  come  out  or  dis¬ 
charge  by  sweating.]  To  discharge 
through  pores,  as  moisture,  &c. 
Ex-Ol^er-a'tion,  n.  [Lat.  exulce- 
ratio,  from  exulcerare,  to  make  sore.] 
1.  Act  of  causing  ulcers  ;  process  of 
becoming  ulcerous.  2.  Exacerba¬ 
tion  ;  corrosion. 

Ex-ULT'  (egz-Glt'),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  exultare,  exsultare,  in  tens,  form 
of  exsilire,  to  spring  out  or  up.]  To 
leap  for  joy  ;  to  rejoice  in  triumph. 
Ex-ult'ant,  a.  Inclined  to  exult; 
w  triumphant. 

EX'UL-T  A'TION,  n.  Act  of  exulting  ; 

rapturous  delight.  [manner. 

E^-tlLT'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  exulting 
Hx-u'vi-je,  n.  pi.  [Lat.,  from  exuere, 
to  draw  .out  or  off.]  1.  Oast  skins, 
shells,  or  coverings  of  animals.  2. 
(Geol.)  Organic  remains. 

Ey'as  (Pas),  n.  [Fr.  niais,  fresh  from 
the  nest.]  A  young  hawk. 

EYE  (I),  n.  [A.-S.  eage,  allied  to  Skr. 
akshi,  Gr.  o/cos,  okko ?,  Lat.  oculus.] 
1.  Organ  of  sight.  2.  Powmr  of  see¬ 
ing  ;  range  or  delicacy  of  vision.  3. 
Sight ;  view  ;  opinion  ;  estimate.  4. 
Observation  ;  watch  ;  inspection.  5. 
That  which  resembles  the  organ  of 
sight,  in  form,  position,  or  appear¬ 
ance.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  fix 
the  eye  on  ;  to  observe.  [eye. 

E ye'ball,  n.  Ball  or  globe  of  the 
EYE'brow,  n.  Hairy  arch  above  the 
eye.  _  [sight. 

Eye'GLASS,  n.  A  glass  to  assist  the 
Eye'lXsh,  ii.  Hair  on  the  edge  of  the 
eyelid. 

Eye'let,  n.  [Fr.  ceillet,  dim.  of  ceil , 
eye.]  A  small  hole  for  a  lace  or  cord, 
as  in  garments,  & c. 

Eye 'LID,  n.  Cover  of  the  eye. 
Eye'-sFrv'ANTj  n.  A  servant  who 
attends  to  his  duty  only  when 
watched. 

Eye'sIght  (T'slt),  n.  1.  Sight  of  the 
eye  ;  view  ;  observation.  2.  Power 
of  seeing.  [to  the  sight. 

Eye'-sore,  n.  Something  offensive 
Eye  '-stone,  n.  A  small,  calcareous 
stone  used  for  taking  substances  from 
between  the  lid  and  ball  of  the  eye. 
Eye'-tooth,  n.  A  pointed  tooth  in 
the  upper  jaw  next  to  the  grinders. 
Eye'-wa'TER,  n.  A  lotion  for  tho 
eyes.  [thing  done. 

Eye'-wIt'ness,  «.  One  who  sees  a 
flYRE  (ar),  n.  [0.  Fr.  erre,  journey, 
errer,  to  travel,  march.]  1.  A  jour¬ 
ney  or  circuit.  2.  A  court  of  itiner¬ 
ant  justices. 

Ey'rie  )  (a'rjf),  n.  [See  Aerie.]  The 
Ey'RY  j  place  where  birds  of  prey 
construct  their  nests. 


G,  hard;  Ag ;  Ejist  ;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pyi.L ;  E,  I,  o,  silent;  c,4  ,soft;  e, 


F 


F(ef),  the  sixth  letter  of  the  English 
alphabet.  See  Prin.  of  Pron.  §71. 
EX.  A  syllable  applisd  to  the  fourth 
tone  of  the  gamut. 

Fa'ble,  n.  [L&t.  fabula,  fr.  fari,  to 
speak.]  1.  A  fictitious  tale  intended 
to  enforce  some  useful  truth ;  au 
apologue.  2.  Plot  of  an  epic  or  dra¬ 
matic  poem.  3.  Fiction;  falsehood. 
—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  feign;  to 
write  or  speak  fiction. — v.  t.  To 
feign ;  to  invent.  [fabulist. 

Fa'bler,  n.  A  writer  of  fables ;  a 
Fab'RIE,  n.  [Lat .fabrica,  fr .faber,  a 
worker  in  hard  materials.]  1.  Struct¬ 
ure  of  any  thing ;  workmanship  ; 
texture.  2.  That  which  is  fabricat¬ 
ed.  3.  Act  or  purpose  of  building. 
FXb'ri-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  fabricare,  -entus.]  1.  To  frame  ; 
to  construct ;  to  build.  2.*  To  manu- 
acture.  3.  To  forge ;  to  devise  falsely. 
FXb'ri-ca'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  fabri¬ 
cating  ;  construction ;  manufacture. 
2.  That  which  is  fabricated 
Syn.  —  See  Fiction. 

FXb'ri-€A/tor,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
structs  or  makes.  [writes  fables. 
FXb'u-LIST,  n.  One  who  invents  or 
FXb'U-lous,  a.  Feigned,  as  a  story  or 
fable ;  fictitious. 

FAfADE  (fa-sad'  or  fa-sad'),  n.  [Fr., 
fr.  face,  face.]  Front  view  or  eleva¬ 
tion  of  an  edifice. 

Face,  n.  [Lat.  facies ,  make,  shape, 
face,  fr.facere,  to  make.]  1.  Exterior 
form  of  any  thing;  esp.,  the  front 
part  or  surface.  2.  Bounding  plane 
of  a  solid.  3.  {Mack.)  Principal  flat 
surface  of  a  part.  4.  Outside  ap¬ 
pearance  ;  look.  5.  Visage  ;  counte¬ 
nance.  6.  Cast  of  features  ;  look  ; 
air.  7.  Boldness ;  effrontery.  8. 
Presence ;  sight ;  front.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  meet  in  front;  to  op¬ 
pose  with  firmness.  2.  To  stand  op¬ 
posite  to.  3.  To  confront.  4.  (Mack.) 
To  make  flat  or  smooth  the  surface 
of.  —  v.  i.  To  turn  the  face. 

FX9'et,  n.  [Fr .facelte,  dim.  of face.] 
A  little  face  ;  a  small  surface. 
FA-pE’T'i-JE  (fa-s3'shl-e),  n.  pi.  [Lat., 
from  facetus,  witty.]  Witty  writings 
or  savings ;  witticisms. 
Fa-^e'tious,  a.  1.  Given  to  wit  and 
good  humor  ;  merry  ;  sportive.  2. 
Characterized  by  pleasantry. 
Fa-^e'tioOs-ly,  adv.  In  a  facetious 
manner. 

Fa'CIAL,  a.  [L.  Lat.  facialis ,  from 
facies ,  face.]  Pertaining  to  the  face. 
FX^'Ile,  a.  [Lat.  facilis,  fr.  facere , 
to  make,  do.]  1.  Easy  to  be  done. 
2.  Easy  to  be  surmounted  or  re¬ 
moved.  3.  Easy  of  access  ;  affable. 
4.  Easily  persuaded  ;  pliant  ;  flexible. 


158 


F. 


Fa-^Il'i-tate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  easy.  [tating. 

Fa-^il/i-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  facili- 

Fa-O  IL/I-TY,  n.  1.  Ease  of  performance. 
2.’ Readiness  proceeding  from  skill  or 
use ;  dexterity.  3.  Easiness  to  be 
persuaded.  4.  Easiness  of  access ; 
affability.  5.  Advantage  ;  assistance, 
Syn.  —  Expertness  ;  readiness.  —  Fa¬ 
cility  supposes  a  natural  or  acquired 
power  of  dispatching  a  task  with  light¬ 
ness  and  dexterity.  Expertness  is  facili¬ 
ty  acquired  by  long-continued  practice. 
lleadiness  marks  the  promptitude  with 
which  any  thing  is  done.  A  merchant 
needs  great  facility  in  dispatching  busi¬ 
ness;  a  banker,  great  expertness  in  cast¬ 
ing  accounts;  both  need  great  readiness 
in  passing  from  one  employment  to  an¬ 
other. 

Fa'CING,  n.  A  covering  in  front  for 
ornament  or  other  purposes. 

FXe-SIM'I-le  (147),  n.  [An  abbrev. 
of  Lat.  factum,  simile,  made  like.]  An 
exact  copy  or  likeness,  as  of  hand¬ 
writing. 

FXgt,  n.  [Lat.  factum,  fr.  facer e,  to 
do.]  I.  A  thing  done;  an  act ;  an 
event.  2.  Reality;  truth. 

Syn.— Deed;  performance;  occurrence; 
circumstance  See  Circumstance. 

FXg'TION,  n.  [Lat.  factio,  fr.  facere, 
to  make  or  do.]  A  party  acting  from 
selfish  motives  ;  a  clique. 

Syn.  —  Cabal;  junto.  See  Cabal. 

FXe'tion-ist,  n.  One  who  promotes 
faction. 

FXe'tioOs,  a.  1.  Given  to  fiction. 

■  2.  Pertaining  to,  or  proceeding  from, 
faction. 

FXe'TloDs-LY,  adv.  In  a  factious 
manner.  [factious. 

FXe'tious-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

FA€-t'Ptious  (fak-tlsh'us),  a.  [Lat. 
factitius ,fr .  facere ,  to  make.]  Made 
by  art ;  artificial. 

Syn.  —  Unnatural.  —  A  thing  is  unnat¬ 
ural  when  it  departs  in  any  way  from 
its  simple  or  normal  state;  it  is  factitious 
when  it  is  wrought  out  or  wrought  up 
by  labor  and  effort,  as,  a  factitious  ex¬ 
citement.  There  is  much  that  is  wmat- 
ural  in  Europe,  but  far  more  that  is/ac- 
titious  in  America. 

FXe'tor,  n.  1.  A  mercantile  agent, 
who  transacts  business  for  others  on 
commission.  2.  One  of  the  quanti¬ 
ties  which,  when  multiplied  togeth¬ 
er,  form  a  product. 

FXg'tor-age,  n.  Allowance  given 
to  a  factor  as  a  compensation. 

FXe'to-ry,  n.  1.  House  where  fac¬ 
tors  reside.  2.  Body  of  factors.  3. 
Building  for  the  manufacture  of 
goods  ;  manufactory. 

Fae-to'tum  (147),  n.  [Lat.,  do  every 
thing.  ]  A  person  employed  to  do  all 
kinds  of  work. 

FXe'UL-ty,  n.  [Lat .facultas,  from 

facere,  to  make.]  1.  Ability  to  act 
or  perform  ;  intellectual  endowment 


FAINT 


or  gift.  2.  Privilege  or  license.  3. 
Members  of  a  profession  or  calling. 

4.  Professors  and  tutors  in  a  collega 
Syn.  —  Talent;  dexterity;  adroitness. 

FXd'dle,  v.  i.  [Cf.  Fiddle.]  To 
trifle ;  to  toy. 

Fade,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prov.  D. 
vadden.]  1.  To  wither,  as  a  plant. 
2.  To  lose  freshness  or  color.  3.  To 
_sink  away  ;  to  grow  dim. 

Fade-less,  a.  Not  liable  to  fade; 
unfading. 

FXdge  v.  i.  [-ED  j  -ing.]  [A.- 

5 . fegan,  gefegan,  tc  join,  fit  togeth¬ 
er.]  To  come  close,  as  parts  of  things 
united. 

Fje*  fE$,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  pi.  of fsex.]  Ex¬ 
crement  ;  also,  settlings  ;  sediment. 

FXg,  n.  A  school-boy  who  is  obliged 
to  do  menial  services  for  another  boy 
of  a  higher  form  or  class  in  English 
schools. —  v.i.  [Cf.  A.-S.faege,  dy¬ 
ing,  weak,  timid.]  1.  To  act  as  a 
fag  ;  to  drudge.  2.  To  become  weary. 

—  v.t.  [-ged  ;  -ging,136.]  1.  To 
compel  to  drudge.  2.  To  tire  by  labor. 

FXg'-end,  n.  1.  An  end  of  poorer 
quality,  or  in  a  spoiled  condition.  2. 
Meaner  part  of  any  thing. 

FXg'ot,  n.  [Fr.,  augm.  of  Lat.  fax, 
fact's,  torch,  orig.,  a  bundle  of  sticks.] 
1.  A  bundle  of  sticks  for  fuel,  &c.  2. 
A  bundle  of  pieces  of  iron  or  of  steel 
in  bars.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -)NG.]  To 
make  a  fagot  of ;  to  bundle  together. 

Fail,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From  Lat. 
fattere.  to  deceive.]  1.  To  be  want¬ 
ing  ;  to  fall  short.  2.  To  be  affected 
with  want.  3.  To  decline  ;  to  decay. 
4.  To  fall  off  in  respect  to  vigor,  re¬ 
sources,  &c.  5.  To  become  extinct ; 

to  perish ;  to  die.  6.  To  miss.  7. 
To  be  baffled  or  frustrated.  8.  To 
become  bankrupt  or  insolvent. — r. 
t.  To  be  wanting  to  ;  to  disappoint. 

—  n.  Failure  ;  deficiency  ;  want. 

Fatl'ing,  n  Act  of  one  who  fails  ; 

imperfection. 

Syn.  —  Fault;  foible.  —  A  fault  is  pos¬ 
itive,  something  definite  and  marked, 
which  impairs  excellence  ;  a  failing  is 
negative,  some  weakness  in  nman’senar- 
acter,  disposition,  or  habit :  a  foible  is  a 
less  important  weakness,  which  we  over¬ 
look  or  smile  at.  A  man  may  have  many 
failings ,  and  yet  commit  but  few  faults; 
or  his  faults  and  fc.ilings  may  be  tew, 
while  l\ia  foibles  are  cbvious  to  all. 

Fail'tjre  (53),  n.  1.  Cessation  of 
supply;  deficiency.  2.  Omission; 
non-performance.  3-  Decay,  or  de¬ 
fect  from  decay.  4.  Bankruptcy. 

FAIN,  a.  [A -S .fagen,  fagen,  glad.] 
Disposed  ;  inclined  ;  especially,  con¬ 
tent  to  accept.  —  adv.  Gladly. 

Faint,  a.  [0.  Fr.  faint,  negligent, 
sluggish,  lazy,  from  Lat.  Angere,  to 
contrive,  devise,  feign.]  1.  Lack- 


T  E,  I,  6,  G,  Y,  long ;  X,  E,I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short ;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  what;  £lRE,  VEIL,  term  ;  PIQUE,  firm;  s6n, 


FAINT-HEARTED 

ing  strength ;  weak  ;  languid.  2. 
Wanting  in  courage,  spirit  or  energy  ; 
i  timorous ;  cowardly.  3.  Lacking 

distinctness.  4.  Done  in  a  feeble 
manner.  —  v.i.  [-ed;  -ins.]  1.  To 
become  weak  ;  to  swoon.  2.  To  lose 
courage  or  spirit.  3.  To  decay  ;  to 
disappear. 

Faint'-heart/ed,  a.  Cowardly  ; 
timorous.  [manner. 

Faint'ly,  adv.  In  a  faint  or  feeble 

FAINT'ness,  n.  State  of  being  faint ; 
feebleness ;  dejection. 

Faints,  n.  pi.  Impure  spirit  which 
comes  over  fir  t  and  last  in  the  dis¬ 
tillation  of  whiskey. 

FAir,  a.  [-ER ;  -est.]  [A.-S./agcr.] 
1.  Free  from  spots,  dirt,  or  imperfec¬ 
tion  ;  spotless  ;  pure.  2.  Handsome ; 
beautiful.  3.  Of  a  light  shade.  4. 
Cloudless  ;  propitious  ;  favorable.  5. 
Unincumbered ;  open.  6.  Charac¬ 
terized  by  frankness,  honesty,  or  im¬ 
partiality.  7.  Inspiring  confidence. 
8.  Distinct ;  legible.  9.  Moderate ; 
middling. —  adv.  Clearly  ;  openly  ; 
frankly  ;  honestly  ;  favorably.  —  n. 
1.  A  handsome  woman.  2.  [Lat. 
ferix ,  holidays,  festivals,  because 
fairs  were  generally  held  in  holidays 
and  feasts.]  A  gathering  of  buyers 
and  sellers,  with  their  merchandise 
at  a  stated,  regular,  or  appointed  time. 

FAir'LY,  adv.  In  a  fair  manner  ; 
clearly ;  distinctly ;  frankly  ;  honest¬ 
ly  ;  favorably. 

FAlR'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  fair  or 
free  from  spots  ;  agreeableness  ;  clear¬ 
ness  ;  honesty  ;  candor  ;  distinctness. 

FAlR'Y,  n.  [fv.fcerie,  enchantment. 
Late  Lat.  Fata ,  for  Parca,  one  of  the 
goddesses  of  fate.]  An  imaginary 
supernatural  being,  supposed  to  as¬ 
sume  a  human  form. 

Faith,  n.  [Lat.  fides,  from  Jidere ,  to 
trust.]  1.  Belief;  reliance  on  testi¬ 
mony.  2.  Firm  belief,  on  probable 
evidence  of  any  kind,  especially  in 
regard  to  important  moral  truth.  3. 
That  which  is  believed  on  any  sub¬ 
ject  ;  especially,  a  system  of  religious 
belief.  4.  Adherence  to  duty  and  ful¬ 
fillment  of  promises.  5.  Promise 
given. 

Faitii'fvl,  a.  1.  Full  of  faith;  dis¬ 
posed  to  believe.  2.  Firm  in  adher¬ 
ence  to  promises  or  other  engage¬ 
ments.  3.  Loyal ;  of  true  fidelity. 
4.  Conformable  to  truth.  5.  Worthy 
of  belief.  [manner. 

Faith'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  faithful 

Faith'ful-ness,  n.  Fidelity  ;  truth  ; 
loyalty  ;  constancy. 

Faith'less,  a.  1.  Not  believing  ;  esp. 
not  believing  in  God  or  religion.  2. 
Not  true  to  allegiance,  duty,  or  vows. 
3.  Serving  to  disappoint  or  deceive. 

Fake,  n.  [A.-S  fare ,  space,  interval.] 
A  single  turn  or  coil  of  a  cable. 

FA'KIR  (fa'ker),  )  n.  An  Oriental 

Fa-quir'  (fa/keer'),  (  religious  as¬ 
cetic. 

FXl'eate,  la.  [Lat.  falcatus ,  fr. 

J?Xl'ea-ted,  )  falx ,  /aids,  sickle, 

scythe  ]  Bent  like  a  sickle  or  scythe. 

]59 

Fal/chion  (fawPchun),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
falc.io ,  from  Lat.  falx,  a  sickle  ]  A 
short,  broad  sword,  with  a  slightly 
curved  point. 

Fal'eon  (faw'kn),  n.  [Late  La t.fal- 
co ,  from  falx ,  sickle  or  scythe, — 
from  its  curving  talons.]  One  of  a 
family  of  raptorial  birds  ;  especially, 
one  trained  to  the  pursuit  of  game  ; 
a  hawk. 

FalTon-er  (fawdm-er),  n.  One  who 
trains  hawks  for  taking  game. 

Fai/eon-ry  (faw'kn-ry),  n.  1.  Art  of 
training  hawks.  2.  Practice  of  tak¬ 
ing  game  by  means  of  hawks. 

FALL,  V.  i.  [imp.  FELL  \p.p.  FALL¬ 
EN.]  [A.-S .feallan.]  1.  To  descend 
from  a  higher  position  to  a  lower  :  to 
dropdown.  2  To  become  prostrate. 
3.  To  empty.  4.  To  perish  ;  to  van¬ 
ish.  5.  To  lose  strength.  6.  To  be 
brought  forth.  7.  To  decline  in 
power,  glory,  value,  or  the  like.  8. 
To  sink  into  vice,  error,  or  sin.  9. 
To  become  insnared.  10.  To  pass 
into  a  new  state ;  to  become.  11.  To 
happen.  12.  To  pass  or  be  trans¬ 
ferred  by  chance,  lot,  or  otherwise. 
—  n.  1.  Descent.  2.  Act  of  drop¬ 
ping  from  an  erect  posture.  3. 
Death  ;  destruction.  4.  Degradation. 
5.  Depreciation.  6.  A  sinking  of 
tone.  7.  A  slope.  8.  A  cascade  ;  a  cat¬ 
aract.  9.  Extent  of  descent.  10.  Au¬ 
tumn.  11.  Lapse  from  innocence ; 
apostasy.  12.  Part  of  a  tackle  to 
which  the  power  is  applied  in  hoist- 
ing. 

Fal-la'cious,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
fallacy ;  fitted  to  deceive. 

Fal'la-ey,  n.  [Lat.  fallada,  from 
fallere ,  to  deceive.]  i.  Deceptive  or 
false  appearance ;  deceitfulness.  2. 
A  deceptive  argument. 

Syn.  —  Sophistry. —  A  fallacy  is  an  ar¬ 
gument  which  professes  to  be  decisive, 
but  in  reality  is  not;  sophistry  is  also  false 
reasoning,  but  of  so  specious  and  sub¬ 
tle  a  kind  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  ex¬ 
pose  its  fallacy.  Many  fallacies  are  ob¬ 
vious,  but  the  evil  of  sophistry  lies  in  its 
consummate  art. 

Fallen  (fawln,  58),  p.  a.  Dropped ; 
descended  ;  degraded  ;  ruined. 

FXl'LI-bil'i-ty,  n.  Liableness  to  de¬ 
ceive  or  to  be  deceived. 

FXl'LI-BLE,  a.  [From  Lat.  fallere, 
to  deceive.]  Liable  to  deceive  or  be 
deceived. 

Fall'ing-sIck'ness,  n.  Epilepsy  ;  a 
disease  in  which  the  patient  sudden¬ 
ly  loses  his  senses  and  falls  down. 

FXl'low,  a.  [A.-S .fealu,fealo,  al¬ 
lied  to  Lat.  pallid  us,  fulvus,  and  fla- 
vus .]  1.  Left  untilled  or  unsowed 
after  having  been  plowed.  2  Pale 
red  or  pale  yellow. —  n.  Land  that 
has  lain  a  year  or  more  plowed  with¬ 
out  being  sowed.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  plow  and  harrow,  as  land, 
without  seeding. 

FXl'low-Deer,  n.  [From  its  fallow 
or  pale-yellow  color.]  A  species  of 
deer,  smaller  than  the  stag. 

False,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [hv&.fdlsus, 
p.  p.  oi fallere,  to  deceive.]  1.  Utter- 

FAMISH 

ing  falsehood  ;  dishonest ;  treacher 
ous  ;  perfidious.  2.  Fitted  or  likely 
to  deceive  or  disappoint.  3  Not 
genuine  or  real ;  counxrfeit ;  hypo¬ 
critical.  4.  Not  well  founded ;  erro¬ 
neous. 

False'iiood,  n.  1.  Want  of  truth  or 
veracity  ;  an  untrue  assertion.  2. 

Want  of  honesty  or  integrity  ;  per¬ 
fidy.  3.  Counterfeit;  imposture. 

False'ly,  adv.  In  a  false  manner. 

False'ness,  n.  Want  of  integrity. 

Fals-ette',  1  n.  [See  False.]  That 

Fals-et'to,  )  peculiar  species  of 
voice  in  a  man,  the  compass  of  which 
lies  above  his  natural  voice. 

Fal'si-fi-ea'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 

making  false ;  a  counterfeiting.  2. 
Confutation. 

FalsM-fUer,  n.  One  who  falsifies. 

Fals'i-fy,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.] 

[Lat .  falsi ficare ,  fr.  Lat.  fats  us,  false, 
and  jar.ere,  to  make.]  1.  To  counter¬ 
feit  ;  to  forge.  2.  To  prove  to  be  false. 

3.  To  violate  ;  to  break  by  falsehood. 

—  v.i.  To  tell  lies. 

Fals'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
false ;  contrariety  to  truth.  2.  A 
false  assertion. 

Syn.—  Falsehood;  lie;  deceit.  —  Falsi¬ 
ty  denotes  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
false.  A.  falsehood  is  a  false  declaration 
designedly  made.  A  lie  is  a  gross,  un¬ 
blushing  falsehood.  It  is  a  vulgar  error 
to  speak  of"  telling  a  falsity."  It  is  an 
equal  error  to  say,  “  I  perceive  the  false¬ 
hood  of  your  declaration  or  statement.” 

Fal'ter,  V.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [0.  Eng. 
"faulter,  from  fault.]  1.  To  fail ;  to 
hesitate,  to  stammer.  2.  To  trem¬ 
ble  ;  to  totter.  3.  To  fail  in  distinct¬ 
ness  or  regularity  of  exercise. 

FAME,  n.  [Lat.  fama,  fr.  Gr.  I 

say,  tell.]  1.  Public  report  or  ru¬ 
mor.  2.  Renown ;  celebrity. 

Syn.—  Reputation;  credit;  honor. 

Fa-MIL'IAR  (-yar),  a.  [Lat .  familiaris, 
from  Lat .familia,  family.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  family  ;  domestic.  2. 
Closely  acquainted  or  intimate.  3. 
Unceremonious ;  free.  4.  Well  known  ; 
well  understood.  —  n.  1.  An  inti¬ 
mate;  a  close  companion.  2.  A  de¬ 
mon  supposed  to  attend  at  a  call.  3. 

One  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
inquisition. 

Fa-mil-iXr'i-ty  (-y2i  n.  State 

of  being  familiar  ;  freedom  from  cer¬ 
emony  and  constraint. 

Syn.—  Acquaintance;  fellowship;  in¬ 
timacy.  See  Acquaintance. 

Fa-mil'iar-Tze,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

1.  To  make  familiar;  to  habituate; 
to  accustom.  2.  To  make  easy  by 
practice.  [manner. 

Fa-mIl'iar-ly,  adv.  In  a  familiar 

FXM'I-LY,n.  [hat.  familia,  fr. famu¬ 
lus,  servant.]  1.  Those  living  together 
in  the  same  house  ;  a  household.  2. 

A  tribe  or  race  ;  kindred.  3.  Genealo¬ 
gy  ;  lineage.  4.  Honorable  descent. 

5.  A  group  of  kindred  individuals, 
more  comprehensive  than  a  genus. 

FXm'Ine,^.  [Lat.  fames.]  Scarcity 
of  food  ;  dearth  ;  destitution. 

FXm'ish,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 

OR,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  flRN,  RUE ,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,6,so/£;  E,  G,  hard;  Aj  ;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  THI3. 

FAMISHMENT 

desfo’’  with  hunger.  2.  To  exhaust 
the  strength  of  by  hunger.  3.  To 
Mil  by  deprivation  of  any  thing  ne¬ 
cessary.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  die  of  hunger  ; 
to  starve.  2.  To  be  distressed  with 
want.  [hunger. 

FXm'ISII-MENT,  a.  Pain  of  extreme 

FA' Moils,  n.  Celebrated  in  fame  or 
public  report. 

Syn.  —  Renowned  ;  illustrious.  —  Fa¬ 
mous  is  applied  to  a  person  or  thing 
widely  spoken  of  as  extraordinary  ;  re¬ 
nowned  is  applied  to  those  who  arc 
named  again  and  again  with  honor ;  il¬ 
lustrious  to  those  who  have  dazzled  the 
world  by  the  splendor  of  their  deeds  or 
tlieir  virtues.  Napoleon  was  famous; . 
Alexander  was  renowned  ;  Washington 
was  illustrious. 

FA'MoOs-LY,  arfv.  With  great  fame. 

Fan,  n.  [A.-S.  farm ,  allied  to  Lat. 
vannus ,  fan.]  An  instrument  for  pro¬ 
ducing  artificial  currents  of  air,  by 
the  wafting  or  revolving  motion  of  a 
broad  surface. — v.  t.  [-NED  ;  -NING, 
136.]  1.  To  move  as  with  a  fan.  2. 
To  cool  by  moving  the  air  with  a 
fan.  3.  To  ventilate.  4.  To  winnow. 

Fa-nXt'ig,  )  a.  [See  Fane.]  Per- 

Fa-nXt'I€-AL,  )  taining  to,  or  indi¬ 
cating,  fanaticism.  —  n.  A  person  af¬ 
fected  by  excessive  enthusiasm. 

Fa-nXt'I€-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  fanati¬ 
cal  manner. 

Fa-nXt'i-^Ism,  n.  Wild  and  extrava¬ 
gant  enthusiasm,  especially  in  re¬ 
gard  to  religion. 

Syn.—  See  Enthusiasm. 

FXn'£I-ER,  n.  1.  One  governed  by 
fancy.  2.  One  who  has  a  special 
liking  for  or  interest  in  ;  hence,  one 
who  keeps  for  sale. 

FXn'^i-fi/l,  a.  1.  Full  of  fancy ; 
whimsical.  2.  Dictated  by  fancy  ; 
abounding  in  wild  images. 

Syn.  — Fantastical;  visionary.  —  Fan¬ 
ciful  notions  are  the  product  of  a  heated 
fancy,  without  any  support  in  reason  or 
truth  ;  fantastical,  schemes  or  systems 
are  made  up  of  oddly-assorted  fancies, 
often  of  the  most  whimsical  kind  ;  vis¬ 
ionary  expectations  are  those  which  can 
never  be  realized  in  fact. 

FXn'^i-ful-LY,  adv.  In  a  fanciful 
manner.  [being  fanciful. 

FXn'^i-ful-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

FXn'^Y,  n.  [Gr.  tfravracria,  fr.  avra- 
feiv,  to  make  visible.]  1.  Faculty  by 
which  the  mind  forms  an  image  or  a 
representation  of  any  thing  perceived 
before  ;  power  of  readily  and  happily 
creating  and  recalling  such  objects 
for  the  purpose  of  amusement  or  em¬ 
bellishment.  2.  A  representation  of 
any  thing  formed  in  the  mind ;  con¬ 
ception.  3.  Caprice;  whim;  impres¬ 
sion.  4.  Liking;  hence,  the  object 
of  liking. 

The  fancy ,  those  who  exhibit  some 
special  or  peculiar  taste  or  fancy,  as  for 
sporting,  boxing,  and  the  like  ;  —  used 
collectively. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING,  142.]  To  fig¬ 
ure  to  one's  self;  to  imagine.  —  v.  t. 
1.  To  form  a  conception  of ;  to  im¬ 
agine.  2.  To  have  a  liking  for.  — a. 
Adapted  to  please  the  fancy  or  taste. 

160 

Fan-dXn'go,  n.  [Sp.]  A  lively  Span¬ 
ish  dance. 

Fane,  n.  [Lat.  fanum,  iv.fari,  to 
speak.]  A  temple;  a  church. 

Fan-fXr'ON-ADE',  n.  [Fr .fanfaron- 
nade,  from  fanfaron ,  a  bully.]  Vain 
boasting  ;  ostentation  ;  bluster. 

FXng,  n.  [A.-S.ycui#,  a  taking,  seiz¬ 
ing,  grasp.]  1.  Tusk  of  a  boar  or 
other  animal ;  a  long  pointed  tooth. 
2.  A  claw  or  talon.  3.  Any  shoot  or 
other  thing  by  which  hold  is  taken. 

FXn'-lIght  (-lit),  n.  A  window  re¬ 
resembling  in  form  an  open  fan. 

FAN '-PALM  (fXn'pam),  . 

n.  The  talipot-tree,  a 
native  of  the  East  In-  xgS|s|!B||y 
dies.  It  attains  to  the 
height  of  60  or  70  feet, 
with  a  straight  trunk 
crowned  by  a  tuft  of  «7TI!j|5y ) V 
enormous  leaves.  The  ™  I 
leaves,  when  they  first  1 

appear,  are  folded  to- 
gether  like  a  fan,  and  sslSPlllfe^==>-- 
afterward  spread  open.  Fan-palm. 

Faiv-ta'SI-a  (-ta'ze-a),  n.  [It.  See 
Fancy.]  (Mus.)  A  continuous  com¬ 
position,  not  governed  by  the  ordi¬ 
nary  rules  of  musical  design. 

FXn'ta§M,  n.  Something  not  real. 
See  Phantasm. 

Fan-TAS'TIC,  la.  1.  Existing  only 

Fan-tXs'tig-al,  )  in  imagination. 

2.  Having  the  nature  .of  a  phantom. 

3.  Indulging  the  vagaries  of  imagi¬ 
nation.  4.  Irregular ;  wild  ;  capri 
cious. 

Syn.  —  See  Fanciful. 

—  n.  A  person  given  to  fantastic 
dress,  manners,  &c. ;  hence,  a  dandy. 

FAN-tXs'TIG-AL-ly,  adv.  In  a  fan¬ 
tastic  manner. 

FXn'ta-sy,  n.  Same  as  Fancy.  [  06s.] 

Fa  quir'  (fa-keer'),  n.  See  Fakir. 

Far,  a.  [-ther  ;  -thest.]  A.-S. 
feorr,feor ,  allied  to  Lat.  porro.]  1. 
Distant ;  remote.  2.  Contrary  to 
design  or  wishes.  3.  Alienated.  4. 
More  or  most  distant  of  the  two.  — 
adv.  1.  To  a  great  distance  or  time. 
2.  In  great  part  or  proportion.  3. 
To  a  certain  point,  degree,  or  dis¬ 
tance. 

FXr^e,  n.  [Lat.  farsus,  p.  p.  of  far- 
cire ,  to  stuff.]  1.  Stuffing,  like  that 
used  in  dressing  a  fowl.  2.  A  low 
style  of  comedy.  3.  Ridiculous  or 
empty  show. 

FXR'91-CAL,  a.  Belonging  or  appro¬ 
priated  to  farce ;  ludicrous  ;  decep¬ 
tive. 

Fare,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S./a- 
ran.]  1.  To  go  ;  to  pass  ;  to  travel.  2. 
To  be  in  any  state.  3.  To  be  treated 
or  entertained.  4.  To  happen  well 
or  ill.  —  n.  1.  Price  of  passage  by 
land  or  water.  2.  Experience.  3. 
Food  ;  provisions  for  the  table. 

FARE-WELL',  interj.  [Of /are,  in  the 
imper.  and  well.]  Go  well ;  good-by  ; 
adieu. 

FAre'well,  or  FAre-well',  n.  1. 
A  wish  of  happiness  at  parting ; 
adieu.  2.  Departuie. 

FASCICLE  ! 

FAre'well,  a.  Parting  ;  valedictory. 

Far'-fetched  (farOetcht),  a.  1.  ! 

Brought  from  far.  2.  Forced; 
strained. 

Fa-ri'na,  or  Fa-RI'nA,  n.  [Lat., 
meal,  flour.]  Flour  of  any  species 
of  corn  or  starchy  root. 

Far'i-na'ceoCs,  a.  1.  Consisting  of, 
or  j  ielding,  meal  or  flour.  2.  Like  ! 

meal ;  mealy. 

Farm,  n.  [From  Lat.  frmus,  firm, 
fast,  either  because  farms  were  at 
first  inclosed  with  walls,  or  because  1 

the  leases  were  confirmed  by  signa¬ 
ture.]  1.  A  tract  of  land  cultivated 
by  a  tenant.  2.  A  landed  estate.  3. 

A  lease.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  i 

lease  or  let  for  an  equivalent.  2.  To 
give  up  to  another,  as  a  business, 

& c.,  for  a  percentage  of  what  it 
yields.  3.  To  cultivate,  as  a  farm. 

Farm'er,  n.  One  who  farms;  esp., 
an  agriculturalist ;  a  husbandman. 

Farm'ing,  n.  Business  of  cultivating 
land. 

FAr'o  (89),  n.  [From  an  Egyptian 
king  or  Pharoah  formerly  on  one  of 
the  cards.]  A  game  at  cards,  in  which 
a  person  plays  against  the  bank,  kept  ; 

by  the  proprietor  of  the  table. 

Far-rXg'i-nous,  a.  [From  farrago.] 

Formed  of  various  materials  ;  mixed. 

Far-ra'go  (118),  n.  [Lat.,  mixed  ‘ 

fodder,  medley.]  Amass  composed 
of  various  materials  confusedly 
mixed  ;  a  medley. 

FXr'RI-er,  n.  [From  Lat.  ferrnm,  j 

iron  ;  L.  Lat .ftrrarivs  equorwm,  one 
who  shoes  horses.]  1.  A  smith  who 
shoes  horses.  2.  A  veterinary  sur¬ 
geon. 

FXR'Rl-ER-Y,  n.  1.  Art  of  shoeing 
horses.  2.  Art  of  curing  diseases  of 
horses  and  cattle. 

FXr'row,  n.  [K.S.  fearh,  pig.]  A 
litter  of  pigs. — v.  t.  &  i.  [-ED; 

-ING.]  lo  bring  forth,  as  pigs. —  j 

a.  [Allied  to  O.  H.  Ger.  far ,  Jarro, 

A.-S.  fearr,  bull,  steer.]  Not  pro¬ 
ducing  your.g  in  a  given  season  or 
year  ;  —  said  only  of  cows. 

Far'-sight'ed  (-sit'-),  a.  1.  Seeing 
to  a  great  distance.  2.  Incapable  of 
seeing  near  objects  distinctly. 

Far'THER,  a.,  tompar.  of  far.  1. 

More  remote  ;  additional.  2.  Tend¬ 
ing  to  a  greater  distance  ;  longer.  — 
adv.  1.  At  or  to  a  greater  dis-  l 

tance ;  more  remotely  ;  beyond.  2. 
Moreover. 

Far'THEST,  a.  [svperl.  of far.]  Most 
distant  or  remote  ;  furthest.  —  adv. 

At  or  to  the  greatest  distance.  See 
Furthest. 

Far'THING,  n.  [A.-S.  feordhung,  fr. 
fcordha,  fourth.]  The  fourth  of  r. 
penny. 

Far'THIN-GALE,  n.  [0.  Eng.  vardin- 
gale,  fr.  O.  Fr.  vertvgade,  prob.  cor¬ 
rupt.  from  virtu-garde,  i.  e.,  virtue- 
guard.]  A  hoop  petticoat. 

FXs'ci-GLE,  n.  [Lat.  fasciculus,  dim. 
of  fascis,  bundle.]  A  close  cluster 
with  the  flowers  much  crowded  to-  ; 

gether. 

A,  e,  !,  6,  u,  y ,long;  X,  fi,  1,6, 0,  short ;  care,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 

FASCINATE 


FXS'CT-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
fascinare J  1.  To  bewitch  ;  to  en¬ 
chant.  2.  To  excite  and  allure  irre¬ 
sistibly  ;  to  charm  ;  to  enrapture. 

FXs'^I-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  fasci¬ 
nating  ;  enchantment ;  witchcraft.  2. 
That  which  fascinates  ;  a  charm  ;  a 
spell. 

Fas-^INE'  (-seen'),  n.  [Lat.  fascina, 
fr.  fascis,  bundle.]  A  bundle  of 
rods  or  of  small  sticks,  used  in  raising 
batteries,  &c. 

Fash'ion  (fXsh'un),  n.  [Lat.  factio, 
a  making.]  1.  Make  or  form  of  any 
thing  ;  pattern  ;  model.  2.  Prevail¬ 
ing  mode  or  style,  esp.  of  dress.  3. 
Mode  of  action  ;  manner;  way. — v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -IN6.]  1.  To  form.  2.  To 
fit;  to  adapt :  to  accommodate. 

FXsh'ion-A-ble,  a.  1.  Conforming 
to  the  fashion.  2.  Established  by 
custom  or  use  ;  current.  3.  Observ¬ 
ant  of  the  fashion  or  customary 
mode.  4.  Genteel;  well  bred.  —  n. 
A  person  of  fashion. 

FXsu'ion-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
according  to  fashion. 

Fast,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S. ,/ast.] 

1.  Firmly  fixed;  closely  adhering. 

2.  Firm  against  attack.  3.  Firm  in 
adherence  ;  steadfast.  4.  Not  easily 
disturbed ;  deep  ;  sound.  5.  Moving 
rapidly  ;  rapid.  6.  Rash  and  incon¬ 
siderate  ;  extravagant.  —  adv.  1.  In 
afastorfixed  manner.  2.  In  a  rap¬ 
id  manner  ;  quickly  ;  swiftly  ;  rapid¬ 
ly.—  v.  i.  [-ed;  -INS.]  [A. -§. /as¬ 
tern,  to  keep,  to  observe,  to  fast,  allied 
to  fast,  firm.]  To  abstain  from  food  ; 
to  go  hungry.  —  n.  1.  Abstinence 
from  food.  2.  A  time  of  fasting. 

FAst'-day,  n.  A  day  on  which  fast¬ 
ing  is  observed. 

FAst'jEN  (fas'n),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  fix  firmly  ;  to  make  fast.  2. 
To  hold  together  by  any  means. 

Syn. —  To  fix;  cement;  affix;  annex. 

FAst'.en-er  (fas'n-er),  n.  One  who, 
or  that  which,  makes  fast. 

FAst'.en-ing  (ias'n-ing),  n.  Any¬ 
thing  that  binds  and  makes  fast. 

Fas-tId'i-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  fastidiosus, 
fr.  fastidium,  loathing.]  Difficult  to 
please ;  delicate  to  a  fault. 

Syn.  —  Squeamish.  —Fastidious  is  ap¬ 
plied  to  one  whose  taste  or  feelings  are 
offended  by  trifling  defects  or  errors  ; 
squeamish  (lit.,  having  a  stomach  which 
is  easily  turned)  to  one  who  is  excessive¬ 
ly  nice  on  minor  points,  or  else  over- 
scrupulous. 

FAst'ness,  n.  1.  State  of  being  fast. 

2.  A  stronghold  ;  a  fortress  or  fort. 
FXt,  a.  [-ter;  -test,  136.]  [A.-S. 

fat.]  1.  Abounding  with  fat ;  plump  ; 
corpulent ;  oily  ;  greasy.  2.  Coarse  ; 
gross  ;  dull.  3.  Productive.  —  n.  1. 
An  oily,  concrete  animal  substance. 
2.  Best  or  richest  part.— v.  t.  [-ted; 
-ting,  136.]  To  make  fat;  to  fat¬ 
ten.  —  v.  i.  To  grow  fat.  —  n.  [A.-S. 
fat ,  allied  to  0.  H.  Ger.  fazzbn ,  to 
contain.]  A  large  tub  ;  a  vat. 

Fa'TAL,  a.  1.  Proceeding  from  fate. 
2.  Causing  death  ;  deadly  ;  mortal. 


161 

FA'tal-ism,  n.  Doctrine  of  fate,  or 
jnevitable  necessity. 

Fa'tal-Ist,  n.  One  who  maintains 
that  all  things  happen  by  inevitable 
necessity. 

Fa-tXl'i-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  being  fa¬ 
tal;  invincible  necessity.  2.  State 
of  being  productive  of  death. 

FA'TAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  fatal  manner. 

Fa'TA  Mor-ga'na.  [It.,  Fairy  Mor¬ 
gana ,  it  being  looked  upon  as  her 
work.]  A  remarkable  phenomenon 
depending  on  atmospheric  refraction. 

Fate,  n.  [Lat.  fat um,  fr.  fari,  to 
speak.]  1.  Inevitable  necessity.  2. 
Final  lot ;  death ;  destruction.  3. 
pi.  (Myth.)  Three  goddesses,  who 
were  supposed  to  determine  the 
course  of  human  life. 

Syn.  —  Destiny;  lot  ;  doom  ;  fortune; 
_chanee. 

Fat'ed,  a.  Decreed  by  fate  ;  doomed. 

Fa'ther,  n.  [A.-S  .fader,  allied  to  Gr. 
naT-qp.]  1.  Male  parent.  2.  A  male  an¬ 
cestor  ;  a  progenitor.  3.  He  who  is  to 
be  venerated  for  age,  kindness,  wis¬ 
dom,  &c.  4.  A  producer,  author,  or 

contriver;  the  first  of  a  series.  —  v. 
1.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  beget.  2.  To 
adopt ;  hence,  to  acknowledge  one’s 
self  author  of.  [father  ;  paternity. 

Fa'ther-hood,  n.  State  of  being  a 

Fa'THER-in-law,  n  Father  of  one’s 
husband  or  wife.  [one’s  ancestors. 

Fa'ther-lInd,.?i.  Native  land  of 

Fa'ther-less,  a.  Having  no  father. 

Fa'ther-li-ness,  n.  Qualities  of  a 
father ;  parental  care  and  kindness. 

Fa'ther-ly,  a.  1.  Like  a  father;  pa¬ 
ternal.  2.  Pertaining  to  a  father. 

FXth'otvi,  n.  [A.-S.  fadhem,fadhm, 
embrace.]  A  measure  of  length,  con¬ 
taining  six  feet.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  measure  by  a  sounding  line ;  to 
get  to  the  bottom  of. 

FXth'om-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
fathomed.  ,  [fathomed. 

FXth'om-less,  a.  Incapable  of  being 

Fa-tigue'  (-teeg'),  n.  1.  Weariness 
from  labor.  2.  Cause  of  weariness  ; 
toil. — v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  140.]  [Lat. 
fatigare .]  To  weary  with  any  bodily 
or  mental  exertion  ;  to  jade  ;  to  tire. 

FXt'ling,  n.  A  young  animal  fat¬ 
tened  for  slaughter. 

FXt'ness,  n.  [From  fat.]  I.  Quality 
of  being  fat ;  corpulency.  2.  Rich¬ 
ness  ;  fertility.  3.  That  which  is  fat 
or  which  makes  fat. 

FXt'ten,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To 
make  fat ;  to  fat.  2.  To  make  fertile  ; 
to  enrich. — v.  i.  To  grow  fat  or 
corpulent. 

FXt'ti-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  fatty  ; 
grossness.  [its  qualities. 

Fat'ty,  a..  Containing  fat,  or  having 

FA-TU'I-TY,  n.  Imbecility  of  mind. 

F.AT'U-oGs,  a.  [Lat .  fatuus.]  1.  Fee¬ 
ble  in  mind.  2.  Without  reality  ; 
illusory. 

Faubourg  (fo'bdbrg),  n.  [Fr.,for 
faux-bourg,  i.  e.,  a  false  town.]  A 
suburb  in  French  cities. 

Faucet,  n.  [Lat  fauces ,  throat.]  A 
fixture  for  drawing  liquor  from  a  cask. 


FEARFUL 

Fault,  n.  [0.  Fr .  faults,  falle,  fr.  Lat. 
fallsre,  to  deceive.]  1.  Want ;  absence ; 
lack.  2.  Any  thing  that  is  wanting, 
or  that  impairs  excellence.  3.  A 
moral  failing.  4.  A  displacement  of 
strata  or  veins  at  a  fissure,  so  that 
they  are  not  continuous.  5.  (Hunt¬ 
ing.)  A  lost  scent. 

Syn.  —  Error;  blemish;  defect;  imper¬ 
fection  ;  weakness  ;  blunder  ;  failing  ; 
vice. 

FAULT'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  faulty  man¬ 
ner;  blamably.  [faulty. 

Fault'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Fault'less,  a.  Without  fault ;  free 
from  blemish. 

Fault'less-ness,  n.  Freedom  from 
faults  or  defects. 

Fault'y,  a.  1.  Containing  faults  or 
defects  ;  imperfect.  2.  Guilty  of  a 
fault ;  blamable. 

FAUN,  n.  [Lat.  Faunus ,  protecting 
deity  of  agriculture  and  shepherds.] 

( Rom  Myth. )  A  god  of  fields  and 
shepherds,  half  goat  and  half  man. 

Fau'na,  n.  [See  supra.]  The  animals 
of  any  given  area  or  epoch. 

Fa'vor,  n.  [Lat.,  fr .favere,  to  be  fa¬ 
vorable.]  I.  Kind  regard.  2.  Coun¬ 
tenance  ;  support.  3.  A  kind  act  or 
office.  4.  A  gift  or  present ;  some¬ 
thing  worn  as  a  token  of  affection. 
5.  A  letter.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1. 
To  regard  with  kindness  ;  to  support ; 
to  aid.  2.  To  facilitate. 

FA'VOR-A-ble,  a.  1.  Kind;  propi¬ 
tious  ;  friendly.  2.  Advantageous. 

Fa'vor-A-bly,  adv.  In  a  favorable 
manner ;  kindly. 

Fa'vor-ite,  n.  A  person  or  thing  re¬ 
garded  with  peculiar  favor.  — a.  Re¬ 
garded  with  particular  kindness. 

Fa'vor-it-Ism,  n.  Disposition  to  pro¬ 
mote  the  interest  of  a  favorite;  par¬ 
tiality. 

Fawn,  n.  [Fr.  faon ,  young  of  any 
beast,  from  Lat.  foetus ,  filled  with 
young.]  A  young  fallow  deer ;  a  buck 
or  doe  of  the  first  year.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  f  agnian ,  fahnian,  to 
rejoice,  flatter.  See  Fain.]  1.  To 
court  favor  by  low  cringing,  &c.,  as 
a  dog.  2.  To  court  servilely. 

Fawn'er,  n.  One  who  fawns ;  a  syc¬ 
ophant. 

Fay,  n.  [See  Fairy.]  A  fairy ;  an 
elf.  —  v.  t.  [Contr.  fr.  fudge.]  To 
fit ;  to  suit.  —  v.  i.  To  unite  closely ; 
to  fit ;  to  fadge. 

Fe'AL-TY,  n.  [Lat .f  delitas.]  Fidelity 
to  a  superior  power,  or  to  a  govern¬ 
ment. 

Fear,  n.  [A.-S.  far,  a  coming  sud¬ 
denly  upon,  deceit,  fear.]  1.  A  pain¬ 
ful  emotion  excited  by  expectation 
of  evil ;  apprehension  ;  alarm  ;  dread. 
2.  Respectful  or  awful  reverence.  — 
v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  be  afraid 
of.  2.  To  have  a  reverential  awe  of. 
—  v.i.  To  be  afraid. 

Fear'ful,  a.  1.  Full  of  fear;  fright¬ 
ened.  2.  Inclined  to  fear.  3.  Indi¬ 
cating,  or  caused  by,  fear.  4.  In¬ 
spiring  fear. 

Syn. —  Apprehensive;  afraid;  timid; 

G,  hard;  Ag  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG;  this- 


or,do,wqlf,  too,  to'ok  ;^Drn,  rue,  pyLL ;  e,j,  o,  silent;  q,  6,  soft;  €, 


FEARFULLY 

timorous  :  horrible  ;  distressing  ;  fright¬ 
ful;  dreadful;  awful  ;  terrible. 

FEAR'FtJL-LY,  adv.  In  a  fearful  man¬ 
ner.  [fearful. 

F2ar'FUL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 

Fear'less,  a.  Free  from  fear. 

S  yn. —  Bold;  daring;  courageous;  in¬ 
trepid  ;  valiant;  brave  ;  undaunted. 

Fear'less-ly,  udv.  In  a  fearless 
manner. 

Fear'less-Ness,  n .  State  or  qualify 
of  being  fearless  ;  courage  ;  intrepid¬ 
ity. 

Feak/naught  (-nawt),  n.  A  woolen 
cloth  of  great  thickness ;  dread¬ 
nought.  [feasible. 

Fea/§I-b'i'l,I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Fea'si-ble,  a.  [From  Lat.  facer  to 
make  or  do.]  Capable  of  being  done ; 
practicable. 

FEA'gl-BLE-NESS,  n.  Feasibility; 
practicability. 

Feast,  n.  [Lat .feslum,  pi .fiesta.]  1. 
A  festival ;  a  holiday.  2.  A  rich 
repast ;  a  banquet.  3.  Something 
delicious  or  highly  agreeable  ;  enter¬ 
tainment. 

SfV.  —  Banquet.  —  A  feast  sets  before 
us  viands,  superior  in  quantity,  variety, 
and  abundance;  abanyuet  is  a  luxurious 
feast  ;  a.  festival  is  the  joyful  celebration 
by  good  cheer  of  some  agreeable  event. 
A  feast  which  was  designed  to  be  a  festi¬ 
val,  may  be  changed  into  a  banquet.  A 
carousal  is  unrestrained  indulgence  in 
frolic  and  drink. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To  eat 
sumptuously.  2.  To  be  highly  grat¬ 
ified. —  v.  t.  3.  To  entertain  with 
sumptuous  provisions.  2.  To  de¬ 
light. 

FEAT,  n.  [Lat.  factum ,  fr.  facere ,  to 
make  or  do.]  A  deed  ;  an  exploit. 

FEath'er,  n.  [A.-S .fed her,  allied  to 
<Gr.  TTTcpon,  for  rrerepov.]  One  of  the 
growths  which  make  up  the  covering 
of  a  bird;  a  plume. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING. j  1.  To  dress  in  feathers;  to 
furnish  with  a  feather.  2.  To  adorn. 

—  v.  i.  To  become  feathered  or  hori¬ 
zontal. 

Feature,  n.  [From  Lat.  factura,  a 
malting,  formation.]  I  Make  or  ap¬ 
pearance  of  the  human  face,  especial¬ 
ly  of  any  single  part  of  the  face  ;  a 
lineament.  2.  Cast  or  structure  of 
any  thing. 

Fe-BRIF'IG,  a.  (Lat.  febris.  fever,  and 
facer e. ,  to  make.]  Producing  fever. 

FLb'RI-FUGE,  n.  [Lat.  febris,  fever, 
and  fugare,  to  put  to  flight.]  A  med¬ 
icine  to  mitigate  or  remove  fever.  — 
a.  Having  the  quality  of  mitigating 
or  subduing  fever. 

Fe'brile,  or  FLb'rile,  a.  [Lat. 
febris ,  fever.]  Pertaining  to,  or  in¬ 
dicating,  fever. 

Feb'RU-a-RY,  n.  [Lat.  Februarius , 
lit.  month  of  expiation.]  Second 
month  in  the  year. 

Fe'€AE,  a.  [Lrvt.  f sex,  p\.  fseces.]  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  containing,  dregs  or 
feces. 

Fe'ce§  (fe'sez),  n.  pi.  Dregs  ;  feces. 

FEg'u-lA,  n.  [Lat.  fsecula ,  dim.  of 
fsex,  sediment.]  Nutritious  part  of 
wheat ;  starch  or  farina. 


162 

Feg'U-LEN’CE,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
feculent.  2.  Sediment ;  lees ;  dregs. 

Feg'U-lent,  a.  [Lat .fxculenlus,  fr. 
fsex,fcecula.]  Foul;  muddy;  thick. 

FLu'UN-DATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  fecundare ,  -datum.]  1.  To 
make  fruitful.  2.  To  impregnate. 

FE€/UN-U ACTION,  n.  Act  of  fecun¬ 
dating  ;  impregnation. 

Fe-€UN'di-ty,  n.  1.  Fruitfulness. 

2.  Power  of  germinating,  as  in  seeds. 

3.  Richness  of  invention. 

Fed,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Feed. 

Fed'er-al,  a.  [Lat.  feed  us,  league, 

treaty.]  1.  Pertaining  to  a  league, 
contract,  or  treaty.  2.  Composed 
of  states  which  retain  only  a  subor¬ 
dinate  and  limited  sovereignty. 

FeD'er-AL,  )  n.  An  advocate 

Fed'er-al-IST,  )  of  confederation  ; 
specifically ,  a  friend  of  the  Constitu¬ 
tion  of  the  United  States  at  its  forma¬ 
tion.  [era  lists. 

Fed'ER-AL-Ism,  n.  Principles  ofFed- 

F£d'er-ate "(45),  a.  United  by  com¬ 
pact,  as  states;  confederate. 

Fed'er-a'tion,  n>  1.  Actof  uniting 
in  a  league.  2.  A  league [  a  confed¬ 
eracy.  [in  a  league. 

Fed'er-a-tIvE,  a.  Uniting  ;  joining 

Fee,  n.  [A.-S.  feoli ,  cattle;  hence, 
value,  price,  property,  wealth.]  1. 
Property  ;  possession.  2.  Reward  for 
services;  charge.  3.  (Eng.  Law.) 
An  estate  of  inheritance  supposed  to 
be  held  from  the  sovereign.  4.  ( Amer . 
Laiv.)  An  estate  of  inheritance  be¬ 
longing  to  the  owner,  absolutely  and 
simply. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
reward  for  services  ;  to  recompense. 

Fee'ble,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [From  Lat. 
flebilis ,  lamentable,  wretched.]  1. 
Deficient  in  physical  strength.  2. 
Wanting  force,  vigor,  or  efficiency. 
3.  Indicating  feebleness. 

Syx.  —  Infirm ;  weak:  languid;  imbe¬ 
cile. 

Fee'ble-mind'ed,  a.  Weak  in  in¬ 
tellectual  power. 

Fee'ble-ness,  n.  Weakness  of  body 
or  mind  ;  infirmity.  [strength. 

Fee'bly,  adv.  Weakly ;  without 

Feed,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  fed.]  [A.-S. 
fddan ,  Cf.  Food.]  1 .  To  give  food  to. 

2.  To  satisfy.  3.  To  graze.  4.  To  give 
for  food.  —  v.  i.  To  take  food;  to 
eat.  — n.  1.  That  which  is  eaten  by 
beasts  ;  proA'ender  ;  fodder.  2.  Parts 
that  move  work  to  the  cutting-tool, 
or  the  tool  to  the  work. 

Feed'er,  n.  1.  One  who  feeds.  2. 
Any  tributary  fountain  or  medium  of 
supply. 

Fee'-fArm,  n.  Land  held  of  another 
in  fee,  in  consideration  of  an  annual 
farm  or  rent. 

Feel,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  felt.] 
[A.-S .  fclan.]  1.  To  perceive  by  the 
touch.  2.  To  touch  ;  to  examine  by 
touching.  3.  To  experience  ;  to  be 
affected  by.  4.  To  have  an  inward 
persuasion  of. — v.  i.  1.  To  have 
perception  by  the  touch.  2.  To  have 
the  sensibilities  moved  or  affected. 

3.  To  perceive  one’s  self  to  be.  4.  To 


FELLOWSHIP 

know  certainly.  5.  To  appear  to  the 
touch.  —  n.  Sensation  communi¬ 
cated  by  touching. 

Feel'er,  n.  1.  One  who  feels.  2. 
An  organ  with  which  certain  ani¬ 
mals  are  furnished,  for  trying  objects 
by  the  touch.  3  A  proposal,  obser¬ 
vation,  &c.,  put  forth  to  ascertain 
the  views  of  others. 

Feel'ing,  p.  a.  Possessing,  or  ex¬ 
pressive,  of  great  sensibility  ;  sensi¬ 
tive.  —  77.  1.  Sense  of  touch.  2.  Con¬ 
sciousness.  3.  Capacity  of  the  soul 
for  emotional  states.  4.  Any  mental 
state. 

Syx.  —  Sensation  ;  emotion  ;  passion. 
See  Emotiox. 

Feel'ing-ly,  adv.  In  a  feeling  man¬ 
ner.  [ditions  or  limits. 

Fee'-sim/PLE  ,  n.  A  fee  without  con- 

Feet,  ii.;  pi.  of  Foot. 

F51GN  (fan ), v.  t.  [  ED;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
feindre,  Lnt.  finger e.]  1.  To  imagine  ; 
to  pretend.  2.  To  make  a  show  of. 

Feint  (fant),  n.  1.  That  which  is 
feigned  ;  a  pretense.  2.  A  seeming 
aim  at  one  part  when  another  is  in¬ 
tended  to  be  struck. 

FEld'spar,  n.  [Ger.  feldspatli ,  from 
field ,  field,  and  spath,  spar.]  A  crys¬ 
talline  mineral,  consisting  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  potash. 

Fe-li9'i-tate,i\  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  felicitare,  -tatvm  ;  felix,  hap¬ 
py.]  1.  To  delight.  2.  To  express 
joy  or  pleasure  to  ;  to  congratulate. 

Syx.  —  See  Coxgratulate. 

FE-lic'i-ta'tion,  11.  Congratulation. 

FE-Lltf 'I-Totls,  a.  [From  Lat.  felix, 
happy.]  Happy  ;  delightful ;  appro¬ 
priate.  [tons  manner. 

Fe-lIc'I-ToOs-LY,  adv.  In  a  felici- 

Fe-lIc'i-ty,  77.  1.  State  of  being 

happy.  2.  That  which  promotes  hap¬ 
piness. 

Syx.  —  Happiness;  bliss;  blessedness. 

Fe'lIne,  a.  [Lat.  felinus,  frem  felis , 
cat.]  Pertaining  to  cats. 

Fell,  imp.  of  fall.  —  a.  [From  Celtic 
fall,  fal.feal,  bad,  evil.]  Cruel :  bar¬ 
barous  ;  savage.  —  n.  [A.-S.  /ell,  al¬ 
lied  to  Lat.  pellis.]  Skin  or  hide  of 
a  beast.  —  v.  t.  [  ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
fellan,  causative  form  of  fralian,  to 
fall.]  1.  To  cause  to  fall ;  to  pros' 
trateL  2.  To  hem,  as  a  feam. 

Fel'loe,  ?i.  See  Felly. 

Fel'low,  77.  [A  .-S.felaw,  from  fell, 
gean,  fylgan,  to  follow.]  1.  One  who 
follows;  a  companion;  an  associate. 
2.  A  man  without  good  breeding  or 
worth.  3.  An  equal  in  power,  rank, 
&c.  4.  One  of  a  pair  ;  a  mate.  5. 
A  person.  6.  One  of  the  associates 
in  an  English  college  ;  member  of  a 
literary  or  scientific  society.  7.  One 
of  the  trustees  of_a  college.  [Amer.] 

Fel'low-creaT'Ure,  7i.  Oneoftho 
same  race  or  kind. 

Fel'low-feel'ing,  7t.  Sympathy; 
a  like  feeling 

FEl'lovv-shIp,  71.  1.  State  of  being 

a  fellow  or  associate.  2.  Familiar 
intercourse  ;  companionship.  3.  A 
state  of  being  together.  4.  Partner- 


a,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,  £,!,  6,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6r& 


FELLY 

ship.  5-  An  association  ,  a  company. 
5.  (Eng.  Univ.)  A  foundation  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  resident  scholar. 

FfiL'LY,  ji.  [A.-S.  felg,felge.]  Ex¬ 
terior  rim,  or  a  part  of  the  rim ,  of  a 
wheel. 

Fe'lo-de-se',  n.  [L.  Lat.  See  in¬ 
fra.]  A  self-murderer  ;  a  suicide. 

Fel/on,  n.  [L.  Lat .  felo,  fello.  See 
Feel.,  a.]  1.  One  who  has  com¬ 

mitted  felony.  2.  A  person  guilty 
or  capable  of  heinous  crime.  3.  A 
painful  inflammation  of  a  finger  or 
toe.— a.  1.  Malignant.  2.  Traitor¬ 
ous  ;  disloyal. 

Fe-lo'ni-ous,  a.  Malignant ;  trai¬ 
torous  ;  perfidious.  [manner. 

Fe-LO'ni-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  felonious 

Fel/o-ny,  n.  [See  Felon.]  A  heinous 
crime  ;  especially  one  punishable  by 
death  or  imprisonment. 

FBl'spar,  n.  See  Feldspar. 

Felt,  imp.  &  p.  p.  or  a.  from  Feel.  — 
n.  [A.-S.  felt,  allied  to  Lat.  pilus, 
hair.]  A  stuff  of  wool,  or  wool  and 
fur,  made  by  rolling  and  pressure, 
without  weaving. — v.t.  [-ED  : 

-ING.]  To  make  into,  or  cover  with, 
felt. 

Fe-lO€'€A,  n.  [It.,  fr.  Ar.felTikahfr. 
fulk,  a  ship.]  A  boat  or  vessel,  used 
in  the  Mediterranean. 

Fe'male,  n.  [Lat.  fcmella,  dim.  of 
femina ,  woman.]  One  of  the  sex 
that  bears  young. — a.  1.  Belonging 
to  the  sex  which  bears  young.  2. 
Belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of,  the 
sex ;  feminine.  3.  Having  pistils 
and  no  stamens. 

Syn.—  See  Feminine. 

Fem'I-nIne,  a.  [Lat .  femininus,  fr. 

femina ,  woman.]  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
woman,  or  to  women  ;  womanly.  2. 
Having  the  qualities  of  a  female.  3. 
Having  a  form  belonging  more  es¬ 
pecially  to  words  which  are  epithets 
of  females. 

Syn. — Female.  —  Female  is  applied 
to  the  sex  merely  as  opposed  to  male; 
feminine  to  the  appropriate  characteris¬ 
tics  of  the  sex.  A  female  school  should 
teach  feminine  accomplishments. 

FLm'o-RAL,  a.  [From  Lat.  femur , 
thigh.]  Belonging  to  the  thigh. 

Fen,  n.  [A.-S  .fen,  or  fenn ,  marsh, 
mud,  dirt.]  Boggy  land  ;  moor. 

FEN9E,n.  [Abbrev.  from  defence.]  1. 
A  defense.  2.  A  wall,  hedge,  or  other 
inclosing  structure.  3.  Fencing.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  fend  off 
danger  from  ;  to  protect.  2.  To  in¬ 
close  with  a  fence. — v.i.  1.  To 
make  a  fence.  2.  To  defend  one’s 
self  by  use  of  the  sword. 

Fencer,  n.  One  who  fences. 

FEN'91-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  de¬ 
fended.  —  n.  A  soldier  enlisted  for 
the  defense  of  the  country,  and  not 
pliable  to  be  sent  abroad. 

Fencing,  n.  Art  or  practice  of  self- 
defense  with  the  sword. 

FEnd,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Abbrev. 
fr.  defend.]  To  keep  off;  to  shutout. 
— v.  i.  To  act  in  opposition  ;  to  resist. 

Fend'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

163 

fends  or  wards  off ;  especially  a 
metallic  frame  placed  before  a  fire. 

FE-nes'tral,  a.  [Lat .fenestra,  win¬ 
dow.]  Pertaining  to  windows. 

Fen'nel,  n.  [A.-S./eno/,  from  Lat. 
fe.nicidum,  dim.  of fenum,  hay.]  An 
aromatic  plant. 

Fen'ny,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  fen; 

swampy;  boggy. 

Feod  (fud),  n.  A  feud. 

Feoff  (fef),  v.  l.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
f coffer,  from  fief.  See  Fief.]  To  in¬ 
vest  with  a  fee  or  feud.  —  n.  A  fief. 
See  Fief.  [a  feoffment  is  made. 

Feof-fee'  (fef-feeO,  n.  One  to  whom 

Feof'FER  )  (fef7-),  n.  One  who  grants 

Feof'FOR  )  a  fee.  [a  feud  or  fee. 

Feoff'ment  (fef'ment),  n.  Grant  of 

Fer'e-to-ry,  n.  [Lat.  feretrum,  fr. 
ferre ,  to  bear.]  The  bier  or  shrine 
for  the  relics  of  saints. 

Fe'ri-al,  a.  [L.  Lat.  ferialis ,  fr .feria, 
holiday.]  Pertaining  to  holidays. 

Fe'rine,  a.  [Lat .ferinus,  fr.  ferns, 
or  fera,  a  wild  animal.]  Wild  ;  un¬ 
tamed  ;  savage. 

FLr'ment,  n.  [Lat.  ferment «m,contr. 
for  fervimentu.m ,  fr .  fervere,  to  boil, 
ferment.]  1.  That-  which  causes  fer¬ 
mentation.  2.  Tumult ;  agitation. 
3.  Fermentation. 

Fer-ment',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
cause  fermentation  in.  —  v.  i  1.  To 
undergo  fermentation  ;  to  work.  2. 
To  be  active  or  excited. 

FEr'men-ta'tion,  n.  That  change 
of  organic  substances  by  which  their 
starch,  sugar,  gluten,  & c.,  are  de¬ 
composed,  and  their  elements  re¬ 
combined  in  new  compounds. 

Fern,  n.  [A.-S., fearn.]  An  order  of 
cryptogamous  plants. 

Fe-RO'cious,  a.  [Lat.  ferox,  fierce.] 
Indicating  cruelty  ;  rapacious  ;  wild. 

Syn.  —  Fierce;  savage;  barbarous. — 
"When  these  words  are  applied  to  human 
feelings  or  conduct,  ferocious  describes 
the  disposition  ;  fierce ,  the  haste  and 
violenceof  an  act;  barbarous,  the  coarse¬ 
ness  and  brutality  by  which  it  was 
marked;  savage,  the  cruel  and  unfeel¬ 
ing  spirit  which  it  showed.  A  man  is 
ferocious  in  his  temper,  fierce  in  his 
actions,  barbarous  in  the  manner  of  car¬ 
rying  out  his  purposes,  savarje  in  the 
spirit  and  feelings  expressed  in  his 
words  or  deeds. 

Fe-ro^'I-ty,  n.  Savage  wildness  or 
fierceness ;  cruelty  ;  barbarity. 

FER'RE-OUS,  a.  [hut.  f err eus,  fr.  fer- 
rum ,  iron.]  Pertaining  to  iron  ;  like 
iron. 

FER'RET,  n.  [L.  Lat .  furetvm,  fr.  fa¬ 
ro,  ferret,  fr.  Lat.  fur,  thief.]  1.  An 
animal  of  the  weasel  kind.  2.  A  nar¬ 
row  woolen  tape- — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  drive  out  of  a  lurking-place,  as  a 
ferret  does  the  couv.  [ferry. 

Fer'ri-age,  n.  Fare  to  be  paid  at  a 

FER'RO-type,  n.  [From  Lat .  ferrum, 
iron,  and  Gr.  rii irog,  an  impression.] 
A  photographic  picture  taken  on  an 
iron  plate  by  a  collodion  process. 

Fer-ru'Gi-nous,  a.  1.  Partakingof, 
or  containing,  iron.  2.  Resembling 
iron-rust. 

FEr'rule  (fer'ril  or  fS^rijl),  n.  [Lat. 

FESTOON 

ferrum,  iron.]  A  ring  of  metal  put 
round  a  cane,  or  other  thing,  to 
strengthen  it. 

Fer'ry,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing,  142.]  [See 
infra.]  To  carry  over  a  river,  or 
other  water,  in  a  boat.  —  n.  [A.-S. 
ferjan,  to  carry, convey,  fr  .far  an,  to 
go.]  1.  A  vessel  for  passing  over 
narrow  waters.  2.  A  place  for  pass¬ 
ing  across  a  river  or  other  water,  in 
ferry-boats.  3.  Right  of  maintain¬ 
ing  a  ferry-boat. 

Fer'ry-boat  (20).  n.  A  boat  for  con¬ 
veying  passengers  over  streams  and 
other  narrow  waters. 

Fer'ry-man  (150),  n.  One  who  keeps 
a  ferry. 

FLr'tIle ,  a.  [Lat.  fertilis,  fr.  ferre, 
to  bear.]  Prolific  ;  productive  ;  rich. 

Syn.  —  Fruitful.  —  Fertile  denotes  the 
power  of  producing;  fruitful,  the  act. 

The  prairies  of  the  West  are  fertile  by 
nature,  and  will  soon  be  turned  by  cul¬ 
tivation  into  a  fruitful  field. 

Fer-TIL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  fer¬ 
tile  ;  fruitfulness.  [dering  fertile. 

Fer'TI-li-za'TION,  n.  Act  of  ren- 

FEr'ti-lize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  fertile,  fruitful,  or  productive. 

Fer'ti-liz/er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  renders  fertile. 

Fer'ule  (fer'ril  or  fer'rpl),  n.  [Lat. 
ferula.]  A  flat  piece  of  wood,  used 
for  punishment.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  punish  with  a  ferule. 

F£r'  YEN-9 y,  n.  State  of  being  fer¬ 

vent  ;  ardor ;  warmth  of  devotion. 

Fer'VE NT,  a.  [Lat.  fervens,  fr.  fer¬ 
vere,  to  boil,  to  glow.]  1.  Hot ;  ar¬ 
dent  ;  boiling.  2.  Warm  in  feeling ; 
ardent  [manner. 

Fer'vent-LY’,  adv.  In  a  fervent 

Fer'vid,  a.  [hat.  fervid  us,  from  fer¬ 
vere,  to  boil,  glow.]  1.  Very  hot; 
boiling.  2.  Ardent ;  Vehement. 

Fer'vid-ly,  adv.  In  a  fervid  manner. 

Fer'vor,  n.  1.  Heat.  2.  Intensity 
of  feeling ;  zeal. 

Fes'EUE,  n.  [0.  En g.  festue,  fr.  Lat. 
festuca,  a  straw.]  A  straw,  stick,  or 
the  like,  to  point  out  letters  to  chil¬ 
dren. 

Fes'tal,  a.  [Lat.  festum,  a  feast.] 
Pertaining  to  a  holiday  or  feast ; 
gay;  mirthful. 

Fes'TER,  v.  i  [-ED  ; -ING.]  [Amodif. 
of  foster.]  1.  To  grow  virulent ;  to 
rankle.  2.  To  become  malignant 
and  invincible.  —  n.  A  sore  which 
discharges  corrupt  matter ;  a  pus¬ 
tule. 

Fes'ti-val,  a.  [Lat .  festivum,  fes¬ 

tive  jollity,  from  festum ,  feast.]  Per¬ 
taining  or  appropriate  to  a  feast; 
festive  ;  festal.  —  n.  A  time  of  feast¬ 
ing  or  celebration. 

Fes'TIYE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  be¬ 
coming,  a  feast ;  festal ;  joyous. 

Fes-tiv'i-ty,  n.  1.  Joyfulness;  gay- 
ety.  2.  A  festival.  JL  & 

Fes-TOON',  n.  [Orig. 
an  ornament  fora fes- 
lival.]  A  garland  or  # 
wreath  hanging  in  a  ' 
curve. — v.t.  [-ED;  Festoon. 

or, do,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  ftRri,  RJJE ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,6,so/t;  c, G,  hard ;  As;  e^cist  ;  N  as  ng;  this. 

FETAL 


FIGURATIVELY 


164 


-ING.]  To  form  in  festoons,  or  to 
adorn  with  festoons. 

Fe'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  fetus. 

Fetch,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
fetian.  Cf .fecan,  to  draw,  lead.]  1. 
To  go  and  bring ;  to  get.  2.  To 
bring ;  to  sell  for.  3.  To  make  ;  to 
do.  4.  To  reach  ;  to  attain. — n.  A 
stratagem  ;  an  artifice. 

FSte  (fat),  n.  [Fr.  See  Feast.]  A 
festival,  holiday,  or  celebration.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  honor  with  a 
festive  entertainment. 

Fe'tich  (fe'tish),  n.  [Pg .  feitigo,  sor¬ 
cery,  charm,  fr.  Lat.  facticius ,  arti¬ 
ficial.]  A  material  thing,  worshiped 
among  certain  African  tribes. 

FET'l-^HlgM,  )  n.  The  low  idolatry  of 

FET'I-^lgM,  I  Western  Africa. 

Fet'ID,  a.  [Lat.  fcetidus,  fr.  fcetere , 
to  have  an  ill  smell.]  Having  an  of¬ 
fensive  smell ;  stinking. 

Fet'lock,  n.  [From  feet,  or  foot , 
and  lock.\  Part  of  the  leg  where  the 
tuft  of  hair  grows  behind  the  pastern 
joint  in  horses. 

Fe'tor,  n.  [Lat.  fcetor.]  Stench. 

Fet'ter,  n.  [A.-S.  fetor.]  [Chiefly 
used  in  the  pi.]  1.  A  chain  for  the 
feet.  2.  Any  restraint. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  put  fetters  on;  to 
shackle.  2.  To  impose  restraints  on . 

Fe'tus  (147),  n.  [Lat .  foetus,  fetus,  a 
bringing  forth,  offspring.]  The  un¬ 
born  young  of  animals  after  it  is  per¬ 
fectly  formed. 

Feud,  n.  [A.-S. fdhcth,fr.f gan, fan, 
to  hate.]  1.  An  inveterate  strife 
between  families,  clans,  or  parties  in 
a  state.  2.  [L.  Lat .  feudom,feodom. 
See  Fee.]  A  stipendiary  estate  in 
land,  held  of  a  superior,  by  service ; 
a  fief ;  a  fee. 

FEUD'AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  feuds, 
fiefs,  or  fees.  2.  Embracing  tenures 
by  military  services. 

Feud'al-I§m,  n.  Principles  and  con¬ 
stitution  cf  feuds.  [being  feudal. 

Feu-dXl'I-TY,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

Feud'a-to-ry,  a.  Held  from  another 
on  some  conditional  tenure. 

Fe'ver,  n.  [A.-S.  fefer ,  Lat.  febris, 
prob.  fr .  fervere,  to  be  hot,  boil.]  1. 
A  diseased  state  of  the  system,  marked 
by  increased  heat  and  acceleration 
of  the  pulse.  2.  Strong  excitement 
of  any  kind. 

Fe'ver-ish,  a.  Pertaining  to,  indi¬ 
cating,  or  resembling,  a  fever. 

Fe'ver-ish-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
feverish. 

Few  (fu),  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
fed.  pi.  feave.]  Not  many ;  small, 
limited,  or  confined  in  number. 

Few'ness  (fibnes),  n.  State  of  being 
few;  paucity. 

Fez,  ?i.  A  red  cap  without  a  brim, 
worn  by  Turks,  See.  [cree. 

Fi'at,  n.  [Lat.,  let  it  be  done.]  A  de- 

FIb,  n.  [Prob.  corrupt,  fr.  fable.]  A 
lie  or  falsehood.  —  v.i.  [-bed; 
-bing,  136.]  To  lie. 

SI'BER,  1  n-  LLat.  fibra.]  Any  fine, 

jffi'BRE,  I  slender  thread,  or  thread¬ 
like  substance. 


FI'bril,  n.  A  small  fiber. 

Fi'brIne ,  n.  A  peculiar  organic  com¬ 
pound  found  in  animals  and  vegeta¬ 
bles.  [ing  of,  fibers. 

Fi'brous,  a.  Containing,  or  consist- 

Fick'LE  (ilk'l),  a.  [A.-S.  f  col,  from 

fican,  to  touch  lightly,  to  flatter.] 
Liable  to  change ;  of  a  changeable 
mind  ;  irresolute  ;  capricious. 

Fick'le-ness,  n .  State  of  being  fickle. 

Ffe'TlLE,  a.  [Lat .fictilis,  ir.  fingere, 
to  form.]  Molded  into  form  by  art. 

Fie'TION,  n.  [Lat.  fictio,  iv.  fingere, 
to  form,  feign.]  1.  Act  of  feigning 
or  inventing.  2.  That  which  is 
feigned  or  invented ;  especially,  a 
feigned  story. 

Syn. —  Fabrication;  falsehood.  —  Fic¬ 
tion  is  opposed  to  what  is  real,  it  may  or 
may  not  be  intended  to  deceive;  a  fab¬ 
rication,  as  here  spoken  of,  is  a  fiction 
wrought  up  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving; 
a.  falsehood  requires  less  invention,  be¬ 
ing  merely  a  false  statement. 

Fic-ti'tioIjs  (-tish'us),  a.  Feigned  ; 
imaginary  ;  counterfeit. 

Fi€-tI'tious-ly,  adv.  Counterfeitly. 

Fid,  n.  1.  A  square  bar  to  support 
the  top-mast.  2.  A  pin  of  hard 
wood,  tapering  to  a  point. 

Fid'dle  (fikPdl),  n.  A  violin  ;  a  kit. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  play 
on  a  fiddle.  2.  To  trifle. 

Fid'dle-fXd'dle,  n.  A  trifle  ;  non¬ 
sense.  [  Colloq.  and  loiu.] 

Fid'dler,  n.  One  who  plays  on  a 
fiddle. 

Fid'dle-stick,  7i.  Bow  and  string 
for  playing  on  a  violin. 

Fi-dLl/i-ty.  n.  [Lat.  f  delitas,  from 
fdes,  faith.]  Faithfulness;  adher¬ 
ence  to  right  or  truth. 

Syn. —  Integrity;  faith;  loyalty;  fealty. 

Fid'get,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Icel. 
fka,  to  hasten.  Cf.  Fickle.]  To 
move  uneasily  one  "way  and  the  other. 

—  n.  Uneasiness  ;  restlessness. 

Fid'GET-Y,  a.  Restless  ;  uneasy. 

Fi-du'cial,  a.  [Lat.  fiducia,  trust, 

confidence.]  1.  Having  faith  or 
trust ;  confident.  2.  Having  the 
nature  of  a  trust. 

Fi-du'cial-ly,  adv.  With  confidence. 

FI-du'CI-A-ry  (-du'shi-),  a.  [See  su¬ 
pra.]  1.  Confident ;  undoubting.  2. 
Holding  or  held,  or  founded,  in  trust. 
_ — n.  A  trustee.  [like. 

Fie  ,  inter j.  Denoting  contempt  or  dis- 

Fief,  n.  [Fr .fief.  See  Feud  and 
Fee.]  An  estate  held  of  a  superior 
on  condition  of  military  service. 

Field,  n.  [A.-S .  feld.]  1.  Cleared 
land.  2.  Plain  where  a  battle  is 
fought;  also,  the  battle  itself.  3. 
An  open  space  of  any  kind. 

Field'-book,  n.  A  book  used  in 
surveying  for  making  entries  of 
measurements  taken  in  the  field. 

Field'— marshal,  n.  Commander 

of  an  army  in  some  European  coun¬ 
tries. 

FlELD'-OF'FI-gER,  n.  A  military  of¬ 
ficer  above  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
below  that  of  general. 

Field'-pie^e,  «.  A  small  cannon 
used  in  the  field  of  battle. 


Field'-sport,  n.  Diversion  in  the 
field,  as  shooting  and  hunting. 

Fiend,  «.  [A.-S.  feond,  fiend,  from 

fian,feon,  to  hate.]  An  implacable 
foe  ;  the  devil. 

Fiend'ish,  a.  lake  afiend  ;  malignant. 

FIERCE,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [0.  Eng. 

fers,fiers,  from  Lat.  fierus,  wild,  sav¬ 
age.]  1.  Furious  ;  violent.  2.  Ex 
cessively  earnest,  eager,  or  ardent. 

_  Syn.—  See  Fekocious. 

Fierce'ly,  adv.  In  a  fierce  manner, 
or  with  a  fierce  expression. 

Fierce'ness,  7i.  State  or  quality  of 
being  fierce. 

FP e-rI-fa'ci-as  ( fl'e-rT-f a'shT-Ss ) , 
7i.  [Lat.,  i.  e.,  cause  it  to  be  done.] 
A  judicial  writ  that  lies  for  him  who 
has  recovered  in  debt  or  damages. 

Fi'er-1-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
fiery. 

Fi'er-y,  a.  1.  Consisting  of.  heated 
by,  or  resembling,  fire.  2.  Vehe¬ 
ment  ;  ardent.  3.  Passionate  ;  fierce. 

Fife,  n.  [Cf.  Pipe.]  A  small  pipe 
used  as  a  wind-instrument. — v.i. 
J-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  play  on  a  fife. 

Fif'er,  n.  One  who  plays  on  a  fife. 

Fif'teen,  a.  Five  and  ten. — n.  Sum 
of  five  and  ten. 

Fif'teenth,  a.  1.  Next  in  order 
after  the  fourteenth.  2.  Being  one 
of  fifteen  equal  parts  of  a  thing.  — 
n.  One  of  fifteen  equal  parts  of  a 
unit  or  whole. 

Fifth,  a.  1.  Next  after  the  fourth. 
2.  Being  one  of  five  equal  parts.  — • 
7i.  1.  One  of  five  equal  parts.  2.  In¬ 
terval  between  any  tone  and  that  rep¬ 
resen  ted  on  the  fifth  degree  above  it. 

Fifth'ly,  adv.  In  the  fifth  place. 

Fif'ti-eth,  a.  1.  Next  after  the 
forty-ninth^  2.  Being  one  of  fifty 
equal  parts  of  a  thing.  — n.  One  of 
fifty  equal  parts  of  a  unit. 

Fif'ty,  a.  Five  times  ten.  —  7i.  Sum 
of  five  tens. 

Fig,  7i.  [Lat.^cj/s.]  1.  A  tree  and 
its  fruit,  growing  in  warm  climates. 
2.  A  small  piece  of  tobacco.  [A7ner.] 

Fight  (fit),  v.  i.  [iinp.  8c  p.  p. 
FOUGHT.]  [A.-S.  feohtan.]  1.  To 
contend  in  arms.  2.  To  act  in  op¬ 
position.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  carry  on,  as  a 
conflict.  2.  To  contend  with  in  bat¬ 
tle.  —  7i.  A  battle ;  a  struggle  for 
victory. 

Syn.  —  Combat ;  engagement ;  con¬ 
test;  fray;  affray;  conflict. 

FIght'er  (flt'er),  n.  One  who  fights. 

Fig'ment,  n.  [Lat .  figrr.entum ,  from 
fingere ,  to  form,  invent.]  An  inven¬ 
tion  ;  a  fiction. 

FlG'U-RA-BLE ,  a.  [Lat.  figurare,  to 
form,  shape.]  Capable  of  a  certain 
fixed  form  or  shape.  [nate  figure. 

Fig'u-rate,  a.  Of  a  certain  determi- 

FlG'U-RA'TION,  n.  Act  of  giving  fig¬ 
ure  or  determinate  form. 

Fig'u-ra-tive,  a.  1.  Representing 
by  a  figure  ;  typical ;  representative. 
2.  Tropical ;  metaphorical ;  not  lit¬ 
eral. 

Fig'tj-ra-tive-ly,  adv.  In  a  figu¬ 
rative  manner. 


A,  E,  1, 5,u,  Y,  long,-  A,  fi,I,  o,  0,  ¥,  short ;  clRE,  fXr,  ask,  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  firm;  s6n 


I 


FIGURE 


FINE 


FIg'ure  (53 ],n.  [Lat.  figura,  fr.  fin¬ 
ger  e,  to  form,  shape.]  1.  Form  of 
any  thing  ;  shape.  2.  An  image  ;  a 
drawing.  3.  Appearance  or  impres¬ 
sion  made  by  the  conduct  of  a  per¬ 
son.  4.  A  character  representing  a 
number;  a  numeral.  5.  Value; 
price.  6.  A  type  or  representative. 
7.  Pictorial  language ;  a  trope.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  make  an  im¬ 
age  of.  2.  To  embellish  with  designs. 
3.  To  Indicate  by  numerals  ;  also,  to 
calculate.  4.  To  state  or  represent 
by  a  metaphor  ;  to  signify  or  symbol¬ 
ize  5.  To  image  in  the  mind.  — 
v.  i.  To  make  a  figure ;  to  be  dis¬ 
tinguished. 

Fi-la'ceous,  a.  [Lat .filum,  thread.] 
Composed  of  threads. 

Fil'A-ment,  n.  [Lat.  filum ,  thread.] 
A  thread-like  object  or  appendage. 

Fil/A-MENT'oijs,  a.  Resembling  a 
threadj  consisting  of  fine  filaments. 

FlL'A-TURE  (53),  n.  [L.  Lat.  Jilcdura, 
from  filare,  to  spin.]  1.  The  reeling 
of  silk  from  cocoons.  2.  A  reel  for 
drawing  off  silk. 

Fil'bert,  n.  [Perhaps  from  full  and 
beard,  from  its  long  beards  or  husks.] 
Nut  of  the  cultivated  hazel. 

Filch,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  A.-S. 
filhan ,  to  stick  to,  come  upon,  hide.] 
To  steal  or  cake  privily  ;  to  pilfer. 

Filcii'er,  n.  One  who  filches. 

File,  n.  [Lat.  filum,  thread.]  1.  A 
line  ;  a  row,  as  of  soldiers  ranged  be¬ 
hind  one  another.  2.  An  orderly 
collection  of  papers  ;  also,  the  wire, 
or  contrivance,  by  which  they  are 
kept  in  order.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  set  in  order;  to  place  on  file. 

2.  To  bring  before  a  court  or  legisla¬ 
tive  body  by  presenting  proper  papers 
in  a  regular  way.  3.  To  put  among 
the  records  of  a  court. — v.  i.  To 
march  in  a  line,  as  soldiers. — n. 
[A.-S.  feol.]  A  steel  instrument  for 
abrading  other  substances.  — v.  t.  1. 
To  rub  or  smooth  with  a  file,  or  as 
with  a  file.  2.  To  smooth;  to  polish. 

File'-lead'er,  n.  The  soldier  placed 
in  the  front  of  a  file. 

ETl'IAL  (ffl'yal),  a.  [From  Lat .filius, 
son ,Jilia,  daughter.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  a  son  or  daughter.  2.  Bearing 
the  relation  of  a  child. 

Fil/I-A,tion,  n.  1.  Relation  of  a 
child  to  a  father.  2.  The  fixing  of 
a  bastard  child  on  some  one  as  its 
father. 

Fil'i-bcjs'ter,  n.  [Sp .  filibote  or  fli- 
bote,  a  small,  fast-sailing  vessel, 
named  from  the  river  VI y  in  Hol¬ 
land.]  A  lawless  military  adventur¬ 
er;  a  free-booter;  a  pirate.  —  v.  i. 
To  act  as  a  filibuster. 

FIl'i-form,  a.  [Lat.  filum,  thread, 
and  forma ,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  thread. 

Fil'I-gree,  n.  [Lat.  filum,  thread, 
and  granum ,  grain  ]  Ornamental 
work  of  fine  gold  or  silver  wire. 

Fill,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S .fyl- 
lan ,  fr.  full,  full.]  1.  To  make  full. 
2.  To  supply  abundantly.  3.  Tosat- 


165 

isfy.  4.  To  occupy  ;  to  hold.  5.  To 
supply  with  an  incumbent.  — v.  i.  1. 
To  become  full ;  to  be  satiated.  2. 
To  give  to  drink. — n.  1.  A  full  sup¬ 
ply.  2.  Shaft  of  a  carriage. 

FIl'let,  n.  [Fr.  Jilet,  thread,  dim. 
of  jil,  thread,  from  Lat  .filum.]  1.  A 
little  baud,  esp.  one  to  tie  about  the 
hair.  2.  A  piece  of  meat  made  up 
of  muscles.  3.  A  little  square  mem¬ 
ber  or  ornameut ;  a  listel. — v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  bind,  furnish,  or 
adorn  with  a  fillet. 

Fil'li-beg,  n.  [Gael .  filleadhbeag,  i. 
e.,  little  plaid.]  A  Highland  dress 
reaching  nearly  to  the  knees. 

FIl'li-bus'ter,  n.  See  Filibuster. 

Fill'ing,  n.  That  which  fills,  or  with 
which  anything  is  filled. 

Fil'lip,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prob. 
from  the  sound.]  To  strike  with  the 
nail  of  the  finger,  first  placed  against 
the  ball  of  the  thumb,  and  forced 
from  that  position  with  a  sudden 
spring.  —  n.  A  jerk  of  the  finger 
forced  suddenly  from  the  thumb. 

Fil'li-peen',  n.  Same  as  Philo- 
pena. 

Fil'ly,  ii.  [ W.ffilog .  See  Foal.]  1. 
A  young  mare.  2  A  lively  or  wanton 
girh 

Film,  n.  [A.-S.  film,  skin.]  1.  A  thin 
skin  ;  a  pellicle.  2.  A  slender  thread. 
—  v.  t.  To  cover  with  a  thin  skin. 

Fi'LM'Y,  a.  Composed  of  film  ;  mem¬ 
branous. 

FPlose  (125),  a.  [Lnt.fihim,  thread.] 
Ending  in  a  thread-like  process. 

Fil'ter,  n.  [L.  Lat.  fUtruni ,feltrum , 
properly  felt.]  A  piece  of  woolen 
cloth,  paper,  or  the  like,  for  strain¬ 
ing  liquors. —  v.t.  [-E  D  ;  -ing.]  To 
purify,  as  liquor,  by  passing  it 
through  a  filter. — v.i.  To  pass 
through  a  filter ;  to  percolate. 

Filth,  n.  [A.-S .  fyldh,  fr.  fid,  foul.] 

1.  Foul  matter  ;  dirt.  2.  Corrup¬ 
tion  ;  pollution. 

Filth'I-l Y,  adv.  In  a  filthy  manner. 

Filth'i-ness,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
filthy.  2.  That  which  is  filthy,  or 
makes  filthy. 

Filth'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  De¬ 
filed  with  filth  ;  morally  impure. 

Syn.  —  Nasty  ;  foul ;  dirty  ;  squalid  ; 
gross;  impure;  polluted. 

Fil'trate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
filter. 

Fil-tra'tion,  n.  Act  of  filtering. 

Fim'bri-ate,  a.  [Lat.  fimbriatus, 
fringed  \  fimbria,  fringe.]  Bordered  by 
filiform  processes  thicker  than  hairs. 

FlM'BRI-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
hem ;  to  fringe. 

Fin,  n.  [A.-S.,  allied  to  Lat.  pinna , 
fin,  penna,  wing,  feather.]  An  or¬ 
gan  of  a  fish,  serving  to  balance  and 
propel  it  in  the  water. 

Fin'A-ble,  a.  Subject  to  a  fine. 

Fi'nal,  a.  [Lat.  finalis ,  from  finis , 
limit,  end.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
end  ;  last.  2.  Decisive  ;  mortal.  3. 
Respecting  the  purpose  or  ultimate 
end  in  view. 


is  now  appropriated  to  that  which  brings 
with  it  an  end,  as  a  final  adjustment,  the 
final  judgment,  &c.  Conclusive  implies 
the  closing  of  all  future  discussion,  nego¬ 
tiation,  &e.,  as  a  conclusive  argument  or 
fact,  a  conclusive  arrangement.  Ultimate 
has  reference  to  something  earlier  or  pre¬ 
ceding,  as,  a  temporary  reverse  may  lead 
to  an  ultimate  triumph.  The  statements 
which  a  man  finally  makes  may  be  per¬ 
fectly  conclusive  as  to  his  ultimate  inten¬ 
tions. 

Finale  (fe-na/la),  n.  [It.]  Last 
note,  or  end,  of  a  piece  of  music; 
termination.  [ment. 

Fi-nal'i-ty,  it.  Final  state  ;  a  settle- 

FPNAL-LY,  adv.  1.  At  the  end  ;  ulti¬ 
mately  ;  lastly  2.  Completely. 

F1-NAN9E'  (fx-mtnss7, 114),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
financia,  payment  of  money,  money, 
fr .  finare,  to  pay  a  fine.]  Income  of 
a  ruler  or  of  a  state ;  revenue ;  — 
often  in  the  pi.,  funds. 

Fi-nan'cial  (fi-muFshal),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  finance. 

Fi-nan'CIAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  financial 
manner. 

Fin'an-^ier',  n.  1.  An  officer  who 
administers  the  public  revenue.  2. 
One  skilled  in  financial  operations. — 
v.  i.  To  conduct  financial  opera¬ 
tions. 

Finch  (66),  n.  [A.-S .fine,  allied  to  W. 
pine,  a  finch,  smart,  gay.]  A  small 
singing  bird. 

Find,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  found.] 
[A.-S.  find  an.]  1.  To  meet  with  ac¬ 
cidentally  ;  to  fall  in  with.  2.  To 
perceive  ;  to  experience  ;  to  feel.  3. 
To  discover  by  study  or  experiment. 

4.  To  provide  for  ;  to  supply.  5.  To 

arrive  at,  as  a  conclusion. ; — v.  i .  To 
determine  an  issue  of  fact,  and  to 
declare  such  a  determination  to  a 
court.  [finds. 

Find'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Find'ing,  n.  1.  That  which  is  found  ; 
discovery ;  especially,  pi. ,  that  which 
a  journeyman  provides  for  himself. 
2.  A  verdict. 

Fine,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Abbrev.  fr. 
Lat. finitus,  finished.]  1.  Finished; 
perfected ;  hence,  excellent ;  superi¬ 
or  ;  showy.  2.  Aiming  at  show  or 
effect ;  over-dressed.  3.  Nice  ;  deli¬ 
cate  ;  exquisite.  4.  Sly  ;  fraudulent. 

5.  Not  coarse,  gross,  or  heavy. 

Fine  arts ,  those  arts  which  depend 
chiefly  on  the  imagination,  as  poetry, 
painting,  sculpture,  engraving,  and  ar¬ 
chitecture;  —  sometimes  restricted  to  the 
first  two. 

Syn. — Beautiful. — When  used  as  a 
word  of  praise,  fine  denotes  “  no  ordina¬ 
ry  thing  of  its  kind."  It  is  not  as  strong 
as  beautiful ,  in  reference  to  the  single  at¬ 
tribute  implied  in  the  latter  ;  but  when 
we  speak  of  a, fine  woman,  we  embrace 
more  :  viz.,  all  the  qualities  becoming  a 
woman  —  breeding,  sentiment,  tact,  kc. 
The  same  is  true  of  a  fine  garden,  land¬ 
scape,  horse,  poem,  kc.  ;  and  the  word, 
though  applied  to  a  great  variety  of  ob¬ 
jects,  has  still  a  very  definite  sense,  de¬ 
noting  a  high  degree  of  characteristic 
excellence,  though  not  the  very  highest. 
When  used  in  dispraise,  it  denotes  that 
the  fineness  is  carried  to  an  extreme. 

—  v.  t.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make 
fine  ;  to  refine.  2.  To  impose  a  pe¬ 
cuniary  penalty  upon.  — n.  A  pay- 


Syn.  —  Conclusive  ;  ultimate.  —  Final 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  URN,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  €,  G,  hard ;  A§;  EXIST;  NasNG;  THIS. 


FINE-DRAW 


ment  of  money  imposed  as  a  punish¬ 
ment  for  an  offense. 

In  fine ,  in  conclusion ;  by  way  of  termi¬ 
nation  or  summing  up, 

FIne'-draw,  v.  t.  [-DRAWN  ; 
-drawing.]  To  sew  up,  as  a  rent, 
so  that  the  seam  is  not  perceived. 

Fine'-drawn,  p.  a.  Drawn  out  with 
too  much  subtilty. 

Fine'ly,  adv.  In  a  finished  manner. 

FIne'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  fine. 

FIn'er,  n.  One  who  fines  or  purifies. 

Fin'EE-Y,  ti.  1.  Decoration  ;  especially 
showy  or  excessive  decoration.  2.  A 
refinery. 

Fi-NESSE'(fi-ness'),  n.  [Fr.  Cf.  Fine¬ 
ness.]  Artifice;  stratagem. — v.i. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  To  use  artifice. 

Fin'ger,  n.  [A.-S .finger,  fv.fangan, 
to  take  or  seize.]  One  of  the  extrem¬ 
ities  of  the  hand,  including  or  ex¬ 
cluding  the  thumb. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  touch  with  the  fingers  ; 
to  handle.  2.  To  touch  lightly.  3. 
To  pilfer.  _ 

Fin'geR-BOARD,  n.  Part  of  a  stringed 
instrument  on  which  the  fingers  are 
pressed  to  vary  the  tone. 

FIn'ger-glass,  7i.  A  glass  for  water 
to  wet  the  fingers  at  the  dinner- 
table. 

Fin'ger-post,  7i.  A  post  with  a  fin¬ 
ger  pointing,  for  directing  passengers. 

Fin'I€-al,  a.  [From ./me.]  Affected¬ 
ly  fine ;  unduly  particular. 

Syn. —  Spruce:  foppish. —  One  who  is 
spruce  is  elaborately  nice  in  dress  ;  one 
who  is  finical  shows  his  affectation  in 
language  and  manner  as  well  as  dress  ; 
one  who  is  foppish  seeks  to  distinguish 
himself  by  the  cut  of  his  clothes,  the 
tawdriness  of  his  ornaments,  and  the  os¬ 
tentation  of  his  manner. 

FI'nis ,  7i.  [Lat.]  An  end ;  conclusion. 

Fin'ish,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
finite,  fv.  finis,  limit,  end.]  1.  To  put 
an  end  to  ;  to  terminate.  2.  To  be¬ 
stow  the  utmost  labor  upon. — n. 
That  which  finishes  ;  esp.,  the  last, 
hard,  smooth  coat  of  plaster  on  a  wall. 

FlN'ISH-ER,  7i.  1.  One  who  finishes. 

_2.  A  machinist. 

Fi'nite,  a.  [Lat .finitvs,  p.  p.  of fi¬ 
nite.  See  Finish.]  Limited  in  quan¬ 
tity,  degree,  or  capacity. 

Fi'nIte-ly,  adv.  Within  limits. 

Fin 'NY,  a.  Furnished  with,  or  per¬ 
taining  to,  fins. 

Fin'-toed,  a.  Having  toes  connect¬ 
ed  by  a  membrane,  as  aquatic  fowls. 

FTr  (18),  7i.  [A.-S.  furh.\  A  tree  al¬ 

lied  to  the  pines. 

Fire,  n.  [A.-S.  fiyr,  allied  to  Or.  77-up.] 
1.  Combustion;  state  of  ignition.  2. 
Fuel  in  a  state  of  combustion  ;  a  con¬ 
flagration.  3.  Ardor  of  passion.  4. 
Liveliness  and  warmth  of  imagina¬ 
tion. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
set  on  fire  ;  to  kindle.  2.  To  irritate, 
as  the  passions.  3.  To  animate.  4. 
To  discharge,  as  a  gun.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
take  fire ;  to  kindle.  2.  To  be  irri¬ 
tated  or  inflamed.  3.  To  discharge 
guns. 

Fire'-Xrm,  77.  A  weapon  acting  by 
the  force  of  gunpowder. 


1GG 

FIre'-board,  7i.  A  chimney -board, 
to  close  a  fire-place. 

FIre'-brand,  7i.  1.  A  piece  of  wood 
kindled  or  on  fire.  2.  Anincendiary. 

FJre'-damp,  7i.  The  explosive  car¬ 
bureted  hydrogen  of  coal-mines. 

Fire'-eat'er,  7i.  One  who  pretends 
to  eat  fire  ;  hence,  a  fighting  charac¬ 
ter. 

Fire'-Ln'gine  (-en'jin),  tx.  An  engine 
for  throwing  water  to  put  out  fixes. 

Fire'-fey,  ti.  A  winged,  luminous 
insect ;  also,  the  female  glow-worm. 

Fire'lock,  ti.  A  gun-lock  or  mus¬ 
ket,  discharged  by  striking  fire  with 
flint  and  steel. 

Fire'man  (150),  ti.  1.  A  man  whose 
business  is  to  help  to  extinguish  fires 
in  towns.  2.  A  man  who  tends  the 
fires,  as  of  a  steam-engine. 

Fire'-new  (-nu),  a.  Fresh  from  the 
forge  ;  quite  new. 

Fire'-place,  7i.  Part  of  a  chimney 
appropriated  to  the  fire;  a  hearth. 

Fire'-proof,  a.  Proof  against  fire  ; 
incombustible. 

FIre'-shjp,  7i.  A  vessel  filled  with  com¬ 
bustibles  to  burn  an  enemy’s  ships. 

Fire'side,  ti.  A  place  near  the  fire ; 
home ;  domestic  life. 

FlRE'WARD'EN,  71.  An  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  direct  in  the  extinguishing 
of  fires 

FTre'-wood,  ti.  Wood  for  fuel. 

Fire'-work  (-wfirk),  7i.  Preparations 
of  gunpowder  and  other  inflamma¬ 
ble  materials,  for  making  explosions 
in  the  air. 

Fir'kin  (18),  7i.  [A.-S.  fewer,  four, 

and  the  dim.  term,  kin.]  1.  A  meas¬ 
ure  of  capacity,  equal  to  nine  ale  gal¬ 
lons.  2.  A  small  cask  of  indetermi¬ 
nate  size.  [ Amer .] 

FIRM  (18),  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [l&t.fir- 
77771S.]  1.  Fixed;  hence, closely  com¬ 
pressed.  2.  Not  easily  excited  or  dis¬ 
turbed.  3.  Solid.  4.  Indicating  firm¬ 
ness. 

Syn. —  Compact;  dense;  hard ; steady ; 
resolute  ;  constant. 

—  77.  [It.  JirTna ,  the  (con/znmng) 
signature.]  The  name,  title,  or  style, 
under  which  a  company  transact 
business  ;  hence,  a  partnership. 

FIr'ma-ment,  71.  [L&t.Jirmamrntum, 
fr .firmus,  firm.]  The  sky  ;  heavens. 

FiR'MA-MENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  firmament. 

FIr'man,  or  Fir-man'  (150),  n.  [Pers. 
ferTtian,  Skr.  pramana,  measure,  au¬ 
thority  ]  A  decree  of  the  Turkish  or 
other  Oriental  government.  [ily. 

FIrm'ly,  adv.  Solidly  ;  closely  ;  stead- 

FIrm'ness,  ti.  State  of  being  firm; 
fixedness  ;  stability  ;  certainty. 

Syn.  —  Firmness;  constancy. —  Firm¬ 
ness  belongs  to  the  will,  and  constancy 
to  the  affections  and  principles  ;  the  for¬ 
mer  prevents  us  from  yielding,  and  the 
latter  from  fluctuating.  Without  firm- 
ness  a  man  has  no  character;  “without 
constancy,"  says  Addison,  “there  is 
neither  love,  friendship,  nor  virtue  in 
'  the  world.” 

FTrst  (18),  a.  [A.-S.,  superl.  of  fore, 
before.]  1.  Preceding  all  others.  2. 


FIT 

Most  eminent  or  exalted.  —  adv.  Be 
fore  any  thing  else  in  time,  space, 
rank,  &c.  [eldest. 

FIrst'-born,  a.  First  brought  forth  ; 

First'-floor,  ti.  1.  Floor  next 
above  the  ground-floor.  [_E/?g-.]  2. 
The  ground-floor.  [Amer.] 

FIrst'-fruit,  n.  [Usually  in  the  pi.] 
Fruits  earliest  gathered  ;  the  earliest 
results  or  profits  of  any  action  or 
position.  [n.estic  animals. 

First'ling,  ti.  First  offspring  of  do- 

First'ly,  adv.  In  the  first  place. 

FlRST'-RATE,  a.  Of  the  highest  ex¬ 
cellence  ;  pre-eminent. 

Fisc,  7i.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  fiscus,  bas¬ 

ket,  money -basket.]  Treasury  of  a 
prince  or  state. 

FIsg'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  public 
treasury. — n.  A  treasurer. 

Fisii,  71.  ;  pi.  fish'es,  instead  of 
which  the  sing,  is  often  used  collect¬ 
ively.  [A.-S.  allied  to  Lat.  piscis.] 
I.  An  animal  that  lives  in  water.  2. 
An  oviparous,  vertebrate,  aquatic  an¬ 
imal,  covered  with  scales,  and  breath¬ 
ing  by  means  of  gills.  3.  Flesh  of 
fish. —  v.  7.  [-ed;  -ing]  1.  To 

attempt  to  catch  fish.  2.  To  seek  to 
obtain  by  artifice. — v.  t.  1.  To  draw 
out  cr  up.  2.  To  search  as  for  fish. 

FlSI-l'ER,  7i.  One  who  is  en. ployed 
in  catching  fish. 

Fish'er-man  (150),  77.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  catch  fish. 

FlSH'ER-Y,  ti.  1.  Business  of  catch- 
irg  fish.  2.  A  place  for  catching 
fish.  _  [fish. 

Fish'd  do  k,  n.  A  hock  for  catching 

IlSH'l-NESS,  71.  State  of  being  fishy. 

FiSH'MON'GER (-mung'Ler),  ii.  A  sell¬ 
er  of  fish.  [vidirg  fish  at  table. 

Fisii  '-slice  ,n.  A  broad  knife  for  di- 

Fish'-wjfe  (149),  7i.  A  woman  that 
cries  fish  for  sale.  [who  sells  fish. 

Fisii'-wom'an  (150),  7i.  A  woman 

FIsti'y ,  a.  Consisting  of  fish;  fish¬ 
like  ;  filled  with  fish. 

Fis'sile  (fiVsil),  a.  [Lat.  fissilis,  fr. 
fitidere,  to  split.]  Capable  of  being 
split  or  cleft.  [sile. 

Fis-sil'i-ty,  ti.  Quality  of  being  fis- 

Iis'sion  (f.sh'un),  7i.  A  cleaving, 
splitting,  cr  breaking  up  into  parts. 

Fis'sure  ( fish'p r),  n.  A  cleft ;  a  lon¬ 
gitudinal  opening. 

Fist,  n.  [A.-S../?/.#.]  The  hand  with 
the  fingers  doubled.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  strike  with  the  fist. 

Fist'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  boxing  ;  pu¬ 
gilistic. 

Fist' l -cuffs,  n .  pi.  Blows,  or  a  com¬ 
bat  with  the  fists. 

Fjst'v-la  ( fist'yp-la),  n. ;  pi.  fYst’- 
U-ljf.  [Lat.]  1.  A  reed :  hence,  a 
pipe.  2.  A  deep,  narrow  abscess. 

Fist'u-lar.  a.  Hollow  life  a  pipe. 

FiST'U-L ATE ,  v.  i.  To  become  a  pipe 
or  fistula.  —  v.  t.  To  make  hollow 
like  a  pipe. 

Fist'ii-loDs,  a.  1.  Having  the  form 
or  nature  of  a  fistula.  2.  Hollow  like 
a  pipe. 


Fit,  a.  [-ter  ;  -test,  136.]  [Cf. 
feat,  neat,  well  made.]  1.  Adapted 

A.,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y, long;  X,£,I,  6,  ft,  short ;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  tLrm;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


FITCH 


FLAT 


167 


to  an  end,  object,  or  design.  2.  Suit¬ 
able  to  a  standard  of  duty,  proprie¬ 
ty  ,  or  taste. 

Syn.  — Proper  ;  appropriate  ;  meet  ; 
becoming;  apposite;  adapted. 

—  V.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING  ]  1.  To 

make  fit  or  suitable  ;  to  qualify.  2. 
To  bring  into  a  required  form.  3. 
To  furnish  duly  ;  to  be  suitable  to. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  be  proper  or  becoming. 

2.  To  suit.  —  n.  1.  Adjustment; 

adaptedness.  [Prob.  from  the  root 
of fight.]  2.  A  sudden  and  violent 
attack  of  a  disorder  ;  hence,  in  gen¬ 
eral,  an  attack  of  disease.  3.  Any 
sudden  and  overpowering  attack.  4. 
A  passing  humor.  5.  A  sudden  emis¬ 
sion.  [the  pole-cat. 

Fitch,  n.  [Contr.  of  fitcliet.]  Fur  of 

Fit'FUL,  a.  Full  of  fits  ;  irregularly 
variable;  spasmodic. 

Fit'ly,  ndv.  Suitably  ;  properly. 

Fit'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  fit. 

FlT'TING,  n.  Any  thing  used  in  fit¬ 
ting  up. —  p.  a.  Fit;  appropriate. 

FIVE,  n.  [A.-S.  ftf.]  Sum  of  four 
and  one.  —  a.  Four  and  one  added. 

FIve'fold,  a.  &  ad v.  Five  times  re¬ 
peated  ;  quintuple. 

Fives,  n.  pi.  A  kind  of  play  with  a 
ball ;  —  so  named  because  three  Jives 
are  counted  to  the  game. 

Fix,  n.  A  position  of  embarrassment ; 
predicament.  [Colloq.]  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Fr.  fixer,  Sp.  &  Pg.  Jixar. 
It.  fissare,  fr.  Lat .  figere ,  fixum . ]  1. 

To  make  firm,  stable,  or  fast.  2. 
To  hold  steadily,  or  without  moving. 

3.  To  adjust ;  to  set  to  rights ;  to 
put  in  order. 

Syn. —  To  prepare  ;  place  ;  establish  ; 
settle;  determine;  arrange. —  Fix  de¬ 
notes  to  set  firmly,  as,  to  fix  the  eye  on 
some  one  ;  his  teeth  were  fixed;  and 
hence  arises  the  vulgarism  to  be  in  a 
"fix,”  or  a  “  bad  fix."  It  is  a  gross  error 
to  give  this  word  the  sense  of  arrange  or 
put  in  order,  as,  to  fix  a  clock;  to  fix  the 
fire;  to  fix  one’s  hair;  to  fix  up,  &  c. — 
This  very  common  Americanism  has  no 
sanction  in  English  usage. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  settle  or  remain  perma¬ 
nently.  2.  To  become  firm  or  hard. 

FIx'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being  fixed. 

Fix-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  fixing.  2. 
State  of  being  fixed  ;  steadiness ; 
constancy.  [lished;  firm. 

Fixed  (flkst),  p.  a.  Settled ;  estab- 

Fix'ED-LY,  ndv.  In  a  fixed  manner. 

Fix'ed-ness,  a.  A  state  of  being  fixed  ; 
stability  ;  firmness  ;  steadfastness. 

FTx'ING,  n.  A  fixtui'c  ;  - —  used  chiefly 
in  the  pi.  ;  arrangements,  embellish¬ 
ments,  trimmings,  & c.  [Colloq.  Am.] 

FIx'I-TY,  n.  Fixedness  ;  coherence  of 
parts. 

JHxt'ure  (fikshyijr,  53),  n.  1.  That 
which  is  attached  to  something  as  a 
permanent  appendage.  2.  Fixedness. 

Fizz,  If.?.  [Teel .,/?«? ,  to  venti- 

FTz'zle,  (  late,  Gr.  <f>vcra.]  1.  To 
make  a  hissing  sound.  2.  To  bungle. 

Fiz'ZLE,  n.  A  failure  or  abortive 
effort.  [by. 

FlXb'bi-ness,  n.  State  of  being  flab- 

FlXb'by,  a.  [See  Flap.]  Wanting 
firmness ;  flaccid. 


Flae'GID,  a.  [Lat .flaccidus,  fr.  flac- 
cus,  flabby.]  Yielding  to  pressure  ; 
soft  and  weak  ;  flabby. 

FLAE-9'ID'I-TY,  I  n.  State  of  being 

Flaccid- ness,  ]  flaccid;  flabbi¬ 
ness. 

Flag, v.  i.  [-ged  ; -ging,  136.]  [Al¬ 
lied  to  Lat.  Jlaccus,  flabby,  Goth. 
thlapvus,  soft,  tender.]  1.  To  be  loose 
and  yielding.  2.  To  grow  spiritless 
or  dejected.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  let  foil  into 
feebleness.  2.  To  lay  with  flat  stones. 
—  n.  1.  [Allied  to  Ger.  flack,  flat.] 
A  flat  stone  used  for  paving.  2. 
[From  .flag,  to  hang  loose.]  An 
aquatic  plant  with  long  leaves.  3. 
[See  Flag,  v.  ?.]  An  ensign ;  a  ban¬ 
ner  ;  a  standard. 

Flag'el-late,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[hat.  flagellar  e,  -latum,  fr.  flagellum  , 
whip,  scourge.]  To  whip,  to  scourge. 

FlagPel-LA'TION,  n.  A  whipping  ; 
a  flogging. 

Flag'eo-let'  (flaj''o-),  n.  [Fr.,  dim. 
of  jlaute,  N.  Fr.  Jldtc.]  A  small 
wind-instrument,  having  a  mouth¬ 
piece  at  one  end. 

Flag'ging,  n.  A  pavement  or  side¬ 
walk  of  flag-stones. 

Flag'gy , a.  1.  Weak;  flexible.  2. 
Insipid.  3.  Abounding  with  the 
plant  called  flag. 

Fla-gi'tious  (-jTshhis),  a.  [Lat.  /7a- 
gitiosus,  fr.  flagilium,  a  disgraceful 
act.]  1.  Shamefully  criminal.  2. 
Guilty  of  enormous  crimes. 

Syn. —  Atrocious;  villainous;  profli¬ 
gate. 

Fla-gi'tioijs-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  flagitious ;  extreme  wickedness. 

Flag'-of'fi-cer,  n.  Commander  of 
a  squadron. 

Flag'ON,  n.  [Fr.  Jlacon,  for flascon, 
prob.  fr.  Lat.  vasculum ,  a  small  ves¬ 
sel.]  A  vessel  for  holding  and  con¬ 
veying  liquors.  [mity. 

Fla'gran-^Y,  n.  Ileinousness  ;  enor- 

Fla'grant,  a.  [Lat.  flagrans,  p.  pr. 
of  fiagrare,  to  flame;  blaze.]  1. 
Flaming ;  burning.  2.  Raging.  3. 
Notorious.  [manner. 

Fla/gr ANT-LY,  adv.  In  a  flagrant 

Flag'-SIIip,  n.  The  ship  which  bears 
the  commanding  officer  of  a  squad¬ 
ron. 

Flag'-staff  (149),  n.  A  staff  on 
which  a  flag  is  hung.  [pavement. 

Flag'-STONE,  n.  A  flat  stone  for 

Flail,  n.  [From  hat. flagellum,  whip, 
scourge.]  An  instrument  for  thresh¬ 
ing  grain. 

Flake,  n.  [A.-S .flace,  hat.Jloccus.] 
1.  A  film  ;  flock  ;  scale.  2.  A  plat¬ 
form  of  hurdles,  for  drying  codfish, 
&c.  3.  A  small  changing  stage  or 
scaffold. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
form  into  flakes.  —  v.  i.  To  scale  off. 

Flaic'y,  a.  Consisting  of  flakes. 

Flam'beau  (flanflbo),  n. ;  pi.  flam'- 
BEAUX,  or  FLAM'BEAUS  (flanbboz). 
[Fr.,  from  Lat.  flammula,  a  little 
flame.]  A  flaming  torch  used  in  the 
streets  at  night. 

Flame,  n.  [Lat.  Jlamma.]  1.  Burn¬ 
ing  gas  ;  a  blaze.  2.  Burning  zeal 


or  passion  ;  fervency.  3.  A  sweet¬ 
heart.  [Colloq.] — v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  burn  with  a  blaze.  2.  To  break 
out  in  violence  of  passion. 

FLA'MEN,  n.  [Lat. ,  so  called  from  the 
filwm ,  or  fillet  around  his  head.] 
(Rom.  Antiq.)  A  priest  devoted  to 
the  service  of  a  particular  god. 

Fla-min;go,  n. 

[From  Lat.  flam- 

ma,  flame.]  A  bird 
of  a  blight  red  col¬ 
or,  having  long  legs 
and  neck. 

FL  AM-MIF'E  R-O  US, 
a.  [Lat.  Jlammi- 
fer,  from  Jlamma , 
flame,  and  ferre ,  to 
bear.]  Producing 
flame. 

FLAM'Y,  a.  Flam-  Flamingo, 
ing  ;  blazing ;  flame-like. 

Flange,  n.  [See  Flank.]  Project¬ 
ing  edge,  rib,  or  rim  as  of  a  car-wheel. 

Flank,  n.  [Prob.  from  Lat.  Jlaccus, 
flabby.]  1.  Fleshy  part  of  the  side 
of  an  animal.  2.  (Mil.)  (a.)  The  side 
of  an  army  or  of  any  division  of  it. 
(b.)  Part  of  a  bastion.  3.  Side  of 
any  building. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 

1.  To  stand  at  the  flank  or  side  of, 

2.  To  command  the  flank  of ;  to  pass 

around  or  turn  the  flank  of.  —  v.  i. 
To  border  ;  to  touch.  [cloth. 

Flan'nel,  n.  A  soft,  nappy,  woolen 

Flap,  n.  [Allied  to  Lat.  Jlaccus,  flab¬ 
by.]  1.  Any  thing  broad  and  limber 
that  hangs  loose.  2.  Motion  of  any 
thing  broad  and  loose,  or  a  stroke 
with  it.  3.  pi.  (Far.)  A  disease  in 
the  lips  of  horses.  —  v.  t.  [-PE  D  ; 
-ping,  136.]  1.  To  beat  with  a  flap. 
2.  To  move,  as  something  broad  and 
loose. — v.i.  1.  To  move  as  wings. 
2.  To  fall  and  hang  like  a  flap. 

Flap*— EARED,  a.  Having  broad, 
loose  ears.  [cake. 

FlapMack,  n.  A  sort  of  broad  pan- 

Flap'per,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
flaps. 

FlAre,  v.  i.  [-ed:  -ing.]  [Contr. 
fr.  Prov.  Eng.  flacker,  to  flutter.]  1. 
To  burn  or  shine  out  unsteadily,  2. 
To  open  or  spread  outward.  —  n.  An 
unsteady,  broad,  offensive  light. 

FlareL- Op,  n.  A  sudden  passion. 

Flash,  n.  [Fr .  JUche,  arrow,  fromM. 

ll.  Ger.  vliz,  arrow,  bow.]  1.  A  sud¬ 
den  burst  of  light.  2.  A  momentary 
brightness.  3.  An  instant.  4.  Slang 
language  of  thieves,  robbers,  &c. — 
a.  Low  an do vulgar ;  slang. — v.i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  To  break  forth,  as  a  sudden 
flood  of  light  or  flame. — v.  t.  To 
send  out  in  flashes  :  to  convey  by  a 
quick  and  startling  motion. 

Flash'y,  a.  1.  Dazzling  fora  moment. 
2.  Showy  ;  gaudy.  3.  Insipid  ;  vapid. 

Flask,  n.  [A.-S.  flasr,  Jlaxa.  See 
Flagon.]  1.  A  narrow-necked  ves¬ 
sel  for  fluids.  2.  A  powder-horn.  3. 
(Founding.)  A  box  containing  the 
sand  that  forms  the  mold. 

Flat,  a.  [-ter  ;  -test,  136.]  [Icel. 
flatr,  0.  II.  Ger.  flaz .]  1.  Levelwith- 


R,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  to'ok  ;  Orn,rue,  PULL;  £,  I,  o,  silent. ;  9,  G,  soft;  c,  G,  hard ;  Ag;  exist; 


N  as  Nfi  :  TATIS 


FLAT-IRON 


FLIPPANCY 


out  inclination.  2.  Prostrate ;  fallen  ; 
laid  low  ;  ruined.  3.  Monotonous. 
4.  Depressed;  dull.  5.  Clear;  abso¬ 
lute;  downright.  6.  ( Mus .)  (a.)  Be¬ 
low  the  true  pitch,  (b.)  Not  sharp  or 
shrill ;  not  acute.  —  n.  1.  A  level  sur¬ 
face.  2.  A  low,  level  tract  of  ground. 
3.  Flat  part,  or  side,  of  any  thing.  4. 
A  simpleton  ;  a  numskull.  5.  (Mus.) 
A  character  [ b]  before  a  note,  indicat¬ 
ing  a  tone  a  half-step  or  semitone 
lower.  —  v.t.  [-ted;  -ting,  136.] 
To  make  flat ;  to  flatten.  — v.  i.  To 
become  flat  or  flattened. 

FlXt'-Pron  (-Furn),  n.  An  iron  for 
smoothing  cloth. 

FlXt'LY,  adv.  In  a  flat  manner ; 
evenly  ;  frigidly  ;  positively  ;  plainly. 

FlXt'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  flat. 

FlXt'ten  (flXt'tn),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  level ;  to  make  flat.  2.  To  throw 
down  ;  hence,  to  depress  ;  to  deject. 
3.  To  make  insipid.  4.  To  lower  the 
pitch  of.  —  v.  i.  To  become  even,  de¬ 
jected.  dull ,  or  depressed  below  pitch . 

FlXt'ter,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
flat ;  orig.,  to  stroke,  i.  e.,  to  make 
flat,  or  smooth.]  1.  To  gratify  ;  to 
coax.  2.  To  please  by  artful  and  in¬ 
terested  commendation.  3.  To  please 
with  false  hopes. 

Flat'ter-er,  ».  One  who  flatters. 

Flat'ter-y,  n.  Act  of  flattering. 

Syn.  —  Adulation ;  obsequiousness. 

Flat'u-len9E,  )  n.  State  of  being 

FlXt'U-len-^y,  j  flatulent. 

FlXt'U-lent,  a.  [From  Lat.  flatus, 
a  blowing.]  1.  Windy.  2.  Gener¬ 
ating  wind  in  the  stomach.  3.  Tur¬ 
gid  with  air. 

FlXunt,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Cf.  Goth. 
flautan,  to  boast.]  To  throw  or  spread 
out  ostentatiously. 

Fla'vor,  n.  [0.  Eng.  flayre,  smell, 
odor,  fr.  Lat.  fragrare,  to  emit  fra¬ 
grance,  changed  into  fiagrare.)  1. 
Odor;  fragrance.  2.  Relish;  savor. 
3.  That  which  imparts  a  peculiar 
odor  or  taste.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  give  flavor  to.  [taste  or  smell. 

Fla'vor-OUS,  a.  Pleasant  to  the 

Flaw,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  flOh,  fragment, 
iz.flean,  to  flay.]  1.  A  bursting  or 
cracking  ;  a  gap  or  fissure.  2.  A  sud¬ 
den  gust  of  short  duration.  3.  Any 
defect,  made  by  violence  or  occa¬ 
sioned  by  neglect. 

Syn. — Blemish;  imperfection. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  break  ; 
to  crack  ;  to  violate. 

Flaw'y,  a.  1.  Full  of  flaws.  2.  Sub¬ 
ject  to  flaws  or  sudden  gusts. 

Flax,  n.  [A.-S.  fleax ,  from 
the  same  root  with  Ger. 
flechten,  to  braid,  plait.]  1. 

A  plant,  the  fiber  of  the 
bark  of  which  is  used  for 
making  thread  and  cloth. 

2.  Fibrous  part  of  the 
plant,  when  broken  and 
cleaned. 

Flax'en  (flaks/n),  a.  1. 

Made  of  flax.  2.  Resem¬ 
bling  flax.  [flax-plant. 

FlXx'seed,  n.  Seed  of  the  Flax- 


168 

FlXx'Y,  a.  Like  flax  ;  of  a  light  color. 

FLAY.e.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S .flean.] 
To  skin  ;  to  strip  off  the  skin  of. 

Flea,  n.  [A.-S. flea,  allied  to  Lat.  pu- 
lex.]  An  insect  remarkable  for  its 
agility  and  troublesome  bite. 

Flea'— bite,  n.  1.  The  bite  of  a  flea. 

A  trifling  wound  or  pain. 

Fleam,  n.  [Gr.  <£>Ae/3oTd|U.oe ,  fr.  <jbAe'»/q 
$Ae/36?,  vein,  and  to py,  a  cutting.]  A 
lancet. 

Fleck,  n.  A  spot ;  a  streak  ;  a  speck¬ 
le. —  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Ger.]  To 
spot ;  to  streak  or  stripe ;  to  dapple. 

Flec'tion,  n.  [See  Flexion.]  Act 
of  bending,  or  state  of  being  bent. 

Fled,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Flee. 

Fledge,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  Tosup- 
ply  with  feathers.  [f  >dged. 

Fledge'ling,  n.  A  young  bird  just 

Flee,  v.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  fled.] 
[A.-S .  flcohan,fleon.\  To  run  away, 
as  from  danger  or  evil. 

Fleece,  n.  [A.-S.  fleas,  flys.]  1. 
Coat  of  wool  shorn  from  a  sheep  at 
one  time.  2.  Any  soft  woolly  cover¬ 
ing.  —  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
deprive  of  a  fleece.  2.  To  rob  ;  to 
steal  from. 

Fleeter,  n.  One  who  fleeces. 

Fleecy,  a.  Covered  with,  made  of, 
or  resembling,  a  fleece. 

Fleer, v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Icel .flyra, 
to  smile  ;  to  laugh  often.]  To  deride; 
to  sneer  ;  to  mock.  —  v.t.  To  mock  ; 
to  flout  at.  —  n.  Derision  expressed 
by  words  or  looks.  [manner. 

Fleer'ing-ly,  adv.  In  a  fleering 

Fleet,  n.  [A.-S.  fliet,flota,  ship,  fr. 
fleotan ,  to  float.]  A  navy  or  squad¬ 
ron  of  ships.  —  a.  [-er;  -EST.] 
[Icel.  fliCtr,  quick.  See  Flit.] 
Swift  in  motion;  nimble. — v.  i. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  fly  swiftly;  to 
hasten. 

Fleet'ing,  p.  a.  Not  durable. 

Syn.  —  Transient;  transitory.  —  Tran¬ 
sient  represents  a  thing  as  short  at  the 
best;  transitory  as  liable  at  any  moment 
to  pass  away.  Fleeting  goes  further,  and 
represents  it  as  in  the  act  of  taking  its 
flight.  Life  is  transient ;  its  joys  are  tran¬ 
sitory  ;  its  hours  are  fleeting. 

Fleet'ly,  adv.  Swiftly  :  rapidly. 

Fleet'ness,  n.  Swiftness;  rapidity; 
velocity  ;  celerity  ;  speed. 

Flense,  v.  t.  [Cf.  Icel .flisia,  to  flay, 
skin.]  To  cut  up  and  obtain  the 
blubber  of ;  —  said  of  a  whale. 

Flesh,  n.  [A.-S.  fldsc.]  1.  The  mus¬ 
cles  covering  the  frame-work  of  bones 
in  animals.  2.  Animal  food;  meat. 
3.  The  human  race  ;  mankind.  4. 
Human  nature  ;  tenderness  of  feel¬ 
ing;  carnality.  —  5.  Soft,  pulpy  sub¬ 
stance  of  fruit.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.] 
1.  To  train  by  feeding  flesh  ;  hence, 
to  use  upon  flesh,  as  a  murderous 
weapon.  2.  To  glut;  to  satiate; 
hence,  to  accustom. 

Flesh'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
fleshy ;  plumpness  ;  corpulence. 

Flesii'li-ness,  n.  Carnal  passions 
•  and  appetites. 

Fl£sh'j,y,  a..  1.  Pertaining  to  the 

flesh.  2.  Animal;  not  vegetable.  3.1 


Human ;  not  celestial ;  not  spirit¬ 
ual.  4.  Carnal. 

Flesh'y,«.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  Full 
of  flesh  ;  plump  ;  corpuleut. 
Fleur-de-lis  (i\ur'de-lc'),  n.  [Fr., 
flower  of  the  lily.]  The  royal  insig¬ 
nia  of  France. 

Flew  (flu),  imp.  of  Fly. 

Flex,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat./ec- 
tere,flexum.]  To  bend. 

Flex'i-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
flexible ;  pliancy. 

Flex'I-ble,  a.  [Lat.  flexibilis,  from 
flectere,  to  bend.]  1.  Pliable;  yield¬ 
ing  to  pressure.  2.  Too  easy  and 
compliant;  wavering.  3.  Capable 
of  being  adapted. 

Syn. — Pliant;  tractable;  manageable. 

Flex'I-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  flexible.  [bent. 

Flex'ile,  a.  Pliant;  pliable;  easily 

Flex'ion,  n.  1.  Act  of  flexing  or 
bending.  2.  A  part  bent ;  a  fold. 

Flex'u-ous  (flek'shij-),  a.  [Lxt.flex- 
uosus,  fr .flexus,  a  bending.]  Having 
turns,  windings,  or  flexures. 

Flex'ure  (flek'shpr),  n.  1.  A  flexing 
or  bending.  2.  A  turn  ;  a  bend. 

Fligk'er,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
flyccerian,  fliccerian,  fr.  flyege ,  ^v>'e 
to  fly.]  To  flutter;  to  flap  without 
flying ;  to  waver. 

Fli'er,  n.  1.  One  who  flies  or  flees  ; 
a  fugitive.  2.  pi.  Arms  attached  to 
the  spindle  of  a  spinning-wheel.  3. 
A  straigh  t  flight  of  steps. 

Flight  (flit),  n.  [A.-S.  fliht,flyht,  a 
flying,  fr .  fleogan,  to  fly.]  1.  Act  of 
fleeing;  hasty  departure  2.  Act, 
mode,  or  style  of  flying.  3.  A  soar¬ 
ing  ;  an  extravagant  sally.  4.  A 
flock  of  birds  flying  in  company.  5. 
A  reach  of  steps  or  stairs. 

Flight'i-ness  (fllt'i-),  n.  State  of 
being  flighty. 

Syn.  —  Levity;  giddiness  ;  volatility  ; 
lightness;  wildness. 

FlIgiit'y  (fllt'y),  a.  1.  Fleeting; 
swift.  2.  X'olatile  ;  giddy. 

Flim'sy,  a.  [-er  ;  -est, *142.]  [See 
Limsy.]  Of  loose  and  unsubstantial 
structure  ;  without  reason  or  plau¬ 
sibility. 

Syn.  —  Weak  ;  feeble;  slight;  super¬ 
ficial;  shallow  ;  vain. 

Flinch,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
blench.']  To  shrink  ;  to  wince. 

Flin'ders,  n.  pi.  [D.  fl enters,  rags, 
broken  pieces.]  Small  pieces  ;  frag¬ 
ments. 

Fling,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  flung.] 
[Icel .fleygia.]  1.  To  cast  or  throw; 
to  hurl.  2.  To  emit.  3.  To  pros¬ 
trate;  hence,  to  baffle  ;  to  defeat. — 
v.  i.  1.  To  wince  ;  to  flounce.  2.  To 
cast  in  the  teeth .  —  n .  1 .  A  throw. 

2.  A  sarcasm.  3.  A  kind  of  dance. 

Flint,  n.  [A.-S.,  allied  to  Gr.  a-AiV- 
0o?,  brick.]  A  hard  variety  of  quartz. 

Flint'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  Con¬ 
sisting  of,  or  resembling,  flint. 

FLIP,  n.  A  mixture  of  beer  and  spirit 
sweetened  and  heated  by  a  hot  iron. 

Flip'pan-^y.  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  flippant. 


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FLIPPANT 


169 


FLUE 


Flip'pant,  a.  [Prov.  Eng.  flip,  to 
move  nimbly.]  1.  Yoluble ;  talka¬ 
tive.  2.  Pert ;  petulant,  [manner. 

Flip'pant-ly,  adv.  In  a  flippant 

Flip'PER,  n.  Paddle  of  a  sea-turtle; 
broad  fin  of  a  fish. 

Flirt  (18),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
blurt,  to  throw  at  random.]  1.  To 
throw  or  fling  suddenly.  2.  To  move 
playfully  to  and  fro.  —  v.  i.  To  play 
the  coquette.  —  n.  1.  A  sudden  jerk. 

2.  One  who  flirts  ;  a  coquette. 

Flir-TA'tion,  n.  1.  A  quick,  spright¬ 
ly  motion.  2.  Playing  at  courtship  ; 
coquetry. 

Flit, v.i'.  [-ted;  -ting, 136.]  [Dan. 
flytte,  to  remove.  See  Fleet.]  1. 
To  fly  away  with  a  l-apid  motion.  2. 
To  pass  rapidly  from  one  place  to  an¬ 
other. 

Flitch,  n.  [A.-S .flicce.]  Side  of  a 
hog  salted  and  cured. 

Float,  n.  [A.-S.  fleot,  river.]  1.  Any 
thing  which  floats.  2.  A  wooden  in¬ 
strument,  with  which  masons  smooth 
plastering. — v.i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [A.- 
S.  fleotan,  flotian,  to  float,  swim.] 
To  rest  on  the  surface  of  any  fluid  ; 
to  be  buoyed  up.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  cause 
to  rest  or  move  on  the  surface  of  a 
fluid.  2.  To  flood  ;  to  inundate.  3. 
To  smooth  with  a  float. 

Float'age  (45),  n.  Any  thing  that 
floats  on  _the  water. 

Fl5at'— BOARD,  n.  One  of  the  boards 
on  the  rim  of  a  steamer’s  paddle 
wheels. 

Float'er,h.  One  who  floats  or  swims. 

Fl5at'ing-bridge,  n.  A  bridge  of 
rafts  or  timber. 

Floc^il-la'tion,  n.  [Lat.  floccus, 
a  lock  of  wool.]  A  delirious  picking 
of  bed-clothes,  as  if  to  pick  off  locks 
of  wool,  &c.  [flocculent. 

Floc'cu-lence,  n.  State  of  being 

?LO€'€U-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  floccus,  a 
lock  of  wool.]  Adhering  in  flocks  or 
flakes. 

Flock,  n.  [A.-S.  flocc ,  flock,  com¬ 
pany.]  1.  A  company  or  collection 
of  living  creatures,  esp.  sheep  and 
birds.  2.  A  Christian  congregation. 

3.  A  lock  of  wool  or  hair.  —  v.  i. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  To  gather  in  compa¬ 
nies  err  crowds. 

Flock'-bed,  n.  A  bed  filled  with 
locks  of  wool,  or  pieces  of  cloth. 

Floe,?i.  [Dan.  flag.]  An  extensive 
surface  of  ice  floating  in  the  ocean. 

Flog,  v.  t.  [-ged;  -ging.]  [Cf.  Lat. 
flay  rum,  whip  ,fligere,  to  strike.]  To 
beat  with  a  rod  or  whip  ;  to  whip. 

Flood  (flud),  n.  [A.-S.  flod.  See 
Float,  v.  /.]  1.  A  body  of  moving 
water ;  a  deluge ;  a  freshet  ;  an  in¬ 
undation.  2.  The  flowing  in  of  the 
tide.  3.  A  great  quantity ;  abun¬ 
dance. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
overflow ;  to  inundate. 

Flood'-gate,  n.  A  gate  to  stop  or 
to  let  out  water.  [tide  rises. 

Flood'-mark,  n.  Mark  to  which  the 

Floor  (flor),  n.  [A.-S  flr-r,  flare.]  1. 
Dottom  of  a  room  or  building.  2.  A 
suite  of  rooms  ;  a  story.  3.  Any  plat¬ 


form.  4.  (Legislative  Assemblies.) 
(a.)  Part  of  the  house  assigned  to 
members,  (b.)  The  right  to  speak. 

—  v.  t.  [-E  D ;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover 
with  a  floor.  2.  To  lay  level  with 
the  floor  ;  hence,  to  put  to  silence. 

Flop,  v.  t.  [ped;  -ping.]  A  dif¬ 
ferent  spelling  of  flap.]  1.  To  flap. 
21  To  let  down  the  brim  of. 

Flo'ra,  n.  [Lat.,  fr .flos,  flower.]  1. 
The  goddess  of  flowers.  2.  Complete 
system  of  vegetable  species  native  in 
agiven  locality,  or  period.  [ers. 

Flo'ral  (89),  a.  Pertaining  to  flow- 

Flo-RES'CEN^e,  n.  [Lat .florescere, 
florescens ,  to  begin  to  blossom.]  A 
bursting  into  flower. 

Flo'ret  (89),  n.  [Dim.  of  Lat.  flos, 
flower.]  A  little  flower  ;  the  separate 
little  flower  of  an  aggregate  flower. 

Flo'ri-oult'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat .flos, 
flower,  and  cultura,  culture.]  Culti¬ 
vation  of  flowering  plants. 

Flor'id,  a.  [Lat  .floridus,  from  flos, 
flower.]  1.  Bright  in  color;  of  a 
lively  red.  2.  Excessively  ornate. 

Flo-rid'I-TY,  )  n.  Freshness  or 

Flor'id-ness,  )  brightness  of  color. 

FLO-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Lat. florifer,  fr. 
flos,  flower,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.]  Pro¬ 
ducing  flowers. 

Flc-R'IN,  n  [Orig.  a  Florentine  coin.] 
A  coin  of  gold  or  silver,  of  different 
values. 

Flo'rist  (89),  n.  A  cultivator  of 
flowers.  [LOUS. 

Flos'€U-lar,  a.  Same  as  Floscu- 

Flos'gule,  n.  [Lat.  flosculus,  dim. 
of  flos,  flower.]  A  floret  of  an  ag¬ 
gregate  flower. 

Flos'ou-lous,  a.  Consisting  of  many 
tubulose,  monopetalous  florets. 

Floss,  n.  [Lat.  flos,  flower.]  1.  A 
silken  substance  in  the  husks  of 
maize,  & c.  2.  Untwisted  filaments 
of  side. 

Flo-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  floating. 
2.  Science  of  floating  bodies. 

Flo-til'la,  n.  [Dim.  of  Sp.flota,  a 
fleet.]  A  little  fleet,  or  a  fleet  of  small 
vessels. 

Flot'sam,  )  n.  [Eng.  float.]  Goods 

Flot'son,  (  lost  by  shipwreck,  and 
floating  on  the  sea. 

Flounce,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Sw. 
flunsa,  to  immerge.]  To  spring  or 
twist  with  sudden  effort ;  to  flounder. 

—  v.  t.  To  deck  Avith  flounces. — n. 
1.  A  sudden,  jerking  motion  of  the 
body.  2.  [Cf.  Ger.  flaus,  flvsch,  a 
tuft  of  wool  or  hair.]  An  ornamental 
strip  or  frill  around  the  skirt  of  a 
lady’s  dress. 

Floun'der,  n.  [Qev.  flunder.]  A 
flat  fish,  allied  to  the  halibut. —  v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING]  [Allied  to  flounce.]  To 
fling  the  limbs  and  body,  as  in  mak¬ 
ing  efforts  to  move  ;  to  flounce. 

Flour,  n.  [See  Flower.]  Finely 
ground  meal  of  Avheat,  or  other 
grain ;  hence,  any  fine  and  soft 
poAvder. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
grind  and  bolt.  2.  To  sprinkle  with 
flour. 

FloOr'ish,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 


florescere,  to  begin  to  bloom,  iv.  flos, 
flower.]  1.  To  groAV  luxuriantly.  2. 
To  be  prosperous.  3.  To  use  florid 
language.  4.  To  make  bold  SAveep- 
ing,  fanciful,  movements.  5.  To  ex¬ 
ecute  an  irregular  or  fanciful  strain 
of  music. — v.  t.  1.  To  embellish.  2. 
To  grace  Avith  ostentatious  eloquence. 
3.  To  move  in  bold  or  irregular  fig¬ 
ures  ;  to  brandish.  —  n.  1.  Showy 
splendor.  2.  Ambitious  copiousness, 
or  amplification.  3.  A  fanciful 
stroke,  as  of  the  pen.  4.  A  fantastic 
or  decorative  musical  passage.  5.  A 
brandishing. 

Flout,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Goth. 
flautan,  to  boast.]  To  mock  ;  to 
treat  Avith  contempt. — v.  i.  To  sneer. 
—  n.  A  mock  ;  an  insult. 

Flow,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  [A.-S.y?3- 
van,  Lat.  fl uere.]  1.  To  move,  as  a 
liquid.  2.  To  glide  smoothly  ;  to  is¬ 
sue  forth.  3.  To  abound  ;  to  be  co¬ 
pious.  4.  To  hang  loose  and  Avaving. 
5-  To  rise,  as  the  tide.  —  v.t.  To 
cover  Avith  water  ;  to  overflow.  —  n. 

l.  A  stream  ;  a  current.  2.  Any 
gentle,  gradual  movement.  3.  Abun¬ 
dance.  4.  The  setting  in  of  the  tide. 

Flow'er  (flou/er),  n.  [L-At.  flos,  flo- 

m. ]  1.  A  bloom  or  blossom .  2.  Fair¬ 
est  and  choicest  part  of  any  thing.  3. 
A  figure  of  speech.  4.  pi.  Bodies  in 
the  form  of  a  powder.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ing.]  1.  To  blossom  ;  to  bloom.  2. 
To  come  into  the  finest  co  dition. — 
v.  t.  To  embellish  Avith  flowers. 

Flow'er-de-luce,  n.  [Fr.  fleur- 
de-lis,  floAver  of  the  lily.]  A  plant  of 
several  species. 

Flow'er-£t,  n.  A  small  flower  ;  a 
floret.  [flowery. 

Flow'er-i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Flow'er-y  (flou'er-y),  a.  1.  Full  of 
floAvers.  2.  Highly  figurative  ;  florid. 

Flown,  p.  p.  of  Fly. 

Flu'ate,  n.  [From  fluor.]  A  salt 
once  supposed  to  be  formed  by  fluor¬ 
ic  acid  combined  Avith  a  base. 

FlC'UT'u-ate,  v.i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  fluctuare,  -alum,  from  fl  actus, 
Avave.]  1.  To  move  as  a  Avave.  2. 
To  be  irresolute  or  undetermined. 

Svx.  —  To  waver;  vacillate.  —  Fluctu¬ 
ate  is  applied  both  to  things  and  persons, 
and  denotes  that  they  move  as  they  are 
acted  upon.  The  stocks  fluctuate;  a 
man  fluctuates  between  conflicting  in¬ 
fluences.  Vacillate  and  waver  apply 
only  to  persons,  and  represent  them  as 
acting  themselves.  A  man  vacillates 
when  he  goes  backward  and  forward  in 
his  opinions  and  purposes,  without  any 
fixity  of  mind  or  principles.  A  man 
wavers  when  he  shrinks  back  or  hesi¬ 
tates  at  the  approach  of  difficulty  or 
danger. 

Flugt'U-a'TION,  n.  1.  Unsteadi¬ 
ness  ;  a  suddeu  rise  or  fall.  2.  Un¬ 
dulation. 

FLUE,  n.  [Cf.  0.  Yr.flue,  a  flowing, 
fr .fluer,  to  flow.]  1.  A  passage  fo> 
carrying  away  smoke.  2.  (Steam- 
boilers.)  A  passage  surrounded  by 
Avater,  for  the  gaseous  products  of 
combustion.  3.  [Cf.  D.flauw,  weak.] 
Soft  down,  fur  or  hair. 


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FLUENCY 


170 


FOLIO 


FLU'EN-0  Y,  n.  Quality  of  being  flu¬ 
ent ;  smoothness;  volubility. 

Flu'ent,  a.  [Lat.  fluere,  fiuens,  to 
flow.]  1.  Liquid;  gliding;  current. 
2.  Voluble;  copious;  hence,  flow¬ 
ing  ;  smooth. 

Flu'gel-MAN  (fLEgl-man),  n.  [Ger. 
flugelmann,  fr.fivgel ,  file,  and  inarm, 
man.]  Leader  of  a  file  ;  a  fugleman. 

JTlu'ID,  a.  [Lat.  fiui dus,  ie.  fluere,  to 
flow.]  Capable  of  flowing,  —n .  A 
body  whose  particles  move  easily 
among  themselves. 

Flu-id'i-TY,  ii.  Quality  of  being  fluid. 

•’LUKE,  n.  [L.  Ger.  flunk ,  flunka, 
wing.]  1.  Part  of  an  anchor  which 
fastens  in  the  ground.  2.  One  of  the 
points  of  a  whale’s  tail. 

Flume,  n.  [A.-S.  flum ,  a  stream  ; 
Lat.  flumen,  from  jiuere ,  to  flow.]  A 
passage  or  channel  for  the  water  that 
drives  a  mill-wheel. 

FlOm'mer-y,  n.  [W.  llymry ,  llymrv :, 
oatmeal  steeped  until  sour,  boiled, 
and  eaten  with  milk ;  llymrig ,  harsh, 
crude.]  1.  A  light  kind  of  food,  for¬ 
merly  made  of  flour  or  meal.  2. 
Mere  flattery ;  nonsense. 

Flung,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Fling. 

Flunk'Y,  n.  [Prob.  ix.  flank.)  1.  A 
livery  servant.  2.  One  who  is  obse¬ 
quious  or  cringing. 

Flu’ or,  n.  [Lat.. fr.  fluere,  to  flow.] 
A  mineral  of  beautiful  colors. 

Flu-6r'I€.  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  ob¬ 
tained  from,  fluor-spar. 

Flu'or-ine,  n.  An  element  related 
to  both  chlorine  and  oxygen. 

Flu'or-spar,  n.  See  Fluor. 

Flur'ry,  n.  1.  A  sudden  gust.  2. 
Violent  agitation  ;  commotion. — v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ING,  142.]  To  agitate;  to  ex¬ 
cite  or  alarm. 

Flush,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  0.  II. 
Ger.  fliuzan ,  to  flow.]  1.  To  flow 
and  spread  suddenly.  2.  To  turn 
red  ;  to  blush.  3.  To  shine  sudden¬ 
ly  ;  to  glow. — v.t.  1.  To  redden 
suddenly.  2.  To  make  red  or  glow¬ 
ing.  3.  To  elate  ;  to  elevate. — n.  1. 
A  sudden  flowing.  2.  A  rush  of 
blood  to  the  face ;  a  blush.  —  a.  1. 
Fresh  ;  glowing  ;  bright.  2.  Afflu¬ 
ent  ;  liberal ;  prodigal.  3.  Forming 
a  continuous  surface. 

Flus'ter,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
bluster.)  To  make  hot  and  rosy,  as 
with  drinking  ;  to  confuse.  — n. 
Heat  or  glow,  as  from  drinking  ;  con¬ 
fusion  ;  disorder. 

Flute,  n.  [From  Lat.  flatus,  a  blow¬ 
ing.]  1.  (  Mus.)  A  wind  instrument, 
with  holes  along  its  length.  2.  A 
channel  in  a  column  or  pillar.  3.  A 
similar  channel  in  wood  or  other 
work. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  form 
flutes  or  channels  in. 

Flut'ing,  n.  A  channel  or  furrow  in 
a  column  or  a  ruffle.  [flute. 

Flut'ist,  n.  A  performer  on  the 

Flut'ter,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [0. 
Ger .fladdern.)  1.  To  move  or  flap 
the  wings  rapidly.  2.  To  move  with 
quick  vibrations.  3.  To  move  ir¬ 
regularly. —  v.  t.  1.  To  vibrate 


quickly.  2.  To  agitate ;  to  disorder. 

—  n.  1.  Quick  and  irregulai  motion. 

2.  Tumult ;  confusion. 

FLU'VI-AL,  [  a.  [Lilt,  fluvialis,  and 
Flu'vi-at'ig,  )  fluviaticus ,  fr.  flu vi- 

us,  stream.]  Belonging  to,  or  living 
in,  streams  or  ponds. 
Flu'vi-a-tile,  a.  [Lnt.fliiviatilis, 
fr .fluvius,  river.]  Belonging  to,  ex¬ 
isting  in,  or  formed  by,  rivers. 

FlOx,  n.  [Lat.  fluxus,  fr.  fluere ,  to 
flow.]  1.  Act  of  flowing  ;  quick  suc¬ 
cession.  2.  The  matter  which  flows. 

3.  State  of  being  liquid.  4.  A  sub¬ 
stance  used  to  promote  the  fusion  of 
metals.  5.  Discharge  of  a  fluid  from 
the  bowels  or  other  part. — v.t. 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  fuse. 

Flux'ion  (fluk'sliun),  n.  1.  Act  of 
flowing.  2.  The  matter  that  flows. 
3.  pi.  (Math.)  A  method  of  analysis. 
Flux'ion-al,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 
Flux'ION-A-RY,  (  fluxions  ;  variable. 
Fly,  v.  i.  [imp.  flew  ;  p.  p.  flow¬ 
ed.]  [A.-S.  fleogan.)  1.  To  move 
with  wings.  2.  To  float  or  move  in 
the  air,  as  clouds,  &c.  3  To  move 
rapidly  like  a  bird.  4  To  attempt  to 
escape  ;  to  flee.  5.  To  burst  in  pieces. 
— v.t.  1.  To  avoid.  2.  To  cause  to  fly. 

—  n.  1.  A  winged  insect  of  various 
species.  2.  A  kind  of  light  carriage. 
3.  Part  of  a  flag  from  the  union  to 
the  extreme  end.  4.  A  contrivance 
to  equalize  motion  or  accumulate 
power  in  a  machine. 

Fly'-blow,  n.  Egg  of  a  fly.  —  v.  t. 

To  deposit  an  egg  in,  or  upon,  as  a  fly. 
Fly'-gatch'er,  n.  1.  One  who  hunts 
flies.  2.  One  of  several  species  of 
bjrds.  [flies  or  flees. 

Fly'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
Fly'ing-ar-til'ler-y,  n.  Artillery 
trained  to  very  rapid  evolutions. 
Fly'ing-bDt'tress,  n.  A  curved 
brace  or  half  arch  between  a  part  of 
a  building  and  the  opposite  face  of 
some  lower  part. 

Fly'ing-fish,  n.  A  fish  which  can 
sustain  itself  in  the  air  for  a  short 
time,  by  means  of  its  fins. 
Fly'ING-SQUIR/REL  (-skwur'ril  or 
-skwer'ril),  n.  A  squirrel  having  an 
expansive  skin  on  each  side,  by  which 
itns  borne  up  in  leaping. 
Fly'-leaf,  n.  A  blank  leaf  at  the 
beginning  or  end  of  a  book. 

Fly'- wheel,  n.  See  Fly,  n.,  4. 
Foal,  n.  [A.-S.  fola.)  A  colt  or  filly. 

—  v.  i.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a 
Jiorse. 

FOAM,  n.  [A.-S.  flam.)  Bubbles  on 
the  surface  of  liquors  ;  froth  ;  spume. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  froth.  2. 
To  become  filled  with  foam. 

F OAM'Y,  a.  Covered  with  foam  ;  frothy. 
Fob,  n.  A  little  pocket  for  a  watch. 

—  v.t.  [-BED  ;  -BING,  136.]  [Ger. 
foppen.  Cf.  Fop.]  To  cheat;  to 
_trick. 

Fo'gal,  a.  Belonging  to  a  focus. 
Fo'eus.  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  fo'€IJS-es  ;  Lat. 
pi.  FO’ pi.  [Lat.,  hearth,  fire-place.] 
1.  A  point  in  which  rays  of  light 
meet.  2.  A  point  on  the  principal 


axis  of  a  conic  section.  3.  A  central 
point. 

Fod'der,  n.  [A.-S.  fiddlier,  J Odder 
food.]  Food  given  to  cattle,  horses, 
and  sheep. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
feed,  as  cattle,  with  dry  food. 

Foe,  n.  [A.-S.  fa,  fdh,  from  feon,  to 
hate.]  1.  An  enemy.  2.  A  national 
enemy.  3-  An  opponent. 

Foe'man  (150),  it.  An  enemy  in  war 

F(F.'TUS,n.  Same  as  Fetus. 

Fog,  n.  1.  [Icel.  fok,  fliik.)  Watery 
vapor  precipitated  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  atmosphere.  2.  [W.ffivg,  dry 
grass.]  A  second  growth  of  grass.  3. 
Long  grass  that  remains  in  pastures 
till  winter. — v.  t.  [-GED  ;  -GING, 
138.]  To  envelop,  as  with  fog. 

Fog'gI-LY,  adv.  With  fog  ;  darkly. 

Fog'gI-NESS,  ii.  State  of  being  foggy. 

F6g'gY,«.  [-er;  -EST,  142.]  [From 
fog.)  1.  Filled  with  fog;  cloudy; 
jnisty.  2.  Darkened  ;  dull ;  obscure. 

Fo'gy,  ii.  [A  dim.  of  folk.  Cf.  D. 
volkje.)  A  person  behind  the  times  ; 
jv  conservative. 

Fo'gy -lgM,  n.  Principles  and  con¬ 
duct  of  a  fogy. 

Foil,  inter j.  An  exclamation  of  con¬ 
tempt  ;  poh  ;  fy. 

Foi'ble,ji.  [See  Feeble.]  A  fail¬ 
ing;  a  weak  point ;  a  frailty. 

Foil,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [i'x.  fouler, 
to  trample,  to  oppress,  ruin.]  To 
frustrate;  to  defeat;  to  balk. — n. 

1.  Defeat.  2.  A  blunt  sword  used  in 
fencing.  3.  [From  Lat.  folium,  pi. 
folia.)  A  thin  leaf  of  metal  under  a 
precious  stone  to  increase  its  brill¬ 
iancy  ;  hence,  any  thing  which  serves 
to  set  off  another  thing  to  advantage. 
4.  A  rounded  or  leaf-like  ornament, 
in  windows,  niches,  &c. 

Foist,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prob.  fr. 
Fr.  fausser,  to  falsify.  See  False.] 
To  insert  surreptitiously  ;  to  inter¬ 
polate. 

FOLD,  ii.  [A.-S.  feald,  fold,  from  feal- 
dan,  to  fold  up.]  1.  A  doubling  ;  a 
fold.  2.  Times  or  repetitions.  3. 
That  which  is  folded  together,  or 
which  infolds.  4.  A  sheep-pen.  — 
v.t  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  lay  in 
plaits ;  to  double.  2.  To  inclose 
within  folds ;  to  infold.  3.  To  con- 
_fine  in  a  fold. 

Fcld'er,  ii.  One  who  folds;  a  flat 
instrument  for  folding  paper. 

Fo'LI-A'CEOtJS,  a.  [Lat.  foliaeeus,  fr. 
folium,  leaf.]  1.  Belongii  g  to  leaves. 

2.  Consisting  of  leaves  or  thin  lam¬ 
inae. 

Fo'li-AGE,  n.  [Lat.  folium,  leaf.] 
Leaves  as  produced  or  arranged  by 
jnature. 

Fo'Ll-ATE,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
spread  over  with  a  thin  coat  of  tin 
jmd  quicksilver.  [leaves  or  plates. 

Fo'li-a'tion  ,  n.  Act  of  forming  into 

F5'li-o  (or  lol'yo),  ii.  [Lat.  folium , 
leaf.]  1.  A  sheet  of  paper  once 
folded.  2.  A  book  made  of  sheets  of 
paper  each  folded  once.  3.  A  page 
in  a  book.  4.  A  certain  number  of 
words  in  a  writing.  —  a.  Formed  of 


A,  E,  I,  5,  U,Y ,long; 


X,  E,  I,  6,  u,  Y ,  short ; 


cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  Eke,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 


FOLK 

sheets  folded  so  as  to  make  two 
leaves. 

Folk  (fok),  n. ;  pi.  folks  (foks,  20). 
[A.-S.  /b/c.]  People  in  general. 

FoL'Ll-ELE,  n.  [Lat.  folliculus,  a 
small  bag,  husk,  pod.]  1.  (a.)  A 
simple  pod  opening  down  the  inner 
suture.  ( b . )  A  vessel  distended  with 
air.  2.  A  gland. 

Jol'low,  r.  /.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
folgian.]  1.  To  go  or  come  after.  2. 
To  strive  to  obtain.  3.  To  accept  as 
authority.  4.  To  copy  after.  5.  To 
succeed  in  order  of  time,  rank,  or 
office.  6.  To  result  from.  7.  To 
watch,  as  a  receding  object.  8.  To 
attend  upon  closely. 

Syn.  —  To  pursue.  —  To  follow  (v.  t.) 
denotes  simply  to  go  after;  to  pursue  de¬ 
notes  to  follow  with  earnestness,  and 
with  a  view  to  attain  some  definite  ob¬ 
ject;  as,  a  hound  jjwrsues  the  deer. 

—  v.  i.  To  go  or  come  after ;  —  in  the 
various  senses  of  the  transitive  verb. 

Syn.  —  To  succeed.  —  To  follow  (v.  ?.) 
means  simply  to  come  after;  as,  a  crowd 
followed ;  to  succeed  means  to  come 
after  in  some  regularseries  or  succession ; 
ns,  day  succeeds  to  day,  and  night  to 
night. 

Fol'low-er,  n.  1.  One  who  follows. 
2.  The  cover  of  a  piston.  3.  The 
part  of  a  machine  that  receives  mo¬ 
tion  from  another  part.  [ing. 

FolTow-ing,  a.  Succeeding;  ensu- 

Fol'ly,  n.  [See  Fool.]  1.  State  of 
being  a  fool;  want  of  good  sense.  2. 
A  foolish  act. 

Fo-m£nt',  r.  «.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
fomentare ,  front  f omentum ,  a  warm 
lotion.]  1.  To  apply  warm  lotions  to. 
2.  To  encourage  ;  to  abet. 

Fo/men-ta'tion,  n.  1.  [Med.)  (a.) 
Act  of  fomenting,  (b.)  Lotion  ap¬ 
plied  to  a  diseased  part.  2.  Instiga¬ 
tion  ;  encouragement. 

Fo-ment'er,  n.  One  who  foments. 

Fond,  a.  [-EK;  -est.]  [For funned, 
p.  p.  of  0.  Eng .  fonne,  to  be  foolish, 
to  dote.]  1.  Foolishly  tender  and 
loving ;  in  a  good  sense,  loving  ;  ten¬ 
der.  2.  Relishing  highly. 

Fond'le  (fond'l),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[See  Fond.]  To  treat  with  tender¬ 
ness  ;  to  caress.  [fondled. 

Fond'ling,  n.  A  person  or  thing 

Fond'ly,  ado.  Foolishly  ;  tenderly. 

Fond'ness,  n.  Affection  ;  kindness. 

Font,  n.  [Lat .  fans,  fountain.]  1.  A 
fountain  ;  a  spring.  2.  A  baptismal 
basin.  3.  [From  Lat.  fundere ,  to 
cast.]  A  complete  assortment  of 
printing  type  of  one  size  and  style. 

Fojvt'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  fount. 

Food,  n.  [A.-S.  foda,  from  fedan,  to 
feed.]  1.  Victuals ;  provisions.  2. 
Any  thing  that  sustains  or  nourishes. 

Syn.  —  Aliment ;  sustenance  ;  nutri¬ 
ment;  fare;  meat. 

Fo~ol,  n.  [Of  Celtic  origin.]  1.  An 
idiot ;  a  natural.  2.  A  simpleton  ;  a 
dunce.  3.  A  professional  jester  or 
buffoon. —  r.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
act  like  a  fool;  to  trifle. — v.  t.  1. 
To  make  foolish  2.  To  make  a  fool 
of;  to  impose  upon. 


171 

Fo~OL'ER-Y,  n.  Practice  or  act  of  folly. 

Fool'-hard'I-ness,  n.  Courage 
without  sense  or  judgment. 

Fool'-iiard'y,  a.  Daring  without 
judgment. 

Syn.  —  Rash;  venturesome;  ventur¬ 
ous;  precipitate;  headlong;  incautious. 

Fool'ISH,  a.  1.  Void  of  understand¬ 
ing  ;  weak  in  intellect.  2.  Exhibit¬ 
ing  a  want  of  judgment.  3.  Ridic¬ 
ulous  ;  despicable.  [ner. 

Fool'ish-LY,  ad v.  In  a  foolish  man- 

Fool'ISH-NESS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  foolish.  2.  A  foolish  practice. 

Fools'E ap,  n.  [From  an  old  water¬ 
mark  of  a  fool's  cap  and  bells.]  A 
long  folio  writing  paper. 

Foot,  n. ;  pi.  feet.  [A.-S.  fbt,  pi. 
fat,  allied  to  Gr.  woes,  7to5os.]  1.  Part 
of  a  leg  below  the  ankle.  2.  Any 
thing  which  resembles  an  animal’s 
foot.  3.  Lowest  part  or  foundation. 
4.  A  measure  of  twelve  inches.  5. 
Foot-soldiers ;  the  infantry.  6.  A 
combination  of  syllables  constituting 
an  element  of  a  verse.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  dance.  2.  To  walk.— 
v.  t.  1.  To  kick.  2.  To  tread.  3.  To 
sum  up,  as  numbers  in  a  column. 

FoIot'-ball,  n.  An  inflated  ball, 
kicked  about  in  sport. 

FoIot'-boy,  n.  An  attendant  in  live¬ 
ry  ;  a  footman,  [for  foot  passengers. 

Fo'ot'-bridge,  n.  A  narrow  bridge 

Foot'fall,  n.  A  footstep. 

Foot'-guards  (-gardz),  n. pi.  Guards 
of  infantry. 

FcTot'-hold,  n.  That  on  which  one 
may  tread  or  rest  securely. 

Fo'ot'ING,  n.  1.  Firm  foundation  to 
stand  on.  2.  Relative  condition.  3. 
Sum  total. 

Foot'-light  (-lit),  n.  One  of  a  row 
of  lights  at  the  front  of  the  stage  in 
a  theater,  &c.. 

Foot'MAN  (150),  n.  A  male  servant  to 
attend  tjie  door,  carriage,  table,  & c. 

Foot'-note,  n.  A  note  of  reference 
at  the  foot  of  a  page. 

Foot'-pa^e,  n.  A  slow  pace  or  step. 

FobT'-PAD,  a.  A  highwayman. 

Foot'-print,  n.  A  trace  or  footstep. 

FoTat'-sol'dier  (-sol'jer),  n.  A  sol¬ 
dier  who  serves  on  foot. 

Foot'stalk  (-stawk),  n.  Stalk  of  a 
leaf  or  of  a  flower. 

Foot'step,  n.  Mark  of  the  foot ; 
hence,  token  ;  visible  sign. 

Fo'ot'stool,  n.  A  stool  for  the  feet. 

Fop,  n.  A  gay,  trifling  fellow  ;  a  cox¬ 
comb  ;  a  dandy. 

Fop'per-y,  n.  1.  Behavior  or  dress  of 
a  fop.  2.  Folly  ;  impertinence. 

Fop'PISH,  a.  Vain  of  dress  ;  affected 
in  manners.  [ner. 

F5p'pish-ly,  adv.  In  a  foppish  man- 

For,  prep.  [A.-S.]  In  the  place  of; 
instead  of ;  because  of ;  with  respect 
to  ;  in  the  direction  of;  during,  &c. 
—  conj.  1.  Because.  2.  Since. 

For'age,  n.  [L.  Lat .  foragium,  from 
0.  H.  Ger.  fuota.r,fotar,  'Eug.  fodder.] 
1.  Act  of  providing  food.  2.  Food 
of  any  kind  for  horses  and  cattle.  — 
v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  wander  or  rove 


FORCIBLY 

in  search  of  food.  —  v.  t.  To  strip  of 
provisions  for  horses. 

For'a-ger,  n.  One  who  forages. 

Fo-ra'men ,  n.;  pi.  fo-ram'i-na. 
[Lat.,  fr.  furare,  to  pierce.]  A  little 
opening;  a  perforation. 

FOR/Ag-MtjCPP,  conj.  In  considera¬ 
tion  of ;  because  that ;  —  with  as. 

Fo-RAY',  or  For'AY,  n.  A  sudden 
incursion  in  a  border  war. 

Forbade'  (-biid7),  imp.  of  Forbid. 

For-beAr',  v.  i.  [imp.  forbore  ; 
p.  p.  FORBORNE  ]  [A.-S .forberan.] 

1.  To  delay.  2.  To  refuse;  to  decline. 

—  v.  t.  1.  Toavoid;  to  abstain  from. 

2.  To  indulge  ;  to  bear  with. 

For  beAr'anc(ie,  n.  1.  Exercise  of 
patience.  2.  Quality  of  being  for¬ 
bearing. 

Syn. —  Abstinence;  lenity;  mildness. 

For-bid',  v.  t.  [imp.  forbade  ;  p.p. 
FORBIDDEN  (FORBID,  ois).]  [A.-S. 
forbeodan.]  1.  To  command  not  to 
do  ;  to  prohibit.  2.  To  oppose  ;  to 
obstruct. 

For-bid'ding,  p.  a.  Repelling  ap¬ 
proach  ;  repulsive ;  disagreeable. 

FOR-BORNE',  p .  p.  of  Forbear. 

For^e,  n.  [L.  Lat .  forcia,  fortia,  fr. 

Lat.  fortis ,  strong.]  1.  Strength  or 
energy  of  body  or  mind,  esp.  power 
to  persuade,  convince,  or  impose  ob¬ 
ligation.  2.  A  body  of  land  or  naval 
combatants  ;  hence,  a  body  of  men 
prepared  for  action  in  other  ways.  3. 
Violence  4.  Validity  ;  efficacy. 

Syn.  —  Strength.  —  Strength  looks 
rather  to  power  us  an  inward  capability 
or  energy;  e.  <7.,  the  strength  of  timber, 
bodily  strength,  mental  strength ,  strength 
of  emotion,  &c.,  while  force  looks  more 
to  the  outward,  us  th e  force  of  moment¬ 
um,  force  of  circumstances,  force  of 
habit]  &c.  We  do,  indeed,  speak  of 
strength  of  will  and  force  of  will  ;  but 
even  here  the  former  may  lean  toward 
the  internal  tenacity  of  purpose,  and  the 
latter  toward  the  outward  expression  of 
it  in  action.  But,  though  the  two  Avoids 
do  in  a  few  cases  touch  thus  closely  on 
each  other,  there  is,  on  the  whole,  a 
marked  distinction  between  our  use  of 
force  and  strength. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To  constrain 
to  do,  or  to  forbear.  2.  To  do  vio¬ 
lence  to ;  especially',  to  ravish.  3.  To 
capture  by  assault.  4.  To  impel, 
drive,  extort,  &c.,  by  violence.  5. 
To  produce  by  unnatural  effort. 

Syn.  —  To  compel;  oblige;  necessi¬ 
tate;  coerce;  drive;  press;  impel. 

For<ae'— MEAT,  n.  [For  farce-meat , 
fr.  Fr  .farce,  stuffing.]  Meat  chopped 
fine  and  highly  seasoned. 

For'^eps,  n.  [Lat.]  A  pair  of  pincers 
or  tongs  ;  especially  one  for  delicato 
operations. 

Former,  n.  One  who  forces. 

For'^i-ble,  a.  1.  Possessing  or  char¬ 
acterized  by  force.  2.  Marked  by 
excessive  force.  3.  Using  force  against 
opposition.  4.  Obtained  by  com¬ 
pulsion. 

Syn.  — Violent;  powerful;  efficacious; 
strong;  potent;  cogent. 

For'<ai-bly,  adv.  In  a  forcible  man¬ 
ner  ;  strongly. 

G ,  hard  ;  A§  ;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Drn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  /,  o, silent;  soft;  €, 


FORCING-PUMP 


FORGIVENESS 


172 


Forcing-pump,  n.  A  kind  of  pump 
_used  to  throw  water  to  a  distance. 

Ford,  n.  [A.-S.,  allied  to  faran ,  Eng. 
fare.]  1.  A  place  where  water  may 
be  passed  on  foot  2.  A  stream ;  a 
current. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
_pass  through  by  wading.  [forded. 

Ford'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Fore,  a.  [A.-S.  fore.  See  For.]  Ad¬ 
vanced  in  place,  time,  order,  or  series  ; 
—  much  used  in  composition.  —  adv. 
Jn  advance  ;  at  the  front. 

Fore '-arm,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
arm  before  the  time  of  need.  —  n. 
JPart  between  the  elbow  and  wrist. 

Fore-bode',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  foretell ;  to  prognosticate.  2.  To 
have  an  inward  conviction  of,  as  of  an 
jmpending  calamity. 

Fore-bod'er,  n.  One  who  forebodes. 

Fore -east',  v.  t.  or  i.  [imp.  &  p.  p. 
FORECAST.]  1.  To  contrive  before¬ 
hand  ;  to  scheme.  2.  To  foresee. 

Fore'cast,  n.  1.  Previous  contriv¬ 
ance.  2.  Foresight. 

Fore'cas-tle  (-kds-sl),  n.  The  for¬ 
ward  part  of  a  vessel,  under  the 
deck,  where  the  sailors  live. 

Fore-cit'ed,  a.  Cited  before  or  above. 

Fore-close',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
_shut  up  or  out ;  to  preclude;  to  bar. 

Fore-clos'ure  (-klozh'ijr),  n.  Act 
of  foreclosing  ;  deprivation  of  the 
_right  of  redeeming  a  mortgaged  estate. 

Fore'fa-t-her,  n.  An  ancestor. 

Fore-fend',  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  1.  To 
fend  off ;  to  avert.  2.  To  defend  ; 
to  guard. 

FORE'FlN-GER(-fing-ger),  n.  Finger 
next  to  the  thumb. 

Fore'foot  (150),  n.  1.  One  of  the 
anterior  feet  of  an  animal.  2.  A 
piece  of  timber  which  terminates  the 
jteel  at  the  fore-end.  [place. 

Fore'front,  n.  Foremost  part  or 

Fore-go',  v.  t.  [imp.  forewent; 
p.  p.  FOREGONE.]  1.  To  quit ;  to 
relinquish.  2.  To  give  up ;  to  re¬ 
sign;  to  renounce.  3.  To  precede. 

Foreground,  n.  Part  of  the  field 
of  a  picture  which  seems  to  lie  near¬ 
est  the  spectator. 

Fore'hand-ed,  a.  1.  Early;  timely; 
seasonable.  2.  In  easy  circumstan¬ 
ces.  [Amer.] 

Fore'head  (for'ed),  n.  Upper  part 
of  the  face ;  the  brow. 

For'eign  (for'in),  a.  [L.  Lat./orane- 
us,  fr.  Lat.  for  as,  for  is,  out  of  doors.] 
1.  Not  native  ;  alien.  2,  Remote  ; 
not  pertinent  or  appropriate.  3.  Ex¬ 
cluded. 

Syn.  —  Outlandish;  exotic;  extrinsic. 

For'eign-er  (for'in-),  n.  One  who  be¬ 
longs  to  a  foreign  country  ;  an  alien. 

For'eign-ness  (fOr'in-nes,  109),  n. 
_Remoteness  ;  want  of  relation. 

Fore-know' (-no7),  v.  t.  [imp.  fore¬ 
knew  ;  p.  p.  FOREKNOWN.]  To 
have  previous  knowledge  of. 

Fore-knowl'edge  (-noPej),  n. 
Knowledge  of  a  thing  before  it  hap¬ 
pens;  prescience. 

Fore'lXnd,  n.  A  promontory;  a 
head-land. 


Fore'lock,  n.  The  lock  of  hair  that 
grows  from  the  forepart  of  the  head. 

Fore'man  (150),  n.  First  or  chief  man, 
_as  of  a  jury,  or  a  body  of  workmen. 

Fore'mast,  n.  Forward  mast  of  a 
vessel,  ^>r  the  one  nearest  the  bow. 

Fore'most,  a.  First  in  place  or 
j>rder.  _  [name. 

Fore 'name,  n.  A  first  or  Christian 

Fore'noon,  n.  Part  of  the  day  from 
morning  to  noon. 

Fo-ren'sie,  1  a.  [ Lat.  forensis,  fr. 

Fo-REN'sie-AL, )  forum ,  a  public 
place,  market-place,  court.]  Belong¬ 
ing  to  courts  or  to  public  discussion 
^.nd  debate ;  argumentative. 

Fore'-or-dain',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  ordain  beforehand ;  to  predesti¬ 
nate. 

Fore-or'di-na'tion,  n.  Previous 
appointment ;  predestination. 

Fore'part,  n.  The  part  most  ad¬ 
vanced  ;  anterior  part. 

Fore-run',  v.  t.  [imp.  foreran  ;  p. 
p.  FORERUN.]  1.  To  run  before  ; 
_to  precede.  2.  To  announce. 

Fore-run'ner,  n.  A  messengersent 
before  ;  a  harbinger  ;  hence,  a  prog¬ 
nostic. 

Fore'sail,  n.  A  sail  on  a  yard  which 
js  supported  by  the  foremast. 

Fore-see',  v.  t.  [imp.  foresaw;  p. 
p.  foreseen.]  To  see  beforehand ; 
_to  foreknow. 

Fore-seer', _n.  One  who  foresees. 

Fore-shad'ow,  r.  (.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

To  shadow  or  typify  beforehand. 

FORE-SHORT'EN,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  shorten  by  representing  in  an  ob¬ 
lique  position. 

Fore-seiort'en-ing,  n.  Representa¬ 
tion  or  appearance  of  objects,  when 
jviewed  obliquely. 

Fore-show',  v.  t.  [imp.  fore¬ 
showed  ;  p.  p.  FORESHOWN.]  To 
show  or  exhibit  beforehand. 

Fore'sigiit  (-sit),  n.  1.  Act  or  pow¬ 
er  of  foreseeing  ;  prescience  ;  fore- 
_knowledge.  2.  Wise  forethought. 

Fore'skin,  n  Skin  that  covers  the 
glans  penis. 

For'est,  n.  [From  Lat.  foris,  foras, 
out  of  doors,  abroad,  because  forests 
are  out  of,  or  beyond,  towns.]  An 
extensive  wood  ;  in  the  United  States, 
V  wood  of  native  growth. 

Fore-stall',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S .  foresteallan.  See  Stall.]  1. 
To  take  beforehand.  2.  To  exclude  ; 
hinder,  or  prevent,  by  prior  occupa¬ 
tion. 

Syn.  —  To  anticipate;  preoccupy;  mo¬ 
nopolize;  engross. 

Fore-stall'er,  n.  One  who  fore¬ 
stalls  ;  one  who  purchases  provisions 
before  they  come  to  the  fair  or  mar¬ 
ket,  with  a  view  to  raise  the  price. 

For'est-er,  n.  1.  One  who  has  charge 
of  a  forest.  2.  An  inhabitant  of  a 
Jbrest. 

Fore-taste',  n.  A  taste  beforehand ; 
anticipation. 

Fore'taste, v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
_taste  before  ;  to  anticipate. 

Fore-t£ll',  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p 


foretold  ]  To  tell  before  occur¬ 
rence. —  v.  i.  To  utter  prediction. 

Fore-TELL'er,  n.  One  who  predicts. 

Forethought  (-thawt),  n.  1.  An¬ 
ticipation  ;  prescience.  2.  Provident 
care ;  forecast. 

Fore-tok'en,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
_foreshow.  —  n.  Prognostic. 

F5re'-tooth  (150),  n.  One  of  tho 
teeth  in  the  forepart  of  the  mouth. 

Fore'top,  n.  1.  Hair  on  the  fore¬ 
part  of  the  head.  2.  Platform  at  the 
head  of  the  foremast. 

For-ev'er,  adv.  1.  To  eternity  ; 
eternally.  2.  At  all  times. 

In  England,  for  and  ever  are  usu¬ 
ally  printed  as  twp  separate  words. 

Syn. —  Constantly  ;  incessantly  ;  al¬ 
ways  ;  perpetually  ;  ceaselessly  ;  inter¬ 
minably;  endlessly. 

Fore-warn',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
warn  beforehand ;  to  inform  previ¬ 
ously. 

For'feit,  a.  Lost  for  an  offense  or 
crime;  liable  to  penal  seizure. — n. 
[Fr  .forfait,  L.  Lat.  forisfactum ,  fr. 
Lat.  foris ,  out  of  doors,  abroad,  and 
facer e,  to  do.]  Thing  lost  by  a 
crime  or  offense ;  hence,  fine;  penal¬ 
ty. —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  lose,  or 
lose  the  right  to,  by  some  fault,  of¬ 
fense,  or  crime.  [forfeited. 

For'feit-a-ble,  a.  Liable  to  be 

For'feit-ure  (53),  n.  1.  Act  of  for¬ 
feiting.  2.  That  which  is  forfeited. 

Syn.  —  Fine  ;  mulct  ;  amercement. 

For-GAVE',  imp.  of  Forgive. 

Forge,  n.  [Lat.  fabrica ,  work -shop 
of  a  faber,  or  smith.]  A  place  where 
iron  is  wrought  by  heating  and  ham¬ 
mering;  a  smithy.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  form  by  heating  and 
hammering.  2.  To  form  in  any  way  ; 
to  produce.  3.  To  make  falsely. 

Syn. — To  fabricate;  counterfeit;  feign; 
falsify. 

—  v.  i.  To  commit  forgery. 

For'ger,  n.  One  who  forges;  a  fab¬ 
ricator  ;  esp.,  one  guilty  of  forgery. 

For'ger-y,  n.  1.  Act  of  forging  or 
counterfeiting.  2.  That  which  is 
forged. 

For-get',  V.  t.  [imp.  FORGOT;  p.p. 
FORGOT,  FORGOTTEN.]  [A.-S. 
forgetan,  fr.  for  and  getan,  to  get.] 

1.  To  lose  the  remembrance  of.  2. 
To  slight ;  to  neglect. 

For-get'ful,  a.  1.  Apt  to  forget. 

2.  Heedless ;  neglectful. 

For-get'ful-ness,  n.  1.  Quality  of 

being  forgetful.  2.  Loss  of  remem¬ 
brance  or  recollection.  3.  Careless 
omission.  [forgiven. 

For-gIv'a-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

For-give',  v.  t.  [imp.  forgave; 
p.  p.  forgiven.]  [A.-S.  forgifan , 
from  for  and  gif  an,  to  give.]  1.  To 
cease  to  impute  ;  to  pardon.  2.  To 
absolve. 

For-give'ness,  n.  1.  Act  of  forgiv¬ 
ing.  2.  Willingness  to  forgive. 

Syn.  —  Pardon ;  remission.  —  Forgive¬ 
ness  is  Anglo-Saxon,  and  pardon  Nor¬ 
man-French,  both  denoting  to  giveback. 
Forgive  points  to  inward  feeling,  and 
supposes  alienated  affection  ;  when  we 


FORGIVER 


FORWARD 


173 


ask  forgiveness,  we  primarily  seek  the 
removal  of  anger.  Pardon  looks  more 
to  outward  things,  or  consequences, 
and  is  often  applied  to  trifling  matters, 
as  when  we  beg  pardon  for  interrupt¬ 
ing  a  man,  or  for  jostling  him  in  a 
crowd.  The  civil  magistrate  also  grants 
a  pardon,  and  not  forgiveness.  The  two 
.  words  are,  therefore,  very  clearly  distin¬ 
guished  from  each  other  in  most  cases 
which  relate  to  the  common  concerns  of 
life. 


For-gIv'er,  n.  One  who  pardons. 

For-giv'ing,  p.  a.  Disposed  to  for¬ 
give;  mild;  merciful. 

°f  For^t‘ 

Fork,  n.  [A.-S./orc,  Lat./wrca.]  1. 
An  instrument  with  two  or  more 
prongs.  2.  Any  thing  like  a  fork  in 
shape;  also,  a  prong;  a  point. — v, 

i.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  To  divide  into  two 
branches. —  v.  t.  1.  To  raise  or 
pitch  with  a  fork  ;  to  dig  and  break 
with  a  fork.  2.  To  form  into  a  fork¬ 
like  shape.  [forked. 

Fork/e  d-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Fork'y,  a.  Opening  into  two  or  more 
parts ;  forked ;  furcated. 

For-lorn',  a.  [A.-S .  forleosan,  for- 
loren ,  to  lose,  from  for  and  ledsan ,  to 
go.]  1.  Deserted ;  lost.  2.  In  pitiful 
plight. ;  despicable. 

For-lorn  '—hope,  n.  A  detachment 
of  men  to  lead  in  an  assault,  or  per¬ 
form  other  perilous  service. 

Form,  n.  [Lat./orma.]  1.  Shape  of 
any  thing ;  configuration  ;  external 
appearance.  2.  Mode  of  construction, 
arrangement,  or  organization.  3.  Es¬ 
tablished  method  or  practice.  4.  Con¬ 
ventionality  ;  formality.  5.  That 
which  has  form ;  a  shape.  6.  Pattern  ; 
model.  7.  A  long  bench  or  seat ;  hence, 
a  class  iu  a  school.  8.  The  seat  or 
bed  of  a  hare.  9.  A  page,  or  pages, 
imposed  and  locked  up  in  a  chase.  — 


®3“In  the  7th  and  8th  senses,  this 
word  is,  in  England,  pronounced  form. 


v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  give  form 
or  shape  to;  to  construct ;  to  make. 

2.  To  model ;  to  mold  ;  to  train.  3. 
To  act  as  constituent  of. 

Form'AL,  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  form 
or  external  appearance  of  a  thing. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  constitution  of 
a  thing;  essential.  3.  Doue  in  due 
form;  express.  4.  Regular;  method¬ 
ical.  5.  Having  the  form  or  appear¬ 
ance  only.  6.  Conventional. 

Syn.  — Precise;  ceremonious.  —  A  man 
is  precise  who  reduces  things  to  an  ex¬ 
act  rule  or  standard;  formal  who  shapes 
himself  by  some  set  form  or  pattern  ; 
ceremonious  when  he  lays  much  stress 
on  the  conventional  laws  of  social  inter¬ 
course.  Men  are  formal  in  their  man¬ 
ners,  precise  in  their  language  or  observ¬ 
ances,  ceremonious  in  receiving  and  en¬ 
tertaining  strangers. 

Form'al-Ism,  n.  Quality  of  being 
formal,  esp.  in  matters  of  religion. 

Form'al-Ist,  n.  One  who  is  over- 
attentive  to  forms. 

For-mXl'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
formal,  regular,  strictly  ceremonious, 
precise,  & c.  2.  That  which  is  formal. 

3.  Established  order  or  method. 


Form'al-ly,  adv.  In  a  formal  man¬ 
ner. 

For-ma'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  giving  form, 
shape,  or  being,  to.  2.  Structure ; 
construction.  3.  Series  of  rocks  be¬ 
longing  to  an  age,  period,  or  epoch. 

Form'a-tive,  a.  1.  Giving  form; 
plastic.  2.  (  Gram.)  Derivative  ;  not 
radical. — n.  ( Gram .)  (a.)  That 
which  serves  merely  to  give  form. 
(b.)  A  word  formed  in  accordance 
with  some  rule  or  usage. 

Form'er,  n.  One  who  forms. 

For'mer ,  a.  compar.  [A.-S.  forma,  m. 
forme,  f.  andn.,  first.]  1.  Preceding 
in  time,  hence,  ancient.  2.  First 
mentioned.  [old. 

For'mer-ly,  adv.  In  time  past ;  of 

For'mi-da-ble,  a.  [Lat.  formidab- 
ilis ,  fr.  formidare ,  to  fear.]  Excit¬ 
ing,  or  adapted  to  excite,  fear. 

Syn. —  Dreadful;  fearful;  terrible; 
frightful;  horrible;  tremendous. 

For'mi-da-bly,  adv.  In  a  formida¬ 
ble  manner. 

Form'less,  a.  Shapeless;  without 
a  determinate  form. 

For'mu-lA,  n.;  Lat. pi. for'm u-ljr  ; 
Eng.  pi.  FOR'MU-lA§.  [Lat.,  dim. 
of  forma,  form,  model.]  1.  A  pre¬ 
scribed  or  set  form.  2.  A  written 
confession  of  faith.  3.  A  rule  or  prin¬ 
ciple  expressedin  algebraic  language. 

4.  A  prescription  or  recipe. 

For'mu-la-ry  (44),  n.  1.  A  book  of 
prescribed  forms.  2.  Prescribed  form  ; 
formula.  —  a.  Stated  ;  prescribed. 

FOR'MU-LATEjU.  t.  [-E  d  ;  -ING.]  To 
reduce  to,  or  express  in,  a  formula. 

For'ni-GATE,  v.  i.  [Lat.  fornicare, 
-catum,  fv. fornix,  vault, brothel.]  To 
have  unlawful  sexual  intercourse. 

F6r/ni-€A'tion,  n.  I.  Incontinence 
of  an  unmarried  person  ;  also,  the 
criminal  conversation  of  a  married 
man  with  an  unmarried  woman.  2. 
( <S’c?vpL)_Idolatry.  [nication. 

For'ni-ca'tor,  n.  One  guilty  of  for- 

For'ray,  or  For-ray',  n.  A  rav¬ 
aging  ;  a  predatory  excursion. 

For-sake',  v.  t.  [imp.  forsook  ; 
p.  p.  FORSAKEN.]  [A.-S.  forsacan, 
to  oppose,  refuse.]  To  quit  or  leave 
entirely  ;  to  depart  or  withdraw  from. 

Syn.  —  To  abandon  ;  desert;  fail ;  re¬ 
linquish;  renounce;  reject. 

For-sooth',  adv.  [A.-S.  forsodh,  fr. 
for  and  sodh,  sooth,  truth!]  In  truth  ; 
certainly  ;  —  often  used  ironically. 

For-sweAr',i>.  t.  [imp.  forswore  ; 
p.  p.  FORSWORN.]  [A.-S.  forswer- 
ian,  from  for  and  swerian,  to  swear.] 
To  reject  or  deny  upon  oath.  —  v.  i. 
To  swear  falsely  ;  to  commit  perjury. 

Fort,  n.  [Lat.., fortis,  strong.]  A  for¬ 
tified  place ;  fortress  ;  fortification. 

Forte,  n.  [See  supra.]  Strong  point; 
that  in  which  one  excels. 

F6rth,  adv.  [A.-S .fordh,  fr.  for.  See 
For.]  1.  Forward;  onward.  2.  Out 
into  view.  3.  Away  ;  abroad. 

Forth'-oQmTng,  a.  Ready  to  come 
forth,  or  appear. 

Forth- wIth',  or  Forth-wIth' 
(99),  adv.  Immediately  ;  directly. 


For-TI-ETH,  a.  [See  FORTY.]  1.  Fol¬ 
lowing  the  thirty-ninth.  2.  Being 
one  of  forty  parts  of  a  thing.  —  n. 
One  of  forty  equal  parts  into  which 
one  whole  is  divided. 

For'ti-fi-ea'tion,  n.  1.  Act  offorti- 
fying.  2.  A  fortified  place. 

Syn.  —  Fortress  ;  castle;  citadel. 

For'ti-fy, t.  [-ED ;  -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
fortificare,  fr  .fortis,  strong,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  1.  To  add  strength 
to  ;  to  strengthen.  2.  To  strengthen 
by  fortsL batteries,  &c. 

For'ti-tude  (53),  n.  [Lat .fortitudo, 
fr.  fortis,  strong.]  Resolute  endur¬ 
ance  ;  firmness  in  bearing  up  against 
danger. 

Syn.  —  Courage  ;  resolution. 

Fort'nIght  (-nit),  n.  [Contr.  from 
fourteen  nights.]  Two  weeks. 

For'tress,  n.  [From  Lat.  fortis, 
strong.]  A  fortified  place;  a  fort; 
a  stronghold. 

Sy'N.  —  Fortification  ;  castle  ;  citadel. 
A  fortress  is  constructed  for  military 
purposes  only,  and  is  permanently  gar¬ 
risoned ;  a  fortification  is  built  to  defend 
harbors,  cities,  &c.;  a. castle  is  an  antique 
fortress,  which  was  ordinarily  a  palatini 
dwelling  ;  a  citadel  is  the  strong  hold  of 
a  fortress  or  city,  &c. 

For-tu'I-tous,  a.  [L&t.  fortuitxis,  fr 
forte,  by  chance.]  Happening  by 
chance. 

Syn.  —  Accidental ;  casual. 

For-tu'i-ty,  n.  Accident;  chance. 

Fort'u-NATE,  a.  1.  Coming  by  good 
luck.  2.  Receiving  some  unforeseen 
or  unexpected  good  ;  lucky. 

Syn.  —  Successful ;  prosperous.  —  A 
man  is  fortunate  when  unusual  bless¬ 
ings  fall  to  his  lot ;  successful  when  he 
gams  what  he  aims  at ;  prosperous  when 
he  succeeds  in  those  things  which  men 
commonly  aim  at.  One  may  be  fortu¬ 
nate  in  some  cases  where  he  is  not  suc¬ 
cessful;  he  may  be  successful,  but,  if  his 
plans  are  badly  formed,  he  may  for  that 
reason  fail  to  be  prosperous. 

Fort'u-nate-ly, aefa.  Luckily;  suc¬ 
cessfully  ;  happily. 

Fort'une  (fort'yiin,  30),  n  [Lat. ,for- 
tuna,  a  protracted  form  of  fors, 
chance.]  1.  Chance;  accident ;  luck. 
2.  Appointed  lot  in  life ;  fate.  3.  That 
which  befalls  one ;  esp.,  favorable 
issue.  4.  Estate ;  wealth ;  esp., 
great  wealth.  —  v.i.  To  happen. 

FORT'UNE-HUNT'ER,  n.  A  man  who 
seeks  to  marry  a  rich  woman. 

Fort'une-tell'er,  n.  One  who 
tells  the' future  events  of  one’s  life,  or 
pretends  to  do  so. 

For'TY,  a.  [A.-S .fedivertig,  fr .febwer, 
four,  and  the  term,  tig,  fr.  tyn ,  ten  ] 
Four  times  ten  ;  thirty-nine  and  one 
added.  — n.  Sum  of  forty  units. 

Fo'rttm,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  fo'rum§  ;  Lat. 
pi.  fo'ra.  [Lat.,  allied  to  foris,  out 
of  doors.]  1.  A  public  place  in  Rome, 
where  causes  were  tried,  and  orations 
delivered.  2.  A  tribunal ;  a  court. 

For'ward,  )  adv.  [See  For, Fore, 

For'wards,  )  and  Ward.]  Toward 
a  part  in  front ;  onward ;  in  advance. 

For'ward,  a.  1.  Near  or  at  the  fore 
part.  2.  Ready  ;  prompt ;  in  an  ill 


FORWARDER 


sense,  over  ready.  3.  Ardent ;  eager. 
4.  Premature.  —  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  help  onward  ;  to  promote.  2. 
To  transmit. 

FoR'WARD-ER,  n.  One  who  forwards. 

For'WARD-LY,  adv.  Eagerly  ;  hastily. 

For'ward-ness,  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  forward.  2.  Precocity. 

For'wards,  adv.  See  Forward. 

Fosse,  n.  I  Lat.  fossa,  fr.  fodere ,  to 
dig.]  (Fort. )  A  ditch  or  moat. 

F5s'sil,  a.  [Lat.  fossilis,  fr.  fodere,  to 
dig.]  1.  Dug  out  of  the  earth.  2. 
Pertaining  to  fossils  ;  petrified. — n. 

1.  A  substance  dug  from  the  earth.  2. 
Petrified  form  of  a  plant  or  animal. 

Fos'SlL-lF'ER-oiJS,  a.  [Lat.  fossilis, 
fossil,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.]  Contain¬ 
ing  fossil  or  organic  remains. 

Fos'sil-ize,  V.'  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
convert  into  a  fossil. 

Fos'TER,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
fCstrian,  from  foster,  food,  nourish¬ 
ment.]  1.  To  feed  ;  to  nourish  ;  to 
rear  up.  2.  To  cherish. 

Fos'ter-brot-h'er  (-brUth'er),  n.  A 
male  fed  by  the  same  nurse,  but  not 
the  offspring  of  the  same  parents. 

Fos'ter-ciiild,  m.  A  child  nursed 
by  one  not  its  parent. 

Fos'ter-fa'ther,  n.  One  who  takes 
the  place  of  a  father  in  bringing  up 
a  child. 

Fos'TER-MOTH'ER  (-mutlffer),  n.  One 
who  takes  the  place  of  a  mother  iu 
the  care  of  a  child. 

Fos'ter-sis'TER,  ft.  One  not  a  sis¬ 
ter,  but  brought  up  as  such. 

Fos'TER-SON  (-sun),  ft.  One  fed  and 
educated  as  if  he  were  a  son. 

Foth'er,  r.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Cf.  Ger. 
juttern,  futtern,  to  cover,  to  line.] 
To  try  to  stop,  as  a  leak  in  a  bottom 
of  a  ship,  by  letting  down  a  sail  un¬ 
der  her  bottom. 

Fought  (fawt),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Fight. 

Foul,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  fUl, 
sordid.]  1.  Containing  extraneous 
matter  which  is  injurious  or  offensive. 

2.  Morally  defiled.  3.  Cloudy  or 
rainy.  4.  Loathsome  ;  hateful.  5. 
Entangled. 

Syn.—  Nasty  ;  filthy  ;  dirty;  impure; 
abusive  ;  obscene;  unfair;  dishonest. 

—  v.  t.  [  ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  make 
filthy ;  to  defile.  2.  To  bring  into 
collision  with  something  that  im¬ 
pedes  motion. 

Foul'ly  (109),  adv.  Filthily;  nastily. 

Foul'-mouteled  (-mouthd),  a. 
Using  foul  language  ;  abusive. 

Foul'ness,  m.  Quality  of  being 
foul;  filthiness;  pollution. 

Found,  imp.  &  p.p.  of  find.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  [Lat.  fundare,  fr. 
fundus,  bottom.]  To  fix  upon  a 
basis  ;  to  establish  firmly  ;  to  base. 
2.  To  begin  to  raise.  3.  [Lat.  fun- 
dere.)  To  cast,  as  a  metal. 
Foun-da'tion,  ft.  1.  Act  of  found¬ 
ing;  establishment.  2.  Ground¬ 
work  ;  basis.  3.  An  endowment. 
4.  An  endowed  institution  of  charity. 

Found'er,  ft.  1.  One  who  founds  or 
lays  a  foundation.  2.  One  who  casts 


174 

metals. — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
Lat.  fundus.  See  Found.]  1.  To 
fill  with  water,  and  sink,  as  a  ship ; 
hence,  to  fail.  2.  To  stumble  and 
go  lame,  as  a  horse.  —  v.t.  To  cause 
inflammation  in  the  limbs  of,  so  as 
to  lame  ;  —  said  of  a  horse. 

Found'er-y,  ft.  See  Foundry. 

Found'ling,  ft.  [From  found,  p.  p. 
of  find.]  A  child  found  without  a 
parent  or  owner. 

Found'ress,  ft.  A  female  founder. 

Found'ry,  ft.  A  building  arranged 
and  fitted  for  casting  metals. 

Fount,  )  n.  [Lat.  fans,  fontis.] 

Fount'AIN,  )  1.  A  spring  of  water. 

2.  An  artificial  jet  or  stream  of  water. 
_3.  Origin  ;  first  cause.  —  See  Font. 

Four  (tor),  a.  [A.-S .  f cower.]  One 
more  than  three;  twice  two. — n. 
The  sum  of  four  units. 

Four'fold,  a.  Four  double ;  quad¬ 
ruple.  —  ft.  Four  times  as  much. 

Four'foot'ed,  a.  Having  four  feet. 

Fou'ri-er-ism  (fob'-),  ft.  The  system 
of  Charles  Fourier,  who  recommends 
the  re-organization  of  society  into 
small  communities,  living  in  com¬ 
mon.  _  [Fourierism. 

Fou'RI-ER-ITE ,  ft.  One  who  favors 

Four'suore,  a.  Four  times  twenty  ; 
eighty. — n.  Eighty  units. 

Four'TEEN,  n.  [A.-S .  fedicertyne,  fr. 
fedwer,  four,  and  lyn,  ten.]  Sum  of 
ten  and  four.  —  a.  Four  and  ten 
jnore. 

Fourteenth,  a.  1.  Succeeding  the 
thirteenth  and  preceding  the  fif¬ 
teenth.  2.  Making  one  of  fourteen 
parts  of  any  thing.  —  n.  One  of  four¬ 
teen  equal  parts  of  one  whole. 

Fourth,  a.  1.  Next  following  the 
third.  2.  -Forming  one  of  four  parts 
into  which  any  thing  is  divided.  —  ft. 
One  of  four  equal  parts  into  which 
one  whole  is  divided.  [place. 

Fourthly,  adv.  In  the  fourth 

Fowl,  n. ;  pi.  fowl  or  fowls.  [A.- 
S.  fugol ,  fugel ,  allied  to  fiedgan,  to 
fly.]  1.  A  bird;  esp.  a  wild  bird. 
2.  A  barn-door  fowl;  a  cock  or  hen. 

.  —  v.i.  To  catch  or  kill  wild  fowl. 

Fowl'er,  ft.  A  sportsman  who  takes 
or  kills  wild  fowl. 

Fowl'ing-piece  (fouF-), n.  Alight 
gun  for  shooting  wild  fowl. 

Fox,  ft.  [A.-S.  fox, 
prob.  allied  to  Icel. 
fax ,  hair,  so  that  it 
orig.  signifies  the 
hairy  animal.]  1.  An 
animal  remarkable 
for  its  cunning.  2.  A  sly,  cunning 
fellow. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
Icel.  fox,  imposture.]  To  cover  the 
feet  of,  as  of  boots,  with  new  front 
upper  leather  — v.  i.  To  turn  sour  ; 
—  said  of  beer,  &c. 

Fox'— chase,  I  w.  Pursuit  of  a  fox 

Fox'-HUNT,  )  with  hounds. 

Fox'y,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  foxes; 
wily.  2.  Of  a  yellowish  or  reddish- 
brown  color.  3.  Sour  ;  not  properly 
fermented  ;  —  said  also  of  grapes. 

FRA'GAS,  ft.  [It.  fracasso,  from  fra, 


FRANCISCAN 

among,  and  cassare,  to  break,  annul.] 

.  An  uproar ;  a  noisy  quarrel. 

Frac'tion,  ft.  [Lat.  fractio,  fr.fran- 
gere ,fractum,  to  break.]  1.  A  por¬ 
tion  ;  a  fragment.  2.  A  division  or 
aliquot  part  of  a  whole  number. 

Frag'TION-AL.  a.  Pertaining  to  frac¬ 
tions  ;  constituting  a  fraction. 

Frac;TIODs,  a.  [Prob.  from  fract 
(obs.),  to  break.]  Apt  to  fret. 

Syn.  —  Snappish;  peevish;  cress;  irri¬ 
table;  pettish. 

Fr  \ct;ure,  ft.-  [Lat.  fiactura,  from 
fr  anger  e ,  to  break.]  i.  Act  of  break¬ 
ing  ;  rupture  ;  breach.  2.  The  break¬ 
ing  of  a  bone. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  break  ;  to  crack. 

FRAGILE,  a.  [Lat.  fragilis,  fr.  fran- 
gcre ,  to  break.]  Easily  broken  or  de¬ 
stroyed  ;  wreak ;  frail. 

Fra-gil'i-ty,  ft.  Quality  of  being 
fragile ;  brittleness. 

Fragment,  n.  [Lat.  fragmentum , 
fr .  frangere,  to  break.]  A  part  bro¬ 
ken  off ;  a  small,  detached  portion. 

Frag'ment-a-ry  (44),  a.  Composed 
of  fragments. 

Fra'granue,  1ft.  Sweetness  of  smell; 

Fra'gran-^y,  j  grateful  odor. 

FRA/GRANT,  a.  [Lat.  fragrare,  fra- 
grans,  to  emit  a  fragrance. J  Having 
an  agreeable  perfume. 

Syn.  —  Odorous  ;  odoriferors  ;  sweet- 
scentcd:  balmy;  spicy;  aromatic. 

Fra'grant-l\',  adv.  With  sweet 
scent. 

Frail,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [See  Frag¬ 
ile.]  1.  Easily  broken;  fragile; 
weak;  infirm.  2.  Of  easy  virtue; 
weak  in  resolution.  — n.  [Norm.  Fr. 
fraile,  basket.]  1.  A  basket  of  rush¬ 
es,  for  figs  and  raisins.  2.  Quan¬ 
tity  of  raisins —  about  70  pounds  — 
in  such  a  basket.  3.  A  rush  for 
weaving  baskets. 

Frail'ty,  ft.  1.  Weakness  of  resolu¬ 
tion.  2.  A  fault  proceeding  from 
weakness. 

Syn.  —  Frailness  ;  infirmity  ;  imper¬ 
fection;  failing;  foible. 

Frame,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
fremman.]  1.  To  construct ;  to  ad¬ 
just  and  put  together.  2.  To  origi¬ 
nate  ;  to  devise  ;  to  fabricate.  3.  To 
provide  with  a  frame.  —  «.  1.  Any 

thing  composed  of  parts  put  togeth¬ 
er.  2.  Any  kiud  of  case  for  admit¬ 
ting,  inclosing,  or  supporting  things. 

3.  Make  or  build  of  a  person  ;  skele¬ 
ton.  4.  Form  ;  constitution.  5.  Partic¬ 
ular  state,  as  of  the  mind  ;  humor. 

Fram'ER,  ft.  One  who  frames. 

Frasie'-work  (wfirk),  ft.  A  frame. 

FRAN€,  ft.  [Eng.  Frank,  a  Germanic 
people  that  founded  the  French  mon¬ 
archy]  A  French  silver  coin  equal 
to  about  19  cents,  or  10  pence. 

Fr.Xn'chIse  (-chiz),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
franc,  franrhe ,  free.]  A  particular 
privilege  vested  in  individuals.  —  v. 
t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  make  free. 

Fran'chi'se-ment,  ft.  Eelease  ;  free¬ 
dom. 

Fran-c'is'€AN,  «.  A  monk  of  the  or¬ 
der  of  St.  Francis,  founded  in  1209. 


Fox. 


A,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y  ,  long ;  A,  £,1,  6,  0,  y,  short ;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


FRANGIBLE 


FRET 


175 


FrXn'Gt-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  frangere,  to 
break.]  Brittle;  fragile. 

FrXn'GI-PXn'ni,  n.  [From  the  in¬ 
ventor,  Marquis  Frangipani.]  A 
perfume  derived  from,  or  imitating 
the  odor  of,  a  West  Indian  flower. 

FrXnk,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [Fr.  franc. 
Cf.  Free.]  Free  in  uttering  real 
sentiments ;  not  reserved. 

Syn. —  Ingenuous  ;  candid  ;  artless  ; 
plain;  open;  sincere. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  exempt 
from  charge  for  postage. — n.  [See 
Frank,  «..]  A  signature  which 
makes  a  letter  free  of  postage. 

Frank-In'cense,  or  FrXnk'in- 
£ENSE ,  n.  A  dry  resinous  substance, 
used  as  a  perfume. 

FrXnk'ly,  adv.  Without  reserve. 

Frank'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
frank;  candor;  openness. 

FrXn'tie,  a.  [For  frentic ,  contr.  fr. 
frenetic ,  phrenetic.]  1.  Mad  ;  raving. 
2.  Noisy  ;  wild. 

FrXn'tie-ly,  adv.  Madly;  distract¬ 
edly.  [traction. 

FrXn'tie-ness,  n.  Madness;  dis- 

FRA-TER'NAL.  a.  [Lat.  f rater,  broth¬ 
er.]  Relating  to,  or  becoming,  broth¬ 
ers;  brotherly.  [ual  manner. 

Fra-ter'nal-ly,  adv.  In  a  fr  iter- 

Fra-TER'NI-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
fraternal.  2.  A  body  of  men  associ¬ 
ated  for  some  common  interest ;  a 
brotherhood. 

Fra'ter-nize,  or  Fra-tEr'nize, 
v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  associate  as 
brothers. _  [fratricide. 

FrXt'RI-CPdal,  a.  Pertaining  to 

FrXt'RI-CJDE,  n.  [La t.f rater,  broth¬ 
er,  and  credere ,  to  cut  down,  kill.]  1. 
The  murder  of  a  brother.  2.  One 
who  kills  a  brother. 

FRAUD,  n.  [Lat.  fraus,  fraudis.]  1. 
Deception  deliberately  practiced.  2. 
A  deceptive  trick. 

Syn.  —  Deceit  ;  guile  ;  wile  ;  strata¬ 
gem  ;  cheat. 

Fraijd'ful,  a.  Full  of  fraud;  trickish. 

Fraud'U-LEN^E,  In.  Deceitfulness; 

Fraud'u-len-^y,  I  triekishness. 

FRAUD'U-LENT,  a.  1.  Using  fraud  in 
contracts.  2.  Containing,  or  pro¬ 
ceeding  from,  fraud.  3.  Obtained  by 
artifice. 

Syn.  —  Deceitful  ;  crafty  ;  trickish  ; 
wily  ;  cunning  ;  treacherous  ;  dishon¬ 
est;  knavish. 

Fraud'u-lent-ly,  adv.  In  a  fraud¬ 
ulent  manner. 

Fraught  (trawt),  a.  1.  Freighted ; 
laden.  2.  Filled;  stored. 

FRAY,  n.  [Abbrev.  fr.  affray.]  1.  Af¬ 
fray  ;  contest.  2.  [See  infra.]  A  fret 
or  chafe  in  cloth. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  frighten.  2.  [Lat./W- 
care,  to  rub.]  To  rub  ;  to  wear  off 
by  rubbing. — v  t.  1.  To  rub.  2.  To 
wear  out  in  consequence  of  rubbing. 

Freak,  n.  [A.-S. /)ec,_/Wc, /me,  bold, 
greedy.]  A  sudden,  causeless  change 
of  the  mind  ;  whim  ;  caprice. 

Fre  ak'ish,  a.  Whimsical ;  capricious. 

Freak'ish-ly,  adv.  Capriciously. 
FrEck'le  (frekfl),  n.  [Cf.  Fleck.] 


A  yellowish  spot  in  the  skin.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  color  or  spot  with 
freckles.  — v.  i.  To  become  covered 
with  freckles. 

FrEck'ly,  a.  Full  of  freckles. 

Free,  a.  [-er;  -est,  144.]  [A.-S. 

fr 2,  frio ,  freo.]  1.  Not  under  re¬ 
straint  ;  at  liberty.  2.  Enjoying  po¬ 
litical  liberty.  3.  Not  parsimonious; 
liberal.  4.  Exempt ;  clear ;  released. 
5.  Invested  with  a  franchise.  6.  To 
be  enjoyed  without  limitations. 

Free  agency,  power  of  choosing  or  act¬ 
ing  freely.  —Free  port.,  (  Com.)  (a.)  a  port 
where  ships  of  all  nations  may  load  and 
unload  free  of  duty,  provided  the  goods 
are  not  carried  into  the  adjoining  coun¬ 
try.  ( b .)  A  port  where  goods  of  all  kinds 
are  received  from  ships  of  all  nations  at 
equal  rates  of  duty.  — Free  wind  ( Naut .) 
a  fair  wind. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing,  144.]  To  make 
free  ;  to  set  at  liberty  ;  to  release. 

Free'boot-er,  n.  [See  Booty.] 
One  who  wanders  about  for  plunder. 

Free'-eorn,  a.  Born  free. 

Freedom  AN  (150),  n.  A  man  who  has 
been  a  slave  and  is  freed. 

Free'dOm,  n.  [A.-S .freddOm.]  1. 
Exemption  from  the  power  and  con¬ 
trol  of  another.  2.  Particular  priv¬ 
ileges.  3.  Improper  familiarity. 

Syn.—  Liberty;  independence;  frank¬ 
ness  ;  openness;  separation  ;  liberality; 
fianchise;  immunity  ;  license. 

Free'-heart/ed,  a.  Liberal;  gen¬ 
erous. 

Free'hold,  n.  An  estate  in  real 
property,  of  inheritance  or  for  life, 
or  the  tenure  by  which  it  is  held. 

Free'iiold-er,  n.  One  who  owns  a 
freehold. 

Free'ly,  adv.  In  a  free  manner; 
without  restraint  or  compulsion. 

Free'man  (150),  n.  1.  One  who  en¬ 
joys  liberty.  2.  One  who  enjoys  a 
peculiar  privilege. 

Free'ma-'son  (-ma'sn),  n.  One  of  an 
ancient  and  secret  association,  origi¬ 
nally  composed  of  masons. 

Free''ma/son-ry,  n.  Institutions  or 
the  practices  of  freemasons. 

Free'ness,  n.  Openness  ;  liberality. 

Free'stSne,  n.  A  stone  composed 
of  sand  or  grit,  and  easily  wrought. 

Free'thInk/er,  n.  One  who  dis¬ 
cards  revelation  ;  an  unbeliever  ;  an 
infidel ;  a  skeptic. 

Free-will',  n.  Power  of  choosing  or 
willing  without  restraint.  [untary. 

Fre  e'- WILL,  a.  Spontaneous  ;  vol- 

Freeze,  v.  i.  [imp.  FROZE  ;  p.  p. 
frozen.]  [A.-S.  fre&san.]  1.  To 
become  congealed  by  cold.  2.  To 
become  chilled. — v.t.  1.  To  con¬ 
geal  ;  to  harden  into  ice.  2.  To  chill. 

Freight  (frat),  n.  1.  Lading  ;  cargo. 
2.  Payment  for  the  transportation  of 
merchandise. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  load  with  goods,  as  a  ship  or  ve¬ 
hicle  of  any  kind. 

Frijight'er  (frat'er)  n.  1.  One  who 
loads  a  ship.  2.  One  who  receives 
and  forwards  freight.  3.  One  for 
whom  freight  is  transported. 

French,  a.  Pertaining  to  France  or 


its  inhabitants. — n.  The  language 
of  France  ;  collectively,  the  people  of 
France.  [ment,  of  music. 

French'-horn,  n.  A  wind-instru- 
French'I-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Eng.  French,  and  Lat.  facere ,  to 
make.]  To  make  French  ;  to  Galli¬ 
cize. 

FrEn'ZY,  n.  [Lat.  phrenesis,  phreni- 
tis ,  Gr.  <£pevtTis  (sc.  voaos),  fr.  <f>prjv, 
mind.]  Any  violent  agitation  of  tho 
mind,  approaching  to  distraction. 

Syn.  —  Insanity  ;  lunacy  ;  madness  ; 
rage;  derangement;  delirium. 

Fre'QUEN-£Y,  n.  Condition  of  re¬ 
turning  frequently. 

FRE'QUENT,  a.  [Lat .  frequens.]  Hap¬ 
pening  at  short  intervals. 

FRE-QUENT',  V.  1.  [-EU  ;  -ING.]  To 
visit  often  ;  to  resort  to  habitually. 

Fre-'quen-ta'TION,  n.  Habit  of  fre¬ 
quenting. 

Fre-quent'A-tIve,  a.  Expressing 
the  frequent  repetition  of  an  action. 

—  n.  A  verb  expressing  the  frequent 
repetition  of  an  action. 

Fre-quent'er,  n.  One  who  fre¬ 
quents. 

Fre'QUENT-ly,  adv.  At  frequent 
intervals  ;  often  ;  commonly. 

Fres'co,  n.  [It.,  from  fresco,  fresh.] 
A  method  of  painting  on  walls  on  a 
freshly  laid  stucco-ground.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ,  -ING.]  To  paint  in  fresco. 

Fresh,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  fersc, 
Icel.  friskr.]  1.  New  and  strong.  2. 
Recently  made  or  obtained.  3.  In  a 
raw  or  untried  state.  4.  Renewed  in 
vigor  or  readiness  for  action  ;  hence, 
tending  to  renew  in  vigor  ;  brisk.  5. 
Not  salt,  as  water  or  meat. 

Syn.— Sound;  green  ;  rare  ;  ruddy  ; 
florid  ;  sweet;  good;  unpracticcd;  lively; 
vigorous;  strong. 

—  n.  1.  A  spring  of  freshwater.  2. 
A  freshet. 

Fresh'en,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  fresh ;  to  take  saltness  from 
any  thing.  • — v.  i.  1.  To  lose  salt¬ 
ness.  2.  To  grow  brisk  or  strong. 

Fresh'et,  n.  A  flood  or  overflowing 
of  a  river  in  consequence  of  heavy 
rains  or  melted  snow.  [Amer.] 

FRESH'LY,  adv.  In  a  fresh  manner. 

Fresh'man  (150),  n.  A  student  dur¬ 
ing  his  first  year’s  residence  at  a  col¬ 
lege.  ■  [briskness. 

Fresh'ness,  n.  Newness;  vigor; 

Fret,u.  t.  [-ted  ; -TING,  136.]  [Fr. 
f rotter,  from  La t .  fricart ,  frict mn ,  to 
rub,  A.-S .fretan,  to  eat,  to  gnaw.] 
1.  To  wear  away  by  friction  ;  hence, 
to  eat  away  ;  to  corrode.  2.  To  im¬ 
pair.  3.  to  make  rough,  agitate,  or 
disturb.  4.  To  tease ;  to  irritate; 
to  vex.  5.  [A.-S .  frdtvjan,  to  adorn.J 
To  ornament  with  raised  work.  — 

—  v.i.  1.  To  be  worn  away  ;  to  bo 
corroded.  2.  To  be  vexed  or  irritat¬ 
ed  ;  to  worry.  —  n.  1.  Agitation  of 
the  surface  of  a  fluid.  2.  Agitation 
of  mind;  irritation.  3.  ( Arch.)  Small 
fillets  intersecting  each  other  at  right 
angles.  4.  A  short  piece  of  wire  on 
the  finger-board  of  a  guitar,  &c  ,  to 


FRETFUL 


FRONTISPIECE 


show  where  the  finger  is  to  be  placed 
in  playing.  [humored. 

FkEt'ful,  a.  Disposed  to  fret ;  ill- 
S  yn.  —  Peevish ;  cross. — 1’eevish  marks 
the  inward  spirit,  and  fretful  the  outward 
act.  while  both  imply  a  complaining  im¬ 
patience.  Crossness  is  peevishness  min¬ 
gled  with  vexation  or  anger. 

Fret'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  fretful 
manner ;  peevishly. 

FrEt'ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
fretful ;  peevishness.  [with  frets. 

Fret'work  (-wfirk),  n.  Work  adorned 

Fri'a-bIi/i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
friable  ;  friableness. 

FrI'A-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  friabilis, fr.  friare, 
to  rub,  break,  or  crumble.]  Easily 
crumbled  or  pulverized. 

FrI'a-ble-nes3,  n.  Friability. 

FrI'ar,  n.  [Yr.frcre,  fr.  Lat ./rater, 
brother.]  A  member  of  any  religious 
order.  [of  friars. 

FrT'a-ry,  n.  A  monastery  ;  a  convent 

FrTb'ble,  a.  [Lat .frivolus.]  Frivo¬ 
lous;  trifling;  silly. — n.  A  frivo¬ 
lous  fellow ;  a  coxcomb. 

FrIc'as-see',  n.  [Fr.  fricassee,  fr.fri- 
casser ,  to  fry .]  A  dish  made  of  fowls 
or  small  animals  cut  into  pieces, 
and  stewed  or  fried. — v.t.  [-ED; 
-ING,  144.]  To  make  a  fricassee  of. 

FrIg'TION,  n.  [Lat.frictio,  fr.fric.are, 
to  rub.]  1.  A  rubbing  the  surface 
of  one  body  against  that  of  another  ; 
attrition.  2.  Effect  of  rubbing,  or 
resistance  a  moving  body  meets  with 
from  the  surface  on  which  it  moves. 

FrI'DAY,  n.  [A.-S.frigedag,fc.  Frig , 
the  goddess  of  marriage,  and  A.-S. 
dag,  day.]  Sixth  day  of  the  week. 

Fried,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Fry. 

Friend,  n.  [Goth .frijCnds,  friend, 
from firij On, frlon,  to  love.]  1.  One 
who  is  attached  to  another  by  affec¬ 
tion.  2.  One  not  a  foe  or  enemy. 
3.  A  favorer.  4.  A  Quaker. 

Friend'less,  a.  Destitute  of  friends. 

Friend'li-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
friendly ;  good-will. 

Fri£nd'ly,«.  1.  Like  a  friend.  2. 
Befitting  friends.  3.  Not  hostile.  4. 
Promoting  the  good  of  any  person  or 
persons. 

Syn.  —  Amicable;  kind;  favorable. 

FriEnd'siiip,  n.  1.  Attachment  to 
a  person.  2.  Friendly  intimacy.  3. 
Friendly  aid,  office,  or  kindness. 

Frieze,  n.  [Orig.  a  woolen  cloth  from 
Friesland.]  1.  A  coarse  woolen  cloth 
with  a  nap  on  one  side.  2.  Part  of  the 
entablature  of  a  column  between  the 
architrave  and  cornice.—  v.  t.  To 
make  a  nap  on,  as  on  cloth. 

FrIg'ate,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  Lat .  fabricata, 
something  constructed.]  A  ship  of 
war  larger  than  a  corvette ,  and  less 
than  a  ship  of  the  line. 

Fright  (frit),  n.  [A.-S.  fyrhtu.]  Sud¬ 
den  and  violent  fear. 

Syn. —  Alarm;  terror;  consternation. 
—  v.  t.  [-E  D ;  -ing.]  To  alarm  sud¬ 
denly  with  danger. 

Syn.  —  To  affright;  terrify;  scare;  dis¬ 
may  ;  daunt. 

FrIgiit'en  (friVn),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 


176 

-ING.]  To  disturb  with  fear  ;  to 
fright. 

Fright'FUL  (MV-),  a.  1.  Full  of 
fright ;  alarmed.  2.  Exciting  alarm  ; 
impressing  terror. 

Syn.  — Frightful;  dreadful  ;  awful. — 
These  words  all  express  fear.  In  fright¬ 
ful,  it  is  a  sudden  emotion;  in  dreadful, 
it  is  deeper  and  more  prolonged;  in  aw¬ 
ful  the  fear  is  mingled  with  the  emotion 
of  awe,  which  subdues  us  before  the 
presence  of  some  invisible  power.  An 
accident  may  b e  frightful ;  the  approach 
of  death  is  dreadful  to  most  men ;  the 
convulsions  of  the  earthquake  are  awful. 

Fright'ful-LY  (frTV-),  adv.  In  a 
frightful  manner. 

Fright'ful-ness  (frTV-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  frightful. 

FRIG'ID,  a.  [Lat.  frigidus,  fr.  frigere, 
to  be  cold.]  1.  Cold.  2.  Wanting 
warmth,  fervor,  vivacity,  &c. 

Fri-Md'i-TY.  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
frigid ;  coldness.  2.  Want  of  warmth, 
ardor,  vivacity,  &c.  [fection. 

FrIg'ID-ly,  adv.  Coldly  ;  without  af- 

Frill,  n.  [Cf.  Frill,  v.t.]  1.  A 

ruffle.  2.  The  ruffling  of  a  hawk’s 
feathers  when  shivering  with  cold. 

—  v.  t.  To  provide  with  frills. — 

—  v.i.  [-ED;-ING.]  [0.  'Er.friller, 
fr.  Lat.  frigidulus,  somewhat  cold.] 
To  shake  or  shiver  as  with  cold. 

Fringe,  n.  [Lat.  fimbria ,  thread, 
fringe.]  1.  A  trimming  consisting  of 
loose  threads.  2.  A  border  ;  a  con¬ 
fine.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  adorn 
or  border  with  fringe. 

Frip'PER-Y,  n.  [Fr  .friperie,  fr  ./ri¬ 
per,  to  rumble,  fumble.]  1.  Old 
clothes  ;  hence,  second-hand  finery  ; 
useless  matter.  2.  Place  where  old 
clothes  are  sold. 

Frisk,  v.I.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  [Icel .firiskr. 
See  Fresh.]  To  leap,  skip,  or  gam¬ 
bol,  in  gayety.  —  n.  A  frolic;  a  fit 
of  wanton  gayety. 

Frisk'et,  n.  [From  the  frequency  of 
its  motion.  See  Frisk.]  A  frame  to 
keep  a  sheet  of  paper  in  place  in 
printing. 

FrIsk'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  frisky. 

FrTsk'y,  a.  Frolicsome ;  gay. 

FRIT,  n.  [From  Lat.  frigSre ,  frictnm , 
frixuin,  to  roast,  fry.]  Material  of 
which  glass  is  made,  after  it  has  been 
baked,  but  before  fusion. 

Frith,  n.  [Scot,  firth,  Dan.  fiord.] 
A  narrow  arm  of  the  sea ;  an  estuary. 

FRIT'TER,  n.  [From  Lat.  frigere,  fric- 
tum ,  to  fry.]  1.  A  kind  of  pancake  ; 
also,  a  small  piece  of  meat  fried.  2. 
A  fragment ;  a  small  piece.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  cut  into  small 
pieces  for  frying.  2.  To  break  into 
small  pieces. 

FrI-YOL'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
Irivolous  ;  unbecoming  levity  of  dis¬ 
position. 

Friv'o-loOs,  a.  [Lat.  frivolus.]  1. 
Of  little  weight  or  worth.  2.  Given 
to  trifling. 

Syn.— Trifling;  trivial;  slight;  petty. 

FrIz,  V.  t.  [-zed;  -zing,  136.]  [Fr. 
/ riser,  to  curl,  crisp.]  1.  To  form 
into  small  curls,  as  hair.  2.  To  form 


into  little  burs,  as  the  nap  of  cloth. 

—  n.  Any  thing  crisped  or  curled. 

Friz'zle,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 

of  friz.]  To  curl  or  crisp,  as  hair. 

Fro,  adv.  [A.-S._/ra,  from  fram.  Sec 
From.]  From  ;  away  ;  backward. 

Frock,  n.  [L.  Lat.  fitoccus.fioccvs, 
from  Lat.  floccvs,  a  flock  of  wool ; 
hence,  orig.  a  flocky  garment.]  A 
loose,  outer  garment  of  men  ;  or  a 
gown,  open  behind,  worn  by  women 
and  children.  [broad  skirts. 

Frock'-coat,  n.  A  body-coat  with 

Frog,  n.  [A.-S./rogga.]  1.  A  well- 
known  amphibious  animal.  2.  A 
tender,  horny  substance  in  the  mid¬ 
dle  of  a  horse's  foot.  3.  A  kind  of 
cloak- button.  4.  (Railways.)  A  tri¬ 
angular  crossing  plate  where  one 
track  branches  off  from  or  crosses 
another. 

Froi/IG,  a.  [0.  H.  Ger .frClih,  fr.  fro, 
frao,  glad.]  Full  of  levity;  gay; 
merry.  —  n.  1.  A  wild  prank.  2. 
A  scene  of  gayety  and  mirth  ;  a  mei' 
ry-making. — v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing, 
135.]  To  play  wild  pranks  ;  to  sport 

Frol'IG-some  ,  a.  Full  of  frolic. 

FROMjjnrp.  [A.-S../mw,  from.]  Out 
of  the  neighborhood  of ;  leaving  be¬ 
hind  ;  by  reason  of ;  out  of ;  by  aid 
of ;  —  used  whenever  departure,  com¬ 
mencement  of  action,  being,  occur¬ 
rence,  &c.,  or  procedure,  emanation, 
separation,  &c.,  are  to  be  expressed. 

Frond,  n.  [Lat.  firons,  frondis,  a 
heavy  branch,  foliage.]  Organ  formed 
by  combination,  into  one  body  of 
stalks  and  leaves,  as  in  the  ferns. 

Fron-des'^en^e,  n.  [Lat .frondes- 
cere,  frondescens .  to  begin  to  put 
forth  leaves.]  1.  Time  at  which 
each  species  of  plants  unfolds  its 
leaves.  2.  Act  of  bursting  into  leaf. 

Fron-dif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  firons, 
leaf,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Producing 
fronds. 

Fron-dose',  a.  [Lat .  frond osus.]  1. 
Frond-bearing ;  resembling  a  frond. 
2.  Leafy. 

Frond'oOs,  a.  Producing  leaves  and 
flowers  in  one  organ. 

Fr6nt  (frunt),  n.  [Lat .  firons, frontis.] 
1.  The  forehead;  sometimes,  the 
whole  face.  2.  The  forepart  of  any 
thing.  3.  Position  directly  before  a 
person,  or  foremost  part  of  a  thing. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  oppose 

face  to  face.  2.  To  stand  opposed, 
or  over  against.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  stand 
foremost.  2.  To  have  the  front  to¬ 
ward  any  point  of  compass.  —  a. 
Relating  to  the  forward  part ;  fore¬ 
most.  [of  an  edifice  or  lot. 

Front'a&e  (frtinV-),  n.  Front  part 

Front'AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  front. 

—  n.  [Lat.  frontale,  frontlet.]  1. 
Something  worn  on  the  forehead  or 
face.  2.  A  little  pediment  over  a 
small  door  or  window. 

Frontier,  n.  [Lat. firons,  forehead, 
front.]  That  part  of  a  country  which 
fronts  or  faces  another  country  ;  bor¬ 
der.  —  a.  Bordering  ;•  conterminous. 

Front'IS-PIE^E,  n.  [L.  Lat.  frontis- 


k,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  X ,  E  ,  1 ,  6,  Xs,  $,  short;  cAre  .  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  WHA.T ;  Ere,  VEIL,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  firm;  SdN, 


FRONTLESS 

pieium ,  that  which  is  seen  in  front.] 
An  ornamental  engraving  fronting 
the  first  page  of  a  book.  [dent. 

Front'LESS,  a.  Shameless  ;  impu- 

Front'let.  n.  [Eng .  front,  and  the 
dim.  term,  let.]  A  frontal. 

Frost  (21),  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  freosan ,  to 
freeze.]  1.  Act  of  freezing;  congela¬ 
tion  of  fluids.  2.  Severe  cold  weath¬ 
er.  3.  Frozen  dew. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  cover  with  any  thing  re- 
cembling  hoar-frost,  as  cake  with 
powdered  white  sugar. 

FROST'-BIt'TEN  (-bit'tn),  p.  a. 
Nipped  or  affected  by  frost. 

Fkost'-fish,  n.  A  small  fish,  abun¬ 
dant  on  the  coasts  of  the  United  States 
soon  afte  ■  fros'  commences. 

FrostG-l  ¥ ,  ad  )  \Vrith  frost ;  coldly. 

FrOST'ING,  ii.  Composition,  resem¬ 
bling  hoar-frost,  to  cover  cake,  &c. 

FrSst'y,  a.  1.  Attended  with,  or 
containing,  froci.  2.  Witnout  warmth 
of  affection.  3.  White;  gray-haired. 

Froth  (21),  n.  [A.-S.  freodhan ,  to 
rub,  to  froth.]  1.  A  collection  of  bub¬ 
bles  ;  foam.  2.  Empty  show  of  wit 
or  eloquence.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  cause 
to  foam.  2.  To  cover  with  froth.  — 

—  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  throw 

up  foam.  [ner. 

Froth'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  frothy  man- 

FrOth'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Full  of  froth.  2.  Yain  ;  empty. 

Frounce,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
froncer,  to  wrinkle,  to  frown.]  To 
frizzle  about  the  face,  as  the  hair.  — 
n.  A  wrinkle,  plait,  or  curl. 

Frou'zy,  a.  [From  frounce.]  Fetid ; 
musty  ;  rank. 

Fro'ward,  a.  [A.-S.  framweard , 
averse,  perverse.]  Not  willing  to 
comply  with  what  is  required. 

Syn. —  Perverse;  untoward;  way¬ 
ward  ;  unyielding  ;  ungovernable  ;  re¬ 
fractory;  disobedient;  petulant;  cross. 

Fro'ward-ly,  adv.  In  a  froward 
manner.  [ing  froward. 

Fro'ward-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be- 

Frown,  r.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr .frog- 
ner ,  in  se  refrogner ,  to  knit  the  brow.] 

1.  To  contract  the  brow,  to  scowl. 

2.  To  look  on  with  disfavor ;  to  lower. 

—  v.  t.  To  rebuke  with  a  look. — 
■;i.  A  wrinkling  of  the  brow  in  dis¬ 
pleasure  ;  a  scowl. 

Frow'y,  a.  [Contr.  fr.  frouzy.]  Mus¬ 
ty  ;  rancid ;  rank. 

Froz'en  (frozen),  p.  a.  Subject  to 
frost  :  congealed  ;  chilly. 

Frug-tes'cen^e,  n.  [Fr..  from  Lat. 
fructus ,  fruit.]  The  time  when  the 
fruit  of  a  plant  arrives  at  maturity. 

Frue-TIF'er-OIJS,  a.  [Lat .fructifer, 
fr.  fructus,  fruit,  and  ferre,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  or  producing  fruit. 

FriJ€/ti-fi-€ Action,  n.  1.  Act  of 
fructifying.  2.  Those  parts  of  a  plant, 
taken  collectively,  which  compose 
the  flower  and  fruit. 

Frije'ti-fy,  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  fructificare ,  fr.  fructus ,  fruit, 
and  facere ,  to  make.]  To  make  fruit¬ 
ful  ;  to  render  productive.  —  v.  i.  To 
bear  fruit. 


177 

Fru'GAL,  a.  [Lat.  frugalis,  fr.  frugi, 
fit  for  food,  useful,  temperate.]  Eco¬ 
nomical  in  the  use  of  means ;  spar¬ 
ing  ;  saving. 

Fru-gal'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
frugal ;  prudent  economy. 

Fru'GAL-LY,  adv.  With  economy. 

FRUIT,  n.  [Lat  .fructus,  fr.  frui,  to  en¬ 
joy.]  1.  Whatever  is  to  be  enjoyed, 
partaken  of,  or  made  use  of;  result. 
2.  The  juicy,  pulpy  products  of  cer¬ 
tain  plants.  3.  Offspring  ;  young. 

FRUIT'AGE  (45),  n.  Fruit  collectively. 

Fruit'er-er,  n.  One  who  deals  in 
fruit. 

Fruit'er-y,  n.  A  repository  for  fruit. 

Fruit'ful,  a.  Full  of  fruit;  richly 
productive. 

Syn.—  Fertile;  prolific;  fecund;  plen¬ 
tiful  ;  rich  ;  abundant  ;  plenteous. 

FRUIT'FUL-LY,  adv.  Abundantly. 

Fruit'ful-ness,  n.  State  or  quali¬ 
ty'  of  being  fruitful. 

Fru-i'TION  (frij-YsLUun),  n.  [From 
Lat.  frui ,  fruitus,  to  use  or  enjoy.] 
Pleasure  derived  from  possession  or 
use  ;  enjoyment. 

Fruit'less,  a.  1.  Lacking  fruit.  2. 
Productive  of  no  good  effect. 

Syn.  —  Useless;  unprofitable;  ineffect¬ 
ual;  vain;  idle;  profitless. 

Fruit'less-ly,  adv.  Idly;  vainly. 

Fruit'less-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  fruitless.  [taste  of  fruit. 

FRUIT'Y,  a. _  Resembling  fruit,  or  the 

Fru'men-ta'ceous,  a.  [hut.  f rum  en- 
taceus.  fr.  f. rum entum,  grain.]  Made 
of,  or  like,  wheat  or  other  grain. 

Fru'MEN-ty,  n.  [From  Lat .  frurnen- 
tum.]  Wheat  boiled  in  milk,  and 
seasoned  with  sugar,  cinnamon,  &c. 

FrOsh,  n.  [See  Frog  ]  1.  A  tender 
substance  in  the  sole  of  a  horse  ; 
frog.  2.  A  discharge  of  a  fetid  mat¬ 
ter  from  the  frog  of  a  horse's  foot. ' 

Frustrate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing]. 
[Lat.  frustrare,  frustrari,  -tratum,  fr. 
frustra,  in  vain.]  1.  To  bring  to 
nothing  ;  to  prevent  from  attaining 
a  purpose.  2.  To  make  of  no  effect. 

Syn.  —  To  baffle;  defeat;  balk. 

Frus'trate,  a.  Yain;  useless. 

Frus-tra'TION,  n.  Disappointment ; 
defeat. 

Frustum,  n.  ;  pi.  frus'ta,  or 

FRtJS'TUMg.  [Lat.  r~\ 

piece,  bit.]  Part  S  ijlfm 

of  a  solid  next  the  Mf  ■  I if  |B 
base,  formed  by  Ml Mmg M  L  fllfe 
cutting  off  the 
top.  Frustums. 

Fru-tes'<^ent,  a.  [Lat.  frutex, 
shrub,  bush.]  Becoming  shrubby, 
or  having  the  appearance  of  a  shrub. 

Fru'ti-eose',  la.  [Lat.  fruticosus, 

Fru'ti-eous,  )  fr.  frutex,  shrub.] 
Pertaining  to  shrubs  ;  shrubby. 

Fry,!'.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.]  [Fr. 
frire,  Lat.  frigere.]  To  cook  with 
fat  in  a  pan  over  a  fire.  —  v.  i.  To  be 
heated  and  agitated,  as  meat  in  a  fry¬ 
ing  pan. —  n.  1.  [Fr. frai.]  A  swarm, 
esp.  of  little  fishes  ;  a  large  number. 
2.  [See  Fry.  v.]  Any  thing  fried. 

FRY'ING-PAN,  n.  A  pan  used  for  frying. 


FULLERY 

Fu'eate,  )  a.  [Lat .  fucare,  - catus , 

Fu'EA-TED,  j  to  color,  paint.]  Paint¬ 
ed  ;  disguised  with  false  show. 

Fuch'si-A  (fiPshi-a  or  fdok'si-a),  n. 
[From  L  Fur.lis,  a  Ger.  botanist.]  A 
genus  of  beautiful  flowering  plants. 

Fu'eus,  n. ;  pi.  FU'pi.  [Lat.,  rock- 
lichen,  orchil.]  A  genus  of  sea- weed." 
of  a  tough,  leathery  kind. 

FBd'dle,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  or  become  partially  drunk. 

Fudge, n.  Stuff;  nonsense  ;  —  an  ex¬ 
clamation  of  contempt. 

Fu'el,  n.  [Norm.  Fr .  fuayl,  L.  Lat- 
focale,  fr.  Lat.  focus,  fire-place.]  1. 
Any  combustible  matter.  2.  Any 
thing  that  serves  to  feed  passion  or 
excitement. 

Fu-ga'cious,  a.  Lnt.  fugax,  fr.fu- 

gere,  to  flee  ]  Flying,  or  disposed 
to  fly ;  volatile. 

Fu-ga^'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being  fu¬ 
gacious  ;  volatility. 

Fu'gi-tive,  a.  1.  Apt  to  disappear. 
2.  Escaping  from  duty,  service,  or 
danger. 

Syn.— Fleeting;  unstable;  uncertain; 
volatile;  evanescent. 

—  n.  1.  A  runaway ;  a  deserter.  2. 
One  hard  to  be  caught  or  detained. 

Fu'GLE-man  (150),  n.  [Ger.  flvgel - 
maim,  file-leader,  fr.  flvgel,  wing.] 
One  who  stands  in  front  of  soldiers 
at  drill,  as  an  example  or  model  to 
them  ;  hence,  a  director. 

Fugue  (fug),  n.  [Lat .fuga,  flight.] 

A  musical  composition,  in  which  a 
subject  is  proposed  by  one  part,  and 
then  responded  to  by  the  others. 

Ful'erum,  n. ;  Lat.  pi.  ful'cra; 
Eng.  pi.  FUL/- 
erOms.  [Lat., 
bed-post.]  1.  A  U  (_) 

prop  or  support. 

2.  Point  about  F,  Fulcrum, 
which  a  lever  turns  in  lifting  or  mov¬ 
ing  a  body. 

Ful-fill',  (  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [A 

FUL-fil',  |  tautological  compound 
of full  and, /?/L]  1.  To  make  full  or 

complete.  2.  To  accomplish  or  carry 
into  effect ;  to  bring  to  pass. 

Ful-fill'ment,  (  n.  1.  Accomplish- 

Ful-fIl'ment,  )  ment ;  completion. 
2.  Execution  ;  performance. 

Ful'gen-^y,  n.  Brightness  ;  splendor. 

FOi/6-ent,  a.  [Lat .  fulgere,  fulgens, 
to  flash,  glitter.]  Shining;  effulgent. 

FU-LIG'I-NO&S,  a.  [Lat .fuliginosus, 

fr.  fuligo,  soot.]  Sooty  ;  dark  ;  dusky. 

Full,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  Of. 
Fill.]  1.  Filled  up;  replete;  not 
empty  or  vacant.  2,  Abundantly 
furnished  ;  copious;  ample.  3.  Com¬ 
plete  ;  perfect.  —  n.  Complete  meas¬ 
ure;  utmost  extent. — adv.  Quite; 
completely;  entirely. — v  i.  To  be¬ 
come  wholly  illuminated. — v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  fullian,  to  make  full 
or  perfect,  to  whiten  as  a  fuller.]  To 
cleanse,  scour,  and  thicken  in  a  mill, 
as  cloth.  [is  to  full  cloth. 

Full'er,  n.  One  whose  occupation 

Full'ER-Y,  n.  Place  or  works  where 
the  fulling  of  cloth  is  carried  on. 


6r.do,w<?tf,  to"o,to”ok;  Brn,  rue,  pvll  ;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  p,Gc,soft;  E,G,hard\  Ag;  exist;  n  mng;  this. 

12# 


FULLING-MILL 

Full'ing-mLll,  n.  A  mill  for  full¬ 
ing  cloth. 

Full'ness,  1  n.  State  of  being  full ; 

FyL'NESS,  )  completeness. 

FyL'LY,  adv.  In  a  full  manner. 

Syn.—  Completely  ;  entirely  ;  abun¬ 
dantly  ;  sufficiently;  perfectly. 

FtlL'MI-NATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  fulminate,  -natum,  to  lighten, 
from  fulmen,  thunderbolt.]  1.  To 
cause  to  explode.  2.  To  send  out,  as 
a  denunciation  or  censure. 

FCl'mi-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  fulmi¬ 
nating  ;  detonation.  2.  Menace  or 
censure.  [striking  terror. 

Ful'MI-NA-TO-RY,  a.  Thundering  ; 

FUI/SOME,  a.  [A.-S./ftZ,  foul,  and  the 
termination  some.]  Disgusting  by 
over-fullness,  excess,  or  grossness. 

Ful'some-nsss,  n.  Nauseousness  ; 
offensive  grossness. 

FOi/vid,  la.  [L.  Lat.  fulvidus ,  fr. 

FDl'voOs,  J  Lat .fulvus.]  Tawny; 

dull  yellow,  with  a  mixture  of  gray 
and  brown. 

Fum'ble,i\  ?.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  Eng. 
fambles,  hands.]  1.  To  feel  or  grope 
about.  2.  To  seek  awkwardly.  3. 
To  turn  over  and  over. 

Fum'bler,  n.  An  awkward  person. 

Fume,  n.  [Lat.  fumus.]  1.  Yapor; 
smoke  ;  reek.  2.  Any  thing  unsub¬ 
stantial  or  airy.  —  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  smoke  ;  to  throw  off  vapor.  2. 
To  pass  of  in  vapors.  3.  To  be  in  a 
rage. — v.  t.  1.  To  smoke.  2.  To 
disperse  in  vapor. 

FU'MI-GATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
fumigare,  - gatum ,  fr.fumus,  smoke.] 
To  expose  to  smoke  or  gas,  as  in 
cleansing  clothing,  &c. 

Fu'MI -GA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  fumi¬ 
gating.  2.  Yapor ;  scent  raised  by 
fire.  [vapor. 

Fum'y,  a.  Producing  fume  ;  full  of 

F&N,  n.  [Cf.  A. -S.fean,  joys.]  Sport ; 
merriment.  [or  dancer. 

Fu-nam'bu-l'ist,  n.  A  rope-walker 

Function,  n.  [Lat .functio,  fr.  fun¬ 
gi,  to  perform  ]  1.  Peculiar  or  ap¬ 

pointed  action.  2.  A  quantity  so  con¬ 
nected  with  another,  that,  if  any  al¬ 
teration  be  made  in  the  latter,  there 
will  be  a  consequent  alteration  in  the 
former.  [tions. 

FtJN-e'TiON-AL,  a.  Pertaining  tofunc- 

FOnc'tion-a-ry,  n.  One  charged 
with  the  performance  of  a  function. 

FOnd,  n.  [Lat.  fundus,  foundation.] 
1.  A  stock  or  capital.  2.  A  store  laid 
up,  from  which  one  may  draw  at 
pleasure  ;  a  supply.  3.  pi.  The  stock 
of  a  national  debt;  public  securities. 

Sinking  fund,  a  sum  of  money  set  apart, 
usually  ntfixed  intervals,  fortlie  redemp¬ 
tion  of  the  debts  of  government  or  of  a 
corporation. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To  pro¬ 
vide  a  fund  for  the  payment  of  the 
interest  of.  2.  To  place  in  a  fund,  as 
money. 

FflN'DA-MENT,  n.  [  XjbX.  fund  amen¬ 

tum,  fr.  fundus,  bottom.]  The  seat; 
the  buttocks  ;  also,  the  orifice  of  the 
intestines. 

178 

Fun/DA-m£nt'al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  foundation ;  hence,  essential  ; 
elementary.  —  n.  A  leading  or  pri¬ 
mary  principle ;  an  essential. 

Fu'ner-al,  n.  [Lat.  funus .]  1. 

Burial.  2.  Procession  attending  a 
burial.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  burial. 

Fu-NE'RE-AL  (89),  a.  Suiting  a  funer¬ 
al  ;  hence,  dismal.  [cence. 

Fun-gos'i-ty,  n.  Fungous  ixcres- 

Fun'gous,  a.  Like  fungus,  or  amush- 
room  ;  excrescent. 

FtJN'&us,  n.;  Lat.pl.  Ft/JV'cf,  Eng. 
pi.  FUN'GUS-Eg  [Lat.,  mushroom.] 

1.  An  order  of  plants,  comp  ehend- 
iug  mushrooms,  toad-stools,  Sec.  2. 
A  spongy,  morbid  growth  in  animal 
bodies  ;  proud-flesh. 

Fu'ni-cle,  n.  [Lat.  funiculus ,  dim. 

of  funis,  cord,  rope.]  A  small  cord 
or  ligature  ;  a  fiber. 

FDn'nel,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  Lat.  i  xfundi- 
bulum,  funnel.]  1.  A  kind  of  invert¬ 
ed  hollow  cone  with  a  pipe :  a  tun¬ 
nel.  2.  A  stove-pipe. 

Fun'ny,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [From 
fun.]  Droll;  comical;  sportive. 

F&R,  n.  [L.  Lat.  furra,  a  hairy  skin, 
Icel.  fodr ,  lining.]  1.  Short,  fine 
hair  of  certain  animals.  2.  Peltry. 
3.  Any  coating  considered  as  resem¬ 
bling  fur.  —  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring, 
136.]  1.  To  line  or  cover  with  fur. 

2.  To  cover  with  morbid  matter.  3. 
To  nail  strips  of  board  on  for  lathing. 

FDr'be-LOW,  n.  [Prov.  Fr .farbala, 
Fr.  falbald.]  A  flounce  ;  plaited 
border.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  put 
a  furbelow  on. 

FPr'bish,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  H. 
Ger .furban,  to  clean.]  To  rub  or 
scour  to  brightness  ;  to  polish. 

FOr'CATE,  la.  [Lat.  furca,  fork.] 

Fur'ca-Ted,  j  Forked  ;  branching. 

Fur-ca'tion,  n.  A  branching  like 
the  tines  of  a  fork. 

FurWtj-RA'oeous,  a.  [Lat.  furfur  a- 
ceus,  fr.  furfur ,  bran.]  Made  of,  or 
like,  bran ;  scurfy. 

Fu'ri-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  furiosus, fr.  furia, 

•  rage.]  1.  Transported  with  passion. 
2.  Moving  with  violence. 

Syn.  —  Impetuous  ;  vehement  ;  bois¬ 
terous;  raging;  fierce;  violent;  mad. 

FU'RI-oOs-LY,  adv.  With  fury. 

FOrl,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Contr.  fr. 
furdle,  a  corrup.  of  fardel,  to  make 
up  in  bundles.]  To  wrap,  as  a  sail, 
close  to  the  yard. 

FOr'long,  n.  [ A.-S.  furlang,  prop, 
the  length  of  a  furrow.]  Eighth  part 
of  a  mile. 

FOr'LOUGH  (ffirflo),  n.  [Ger.  verlaub, 
urlaub.  See  Lea  YE.]  Leave  of  ab¬ 
sence  given  to  an  officer  or  soldier.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  grant  leave 
of  absence. 

Fur'nace  (45),  n.  [Lat .furnax.]  An 
inclosed  place  where  a  hot  fire  is 
kept,  as  for  melting  ores,  for  warm¬ 
ing  a  house,  or  for  baking. 

FOr'nish,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.;  [0.  H. 
Ger .frumjan,  to  do,  act,  send.]  1. 
To  supply  ;  to  provide.  2.  To  offer 
for  use  ;  to  afford.  3.  To  fp  up. 

FUSIL  ADE 

FOr'ni-ture  (53),  n.  1.  That  with 
which  any  thing  is  furnished.  2. 
Chattels;  movables;  effects;  also, 
necessary  appendages  to  any  thing, 
as  to  a  machine,  Sec. 

Fur'ri-er,  n.  A  dealer  in  furs. 

Fur'ring,  n.  1.  The  nailing  on  of 
thin  strips  for  lathing,  boarding,  & c. 

2.  The  strips  thus  laid  on. 

Fur'row,  n.  [A.-S.  furh.]  1.  Il 
trench  in  the  earth  made  by  a  plow. 

2.  Any  trench  or  channel ;  a  wrinkle 
on  the  face.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 

To  plow.  2.  To  mark  with  channels 
or  wrinkles. 

FOr'tmer,  a.  compar.  [positive  want¬ 
ing ;  superl.  FURTHEST.]  1.  More 
remote ;  more  in  advance  ;  farther.  , 

2.  Additional. — adv.  To  a  greater 
distance;  moreover. — v.  t.  [-El); 
-ING.]  [A.-S.fyrdherian.  See  1  AY 
tiier.]  To  promote;  to  ad /acme, 
to  forward. 

Fur'ther-ance,  n.  Act  of  further¬ 
ing  ;  advancement.  ! 

FCr'ther-ee,  n.  A  promoter. 

FOr'ther-more  ,  adv.  or  conj.  More¬ 
over  ;  besides. 

FOr'ther-most,  a.  Most  remote. 

FDk'thest,  a.  superl.  Most  remote; 
farthest.  —  adv.  At  the  greatest 
distance. 

Fur'tive ,  a.  [Lat.  fur tivus,  fr.  fur 
turn,  theft.]  Stolen;  obtained  by 
stealth  ;  sly  ;  secret ;  stealthy. 

Fu'runc-le,  n.  [Lat.  fur unculus,  lit. 
a  petty  thief.]  A  boil. 

Fu'RY  (89),  n.  [Lat.  furia,  fr.  fur  ere, 

to  rage.]  1.  Violent  passion.  2.  Yi-  j 

olent,  anger;  extr-eme  wrath.  3.  A  1 

goddess  of  vengeance ;  hence,  a  tur¬ 
bulent,  violent  woman. 

Furze,  n.  [A.-S.  fyrs.]  A  thorny 
evergreen  shrub  with  beautiful  yel¬ 
low  flowers.  [or  grayish-black. 

Fus'cous,  a.  [Lat.  fuscus.]  Brown 

Fuise,  m  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  fun- 
dere,fu.sum ,  to  pour,  melt.]  To  dis¬ 
solve  ;  to  melt.  — v.  i.  To  be  melt¬ 
ed  ;  to  melt.  — n.  A  tube  filled  with 
combustible  matter,  used  in  blast¬ 
ing,  &c. 

Ffl-SEE',  n.  1.  - . m,unBi|m . , . . 

ical  wheel  of  a  — 
watch  or  clock,  Fusee, 

designed  to  equalize  the  power  of  the 
main-spring.  2.  [See  Fuse  and  Fu¬ 
sil.]  A  small,  light  musket ;  a  fu¬ 
sil.  3.  A  fuse.  [fusible. 

FuCsi-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 

FU'gl-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  fundere ,  fusum, 

to  melt.]  Capable  of  being  melted. 

Fu'st-form,  n.  [Lat._/k<;w.s,  spindle, 
and  forma,  shape.]  Shaped  like  a 
spindle. 

Fu'sil,  n.  [From  Lat.  focus,  firo 
place.]  A  light  musket  or  firelock, 

Fu'sil-lade',  n.  A  simultaneous 
discharge  of  fire-arms  in  a  military 
exercise. 

FU'giL-LADE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -INC  ]  "0 
shoot  down  by  a  simultaneous  dis¬ 
charge  of  fire-arms. 

a,  e,  I,  6,  u,  y,  long ;  X,  £,  I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cake,  fXr,  ask,  all  wiiat  ;  £  re,  veil,  tIem  ;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 

I 

GALIOT 


FUSILEER 

Fu'giL-EER',  )  n.  Formerly  a  soldier 

FU'SIL-IER,'  )  armed  with  a  fusil ; 
inT modern  times,  an  infantry  soldier 
wearing  a  bear-  skin  cap  like  that  of 
a  grenadier. 

Fusion,  n.  [Lat .fusio,  from  fundere , 
to  melt.]  1.  Act  or  operation  of  melt¬ 
ing,  without  the  aid  of  a  solvent. 
2.  State  of  being  melted.  3.  Union 
or  blending  of  things  into  oneness,  as 
if  melted  together. 

FOss,  n.  [A.-S.  fhs,  ready,  quick.]  A 
tumult ;  a  bustle  ;  an  annoying  ado. 
—  v.i.  [-EDj-lNG.]  Tomakeabus- 
tle  or  ado. 

Fuss'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  Mak¬ 
ing,  or  disposed  to  make,  a  fuss,  or 
unnecessary  ado  about  trifles. 

FOst,  v.  [Of.  Foist  and  0.  Ft.  fust, 
cask,  mustiness.]  A  strong,  musty 
smell ;  mustiness. 

Fus'tian  (idst'yan,  66,97),  n.  [From 
Fostat ,  or  Fossat ,  i.  e.,  Cairo,  where 
it  was  made.]  1.  A  kind  of  coarse 


179 

twilled  cotton  stuff,  including  cordu¬ 
roy,  velveteen,  & c.  2.  An  inflated 
style  of  writing;  a  swelling  style; 
bombast.  —  a.  1.  Made  of  fustian. 
2.  Swelling  ;  too  pompous  ;  inflated; 
turgid ;  bombastic. 

FUS'TIC,  ??.  [Sp./bstoc,  fustete.  Cf. 
Lat.  fustis,  stick,  staff, in  L.  Lat.  tree.] 
Wood  of  a  tree  growing  in  the  W est 
Indies,  used  in  dyeing  yellow. 

Fust'I-ness,  n.  A  fusty  quality ; 
moldiness. 

FfJST'Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [See 
Fust.]  Moldy  ;  musty  ;  rank  ;  ill¬ 
smelling. 

Fu'tile,  a.  [Lat.  futilis,  worthless, 

from  fundere ,  to  pour  out.]  Of  no 
weight  or  importance ;  answering  no 
valuable  purpose ;  failing  of  the  de¬ 
signed  effect. 

Syn. —  Useless  ;  vain  ;  worthless;  tri— 
flin  '. 

Fu-tIi/i-ty,  n.  Want  of  importance 
or  effect ;  uselessness. 


Fut'tock,  n.  [Corrupt, 
either  fr.  foot-lock  or  fr. 
foot-hook .]  One  of  the 

middle  timbers  of  a  vessel 
between  the  floor  and  the 
upper  timbers. 

Futtock-plates,  plates  of 
iron  to  which  the  dead-eyes 
are  secured.  —  Futtock- 
shrouds,  small  shrouds  over 
_the  lower  ones. 

Fut'ure  (53),  a.  [Lat./u- 

turus,  prop.  fut.  p.  of  esse,  eye's ;  bSffut- 
to  be.]  About  to  be  ;  lia-  tock-plates; 

c,  futtock- 
shrouds. 


Futtoclc. 
aa,  dead- 


ble  to-come  hereafter.  • 
n.  Time  to  come. 

Fu-tu'ri-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
yet  to  come.  2.  Time  to  come. 

Fuzz,  v.  i.  [See  infra.]  To  fly  off  in 
minute  particles.  —  n.  [Cf.  Ger. 
fase,  fasen ,  filament,  fiber.]  Fine, 
Jight  particles. 

Fy,  interj.  [H.  Ger.  pfui,  Gr.  cfsev. 
Cf.  Fie.]  A  word  expressing  blame, 
dislike,  disapprobation,  or  contempt. 


G(je),the  seventh  letter  of  the  Eng¬ 
lish  alphabet,  has  two  sounds ; 
one  simple  (the  hard  sound),  as  in 
gave,  go,  gull;  the  other  compound, 
like  that  of  j  (the  soft  sound),  as  in 
gem,  gin,  gyve.  See  Principles  of 
Pronunciation,  §§  72-75. 

Gab,  n.  [See  Gape.]  The  mouth; 
hence,  idle  prate  ;  loquacity.  —  v.  i. 
[-BED  ;  -BING,  136.]  [A.-S. gabban, 

to  scoff,  jeer.  See  supra  ]  To  talk 
idly  ;  to  prate. 

Gab'ar-dine'  (-deen'),  n.  [Sp.  gab- 
ardina,  gaban ,  a  great-coat,  with  a 
hood.]  A  kind  of  coarse  frock  or 
loose  upper  garment. 

Gab'BLE,  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  gab.]  To  prate  ;  to  jabber ;  to 
babble,  to  chatter.  —  n.  Loud  or 
rapid  talk  without  meaning. 
Gab'bler,  n.  One  who  gabbles. 
Ga'bi-on,  n.  [Lat.  cavea.  See  Cage.] 
A  wicker  cylinder  filled  with  earth, 
and  used  in  constructing  temporary 
defenses. 

GA'BLE,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  gabala,  fork, 
gibil,  gable,  housetop.]  Vertical  tri¬ 
angular  end  of  a  building,  from  the 
eaves  to  the  top. 

Gad,  n  [A.-S.  gad.]  1.  Point  of  a  spear. 
2.  A  wedge-shaped  instrument  of 
metal.  3.  A  goad.  —  v.i  [-ded  ; 
-ding,  136.]  [Cf.  Ir.  gad ,  to  steal, 
orig.  to  rove.]  To  rove  idly. 
Gad'-a-bout',  1  n.  One  who  roves 
Gad'der,  )  idly;  a  rambler. 
Gad'fly,  n.  [Eng.  gad,  goad,  and 
fly.]  An  insect  which  stings  cattle. 
Gae'lig  (ga/lik),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
Gael,  tribes  of  Celtic  origin  inhabit¬ 
ing  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  —  n. 
Language  of  the  Highlanders. 

Gaff,  n.  [Fr.  gaffe,  Gael,  gaf,  gafa.] 


G. 


1.  A  light  spear  used  by  fishermen. 

2.  A  boom,  extending  the  upper  edge 
of  a  fore-and-aft  sail. 

Gaf'fer.  n.  [Contr.  fr.  godfather .] 
An  old  fellow ;  an  aged  rustic. 

Gaf'fle,  n.  [Icel.  gaff  dll,  fork,  W. 
gafl ,  fork,  angle.]  An  artificial  spur 
put  on  game-cocks. 

GAG,r.!.  [-ge  d  ; -ging,  136.]  [A.-S. 
edggian ,  to  lock,  shut.]  1.  To  stop 
the  mouth  of,  by  thrusting  in  some¬ 
thing  ;  hence,  to  silence.  2.  To 
cause  to  heave  with  nausea.  —  v.  i. 
To  heave  with  nausea.  —  n.  Some¬ 
thing  thrust  into  the  mouth  to  hin¬ 
der  speaking. 

Gage,  n.  [Fr.  gage,  from  Goth,  vadi, 
pledge,  A.-S.  wedd.]  1.  A  pledge  or 
pawn.  2.  A  challenge  to  combat ;  a 
glove  cast  on  the  ground  by  the 
challenger,  and  taken  up  by  the  ac¬ 
cepter.  3.  A  measure  or  standard. 
See  Gauge.  —  !’,  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  bind  by  pledge  or  security  ;  to  en- 

Gai'e-ty,  n.  SeeGAYETY.  [gage. 

Gai'ly,  adv.  See  Gayly. 

Gain,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat.  gai- 
iiare,  to  plow,  till.  fr.  0.  II.  Ger.  wei- 
danon,  weidanjan ,  to  feed,  hunt.] 
1.  To  get,  as  a  profit ;  to  acquire ; 
to  win.  2.  To  be  successful  in.  3. 
To  conciliate.  4.  To  arrive  at. 

Syn. —  To  win.—  Gain  mmlies  only 
that  we  pet  something  by  exertion;  win, 
that  we  do  it  in  competition  with  others. 
A  person  gains  knowledge,  or  gains  a 
prize,  simply  by  striving  for  it ;  lie  wins 
a  victory,  or  wins  a  prize,  by  taking  it 
from  others  in  a  struggle  between  them. 

—  v.  i.  To  have,  advantage  or  profit ; 
to  advance  in  interest  or  happiness. 

—  n.  1 .  That  which  is  gained ;  profi  t ; 
advantage  ;  benefit.  2.  Acquisition ; 
accumulation. 


Gain'ER,  n.  One  who  gains. 

Gain'ful,  a.  1.  Producing  profit  or 
advantage ;  profitable ;  advantageous. 
2.  Lucrative. 

GAiN'Fyii-LY,  adv.  With  gain. 

Gain-say',  or  Gain'say,  v.  t.  [imp. 
&  p.  p.  gainsaid.]  [A.-S.  gecin, 
against,  and  say.]  To  contradict; 
to  dispute. 

Gain-say'er,  or  Gain'say-er,  n. 
One  who  gainsays  or  denies. 

GAir'ish,  a.  [Cf.  A.-S.  gearn,  ready, 
gare,  streak,  stripe,  and  0.  Eng.  gave, 
to  stare.]  Gaudy  ;  showy  ;  affectedly 
fine. 

Gait,  n.  [See  Gate.]  1.  Walk; 
march  ;  way.  2.  Manner  of  walking. 

Gai'ter,  n.  [Cf.  Fr.  guctre.]  1.  A 
covering  of  cloth  for  the  ankle.  2.  A 
kind  of  shoe,  covering  the  ankle. 

Ga'la,  n.  [Fr.  gala,  show,  pomp,  A.- 
S.  gal,  wanton,  merry.]  Pomp,  show, 
or  festivity. 

Gala-day,  a  day  of  mirth  and  festivity ; 
a  holiday. 

GAL'AX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  yaAa£ias  (sc.  kvk- 
Ao?,  fr.  yaAa,  milk.]  1.  The  Milky 
Way.  2.  Any  splendid  assemblage. 

Gale,  n.  [Icel.  giola, gola, cool  wind ; 
allied  to  Lat.  gelu,  cold,  A.-S.  galan, 
to  congeal.]  1.  A  wind  stronger  than 
a  stiff  breeze.  2.  A  current  of  air ;  a 
light  breeze.  3.  A  state  of  excite¬ 
ment  or  hilarity. 

Ga'le  -ate  ,  )  a.  [Lat.  galeare,  -atus, 

Ga'le-a'ted,  ]  to  cover  with  a  hel¬ 
met.]  Covered  as  with  a  helmet. 

Ga-le'nA,  n.  [Lat.]  Sulphuret  of 
lead ;  an  ore  of  lead. 

Gal'I-ot,  n.  [0.  Fr.  galiot,  N.  Fr. 
galiote,  Sp.  galeota,  It.  galeotta. 
See  Galley.]  A  small  galley  or 
sort  of  brigantine,  built  for  chase. 


OR,  do,  WQLF,  too,  took;  Urn,  RUE,  P\JLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  6,  soft:  e,  g,  hard;  A§;  EJIST;  N  as  NG ;  this 


GALIPOT 


GARBLE 


GXl'i-POT,  n.  [Fr.  galipot ,  wild  pine 
or  pitch  tree.  Cf.  Gallipot.]  A 
white  resinous  juice  from  pine  or  fir 
trees. 

Gall,  n.  [A.-S.  gealla,  allied  to 
Gr.  xoAtj.]  1-  The  bitter  liquid  in 
the  gall-bladder,  beneath  the  liver. 

2.  Any  thing  bitter  ;  spite  ;  malignity. 

3.  [Lat.  galla.]  Excrescence  on  the 
bark  or  leaves  of  a  plant.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ing.]  [Fr.  galer,  to  scratch, 
gale ,  scurf,  scab.  See  supra.]  1.  To 
excoriate  ;  to  chafe.  2.  To  tease  ;  to 
vex.  3.  To  harass  ;  to  annoy. 

GXl'lant,  a.  [See  Gala.]  1.  Showy  ; 
splendid  ;  magnificent.  2.  Iligh-spir- 
ited  ;  heroic.  3.  (Pron.  gal-lant'.) 
Polite  and  attentive  to  ladies. 

Syn.  —  Courageous  ;  brave. —  Coura¬ 
geous  is  generic,  denoting  an  inward 
i.pirit  which  rises  above  fear  ;  brave  is 
more  outward,  marking  a  spirit  which 
braves  or  defies  danger:  gallant  rises  still 
higher,  denoting  bravery  on  extraordi¬ 
nary  occasions  in  a  spirit  of  adventure. 
A  courageous  man  is  ready  for  battle  :  a 
brave  man  courts  it ;  a  gallant  man 
dashes  into  the  midst  of  the  conflict. 

Gal-lXnt'  (116),  n.  1.  One  fond  of 
paying  attention  to  ladies.  2.  A 
lover;  a  suitor.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
To  attend  or  wait  on,  as  a  lady. 

GXl'lant-ly,  adv.  Gayly  ;  nobly  ; 
bravely.  [wooer. 

Gal-la  nt'ly,  adv.  Like  a  gallant  or 

GXl'lant-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
gallant;  gayety  ;  nobleness  ;  bravery. 

GXl'lant-ry,  n.  1.  Bravery.  2.  Po¬ 
lite  attention  to  ladies ;  in  a  bad 
sense,  intrigue. 

GXl'le-on,  n.  [See  Galley.]  A 
large  ship,  with  three  or  four  decks, 
formerly  used  by  the  Spaniards. 

Gal'ler-y,  n.  [Fr.  galerie,  a  gallery, 
orig.  a  banqueting  hall,  from  gale , 
magnificence.  See  Gala.]  1.  Along 
connecting  passage-way.  2.  A  col¬ 
lection  of  paintings,  sculptures,  &c. 
3.  A  long  platform  attached  to  the 
side  of  the  interior  of  a  building.  4. 
A  frame  like  a  balcony,  projecting 
from  the  stern  of  a  ship. 

GXl'LEY,  n.  [Cf.  Lat.  galea,  helmet, 
dim.  galtola ,  a  hollow  vessel.]  1.  A 
low,  flat-built  vessel,  navigated  with 
sails  and  oars.  2.  Cook-room  of  a 
ship  of  war.  3.  A  frame  for  holding 
type  that  has  been  set  up. 

GXl'ley-slave,  n.  One  condemned 
to  work  at  the  oar  on  a  galley. 

GXl'LIG,  a.  1.  Belonging  to,  or  de¬ 
rived  from,  galls.  2.  Pertaining  to 
GmuI  or  France. 

GXl'li-c'ism,  n.  A  mode  of  speech 
peculiar  to  the  French. 

►GXl'li-^Ize,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
render  conformable  to  the  French 
language. 

OL'LI-GXs'KiNg,  n.  pi.  [Either  be¬ 
cause  first  worn  by  the  Gallic  Gas¬ 
cons,  or  corrupted  from  Lat.  caligx 
Vasco  turn,  Gascon  hose.]  1.  Large, 
opeu  hose  or  trowsers.  2.  Leather 
guards  worn  on  the  legs  by  sports¬ 
men. 

^XL'Ll-NA/CEOtrs,  a.  [Lat .  gallinace- 


180 

its,  from  gallina,  hen,  gallus ,  cock.j 
Belonging  to  an  order  of  birds  in¬ 
cluding  the  common  domestic  fowls. 

GXl'li-ntp'per,  n.  [Prob.  from  gall 
and  nip.]  A  large  mosquito. 

GXl'li-poT,  n.  [Prob.  a  fine  painted 
pot,  from  Fr.  gala ,  show,  finery.]  A 
small,  glazed  earthen  pot,  used  by 
apothecaries. 

GXl'lon,  n.  [0.  Fr.  galon ,  jalon.] 
A  measure  of  capacity  containing 
four  quarts. 

GAL-LOON',  n.  [Fr.  galon ,  from  gala, 
show.  See  Gala.]  A  ribbon  or  tape¬ 
like  tissue  for  binding  garments,  &c. 

GXL'LOP,  V.i.  [-EDJ-1NG.]  [Goth. 
ga-hlaupan,  A.-S.  gehleapan.  See 
LEAP.]  1.  To  run  with  leaps  or 
bounds,  as  a  horse.  2.  To  move 
very  rapidly. — n.  A  mode  of  run¬ 
ning  by  a  quadruped  in  successive 
leaps  or  bounds. 

GXl'lo-way  ,  n.  A  species  of  horses, 
of  a  small  size,  first  bred  in  Gallo¬ 
way,  in  Scotland. 

Gal'lows  (gal'lus),  n.  sing.;  pi. 
gXl'lows-es.  [A.-S.,  Goth,  galga .] 
1.  An  instrument  for  hanging  a 
criminal.  2.  pi.  A  pair  of  suspend¬ 
ers  or  braces. 

GA-L09HE'  (ga-losh'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat. 
galliba,  (sc.  crepida),  a  Gallic  shoe.] 

1.  An  overshoe.  2.  A  gaiter  to  cover 
the  upper  part  of  the  foot. 

Gal-vXn'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to,  con¬ 
taining,  or  exhibiting,  galvanism. 

GXl'va-nlsm,  n.  [From  Galvani,  the 
discoverer.]  Electricity  developed  by 
chemical  action  between  different 
substances.  [vanism. 

Gal'va-n4st,  n.  One  versed  in  gal- 

GXl'VA-NIZE,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING]  1. 
To  affect  with  galvanism.  2.  To 
plate  or  coat  with  metal,  as  zinc, 
properly  by  means  of  galvanism. 

Gam'bit,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  0.  Fr.  gambier , 
to  march,  walk,  fr.  gambe,  for  jambe, 
leg.]  ( Chess-playing .)  A  mode  of 
opening  the  game. 

Gam'ble,!'.  !.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  game.]  To  play  for  money  or 
other  stake. 

Gam'bler,  n.  One  whogambles. 

Gam-Boge',  or  Gam-boge',  n.  A 
concrete  vegetable  juice,  of  a  beau¬ 
tiful  reddish-yellow  color. 

GAM'BOL,-i'.i.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED, 
-ling,  137.]  To  dance  and  skip 
about  in  sport. — n.  [Fr.  gambade, 
fr.  0.  Fr.  gambe ,  for  jambe,  leg.]  A 
skipping  about  in  frolic  ;  a  skip. 

GXm'brel,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gambe,  for 
jambe,  leg.]  1.  Hind  leg  of  a  horse. 

2.  A  stick  crooked  like  a  horse’s  leg, 
used  by  butchers. 

Game,».  [A.-S.  gamen,  gomen.]  1. 
Sport  of  any  kind ;  jest ;  frolic.  2.  A 
contrivance  or  arrangement  to  fur¬ 
nish  sport  or  amusement.  3.  A  single 
match  at  play.  4.  Animals  hunted. 
5.  Scheme  pursued. — a.  Ready  to 
fight  to  the  last,  like  a  game-cock  ; 
courageous;  bi’ave.  —  v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  play  at  any  sport.  2. 
To  play  for  a  stake  ;  to  gamble. 


Game'-€ock,  n.  A  cock  bred  to  fight 

Game'-leg,  n.  [W.  cam,  or  gam, 
crooked.]  A  lame  or  crooked  leg. 

Game'some,  a.  Gay;  frolicsome. 

Game'ster,  n.  [Eng.  game  and  the 
suffix  ster. ]  A  gambler. 

GXm'MER,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  godmother-] 
An  old  wife  ;  —  correlative  of  gaffer. 

GXm'mon,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gambon,  N.  Fr. 
jambon,  from  gambe,  jambe,  leg.]  1. 
A  smoked  ham.  2.  Backgammon.  3. 
An  imposition  or  hoax.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  make  bacon  of.  2.  To 
beat  in  a  certain  way  at  backgam¬ 
mon.  3.  To  impose  on  ;  to  humbug. 

GXm'ut,  «.  [Gr.  ydfx/xa,  third  letter 
of  the  Gr.  alphabet,  and  ut,  name  of 
musical  note.]  The  musical  scale. 

Gam'y,  a.  1.  Having  the  flavor  of 
dead  game  on  the  verge  of  being 
tainted.  2.  Showing  an  unyielding 
spirit  to  the  last. 

GXn'der,  n.  [A.-S.  gandra,  ganra , 
from  gOs,  Eng.  goose. j  Male  of  the 
goose. 

Gang,  n.  [A.-S.  gang,  a  going  pace, 
way,  gallery.]  1.  A  company;  — 
ordinarily  used  of  persons  in  low  or 
servile  positions.  2.  SeeGANGUE. 

GAN'GLI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  yayybiov,  a 
swelling,  tumor.]  1.  A  collection  of 
nerve  cells  from  which  nerve  fibers 
proceed.  2.  A  lymphatic  gland.  3.  A 
hard,  indolent  tumor,  on  a  tendon. 

GXn'grene,  n.  [Gr.  ydyypaivoL,  from 
ypalveiv ,  to  gnaw,  eat.]  First  stage 
of  mortification  of  living  flesh. —  v.  i. 
To  become  mortified  ;  to  lose  vitality . 

GXn'GRE-NOUS,  a.  Mortified;  putri- 
fied. 

GXngue  (gang),  n.  [Fr.,equiv.  toGer. 
gang,  a  metallic  vein.]  Mineral  sub¬ 
stance  inclosing  any  metallic  ore  in 
the  vein. 

GXng'way,  v.  A  passage  or  way, 
into  or  out  of  ^ny  inclosed  place. 

GXnt'let,  In.  [Gantlet,  for  gaunt- 

GXnt'lope,  )  let,  an  iron  glove, 
corrupted  fr.  gantlope  ;  gantlope,  for 
gatelope,  fr.  L.  Ger.  gate,  a  lane,  and 
lopen,  to  run.]  A  military  punish¬ 
ment  in  which  the  offender  is  made 
to  run  between  two  files  of  men,  who 
strike  him  as  he  passes. 

GAOL  (jal),  n.  See  JAIL. 

GXp,n.  [See  Gab  and  Gape.]  An 
opening  made  by  breaking  or  part¬ 
ing;  breach. 

Gape  (in  Eng.  commonly  pron.  gap), 
v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  geapan, 
to  open.]  1.  To  open  the  mouth 
wide  ;  to  yawn.  2.  To  open,  as  a  gap. 
— 11.  1.  Act  of  gaping.  2.  XVidth  of 
the  mouth  when  opened,  as  of  birds. 

Garb,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  garawi,  garuii, 
ornament,  dress.]  1  Clothing; 
dress.  2.  Fashion  of  dress ;  hence, 
exterior  appearance. 

GXr'bage,  n.  [0.  Fr.  garber ,  to  make 
fine,  neat,  fr.  A.-S.  gearwian,  to  pre¬ 
pare.]  Offal;  the  refuse  matter  from 
a  kitchen. 

GXr'ble,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [From 
Lat.  cribellum ,  dim.  of  cribrum , 
sieve.]  1.  To  sift  or  bolt.  2.  To  pick 


,e,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long ;  X,£,  I,  6,  D,  short:  cAre,  far,  ask.  all,  what  ;  ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n 


GARBLER 


GAZE 


oat  such  parts  of  as  may  serve  a  pur¬ 
pose  ;  to  mutilate.  [or  selects. 

GXr'bler,  n.  One  who  garbles,  sifts, 

Gar'da’N  (72),  n.  [From  A.-S.  geard , 
Eng.  yard.  See  Gird,  v.)  1.  Place 
for  the  cultivation  of  fruits,  flowers, 
or  vegetables.  2.  A  rich, well-culti¬ 
vated  tract  of  country.  — v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  cultivate  a  garden. 

Gar'den-er  (gar'dn-er),  n.  One  who 
makes  and  tends  a  garden. 

Gar'den-ing,  n.  Art  of  cultivating 
gardens  ;  horticulture. 

GXr'gle,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
gurgel,  throat.  See  Gurgle  .]  To 
wash  or  rinse,  as  the  mouth  or  throat. 
—  n.  A  liquid  preparation  for  wash¬ 
ing  the  mouth. 

Gar'goyle,  n.  [See  Gargle.]  A 
projecting  water- spout  in  ancient 
buildings. 

Gar'land,  n.  [0.  Sp.  guarlanda,  fr. 
0.  II.  Ger.  wiara,wicra,  crown,  with 
the  suffix  anda.]  A  wreath  or  chap¬ 
let  of  branches,  flowers,  feathers, 
&c. ;  a  coronal. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  crown  or  deck  with  a  garland. 

Gar'LIG,  n.  [A.-S.  gdrledc ,  from  gdr, 
spear,  and  leak,  leek,  from  the  leaves 
rising  like  spears.]  A  plant,  having 
a  strong  smell,  and  an  acrid,  pungent 
taste. 

Gar'ment,  n  [0.  Eng.  garnement , 
fr.  garnir,  to  garnish.]  Any  article 
of  clothing. 

Gar'ner,  n.  [Lat.  granarium.  See 
GRAIN.]  A  granary  ;  place  where 
grain  is  stored.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  store  in  a  granary. 

Gar'net,  it.  [L.  Lat.  granatus  (sc. 
lapis),  from  Lat.  granatum  (sc.  ma¬ 
lum),  pomegranate,  from  its  resemb¬ 
lance  to  the  seeds  of  the  pomegran¬ 
ate.]  A  mineral  of  a  deep-red  color. 

Gar'nish,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  Fr. 
guarnir,  ivarnir,  to  warn,  protect,  fr. 
A.-S.  warnian,  to  take  care,  beware.] 
1.  To  adorn  ;  to  embellish.  2.  To 
ornament.,  as  a  dish  with  something 
laid  about  it.  3.  (Lavj.)  To  give 
notice  to. — n.  1.  Decoration;  orna¬ 
ment.  2.  Something  set  round  a 
dish  as  an  embellishment. 

Gar/nisii-ee',  ii.  One  in  whose  hands 
the  property  of  another  has  been  at¬ 
tached  ;  a  trustee. 

Gar'nish-ment,  n.  1.  Ornament; 
decoration.  2.  Legal  notice  to  one 
to  appear  and  give  information  to  a 
court. 

Gar'ni-ture  (53),  n.  That  which 
garnishes ;  embellishment. 

Gar'ret,  ii.  [0.  Fr.  garite,  place  of 
refuge ;  sentinel-box,  from  garir,  to 
preserve,  fr.  Goth,  varjan .]  Part  of  a 
house  immediately  under  the  roof. 

Gar'RET-eer',  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
a  garret ;  a  poor  author. 

Gar'ri-son  (-sn),  n.  [0.  Eng.  garni- 
soun.  See  Garnish.]  1.  A  body  of 
troops  in  a  fort  or  fortified  town.  2. 
A  strong  place,  in  which  troops  are 
quartered. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
secure  by  a  garrison. 

Gar-rote',  n.  [Sp.,  fr.  garra,  claw, 


181 

talon  ]  A  Spanish  mode  of  execution 
by  strangulation,  with  an  iron  collar 
screwed  tight. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  strangle  with  the  garrote ;  hence, 
to  seize  by  the  throat  from  behind, 
so  as  to  strangle  and  rob. 

Gar-r5t'er,  ii.  One  who  garrotes  a 
person.  [quacity. 

Gar-RU'LI-ty,  ii.  Talkativeness  ;  lo- 

Gar'ru-lo\js,  a.  [Lat.  garrulus ,  fr. 
garrire,  to  chatter.]  Indulging  in 
long,  prosy  talk,  with  repetition. 

Syx.  —  Talkative  ;  loquacious.  —  A 
garrulous  person  indulges  in  long,  prosy 
talk,  with  frequent  repetitions  and 
lengthened  details ;  talkative  implies 
simply  a  great  desire  to  talk;  and  loqua¬ 
cious  a  great  flow  of  words  at  command. 
A  child  is  talkative  ;  a  lively  woman  is 
loquacious  ;  an  old  man  in  his  dotage  is 
garrulous. 

GXr'TER,  n.  [Fr.  ja.rretic.re.  SeeGAR- 
ROTE.]  1.  A  band  used  to  tie  a 
stocking  to  the  leg.  2.  Highest  order 
of  knighthood  in  Great  Britain.  — 
v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  bind  with 
a  garter.  2.  To  invest  with  the  order 
of  the  Garter. 

Gas,  n.  [Fr.  gaz  ;  a  word  invented  by 
Van  Helmont.  Cf.  A.-S.  gast,  Ger. 
geist ,  spirit,  ghost.]  An  aeriform 
elastic  fluid,  especially  one  used  for  il¬ 
luminating  purposes. 

Gas'gon-ade',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Gascon , 
an  inhabitant  of  Gascony.]  A  boast 
or  boasting  ;  a  vaunt.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  boast ;  to  brag  ;  to  vaunt. 

GafFe-ous,  a.  1.  In  the  form  of  gas. 
2.  Lacking  solidity  ;  tenuous. 

Gas'-cTxt'ure,  n.  A  bracket  or 
chandelier  for  gas. 

Gash,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Prob.  fr. 
Fr.  hacher,  to  hew,  chop.]  To  make 
a  gash,  or  long,  deep  incision  in. — 
n.  A  deep  and  long  cut,  particularly 
in  flesh.  [verting  into  gas. 

Gas'I-FI-GA/TION,  n.  Act  of  con- 

Gas'i-fy,  v.t.  ’[-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Eng.  gas  and  Lat.  facere,  to  make.] 
To  convert  into  gas. 

Gas'KET,  n.  [Fr.  garcette.]  A  flat, 
plaited  cord  used  to  furl  the  sail,  or 
tie  it  to  the  yard. 

Gas'-Me'ter,  n.  An  instrument  for 
measuring  the  quantity  of  gas  con¬ 
sumed  in  a  given  time. 

Gar-obi'e-ter,  n.  A  gas-holder  or 
reservoir.  [gases. 

Gas-om'e-TRY,  n.  Art  of  measuring 

Gasp,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Icel.  geis- 
pa,  to  gape.]  1.  To  labor  for  breath. 
2.  To  pant  with  eagerness.  — v.  t. 
To  emit  with  gaspings.  — ii.  A  pain¬ 
ful  catching  of  the  breath. 

Gas'trie,  a.  [Gr.  yao-Typ,  belly,  stom¬ 
ach.]  Belonging  to  the  stomach. 

Gas-trIl'o-quy,  ra.  [Gr.  yacrTT?p,  bel¬ 
ly,  and  Lat.  loqui,  to  speak.]  A 
voice  or  utterance  appearing  to  pro¬ 
ceed  from  the  stomach  ;  ventriloquy. 

GAS-Tr6n'0-»IER,  11.  [Gr.  yaorvjp, 
belly,  and  I'op.os,  law.]  One  fond  of 
good  living  ;  an  epicure. 

Gas'tro-nom'ig,  1  a.  Relating  to 

Gas'tro-nom'ig-al,  j  gastronomy. 

Gas-tron'o-mIst,  n.  A  gastronomer. 


Gas-tron'o-my,  n.  Art  or  science  of 
good  eating;  epicurism. 

Gate,  n.  [A.-S.  geat,  gat ,  gate, door, 
fr.  A.-S.  get  an,  Eng.  get.]  1.  A  pas¬ 
sage-way  in  the  wall  of  a  city,  a 
grand  edifice,  &c.  ;  also,  the  frame¬ 
work  which  closes  the  passage.  2. 
An  avenue  ;  a  means  of  entrance. 

GATE'-WAY,  n.  A  passage  through  ci 
fence  or  wall ;  a  gate. 

Gath/er,  v.  t.  [-ed;-inc.]  [A.-S. 
gaderian,  gadherian,  from  gador,  at 
the  same  time.]  1.  To  bring  togeth¬ 
er  ;  to  collect.  2.  To  harvest ;  to 
pick.  3.  To  draw  together,  as  a  piece 
of  cloth,  by  a  thread;  to  plait.  4. 
To  infer  ;  to  conclude.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
come  together ;  to  collect.  2.  To 
come  to  a  head,  as  a  sore. — n.  A 
fold  made  by  drawing  a  thread 
through. 

Gath'ek-jng,  n.  That  which  is 
brought  together,  as  a  crowd . 

Gat'ling— GiJN,  n.  [From  the  in¬ 
ventor,  Gatling.]  A  revolving  ma¬ 
chine-gun. 

Gaud'I-ly,  adv.  In  a  gaudy  manner. 

Gaud'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  Osten¬ 
tatiously  fine ;  showy. 

Gauge  (gdj),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  gauger,  gaugier .]  To  ascertain 
the  contents  of,  as  of  a  pipe  or  hogs¬ 
head.  —  n.  1.  An  instrument  to  de¬ 
termine  dimensions  or  capacity.  2.  Di¬ 
mensions  ;  estimate.  3.  Apparatus 
for  measuring  the  state  of  a  phenom¬ 
enon.  4.  Position  with  reference  to 
a  vessel  and  to  the  wind.  5.  Dis¬ 
tance  between  the  rails  of  a  railway. 

Gau'GER,  it.  An  officer  whose  busi¬ 
ness  is  to  ascertain  the  contents  of 
casks. 

Gaunt  (gant),  a.  [Peril,  contr.  from 
A.-S.  gewaned,  waned,  diminished.] 
Lean ;  meager. 

Gaunt'let,  n.  [Fr.  gantelet,  from 
gant,  glove.]  1.  A  large  glove  with 
plates  of  metal  on  the  back.  2.  A 
long  glove,  covering  the  wrist. 

Gauze,  n.  [Introduced  from  Gaza , 
in  Palestine.]  A  very  thin,  transpar¬ 
ent  stuff,  cf  silk  or  linen. 

Gave,  imp.  of  Give. 

Gav'el,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gavelle ,  dim.  from 
Lat.  capulus,  handle.]  1.  A  small 
heap  of  grain,  not  tied  up.  2.  Mallet 
of  a  presiding  officer. 

GAWK,  n.  [A.-S.  gc.de,  gac,  cuckoo, 
simpleton.]  1.  A  cuckoo.  2.  A  sim¬ 
pleton  ;  a  booby. 

Gawk'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  Foolish 
and  awkward ;  clumsy  and  clownish. 
—  n.  An  awkward,  stupid  fellow; 
a  clown  ;  a  lout. 

Gay,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [0.  II.  Ger. 
gain,  headlong,  swift,  excellent.]  1. 
Excited  with  merriment  or  delight. 
2.  Having  many  or  showy  colors. 

Syx.  —  Merry;  gleeful;  blithe;  lively; 
frolicsome;  jovial;  vivacious. 

Gay'e-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  being  gay; 
merriment.  2.  Finery  ;  show. 

Gay'LY,  adv.  1.  With  mirth  ;  mer¬ 
rily.  2.  Splendidly  ;  showily. 

Gaze,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Gr. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOG,  TOOK;  Orn,  RUE,  PULL ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  C,G,  soft;  c,G,hard;  As;  EBCIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this 


GAZELLE 

aya^eaQca,  to  be  astonished,  and 
A.-S.  gdsan ,  to  smite.]  To  fix  the 
eyes  in  a  steady  and  earnest  look. 

Syn. —  To  gape;  stare. —  To  gaze  is  to 
look  with  fixed  and  prolonged  attention, 
awakened  by  excited  interest  or  elevated 
emotion;  to  gape  is  to  look  fixedly,  witli 
open  mouth  and  feelings  of  ignorant 
wonder;  to  stare  is  to  look  with  the  fixed¬ 
ness  of  insolence  or  of  idiocy.  The  lover 
of  nature  gazes  with  delight  on  the  beau¬ 
ties  of  the  landscape  ;  the  rustic  gapes 
with  wonder  at  the  strange  sights  of  a 
large  city  ;  the  idiot  stares  on  those 
around  with  a  vacant  look. 

—  n.  1.  A  fixed  or  eager  look.  2. 
Object  gazed  on. 

Ga-zelle',  n.  [Ar.  gazal,  a  wild 
goat.]  A  small,  swift,  graceful  ante¬ 
lope,  found  in  northern  Africa. 
Gaz;er,  n.  One  who  gazes. 
Ga-ZETTE',  n.  [From  gazzetta,  a  Ve¬ 
netian  coin,  worth  about 3 farthings, 
price  of  the  first  newspaper  published 
at  Venice.]  A  newspaper;  esp.,  an 
official  newspaper  or  journal.  — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  publish  in  a  ga¬ 
zette  ;  to  announce  officially. 
GazTt-teer',  n.  A  geographical 
dictionary. 

Gazing-stock,  n.  A  person  gazed 
_  at  with  scorn. 

GEAR,  n.  [A.-S.  geara ,  gearwa,  pro¬ 
vision,  furniture.]  1.  Manufactured 
material ;  goods.  2.  Clothing ;  orna¬ 
ments  ;  dress.  3.  Horse-trappings. 
4.  A  toothed  wheel,  or  toothed  wheels 
collectively7,  or  their  connection  with 
each  other. — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
_  dress  ;  to  put  on  gear  ;  to  harness. 
GEAR'ING,  n.  1.  Harness.  2.  A  train 
of  wheels  for  transmitting  and  vary¬ 
ing  motion  in  machinery. 

Gee,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Prob.  from 
A.-S.  gegan,  to  go.]  To  turn  from 
the  driver,  said  of  cattle  ;  —  used  in 
_  the  imperative. 

Geese,  n.  pi.  of  Goose. 

Gel'A-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  gelare ,  to  con¬ 
geal.]  Capable  of  being  congealed 
or  converted  into  jelly. 
Ge-LAT'I-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  convert  into  gelatine,  or  into  a 
substance  resembling  jelly. 
GEL'A-TINE,  n.  [From  Lat.  gelare ,  to 
congeal.]  An  animal  substance  that 
dissolves  in  hot  water,  and  forms  a 
_  jelly  on  cooling. 

Ge-lat'i-nous,  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
gelatine ;  resembling  jelly. 

Geld,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  gelded, 
or  GELT.]  [A.-S.  gylle,  castrated.] 

1.  To  castrate.  2.  To  deprive  of  any 
_  thing  essential.  3.  To  expurgate. 
GLld'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  castrating. 

2.  A  castrated  horse. 

Gel'ID,  a.  [Lat.  gelidus,  from  gelu, 
t  frost.]  Cold ;  very  cold. 

GLm,  n.  [Lat.  gemma.]  1.  A  bud. 
2.  A  precious  stone  of  any  kind  ;  a 
jewel.  —  v.  t.  [-MED  ;  -MING,  136.] 
To  adorn  with  gems. 

&EM-MA/TION,  n.  Formation  of  a 
new  individual  by  protrusion  of  any 
part  of  an  animal  or  plant,  which 
may  then  become  free  or  remain 
connected  with  the  parent  stalk. 


182 

GfiM'ME-ous,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
rerembling,  gems. 

GfiM-MlF'ER-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  gemmifer ; 
gemma, and  ferre,  to  produce.] 
Producing,  or  multiplying  by,  buds.  I 

Gendarme  (zliong'darnF),  n. ;  pi. 
GENS-D’  ARM  E  S,  Or  GEN¬ 
DARMES.  [Fr.,  a  man  at  arms.] 
An  armed  policeman. 

GLn'der,  n.  [Lat.  genus,  generis, 
birth,  descent, kind, gender.]  1.  Sex. 
2.  A  difference  in  words  to  express 
distinction  of  sex.  —  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  beget;  to  engender. 

GLn/e-A-l6g'I€-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  genealogy. 

GiiVE-AL'o-G  1ST,  n.  One  who  traces 
the  descent  of  persons  or  families. 

Gen'e-al'o-gize,  v.  i.  To  relate  the 
history  of  descents. 

GeN'E-AL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  yeveahoyla] 
yevea,  birth,  descent,  and  Aoyos, 
discourse.]  1.  History  of  the  de¬ 
scent  of  a  person  or  family  from  an 
ancestor;  pedigree.  2.  Lineage. 

Gen'er-A,  n. ;  pi.  of  Genus. 

Gen'er-al,  a.  1.  Relating  to  a  ge¬ 
nus  or  kind.  2.  Comprehending 
many  species  or  individuals.  3.  Lax 
in  signification.  4.  Widely  spread  ; 
prevalent ;  extensive.  5.  Having  a 
relation  to  all. 

Syn. —  Common  ;  universal.—  Com¬ 
mon  denotes  that  a  thing  is  very  often 
met  with  ;  general  is  stronger,  denoting 
that  it  pertains  to  a  majority  of  the  indi¬ 
viduals  which  compose  a  genus  or  whole; 
universal,  that  it  pertains  to  all  without 
exception.  To  be  able  to  read  and  write 
is  so  common  an  attainment  in  this  coun¬ 
try  that  we  may  pronounce  it  general, 
though  by  no  means  universal. 

—  n.  1.  The  whole.  2.  Chief  officer 
in  an  administration  ;  especially,  one 
of  the  chief  military  officers  of  a  gov¬ 
ernment. 

Gen'er-al-is'si-mo,  n.  [It.]  Chief 
commander  of  an  army  force. 

Gen'er-al'i-ty,  vi.  1.  State  of  being 
general.  2.  A  general  or  vague  state¬ 
ment  or  phrase.  3.  Main  body  ;  the 
bulk.  _  [generalizing. 

Gen'er-al-i-za'tion,  n.  Act  of 

GeN'ER-AL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  bring  under  a  genus  or  under 
genera.  2.  To  make  universal  in 
application,  as  a  formula  or  rule. 

GRn'er-al-ly,  ado.  1.  In  general ; 
commonly  ;  extensively.  2.  In  the 
main  ;  on  the  whole. 

Gen'er-al-siiip,  n.  1.  Office  of  a 
general.  2.  Skill  and  conduct  of  a 
general  officer. 

GeN'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  generare,  -ratum.  See  Gen¬ 
der.]  1.  To  beget ;  to  procreate.  2. 
To  originate ;  to  produce  ;  to  cause. 

Gen'er-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  gener¬ 
ating  or  begetting.  2.  Origination 
by  some  process  ;  formation.  3. 
Progeny  ;  offspring.  4.  A  single  suc¬ 
cession  in  natural  descent ;  hence, 
the  people  living  at  one  period  ;  also, 
an  age.  5.  Race  ;  kind  :  breed. 

6En'er-A-tIve,  a.  Having  the  pow¬ 
er  of  generating. 


GENIUS 

Gen'er-a/tor,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  generates. 

GE-NER'IC,  )  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 

Ge-ner'ic-al,  )  a  genus  or  kind. 
2.  Very  comprehensive. 

Gen'er-os'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  generous  ;  nobleness  of  birth 
or  of  soul.  2.  Liberality  in  giving. 

Syn.  —  Magnanimity;  liberality;  mu¬ 
nificence. 

Gen'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  generosus.  See 
Gender.]  1.  Noble;  honorable; 
spirited.  2.  Open-handed;  munifi¬ 
cent.  3.  Abundant. ,  4.  Strong ; 
exciting. 

Syn.  — Liberal;  magnanimous;  boun- 

>  tiful. 

Gen'er-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  generous 
manner. 

GEN'E-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  yeveais,  fr.  yeveiv, 
to  beget,  be  born.]  1.  Act  of  giving 
birth  or  origin  to  any  thing  ;  forma¬ 
tion  ;  origination.  2.  First  book  of 
the  Old  Testament. 

Gen'et,  n.  [0.  Sp.gvVietc,  horse,  Gr. 
ytVro?,  a  dwarfed  horse.]  1.  A  small¬ 
sized  Spanish  horse ;  a  jennet.  2. 
[Fr.  genette.]  A  carnivorous  animal, 
allied  to  the  civet. 

Ge-net'I€,  )  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

Ge-net'ie-al.  )  concerned  with,  the 
genesis  of  any  thing.  [to  origin. 

Ge-NET'IE-AL-LY,  adv.  In  reference 

Ge-ne'vA,  7i.  [Fr.  genevre,  genievre, 
juniper,  gin.]  A  spirit  distilled  frem 
grain,  and  flavored  with  juniper-ber¬ 
ries. 

Ge'ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  genialis.  See  GE¬ 
NIUS.]  1.  Contributing  to  propaga¬ 
tion  ;  generative  ;  productive.  2.  Sym¬ 
pathetically  cheerful  and  cheering. 

Ge'NI-al'i-ty,  7i.  Quality'  of  being 
genial ;  sympathetic  cheerfulness. 

Ge-nIc'u-la'tion,  7i.  [Lat.  genicu- 
lu77i,  a  little  knee.]  State  of  being 
bent  abruptly  at  an  angle. 

Gen'i-tal,  a.  [Lat.  genitalis ; genere, 
to  beget.]  Pertaining  to  generation. 

g£n'i-tals,  n.  pi.  The  sexual  organs. 

Gen'i-tive,  n.  [Lat.  genitivus,  from 
gignere ,  to  beget.]  A  case  in  the  de¬ 
clension  of  nouns,  expressing  such 
relations  as  are  expressed  in  English 
by  of.  —  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  indi¬ 
cating,  origin,  possession,  &c. 

Gen'i-tor,  7i.  A  sire  ;  a  father. 

Gen'ius  (jdWyus,  147),  7i.  [Lat.,  prop, 
the  divine  nature  which  is  innate  in 
every  thing,  talent,  from  genere,  to 
beget.]  1.  Special  taste,  inclination, 
or  disposition.  2.  Distinguished  men¬ 
tal  superiority  ;  esp.,  superior  power 
of  invention.  3.  A  man  endowed 
with  uncommon  vigor  of  mind.  4. 
Peculiar  character. 

Syn.  —  Talent.  —  Genius  implies  high 
and  peculiar  gifts  of  nature,  impelling 
the  mind  to  certain  favorite  kinds  of 
mental  effort,  and  producing  new  com¬ 
binations  of  ideas,  imagery,  &c._  Talent 
supposes  general  strength  of  intellect, 
with  a  peculiar  aptitude  for  being  mold¬ 
ed  and  directed  to  specific  employments, 
and  valuable  ends  and  purposes.  Gen¬ 
ius  is  connected  more  or  less  with  the 
exercise  of  imagination,  and  reaches  its 
ends  by  a  kind  of  intuitive  power.  Tal- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  o,  tr,  5,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  tBrm;  pique,  firm  ;  SON/ 


GENIUS 


GIANT 


ent  depends  more  on  high  mental  train¬ 
ing,  and  a  perfect  command  of  all  the 
faculties,  memory,  judgment,  sagacity, 
&c.  Hence  we  speak  of  a  genius  for  poe¬ 
try,  painting,  &e.,  and  a  talent  for  busi¬ 
ness  or  diplomacy. 

G-e'ni-us,  n. ;  pi.  ge'ni-I.  1.  A 
tutelary  deity  supposed  by  the  an¬ 
cients  to  preside  over  a  man’s  desti¬ 
ny  in  life ;  hence,  a  supernatural 
being.  2.  Animating  spirit. 

Gen  TEEL',  a.  [Lat.  gentilis,  belong¬ 
ing  to  the  same  race,  fr.  gens,  race, 
stock,  family.]  1.  Well  bred;  easy 
iD  manners.  2.  Elegant  in  appear¬ 
ance,  dress,  or  manner. 

Syit.  —  Polite;  refined;  fashionable. 

Gen-teel'ly  (109),  adv.  In  a  gen¬ 
teel  manner. 

UEN'TIAN  (jen'shan),  n.  [Lat.  genti- 
ana,  fr.  a  certain  king  Gent i us.  J  A 

bitter  plant  used  in  stomachic  bitters. 

Gen'tile [Lat.  gentilis, belong¬ 
ing  to  the  same  clan  or  stock.]  One 
of  a  non-Jewish  nation  ;  a  worship¬ 
er  of  false  gods  ;  a  heathen.  —  a.  1. 
Of  pagan  or  heathen  people.  2.  De¬ 
noting  a  race  or  country.  [ganism. 

6en'TIL-I2M,  n.  Heathenism ;  pa- 

Gen-til'i-ty,  n.  Politeness  of  man¬ 
ner  ;  graceful  and  easy  behavior. 

Gen'tle  (jen'tl),  a  [-er;  -est.] 
[Lat.  gentilis.}  1.  Of  a  good  family  or 
respectable  birth.  2.  Soft  and  refined 
in  manners.  3.  Quiet  and  docile.  4. 
Soothing. 

Syn.  —  Mild  ;  meek  ;  tame.  —  Gentle 
describes  the  natural  disposition  ;  tame, 
that  which  is  subdued  by  training;  mild 
implies  a  temper  which  is,  by  nature, 
not  easily  provoked;  meek,  a  spirit  which 
has  been  schooled  to  mildness  by  disci¬ 
pline  or  suffering.  The  lamb  is  gentle  ; 
the  domestic  fowl  is  tame;  John,  the 
apostle,  was  mild ;  Moses  was  meek. 

Gen'tle-folk  (-fok),  or  Gen'tle- 
folks  (-foks),  n.  pi.  Persons  of 
good  breeding  and  family. 

Gen'tle-man  (150),  n.  ”  [See  Gen¬ 
teel.]  1.  A  man  who  is  well  born. 

2.  One  of  gentle  or  refined  manners. 

3.  One  who  bears  arms,  but  has  no 
title. 

Gen'tle-MAN-ly,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  becoming  a  gentleman  ;  polite. 

Gen'tle-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  gentle. 

GEN'TLE- wo M7 AN  (150),  n.  A  wom¬ 
an  of  good  family  or  good  breeding. 

Gen'TLY,  adv.  Softly  ;  meekly. 

GEn'try,  71.  [For  gentlery,  fr.  gentle.} 
People  of  education  and  good  breed¬ 
ing  ;  in  England,  people  between  the, 
nobility  and  the  vulgar. 

<Se/nu-fle€'tion,  or  Gen'u-fleo'- 
tion,  n.  [Lat.  genu,  knee,  and 
Jlexio,  a  bending.]  Act  of  bending 
the  knee,  particularly  in  worship. 

Gen'U-1'ne  ,  a.  [Lat.  genuinus ,  from 
genere ,  to  beget,  to  be  born.]  Be¬ 
longing  to  the  original  stock  ;  hence, 
not  spurious. 

Syx.  —  Authentic  ;  real  ;  true  ;  pure. 

Gen'U-INE-LY,  adv.  In  a  genuine 
manner.  [of  being  genuine. 

Gen'U-INE-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality 


183 

Ge'nus,  n.  ;  pi.  gEn'e-rA.  [Lat., 
fr.  genere,  gignere,  to  engender.]  1. 
(Logic.)  A  class  of  objects  divided 
into  several  subordinate  species.  2. 
(Science.)  An  assemblage  of  species 
subordinate  to  tribe  and  sub-tribe. 
GE'O-tJEN'TRIU,  1  a.  [Gr.  yea,  or 
GE'O-CEN'TRIE-AL,  )  •yrj,  earth,  and 
Kevrpov,  center.]  Having  reference 
to  the  earth  as  center. 

GE-OD'E-SY,  n.  [Gr.  ■yetoSaicria,  from 
yea,  yrj,  earth,  and  Saiecv,  to  divide.] 
That  branch  of  surveying  in  which 
the  curvature  of  the  earth  is  taken 
into  account. 

Ge-6g'o-ny,  71.  [Gr.  yea,  yrj,  the 
earth,  and  yovrj,  generation.]  Doc¬ 
trine  of  the  formation  of  the  earth. 
Ge-og'ra-pher,  7i.  One  who  is 
versed  in  geography. 
Ge'o-grXph'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining 
Ge'o-graph'ie-al,  j  to  geography. 
GE-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  yeurypatjria, 
yea,  yrj,  the  earth,  and  ypafyrj,  de¬ 
scription.]  The  science  which  treats 
_  of  the  world  and  its  inhabitants. 
GE'O-LOG'IE,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 
GE'O-LOG'IG-AL, j  geology. 
GE-ol'o-gist,  71.  One  versed  in  ge¬ 
ology.  _  [study  geology. 

GE-OL'O-GIZE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
Ge-OL'O-GY,  7t.  [Gr.  yea,  yrj,  the 
earth,  and  A oyos,  discourse.]  Science 
which  treats  of  the  structure  and 
mineral  constitution  of  the  globe  and 
of  its  history. 

Ge'O-MAN'C^Y,  n.  [Gr.  yea,  yrj,  the 
earth,  and  pavreCa,  divination.]  Div¬ 
ination  by  means  of  figures  or  lines, 
formed  by  little  dots  or  points. 
Ge-om'e-ter,  n.  A  geometrician. 
GE'O-MET'Rie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 
GE/o-met'RI€-AL,  j  or  according  to, 
the  rules  or  principles  of  geometry. 
GE-OM/E-TRp(TAN  (-trish'an), n.  One 
skilled  in  geometry  ;  a  geometer. 
Ge-OM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  yetoperpia,  fr. 
yea,  yrj,  the  earth,  and  perpeiv,  to 
measure.]  That  branch  of  mathe¬ 
matics  which  treats  of  solids,  sur¬ 
faces,  lines,  and  angles. 
GE'o-PON'res,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  ra  yeco- 
7to vlko.,  fr.  yea,  yr\,  the  earth,  and  nov- 
ikos,  toilsome.]  Art  or  science  of  cul¬ 
tivating  the  earth.  [poem. 

GEOR'GPC,  n.  [See  infra.}  A  rural 
GEOR'GIC,  |  a.  [Gr.  yecopyucos, 
GEOR'GIC-AL,  j  belonging  to  tillage, 
fr.  yea,  yrj,  the  earth.]  Relating  to 
agriculture  and  rural  affairs. 
GE-RA'NI-UM,  n.  [Lat.  ;  Gr.  yep6.vt.ov, 
from  yepavos,  crane.]  A  genus  of 
plants  having  a  beak-like  receptacle. 
GERM  (14),  7i.  [Lat.  germen,  fr.  ge- 
rere ,  to  bear.]  1.  That  which  is  to 
develop  an  embryo ;  an  ovary ;  a 
bud.  2.  Origin  ;  first  principle. 
Ger-main',  a.  Same  as  Germane. 
GLr'man,  a.  [Lat.  germanus ,  full, 
own  (said  of  brothers  and  sisters 
who  have  the  same  parents).]  Near¬ 
ly  related ;  closely  akin. 

Cousins  german,  cousins  having  the 
same  grandfather. 

—  a.  Belonging  to  Germany.  —  n. 


(150).  1.  A  native  of  Germany.  2. 

The  German  language. 

Ger-MANE',  a.  Lit.,  near  akin; 

hence,  closely  allied  ;  relevant. 
GER'MAN-lgM,  n.  An  idiom  of  the 
German  language. 

Ger'MI-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  germ. 
GeR'MI-NATE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  germinare,  -natum.]  To  sprout ; 
to  bud;  to  shoot.  —  v.  t.  To  cause 
to  sprout. 

Ger'mi-na'tion,  7i.  1.  Actof  sprout¬ 
ing.  2.  Time  in  which  seeds  vegetate, 
after  being  planted. 

GER'UND,  n.  [Lat.  gerundium,  from 
gerere,  to  bear.]  (Lat.  Gratn.)  A 
kind  of  verbal  neuter  noun,  govern¬ 
ing  cases  like  a  participle. 
GES-TA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  gestatio,  fr. 
gestare ,  to  bear,  to  carry.]  1.  Act  of 
carrying  young  in  the  womb  ;  preg¬ 
nancy.  2.  Passive  exercise. 
GES'TIE,  a.  [Lat.  gestus,  carriage, 
gesture.]  Pertaining  to  feats  of  arms  ; 
legendary. 

GES-TIG'U-LATE ,  V.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  gestir.ulari ,  -latum.}  To  make 
gestures  or  motions.  —  v.  t.  To  rep¬ 
resent  by  gesture. 

Ges-tig'U-la/tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  ges¬ 
ticulating.  2.  A  gesture,  [ticulates. 
GES-T'fe'u-L A/TOR,  7i.  One  who  ges- 
GEST'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  gerere ,  ges- 
tum ,  to  bear,  act.]  A  motion  of  the 
body  or  limbs  expressive  of  sentiment 
or  passion. — v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
_  make  gestures ;  to  gesticulate. 

GET,  v.  t.  [imp.  GOT  ;  p.  p.  GOT 
(GOTTEN,  obsolescent).}  [A.-S.  ge- 
tan,  gitan.}  1.  To  procure;  to  ob¬ 
tain  ;  to  acquire,  by  almost  any 
means.  2.  To  have  ;  to  possess.  3. 
To  beget ;  to  procreate.  4.  To  pre¬ 
vail  on  ;  to  induce.  5.  To  procure 
to  be,  or  to  occur.  — v.  i.  To  come 
_  to  be  ;  to  become. 

GEW'GAW,  n.  [Of.  Fr.  joujou,  play¬ 
thing,  and  Eng.  gaud,  ornament.]  A 
_  showy  trifle. 

GEY'SER,  7i.  [Icel.  geysa,  to  be  im¬ 
pelled.]  A  fountain  in  Iceland  which 
spouts  forth  boiling  water. 
Ghast'li-ness  (gast'-),  n.  A  death¬ 
like  look. 

Gfiast'ly,  a.  [-er  ; -est,  142.]  [A.- 
S.  gastllc,  ghostly,  spiritual.]  1. 

Ghost-like ;  death-like ;  pale.  2. 

_  Horrible  ;  shocking. 

GHER'KIN  (gur'kin),  n.  (Ger.  gurke.} 
A  small  cucumber  for  pickling. 
Ghost  (gost),  n.  [A.-S.  g-asi.]  1.  The 
spirit ;  the  soul.  2.  Soul  of  a  de¬ 
ceased  person ;  an  apparition. 

Holy  Ghost,  the  Holy  Spirit  ;  ( Theol .) 
the  third  person  in  the  Trinity. 
Gijost'ly  (gost'ly),  a.  1.  Relating 
to  the  soul ;  spiritual.  2.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  apparitions. 

Ghoul  (gobl),  n.  [Per.  ghdl.}  An 
imaginary  evil  being  among  Eastern 
nations,  thought  to  prey  on  the 
dead. 

Gl'ANT,  n.  [Gr.  yiyat,  yiyavros,  prop, 
the  same  as  yrjyeiojv,  earth-born.]  A 
man  of  extraordinary  stature. — a. 


GIANTESS 


184 


GLAD 


Like  a  giant ;  extraordinary  in  size 
or  strength. 

Gi' ANT-ESS,  n.  A  female  giant. 
Giaour  (jour),  n.  [Turk,  giaour.] 
An  infidel  ;  —  applied  by  the  Turks 
to  disbelievers  in  Mohammedanism. 
UIB'BER,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Allied  to 
jabber ,  and  gabble.]  To  speak  rapidly 
and  inarticulately.  [late  talk. 

Gib'ber-ish,  n.  Rapid  and  inarticu- 
Glb'bet,  n.  [It.  giubetto.] 

A  kind  of  gallows. —  v.  t. 

[-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  hang 
and  expose  on  a  gibbet. 

_  2.  To  expose  to  infamy. 
Gib-bos'i-ty,  n.  State 
_  of  being  gibbous. 

GIB'boOs,  a.  [Lat.  gibbosus ,  from 
gibbus,  gibba,  hunch.]  Protuber¬ 
ant  ;  convex.  [convexity. 

Gib'bous-ness,  n.  Protuberance  ; 
Cube,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [See  Gab¬ 
ble.]  To  rail;  to  utter  taunting, 
sarcastic  words. — v.  t.  To  deride  ; 
to  scoff  at.  —  n.  A  scoff ;  a  railing. 
GlB'LETS,  n.  pi.  [0.  Fr.  giblet,  equiv. 

to  gibier ,  game.]  Heart,  liver,  giz- 

_  zard,  &c.,  of  a  fowl,  [inconstantly. 
GID'di-ly,  adv.  In  a  giddy  manner  ; 
GId'di-NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
giddy.  2.  Levity. 

Gid'dy,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [A.-S. 
gtdig.]  1.  Light-headed ;  dizzy.  2. 
Inducing  giddiness.  3.  Inconstant ; 

_  unstable.  4.  Wild  ;  thoughtless. 
Gift,  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  gifan,  to  give.]  1. 
Any  thing  given.  2.  Quality  or  en¬ 
dowment  given  to  man  by  God.  — 
v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  endow  with 
_  some  faculty. 

Gig,  n.  [M.  II.  Ger.  gigen,  to  fiddle, 
Icel.  geiga,  to  tremble.]  1.  A  top  or 
whirligig.  2.  A  light  carriage  with 
one  pair  of  wheels.  3.  A  ship’s 
_wherry.  _4.  A  dart  or  harpoon. 
Gl'GAN-TE'AN,  a.  Like  a  giant;  gi- 
#  gantic. 

Gj-gan'tig  (110),  a.  [See  Giant.]  1. 

Of  extraordinary  size ;  huge.  2. 

_  Enormous  ;  mighty. 

GIG'GLE,  n.  A  laugh  with  short 
catches. — v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [D. 
gigchelen,  fr.  M.  II.  Ger.  kaclien ,  to 
laugh  aloud.]  To  laugh  in  a  light  or 
silly  manner ;  to  titter. 

Gild,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.p.  gilded  or 
GILT.]  [A.-S.  gildan,  fr.  gold ,  gold.] 

1.  To  overlay  with  gold.  2.  To  illu¬ 
minate  ;  to  brighten.  3.  To  giv.p  a 
^specious  appearance  to. 

Gild'er,  n.  One  who  gilds. 
GlLD'lNG,  n.  1.  Art  of  overlaying 
things  with  gold.  2.  A  thin  surface 
_  of  gold  covering. 

GIll,  n.  [A.-S.  geagt,ge.ahl,  jaw.]  A 
>  ^ciliated  organ  of  respiration,  in  fishes. 
Gill  (jTl  ),n.  1.  [L.  Lat.  gillo.  flask. 
Cf.  Gallon.]  The  fourth  part  of 
a  pint.  2.  [See  infra.]  The  ground- 
ivy ,  or  malt  liquor  medicated  with  it. 

3.  [From  Gillian ,  a  woman’s  name.] 

A  sportive  or  wanton  girl. 
Gil'ly-flow'er,  n.  [Fr.  giro flee ,fr. 
girofie,  clove,  from  Gr.  Kapuo<]>uAAoe.] 

A  plant  called  also  stock. 


Gibbet. 


Gilt,  imp.  &  p.p.  of  Gild.  —  n.  Gold 
_  laid  on  the  surface  of  a  thing. 
GlM/BAL,  n.  [Lat.  ge¬ 
mellus.]  A  combina-  l 

tion  of  rings  lor  sus¬ 
pending  any  thing,  as 
a  compass,  so  that  it  t 

may  keep  a  constant  Gimbal. 
position. 

GIM/GRACK  (jim'-),  n.  A  trivial  mech- 
_  anism  ;  a  device  ;  a  toy. 

GIM'LET,  n.  [0.  Fr.  guimbelet ,  from 
0.  D.  wemelen,  to  bore.]  A  small  in- 
_  strument  for  boring  holes. 

GIMP,  n.  [0.  Fr.  guimpe,  pennon  of 
a  lance,  from  0.  II.  Ger.  wimpal ,  a 
summer  garment.]  A  kind  of  silk, 
woolen,  or  cotton  twist  or  edging. 

GIN  (jin),  n.  1.  [Corrupted  from  Gene¬ 
va.]  A  spirit  distilled  from  rye  and 
barley,  and  flavored  with  juniper  ber- 
ries.  2.  [A  contr.  of  engine.]  A  ma¬ 
chine  by  which  the  mechanical  pow¬ 
ers  are  employed  in  aid  of  human 
strength ;  especially  a  machine  for 
separating  the  seed  from  cotton.  — 
v.  t.  [-NE  D  ;  -ning,  136.]  To  clear  of 
seeds  by  a  machine. 

GIN' GER,  n.  [0.  Eng.  gingiber,  from 
Lat.  zingiber ,  fr.  Skr. sringa-wera,  i. 
e.,  horn-shaped.]  A  tropical  plant 
and  its  hot,  spicy  root. 
GIn'ger-bread,  n.  A  cake  flavored 


Gimbal. 


with  ginger. 

GIN'GER-LY,  adv.  [Prov.  Eng.  ginger , 
brittle,  tender.]  Nicely;  cautiously; 

_  fastidiously. 

GING'HAM,  n.  [Javanese  ginggang.] 
A  kind  of  cotton  cloth,  the  yarn  of 
which  is  dyed  before  weaving. 

Gin'seng,  n.  [A  Chinese  word  ;  said 
to  mean  first  of  plants.]  A  plant, 
the  root  of  which  is  highly  valued  as 
a  medicine  by  the  Chinese. 

GIP'SY,  n.  &  a.  See  GYPSY. 

Gi-raffe',  n.  [Ar. 
zirafah ,  Egypt,  sora- 
phe ,  i.  e.,  long-neck.] 

An  African  quadru¬ 
ped  ;  the  camelopard. 

It  is  the  tallest  of  an¬ 
imals. 

Gir'an-dole,  n.  [Lat. 
gyrare ,  to  turn  round 
in  a  circle  ;  Gr.  yvpo s, 

_  circle.]  A  chandelier. 

Gird  (18),  n.  [A.-S. 
gird ,  gyrd ,  rod,  stick, 
twig.]  1.  Stroke  of  a 


Giraffe. 


rod  ;  hence,  a  severe  twitch  or  pang. 
2.  A  sarcastic  remark  ;  a  jibe. —  v.  t. 
[GIRDED,  or  GIRT  ;  GIRDING.]  [A.- 
S.  gyrd  an.]  1.  To  bind  with  a  cord , 
bandage,  &c.  2.  To  surround;  to 


encircle.  3.  To 
gibe  ;  to  sneer. 


invest. — v.  i.  To 


Gird'er,  n.  1.  A  satirist.  2.  Prin¬ 
cipal  timber  in  a  floor,  binding  the 
others  together.  3.  Any  beam  sup- 
_  ported  at  both  ends. 

GIRD'le,  n.  A  band  which  girds  or 
encircles  the  body,  and  binds  togeth¬ 
er  the  clothing.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  bind  with  a  belt ;  to  gird.  2. 
To  inclose.  3.  To  remove  the  bark  of 


in  a  circular  ring,  in  order  to  kill  a 
tree. 

Girl  (72),  n.  [In  0.  Eng.  applied  to 
a  male  as  well  as  a  female.  Cf.  A.-S. 
ceorl,  man,  husband.]  A  female 
_  child,  or  young  woman.  [a  girl. 
Girl'iiood,  n.  State  or  time  of  being 
GiRL'lsil,  a.  Like,  befitting,  or  per- 
_  taining  to,  a  girl.  [girlish. 

GIrl'ish-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
GlRT,  imp.. Sc  p.  p.  of  Gird.  —  v.t. 
_  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  To  gird  ;  to  surround. 
GIRT,  )  n.  [A.-S.  gyrd.  See  Gird, 
Girtii,  )  v.  L]  1.  A  strap  to  fasten 
a  saddle  on  the  back  of  a  horse.  2. 
Circumference  of  any  thing. 

Gist,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gist ,  situated,  placed, 
fr.  Lat.  jar.ere ,  to  lie.]  Main  point  of 
_  a  question  ;  pith  of  a  matter. 

Give  (57),  r.  t.  [imp.  gave  ;  p.  p. 
GIVEN  ;  p.  pr.  &  vb.  n.  GIVING.] 
[A.-S.  gifan.]  1.  To  bestow  without 
receiving  a  return ;  to  giant.  2.  To 
pay.  3.  To  announce  as  tidings ;  to 
render  or  utter,  as  an  opinion,  judg¬ 
ment,  shout,  &c.  4.  To  permit;  to 
allow.  5.  To  exhibit  as  a  result ;  to 
produce.  6.  To  devote;  to  apply’. — 
v.  i.  1.  To  yield  to  force  or  pressure. 
2.  To  move ;  to  recede. 

Syn. —  To  confer;  grant. —  To  give  is 
generic.  To  confer  was  originally  used 
of  persons  in  power,  who  gave  perma¬ 
nent  grants  or  privileges,  as,  to  confer 
the  order  of  knighthood;  and  hcnc  -  it 
still  denotes  the  giving  of  something 
which  might  have  been  withheld,  as,  to 
confer  a  favor.  To  grant  is  to  give  in 
answer  to  a  petition  or  request,  or  to  one 
who  is  in  some  way  dependent  or  infe¬ 
rior. 

Giv'er,  n.  One  who  gives  ;  a  donor. 

Giz'ZARD,  ii.  [Fr.  gesier ,  allied  to 
gositr,  throat.]  An  enlarged  part  of 
the  alimentary  canal  in  birds. 

Gla'broijs,  a.  [Lat.  glaber.]  Smooth; 
without  any  unevenness. 

Gla'cial,  a.  [Lat.  gladalis,  fr.  gla¬ 
des,  ice.]  Pertaining  to  icc  or  its 
action  ;  icy. 

Gla'ci-a'tion  (-shl-),  n.  1.  Act  of 
freezing.  2.  Ice.  3.  Process  of  be¬ 
coming  covered  with  glaciers. 

Gla'CIER  (gla'seer  or  glits'i-er),  n. 
[Fr.  fr.  Lat.  glades,  ice.]  An  im¬ 
mense  mass  of  snow  and  ice,  moving 
slowly  down  mountain  slopes  or  val¬ 
leys. 

GlA'CIS,  or  Gla-cis',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Ger. 
glatt,  smooth,  even.]  An  easy,  in¬ 
sensible  slope. 

Glad,  a.  [-der;  dest,  136.]  [A.-S. 
glad.]  1.  Joyous;  pleased.  2.  Ex¬ 
pressing-  or  exciting  joy. 

Syn. —  Gratified  :  exhilarated  ;  ani¬ 
mated  ;  delighted  cheerful  ;  joyful  ; 
cheering  ;  exhilarating  ;  pleasing  ;  ani¬ 
mating.  —  Delighted  expresses  a  much 
higher  degree  of  pleasure  than  glad. 
Gratified  always  refers  to  a  pleasure 
conferred  by  some  human  agent,  and 
the  feeling  is  modified  by  the  consid¬ 
eration  that  we  owe  it  in  part  to  an¬ 
other.  A  person  may  be  glad  or  delight¬ 
ed  to  see  a  friend,  and  gratified  at  the 
attention  shown  by  his  visits. 

—  v.t.  [-ded  ;  -din.g.]  To  make 
glad ;  to  gladden. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  all,  what;  ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 


GLADDEN 


185 


GLORY 


Glad'D£N,  V.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To 
make  glad  ;  to  please ;  to  exhilarate. 
— -  v.  i.  To  be  or  become  glad. 

Glade,  n.  [Cf .  W .  golead ,  goleuad , 
illumination,  fr.  goleu ,  light,  bright.] 
An  opening  through  a  wood  ;  cleared 
space  in  a  forest. 

Slad'i-ate,  a.  [Lat.  glad  ins,  sword.] 
Sword-shaped. 

dLAD'l-A'TOR,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  gladius, 
sword.]  A  sword-player  or  prize¬ 
fighter,  in  ancient  Rome. 

Glad'i-a-to'ri-al,  (  a.  Pertaining 

Glad'i-a-to-ry,  ]  to  gladiators. 

Glad'ly,  adv.  With  pleasure;  joy¬ 
fully-  [joy. 

Glad'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  glad  ; 

Glad'some,  a.  1.  Pleased  ;  joyful. 
2.  Causing  gladness  ;  pleasing. 

Glair,  n.  [A.-S.  glare ,  amber,  glare.] 

1.  White  of  an  egg.  2.  Any  similar 
substance. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -IN&.]  To 
smear  with  the  white  of  an  egg. 

GlAir'y,  a.  Like  glair. 

Glance,  n.  [Ger.  glanz,  luster, 
brightness,  glimpse,  glance.]  1.  A 
sudden  shoot  of  light.  2.  A  sudden 
look.  3.  A  dark-colored  metallic 
sulphuret. — v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  dart  a  ray  of  light.  2.  To  fly  off 
in  an  oblique  direction.  3.  To  snatch 
a  hasty  view.  4.  To  allude.  —  v.  t. 
To  dart  suddenly7  or  obliquely. 

Gland,  n.  [Lat.  glans ,  acorn,  gland- 
ula ,  gland.]  A  collection  of  cells, 
in  animals  or  plants,  secreting  some 
peculiar  substance. 

Gl AND'ERg,  n.  [From  gland. \  A 
contagious  disease  of  the  mucous 
membrane  in  horses. 

Gland'u-lar,  a.  Containing,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  glands.  [small  gland. 

Gl  AND'ULE,  n.  [Lat  glandula.]  A 

Gland'u-lous,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  glands. 

Glare,  n.  [Allied  to  Lat.  clarus, 
clear.]  1.  A  bright  dazzling  light; 

2.  A  fierce,  piercing  look.  —  v.  i. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  shine  withaclear, 
bright  light.  2.  To  look  with  fierce, 
piercing  eyes.  —  v.  t.  To  emit,  as  a 
dazzling  light.  —  a.  Smooth  ;  slip¬ 
pery  ;  glib.  [open  and  bold. 

Glaring,  p.  a..  Clear;  notorious; 

Glass,  n.  [A.-S.  glas.]  1.  A  trans¬ 
parent  substance,  formed  by  fusing 
sand  with  fixed  alkalies.  2.  Any 
thing  made  of  glass ;  esp.,  (a.)  A  mir¬ 
ror.  (b.)  A  drinking -glass ;  a  tum¬ 
bler.  (c.)  A  lens  ;  a  spy -glass  ;  —  in 
the  pi.  spectacles,  (d.)  A  barometer. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  see,  as 
in  a  glass.  2.  To  reflect,  as  in  a  mir¬ 
ror.  3.  To  glaze. 

Glass'-blow'er,  n.  One  who  blows 
and  fashions  glass. 

GlAss'-house,  n.  A  manufactory  of 
glass.  [glassy. 

Glass'I-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Glass'  work  (-wOrk),  n.  1.  Manu¬ 
facture  of  glass.  2.  pi.  Place  where 
glass  is  made. 

Glass'y,  a.  1.  Made  of  glass;  vitreous. 
2.  Resembling  glass. 


her,  a  German  chemist.]  Sulphate  of 
soda,  a  well-known  cathartic. 

Glau-eo’ MA,  ii.  [Lat.  ;  Gr.  ■yAom/cco- 
pa.,  from  yA avisos,  light-gray,  blue- 
gray.]  A  disease  of  the  eye,  giving 
it  a  bluish  or  greenish  tinge. 

GLAU'EODS,  a.  [Gr.  yAav/cos.]  1.  Of 
a  sea-green  color.  2.  Covered  with 
a  fine  white  powder,  as  that  on  a 
cabbage-leaf. 

Glaze,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 
glass.]  1.  To  furnish  with  glass.  2. 
To  overlay  with  a  thin  surface  like 
glass;  to  render  smooth  or  glossy. — 
n.  A  vitreous  coating ;  glazing. 

Gla'zier  (gla'zher),  n.  One  whose 
business  is  to  set  glass. 

Glaz'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  setting  glass, 
of  crusting  with  a  vitreous  substance, 
or  of  rendering  smooth  and  glossy. 
2.  Glass  or  glass-like  surface  or  cov¬ 
ering.  3.  Transparent  colors  passed 
thinly  over  other  colors,  to  modify 
the  effect. 

Gleam,  n.  [A.-S.,  from  gldwan ,  to 
shine.]  1.  A  shoot  of  light ;  a  ray. 
2.  Brightness;  splendor. —  v.  i. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  dart,  as  rays  of 
light.  2.  To  shine. 

Syx. — To  glimmer;  glitter. — To  (/learn 
denotes  a  faint  but  distinct  emission  of 
light.  To  glimmer  describes  an  indis¬ 
tinct  and  unsteady  light.  To  glitter 
imports  a  brightness  that  is  intense,  but 
varying.  The  morning  light  gleams 
upon  the  earth  ;  a  distant  taper  glimmers 
through  the  mist;  a  dew-drop  glitters  in 
the  sun. 

Glean,  v.  t.  [-ed; -ing.]  [Fr .  gla- 
ner ;  glane,  handful,  cluster.]  1. 
To  gather  after  a  reaper,  as  grain. 
2.  To  collect  with  patient  labor. 

Glean'er,  it.  One  who  gleans. 

Glebe,  n.  [Lat.  gleba.]  1.  Turf; 
soil ;  ground.  2.  Land  belonging  to 
a  parish  church. 

Glee,  n.  [A.-S.  glie,gleo,  joy,  song.] 
1.  Joy;  merriment;  mirth.  2.  A 
light  musical  composition  for  three 
or  more  voices. 

Gleet,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S .glidan,  to  glide.] 
A  transparent  mucous  discharge 
from  the  urethra. 

Glen,  n.  [A.-S.  fr.  W.  glyn .]  A  se¬ 
cluded  and  narrow  valley. 

Glib,  a.  [-ber;  -best’,  136.]  [Fr. 
glib,!),  glibber  ig.]  1.  Smooth;  slip¬ 
pery.  2.  Voluble;  fluent;  flippant. 

Glib'ly,  adv.  In  a  glib  mauner. 

Glib'ness,  ii.  Quality  of  being  glib. 

Glide,  v.i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S.  gli¬ 
dan,  D.  glyden  or  glijden,  M.  II.  Ger. 
gliten.]  To  pass  rapidly  and  easily, 
as  over  a  smooth  surface. 

Glim'mer,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  Ger. 
glimmer ;  glimmern ,  to  glimmer.]  To 
shine  faintly. 

Syx.  —To gleam;  to  glitter. 

—  n.  A  faint  light ;  a  gleam. 

Glimpse,  n.  [See  supra.]  1.  A  sud¬ 
den  flash  ;  transient  luster.  2.  A 
short,  hurried  view. 

Glis'ten  (glis'n),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  glisian,  glisnian.]  To  shine 
with  a  mild,  subdued,  fitful  luster. 

Glis'ter,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Ger. 


glistern ,  glinstem.]  To  sparkle;  to 
glisten. 

Glit'ter,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
glitan,  glitnian.]  1.  To  sparkle  with 
light.  2.  To  be  showy,  specious,  or 
striking. 

Syx.  —  To  gleam;  to  glisten;  tordiinc. 
See  Gleam. 

—  n.  A  bright,  sparkling  light. 

Gloat,  v.i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Ger.  gloi* 
zen.]  To  gaze  with  malignant  satis¬ 
faction,  or  passionate  desire. 

Glo'bate,  [a.  [Lat.  globatus,  fr. 

Glo'ba-ted,  )  globus,  ball.]  Hav-„ 
ing  the  form  of  a  globe ;  spherical. 

Globe,  n.  [Lat.  globus.]  1.  A  spher¬ 
ical  body  ;  a  ball ;  a  sphere.  2.  Any 
thing  nearly  spherical  in  shape.  3. 
The  earth. 

Syx. —  Sphere;  orb;  ball. —  Globe  de¬ 
notes  a  round  (and  usually  a  solid)  body; 
sphere  is  the  mathematical  term  forsuch 
a  body;  orb  is  used  in  the  same  sense, 
and  also  (contracted  from  orbit )  for  the 
pathway  of  a  heavenly  body  ;  ball  is  ap¬ 
plied  to  a  heavenly  body  conceived  of  as 
thrown  or  impelled  through  space. 

Globe'-fisii,  n.  A  fish  which  can 
swell  out  its  body  to  a  globular 
shape.  [globular. 

Glo-bose',  a.  Round ;  spherical ; 

Glo-bos'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
round ;  sphericity.  [bose. 

Glo'boDs,  a.  Round  ;  spherical ;  glo- 

Glob'u-lar,  a.  Spherical. 

Glob'ule,  n.  [Lat.  globulus,  dim.  of 
globus.]  A  little  glob.e ;  a  small 
spherical  particle  of  matter. 

Glom'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  glomerare,  -ratus,  from  glomus, 
ball.]  To  gather  or  wind  into  a  ball. 

Glom'er-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  form¬ 
ing  into  a  ball.  2.  That  which  is 
formed  into  a  ball. 

Gloom,  n.  [A.-S.  glbm.]  1.  Partial 
or  total  darkness.  2.  Cloudiness  or 
heaviness  of  mind. — v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  shine  obscurely.  2. 
To  appear  dismal  or  gloomy. —  v.  t. 
To  render  gloomy.  [mally. 

Glo~OM'I-ly,  adv.  Obscurely  ;  dis- 

Gloom'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
gloomy  ;  obscurity. 

Gloom'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Imperfectly  illuminated.  2.  Express' 
ing  gloom  ;  heavy  of  heart. 

Syx.  —  Dark  ;  dim  ;  dusky  ;  dismal; 
cloudy  ;  moody  ;  sullen  ;  morose  ;  mel¬ 
ancholy  ;  sad;  dejected;  disheartened. 

Glo'ri-fi-eX'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  giv¬ 
ing  glory.  2.  State  of  being  glorified. 

Glo'ri-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
glorijicare  ;  gloria,  glory,  and  facere , 
to  make.]  1.  To  make  glorious  or  il¬ 
lustrious.  2.  To  render  homage  to? 
to  adore. 

Glo'ri-oOs  (89),  a.  Exhibiting  attri¬ 
butes,  qualities,  or  acts  that  aro 
worthy  of,  or  receive  glory. 

Syx. — Eminent;  noble;  renowned;  il¬ 
lustrious;  magnificent;  grand. 

Glo'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  glorious 
manner. 

Glo'ry  (89), n.  [Lat.  gloria.]  1.  High 
reputation.  2.  An  object  of  pride  or 
boast.  3.  Pride;  boastfulness.  4. 


Glau'ber’s-salt,  n.  [From  Glau- 
oa.DQ,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Prn,  RUE ,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  £,  6  ,soft;  E,  g,  hard;  Ag  ;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


GLOSS 


GOER 


186 


Celestial  honor ;  heaven.  5.  (Paint.) 
A  circle  of  rays  round  a  head  or  en¬ 
tire  figure. 

Syn.  —  Renown  ;  celebrity  ;  distinc¬ 
tion;  grandeur;  nobleness. 

—  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  Toexult 
with  joy.  2.  To  boast;  to  be  proud 
of. 

Gloss,  n.  1.  [Cf.  Ger.  gleiszen ,  to 
shine,  glitter.]  Luster  from  a  smooth 
surface ;  polish.  2.  A  specious  ap¬ 
pearance  or  interpretation.  3.  [Gr. 
yAdaro-a,  a  word  that  requires  ex¬ 
planation.]  Comment ;  explanation. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  make 
.'.smooth  and  shining.  2.  To  render 
3pecious.  3.  To  illustrate  ;  to  explain. 
LOS-SA'RI-AL,  a.  Containing  expla¬ 
nation. 

Gloss'a-rist,  n.  A  waiter  of  glosses 
or  of  a  glossary. 

Gloss'a  ry,  n.  [See  Gloss,  3.]  A 
vocabulary  of  words  requiring  special 
elucidation. 

Gloss'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
glossy. 

Gloss-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  yAu>cro-a, 
and  ypd(/)e iv,  to  write.  See  Gloss,  3.J 
The  writing  of  glossaries  or  glosses. 

Gloss-ol'o-gist,  n.  One  who  de¬ 
fines  and  explains  terms. 

GL0SS-6i,'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  yAdxrcra  and 
Aoyos,  discourse.  See  Gloss,  3.]  1. 
Definition  and  explanation  of  terms. 
2.  Science  of  language  ;  philology. 

Gloss'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  133.]  1. 
Smooth  and  shining.  2.  Specious  ; 
plausible. 

GLOT'TIS,  n.  [Gr.  yA iottis,  fr.  yAcor- 

ra,  tongue.]  Narrow  opening  at  the 
upper  part  of  the  larynx. 

Glove  (gluv),  n.  [A.-S.  glof.]  A 
cover  for  the  hand,  with  a  separate 
sheath  for  each  finger. —  r.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  cover  with  a  glove. 

Glov'er.  n.  One  who  makes  and 
sells  gloves. 

Gl6w,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [A -S. 
glOwan.]  1.  To  shine  with  au  intense 
or  white  heat.  2.  To  be  bright  or 
red.  3.  To  feel  hot.  4.  To  feel  the 
heat  of  passion. — n.  1.  Shining 
heat,  or  white  heat.  2.  Brightness 
of  color ;  redness.  3.  Intense  ear¬ 
nestness. 

Glow'-WORM  (-wfirm),  n.  An  insect, 
the  female  of  which  emits,  in  the 
night-time,  a  shining  green  light. 

Gloze,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
glCse,  interpretation.]  1.  To  flatter; 
to  wheedle.  2.  To  misinterpret.  — 
v.  t.  To  palliate  or  extenuate.  — n. 
Flattery. 

Glue,  n.  [Lat.  glus,  glutis.\  A  hard 
gelatine,  used  as  a  cement.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  join  with  glue. 
2.  To  unite. 

Sgu'ey,  a.  Viscous;  glutinous. 

Glum,  a.  [See  Gloom.]  Sullen; 
moody  ;  silent. 

Glume,  n.  [Lat.  glumct,.]  Floral  cov¬ 
ering  of  grain  or  grasses. 

Glut ,v.t.  [-ted;  -ting,  136.]  [Lat. 
glutire .]  1.  To  swallow  greedily. 

To  satiate  ;  to  sate.  —  n 

I,  E,  7,  5,  u,  Y, long ; 


which  is  swallowed  down.  2.  Supply 
beyond  sufficiency  or  to  loathing. 

Glu'ten,  »,  [Lat.  See  Glue.]  The 
tenacious  substance  which  gives  ad¬ 
hesiveness  to  dough. 

GlO'ti-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
glutinare,  -natum.]  To  unite  with 
glue.  [with  glue. 

Glu'ti-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  uniting 

Glu'ti-NOUS,  a.  Resembling  glue  ; 
viscous  ;  viscid ;  tenacious. 

GLUT'TON  (glut'tn),  n.  [Lat.  glutto, 
gluto.  J  1.  One  wlio  eats  voracious¬ 
ly  ;  a  gormandizer.  2.  A  carnivorous 
mammal ;  the  wolverine. 

Glut'ton-ous,  a.  Belonging  to  a 
glutton  or  to  gluttony. 

Gliit'ton-y  (gliit'tn-y),  n.  Excess 
in  eating;  voracity. 

Gly^'ER-Ine,  n.  [From  Gr.  yAmcepos, 
equiv.  to  yA vkv's,  sweet.]  A  sweet, 
viscid  liquid,  formed  from  fatty  sub¬ 
stances. 

Glyph, n.  [Gr.  yAu^p,  fr.  yAikf>eiv,  to 
hollow  out,  carve.]  A  sunken  chan¬ 
nel. 

Glyp'tig,  |  n.  sing.  Art  of  engrav- 

Glyp'tigs,  )  ing  figures  on  precious 
stones. 

Gnarl  (narl),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.- 
S.  gnyrran.]  To  growl ;  to  murmur  ; 
to  snarl.  —  n.  A  knot  in  wood. 

Gnarled  (niirld),  [  a.  Knotty;  full 

Gnarl' Y  (narl'-),  j  of  knots. 

Gnash  (nash),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[0.  Eng.  gnastc  ,gnayste.]  To  strike 
together,  as  in  anger  or  pain. — v.  i. 
To  grind  or  strike  together  the  teeth. 

Gnat  (nat),  n.  [A.-S.  gnat ,  fr.  gnl- 
( tan ,  to  rub.]  A  delicate  blood-suck¬ 
ing  fly. 

Gnaw  (naw),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.- 
S .  gnagan.]  1.  To  wear  away  with 
the  teeth.  2.  To  corrode. —  v.i.  To 
use  the  teeth  in  biting. 

Cnaw'er  (naw'er),/!.  One  who  gnaws. 

Gneiss  (nls),n.  [Ger.  gneis  or  gneisz.] 
Rock  consisting  of  quartz,  feldspar, 
and  mica. 

Gnome  (nom),  n.  [Gr.  yvihpmv,  one 
that  knows,  a  guardian.]  1.  An  im¬ 
aginary  subterraneous  being,  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  the  guardian  of  mines, 
&_c.  2.  A  dwarf;  a  goblin. 

Gno'mon  (no'mon),  n.  [Gr.  yccbjuwv, 
fr.  yiyvajo'/ceiv,  to  know.]  1.  Style  or 
pin  of  a  sun-dial.  2.  Index  of  the 
hour-circle  cf  a  globe. 

Gnos'TID  (nos'tik),  n.  [Gr.  yecoo-riKb?, 
sagacious.]  One  ofa  sect  of  so-called 
philosophers  in  the  first  ages  of 
Christianity.  — a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Gnostics  or  their  doctrines. 

Gnos'ti-cisM  (nos'ti-sizm ),  n.  Doc¬ 
trines  taught  by  the  Gnostics. 

Gnu.  (nu),  n. 

[Hottentot.]  A 
South  African 
antelope. 

Go,  v.  i.  [i?np. 

WENT  ;  p.  p. 

GONE  ;  p.  pr.  &  Gnu. 

.vb.  n.  GOING.]  [ A.-S. gangan,  gan.] 
1.  To  pass  from  one  place  to  anoth¬ 
er  ;  to  proceed;  to  advance; — em¬ 


ployed  in  the  most  various  applica 
tions.  2.  To  walk  3.  To  pass ;  to 
circulate.  4.  To  be  pregnant.  5.  To 
pass  away  ;  to  depart.  6.  To  be  lost, 
to  perish  ;  to  die. —  v.t.  To  take,  as 
a  share  in  an  enterprise  ;  to  bear  a 
part  in. 

Goad  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  gad.  See  Gad.] 
A  pointed  instrument  to  urge  on  a 
beast. — v.  t.  [ED;  -ing.]  To 
drive  with  a  goad  ;  to  urge  forward. 

Syn.  —  To  excite  ;  irritate;  incite;  in¬ 
stigate. 

Goal,  n.  [Fr.  gaule,  pole  ;  from  Goth. 
valus,  staff,  stick ,  rod.]  1.  Point  or 
mark  set  to  bound  a  race.  2.  End 
or  final  purpose. 

Goat,  n.  [A.-S.  gat,  allied  to  Lat. 
hezdvs.]  A  man  n.iferous  quadruped 
allied  to  the  sheep. 

Goat-ee',  n.  Part  of  the  beard  de¬ 
pending  from  the  <  hin. 

GGat'-herd,  n.  One  w  ho  tends  goats. 

Goat'ish,  a.  Resen. bling  a  goat,  es¬ 
pecially  in  smell  or  lustfulness. 

Gob,jj.  [0.  Fr.  gob,  morsel;  Gael.go&, 
mouth,  snout.]  A  mouthful. 

Gob'ble,  v.t.  [ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Gob,  ?i.]  To  swallow  hastily  or  vo¬ 
raciously.  —  v.  i.  To  make  a  noise  in 
the  throat,  as  a  tuikey. 

Go'-be-tween',  n.  An  interposer. 

Gob'let,  n.  [Lat.  cvya,  tub,  cask.] 
A  drinking  vessel  without  a  handle. 

Gob'lin,  n.  [Lat.  ecbelinvs,  fr.  Gr. 
Ko/3aAos,  knave,  a  mischievous  gob¬ 
lin  ;  Ger.  kobo/d.]  An  evil  spirit; 
a  gnome  ;  an  elf. 

Go'-by,  n.  1.  Evasion.  2.  A  thrust¬ 
ing  away. 

Go'-gArt,  n.  A  small  machine,  to 
support  children  learning  to  walk. 

God,  n.  [A.-S.  god,  allied  to  Pers. 
Ichoda.]  1.  A  divinity  ;  a  deity.  2. 
The  Supreme  Peing;  Jehovah. 

God'daugii-ter  (-daw-ter),  n.  A  girl 
for  whom  or.e  becomes  sponsor. 

God'dess,  n.  A  female  god. 

God'fa-ther,  n.  [Cf.  Gossip.]  A 
man  w  ho  becomes  sponsor  for  acliild 
at  baptism. 

God'head,  n .  [Erg.  god,  and  suffix 
head.]  1.  Deity  ;  divine  nature  or 
essence.  2.  A  god  or  goddess.  3 
God;  the  Supreme  Being. 

God  'less,  a.  Acknowledging  no  God  ; 
ungodly  ;  irreligious.  [God. 

God'lIke.  a.  Resembling  a  god  or 

God'lI-ness,  n.  Reverence  for  God; 
devoutness  ;  a  religious  life. 

GoD'LY,  a.  1.  Reverencing  God,  and 
his  character  and  laws.  2.  Formed 
or  influenced  by  a  regard  for  God. 

Syn.  — Pious;  holy;  devout;  religious; 
righteous. 

God'moth-er  (-mQth-er),  n.  A  wo¬ 
man  who  becomes  sponsor  for  a  child 
in  baptism. 

God'send,  m.  Something  sent  by 
God ;  an  unexpected  piece  of  good 
fortune. 

God'ship,??.  Deity;  divinity. 

God'son  (-sfin),  n.  One  for  whom  an¬ 
other  has  been  sponsor.  [goes. 

Gd'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which 


2. 

1.  That 


a,£,  I, 6,0,  ¥,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  firm;  son. 


GOFFER 

Gof'fer,  V.  t.  [-E1)  ;  -ing.]  To  plait 
or  flute,  as  lace,  &c. 

Gog'GLE,  v.  i.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  [Cf. 
Lat.  codes ,  surname  of  a  person  blind 
with  one  eye.]  To  strain  or  roll  the 
eyes. —  a.  Full  and  staring  ;  — said  of 
the  eyes. — n.  1.  A  strained  rolling 
of  the  eye.  2.  pi.  A  kind  of  specta¬ 
cles. 

Go'ing,  n.  1.  A  moving  in  any  man¬ 
ner.  2.  Departure.  3.  Course  of  life. 

Goi'TER,  )  n.  [Lat.  guttur,  throat.] 

GOPTRE,  )  An  enlargement  of  the 
thyroid  gland. 

Gold,  m.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  precious  metal 
of  a  yellowish  color.  2.  Money  ;  rich¬ 
es.  3.  A  yellow  color  like  that  of  the 
metal.  [particles. 

Gold'-dust,  n.  Gold  in  very  fine 

Gold'en  (goldhi),  a.  1.  Made  or  con¬ 
sisting  of  gold.  2.  Of  the  color  of 
gold.  3.  Very  precious. 

Gold' finch,  n.  A  singing-bird  with 
gold-colored  wings. 

Gold'-fish,  n.  A  small  fish,  of  a 

golden  color.  [thin  leaf. 

Gold'-leaf,  n.  Gold  beaten  into  a 
i  Gold'SMITH,  n.  One  who  manufac¬ 

tures  articles  of  gold. 

G5lf,  n.  [D.  kolf,  club  or  bat.]  A 
game  played  with  a  small  ball  and  a 
club  crooked  at  the  lower  end. 

Gon'do-lA,  n.  _  ^ 

canals.  ^  2.  A  ' 

kind  of  flat-  Gondola. 

bottomed  boat.  [ Amer.\ 

Gon'do-LILR',  n.  A  man  who  rows 
a  gondola. 

Gone  (21),  p.  p.  of  Go. 

Gong,  «.  [Mala;  an  gong".]  A  circu¬ 
lar  instrument  of  copper  and  tin, 
producing,  when  struck,  a  loud, 

■  harsh  sound. 

Go'ni-om'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  ytovta,  an¬ 
gle,  and  pirpo v,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  measuring  angles,  espe¬ 
cially  the  angles  of  cr;  stuls. 

Go'ni-om'e-try,  n.  Art  of  measur¬ 
ing  solid  angles. 

Gon'or-riie'A  (-re'a),  n.  [Gr.  yovop- 
poLa,  from  your/,  semen,  and  pee iv,  to 
flow.]  A  contagious  inflammatory 
discharge  from  the  genital  organs. 

GooD,a.  [better;  best.]  [A.-S. 
god.]  1.  Possessing  desirable  quali¬ 
ties.  2.  Possessing  moral  excellence. 
3.  Kind ;  benevolent.  4.  Suited  ; 
adapted.  5.  Clever ;  skillful.  6. 
Adequate ;  sufficient.  7.  Consider- 
ible.  8.  Full ;  complete.  9.  Fair  ; 
honorable. — n.  1.  That  which  pos¬ 
sesses  desirable  qualities,  promotes 
success  or  happiness,  is  serviceable, 
excellent,  kind,  or  the  like.  2.  Wel¬ 
fare  ;  advantage.  3.  pi.  Wares  ;  com¬ 
modities  ;  chattels. —  ado.  1.  Well; 
equally  well.  2.  Quite;  considera¬ 
bly. 

GooD'-BREEDriNG,  n.  Polite  man¬ 
ners  or  education. 

187 

Go'od-by',  )  n.  or  inlerj.  [Either  a 

Go'od-bye',  J  contr.  of  God  be  with 
ye,  or  compounded  with  by,  bye, 
way,  journey.]  Farewell. 

Go'od-Fri'day,  n.  A  fast,  in  memo¬ 
ry  of  our  Savior’s  crucifixion. 

Go'od-hu'mor.ed,  a.  Having  a 

cheerful  spirit  and  demeanor. 

Go'od'li-ness,  n.  Beauty  ;  grace. 

Good'ly,  a.  [-er  ;  -EST,  142.]  1. 

Pleasant ;  agreeable.  2.  Comely  ; 
graceful.  [of  a  house. 

Good'man,  n.  A  husband  ;  master 

Go'od'-nat'ur.ed,  a.  Naturally  mild 
in  temper. 

Syn. —  Good-tempered;  kind. — Good- 
natured  denotes  a  disposition  to  please 
and  be  pleased;  good-tempered,  a  spirit 
which  is  not  easily  ruffled  by  provoca¬ 
tion  or  other  disturbing  influences;  Lind , 
a  disposition  to  make  others  happy  by 
supplying  their  wants  and  granting 
their  requests. 

Go'od'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  good 
in  any  of  its  various  senses  ;  excel¬ 
lence  ;  virtue ;  kindness  ;  benevolence. 

Go'od'-tem'per.ed,  a.  Not  easily 
irritated  or  annoyed. 

Go~OD- wilt./,  n.  1.  Benevolence.  2. 
Custom  of  any  trade  or  business. 

Good'y,  n.  [Prob.  contr.  from  good- 
wife.]  Good-wife;  good- woman  ;  — 
a  low  term. 

Goose  (150),  n.  [A.-S.  gbs.]  1.  A 
well-known  aquatic  fowl.  2.  A 
tailor’s  smoothing  iron.  3.  A  sim¬ 
pleton. 

Go"ose'ber-ry,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
gorseberry ,  a  name  taken  from  the 
roughness  of  the  shrub.]  The  fruit  of 
a  thorny  shrub,  and  the  shrub  itself. 

Go'PIIER,  n.  1.  [Fr.  gaufre ,  waffle, 
honeycomb.]  A  burrowing  animal. 
2.  [Ileb.  gbpher.]  A  wood  used  in 
the  construction  of  Noah’s  ark. 

Gor'-C’OCK,  n.  [Either  from  gore , 
blood,  i.  e.,  red,  or  fr.  gorse.]  A  gal¬ 
linaceous  bird;  the  moor-cock  or 
red-grouse. 

Gor'di-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Gordius, 
king  of  Phrygia,  or  to  a  knot  tied  by 
him,  which  could  not  be  untied,  but 
was  cut  by  Alexander  the  Great ; 
hence,  intricate  ;  complicated. 

Gore,ji.  1.  [A.-S.  gor.]  Thick  or 
clotted  blood.  2.  [A.-S.  gar,  dart, 
lance.]  A  wedge-shaped  piece  sewed 
into  a  garment,  &c.  3.  A  triangular 
piece  of  land.  —  v.t.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  pierce ;  to  stab.  2.  To  cut  in  a 
triangular  form . 

Gorge,  n.  [Lat.  gurges,  whirlpool, 
abyss.]  1.  The  throat.  2.  A  narrow 
passage,  as  between  mountains. — v.t. 
[-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To  swallow  with 
greediness.  2.  To  glut  ;  to  satiate. 
—  v.  i.  To  feed  greedily. 

Gor'geous  (gorijus),  a.  [0.  Fr.  gor- 
gius,  beautiful,  vain,  luxurious,  fr. 
gorgias,  ruff,  neck-handkerchief.] 
Showy  ;  fine  ;  magnificent. 

Gor'geous-ly,  ado.  In  a  gorgeous 
manner.  [magnificence. 

Gor'geoGs-ness,  n.  Splendor  ; 

Gor'get  (gorijet),  n.  [O.Fr.  gorgeite. 
See  Gorge.]  1.  Armor  for  defend- 

GOUT 

ing  the  throat  or  neck.  2.  A  pendent 
metallic  ornament,  worn  by  officers 
when  on  duty.  [Eng.  ] 

GOR'GON,?!.  [Gr.  Topyu),  rop-yule.]  1. 

A  fabled  monster,  the  sight  of  which 
turned  the  beholder  to  stone.  2. 

Any  thing  very  ugly  or  horrid. 

Go-ril'lA,  n.  A 

western  shores 

Gor'mand,  n. 

to  lap.]  *A  glut- 
ton  ;  a  gour- 
mand.  Gorilla. 

Gor'mand-ize,  V.  i.  or  t.  To  eat 
greedily.  [racious  eater. 

Gor'MAND-iz'er,  n.  A  greedy,  vo- 

Gorse,  n.  [A.-S.  gorst,  gost.  See 
Grass.]  A  thick,  prickly  shrub, 
bearing  yellow  flowers  ;  furze;  whin. 

Gor'y,  a.  Covered  with  gore ;  bloody. 

Gos'hawk,  n.  [A.-S .  gosliafuc,  i.  e., 
goosehawk.]  A  short-winged,  slender 
hawk. 

Go§'ling,  n.  [A.-S.  gOs,  a  goose,  and 
the  dim.  term.  ling_.]  A  young  goose- 

Gos'pel,  n.  [A.-S.  godspell ,  fr.  god, 
good,  and  spell,  tidings.]  1.  The 
good  news  concerning  Christ  and  his 
salvation.  2.  One  of  the  historical 
narratives  of  the  life  and  sayings  of 

Jesus  Christ.  3.  Any  system  of  re¬ 
ligious  truth. 

Gos'sa-mer,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  gorse  and 
summer ,  as  it  is  often  seen  on  gorse.] 

A  filmy  substance,  like  cobwebs, 
floating  in  the  air. 

Gos'siP,  n.  [A.-S.  godsibb ,  a  relation 
or  sponsor,  from  god,  God,  and  sib , 
alliance,  relation.]  1.  A  sponsor. 

[06s.]  2.  An  idle  tattler.  3.  Idle 
and  groundless  rumor.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  1.  To  prate.  2.  To  run 
about  and  tattle. 

Got,  imp.  of  Get. 

Got,  1  „  „  . 

Got'ten,  \P‘P-  of  GeU 

Goth,  n.  1.  One  of  an  ancient  tribe, 
who  took  part  in  subverting  the 
Roman  empire.  2.  A  barbarian. 

GoTH're,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 

Goths.  2.  Pertaining  to  a  style  of 
architecture  with  high  and  sharply- 
pointed  arches,  & c.  3.  Rude;  bar¬ 
barous.  —  n.  Language  of  the  Goths. 

GoTH'l-91'sM,  n.  1.  A  Gothic  idiom. 

2.  Conformity  to  the  Gothic  style  of 
building.  3.  Rudeness  of  manners  ; 
barbarousness. 

Gouge  (gowj  ;  in  most  Eng.  authori¬ 
ties,  gooj),  n.  [Lat.  gubia.]  A  curved 
chisel. — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  scoop 
out  with  a  gouge. 

Gourd,  n.  [From  Lat.  cucurbita.]  A 
fleshy,  one-celled,  many-seeded  fruit. 

Gourmand  (gobrhnand),  n.  [Fr.] 

A  greedy  eater ;  a  glutton. 

Gout,  w.  [From  Lat.  gutta,  drop,  it 
being  considered  as  a  defluxion.]  A 
pajnful  inflammation  of  the  joints. 

Gout  (goo),  n.  [Fr.]  Taste  ;  relish. 

or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  Prn , rue ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent. ;  G,  soft;  ■€, G,  hard;  Ajs;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this- 

1 — - - - 

GOUTINESS 

4 

Gout'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  gouty. 

Gout'y,  a.  Diseased  with,  or  pertain¬ 
ing  to,  the  gout. 

Gov'ern  (guv'ern),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  gubernare,  Gr.  Kvfiepvav.]  1. 
To  regulate  by  authority.  2.  To  in¬ 
fluence  ;  to  manage.  3.  To  require 
to  be  in  a  particular  case.  —  v.  i.  To 
exercise  authority  ;  to  have  the  con¬ 
trol. 

C’OV'ERN-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
governed  ;  manageable  ;  obedient. 

Oov'ERN-ANCE,  ??.  Government;  con¬ 
trol. 

Gov'ern-ante'  (110),  n.  A  lady  who 
has  the  care  of  young  women  ;  a 
governess.  [an  instructress. 

Gov'ern-ess,  n.  A  female  governor  ; 

Gov'ern-ment,  ji.  1.  Act  of  govern¬ 
ing.  2.  System  of  polity  in  a  state. 
3.  Authority.  4.  The  ruling  power  ; 
the  administration.  5.  A  common¬ 
wealth  ;  a  state.  6.  Influence  of  a 
word  in  regard  to  construction. 

Gov'ern-Ment'al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
government. 

Gov'ern-or,  n.  1.  U 

One  who  governs ;  j  ~ 

esp.,  a  chief  ruler  or  J  j  «fjY> 

magistrate.  2.  A 

contrivance  con-  /yfm 

nected  with  machin-  n 

ery,  for  maintaining 

uniform  velocity  mm  (J 

with  a  varying  re- 

sistance.  Governor  (2). 

Gown,  n.  [Lat.  gun- 
na,  Late  Gr.  yovva,  a  leathern  gar¬ 
ment,  IV.  gum,  gown.]  A  loose  flow¬ 
ing  upper  garment ;  esp.,  the  ordina¬ 
ry  outer  dress  of  a  woman. 

GownVman  (150),  n.  One  whose  pro¬ 
fessional  habit  is  a  gown,  as  a  divine 
or  lawyer ;  hence,  a  civilian. 

Grab,  n.  A  sudden  grasp  or  seizure. 

—  v.  t.  &  i.  [-BED;  -BING,  150.] 
[0.  Ger.  grabbt-n,  grappen,  for  gerap- 
pen,  from  II.  Ger.  rciffen ,  to  snatch 
away.]  To  gripe  suddenly  ;  to  seize. 

GRA9E,  n.  [Lat.  gratia,  from  gratus , 
beloved.]  1.  Favor  bestowed  2. 
Divine  favor  toward  man.  3.  Inher¬ 
ent  excellence.  4.  Eeauty ;  com¬ 
monly,  easy  elegance  of  manners.  5. 
pi.  (  Myth.)  Beautiful  females,  repre¬ 
sented  as  the  attendants  of  Venus. 
6.  Title  of  a  duke  or  of  an  archbishop 
of  England.  7.  A  short  prayer  be¬ 
fore  or  after  meat. 

Svn.  —  Mercy. —  Grace,  is  free,  spon¬ 
taneous  favor  to  the  undeserving;  mercy 
is  kindness  or  compassion  to  the  suffer¬ 
ing  or  condemned.  It  was  the  grace  of 
God  that  opened  a  way  for  the  exercise 
of  mercy  toward  men. 

—  v.  t.’  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  adorn  ; 
to  decorate.  2.  To  honor. 

Grace'ful,  a.  Displaying  grace  or 
beauty  in  form  or  action  ;  elegant ; 
easy.  [manner. 

Grace'ful-LY,  adv.  In  a  graceful 

Gra^e'ful-ness,  n.  Elegance  of 
manner  or  deportment. 

Grace'less,  a.  Wanting  in  grace, 
especially  divine  grace ;  hence,  de¬ 
praved;  corrupt. 

188 

Gra'CIOUS  (gra'shus),  a.  1.  Abound¬ 
ing  in  grace  or  mercy.  2.  Winning 
favor ;  acceptable.  3.  Beautiful ; 
graceful.  4.  Produced  by  divine 
grace. 

Syn.  —  Favorable;  kind;  benevolent; 
friendly;  beneficent;  benignant;  merci¬ 
ful. 

GRA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  gracious 
manner.  [of  being  gracious. 

Gra'cious-NESS,  n.  Quality  or  state 

Gra-da'tion,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
graded.  2.  Any  degree  in  an  order 
or  series. 

Grad'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Proceeding 
step  by  step  ;  gradual.  — n.  A  step 
from  the  cloisters  into  the  church. 

Grade,??.  [Lat.  gradus,  from  gradi , 
to  step.]  1.  A  step  or  degree  in  any 
series,  or  order.  2.  Rate  of  ascent 
or  descent.  3.  A  graded  ascending 
or  descending  portion  of  a  road. —  v. 
t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  reduce  to  a  level, 
or  to  an  evenly  progressive  ascent. 

Gra'di-ent,  a.  [Lat.  gradi , gradi ens, 
to  step,  to  go.]  1.  Walking.  2.  Hav¬ 
ing  regular  degrees  of  inclination.  — 
n.  1.  Rate  of  ascent  or  descent  in  a 
road,  & c. ;  grade.  2.  Part  of  a  road 
which  slopes  upward  or  downward. 

Grad'u-al,  a.  Proceeding  by  de¬ 
grees;  progressive.  —  n.  1.  An  order 
of  steps.  2.  An  ancient  book  of 
hymns  and  prayers.  [manner. 

Grad'u-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  gradual 

GrXD'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  graduare,  -atum,  fr.  Lat.  gra¬ 
dus,  a  step.]  1.  To  mark  with  de¬ 
grees.  2.  To  admit  to  an  academical 
degree.  3.  To  prepare  gradually7.  — 
v.  i.  To  receive  an  academical  degree. 

Grad'u-ate,  n.  One  who  has  been 
admitted  to  an  academical  degree. 

Grad'u-A'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  art  cf 
graduating.  2.  Marks  on  an  instru¬ 
ment  to  indicate  degrees. 

GrAff,  n.  &  v.  Same  as  Graft. 

GrAft  (6),  n.  [Gr.  ypafylov,  pencil ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  a  scion  to  a 
pointed  pencil.]  A  small  shoot  of  a 
tree  inserted  in  another  tree.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  insert,  as  a  cutting 
from  one  tree  in  a  branch  of  another ; 
hence,  to  implant  or  incorporate. 

Grain,  n.  [Lat.  granum.]  1.  A 
kernel ;  esp.  of  corn,  wheat,  &c.  2. 

The  fruit  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley, 
&c. ; — used  collectively.  3.  Any 
small,  hard  particle ;  hence,  any 
small  portion.  4.  A  small  weight. 
5.  A  red  color  of  any  tint  hue.  6. 
Texture. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -IW&.]  1. 

To  paint  in  imitation  of  the  gwdn  of 
wood.  2.  To  form  into  graiiVas 
powder.  \ 

Gral'la-to'ri-al,  1  a.  [Lat.  grcHr 

Gral'LA-to-ry  (50), )  lator,  grafl 
lx,  stilts,  from  gradiis.  See  Grade.] 
Pertaining  to  wading  birds. 

GramG-na'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  gramen , 
graminis,  grass.]  Pertaining  to  the 
grasses ;  gramineous. 

Gra-m'in'e-al,  )  a.  Resembling,  or 

Gra-m'in'e-ous,  j  pertaining  to, 

grass;  grassy. 

GRANITE 

GramQ-ni'v'o-rous,  a.  [Lat.  gramen , 
grass,  and  vorare ,  to  eat  greedily.] 
Feeding  on  grass  and  the  like  food. 

Gram'mar,  n.  [Fr.  grammaire,  from 

Gr.  ypap.p.a,  letter,  ypa^eiv,  to  write.] 

1.  Art  of  speaking  or  writing  with 
propriety.  2.  A  treatise  on  the  princi¬ 
ples  of  language.  3.  A  treatise  on  the 
elemeuts  or  principles  of  any  science. 

Gram-ma'ri-an,  n.  1.  A  philologist. 

2.  One  who  teaches  grammar.  j 

Giiam-m.at'ic,  )  a.  1.  Belonging 

Gram  mAt'ic-al,  )  to  grammar.  2. 

According  to  the  rules  of  grammar. 

Gram-mat'iu-al-ly,  adv.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  principles  and  rules  of 
grammar. 

Gramme  (gram),  n.  [Fr  ]  The 
French  unit  of  weight,  equivalent  to 
15.433  grains  troy  or  avoirdupois. 

Gram'PUS,  ii.  [Fr.  grand  poisson, 
great  fish.]  A  fish  having  conical 
teeth,  and  breathing  by  a  spout-hole 
on  the  top  of  the  head. 

Gran'a-ry,  n.  A  storehouse  for  grain 
after  it  is  thrashed. 

Grand,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat.  gran- 
dis .]  1.  Of  large  size  or  extent; 

great;  hence,  relatively  great;  chief; 
principal.  2.  Great  and  fine  or  im¬ 
posing.  3.  Holding  an  elevated  rank. 

Syn. — Magnificent;  sublime. —  Grand, 
in  reference  to  objects  of  taste,  is  applied 
to  that  which  expands  the  mind  by  a 
sense  of  vastness  and  majesty  ;  magnifi¬ 
cent  is  applied  to  any  thing  which  is  im¬ 
posing  from  its  splendor;  sublime  de¬ 
scribes  that  which  is  awful  and  elevat¬ 
ing.  A  cataract  is  grand;  a  rich  and 
varied  landscape  is  magnificent  ;  an 
overhanging  precipice  is  sublime. 

Gran'daji,  v.  [See  supra  and  Dame.] 

A  grandmother.  [ter’s  child. 

Grand'ciuld,  n.  A  son’s  or  daugh- 

Grand'daugiFter  (-daw'ter),  n. 
Daughter  of  a  son  or  daughter. 

Gran-dee',  n.  A  man  of  rank;  a 
nobleman. 

Grand'eur,  ii.  [Fr.  See  Grand.] 
Quality  of  being  grand  ;  splendor  of 
appearance ;  elevation  of  thought  or 
expression,  or  of  mien  or  deportment.  : 

Syn.  —  Sublimity;  majesty;  stateli¬ 
ness  ;  augustness  loftiness  ;  magnifi¬ 
cence.  : 

Grand'fa-tkek,  n.  A  father’s  or 
mother’s  father. 

Gran-dil'o-quence,  n.  Lofty  words 
or  phrases ;  bombast. 

Gran-bil'o-QUENT,  a.  [Gat.  grand  is, 
grand,  and  loijui,  to  speak.]  Pomp¬ 
ous  ;  bombastic. 

Grand'i-ose'  (125),  a.  [Lat.  grandis, 
grand.]  1.  Imposing.  2.  Turgid-, 
bombastic.  [manner. 

Grand'ly,  adv.  In  a  grand  or  lofty 

GRand'mot-h-er  (-muth-er),  «. 

Mother  of  one’s  father  or  mother. 

Grand'sire,  n.  A  grandfather  ;  any 
ancestor.  [or  daughter. 

Grand'son  (-sun),  n.  Son  of  a  son 

Grange,??.  [L.  Lat.  grangia,  from 

Lat.  granum,  grain.]  A  granary ; 
also,  a  farm,  with  its  stables,  See. 

GRAN'ITE,  ii.  [Lat.  granum,  grain.] 

A  rock  consisting  of  quartz,  feldspar, 
and  mica. 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ;  X,E,K,6,  0,  V,  short ;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 

GRANITIC 


189 


GRAZIER 


Gra-nit'I€,  1  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
Gra-nIt'io-al  ,  )  like,  granite. 
Gra-niv'o-rous,  a.  [Lat.  grnnum, 
grain,  and  vorare,  to  eat  greedily.] 
Eating  grain  or  seeds. 

GrAnt  (8),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  granter,  cranter,  to  promise, 
yield,  fr.  Lat.  creel er to  believe.]  1. 
To  yield  ;  to  concede.  2.  To  bestow, 
in  answer  to  prayer.  3.  To  give  pos¬ 
session  or  title  of. 

Sts. — To  give;  confer;  convey;  trans¬ 
fer;  admit;  allow. 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  granting.  2.  Thing 
granted  ;  a  gift ;  a  boon.  3.  An  ap¬ 
propriation  or  conveyance  by  gov¬ 
ernment.  [is  made. 

GkAnt-ee',  n.  One  to  whom  a  grant 
GrAnt'or  (127),  n.  One  by  whom  a 
"rant  or  conveyance  is  made 
Gran'u-lar,  1  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
Gran'U-LA-RY,  )  resembling,  grains. 
GrXN'U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  form  into  grains.  2.  To  make 
rough  on  the  surface.  —  v.  i.  To 
be  formed  into  grains. 
GrXn'u-la'tion,  n.  Act  or  process 
of  forming  into  grains. 

GrXn'ULE,  n.  [Lat.  granum,  grain.] 
A  little  grain  ;  a  small  particle. 
Gran'u-loDs,  a.  Full  of  grains ; 
granular. 

Grape,  n.  [Fr.  and  D.  grappe.]  1. 
Fruit  of  the  vine  ;  commonly  a  single 
berry  of  the  vine.  2.  Grape-shot. 
Grap'er-y,  n.  A  building  for  the 
cultivation  of  grapes. 

GraPE'-SIIOT,  n.  A  number  of  iron 
balls,  put  together  by  means  of  cir¬ 
cular  plates  and  a  connecting  pin. 
GrXph'io,  1  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
GrIph'ig-al,  )  writing.  2.  Writ¬ 
ten  ;  inscribed.  3.  Well  delineated 
or  described.  [manner, 

Grapii'ic-al-ly,  adv.  Tn  a  graphic 
GRAPH'ITE,  n.  [From  Gr.  y patfietv,  to 
write.]  A  form  of  carbon,  used  for 
pencils  ;  plumbago  or  black-lead. 
GrXp'NEL,  n.  [From 
Eng.  grapple .]  A 
small  anchor,  with 
four  or  five  claws,  to 
hold  boats,  &c. 

GRAP'PLE,  v.  t.  Grapnel. 

[-ED ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  grap,  for  grab.]  To  seize  either 
with  the  hands  or  with  hooks.  —  v. 
i.  To  contend  in  close  fight.  —  n. 
[See  supra,  and  cf.  CRAPLE  ]  1.  A 

seizing;  close  hug  in  contest.  2.  A 
hook  by  which  one  ship  may  fasten 
on  another. 

GrAsp,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [See  Grab.] 
To  seize  and  hold  ;  to  catch.  —  n.  1. 
Gripe  of  the  hand.  2.  Power  of  seiz¬ 
ing.  3.  Power  of  intellect  to  com-  I 
prehend  subjects. 

GrAss  (6),  n.  [A.-S.  grds ,  g’dr.s.] 
Herbage ;  the  plants  which  consti¬ 
tute  the  food  of  cattle.  —  v.  t.  To 
cover  with  grass  or  with  turf. 
GrAssTiop-per,  n.  A  well-known 
lumping  insect,  which  feeds  on  grass 
or  leaves.  [with  grass. 

GrAss'i-ness,  n.  State  of  abounding 


GrAss'-plot,  n.  A  plot  covered  with 
grass ;  a  lawn. 

GrAss'y,  a.  1.  Covered  with  grass. 
2.  Resembling  grass ;  green. 

GRATE,  n.  [Lat.  crates,  hurdle.]  1.  A 
kind  of  lattice-work,  such  as  is  used 
in  the  windows  of  prisons.  2.  A 
frame  of  iron  bars  for  coals.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  furnish  with 
grates.  2.  [0.  H.  Ger.  IcrazOn.]  To 
rub  roughly  or  harshly.  3.  To  wear 
away,  by  rubbing.  4.  To  fret ;  to 
vex  ;  to  irritate.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  rub 
hard,  so  as  to  offend.  2.  To  make  a 
harsh  sound  by  friction. 

Grate'ful,  a.  [Lat.  gratus,  agreea¬ 
ble,  and  Eng.  termiuation  ful.]  1. 
Having  a  due  sense  of  benefits.  2. 
Affording  pleasure  to  the  senses. 

Syn. —  Thankful:  pleasing;  accepta¬ 
ble;  gratifying  ;  welcome  ;  delightful. 

GRATE'FVL-LY,  adv.  In  a  grateful 
manner. 

Grate'ful-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  grateful  ;  gratitude  ;  agreeable¬ 
ness. 

Grat'er,  n.  [See  Grate.]  He  who 
grates  ;  an  instrument  for  grating. 

GratG-fi-ea'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
gratifying.  2.  That  which  gratifies. 

GrXt'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  gratifcari ,  fr.  gratus,  pleasing, 
and  facer e,  to  make.]  To  please  by 
satisfying  some  wish  ;  to  give  pleas¬ 
ure  to. 

Syn.  —  To  indulge;  humor. —  Gratify 
is  the  generic  term,  and  has  reference 
simply  to  the  pleasure  communicated. 
To  indulge  a  person  implies  that  we 
concede  something  to  his  wishes  or  his 
weaknesses  which  he  could  not  claim, 
and  which  had  better,  perhaps,  have 
been  spared.  To  humor  is  to  adapt  our¬ 
selves  to  the  varying  moods,  and  perhaps 
caprices,  of  others.  We  gratify  a  child 
by  showing  him  the  sights  of  a  large 
city;  we  indulge  him  in  some  extra  ex¬ 
cuse  on  such  an  occasion  ;  we  humor 
im,  if  he  is  taken  ill  when  away  from 
home. 

Grat'ing,  n.  [See  Grate.]  1.  A 
harsh  sound  of  rubbing.  2.  A  par¬ 
tition  of  parallel  or  cross  bars. 

Gra'tis ,  adv.  [Lat.,  contr.  fr.  gra- 
tiis ,  out  of  kindness.]  For  nothing ; 
freely. 

Grat'i-tude  (53),  n.  [L.  Lat.  grati- 
tudo ,  fr.'Lat.  gratus,  grateful.]  State 
of  being  grateful ;  thankfulness. 

GRA-TU'i-ToGs,  a.  [Lat.  gratuitus , 
fr.  gratis,  q.  v.]  1.  Given  without 

■lent.  2.  Without  reason, 
proof.  [ent. 

Y  ,n.  A  free  gift  ;  a  pres- 
TE,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.] 
ulari,  - latum ,  from  gratus, 
To  congratulate. 

'TION,  n.  Act  of  gratulat- 
citating ;  congratulation. 
-TO-RY,  a.  Expressing 
joy  ;  congratulatory. 

Grave,  v.  t.  [imp.  graved  ;  p.  p. 
GRAVEN,  or  GRAVED  ;  p.  pr.  Sc  vb. 
n.  GRAVING.]  [Goth,  graban,  A  -S. 
grafan.]  1.  To  carve  ;  to  engrave.  2. 
To  clean,  as  a  ship’s  bottom. —  n. 
1.  An  excavation  in  the  earth  as  a 
place  of  burial ;  hence,  any  place  of 


interment.  2.  Death,  or  destruction. 
—  a.  [-ER ;  -EST.]  [Lat.  gravis, 
heavy.]  1.  Of  importance  ;  influen¬ 
tial  ;  —  said  of  character,  relations, 
&c.  2.  Solemn ;  sober ;  plain.  3 
(Mus.)  Not  acute  or  sharp;  low:  deep. 

Syn.  —  Solemn;  sober  ;  serious.  —  (So¬ 
ber  supposes  the  absence  of  all  exhilara¬ 
tion  of  spirits,  and  is  opposed  to  flighty  ; 
as,  sober  thought.  Serious  implies  con¬ 
siderateness  or  reflection,  and  is  opposed 
to  jocose  or  sportive  ;  as,  serious  and  im¬ 
portant  concerns.  Grave  denotes  a  state 
of  mind,  appearance,  &c.,  which  result* 
from  the  pressure  of  weighty  interests, 
and  is  opposed  to  hilarity  of  feeling  of 
vivacity  of  manner;  as,  a  grave  remark, 
grave  attire.  Solemn  is  applied  to  a  case 
in  which  gravity  is  carried  to  its  highest 
point;  as,  a  solemn  admonition,  a  solemn 
promise. 

GrXv'el,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gravele,  of  Celt¬ 
ic  origin.]  1.  Small  stones.  2. 
Small,  calculous  concretions  in  the 
kidneys  and  bladder. — v.  t.  [-ED, 
-ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING,  137.]  1.  To 

cover  with  gravel.  2.  To  stick  in  the 
sand  ;  hence,  to  embarrass. 

Grav'el-ly,  a.  Abounding  with,  or 
consisting  of,  gravel.  [manner. 

Grave'ly  ,adv.  In  a  grave,  solemn 

GRAV'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  engraves; 
a  sculptor.  2.  An  engraving  tool ; 
a  burin. 

Grave '-stone,  n.  A  stone  set  by  a 
grave,  as  a  memorial. 

Grave'-yard,  n.  A  yard  for  the 
interment  of  the  dead  ;  a  cemetery. 

GrXv'ID,  a.  [Lat.  gravid  us ;  gravis, 
heavy.]  Being  with  child  ;  preguant. 

Grav'ing-dock,  n.  A  dock  into 
which  ships  are  taken  to  have  their 
bottomscleaned. 

Grav'i-tate,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  obey  the  law  of  gravitation  ;  to 
tend  toward  the  center. 

GrXv'I-ta'tion,  n.  That  force  by 
which  all  particles  of  matter  in  the 
universe  tend  toward  each  other. 

Grav'1-ty,  ii.  [Lat.  gravitas,  fr.  gra¬ 
vis,  heavy.]  1.  Sobriety  of  charac¬ 
ter  or  demeanor.  2.  Relative  im¬ 
portance,  dignity,  & c.  3.  Tendency 
of  a  body  toward  the  center  of  the 
earth.  4.  Lowness  of  sound. 

GRA/VY,  n.  [A.-S.  greofa,  pot.]  Juices 
obtained  from  meat  in  cooking. 

Gray,  a.  [-er  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S  grdg , 
grcg,  grig  ]  1.  Hoary  ;  white  mixed 
with  black.  2.  Old ;  mature.  —  n. 
Any  mixture  of  white  and  black. 

Gray'-beard,  n.  An  old  man. 

Gray'hound,  n.  See  Greyhound. 

Gray'ish,  a.  Somewhat  gray. 

Gray'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  gray. 

Gray'wXcke,  n.  [Ger.  grauwacke, 
grau ,  gray,  and  wacke,  wacke.]  A 
conglomerate,  consisting  of  rounded 
pebbles  and  sand  firmly  united. 

Graze,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
grasian,  fr.  grds,  grass.]  1.  To  touch 
lightly  in  passing.]  2.  To  supply,  as 
cattle,  with  grass.  3.  To  eat  from 
the  ground.  4.  To  tend  grazing  cat¬ 
tle. —  v.  i.  1.  To  eat  grass.  2.  To 
supply  grass. 

Gra'zier  (gra'zher),  n.  One  who 


or,do,wqlf5  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  ?vll  ;  E,  i,  o.  silent;  q,  d,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  A§;  ejist  ;  jf  as  ng;  this 


GREASE 


190 


GRISTLY 


pastures  cattle,  and  rears  them  for 
market. 

Grease,  n.  [Lat.  crassus,  L.  Lat. 
grassus ,  thick,  fat.]  1.  Animal  fat 
in  a  soft  state.  2.  An  inflammation 
of  the  heels  of  a  horse. 

Grease,  or  Grease,  v.  t.  [-edj 
-ING.]  To  smear  with  grease. 

Grea§'i-ly,  or  Greas'i-ly,  adv. 
With  grease,  or  an  appearance  of  it. 

Greas'i-ness,  or  Greas'i-ness,  n. 
State  of  being  greasy. 

Grea$'y,  or  Greas'y,  a.  [-er  ;  EST, 
142.]  1.  Composed  of  grease;  oily; 
fat ;  unctuous.  2.  Smeared  with 
grease.  3.  Like  grease  ;  smooth.  4. 
Affected  with  the  disease  called 
grease. 

Great,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S .great, 
allied  to  Lat.  grandis.]  1.  Large  in 
solidity  or  surface  ;  big ;  expanded. 
2.  Numerous.  3.  Long  continued. 

4.  Superior;  commanding.  5.  Un¬ 
commonly  gifted ;  powerful ;  mighty. 
6.  Eminent;  distinguished.  7. 
Weighty ;  important.  8.  Older, 
younger,  or  more  remote,  by  a  sin- 
glegeneration. 

Great'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  great  de¬ 
gree;  much.  2.  Nobly. 

Syn.  —  Badly.  —  In  some  parts  of  (his 
country,  not  by  the  vulgar  alone,  but  by 
educated  persons,  the  word  badly  is  used 
for  greatly.  Instead  of  saying,  “  I  wish 
greatly  to  see  him,”  they  say,  “I  wish  to 
see  him  very  badly."  This  is  a  gross  er¬ 
ror,  and  often  becomes  ridiculous,  be¬ 
cause  the  words  seem  to  say  of  a  friend, 
“  I  wish  to  see  him  in  a  very  bad  state  of 
health. 

Great'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
great ;  largeness  of  bulk,  dimensions, 
number,  quantity,  & c. 

Greavejj,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  gravis,  heavy.] 
Ancient  armor  for  the  legs. 

Gre'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Greece. — 
n.  1.  A  native  of  Greece  ;  a  Greek. 
2  One  versed  in  the  Greek  language 
or  literature.  [language. 

Gre'^irm,  n.  An  idiom  of  the  Greek 

GREED^  n.  [Goth,  gredus ,  hunger.] 
An  eager  desire  ;  greediness. 

Greed'i-ly,  adv.  Eagerly  ;  vora¬ 
ciously.  ’  [greedy. 

Greed'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Syn.— Ravenousness;  voracity;  eager¬ 
ness;  avidity. 

Greed  y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  [A.- 

5.  grcidig,  gredig ;  gradan,  to  cry, 
call.]  1.  Having  a  keen  appetite ; 
ravenous ;  voracious.  2.  Eager  to 
obtain. 

Greek,  a.  Pertaining  to  Greece; 

Grecian. — n.  1.  A  native  of  Greece  ; 
a  Grecian.  2.  Language  of  Greece. 

Green,  a.  [-ER  ;  est.]  [A.-S.  grene, 
fr.  grZwan ,  Eng.  grow.]  1.  Having 
the  color  of  growing  plants  ;  verdant. 
2.  Fresh  ;  new ;  recent.  3.  Not  ripe  ; 
not  fully  grown.  4.  Young ;  raw  ; 
awkward.  5.  Not  seasoned  ;  not 

dry.  — n.  1.  Color  of  growing  plants. 
2.  A  grassy  plat.  3.  pi.  Leaves  and 
stems  of  young  plants  dressed  for 
food.—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  make 
green. 


Green'-gro'cer,  n.  A  retailer  of 
fresh  vegetables  or  fruits. 
Green'horn,  n.  A  raw  youth.  [  Lotv.] 
Green'house,  n.  A  house  to  pre¬ 
serve  tender  plants  in  during  cold 
weather.  [green  color. 

Green'ing,  n.  A  sort  of  apple,  of  a 
Green'ish,  a.  Somewhat  green. 
Green'room,  n.  The  retiring-room 
of  actors  in  a  theatre. 
Green'-sick'ness,  n.  A  disease  of 
young  women.  [grass. 

Green'sward,  n.  Turf  green  with 
Greet,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
gretan.]  To  salute  ;  to  hail;  to  ac¬ 
cost.  —  v.  i.  To  give  salutations. 
Greeting,  n.  Salutation  at  meet¬ 
ing;  compliment  addressed  from  one 
absent. 


Gre-GA'RI-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  gregarius , 
fr.  grex,  herd.]  Living  in  a  flock  or 
herd._ 

Gre-go'ri-an,  a.  Belonging  to,  or 
established  by,  Gregory ;  as,  the  Gre¬ 
gorian  chants,  calendar,  & c. 

Gre-nade',  n.  [Fr.  grenade ,  pome¬ 
granate,  grenade.]  A  hollow  ball  filled 
with  powder,  and  fired  by  means  of 
a  fuse. 

Gren'a-dier',  Formerly,  a  sol¬ 
dier  who  threw  grenades ;  now,  one 
of  a  company  of  tall,  stout  soldiers. 

Gren'a-dtne,  n.  A  thin  silk  used 


for  ladies’  dresses. 

Grew  (grp),  imp.  of  Grow. 

Griy,  a.  See  Gray. 

Grsy'hound,  n. 

[A.-S.  graghund , 
greghund,  grig- 
hund.]  A  slen¬ 
der,  graceful 
dog,  remarkable 
for  its  keen  sight 
and  swiftness. 

Grid'dle,  n.  [W. 
greidell ,  fr.  grei- 
diaw ,  to  heat, 
scorch.]  1.  A  shallow  pan  for  baking 
cakes.  2.  An  iron  cover  for  a  stove. 

Grid'i-ron  (-i-urn),  n.  A  grated  uten- 
sil_for  broiling. 

Grief,  n.  [Lat.  gravis ,  heavy.]  1. 
Pain  of  mind  ;  a  painful  sense  of  loss. 
2.  Cause  of  sorrow  or  pain. 


Greyhound. 


Syn.  —  Sorrow  ;  sadness.  —  Sorrow  is 
generic;  grief  is  sorrow  for  some  definite 
cause  — one  which  commenced ,  at  least, 
in  the  past ;  sadness  is  applied  to  a  per¬ 
manent  mood  of  the  mind.  Sorroio  is 
transient  in  many  cases;  but  the  grief  of 
a  mother  for  the  loss  of  a  favorite  child 
too  often  turns  into  habitual  sadness. 


Grievance,  n.  1.  A  cause  of  grief 
or_uneasiness.  2.  Grief ;  affliction. 

Grieve,  v.  t.  [-ED;-ING.]  To  in¬ 
flict  mental  pain  upon. —  v.  i.  To 
feel  grief ;  to  sorrow  ;  to  mourn. 

GRIEV'ofts,  a.  1.  Causing  grief ; 
painful ;  hard  to  bear.  2.  Heinous  ; 
flagitious. 

Griev'oOs-ly,  adv.  In  a  grievous 
manner. 

GrIf'fin,  1  n.  [Lat.  gryphus ,  equiv. 

GrIf'fon,  j  to  gryps ,  Gr.  ypv\[/,  ypv- 
wo?,  fr.  ypwTros,  curved,  hook-nosed.] 
1.  An  imaginary  animal,  generated 


between  the  lion  and  the  eagle.  2. 
A  species  of  vulture. 

GrIll,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  griller ,  fr. 
Lat.  craticula,  a  small  gridiron,  dim. 
of  crates ,  hurdle.]  1.  To  broil  on  a 
gridiron.  2.  To  torment  as  if  by 
broiling. 

Grim,  a.  [-mer  ;  -mest,  136.]  [A.-S., 
from  grimman ,  to  rage.]  Of  forbid¬ 
ding  or  fear-inspiring  aspect. 

Syn.  —  Fierce;  grisly;  hideous  ;  stern. 

GrI-ma^e',  n.  [Fr.  from  A.-S.  grima , 
mask,  ghost.]  A  distortion  of  the 
countenance,  to  express  some  feel¬ 
ing  ;  a  made-up  face. 

Gri-mXl'kin,  n.  [Corrupted  fr. gray- 
malkin ,  fr.  gray  and  mallcin,  a  drab.] 
An  old  cat. 

Grime,  n.  [A.-S.  hryme,  hrfim,  scot.] 
Dirt  deeply  insinuated.  —  v.  t.  To 
sully  or  soil  deeply. 

Grim'd y,  a.  Having  a  hideous  or 
stern  look. — adv.  Fiercely;  sullen¬ 
ly.  [sternness. 

Grim'ness,  n.  Fierceness  of  look ; 

Grim'y,  a.  [-ER;  est,  142.]  Full 
of  grime ;  dirty  ;  foul. 

Grin,  v.  i.  [-ned  ;  -ning,  136.]  [A.-S. 
grinnian.]  To  show  the  teeth,  as  in 
laughter,  scorn,  or  pain.  —  n.  Act  of 
closing  the  teeth  and  showing  them. 
-—  v.  t.  To  express  by  grinning. 

Grind,  v.  t.  [ground  ;  grinding.] 
[A.-S.  grivdan.]  1.  To  reduce  to 
powder  by  friction,  as  in  a  mill.  2. 
To  polish  or  sharpen  by  friction.  3. 
To  oppress  by  severe  exactions.  — 
v.  i.  To  perform  the  operation  of 
grinding. 

GRIND'er,  n.  1.  One  who  grinds.  2. 
One  of  the  double  teeth  ;  a  molar. 

Grind'stone  ( colloq .  grin'ston),  n. 
A  flat,  circular  stone  for  grinding 
tools. 

GRIN'NER,  v.  One  who  grins. 

Grip,  n.  [See  Gripe.]  1.  A  grasping 
or  seizing.  2.  A  peculiar  mode  of 
clasping  the  hand.  —  v.t.  To  grasp  ; 
to  gripe. 

Gripe,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
gripan.  Cf.  GRAB.]  1.  To  clutch; 
to  seize  and  hold  fast.  2.  To  give  pain 
to  the  bowels  of.  3.  To  pinch  ;  to 
distress.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  hold  or  pinch 
as  with  a  gripe.  2.  To  suffer  griping 
pains. — n.  1.  Seizure;  clutch.  2. 
A  handle.  3.  Oppression  ;  pinching 
distress.  4.  Pinching  and  spasmodic 
pain  in  the  intestines. 

Grisette  (gre-zbtQ,  n.  [Fr.,  from 
gris,  gray,  because  women  of  the  in¬ 
ferior  classes  wore  gray  gowns.]  A 
young,  laboring  French  woman  kept 
as  a  servant  and  mistress. 

GrIs'ly  (gris'ly),  °.  [A.-S.  grislic, fr. 
grlsa7i ,  agrisan ,  to  dread.]  Fright¬ 
ful  ;  horrible;  terrible. 

Grist,  n.  [A.-S.  grist,  gerst,  pearled 
barley.]  1.  That  which  is  ground  at 
one  time.  2.  Supply  ;  provision. 

GrIs'TLE  (grisfl),  n.  [A.-S.  gristl.] 
A  smooth,  elastic  substance  in  ani¬ 
mal  bodies  ;  cartilage. 

GrIst'ly  (gris'ly),  a.  Consisting  of, 
or  like,  gristle  ;  cartilaginous. 


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GRIST-MILL 

GrYst'-MILL,  n.  A  mill  for  grinding 
grists,  or  portions  of  grain  brought 
by  different  customers. 

GRIT,  n.  [A.-S.  grytt,  grytte ,  bran, 
dust,  grxit,  barley.]  1.  Coarse  part 
of  meal.  2.  Oats  or  wheat  coarsely 
ground.  3.  Sand  or  gravel.  4.  A 
hard,  coarse-grained  silicious  sand¬ 
stone.  5.  Spirit ;  resolution.  —  v.t. 
[-ted;  -ting.]  To  grind  ;  to  grate. 

GrIt'TY,  a.  1.  Full  of  sand  or  grit. 
2.  Spirited  and  resolute. 

GrIz'zle,  n.  [From  Fr.  gris,  gray.] 
Gray  ;  a  mixture  of  white  and  black. 

GrIz'zled,  a.  Gray;  of  a  mixed 
white  and  black. 

GrIz'zly,  a.  Somewhat  gray. 

Groan,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
grdnian.  Cf.  GRUNT.]  To  give  forth 
a  low,  moaning  sound.  —  n.  A  low, 
moaning  sound,  uttered  in  pain  or  in 
derision. 

Groat  (grawt),  n.  [D.  groot,  that  is, 
a  great  piece  of  coin.]  1.  An  old 
English  coin  equal  to  four  pence.  2. 
pi.  [A.-S.  grat.  See  Grit.]  Oats  or 
wheat  deprived  of  the  hulls. 

GrS'^ER,  n.  [Orig.  grosser,  one  who 
sells  by  the  gross ,  or  by  wholesale.] 
A  dealer  in  tea,  sugar,  spices,  coffee, 
fruits,  &c. 

Gro'cer-Y,  n.  1.  pi.  Commodities 
sold  by  grocers.  2.  A  grocer's  store. 
[Amer.] 

Grog,  n.  [From  Adm.  Yernon  (nick¬ 
named  “  Old  Grog,”  because  he 
wore  a  grogram  cloak).]  A  mixture 
of  spirit  and  water,  usually  not 
sweetened. 

Grog'ger-y,  n.  A  grog-shop. 

Grog'RAM,  )  n.  [0.  Fr.  gros-grain , 

Grog'ran,  (  i.  e.,  gross-grain.]  A 
coarse  stuff  of  silk  and  mohair ;  also, 
a  strong,  coarse  silk. 

i  GROIN,  n.  [Teel,  grein,  division, 

branch.]  1.  Depressed  part  of  the 
body  between  the  belly  and  the 
thigh.  2.  Angular  curve  made  by 
the  intersection  of  two  arches.  —  v. 
t.  To  fashion  into,  or  adorn  with, 
groins. 

Groined,  a.  Having 
an  angular  curve  ^f| 
made  by  the  inter- 
section  of  two  semi-  tfiWfim 

!  cylinders  or  arches.  /i 

Groom,  n.  [0.  D. 
grom,  boy,  youth  ;  1  | 

A.-S.  guma,  man.]  1  W  1 

1.  A  man  or  boy  who  1  |||  j|  i 

has  the  charge  of  „  .  ... 

horses.  2.  One  of  Groined  Arch. 

several  officers  of  the  English  royal 
household.  3.  A  man  recently  mar¬ 
ried  or  about  to  be  married  ;  a  bride¬ 
groom. —  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
tend  or  care  for,  as  a  horse. 

Groove,  n.  [A.-S.  grOf,  ditch,  pool, 
fr.  grafan ,  to  dig.]  A  furrow,  chan¬ 
nel,  or  long  hollow. — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  cut  a  groove  or  channel 
in ;  to  furrow. 

Grope,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
gropian,  allied  to  gripe.]  To  attempt 
to  find  something  in  the  dark,  by 

191 

feeling  ;  to  feel  one’s  way.  —  v.  t.  To 
search  out  by  feeling  in  the  dark. 

GROSS,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [L.  Lat, 
grossus,  fr.  Lat.  crassus,  thick,  fat.] 

1.  Great ;  large  ;  bulky.  2.  Coarse  ; 
rough.  3.  Not  easily  aroused ;  stu¬ 
pid.  4.  Vulgar  ;  indelicate  ;  low.  5. 
Thick  ;  dense.  6.  Great  ;  palpable. 
7.  Whole;  total. — n.  1.  The  bulk  ; 
the  mass.  2.  Twelve  dozen. 

Grossly,  adv.  Greatly  ;  coarsely. 

GROSS'NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  gross. 

Grot,  n.  A  grotto. 

Gro-tEsque',  a.  Like  the  figures 
found  in  grottoes  ;  whimsical ;  ex¬ 
travagant.  [manner. 

Gro-tesqueLY', adv.  In  agrotesque 

Gro-tesque'ness,  n.  State  of  being 
grotesque. 

Grot'to,  n. ;  pi.  grot'toes.  [A-S. 
grut,  fr.  Lat.  crypta,  Gr  KpvnTT),  con¬ 
cealed  subterranean  passage.]  A  nat¬ 
ural  cavern  ;  also,  an  ornamental,  ar¬ 
tificial  cave  or  cavern-like  apartment. 

GROUND,  n.  [A.-S.  grund,  fr.  grin- 
dan,  Eng.  grind.]  1.  Surface  of  the 
earth  ;  hence,  surface  of  a  floor,  &c. 

2.  Region  ;  land ;  estate.  3.  Foun¬ 

dation.  4.  (Paint.)  Surface  on  which 
a  figure  or  object  is  represented.  5. 
pi.  Sediment;  dregs. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  lay  on  the  ground.  2. 
To  found  ;  to  fix,  as  on  a  founda¬ 
tion.  3.  To  instruct  in  elements.  — 
v.  i.  To  run  aground ;  to  strike 
and  remain  fixed. — imp.  &  p.  p.  of 
Grind.  [house. 

Ground'— floor,  n.  Lower  floor  of  a 

Groundless,  a.  Without  ground 
or  foundation  ;  false. 

GROUNDLESS-LY,  adv.  In  a  ground¬ 
less  manner.  [being  groundless. 

GroundLess-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

Groundling,  n.  1.  A  fish  that  keeps 
at  the  bottom  of  the  water.  2.  A 
spectator  in  the  pit  of  the  theater. 

Ground'-nut,  n.  1.  The  peanut. 

2.  A  leguminous,  twining  plant. 

Ground'-plan,  n.  Surface  repre¬ 
sentation  of  the  divisions  of  abuild- 
ing. 

Ground'-plot,  n.  1.  Ground  on 
which  a  building  is  placed.  2.  Plan 
of  the  lower  part  of  a  building. 

Ground'-rent,  n.  Rent  paid  for 
building  on  another  man’s  land. 

Ground'sill,  n.  Timber  of  a  build¬ 
ing  which  lies  next  to  the  ground  ; 
the  sill. 

Ground'swEll,  n.  A  broad,  deep 
swell  or  undulation  of  the  ocean. 

GROUND'WORK  (-wflrk),  n.  1.  Foun¬ 
dation  ;  basis.  2.  The  essential  part. 

3.  First  principle. 

Group  (grcTop)  n.  [Fr.  groupe ,  grouppe , 
ciuster,  bunch.]  1.  A  cluster;  an 
assemblage.  2.  An  assemblage  of 
objects  in  a  certain  order  or  relation. 
— v.  t.  [-ED  :  -ING.]  To  form  a 
group  of. 

Grouse,  n.  A  stout-legged  bird, 
highly  prized  for  food. 

Grout,  n.  [A.-S.  grut.  See  Groat.] 
1.  Coarse  meal.  2.  A  thick  ale.  3. 
Lees  ;  dregs.  4.  A  thin,  coarse  mortar. 

GUAIACUM 

GROVE,  n.  [A.-S.  graf. \  grave,  grove, 
from  grafan ,  to  dig.]  A  cluster  of 
trees  shading  an  avenue  ;  a  wood  of 
small  extent. 

Grov'el  (grovfl),  v.  i.  [-ED,  -ING  ; 
or  -led,  -LING,  137.]  [Icel .grufa,  to 
lie  prostrate  on  the  ground.]  1.  To 
creep  on  the  earth  ;  to  act  in  a  pros¬ 
trate  posture.  2.  To  be  low  or  mean. 

Grov'EL-er,  In.  One  who  grovels ; 

GROV'EL-LER,  )  a  servile  person. 

Grow,  v.  i.  [imp.  grew;  p.  p. 
GROWN.]  [A  -S.  growan.]  1.  To  in¬ 
crease  in  size  by  natural  process.  2. 

To  increase  in  any  way .  3.  To  thrive ; 
to  flourish.  4.  To  result;  to  become. 

5.  To  become  attached  ;  to  adhere. 

—  v.  t.  To  produce ;  to  raise. 

Growl,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [D.  grol- 
len ,  to  grunt,  be  angry.]  To  mur¬ 
mur  or  snarl,  as  a  dog.  —  v.  t.  To 
express  by  growling,  —  n.  The  mur¬ 
mur  of  a  cross  dog. 

Grown,  p.  p.  of  Grow. 

Growth,  n.  1.  Process  of  growing  ; 
augmentation;  production.  2.  That 
which  has  grown  ;  product ;  result. 

GrOb,  v.  i.  [-bed;  -bing,  136.] 
[Goth,  graban,  to  dig.]  1.  To  be  oc¬ 
cupied  in  digging.  2.  To  beg;  esp. 
to  beg  food.  [  Colloq.  and  loiv.]  —  v.  t. 

To  dig  ;  to  dig  up  by  the  roots. —  n. 

[So  called  from  grubbing.]  1.  A  larve 
of  a  beetle  or  weevil.  2.  A  short, 
thick  man.  3.  Victuals.  [ Colloq . 
and  low.] 

Grub'ber,  n.  1.  One  who  grubs.  2. 

An  instrument  for  grubbing. 

Grudge,  v.t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [O.Eng. 
gruteke,  gruiche,  fr.  grunt.]  To  part 
with  reluctantly  ;  to  desire  to  get 
back  again.  —  v.  i.  To  be  covetous 
or  envious ;  to  be  unwilling.  —  n. 
Uneasiness  at  the  possession  of  some¬ 
thing  by  another  ;  secret  enmity. 

Syn.  —  Pique  ;  aversion  j  dislike  ;  ha¬ 
tred  ;  spite. 

Grudg'ING-ly,  adv.  In  a  grudging 
manner. 

Gru'el,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gruel,  for  grutel , 
fr.  A.-S.  griit.  See  GRIT.]  A  light 
food,  made  by  boiling  meal  in  water. 

GrOff,  a.  [-ER;  -est.]  [D.  grof,  N. 

II.  Ger.  grab.]  Of  a  rough  or  stern 
manner,  voice,  or  countenance. 

Gru'FFLY,  adv.  In  a  gruff  manner. 

GrOff'ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  gruff. 

GrOm,  a.  [A.-S.  See  Grim.]  1.  Mo¬ 
rose  ;  severe  of  countenance.  2.  Low; 
guttural. 

Grum'ble,  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 

Ger.  grummeln,  grumen.]  1.  To 
murmur  with  discontent.  2.  To 
growl.  3.  To  rumble;  to  roar. 

Gru'M'bler,  n.  One  who  grumbles. 

Grume,  n.  [Lat.  grumus,  a  littlo 
heap.]  A  clot,  as  of  blood. 

GrumLy,  adv.  In  a  grum  manner. 

■  GrI'jnt,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
grunzen,  A.-S.  grunan .]  To  make  a 
deep  guttural  noise,  like  a  hog.  —  n. 

A  deep,  guttural  sound. 

Gr?ph'on,  n.  See  Griffin. 

GUA'IA-€iJM  (gwa/ya-),  n.  [From  the 

or,  do,  wolf,  too,  to'ok  ;  Prn, rue, pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft ;  €,g,  hard;  Ajj;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 

GUANO 

language  of  Hayti.]  1.  A  small, 
crooked  YYTest  Indian  tree.  2.  Resin 
of  the  lignumvitae,  much  used  iu 
medicine. 

Gua'no  (gwa'no),  n.  [Sp.,  fr.  Peruv. 
huanu ,  dung.]  Excrement  of  certain 
sea-fowls  ;  —  used  as  a  manure. 
^uar/an-tee'  (gar'an-tee'),  n.  1.  A 
promise  to  answer  for  the  perform¬ 
ance  of  some  duty,  in  case  of  the 
failure  of  another  person  primarily 
liable;  a  security.  2.  A  guarantor. 
3.  One  to  whom  a  guaranty  is  made. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  sure  ; 
to  warrant.  [surety. 

Guar'an-tor',  n.  A  warrantor  ;  a 

Guar'an-TY  (gSr'an-ty),  n.  [0.  Fr. 
guarantiee  from  0.  H.  Ger.  weren,  to 
warrant,  keep.]  An  undertaking  to 
answer  in  case  of  the  failure  of  an¬ 
other  person  to  pay  or  perform ;  a 
warranty  ;  a  security.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING,  142.]  1.  To  engage  that  an¬ 
other  shall  perform  what  he  has  stip¬ 
ulated.  2.  To  undertake  to  secure 
to  another.  3.  To  indemnify  ;  to 
save  harmless. 

Guard  (gard,  72),  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[0.  Fr.  guarder ,  warder,  from  A.-S. 
weardian ,  Eng.  ward.}  1.  To  pro¬ 
tect  from  danger  ;  to  secure  against 
surprise  or  attack.  2.  To  protect 
the  edge  of. 

Syn.  — To  defend  ;  shield  ;  watch. 

— v.  i.  To  watch  by  way  of  caution 
or  defense.  —  n.  1.  That  which 
guards  or  secures.  2.  Any  fixture 
or  attachment  to  protect  against  in¬ 
jury  or  defacement,  theft  or  loss.  3. 
[Fencing.)  A  posture  of  defense. 

Syn. —  Defense  ;  shield  ;  protection  ; 
safeguard;  escort;  watch  ;  heed. 

Guard'i-an  (gardd-an),  n.  [0.  Fr. 
guardain,  gardian.  See  GUARD,  n.] 
1.  One  who  guards ;  a  warden.  2. 
One  who  has  custody  of  the  person 
or  property  of  a  minor,  or  of  a  per¬ 
son  incapable  of  managing  his  own 
affairs. — a.  Guarding;  protecting. 

Guard'i-an-shIp,  n.  Office  of  a  guard¬ 
ian. 

Guard'-room,  n.  A  room  for  the 
accommodation  of  guards. 

GuX'vA  (gwa/va),  n.  A  tropical  tree, 
or  its  fruit. 

Gu'ber-na-to'ri-al  (89),  a.  [Lat. 
gubernator ,  governor.]  Pertaining  to 
government,  or  to  a  governor. 

Gud'geon  (gfid'jun),  n.  [Lat.  gobio, 
or  gabius,  Gr.  Kcoj3to5.]  1.  A  small 
fresh-water  fish,  easily  caught  and 
often  used  for  bait.  2.  A  person 
easily  cheated.  3.  A  bait;  allure¬ 
ment.  4.  The  part  of  any  horizontal 
shaft  on  which  it  runs.  5.  An  eye 
fastened  to  the  stern-post  to  hang 
the  rudder  on. 

Cuer'don  (ger'don,  14),  n.  [0.  Fr., 
fr.  0.  II.  Ger.  widar ,  again,  against, 
and  Lat.  donum,  gift.]  A  reward. 

Guer-ri'llA  (ger-rlPla),  n.  [Sp.,  lit. 
little  war,  skirmish.]  1.  An  irregu¬ 
lar,  predatory  mode  of  carrying  on 
war.  2.  One  who  carries  on  irregu¬ 
lar  or  predatory  warfare. 

192 

Guess,  r.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Allied  to 
A.-S.  gitan,  Eng.  get.}  1.  To  judge 
of  at  random.  2.  To  form  an  opin¬ 
ion  of,  from  reasons  that  are  not  de¬ 
cisive.  3.  To  conjecture  rightly.  4. 
To  hit  upon  by  accident. 

Syn. —  To  think;  reckon. — It  is  a  gross 
vulgarism  to  use  the  word  guess,  not  in 
its  true  and  specific  sense,  but  simply  for 
think  or  believe,  as,  “  I  guess  the  mail  has 
arrived;  ”  “  /  guess  he  is  at  home.”  It  is 
equally  vulgar  to  use  reckon  in  the  same 
way,  as,  "  1  reckon  the  mail  has  ar¬ 
rived  ;  “  I  reckon  he  is  at  home.”  These 
words  are  the  shibboleth  of  the  North  and 
the  South  in  this  country.  It  would  be 
better  for  each  (in  order  to  avoid  so  gross 
a  vulgarism)  to  drop  entirely  its  peculiar 
and  abused  term,  substituting  therefor 
some  such  word  as  think,  believe,  imag¬ 
ine,  fancy,  &  c. 

—  v.  i.  To  make  a  guess  ;  to  conject¬ 
ure. —  n.  Judgment  without  suffi¬ 
cient  evidence;  conjecture. 

Guest,  n.  [A.-S.  gest,  Goth,  gnsts.] 
A  visitor  entertained  for  a  short 
time.  [ter. 

Guf-faw',  n.  A  loud  burst  of  laugh- 

Guid'an^e,  n.  Act  of  guiding;  di¬ 
rection  ;  government. 

Guide  (gld,  72),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Fr.  guider ,  fr.  Goth,  vitan,  to  watch 
over,  give  heed  to  ]  1.  To  lead  or 
direct.  2.  To  train  ;  to  influence.  — 
n.  1.  One  who  directs  another  in  his 
way.  2.  A  regulator. 

Guide'-post,  n.  A  post  to  direct 
travelers  in  the  way. 

Gui'don  (gPdon),  n.  [Fr.  See  Guide.] 
A  small  flag  or  streamer,  as  that  car¬ 
ried  by  cavalry. 

Guild  (gild),  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  gildan,  to 
pay.]  An  association  of  men  formed 
for  mutual  aid  and  protection. 

Guile  (gil,  72),  n.  [0.  Fr.,  fr.  A.-S. 
wile,  Eng.  wile.]  Craft;  cunning; 
duplicity. 

Guile'ful,  a.  Full  of  guile. 

Guile'less  (109),  a.  Free  from  guile. 

GulL'LO-TlNE^gll'lo-teen'),  n ■  [From 
Guillolin,  a  French  physician.]  A 
machine  for  beheading  a  person  by 
the  stroke  of  a  hpavjr  axe. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  behead  with  the  guil¬ 
lotine. 

Guilt  (gilt),  n.  [A.-S.  gylt,  fr.  geldan , 
gildan,  to  pay  ;  orig.  the  fine  paid 
for  an  offense,  afterward  the  offense 
itself.]  1.  Criminality  and  conse¬ 
quent  exposure  to  punishment.  2. 
Exposure  to  any  legal  penalty. 

Guilt't-ly,  adv.  In  a  guilty  manner. 

Guilt'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  guilty. 

Guilt'less,  a.  1.  Innocent.  2. 
Without  experience. 

GuIlt'less-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  guiltless. 

Guilt'Y,  a.  [-ER  ; -EST,142.]  Evinc¬ 
ing  guilt :  criminal  and  ill-deserving. 

Guin'ea  (guRe),  n.  [From  Guinea, 
in  Africa,  abounding  in  gold.]  An 
old  gold  coin  of  England,  current  for 
twenty-one  shillings  sterling,  or 
about  five  dollars. 

GuIn'ea-pig  (gin'e-),  n.  [Prob.  a 
mistake  for  Guiana-pig.]  A  small 
Brazilian  rodent. 

Guise  (glz,  72),  n.  [Fr.  guise,  from 

GUNNERY 

A.-S.  &  Eng.  wise.}  1.  External 
appearance  ;  garb ;  behavior.  2.  Cus¬ 
tom  ;  practice. 

Gui-tar'  (gi-tar'),  ^ 
n.  [Fr.  guitarre 

from  Gr.  /addpa.]  ! 

A  stringed  instru-  j 

ment  of  music  • 

resembling  the  : 

Gulcii,  n.  A  ra- 

vine;  a  gully.  Guitar. 

Gule$  (guiz),  n. 

[L.  Lat.  gula,  reddened  skin.]  A  red 
color; — indicated  in  engraving  by 
perpendicular  lines.  j 

Gulf,  n.  [Gr.  koAttos.]  1.  An  abyss  ; 
a  deep  chasm.  2.  A  large  bay  ;  an 
open  sea. 

Gull,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Guile, 
and  Gull,  a  sea-fowl.]  To  deceive  ; 
to  cheat ;  to  trick.  —  n.  1.  A  trick  ; 
fraud.  2.  A  dupe.  3.  [W.  gwylan.] 

A  web-footed  sea-fowl,  with  long, 
narrow  wings.  [agus. 

Gul'let,  n.  [Lat.  gula.}  The  esoph- 

Gul'li-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
gullible.  [Colloq.} 

Gul'ly,  n.  [See  Gullet.]  A  chan-  1 

nel  worn  in  the  earth  by  water :  a  > 

gulch.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.]  To 
wear  into  gullies. 

Gulp,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [D.  gul- 
pen,  golpen,  fr.  golpe,  whirlpool.]  To 
swallow  eagerly  ;  to  swallow  up. — 
n .  As  much  as  is  swallowed  at  once. 

Gt/M,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  gCtna,  palate.]  The 
hard,  fleshy  substance  covering  the  j 

jaws.  2.  [A  -S.  gCma,  Lat.  gumvit, 

Gr.  Kopyu.}  A  hard  vegetable  secie- 
tion,  soluble  in  water. 

Gum  arabic,  a  gum  from  trees  of  sev¬ 
eral  species  of  the  genus  Acacia. 

—  v.l.  [-MED  ;  -Ming.]  To  smear 
with  gum  ;  to  unite  or  stiffen  by 
gum.  [scess  on  the  gum. 

Gum'-boil,  n.  A  boil  or  small  ab-  1 

Gum-mif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  gummi, 
gum,  and ferre ,  to  bear.]  Producing 
gum.  [gummy. 

Gum'mi-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Gum'mous,  a.  Composed  of  gum  ; 
gummy. 

Gum'my,  a.  [-ER  ;  est,142.]  1.  Con 
sisting  of  gum  ;  adhesive.  2.  Cov¬ 
ered  with  gum. 

Gump,  n.  A  dolt;  a  dunce.  [Low.} 

GiJMP'TlON  (84),  n.  [Cf.  0.  Eng. 
gaum,  to  understand.]  Capacity  ; 
shrewdness. 

Gum'-rEsGn,  n.  Milky  juice  of  a 
plant  solidified  by  exposure  to  air. 

GiJN,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  Lat.  ca.nna,  reed, 
tube,  peril,  fr.  0.  Eng.  gyn,  gin,  ab- 
brev.  of  engine.}  Any  fire-arm  ex-  | 

cept  the  pistol  and  mortar. 

Gun'-b5at,  n.  A  small  vessel  fitted  i 

to  carry  one  or  more  guns. 

GBn'-Uot/ton,  n.  A  highly  explo¬ 
sive  substance  obtained  by  soaking 
cotton,  &c.,  in  nitric  and  sulphuric 
acids. 

GOn'ner,  n.  One  who  works  a  gun. 

GOn'ner-Y,  n.  The  art  and  science 
of  firing  guns. 

A,  E,  I,  5,  u,  Y , long ;  X,  £,l,  5,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm ;  s6n, 

GUNNING 

GOn'ning,  n.  Act  or  practice  of  hunt¬ 
ing  game  with  a  gun. 

Gun 'ny,  n.  [Hind,  gon .]  A  strong, 
coarse  kind  of  sacking. 

GOn'pow-der,  n.  A  mixture  of  salt¬ 
peter,  sulphur,  and  charcoal  pulver¬ 
ized,  granulated,  and  dried. 

Gun'shot,  n.  1.  Distance  of  the 
point-blank  range  of  a  cannon-shot. 

.  2.  Distance  to  which  shot  can  be  ef¬ 
fectively  thrown  from  a  gun. 

GDn'smith,  n.  A  maker  of  guns. 

GOn'WALE  (commonly  pron.  gun'nel), 
n.  [From  gun  and  wale ,  because 
the  upper  guns  are  pointed  from  it.] 
Upper  edge  of  a  ship’s  side. 

GOr'GLE,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Ger. 
gurgeln ,  to  gargle.]  To  flow  in  a  bro¬ 
ken,  irregular,  noisy  current. — n. 
A  gush  or  flow  of  liquid. 

GiJSH,  v.  i.  [ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  H.  Ger. 
giozan,  giuzan,  A.-S.  geotan ,  to 
pour  out.]  1.  To  flow  forth  copious¬ 
ly.  2.  To  act  with  a  sudden  and 
rapid  impulse. 

S  yn.  —  To  flow.  —  To  gush  is  to  break 
forth  with  violence  ;  to  flow  is  to  move 
on  gently  with  little  or  no  opposition. 
The  fountain  gushes  from  beneath  the 
rocks,  and  flows  quietly  away  in  a  wind¬ 
ing  stream. 

GOs'set,  n.  [Fr.  gousset,  dim.  of 
gousse,  pod,  husk.]  A  piece  of  cloth 
inserted  in  a  garment,  to  strengthen 
or  enlarge  some  part. 

GDst,  n.  1.  [Lat.  gastws.]  Pleasure 
from  tasting  ;  relish.  2.  Gratifica¬ 
tion ;  enjoyment.  3.  [Icel.  gustr,  fr. 
gusta ,  to  blow  cold.]  A  sudden 
squall.  4.  A  violent  burst  of  pas¬ 
sion. 

Gus'to,  n.  [It.  See  Gust.]  Nice 
appreciation  or  enjoyment ;  relish. 


193 

Gust'y,  a.  Subject  to,  or  attended  I 
by,  gusts. 

Gut,  n.  [Allied  to  Goth.  qvithus ,  bel¬ 
ly,  womb.]  1.  Intestinal  canal  of  an 
animal.  2.  pi.  The  whole  mass  of 
intestines.  —  v.  t.  [-ted;  -ting, 
142.]  1.  To  take  out  the  bowels 

from ;  to  eviscerate.  2.  To  destroy 
the  interior  of. 

Gut'ta-per/cha,  n.  [Malay,  gulta , 
gum,  and  perr.ha ,  tree  from  which  it 
is  procured.]  An  inspissated  sap 
from  various  trees  in  the  Malayan 
archipelago. 

Gut'ta  Se-re'na.  [Lat.,  lit.  se¬ 
rene  or  clear  drop.]  Blindness  occa¬ 
sioned  by  a  palsied  retina. 

GtJT'TER,  n.  [Lat.  gutla,  drop.]  1.  A 
channel  to  convey  away  rain  from  a 
roof.  2.  A  small  channel.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  form  into  small 
channels. 

Gut'tur-ae,  a.  [Lat.  guttur ,  throat.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  formed  in,  the 
throat.  —  n.  A  letter  pronounced  in 
the  throat.  [manner. 

GtJT'TUR-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  guttural 

Guy,  n.  [See  Guide.]  A  rope  or  rod 
attached  to  any  thiug  to  steady  it. 

Guz'zle  (ghz'zl),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[A  modification  of  guttle.]  To  swal¬ 
low  liquor  greedily  or  frequently. 

&YBE ,v.t.hi.  i-ED;  -ING.]  To 
shift  from  one  side  of  a  vessel  to  the 
otherL 

Gym-na'si-um,  n. ;  pi.  Gym-na'si-a. 
[Gr.  yvp.va.aLov,  fr.  yvjuvos,  naked.] 
1.  A  place  for  athletic  exercises.  2. 
A  school  for  the  higher  branches  of 
learning. 

GYm'nast,  n.  One  who  teaches  or 
practices  gymnastic  exercises. 


HACIyLE 

I  GYM-nXs'TI€,  1  a.  Relating  to  atn. 

|  GYM-NAS'TIC-AL,  j  letic  exercises,. 
Gym-nXs'tio,  n.  1.  Athletic  exer¬ 
cises.  2.  One  who  practices  or  teacn- 
es  athletic  exercises. 

G\'M-nXs'TI€S,  n.  sing,  ^rt  of  per¬ 
forming  athletic  exercises. 
6ym'NO-sp£rm,  M.  [Gr.  yvpvos,  na¬ 
ked,  and  aneppia ,  seed.]  A  plant 
bearing  naked  seeds,  as  the  uemlock. 
G^N'E-OC'RA-pY,  n.  [Gr.  yvvri,yv- 
vauco?,  woman,  and  Kpareiv,  to  rule.] 
Government  administered  by  a  wom- 
an.  [taining  gypsum. 

GYP'SE-otis,  a.  Resembling  or  con- 
G^P'SUM,  n.  [Lat.  ;  Gr.  yvi/ms]  A 
mineral  consisting  of  sulphate  of 
lime,  and  21  per  cent,  of  watei. 
GYp'sy  (148),  n.  [0.  Eng.  Gyptian , 
fr.  Egyptian.]  1.  One  of  a  vagabond 
race,  coming  originally  from  India. 
#  2.  A  cunning  person.  [tory. 

GY'RAE  (jl'ral),  a.  Whirling ;  gyra- 
Gy'rate,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
gyrare ,  gyratum.  See  Gyre  .]  To 
revolve  round  a  central  point ;  to 
move  spirally. 

6y-ra'tion,  n.  A  circular  or  spiral 
4  motion  ;  rotation. 

GYRE,  n.  [Lat.  gyrus,  Gr.  yvpos,  fr. 
yvpos,  round.]  A  circular  motion,  or 
a  circle  described  by  a  moving  body. 
Gyr'FAL-CON  (jer'faw-kn),  n.  [L. 
Lat.  gyrofalco,  a  gyrando ,  from  its 
circling  around  before  descending  on 
t  Hie  prey.]  A  species  of  falcon. 
Gy'RO-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  y epos,  ring, 
circle,  and  aKonelv,  to  view.]  A  ro¬ 
tating  wheel  mounted  in  a  ring  or 
rings,  for  illustrating  the  dynamics 
^  of  rotating  bodies,  &c.  [a  fetter. 
Gyve  (jlv ) ,  n.  [W.  gefyn.]  A  shackle; 


H(aitch),  the  eighth  letter  of  the 
English  alphabet.  See  Principles 
of  Pronunciation,  §76. 

Ha,  inter j.  An  exclamation  denoting 
surprise,  joy,  or  grief. 

Ha’ be- AS  Cor' PUS.  [Lat.,  you 

may  have  the  body.]  A  writ  to 
inquire  into  the  cause  of  a  person’s 
imprisonment  or  detention,  with  the 
view  to  protect  the  right  to  personal 
liberty. 

IIXb'er-dXsh'er,  n.  [Of  uncertain 
etymology.]  A  seller  of  small  wares, 
such  as  pins,  needles,  thread,  &c. 
Ha-BIL'I-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  habillement , 
fr.  Lat.  habitus,  dress.]  A  garment ; 
clothing. 

HXb'it,  n.  [Lat.  habitus,  fr.  habere,  \ 
to  have,  be  in  a  condition.]  1.  Or¬ 
dinary  state  ;  esp.,  physical  tempera- 
ament.  2.  Fixed  or  established  cus¬ 
tom  ;  acquired  involuntary  tendency 
to  perform  certain  actions.  3.  At¬ 
tire  ;  dress  ;  hence,  a  garment. 

Syn.— Practice;  mode;  manner;  way; 


custom.  —  Habit  is  an  internal  principle 
which  leads  us  to  do  easily,  naturally, 
and  with  growing  certainty,  what  we  do 
often;  custom  is  external,  being  habitual 
use  or  the  frequent  repetition  of  the  same 
act.  The  two  operate  reciprocally  on 
each  other.  The  custom  of  giving  pro¬ 
duces  a  habit  of  liberality  ;  habits  of  de¬ 
votion  promote  the  custom  of  going  to 
church.  Custom  also  supposes  an  act  of 
the  will,  selecting  given  modes  of  pro¬ 
cedure  ;  habit  is  a  law  of  our  being,  a 
kind  of  “  second  nature  ”  which  grows 
up  within  us. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  dress;  to 
clothe. 

HXb'IT- A-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  habitabilis, 
fr.  habitare ,  to  dwell.]  Capable  of 
being  inhabited.  [ITANCY. 

HXb'it-an-^y,  n.  SameaslNHAB- 

HXb'i-tat,  n.  Natural  abode  or  lo¬ 
cality  of  a  plant  or  animal. 

HXb'I-ta'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  inhabit¬ 
ing.  2.  Place  of  abode ;  a  residence. 

Ha-bIt'u-al,  a.  1.  Formed  by  habit. 
2.  According  to  habit.  3.  Rendered 
permanent  by  continued  causes. 


Syn.—  Customary;  accustomed;  usu¬ 
al;  common. 

Ha-bit'u-al-ly,  adv.  Customarily; 
usually  ;  commonly. 

HA-BIT'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  accustomed  ;  to  familiarize. 

HXb'I-TUDE,  (53),  n.  [Lat.  habitudo.] 
Customary  manner  or  mode  of  living, 
feeling,  or  acting. 

Hacienda  (a/the-gn'da),  n.  [Sp.] 
An  isolated  farm  or  farm-house. 

HXCK,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  [A  -S. 
haccan.]  1.  To  cut  irregularly  and 
awkwardly.  2.  To  speak  with  hesi¬ 
tation. —  v.  i.  1.  To  be  exposed  to 
common  use  for  hire.  2.  To  make 
an  effort  to  raise  phlegm.  — n.  [Cf. 
Icel .  fakr,  horse.  See  HACKNEY.]  1. 
A  horse,  or  carriage,  let  out  for  com¬ 
mon  hire ;  also,  a  family  horse.  2. 
A  drudge.  —  a.  Hackneyed  ;  hired ; 
mercenary. 

HXck'le  (hSk'l),  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
1.  To  separate,  as  the  coarse  part  of 
flax  or  hemp  from  the  fine.  2.  To 


OR,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL, ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  p ,b,soft ;  e,  5,  hard;  Ag  ;  exist;  n  as  n  g  ;  this. 

13 


HACKMATACK 


HAMMER-HARDEN 


194 


tear  rudely  asunder.  —  n.  [Allied  to 
hook.]  An  instrument  with  teeth 
for  separating  the  coarse  part  of 
flax  or  hemp  from  the  line. 

Hack'MA-t ac K/ ,  n.  [Of  Indian  ori¬ 
gin.]  The  tamarack  tree. 

HXck/NEY  (149),  n.  [Fr.  haquenee ,  a 
pacing  horse.  Cf.  Hack.]  1.  A 
nag  ;  a  pony.  2.  A  horse,  or  a  horse 
and  carriage  kept  for  hire  ;  a  hack. 
3.  A  hireling  ;  a  prostitute.  —  a.  1. 
Let  out  for  hire.  2.  Common  ;  trite. 
—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  trite 
or  commonplace,  [for  hire  ;  a  hack. 

IIXCK'NEY-COACH,  n.  Acoachkept 

IIXd,  imp.  8c  p  .  p.  of  Have.  [Contr. 
fr.  A.-S.  h'dfde ,  that  is ,/iaved.]  See 
Have. 

Had'dock,  n.  [W.  hadog ,  fr.  had- 
awg ,  having  seed.]  A  sea-fish  a  lit¬ 

tle  smaller  than  the  cod. 

IIA'des,  n.  [Gr.  aSrjv,  ai6r)?.]  The 
habitation  of  the  dead. 

Haft,  n.  [A.-S.  haft ,  haft,  haftan , 
to  take,  seize.]  A  handle  as  of  a 
knife  or  dagger. 

Hag,  n.  [A.-S.  Aagrs.]  1.  An  ugly 
old  woman  ;  a  fury.  2.  A  witch  ;  a 
sorceress. 

IIag'gard,  a.  [Fr.  hagard,  Ger.  ha- 
gar  t,  from  0.  Eng ,/iauke,  now  hawk , 
and  the  suffix  ard]  1.  Wild  or  in¬ 
tractable.  2.  Having  the  expression 
of  one  wasted  by  want  or  suffering. 

Hag'gess,  1  n.  [Scot,  hag,  to  hack, 

HXG'GIS,  I  to  chop.]  A  pudding 
containing  the  entrails  of  a  lamb, 
chopped  with  fine  herbs  and  suet, 
highly  seasoned,  and  boiled  in  the 
maw.  [Scot.] 

HXg'gISH,  a.  Like  a  hag;  ugly. 

IIag'gle,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  Scot,  hag,  for  hack.]  1.  To  cut 
into  small  pieces.  2.  To  tease;  to 
worry.  —  v.  i.  To  be  difficult  in  bar¬ 
gaining  ;  to  chaffer. 

Ha'gi-ug’ra-pha,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  dyi- 
oypa^xx  (sc.  /3t/3At a),  fr.  ayi oypac^o?, 
written  by  inspiration.]  1.  That 
part  of  the  Old  Testament  not  em¬ 
braced  by  the  Law  and  the  Prophets. 
2.  The  lives  of  the  saints. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-pher,  n.  One  of  the 
writers  of  the  hagiographa. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-phy,  n.  Same  as  Ha¬ 
giographa. 

Hah,  interj.  An  exclamation  express¬ 
ing  surprise  or  effort. 

Ha-ha',  n.  [Prob.  from  haw-haw,  a 
reduplication  of  haw,  hedge.]  A 
fence  or  bank  in  a  slope  so  as  not  to 
be  seen  until  one  is  close  upon  it. 

Hail,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  hagai,  hagel.] 
Frozen  rain.  2.  [A.-S.  hal,  halo , 
safety.]  A  wish  of  health  ;  a  saluta¬ 
tion. —  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To 

pour  down  masses  of  ice  or  frozen 
vapor.  2.  To  report  one’s  self.  — 
v.t.  1 .  To  call  after  loudly ;  to  sa¬ 
lute.  2.  To  name  ;  to  call.  —  inlerj. 
An  exclamation  of  salutation. 

HAIL'STONE,  n.  A  frozen  rain-drop. 

HXlR,  n.  [A.-S.  har.]  1.  A  small  an¬ 
imal  filament,  or  a  mass  of  such.  2. 
A  filament  on  the  surface  of  plants. 


HAir'-brEadth,  n.  Breadth  of  a 
hair  ;  a  very  small  distance. 

HAir'-brusii,  n.  A  brush  for  smooth¬ 
ing  the  hair. 

IIAir'-gloth,  n.  Stuff  made  of  hair. 

HAir'-dress'er,  n.  One  who  dress¬ 
es  or  cuts  hair. 

HAir'i-ness,  n.  State  of  abounding, 
or  being  covered,  with  hair. 

IIAir'-pin,  n.  A  pin  used  in  dressing 
the  hair. 

HAir'-spring,  n.  A  fine  wire  in  a 
watch,  which  gives  motion  to  the 
balance-wheel.  [in  writing. 

IIAir'-stroke,  n.  A  delicate  stroke 

IIAir'y,  a.  Made  of,  covered  with,  or 
resembling  hair. 

Hake,  n.  A  sea-fish  of  the  cod  family. 

Hal'berd  (hol'berd),  n.  [M.  H.  Ger. 
helmbart,  helmbarte ,  i.  e.,  an  ax  to 
split  a  helmet,  fr.  barte,  a  broad  ax, 
and  helm,  helmet.]  A  pole  having  a 
steel  pointed  head,  and  a  steel  cross¬ 
piece,  with  a  cutting  edge. 

Hal'9?-on  (h&l'si-on),  n.  [Gr.  olAkv- 
iov,  aA/cuwv.]  The  kingfisher. — a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  halcyon,  which 
was  said  to  lay  her  eggs  in  nests  near 
the  sea  during  cairn  weather.  2. 
Hence,  calm  ;  quiet ;  undisturbed. 

Hale,  a.  [A.-S.  hal.  See  Whole.] 
Sound  ;  healthy  ;  robust. 

Hale,  or  Hale,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[See  Haul.]  To  drag;  to  haul. 

IIXlf  (haf,  169).  n.  [A.-S.  healfhalf] 
One  of  two  equal  parts  of  a  thing.  — 
a.  Consisting  of  half.  —  adv.  In  an 
equal  part  or  degree. 

Half'-and-hXlf'  (haf'-and-haf', 
128),  n.  A  mixture  of  beer  or  por¬ 
ter  and  ale. 

Half'-BIND'ing  (haf'-),  n.  Book¬ 
binding  in  which  the  backs  and  cor¬ 
ners  are  in  leather,  and  the  sides  in 
paper  or  cloth. 

IIalf'-breed  (haf'-),  n.  A  person 
who  is  half-blooded;  especially,  the 
offspring  of  Indians  and  whites. 

HALF'-BROT-H'ER(haf/-),  n.  A  broth¬ 
er  by  one  parent  only. 

IIalf'-iieart'ed  (haf'-),  a.  Want¬ 
ing  in  true  affection. 

IIAlf'pay  (haf'pa),  «.  Diminished  or 
reduced  pay. 

IIAlf'-pen-NY  (haf'pen-ny,  hXp'pen- 
ny,  or  ha'pen-ny,  152),  n.  An  En¬ 
glish  coin  of  the  value  of  half  a 
penny. 

HAlf'-sis'ter  (haf'-),  n.  A  sister  by 
one  parent  only. 

HAlf'-WAY  (haf'wa),  adv.  In  the 
middle  ;  at  half  the  distance.  —  a. 
Equally  distant  from  the  extremes. 

Half'-wit'ted  (haf'-),  a.  Silly; 
foolish .  [sea-fish . 

IlAL'I-BUT  (hol'i-but),  n.  A  large  flat 

Hall,  n.  [A.-S.  heal,  heall  \  Gr.  avAy , 
palace.]  1.  A  large  covered  edifice 
or  a  room  for  public  or  private  pur¬ 
poses.  2.  A  passage-way  at  the  en¬ 
trance.  3.  A  manor-house.  4.  A 
college  in  an  English  university. 

IIXl'le-lu'iah  1  (-lu'ya),  n.  8c  in- 

HXl'le-lu'jah  1  terj.  [See  Alle- 
L  U I  ah  .  ]  Praise  ye  J  eho  vah . 


IIal-LOO',  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
call  by  name,  or  by  the  word  halloo. 
— v.  t.  1.  To  encourage  with  shouts. 
2.  To  chase  with  shouts.  3.  To  call 
or  shout  to.  —  n.  A  shout ;  a  call. 

—  inter  j.  Ho,  there  !  —  an  exclama¬ 
tion  to  excite  attention. 

IIXl'low,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
hdlgian ,  haligan,  fr.  halig,  holy.]  To 
make  holy  ;  to  consecrate. 

IIal'low-mas  (146),  n.  Feast  of 
All  Souls,  All  Saints,  or  All  Hallows. 

IlAL-LU'(ii-NA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  hallu- 
cinatio,  fr.  hallucinari ,  to  wander  in 
mind.]  1.  Error;  delusion.  2.  An 
illusion  of  sensible  perception. 

IlA'LO,  n.  ;  pi.  IIA'LOS.  [Gr.  «Aw?, 
lit.,  a  circular  threshing-floor.]  A 
circle  of  light,  especially  a  circle 
round  the  sun  or  moon. 

IIa'loi  D,  a.  [Gr.  aAs,  aAos,  salt,  and 
eifios,  form.]  Kesembling  a  salt;  — 
applied  to  binary  compounds. 

IIals'er  (haws'er),  n.  [Ger.  halse,  a 
collar  of  hounds,  halser,  from  hals, 
neck.]  A  hawser.  See  Hawser. 

Halt,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
healtian,  to  limp.]  1.  To  stop  in 
walking  or  marching.  2.  To  limp. 

—  v.  t.  To  cause  to  cease  march¬ 
ing.  —  a.  Halting  in  walking  :  lame. 

—  n.  1.  A  stop  in  marching;  a  stop¬ 
ping.  2.  Limping ;  lameness. 

IlALT'ER,  n .  1.  One  who  halts  or 

limps.  2.  [A.-S.  halfter.]  A  strap 
and  head-stall  for  a  horse.  3.  A  rope 
for  hanging  malefactors.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  To  put  a  halter  on. 

Halve  (hiiv),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[From  half.]  To  divide  into  two 
equal  parts. 

IIXl'YARD,  n.  [From  hale ,  or  haul, 
and  yard.]  A  rope  or  tackle  for  hoist¬ 
ing  or  lowering  yards  or  sails. 

IIam,  n.  [A.-S.  ham,  fr.  0.  II.  Ger. 
ham,  crooked.]  1.  Inner  or  hind 
part  of  the  knee.  2.  Thigh  of  a  hog 
salted  and  smoked. 

IIXm'a-dry'AD,  n.;  Lat.pl.  h'Am'a- 
DRY'A-DEg.  [Gr. 'Aju.a6pvas,  from 
a/u-a,  together,  and  fipvv,  oak,  tree.] 
A  wood-nymph,  feigned  to  live  and 
die  with  a  particular  tree. 

IlAMES,  n.  [Allied  to  0.  H.  Ger.  ham, 
crooked.]  The  curved  pieces  by  which 
the  traces  of  a  horse  are  attached  to 
the  collar. 

IIam'let,  n.  [A.-S.  hhm,  home,  and 
let,  a  dim.  termination.]  A  little 
cluster  of  houses  in  the  country  ;  a 
small  village. 

IIXM'MER,  n.  [A.-S.  hamer.]  1.  An 
instrument  for  driving  nails,  &c.  2. 
Something  which  resembles  a  ham¬ 
mer. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
beat  or  fashion  with  a  hammer.  2. 
To  contrive  by  intellectual  labor. 

HXm'mer-gloth,  n.  The  cloth 
which  covers  a  coach-box  ;  —  prob¬ 
ably  so  called  from  the  old  pi-actice 
of  carrying  a  hammer,  nails,  &c  ,  in 
a  pocket  hid  by  this  cloth. 
IIXm'mer-hard'en,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  harden,  as  a  metal,  by 
hammering  in  the  cold  state. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  Y, long ;  X,£,1, 5,  0, 5,  short;  cAre,  fXr,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 


HAMMOCK 


195 


HARDY 


HXm'MOCK,  n. 
[Of  Indian  or¬ 
igin.]  A  kind 
of  hanging 
bed. 

IIXm'per,  n.  1. 


Hammock. 


[Contr.  from  kanaper ,  a  basket.]  A 
large  basket  for  conveying  things  to 
market,  & c.  2.  [Of.  Icel.  hanpr, 
hemp.]  A  fetter.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  put  in  a  hamper.  2.  To  put  a 
hamper  on  ;  to  shackle  ;  to  embarrass. 

IIXm'string,  n.  One  of  the  tendons 
of  the  ham.  — v.  t.  [HAMSTRUNG, 
or  hamstringed;  hamstring¬ 
ing.]  To  disable  by  cutting  the 
tendons  of  the  ham. 

Hand,  n.  [A.-S.  hand ,  hond.]  1. 
Outer  extremity  of  the  human  arm. 

2.  That  which  resembles  a  human 
hand,  esp.,  the  pointer  of  a  dial.  3. 
A  measure  of  four  inches.  4.  Slide  ; 
part.  5.  Actual  performance ;  hence, 
manner  of  performance.  6.  An  agent 
or  servant.  7-  Penmanship.  8.  pi. 
Possession  ;  ownership.  9.  Agency 
in  transmission. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  give  or  tr  nsmit  with  the  hand. 

IIXnd'-bXr'row,  n.  A  vehicle  or 
frame  borne  by  the  hands  of  men. 

IIAND'BIEL,  n.  A  loose  printed  ad¬ 
vertisement  for  circulation. 

IIand'-bo'ok,  n.  A  small  book  of 
reference  ;  a  manual. 

Hand'-breadtii,  n.  A  space  equal 
to  the  breadth  of  the  hand. 

II A  ND'GUFF,  n.  A  fastening  for  the 
wrists;  a  manacle. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  put  handcuffs  on ;  to 


manacle. 

Hand'fue  (155),  n.  1.  As  much  as 
the  hand  will  hold.  2.  A  small 
quantity  or  number.  [gallop. 

Hand'-gae'lop,  n.  A  slow  and  easy 
Hand'i-graft,  n.  Manual  occupa¬ 
tion.  [ner. 

Hand'i-ly,  adv.  In  a  handy  man- 
IIXnd'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
handy.  [by  the  hands. 

II and' I- work  (-wCirlc),  1).  Work  done 
Hand'ker-CIIIEF  (hank/er-),  n.  1. 
A  cloth  to  wipe  the  face,  &c.  2.  A 

neckcloth. 

Hand'le,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [From 
hand.]  1.  To  touch.  2.  To  manage 
or  wield.  3.  To  deal  with ;  to  prac¬ 
tice.  4.  To  treat. — n.  Part  of  a 
vessel  or  instrument  which  is  held 
in  the  hand  when  used. 
HXnd'MAID,  I  n.  A  female  servant 
HXnd'MAID-sn,  )  or  attendant. 
IIXnd'-or'gan,  n.  A  portable  organ 
played  by  turning  a  crank. 
IIXnd'saw,  n.  A  saw  to  be  used 


with  the  hand. 

II  and'sel,  n.  [A.-S.  hand selen,  hand - 
sylen ,  a  giving  into  hands.]  A  sale, 
gift  or  delivery  which  is  the  first  of  a 
series. 

IIXnd'some  (tutn'sum),  a.  [-ER ; 
-EST.]  [From  hand ,  and  the  term. 
some.]  1.  Having  a  pleasing  appear¬ 
ance  ;  comely.  2.  Becoming;  ap¬ 
propriate.  3  Liberal ;  generous  ; 
ample. 


IIXnd'some-ly  (han'sum-),  adv.  In 
a  handsome  manner. 

IIXnd'spike,  n.  A  bar,  used  with  the 
hand  as  a  lever. 

HXnd'writ-ing  (-rlt-ing), n.  1.  Form 
of  writing  peculiar  to  each  hand  or 
person.  2.  Manuscript. 

IIand'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Skillful  in  using  the  hand ;  dexterous. 

2.  Ready  to  the  hand  ;  convenient. 

Hang,  v.  t.  [hanged,  or  hung; 

hanging.]  [A.-S.  hangan ,  hangi- 
an.]  1.  To  suspend.  2.  To  put  to 
death  by  suspending.  3.  To  deco¬ 
rate  with  hanging  pictures,  trophies, 
&c.  4.  To  droop.  —  v.i.  1.  To  be 
suspended  ;  to  dangle.  2.  To  depend. 

3.  To  hover ;  to  impend.  —  n.  Con¬ 
nection  ;  arrangement ;  plan. 

IIXng'dog,  n.  A  base  man,  fit  only 
to  be  the  hangman  of  dogs. 

IIXng'er,  n.  A  short,  broad  sword, 
curved  toward  the  point. 

HXng'ER-on,  n.  One  who  hangs  on 
a  person  or  place ;  a  dependent. 

IIXng'ing,  n.  1.  Death  by  suspension. 
2.  pi.  Lining  or  drapery  for  a  room. 

IIXng'man  tl50),  n.  A  public  execu¬ 
tioner. 

HXnk,  n.  [Icel.  hanki,  cord.]  Two 
or  more  skeins  of  yarn  or  thread  tied 
together. 

IIXnk'er,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  hunger.]  To  desire  vehemently. 

IIXp,  n.  [Icel.  happ.]  That  which 
happens  unexpectedly  ;  chance  ;  for¬ 
tune  ;  lot.  — v.  i.  To  happen  ;  to  be¬ 
fall. 

IIXp'-hXz'ard,  n.  [See  Hazard.] 
Extra  hazard ;  accident. 

HXp'less,  a.  Without  hap  or  luck; 
unfortunate  ;  unlucky. 

IlAP'EY,  adv.  By  hap  or  chance; 
perhaps. 

IIXp'PEN  (hap'pn),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  come  by  chance.  2.  To  take 
place  ;  to  occur. 

Hap'pi-ly,  adv.  1.  By  good  fortune. 

2.  In  a  happy  manner  or  state.  3. 
With  address  or  dexterity. 

IIXp'pi-ness,  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
happy.  2.  Good  luck ;  good  fortune. 

3.  Unstudied  grace. 

Syn. —  Felicity;  blessedness;  bliss. — 
Happiness  is  generic,  and  is  applied  to 
almost  every  kind  of  enjoyment  except 
that  of  the  animal  appetites  ;  felicity  is 
a  more  formal  word,  and  is  used  more 
sparingly  in  the  same  general  sense,  but 
with  elevated  associations  ;  blessedness 
is  applied  to  the  most  refined  enjoyment 
arising  from  the  purest  social,  benevo¬ 
lent,  and  religious  affections  ;  bliss  de¬ 
notes  still  more  exalted  delight,  and  is 
applied  more  appropriately  to  the  joy 
anticipated  in  heaven. 

Hap'py,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [Eng. 
hap.]  1.  Favored  by  hap  or  fortune  ; 
lucky  ;  fortunate  ;  successful.  2. 
Enjoying  good  of  any  kind  ;  satisfied. 

3.  Prosperous  ;  blessed.  4.  Furnish¬ 
ing  enjoyment.  5.  Propitious  ;  fa¬ 
vorable. 

Ha-rXngue'  (-rXngQ,  n.  [From  0.  II. 
Ger.  hring ,  arena,  ring.]  A  speech 
to  a  large  public  assembly  ;  declama¬ 
tion. 


Syn.  —  Speech  ;  oration.  —  Speech  is 
generic:  an  oration  is  an  elaborate  and 
prepared  speech;  a  harangue  is  a  vehe¬ 
ment  appeal  to  the  passions,  or  a  noisy, 
disputatious  address.  A  general  makes 
a  haranyue  to  his  troops  on  the  eve  of 
a  buttle  ;  a  demagogue  harangues  the 
populace  on  the  subject  of  their  wrongs. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  make  a 
speech  to  a  large  assembly.  —  v.t. 
To  address  by  a  harangue. 

HXr'ass,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.( 
harasser,  prob.  fr.  0.  Fr.  harasse,  a 
very  heavy  shield.]  1.  To  fatigue  to 
excess.  2.  To  weary  with  care  or 
perplexity.  3.  To  annoy  by  repeat¬ 
ed  and  unlooked-for  attacks. 

IIXr'bin-ger,  n.  [Ger.  herberger ,  one 
who  provides  or  gives  lodging.]  A 
forerunner ;  a  precursor. 

Har'bor,  n.  [A.-S.  hereberga,  a  mil¬ 
itary  station,  from  A.-S.  here ,  army, 
and  beorgan ,  to  shelter.]  1.  A  place 
of  security  and  comfort ;  a  lodging. 
2.  A  port  or  haven. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  entertain  as  a  guest. 
2.  To  protect,  as  a  ship  from  storms. 
— v.  i.  To  take  shelter. 

IIXr'bor-mas'ter,  n.  An  officer  who 
executes  the  regulations  respecting 
harbors. 

Hard,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  heard.] 

1.  Not  easily  penetrated  or  y  ielding 
to  pressure.  2.  Difficult  to  under¬ 
stand.  3.  Difficult  to  accomplish. 

4.  Difficult  to  bear;  severe  ;  oppress¬ 
ive.  5.  Difficult  to  please  or  touch. 
6.  Rough  ;  sour,  as  liquors. 

Svrx. —  Compact;  solid;  arduous;  un¬ 
yielding. 

—  adv.  1.  With  pressure;  hence, 
diligently  ;  earnestly.  2.  With  diffi¬ 
culty.  3.  Uneasily ;  vexatiously.  4. 
Vehemently;  vigorously.  5.  Forci¬ 
bly  ;  violently. 

HXrd'en  (hard'n),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.J 
[Eng.  hard.]  1.  To  make  hard  or 
more  hard.  2.  To  strengthen ;  to 
inure;  also,  to  confirm,  as  in  wick¬ 
edness. —  v.i.  1.  To  become  hard, 
or  more  hard.  2.  To  become  con¬ 
firmed.  _  [features. 

IIard'-fa/VORED,  a.  Having  coarse 

Hard'— fist'ed,  a.  1.  Having  hard 

or  strong  hands.  2.  Covetous. 

IIard'hXck,  n.  A  very  astringent 
plant.  [ing. 

IIard'-iieXrt'ed,  a.  Cruel ;  unfeel- 

IIard'i-hood,  n.  [Eng.  hardy ,  and 
the  term,  hood.]  Boldness,  united 
with  firmness  and  constancy  of  mind. 

IIXrd'i-ly,  adv.  Boldly  ;  stoutly. 

IIard'i-NESS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
hardy.  2.  Boldness  ;  firmness. 

IIXrd'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  hard  manner. 

2.  Scarcely  ;  barely.  3.  Severely. 

IIard'ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 

being  hard,  in  any  sense  of  the  word. 

IIard'ship,  n.  That  which  is  hard  to 

Hard'-tack,  n.  Sea-bread.  [bear. 

IIXrd'wAre,  n.  Ware  made  of  metal. 

Hard'y,  a.  [-er;  est,  142.]  [See 
Hard.]  1.  Bold;  brave;  intrepid. 
2.  Impudent.  3.  Firm  ;  compact. 

4.  Inured  to  fatigue.  5.  Able  to  bear 
exposure. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  too,  toX)K  ;  £trn,  RUE,pyLL;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  £,G,  soft;  c,  G,  hard ;  As;  EACIST ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


HARE 


HATCH 


196 


HIKE,  n.  [A  -S.  ha- 
ra.]  A  small,  swift, 
timid  animal,  hav¬ 
ing  a  divided  upper 
lip.  Hare. 

HAre'bell,  n.  A  plant  having  blue 
hell-shaped  flowers.  [heedless. 

Hare-brained,  a.  Wild;  giddy; 

Hare'lip,  n.  A  lip,  having  a  fissure 
like  that  of  a  hare. 

Ha'rem,  n.  [Ar.  haram,  anything 
forbidden  or  sacred.]  1.  Apartments 
allotted  to  females  in  the  East.  2. 
Wives  and  concubines  of  one  man. 

Har'i-€OT  (h'ar'e-ko),  n.  [Fr.]  1. 

A  ragout  of  meat  and  vegetables.  2. 
The  kidney-bean.  [RIER. 

Har'i-er,  n.  A  harrier.  See  IlAR- 

IIXrk,  v.  i.  [From  hearken.]  To  lis¬ 
ten.  [O&s.,  except  in  the  imper¬ 
ative.] 

Har'ee-qtjin  (-lun  or -k win),  n.  [Prob. 
from  0.  Fr.  hierlekin,  hellequin ,  gob¬ 
lin,  elf,  from  0.  Ger.  helle ,  hell.]  A 
buffoon  ;  a  merry-andrew  ;  a  zany. 

Har'le -quin-a.de/  (-kin-  or-kwin-), 
n.  Exhibitions  of  harlequins. 

Har'lot,  n.  [Old  Fr.  harlot ,  herlot , 
arlot,  from  0.  IT.  Ger.  harl,  for  karl, 
man,  husband.]  A  prostitute ;  a 
strumpet. 

Har'lot-ry,  n.  Prostitution. 

Harm,  n.  [A.-S.]  Injury  ;  hurt ; 
damage;  misfortune.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  hurt;  to  injure  ;  to  dam¬ 
age.  frious. 

Harm'ful,  n.  Full  of  harm;  inju- 

IIarm'less,  a.  1.  Free  from  harm; 
unhurt.  2.  Free  from  power  or  dis¬ 
position  to  harm.  [manner. 

Harm'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  harmless 

IIar-mon'IU,  )  a.  1.  Concordant ; 

IlAR-MON'l€-AL,  j  musical  ;  con¬ 
sonant.  2.  Harmonious. 

IIar-mon'I-ea,  n.  A  small,  flat,  wind 
instrument  of  music ■;  —  used  as  a  toy. 

Har-MON'ies  ,  n .  sing.  So  pi.  1.  sing. 
Doctrine  or  science  of  musical  sounds. 
2.  pi.  Secondary  tones  which  ac¬ 
company  any  principal,  and  appar¬ 
ently  simple,  tone. 

Har-MO'NI-ous,  a.  1.  Having  the 
parts  proportioned  to  each  other  ; 
symmetrical.  2.  Agreeing  in  action 
or  feeling.  3.  Musically  concordant ; 
symphonious. 

IIAR-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  har¬ 
monious  manner. 

IIar-mo'ni-um,  n.  A  keyed  instru¬ 
ment  of  music,  in  which  the  tones 
are  produced  by  the  vibration  of  me¬ 
tallic  reeds. 

Har'mo-nize,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  agree  in  action  or  effect.  2.  To 
be  in  peace  and  friendship. — v.  t. 
1.  To  cause  to  agree.  2.  To  ac¬ 
company  with  harmony. 

Har/MO-NY,  n.  [Gr.  app.ovla,  fr.  ap- 
po£e iv,  to  fit  together  ]  1.  Just 

adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other.  2. 
Concord  or  agreement.  3.  A  work 
which  brings  together  parallel  pas¬ 
sages,  and  shows  their  consistency. 
4.  ( Mus .)  A  regulated  succession  of 
chords. 


Syn.—  Melody.  —  Harmony  results 
from  the  concord  of  two  or  more  musical 
strains  which  differ  in  pitch  and  quali¬ 
ty  ;  the  term  may  also  be  applied  to 
sounds  which  are  not  musical.  Melody 
denotes  the  pleasing  alternation  and  va¬ 
riety  of  musical  and  measured  sounds, 
as  they  succeed  each  other  in  a  single 
verse  or  strain.  “ Harmonious  accents 
greet  my  ear;  ”  “  Sing  me  some  melodi¬ 
ous  measure.” 

IIar'NESS,  n.  [W.  harnais,  fr.  haiarn , 
iron.]  1.  Iron  covering  or  dress  of 
a  soldier  ;  also  the  armor  of  a  horse. 
2.  Equipments  of  a  draught  horse  ; 
tackling.  3.  Part  of  a  loom.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  dress  in  armor. 
2.  To  furnish  for  defense.  3.  To 
make  ready  for  draught. 

Harp,  n.  [A.-S. 
hearpe ,  allied  to 
Gr.  apurj,  sickle.] 

A  stringed  instru¬ 
ment  of  music 
played  with  the 
fingers. —  v.  i. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 

To  play  on  the 
harp.  2.  To  dwell 
tediously  or  mo¬ 
notonously. 

IlARP'ER,  n.  A 
player  on  the  harp . 

Harp'ings,  n.  pi.  Fore  parts  of  the 
wales  encompassing  the  bow  of  a 
ship. 

Har-poon',  n.  [L.  Lat. 
harpo,  allied  to  Gr.  apn-q, 
sickle.]  A  spear  used  to 
strike  and  kill  large  fish. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
strike  with  a  harpoon. 

Har-poon'er,  n.  One 
who  throws  the  harpoon .  Harpoon. 

HXrp/si-ehord,  n.  A 
harp-shaped  instrument  of  music. 

Har'py  (148),  n.  [Lat.  harpyia,  Gr. 
apirvia.,  fr.  apneiv,  to  snatch.]  1.  A 
fabulous  winged  monster,  ravenous 
and  filthy.  2.  An  extortioner ;  a 
plunderer. 

Har'ri-er,  n.  [From  hare.]  1.  A 
kind  of  hound  for  hunting  hares.  2. 
[From  harry.]  A  European  buzzard. 

Har/row,  n.  [A.-S .  her  ewe.]  Aniron- 
toothed  instrument  to  level  and  pre¬ 
pare  plowed  land. — v.t.  [-id; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  hyrwian,  herewian,  to 
vex,  afflict.]  1.  To  draw  a  harrow 
over  for  breaking  clods  and  leveling 
the  surface.  2.  To  torment ;  to 
harass. 

Har'ry,  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.] 
[A.-S.  herian ,  to  ravage,  plunder,  fr. 
here,  army.]  1.  To  strip  ;  to  pillage. 
2  To  worry  ;  to  harrow. 

Harsh,  a.  [-er  ; -est.]  [Ger.  harscli.] 
Rough  to  the  touch,  taste,  or  feeling. 

Syn. —  Grating;  austere;  crabbed; 
severe. 

Harsh'LY,  adv.  In  a  harsh  manner. 

Harsh'ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  harsh. 

Syn.— See  Acrimony. 

Hart,  n.  [A.-S.  heort.]  A  stag  ;  male 
of  the  red  deer.  [male  deer, 

i  IIarts'horn,  n.  Horn  of  the  hart,  or 


Spirit  of  hartshorn,  a  solution  of  car¬ 
bonate  of  ammonia. 

IlA-RUS'PKjE,  n.  [Lat.  haruspex.]  A 
diviner ;  a  soothsayer. 

IlAR'VEST,  n.  [A.-S.  harefest,  har- 
fe.st.]  1.  Season  of  gathering  a  crop. 
2.  That  wTiich  is  reaped.  3.  Product 
of  any  labor;  gain. — v.t.  [ -ED ; 
-ING.]  To  gather,  as  corn  and  other 
fruits. 

Har' vest-home  ,  n.  1.  The  song 

sung  by  reapers  at  the  feast  made  at 
harvest  time._  2.  Time  of  harvest. 

IIar'vest-MOON,  n.  The  moon  near 
the  full  at  the  time  of  harvest  in 
England,  or  about  the  autumnal 
equinox,  when  it  rises  nearly  at  the 
same  hour  for  several  days. 

Hash,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See Hack, 
v.]  To  chop  into  small  pieces ;  to 
mince.  —  n.  1.  Meat  and  vegetables 
minced.  2.  A  second  preparation. 

TIXs'let,  n.  Inwards  of  a  beast  (espe¬ 
cially  of  a  hog),  used  for  food. 

HASP,  n.  [A.-S.  h'dspe  or  haps.]  A  clasp 
that  passes  over  a  staple  to  be  fast¬ 
ened  by  a  padlock,  —v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  fasten  with  a  hasp. 

Has'sock,  n.  [W.  hesg,  sedge,  rushes, 
hesor,  a  hassock.]  A  mat  to  kneel 
on  in  church. 

Haste,  n.  [Teel,  hastr.]  1.  Celerity 
of  voluntary  motion.  2.  State  of 
being  urged  or  pressed  by  business. 

Syn. —  Speed;  quickness;  nimble¬ 
ness;  swiftness;  expedition  ;  dispatch- 
hurry  ;  precipitance  ;  vehemence  ;  pre¬ 
cipitation. —  Haste  denotes  quickness  of 
action  and  a  strong  desire  for  getting  on  ; 
hurry  includes  a  confusion  and  want  of 
collected  thought  not  implied  in  haste 
speed  denotes  the  actual  progress  which 
is  made;  dispatch,  the  promptitude  and 
rapidity  with  which  things  are  done.  A 
man  may  properly  be  in  haste,  but  never 
in  a  hurry.  Speed  usually  secures  dis¬ 
patch. 

Haste,  )  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.’ 

Has'ten  (has/n),  )  To  drive  or  urge 
forward  ;  to  expedite  ;  to  hurry.  — • 
v.  i.  To  move  with  celerity ;  to  be 
quick. 

IIast'i-ly,  adv.  1.  In  haste.  2.  Rash¬ 
ly.  3.  Passionately ;  impatiently. 

Hast'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
hasty  ;  haste  ;  rashness ;  irritability. 

Hast'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [See 
Haste.]  1.  Quick;  speedy.  2. 
Eager;  rash.  3.  Caused  by,  or  in¬ 
dicating,  passion. 

IlAST/y— PUD'DING,  n.  A  pudding 
made  of  Indian  meal  stirred  into 
boiling  water  ;  mush.  [Amer.] 

Hat,  n.  [A.-S.  hat.  Cf.  Hood.]  A 
covering  for  the  head. 

Hatch,  v.t.  [-ed;  ing.]  [Ger. 
hecken.]  1.  To  produce  from  eggs. 
2.  To  contrive  or  plot. — v.  i.  1.  To 
produce  young.  2.  [Fr.  hacher,  to 
chop,  hack.]  To  cross  with  lines  in  a 
peculiar  manner  in  drawing  and  en¬ 
graving. —  n.  1.  A  brood.  2.  Ex¬ 
clusion  from  the  egg.  3.  [CLHedge.] 
The  opening  in  a  ship’s  deck ;  the 
frame  of  cross-bars  laid  over  it ;  the 
cover  of  an  opening  in  a  deck  or 
floor,  or  into  a  cellar. 


a,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long ;  A,  e,I,  6,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique  ,  fIrm;  s6n, 


HATCHEL 


HXtch'EL,  n.  [Ger .  hechel.]  An  in¬ 
strument  with  long  teeth  for  cleans¬ 
ing  flax  or  hemp. —  v.  t.  [-ED,  -ING  ; 
or  -LED,  -LING,  137.]  To  draw 
through  the  teeth  of  a  hatchel. 

Hatch's T,  n.  [Fr.  hnchette ,  dim.  of 
hache.  See  HASH.]  A  small  ax  with 
a  short  handle. 

Hatch'MENT,  n.  [Corrupted  from 
achievement .]  A  frame  bearing  the 
escutcheon  of  a  dead  person. 

Hatch'WAY,  n.  An  opening  in  a 
deck  or  floor. 

Hate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
hatian.]  To  have  a  great  aversion 
to ;  to  dislike. 

Syn.  —  To  abhor;  detest;  loathe.— 
1 late  is  generic;  to  loathe  is  to  regard 
with  deep  disgust;  to  abhor  is  to  con¬ 
template  with  horror;  to  detest  is  to  re¬ 
ject  utterly. 

—  n.  Extreme  dislike  or  aversion; 
hatred. 

Hate'ful,  a.  1.  Manifesting  hate. 
2.  Exciting  or  deserving  great  dis¬ 
like. 

Syn.  —  Odious;  detestable;  execrable; 
abhorrent;  repugnant. 

IIa'tred,  n.  Yery  great  dislike  or 
aversion. 

IIat'ter,  n.  One  who  makes  or  sells 
hats. 

Haugh'ti-ly  (haw'tl-ljt),  adv.  In  a 
haughty  manner. 

IIaugh'ti-ness  (haw'-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  haughty. 

Syn.  —  Arrogance  ;  disdain.  —  Haugh¬ 
tiness  denotes  the  expression  of  conscious 
and  proud  superiority  ;  arrogance  is  a 
disposition  to  claim  for  one’s  self  more 
than  is  justly  due,  and  enforce  it  to  the 
utmost;  disdain  is  the  exact  reverse  of 
condescension  toward  inferiors,  since  it 
expresses  and  desires  others  to  feel  how 
far  below  ourselves  we  consider  them. 
A  person  is  haughty  in  disposition  and 
demeanor;  arrogant  in  his  claims  of 
homage  and  deference;  disdainful  even 
in  accepting  the  deferences  which  his 
haughtiness  leads  him  arrogantly  to  ex¬ 
act. 

IlAUGH'TY  (haw'ty),a.  [-er;-est, 
142.]  [0.  Eng.  haught ,  haulte ,  from 

Lat.  altus ,  high.]  1.  Lofty.  2.  Proud 
and  contemptuous. 

Syn.  — Disdainful ;  arrogant;  scorn¬ 
ful  ;  imperious. 

Haul,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Teel,  hala.] 
To  pull  with  force;  to  drag. — v.i. 
To  sail  with  changed  course.  — n.  1. 
A  pulling  with  force.  2.  That  which 
is  taken  at  once,  as  by  hauling  a  net. 

Haulm  (hawm),  n.  [A.-S.  halm,  allied 
to  Gr.  KaAa.jU.os ,  reed.]  Stem  or  stalk 
of  grain. 

Haunch  (hanch),  n.  [Fr.  hanche.\ 
The  hip  ;  part  of  the  body  between 
the  last  ribs  and  the  thigh. 

Haunt, v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. lianter, 
fr.  A.-S.  hentan,  to  pursue.]  1.  To 
frequent ;  also,  to  visit  pertinacious¬ 
ly.  2.  To  visit  as  a  ghost. — v.i. 
To  persist  in  visiting.  — n.  A  place 
to  which  one  frequently  resorts. 

IlAUT'BOY  (ho'bov),  n.  [Fr.  hautbois , 

i.  e.,  high  wood,  on  account  of  its 
high  tone.]  A  wind  instrument  of 
music,  similar  to  the  clarionet. 


197 

Hauteur  (o-tur'),  n.  [Fr.]  Haughti¬ 
ness  ;  pride. 

Have  (hiiv),  v.  t.  [had.]  [A.-S.  hab- 
ban,  hdbban.]  1.  To  own  ;  to  hold  ; 
to  possess.  2.  To  regard  or  esteem. 
3.  To  obtain ;  hence,  to  beget  or 
bear.  4.  To  cause  to  be  ;  to  effect. 
5.  To  cause  or  force  to  go.  6.  To 
take  or  hold  one’s  self.  7.  To  be 
under  necessity. 

TIa'V-EN,  n.  [A.-S.  hd/en.]  1.  A 
harbor ;  a  port.  2.  A  shelter ;  an 
asylum. 

IIav'er-sack,  n.  [Ger. 
habersack ,  sack  for  oats, 
haber,  hafer ,  Prov.  Eng. 
haver ,  oats.]  A  bag  or 
case,  in  which  a  soldier 
carries  his  rations. 

IIav'oc,  n.  [A.-S.  hafoc , 
hawk ,  being  a  cruel  and 
rapacious  bird.]  Wide 
and  general  destruc-  Haversack, 
tion  ;  devastation. — v.t.  To  de¬ 
stroy  ;  to  lay  waste. 

Haw,  n.  [A.-S.  haga.]  1.  A  hedge. 

2.  Berry  and  seed  of  the  hawthorn. 

3.  An  hesitation  of  speech.  — v.  i.  1. 
[Cf.  ha,  interj.]  To  speak  with  hesi¬ 
tation.  2.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Perh.  con¬ 
nected  with  here,  hither.]  To  turn 
toward  the  driver ;  —  said  of  cattle. 

IIaw'-haw,  n.  [Duplication  of  haw, 
a  hedge.]  A  fence  or  bank  sunk 
between  slopes,  so  that  it  is  not  per¬ 
ceived  till  approached. 

IIawk,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  hafoc,  Icel.  haukr.] 
A  bird  resembling  the  falcons.  2.  An 
effort  to  force  up  phlegm  from  the 
throat,  accompanied  with  noise. — 
v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  catch  birds 
by  means  of  trained  hawks.  2.  To 
strike  or  pounce  likea  hawk.  3.  [W. 
hochi.]  To  make  an  audible  effort  to 
force  up  phlegm.  — v.  t.  1.  To  raise 
by  hawking,  as  phlegm.  2.  [Ger. 
ho  ken,  to  higgle,  to  retail,  fr.  hocken, 
hucken,  to  take  upon  the  back.]  To 
sell  by  outcry. 

Hawk'er,  ii.  1.  One  who  hawks;  a 
peddler.  2.  A  falconer.  [cable. 

IlAWS'ER,  71.  [See  IlALSER.]  A  small 

IIaw'thorn,  n.  A  shrub  having  a 
lruit  called  haiv.  It  is  much  used 
for  hedges. 

Hay,  n.  [A.-S.  hfg,  fr.  heavan,  to  cut.] 
Grass  cut  and  dried  for  fodder.  — v. 
i.  To  dry  grass  for  preservation. 

IlAY— cock,  n.  A  conical  pile  of  hay, 
in  the  field. 

Haz'ard,  n.  [Ar.  sehar,  sar,  a  die, 
with  the  article  al.\  1.  Chance  ;  ac¬ 
cident  ;  casualty.  2.  Danger  ;  peril ; 
risk. 

Syn.—  See  Danger. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  expose 
to  chance.  2.  To  venture  to  incur. 

Syn. —  To  adventure  ;  risk  ;  jeopard  ; 
peril;  endanger. 

IIaz'ARD-ous,  a.  Exposed  to  hazard. 

Syn.  —  Perilous;  dangerous;  advent¬ 
urous;  precarious;  risky  ;  uncertain. 

Haze,  n.  [Armor,  acz ,  warm  vapor, 
zephyr.]  A  slight  lack  of  transpar¬ 
ency  in  the  air. 


HEALTHILY 

Ha'zel  (ha'zl),  n.  [A.-S  hasl,  hasel.\ 
A  shrub  bearing  a  nut ;  the  filbert. 

—  a.  Of  a  light  brown  color,  like  the 
hazel-nut. 

IIa'zi-ness,  n.  State  of  being  hazy. 

Ha'zy,  a.  Thick  with  haze. 

He,  pron.  [A.-S.]  1.  The  man  or 
male  person  named  before.  2.  Any 
man ;  any  male  person. 

Head,  n.  [A.-S.  heafud ,  heafd .]  1. 

Foremost  or  uppermost  part  of  the 
body.  2.  Uppermost,  foremost,  larg¬ 
est,  or  most  important  part  of  an  in¬ 
animate  object.  3.  The  leader.  4. 
The  brain ;  understanding.  5.  Source, 
fountain,  spring,  or  beginning,  as  of 
a  stream  or  river.  6.  A  separate 
topic.  7-  Strength  ;  force  ;  height. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  lead;  to 
direct.  2.  To  furnish  with  a  head. 
3.  To  get  in  front  of,  so  as  to  stop. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  originate.  2.  To  go  or 
tend.  3.  To  form  a  head. 

IIead'ache  (-alt),  n.  Pain  in  the  head- 

Head'— dress  (109),  n.  Ornamental 

covering^ worn  on  the  head. 

IIead'-gear,  n.  Covering  or  orna¬ 
ment  of  the  head. 

Head'ing,  n.  1.  That  which  stands 
at  the  head  ;  title.  2.  Material  for 
the  heads  of  casks. 

Head'land,  n.  A  promontory. 

Head'less,  a.  Having  no  head. 

Head'long,  adv.  1.  With  the  head 
foremost.  2.  Rashly  ;  precipitately. 
3.  Hastily. — a.  1.  Rash;  precipi¬ 
tate.  2.  Steep  ;  precipitous. 

Head'— man  (150),  n.  A  chief ;  leader. 

IIead'QUAR'TER§,  n.  pi.  or  sing. 
Place  of  residence  of  any  chief  officer. 

Head'stall,  n.  Part  of  a  bridle  en¬ 
compassing  the  head. 

IIead'-stone,  n.  1.  Principal  stone 
in  a  foundation ;  corner-stone.  2. 
Stone  at  the  head  of  a  grave. 

Head'strong,  a.  1.  Not  easily  re¬ 
strained.  2.  Proceeding  from  obsti¬ 
nacy. 

Syn.  —  Violent;  obstinate;  ungovern¬ 
able;  un tractable;  stubborn. 

Head'way,  n.  Progress  made  by  a 
ship  in  motion  ;  hence,  progress  or 
success  of  any  kind. 

Head'— wind,  n.  A  wind  that  blows 
in  a  direction  opposite  to  the  ship’s 
course. 

IIead'y,  a.  [See  Head.]  1.  Will¬ 
ful;  rash;  hasty.  2.  Apt  to  affect 
the  head  ;  intoxicating. 

Heal,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  halan, 
fr.  hal,  hale,  sound.]  1.  To  cure  ;  to 
restore  to  health  or  soundness.  2. 
To  reconcile.  — v.  i .  To  grow  sound. 

Heal'er,  n.  One  who  heals. 

Health,  n.  [See  Hale.]  1.  Stateof 
being  sound  or  whole  in  body,  mind, 
or  soul.  2.  A  wish  of  health  and 
happiness. 

Health'ful,  a.  1.  Well;  healthy. 
2.  Serving  to  promote  health  ;  whole¬ 
some  ;  salubrious.  3.  Indicating 
health.  [healthful. 

Health'ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

IlE  ALTH'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  healthy 
manner. 


G,  hard ;  Ag;  exist;  N  as  NG ;  this 


OR,  DO,  wolf,  TOO,  TOOK;  Prn,  RUE,  PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9 ,  & ,  soft ;  €, 


HEALTHINESS 

Healtii'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
healthy. 

Healtii'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Being  in  a  state  of  health.  2.  Con¬ 
ducive  to  health. 

Syn.  —  Vigorous;  sound;  hale;  salu¬ 
brious;  healthful;  wholesome. 

Heap,  n.  [A.-S.  heap.]  A  pile  or 
mass. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To 
|  throw  or  lay  in  a  heap  ;  to  pile.  2. 
To  accumulate. 

H£ar,  r.  h  [HEARD (herd);  HEAR¬ 
ING.]  [A.-S .  hSmn,  hyran.  Cf.  EAR.] 
To  perceive  by  the  ear.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
have  the  sense  of  perceiving  sound. 

2.  To  listen.  3.  To  be  told,  [ditor. 
IIear'er,  n.  One  who  hears  ;  an  au- 
IlEAR'ING,  n.  1.  Sense  by  which 

sound  is  perceived.  2.  Audience. 

3.  A  judicial  listening  to  facts  and 
evidence.  4.  Extent  within  which 
sound  may  be  heard. 

IlEARK'EN,  V.  /.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
herenian.  See  Hear.]  To  listen ; 
to  give  heed. 

HEAR'SAY,  n.  Report;  rumor. 
IlEARSE  (14),  n.  [0.  11.  Ger.  hirz.]  A 
carriage  for  conveying  the  dead. 
Heart,  n.  [A.-S.  heorte,  allied  to  Gr. 
KapSCa,  Skr.  Arid.]  1.  Organ  that 
serves  to  keep  up  the  circulation  of 
the  blood.  2.  Seat  of  the  affections 
or  sensibilities,  or  of  moral  life  and 
character.  3.  The  chief  or  vital  por¬ 
tion.  4.  Courage ;  spirit.  5.  That 
which  resembles  a  heart  in  shape. 
Heart'-aghe  (hart'ak),  n.  Sorrow; 
anguish  of  mind. 

IIeart'-brok'-EN,  a.  Deeply'  grieved. 
IIeart'-bOrn,  n.  A  burning  sensa¬ 
tion  in  the  stomach. 

Hearth  (harth,  5),  n  [A.-S.  henrdh.] 

1.  Floor  of  a  fire-place.  2.  A  house, 
as  the  abode  of  comfort  and  hospi¬ 
tality. 

IIearth'-stone,  n.  Stone  forming 
the  hearth ;  fire-side. 

IIeart'I-ly,  adv.  From  the  heart; 

zealously  ;  freely  ;  largely.  [ness. 

Heart'I-ness,  n.  Sincerity;  earuest- 
IIeart'less,  a.  1.  AVithouta  heart. 

2.  Unsympathetic  ;  cruel. 
Heart'less-ly,  adv.  AVithout  cour¬ 
age,  spirit,  or  affection. 

HeArt'less-ness,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  heartless.  [heart. 

Heart'— REND-ING,  a.  Breaking  the 
Heart:s'-ease,  ??.  1.  Peace  of  mind. 
2.  A  species  of  violet ;  —  calied  also 
pansy. 

He  art'-SICK,  a.  Sick  at  heart ;  de¬ 
pressed  ;  low-spirited. 

Heart'— STRING,  n.  A  nerve  or  ten- 
i  don,  supposed  to  brace  the  heart. 
Heart'y,  a.  [-ER  :  -est,  142.]  1. 

Proceeding  from  the  heart.  2.  Ex¬ 
hibiting  strength  ;  sound  ;  firm.  3. 
Promoting  strength ;  nourishing . 
Syn.  —  Sincere;  cordial. 

Heat,  n.  [A.-S.  hate.]  1.  Caloric; 
agent,  or  principle  on  which  depends 
the  state  of  bodies  as  solid,  fluid,  or 
aeriform.  2.  Sensation  caused  by 
caloric,  when  in  excess.  3.  A  single 
effort,  as  in  a  race.  4.  Rage ;  vehe- 

198 

mence.  5.  Animation  ;  ardor.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  hot;  to  com¬ 
municate  heat  to. — v.  i.  To  grow 
warm  or  hot.  [heats. 

Heat'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Heath,  n.  [A.-S.  hddh.]  1.  A  plant, 
bearing  beautiful  flowers.  2.  A 
place  overgrown  with  heath. 

IlEA'THEN  (hd'thn,  58),  vz.  [From 
heath ,  i.  e.,  one  who  lives  in  the 
country  or  on  the  heaths.]  A  pagan; 
an  idolater ;  an  irreligious  person. 

—  a.  Gentile;  pagan. 

IIea't«.en-d6m,  n.  1.  Part  of  the 

world  where  heathenism  prevails.  2. 
Heathen  nations  collectively. 

IlEA'THEN-iSH,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  heathen.  2.  Rude ;  savage ; 
cruel.  [ism. 

IIea'then-irm, n.  Idolatry;  pagan- 

IIeath'er  (hetlffer),  n.  [See  Heath.] 
Heath.  [Scot.] 

IIeath'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  heath. 

Heave,  v.  t.  [heaved,  or  iiove; 
heaving.]  [A.-S.  hebban,  he  fan.] 
1.  To  lift;  to  raise  ;  to  elevate.  2.  To 
throw  ;  to  cast.  3.  To  force  from  or 
into  any  position.  4.  To  raise  or 
force  from  the  breast.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
be  raised.  2.  To  rise  and  fall  with 
alternate  motions  ;  to  s’.vell ;  to  ex¬ 
pand  ;  to  pant.  3.  To  try  to  vomit. 

—  n.  1.  An  upward  motion;  swell 
or  distension.  2.  An  effort  to  raise 
up  something.  3.  pi.  A  disease  of 
horses  characterized  by  difficult 
breathing. 

IIEav'en  (hev'n,  58),  n.  [A.-S.  heof- 
on ,  heben ,  prob.  fr.  he  fan ,  hebban,  to 
heave.]  1.  The  sky  ;  the  atmosphere  ; 

—  often  in  the  pi.  2.  The  dwelling- 
place  cf  God  and  of  the  blessed.  3. 
Supreme  happiness  ;  bliss. 

Heav'jbn-ly  (hev'n-ly),  a.  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  resembling,  heaven  ; 
celestial.  2.  Perfect ;  supremely 
blessed. 

Heaver,  n.  pi.  See  Heave,  n.  4. 

He Av'l-L Y,  adv.  With  great  weight ; 
with  difficulty.  [being  heavy. 

IlEAV'I-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

IlEAV'Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [A.-S. 
he  fig,  h'dfig.  See  Heave.]  1. 
Weighty  ;  ponderous  ;  bulky  ;  diffi¬ 
cult  to  move.  2.  Burdensome  ;  op¬ 
pressive.  3.  Incumbered;  burdened. 
4.  Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  lifeless  ;  dull ; 
stupid.  5.  Violent;  forcible.  G 
Clammy  ;  solid.  7.  Dark  with  clouds. 

Heb-dom'a-dal,  )  a.  [Gr.  cfSopds, 

IIeb-dom'a-da-ry,  )  seven;  seven 
days.]  Weekly ;  occurring  every 
seven  days. 

Heb'e-tate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
dull ;  to  blunt. 

Heb'e-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  making 
blunt  or  dull.  [Hebrews. 

He-bra'jc,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

He 'BRA-ISM,  n.  A  Hebrew  idiom. 

IIe'br A-tsT  (44),  n.  One  versed  in 
the  Hebrew  language. 

IlE'BR A-IST'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  Hebrew. 

IlE'BREW  (-brii),  n.  [Heb.  ibrht,  i.e., 
coming  from  beyond  the  Euphrates.] 

HIGIIT  ! 

1.  An  Israelite ;  a  Jew.  2.  The 
language  of  the  Jews.  —  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  Hebrews. 

HBc'a-tomb  (-toom),  n.  [Gr.  e/cct- 
ropfiy,  fr.  eKarov,  hundred,  and  foil's, 
ox.]  A  sacrifice  of  a  hundred  oxen 
or  beasts  ;  hence,  any  large  number 
of  victims. 

IIec'tic,  a.  [Gr.  exTi/cos,  habitual, 
consumptive.]  1.  Habitual;  com  i 

stant.  2.  Affected  with  hectic  fever. 

—  n.  The  fever  of  irritation  and  de¬ 
bility. 

Hec  tor,  n.  [From  Hector,  a  brave 

Trojan  warrior.]  A  bully  ;  a  bluster¬ 
ing  fellow ;  hence,  one  who  teases. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  bully  ;  to 
bluster  ;  to  tease  ;  to  vex. 

Hedge,  n.  [A.-S.  liege,  hegge, haga.] 

A  thicket  of  bushes;  esp.,  such  a 
thicket  planted  as  a  fence.  —  v.  t. 

[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  inclose  with  a 
hedge.  2.  To  protect ;  to  hem  in. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  skulk.  2.  To  bet  on 
both  sides. 

IIedge'iiog,  n.  _  ----- — _ 

prickles  or  Hedgehog* 

spines.  b  b 

IIedge'-row,  n.  A  row  of  shrubs, 
or  trees,  planted  as  a  hedge. 

Heed,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 

hedan.]  To  mind;  to  take  notice  j 

of ;  to  observe.  —  n.  Attention  ;  no-  j 

ticc  ;  observation.  ! 

IIeed'fiil,  a.  Cautious;  circum-  | 

spcct ;  attentive. 

Heed'ful-ly,  adv.  Attentively. 
IlEED'FUL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 

heedful.  [less.  ! 

IIeed'less,  a.  Without  heed  ;  care-  j 

IIeed'less-ly,  adv.  Carelessly.  j 

Heed'less-ness,  n.  Inattention  ; 

carelessness. 

Heel,  n.  [A.-S.  hcl.]  1.  Hinder  part  ! 

of  the  foot,  or  of  a  covering  for  it.  S 

2.  Latter  or  remaining  part.  3. 
Something  resembling  a  human  heel. 

—  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  us? 

the  heels  in.  2.  To  add  a  heel  to. 

—  v.  i.  To  lean,  as  a  ship. 

Heel'-TAP,  v.  t.  To  add  a  piece  of 

leather  to  the  heel  of,  as  of  a  shoe. 

Heft,  n.  [From  Eng.  heave.]  Weight. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing]  1.  To  lift. 

2.  To  try  the  weight  of  by  raising. 

IIe-gT'ra,  or  IlEG'I-RA,  77.  [Ar. 
hidjrah,  departure.]  The  flight  of 
Mohammed  from  Mecca,  July  16,  A. 

D.  G22  ; — from  which  date  time  is 
reckoned  by  the  Mohammedans ; 
hence,  any  flight. 

IIeif'er,  n.  [A.-S.  he  ah  fore.]  A 
young  cow. 

IIeigh'-ho  (hi'ho),  interj.  An  ex¬ 
clamation  of  surprise  or  weariness. 

Height  1  (hit),  n.  [A.-S.  hedhdho, 
IIigiit  j  headho ,  from  liecih,  lieu, 
high.]  1.  Elevated  position.  2. 
Measure  of  the  distance  to  w  hich  any 
thing  rises;  altitude.  3.  An  emi- 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WIIAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON. 

HEIGHTEN- 


HERD 


199 


nence.  4.  Elevation  of  any  kind.  5. 
Utmost  degree. 

HeIght'EN  I  (hit'n),  v.  t.  [-ED ; 

HIght'en  j  -ing.]  1.  To  raise 
higher.  2.  To  increase  ;  to  intensi¬ 
fy.  3.  To  set  off  to  advantage. 

llrjl'NOirs  (ha'nus),  a.  [Fr.  haineux, 
fr.  /mine,  hatred.]  Hateful;  hence, 
great ;  enormous. 

llEIR  (ftr),  n.  [Lat.  hxres.]  One  who 
inherits  any  property. 

Heir  apparent ,  one  whose  right  to  an 
estate  is  indefeasible  if  lie  survives  the 
person  in  possession.  —  Heir  presump¬ 
tive,  one  who,  if  the  person  in  possession  ! 
of  an  estate  should  die  immediately, 
would  be  his  Heir. 

IIEIR'ESS  (itr'es),  n.  A  female  heir. 

HeIR'LOOM  (arflobm),  n.  [Eng.  heir , 
and  A.-S.  loma,  household  stuff.] 
Any  piece  of  personal  property,  which 
descends  to  the  heir. 

Heir'siiip  (ar'ship),  n.  State,  char¬ 
acter,  or  privileges  of  an  heir. 

Held,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Hold. 

IIe'LI-ag,  )  a.  [Gr. -^AtaKo?,  from 

IIe-li'A€-AL,  j  rjAios,  sun.]  Rising 
or  setting  at  the  same  time  as  the 
sun.  [spiral. 

IlEL'I-CAL,  a.  Having  a  spiral  form  ; 

He'LI-o-^en'TRIG,  I  a.  [Gr.  rjAi- 

He'li-ocen'trie-al  j  os,  sun,  and 
icevjpov,  center.]  Appearing  to  be 
seen  from  the  sun’s  center. 

He'li-og'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  rjAtos,  the 
sun,  and  ypa^eev,  to  write.]  The  art 
of  taking  pictures  on  any  prepared 
material  by  means  of  the  sun  and  a 
camera  obscura ;  photography. 

He'li-ol'a-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  t/Aios,  sun, 
and  AaTpeta,  worship.]  Worship  of 
the  sun. 

IIe'li-o-trope,  n.  [Gr.  ^Aiorpoa-tov  ; 
rjAios,  sun,  and  rpeVetv,  to  turn.]  A 
plant  with  very  fragrant  flowers. 

IlE'LI-o-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  rjAtos,  the 
sun,  and  Taro;,  an  impression.]  A 
picture  printed  from  a  gelatine 
plate  produced  by  means  of  a  pho¬ 
tographic  negative. 

IIe'lix,  11. ;  pi.  hEl'i-£E§.  [Gr. 
eAi£,  twisted,  spiral.]  1.  A  spiral 
line,  as  of  wire  in  a  coil.  2.  A  little 
volute  in  the  Corinthian  capital. 

Hell,  n.  [A.-S.  hell,  from  helan ,  to 
conceal  ]  1.  The  grave.  2.  Place  or 
state  of  punishment  for  the  wicked 
after  death.  3.  A  gambling-house. 

IlEL'LE-BORE,  71.  [Gr.  eAAe'j3opos.] 

A  plant  used  in  medicine. 

IIEL-LEN'I€.  or  IIel-LE'NI€,  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  Greece  ;  Greek  ;  Grecian. 

IIel'len-ism,  n.  A  Greek  idiom. 

IlEL'LEN-isT,  77.  A  Jew  who  spoke 
Greek  ;  one  skilled  in  Greek. 

II£el'-hound,  7i.  An  agent  of  hell. 

IlELL'lSH,  a.  Infernal;  wicked. 

IlELL'ISH-NESS,  n.  Extreme  wicked¬ 
ness  or  malignity. 

Helm,  n.  [A.-S.  helma]  Instrument 
by  which  a  ship  is  steered.  —  v.  t. 
To  cover  with  a  helmet. 

HELM,  )  7i.  [A.-S.  helm ,  fr.  helan, 

IlELM/ET,  [  to  hide.]  1.  Defensive 
armor  for  the  head.  2.  That  which 
resembles  in  some  way  a  helmet. 


IlEL-MIN'THI€,  a.  [Gr.  ekpivs,  eA- 
j  juu v0os,  worm.]  Relating  to,  or  ex- 
j  polling,  worms.  —  n.  A  medicine  for 
expelling  worms  ;  a  vermifuge. 
Helms'man  (150),  n.  The  man  at 
the  helm. 

IIe'lot,  or  IIel'ot,  n.  A  slave  in 
ancient  Sparta  ;  hence,  a  slave. 
Help,  v,  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  hel- 
pan.]  1.  To  aid;  to  assist.  2.  To 
furnish  with  relief.  3.  To  remedy. 
4.  To  prevent.  —  v.  i.  To  lend  aid. 
—  n.  1.  Aid;  assistance.  2.  Rem¬ 
edy  ;  relief.  [sistant. 

Help'er,  n.  One  who  helps  ;  an  as- 
Help'ful,  a.  Furnishing  help. 
IIelp'less,  a.  Destitute  of  help ; 

feeble  ;  weak.  [helpless. 

Help'less-ness,  7i.  State  of  being 
IIelp'mate ,  I  n.  [  Meet  is  corrupted 
Help'meet,  J  for  mate.]  An  assist¬ 
ant ;  a  helper  ;  a  wife. 
HEL'TER-SKEL'TER.  adv.  In  hurry 
and  confusion.  [Colloq.] 

Helve,  n.  [A.-S.  hi  elf  a,  helf.\  Handle 
of  an  ax  or  hatchet. —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  furnish  with  a  helve. 
IIem,  n.  [A.-S.J  1.  Border  of  a  gar¬ 
ment,  doubled  and  sewed.  2.  A  par¬ 
ticular  sound  of  the  voice,  expressed 
by  hem  or  hm. — v.  t.  [-MED  ;  -MING, 
133.]  1.  To  fold  and  sew  down  the 

edge  of.  2.  To  border;  to  edge. — 
v.  i.  To  hesitate  in  speaking. 
Hem'a-tjte,  71.  [Gr.  ai/uaTiV)]?,  blood¬ 
like.]  An  important  ore  of  iron. 
Hem'I-PLE'GY,  71.  [Gr.  ripiTrXriyla.] 
A  palsy  that  affects  one  side  only  of 
the  body. 

IIemG-sphere  ,  n.  [Gr.  ppicr^aipiov, 
from  rjpu,  half,  and  <T<f>a.ipa,  sphere.] 
One  half  of  a  sphere  or  globe. 
IlEM'I-SFriER're,  )  a.  Pertaining 
HemG-spher'IG-AL,  J  to  a  hemi¬ 
sphere. 

Hem'i-stieh  (-stile),  n.  [Gr.  ppcari- 
Xl0v>  fr-  Tj/ui,  half,  ancl  errixos,  line, 
verse.]  Half  a  poetic  verse,  or  a 
verse  not  completed. 

Hem'LOCIC,  71.  [A.-S.  hemleac.]  1. 

A  poisonous,  umbelliferous  plant. 
2.  An  evergreen  tree. 
HEm'OR-RHAGE,  77.  [Gr.  alpoppa. yCa, 
from  atjua,  blood,  and  pr/yi/uvai ,  to 
burst.]  A  discharge  of  blood  from 
the  blood-vessels. 

IIem'OR-RHOID'al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  hemorrhoids. 

Hem'or-rhoids,  n.  pi.  [Gr.aip.op- 
poiSes.]  The  piles. 

IIemp,m.  [A.-S .  henep ,  hanep .]  1.  A 
plant  whose  fibrous  bark  is  used  for 
cloth  and  cordage.  2.  The  bark  of 
the  plant,  prepared  for  spinning. 
Hemp'en,  a.  Made  of  hemp. 

Hen,  n.  [A.-S.  henn,  hen,  fr.  liana.] 
Female  of  any  fowl ;  especially,  the 
domestic  fowl. 

Hen'bane,  n.  A  plant  poisonous  to 
domestic  fowls. 

Hen^e,  adv.  [0.  Eng.  hennes,  A.-S. 
hinan,  hence,  thither.]  From  this 
place,  time,  cause,  or  source. 
IIen^e-forth',  or  IIence'f5rth, 
adv.  From  this  time  forward. 


Hen^e-for'ward,  adv.  From  this 
time  forward. 

Hench'man  (150),  n.  [For  haunch- 
man,  from  following  the  haunch  of 
his  master.]  A  page  ;  a  servant. 

IIen'ner-y,  n.  An  inclosed  place  for 
hens.  [one’s  wife. 

Hen'-PECKED  (-pekt),  a.  Governed  by 

IiE-PAT're,  I  a.  [Gr.  yittcltucos,  fr. 

He-pat'ie-al,  j  pnap,  the  liver.] 
Pertaining  to  the  liver. 

IlEP'TA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  eWdycovos,  fr. 
eirra,  seven,  and  yc ovla,  angle.]  A 
plane  figure  consisting  of  seven  sides 
and  as  many  angles. 

IIep-tag'o-nal,  a.  Having  seven 
angles  and  sides.  [angles. 

Hep-tan'GU-LAR,  a.  Having  seven 

Hep'TARCH-Y,  n.  [Gr.  ema,  seven, 
and  apxp.  sovereignty.]  Goveniment 
by  seven  persons. 

Her,  pron.  &  a.  1.  Objective  case  of 
She.  2.  Belonging  to  a  female. 

IIer'ald,  7i.  [Ger.  herold ,  from  hari, 
heri,  army,  and  7:altan,  to  manage.] 
1.  An  officer  who  proclaimed  war  or 
peace.  2.  One  who  regulates  public 
ceremonies ;  also,  one  who  records 
and  blazons  coats  of  arms.  3.  A  fore¬ 
runner  ;  a  precursor.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  introduce,  as  by  a  herald. ; 
to  proclaim. 

IIe-ral'dI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  her¬ 
alds  or  heraldry. 

IIer'ald-ry,  7i.  Art,  practice,  or  sci¬ 
ence  of  recording  genealogies,  and 
blazoning  arms. 

Herb  (erb,  14),  n.  [Lat.  herba.]  An 
annual  plant  having  a  soft  or  succu¬ 
lent  stalk. 

IIer-ba'ceoDs,  a.  Pertaining  to 
herbs ;  having  the  nature  of  an 
herb. 

IIerb'age  (erVej  or  herb'ej,  45),  n. 
Herbs  collectively  ;  grass ;  pasture. 

IIerb'al  (hCrbhil),  n.  1.  A  book  on 
plants.  2.  A  collection  of  dried 
plants;  an  herbarium.  —  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  herbs. 

IIerb'al-ist  (herb'al-Ist),  n.  A  per¬ 
son  skilled  in  plants. 

IlER-BA'RI-UM,  71.  ;  Eng.  pi.  HER-BA'- 
RI-0M2 ;  Lat.  pi.  her-ba’ri-a. 
[L.  Lat.]  1.  A  collection  of  dried 
plants.  2.  A  book  for  preserving 
plants. 

HeR-BES'OENT,  a.  [Lat.  herbescens.] 
Growing  into  herbs. 

Her-BIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  herbifer, 
fr.  herba,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Bear¬ 
ing  herbs. 

Her-BIV'o-roDs,  a.  [Lat.  herba, 
herb,  and  vorare,  to  devour.]  Eating 
herbs  ;  subsisting  on  herbs. 

Herb'o-rIze  (herb7-),  v.  i  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  search  for  plants. 

IlER-EU'LE-AN  (124),  a.  [From  Her¬ 
cules,  a  Grecian  hero  celebrated  for 
his  strength.]  1.  Very  great,  difficult, 
or  dangerous.  2.  Of  extraordinary 
strength  and  size. 

Herd  (14),  n.  [A.-S.  heord .]  1.  A 
collection  of  beasts.  2.  A  crowd  ;  a 
rabble.  —  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
unite  in  a  herd,  as  beasts.  2.  To 


N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


6r,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  9. 4, so/1;  -e,  6,  hard;  As;  ejcist 


HERDMAN 

unite  in  a  company.  —  v.  t.  To  form 
or  put  into  a  herd. 

HLrd'man  )  (150),  n.  The  owner 

HfiRDg'MAN  j  or  keeper  of  herds. 

Herd£'-GRASS,  n.  One  of  several 
species  of  grass  for  hay. 

Here,  ado.  [A.-S.  her ,  fr.  Goth,  his, 
this.]  In  this  place  or  state. 

Here'A-bout',  1  ado.  About  this 

Here'a-bouts',  j  place;  in  this 
vicinity.  [come. 

IlERE-AFT'ER,  ado.  In  time  to 

Here-Xt',  ado.  At,  or  by  reason  of, 
this. 

IIere-by',  ado.  By  means  of  this. 

IIe-red'i-ta-ble,  a.  [L.  Lat.  hered- 
ilabilis ,  from  hereditare,  to  inherit.] 
Capable  of  being  inherited. 

IIer'e-dIt'a-Ment,  n.  Any  species 
of  property  that  may  be  inherited. 

He-red'i-ta-ri-l y,  ado.  By  inher¬ 
itance. 

He-red'i-ta-ry  (44),  a.  Descended 
or  descending  by  inheritance. 

Here-in',  ado.  In  this. 

IIere-of'  (heer-offi  or  heer-ov',  71), 
adr.  Of  this^  concerning  this. 

Here-on',  ado.  On  this. 

IIer'e-si-argh,  or  He-re'si-argh, 
n.  [Gr.  alpeaiapxys,  from  aipecns, 
heresy,  and  apxos,  leader.]  A  leader 
in  heresy. 

Her'e-sy,  n.  [Gr.  al’peo-is,  a  taking, 
a  choosing.]  A  lack  of  orthodox  or 
sound  belief ;  heterodoxy. 

IlER'E-Tie  (123),  n.  One  who  believes 
some  doctrine  contrary  to  the  Chris¬ 
tian  religion. 

Syn.— Schismatic  ;  sectarian.  —  A  her¬ 
etic  is  one  whose  errors  are  doctrinal,  and 
usually  of  a  malignant  character,  tend¬ 
ing  to  subvert  the  true  faith.  A  schismat¬ 
ic  is  one  who  creates  a  schism,  or  division 
in  the  church,  on  points  of  faith,  disci¬ 
pline,  practice,  &c.,  usually  for  the  sake 
of  personal  aggrandizement.  A  sectarian 
is  one  who  originates  or  promotes  a  sect, 
or  distinct  organization,  which  separates 
from  the  main  body  of  believers. 

I1e-ret'ig-al,  a.  Containing  heresy. 

Here-to',  aic.  To  this. 

Here'to-fore',  ado.  Formerly. 

Here'un-to',  ado.  Unto  this  or  this 
time  ;  hereto. 

Here'up-on',  ado.  On  this;  hereon. 

He  re -with',  or  Here- with',  ado. 
With  this. 

IIer'it-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
inherited :  inheritable. 

HER'IT-AGE,  n.  That  which  is  in¬ 
herited  ;  inheritance. 

Her-maph'ro-dite,  n.  [From  a 
fabulous  Hermaphroditus ,  who,  when 
bathing,  grew  together  with  Sahua- 
cis,  a  nymph,  into  one  person.]  An 
animal  or  plant  having  the  charac¬ 
teristics  of  both  sexes. 

IlER'ME-NEU'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  eppLTjvevTi- 
kos,  from  'Epp-rj?,  Mercury.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  interpretation. 

Her'me-neu'tigs,  n.  sins:;.  Science 
of  interpretation,  especially  of  the 
Scriptures. 

Her-met'IG,  1  a.  [From  Hermes 

Her-met'IG-AL,  J  Trismegistus ,  the 
fabled  inventor  of  alchemy.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  chemistry  ;  chemical.  2. 

200 

Pertaining  to  an  occult  species  of 
philosophy.  3.  Perfectly  close,  so 
that  no  fluid  can  escape. 

Her-met'ig-al-ly,  ado.  In  an  her- 
metical  manner. 

IlER'MIT,  n.  [Gr.  eprjpuTijs,  fr.  eprjp. o?, 
solitary.]  A  recluse  ;  one  who  lives 
in  solitude  from  religious  motives. 

Her'mit-age,  n.  Habitation  of  a 
hermit. 

Hern,  n.  The  same  as  Heron. 

ILEr'ni-a,  n.  [Lat.,  prob.  from  Gr. 
epro?,  a  young  shoot.]  An  external 
tumor  formed  by  a  rupture. 

IIer'ni-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  hernia. 

IIe'ro  (89,  147),  n.  [Gr.  Tjpto?.]  1.  A 
man  of  distinguished  valor.  2.  Prin¬ 
cipal  personage  in  a  poem,  story,  &c. 

He-ro'IC,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or 
like,  a  hero.  2.  Becoming  a  hero. 

Syn.  —  Brave  ;  intrepid;  courageous  ; 
daring  ;  gallant;  noble;  magnanimous. 

I1e-r5'IC-AL-LY,  ado.  Courageously  ; 
bravely. 

He'ro-i-gom'ig,  )  a.  Consisting 

He'ro-i-gom'ig-al,  )  of  the  heroic 
and  the  ludicrous. 

Her'o-Ine,  n.  A  female  hero. 

Her'o-Ism,  n.  Qualities  or  character 
of  a  hero. 

Syn. —  Courage  ;  fortitude;  bravery  ; 
valor;  intrepidity;  gallantry.  —  Courage 
is  generic,  denoting  fearlessness  of  dan¬ 
ger  ;  fortitude  is  passive  courage,  the 
habit  of  hearing  up  nobly  under  trials, 
dangers,  and  sufferings  ;  bravery  and 
valor  are  courage  in  battle  or  other  con¬ 
flicts  with  living  opponents  ;  intrepidity 
is  firm  courage,  which  shrinks  not  amid 
the  most  appalling  dangers  ;  gallantry 
is  adventurous  courage,  dashing  into  the 
thickest  of  the  fight.  Heroism  may  call 
into  exercise  all  these  modifications  of 
courage. 

IlER'ON,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  heigir,  heigro.] 
A  wading  bird  with  lODg  legs  and 
neck.  [ons  breed. 

Her'on-ry,  n.  A  place  where  her- 

HER'PES,  n.  [Gr.  epirry;,  from  epneiv, 
to  creep.]  An  itching  eruption  of 
the  skin  in  small  distinct  clusters. 

HER'PE-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ep-rrerov, 
reptile,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Natu¬ 
ral  history  of  reptiles. 

Her'ring,  n.  [A.-S.  haring ,  hering.\ 
A  small  fish.  [Her. 

Hers,  pron.  Belonging  to  her.  See 

Herse  (14),  n.  Same  as  Hearse. 

See  Hearse.  [form  of  She. 

Her-self',  pron.  An  emphasized 

IlEg'l-TAN-^Y,  n.  1.  Act  of  hesitat¬ 
ing  ;  doubt.  2.  Indecision. 

IlES'I-TATE,  t!.  i  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
luesilare ,  -tatinn,  intens.  form  of  h se¬ 
vere,  to  hold  fast.]  1.  To  be  in  sus¬ 
pense  or  uncertainty.  2.  To  stop  in 
speaking. 

Syn.  —  To  doubt;  waver;  scruple;  de¬ 
liberate  :  falter. 

Hes'i-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Doubt ;  vacil¬ 
lation.  2.  A  stopping  in  speech; 
stammering. 

IIes'per,  n.  The  evening  star. 

Hes-pe'rI-an,  a.  [Lat.  hesperius ,  fr. 
hesperus ,  the  evening  star,  Gr.  earne- 
po?.]  Western  ;  occidental. 

IIes'sian  Fly.  A  small  two-winged 

HID 

fly,  nearly  black,  very  destructive  to 
young  wheat. 

IIet'er-o-glIte,  n.  A  noun  irregu¬ 
lar  or  anomalous  in  declension. 

IlET'ER-O-GLlT'IG,  1  a.  [Gr.  ere- 

IlET'ER-O-GLIT'IG-AL,  j  poxAlTOS. 

otherwise  (i.  e.,  irregularly) declined.] 
Irregular;  anomalous;  abnormal. 

Het'ER-O-DOX,  a.  [Gr.  erepodofov, 
fr.  erepos,  other,  and  fio£a,  opinion.] 
Contrary  to  some  acknowledged 
standard,  as  the  Bible  ;  not  orthodox. 

IIet'er-o-dox'y,  n.  Heresy;  doc¬ 
trine  contrary  to  the  true  faith. 

IlET'ER-O-GE'NE-otJS,  a.  [Gr.  erepo- 
yemjv,  from  eVepos,  other,  and  yeVos, 
race,  kind.]  Differing  in  kind  ;  dis¬ 
similar. 

Hew  (hu),  v.  t.  [imp.  hewed;  p.p. 
HEWED,  or  HEWN.]  [A.-S.  heaican.] 

1.  To  cut  with  an  ax.  2.  To  shape 
with  a  sharp  instrument.  3.  To  chop; 
to  hack. 

IlEX'A-GON,  n.  [Gr.  e£-  / - V 

dyweos,  six-cornered ;  /  \ 

ef,  six,  and  yt ovia,  an-(  \ 

gle.]  A  plane  figure  of  \  / 

six  sides  and  six  angles.  \  / 

IlEX-AG'O-NAL,  a.  Hav- - '  j 

ing  six  sides  and  six  Hexagon, 
angles. 

IlEX'A-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  e£,  six,  and 
eSpa,  seat,  base.]  A  regular  solid 
body  of  six  equal  faces ;  a  cube. 

IlEX-AM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  efajaerpos, 
fr.  e£,  six,  and  pterpo v,  measure.]  A 
verse  of  six  feet,  either  dactyls  or 
spondees.  —  a.  Having  six  metrical 
feet,  especially  dactyls  and  spondees. 

IIex-an'gu-lar,  a.  Having  six  an¬ 
gles  or  corners. 

Hey  (ha),  interj.  An  exclamation  of 
joy  or  exhortation. 

IlEY'DAY,  interj.  [Ger.  heida,  or  hex 
da.]  An  expression  of  frolic  and  ex¬ 
ultation. 

HI-a'tus  (147),  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  hiare,  to 
gape.  J  A  gap  ;  a  chasm. 

I1i-b£r'nal,  a  [Lat.  hibernus .]  Re¬ 
lating  to  winter  ;  wintry. 

HI'ber-nate,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
pass  the  winter  in  seclusion,  as  some 
beasts.  [nating. 

IIPBER-NA'TION,  n.  Act  of  hiber- 

IIl-BER'Nl-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Hi-  1 

bernia,  now  Ireland.  —  n.  A  native 
of  Ireland. 

IIi-ber'ni-cism,  n.  A  mode  of  speech 
peculiar  to  the  Irish. 

IIig'cough  (hik'kup),  n.  [0.  Eng. 
/ticket,  W.  ig,  igiad.]  A  spasmodic 
and  audible  inspiration ;  also,  the 
sound  itself. — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.J 

To  have  a  hiccough. 

IlICK'o-RY,  n.  An  American  tree. 

Hid,  1  p.p.  of  Hide.  1.  Concealed. 

Hid'den,  (  2.  p.  a.  Not  seen  or 

known  ;  mysterious. 

Syn. —  Secret;  covert. —  Hidden  may 
denote  either  “  known  to  no  one,”  as  a 
hidden  disease,  or  “intentionally  con¬ 
cealed,”  as  a  hidden  purpose  of  revenge. 

A  secret  must  be  known  to  some  one; 
as,  a  secret  conspiracy.  Covert  (cov¬ 
ered)  means  not  open  or  avowed  ;  as, 
a  covert  plan  ;  the  word,  however,  is 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  E,  I,  6,  0,  $,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 

HIDALGO 


20i 


HIRELING 


often  applied  to  what  we  mean  to  be 
understood  without  openly  expressing 
it;  as,  a  covert  allusion.  Secret  is  op¬ 
posed  to  known ,  and  hidden  to  concealed. 

Hi-dal' GO,n.  [Sp.]  A  nobleman  of 
the  lowest  class.  [ Spain .] 

Hide,  v.  t.  [imp.  hid;  p.  p.  hid, 
hidden;  p.pr.  &  vb.  n.  HIDING.] 
[A.-S.  hydan ;  Icel.  hyda,  to  spread 
skins  over.]  1.  To  withhold,  or  with¬ 
draw  from  sight.  2.  To  keep  secret. — 
v.  i.  To  lie  concealed  ;  to  keep  one's 
self  out  of  view.  — n.  [A.-S.  hyd,  al¬ 
lied  to  Lat.  cittis.]  1.  Skin  of  a  beast. 

2.  The  human  skin  ;  — in  contempt. 

IIide'-bound,  a.  Having  the  skin 

stuck  closely  to  the  ribs  a.nd  back. 

IIid'e-ous  (77),  a.  [0.  Fr.  hidous , 
hideus,  fr.  Armor,  hefiz,  eftz,  horror.] 
Shocking  to  the  eye  or  ear. 

Syn.  —  Frightful  ;  ghastly;  horrid; 
dreadful;  terrible. 

Hid'e-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  hideous 
manner.  [hideous. 

IIID'E-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 

Hid'er,  n.  One  who  hides. 

Hie,  v.  i.  [hied;  hying.]  [A.-S. 
higan ,  hiegian,  to  strive,  make  haste, 
hige,  mind,  thought.]  To  hasten. 

IIl'E-RAROH,  n.  [Or.  tepdpx1??  i  iepos, 
sacred,  and  dp^os,  leader.]  One  who 
rules  in  sacred  things. 

Hi'e-rargh'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
hierarch.  [a  hierarchy. 

Hi'e-RARGH'io-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 

HFe-rargh'y,  n.  1.  Authority  in 
sacred  things.  2.  The  body  of  per¬ 
sons  having  ecclesiastical  authority. 

3.  A  form  of  government  adminis¬ 
tered  solely  by  the  priesthood. 

HFE-RAT'IG,  a.  [Gr.  ieparifcos;  iepov, 
sacred.]  Consecrated  to  sacred  uses  ; 
sacerdotal ;  —  applied  to  a  mode  of 
ancient  Egyptian  writing. 

Hi'e-ro-glyph,  )  n.  1.  The  pict- 

IIFe-ro-glyph'ig,  J  ure-writing 
of  the  ancient  Egyptian  priests.  2. 
Any  character  having  a  mysterious 
significance. 

HPe-ro-glyph'ig,  1  a.  [Gr.  ie- 

H I'E-RO-GLYPH'ie-AL,  )  poyhvfyiKov 
(sc.  ■ypdp.u.a),  an  hieroglyphic  char¬ 
acter;  iepo ?,  sacred,  and  y\v(f>ei.v,  to 
carve.]  1.  Flxpressive  of  some  mean¬ 
ing  by  characters  or  pictures.  2.  Ob¬ 
scure  ;  enigmatical. 

HPe-RO-GrXpH'IG,  1  a.  [Gr.  ie- 

IIPE-RO-GRAPH'IG-AL,  j  poypa(/>LKog.] 
Pertaining  to  sacred  writing. 

IIl'E-ROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  iepohoyia  ; 
iepo?,  sacred,  and  A.oyos,  discourse.] 
Science  which  treats  of  the  ancient 
writings  and  inscriptions  of  the  Egyp¬ 
tians. 

Hl'E-RO-MAN^Y,  n.  [Gr.  iepopavrCa, 
fr.  i epos,  sacred,  and  pavr  eia,  divina¬ 
tion.]  Divination  by  observing  the 
things  offered  in  sacrifice. 

III-ER'O-PHANT,  or  IIl'E-RO-PHANT, 
n.  [Gr.  iepo(f>dv tt/s  ;  iepos,  sacred, 
and  (fraii'eii',  to  show.]  One  who 
teaches  the  mysteries  of  religion. 

HYg'GLE,  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [See 
Haggle.]  1.  To  carry  provisions 
about  for  sale.  2.  To  chaffer. 


High  (hi),  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
heah,  heag,  hea .]  1.  Elevated;  lift¬ 

ed  up  ;  lofty  ;  sublime.  2.  Regarded 
as  raised  up  or  elevated ;  remarka¬ 
ble  ;  sometimes  equivalent  to  great , 
used  indefinitely.  3.  Possessing  some 
characteristic  quality  in  a  marked 
degree.  4.  Prominent;  eminent  ;  — 
used  in  various  technical  senses. 

High-mass _  (Rom.  Cath.  Church'),  that 
mass  which  is  performed  by  a  choir  in  a 
specially  formal  and  solemn  manner.— 
High  treason,  treason  against  the  state, 
being  the  highest  civil  offense.  —  High 
water,  the  greatest  elevation  of  the  tide; 
also,  the  time  of  such  elevation. — High 
wine,  distilled  wine  ;  brandy;  also,  pure 
alcohol. 

—  adv.  To  a  great  height ;  eminent¬ 
ly  ;  powerfully.  —  n.  An  elevated 
place ;  superior  region. 

IIigh'-born,  a.  Being  of  noble  birth. 

Higu'-CHURCH,  a.  Inclined  to  at¬ 
tach  the  highest  importance  to  epis¬ 
copacy. 

IIigh'-church'MAN,  n.  One  who 
holds  high-church  principles. 

IIIgh'-flPer,  n.  One  whoisextrav- 
agant  in  pretensions  or  manners. 

IIigh'-flown,  a.  1.  Elevated ;  proud. 
2.  Turgid;  extravagant. 

High'land,  n.  Elevated  land. 

IIiGH'LAND-ER,  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
highlands ;  esp.  those  of  Scotland. 

High'ly  (hPly ),  adv.  In  a  high  man¬ 
ner,  or  to  a  high  degree. 

High'-mind'ed,  a.  1.  Proud;  arro¬ 
gant.  2.  Magnanimous. 

IITgh'ness  (hi'nes),  n.  1.  State  of 
being  high,  in  its  various  senses.  2. 
A  title  of  honor  given  to  princes,  &c. 

High'-press'ure  (hl'presh'iir),  a. 
Exceeding  about  fifty  pounds  on  the 
square  inch. 

IIlGH'-SEA/soNED(hPse/znd),  a.  En¬ 
riched  with  spices  or  other  seasoning. 

IIigh'-spIr'it-ed,  a.  1.  Full  of 
spirit ;  irascible.  2.  Bold  ;  daring. 

IIIght  (hlt),n.  The  same  as  Height. 

IIlGH'WAY,  n.  A  public  road. 

Syn.  —  Way;  road;  path;  course. 

IIIgh'way-man  (150),  n.  One  who 
robs  on  the  public  road. 

IIIgh'-wrought  (hFrawt),  a.  1. 
Wrought  with  exquisite  skill.  2.  In¬ 
flamed  to  a  high  degree. 

III-LA'RI-OUS  (hi-  or  hi-),  a.  [Lat.  hi- 
larus ,  Gr.  iAapds.]  Mirthful ;  mer¬ 
ry  ;  jolly. 

Ill-LAR'I-TY  (hi-  or  hi-),  n.  A  pleas¬ 
urable  excitement  of  the  animal 
spirits. 

IlILL,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  An  eminence  less 
than  a  mountain.  2.  Earth  raised 
about  the  root  of  a  plant.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  surround  with  earth. 

HlLL'OCK,  n.  A  small  hill. 

HI'll'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  hills. 

Hilt,  n.  [A.-S.]  Handle  of  a  cutting 
instrument. 

HIM,  proti.  Objective  case  of  Ho. 

IIim-self r,pron.  An  emphasized  form 
of  He  or  Him. 

HTnd,  n.  1.  [A.-S.]  Female  of  the 
red  deer.  2.  [A.-S.  hine,  with  d  suf¬ 
fixed.]  A  rustic. — a.  [hinder; 


HINDMOST,  or  IIINDERMOST  .]  [A.v 
S.J  Placed  in  the  rear. 

Hind'ER,  a.  [compar.  of  hind.]  Be¬ 
longing  to  that  part  which  is  in  the 
rear. 

Hin'der,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
hindrian ,  fr.  hinder ,  back,  after.]  1. 
To  prevent  from  moving  forward.  2. 
To  check  or  retard.  3.  To  embar¬ 
rass  ;  to  shut  out. 

Syn.  —  To  stop  ;  interrupt ;  counter¬ 
act  ;  debar  ;  arrest ;  impede  ;  delay. 

—  v.  i.  To  interpose  obstacles. 

IIIN'DER-AN^E,  n.  [Written  also 

hindrance .]  1.  Act  of  impeding  or 

restraining  motion.  2.  That  which 
stops  advance. 

IIind'er-most,  )  a.  Superlative  of 

Hind'most,  j  Hind. 

II’in'doo,  \n.  A  native  inhabitant  of 

IIlN'DU^  /  Ilindostan. 

Hin'doo-stan'ee  1  (112),  a.  Of,  or 

Hin'du-stan'I  j  pertaining  to.  the 
Hindoos  or  their  language. —  n.  Lan¬ 
guage  of  the  Hindoos. 

UlN'DRANCE,  n.  See  IIINDERANCE. 

Hinge,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  ango,  connect¬ 
ed  with  hang.]  1.  The  joint  on 
which  a  door,  lid,  &c. , hangs  or  turns. 
2.  That  on  which  any  thing  depends 
or  turns. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
furnish  with  hinges.  — v.  i.  To  stand, 
depend,  or  turn,  as  on  a  hinge. 

HINT,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  hen- 
tan,  to  pursue,  seize.]  To  bring  to 
mind  by  a  slight  allusion. 

Syn. —  To  suggest ;  intimate  ;  insinu¬ 
ate  ;  imply. 

—  v.  i.  To  make  an  indirect  refer¬ 
ence,  suggestion,  or  allusion.  —  n.  A 
distant  allusion  ;  intimation. 

Hip,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Lateral  parts  of 

the  pelvis,  with  the  flesh  covering 
them  ;  haunch.  2.  Fruit  of  the  dog- 
rose. 

HlP'PO-yEN'TAUR,  n.  [Gr.  InnoKev- 
ravpos  ;  tTraos,  horse,  and  Kevravpos, 
centaur.]  A  fabulous  monster,  half 
man  and  half  horse. 

IIIP'PO-Dk5mE,  n.  [Gr.  imroSpopog  ; 
iTTTros,  horse,  and  Spopos,  course.]  A 
circus  for  horse-races  and  chariot- 
races. 

IIip'po-pot'a-mOs, 
n. ;  Eng.  pi.  h!p'- 

PO  -  POT' A  -  MUS- 

Eg  ;  Lat.  pi.  hip'- 

ro  -  PUT'  A-  Ml. 

[Gr.  imroTrorapos ;  Hippopotamus. 
iWos,  horse,  and 
norapos,  river.]  A  pachydermatous 
mammal  of  Africa,  allied  to  the  hog. 

HlP'-ROOF,  n.  A  roof  having  sloping 
ends  and  sloping  sides. 

Hire ,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ins.]  [A.-S.  hy- 
rian.]  1.  To  procure  from  another, 
and  for  temporary  use,  for  a  com¬ 
pensation.  2.  To  contract  with  for 
wages.  3.  To  bribe.  4.  To  let ;  to 
lease. — n.  Compensation  for  the 
temporary  use  of  a  thing  or  for  per¬ 
sonal  service. 

Syn. —  Wages  ;  salary  ;  stipend  ;  al¬ 
lowance  ;  pay. 

Hire'LING,  n.  One  who  is  hired  ;  a 

L,  hard;  As;  E^IST  ;  Mas  NG;  THIS- 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  took;  Orn,  rue  ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  G,  soft;  -e, 


HIRSUTE 


HOLIDAY 


202 


mercenary.  —  a.  Scrying  for  wages ; 
venal ;  mercenary. 

Hir-sute',  a.  [Lat.  hirsutus.]  Rough 
with  hair ;  shaggy. 

Ill’s,  pron.  Of  him  ;  possessive  of  He ; 
—  formerly  used  as  the  possessive  of 
it,  for  its. 

Ili's'Pin.  a.  [Lat.  hispidus.]  Rough 
with  bristles ;  bristly. 

Hiss,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  hysian  ] 
To  make  a  sound  like  that  of  the 
1  letter  s,  esp.  in  contempt. —  v.  t.  To 
condemn  by  hissing. — n.  A  sound 
like  that  made  in  pronouncing  the 
letter  s,  esp.  as  a  mark  of  disapproba¬ 
tion.  [of  contempt. 

Ili'ss'ING,  n.  1.  A  hiss.  2.  Occasion 
Hist,  interj.  [Cf.  Whist.]  Hush ; 
be  silent. 

Ilis-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  loros,  tissue, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Science  which 
treats  of  the  minute  structure  of  the 
tissues  of  plants,  animals,  &c. 
His-to'ri-an,  ii.  A  writer  or  com¬ 
piler  of  history. 

Ilis-TOR'IC,  1  a.  Containing,  or 
Ills  tor'ig-AL,  )  pertaining  to  his¬ 
tory^ 

IIlS-TO'RI-OG'RA-PIIER,  11.  [Gr.  tcr- 
ropta,  history,  and  ypd<pciv,  to  write.] 
A  historian  ;  a  writer  of  history. 
His-to'ri-og'ra-phy,  n.  Art  or  em¬ 
ployment  of  a  historian. 

His'to-ry,  n.  [Lat.  historia,  Gr.  Icr- 
Topta,  fr.  IcTTopciv,  to  learn  by  inqui¬ 
ry.]  1.  A  record  ;  a  description.  2. 
A  continuous  narrative  of  events. 

Natural  History,  _  a  description  and 
classification  of  objects  in  nature,  as 
minerals,  plants,  animals,  &c. 

Syn.—  Chronicle  ;  annals  ;  relation  ; 
narration. —  History  is  a  methodical  rec¬ 
ord  of  the  important  events  which  con¬ 
cern  a  community  of  men,  usually  so  ar¬ 
ranged  as  to  show  the  connection  of 
causes  and  effects.  A  chronicle  is  a  rec¬ 
ord  of  such  events,  when  it  conforms  to 
the  order  of  time  as  its  distinctive  feat¬ 
ure.  Annals  are  a  chronicle  divided  out 
into  distinct  years. 

IIls'TRl-oN'ie,  )  a.  [Lat.  histrion- 
His'tri-6n'I€-AL,  )  icus,  fr.  liistrio, 
a  player.]  Pertaining  to  a  stage- 
player  ;  theatrical. 

Hit,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  hit  ;  p.  pr. 
&  vb.  n.  hitting.]  [Teel,  hitta,  to 
hit,  find;  A.-S  hctlan ,  hetian,  to 
pursue,  drive.]  1.  To  reach  or  touch 
an  object  aimed  at.  2.  To  accord 
with  ;  to  suit.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  meet  or 
come  in  contact.  2.  To  succeed.  — 
n.  A  collision  ;  the  stroke  that  touch¬ 
es  any  thing ;  —  often  with  implied 
luck  or  chance. 

Hitch,  v.  i.  1.  To  become  caught  as 
by  a  hook.  2.  To  move  by  jerks,  as 
if  caught  on  a  hook.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  catch  or  fasten  as  by  a 
{  hook. —  n.  1.  A  catch.  2.  Act  of 
’  catching.  3.  A  sudden  halt.  4.  A 
knot  or  noose  in  a  rope. 

HIth'ER,  adv.  [A.-S.  hid  her.]  To 
this  place.  —  a.  Being  on  the  side 
toward  the  speaker. 

Hit-h'er-to',  adv.  1.  To  this  place. 
2.  Up  to  this  time. 

Hive,  n.  [A.-S.  hyfe,  hive,  hiw,  fam¬ 


ily. ]  1.  A  box  for  bees  to  live  in. 
2.  A  swarm  of  bees.  3.  A  company  ; 
a  crowd. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
collect  into  a  hive.  — v.  i.  To  take 
shelter  together. 

Hives,  n.  [Scot,  allied  to  heave.]  A 
disease  ;  the  croup. 

Ho,  )  interj.  Halloo  !  oho  !  oh  !  at- 

Hoa,  )  tend! 

Hoar,  a.  [A.-S.  Mr.]  White,  or  gray¬ 
ish  white,  especially  with  age. 

Hoard,  n.  [A.-S.  hard ,  heard.]  A 
large  quantity  of  any  thing  laid  up. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  collectand 
[ay  up ;  to  store  secretly. 

IIoar'-frost,  n.  White  particles 
formed  by  the  congelation  of  dew. 

Hoar'hound,  ii.  [A.-S.  hune ,  hara- 
liune ,  fr.  liar,  hoar,  gray.]  A  plant 
which  has  a  bitter  taste. 

Hoar'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  hoary. 

Hoarse,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [0.  IL.  Ger. 
haersch.]  1.  Having  a  harsh,  rough, 
grating  voice.  2.  Rough  ;  discord¬ 
ant.  |  harsh  sound. 

Ho  arse 'ly,  adv.  With  a  rough, 

IIoarse'ness,  n.  Harshness  of  voice 
or  sound. 

Hoar'y,  a.  [See  Hoar.]  White  or 
whitish,  espciallyl* with  age;  hoar. 

Hoax,  n.  [A.-S.  hues,  hux ,  hCh,  h.Cc, 
mockery,  contempt,  or  contr.  from 
hocus,  in  hocus-pocus.]  A  trick  played 
off  in  sport.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  play  a  trick  upon  for  sport. 

Hob,  n.  Flat  part  of  a  grate  at  the 
side,  where  things  are  placed  to  be 
kept  warm. 

HoB'BLEjU.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  hop.]  To  walk  lamely  ;  to  limp. 

—  n.  1.  An  unequal,  halting  gait. 
2.  Difficulty  ;  perplexity. 

Hob'BLY,  a.  Full  of  holes ;  rough  ; 
uneven ;  —  said  of  a  road. 

Hob'BY,  1  ii.  [Dan.  lioppc,  a 

IIob'by-horse,  j  mare.]  1.  A 
strong,  active  horse ;  a  nag.  2.  A 
stick  on  which  boys  ride.  3.  A  fa¬ 
vorite  theme  of  discourse  or  effort. 

Hob'gob-lin,  n.  [See  IIob  and  Gob¬ 
lin.]  A  frightful  apparition  ;  an 

imp.  _ 

IIob'nail,  n.  [Ger.  hvfnagel,  hoof- 
nail.]  A  thick-headed  nail  for  shoes. 

Hob'nob,  adv.  [A.-S.  habban,  to 
have,  and  nabban ,  to  have  not.  ]  Take 
or  not  take  ;  —  a  familiar  invitation 
to  reciprocal  drinking. — v.  i.  To 
drink  familiarly. 

IIoB'soN’g  Choice.  A  choice  with¬ 
out  an  alternative ;  this  or  none. 

ESf"  This  expression  is  said  to  have  had 
its  origin  in  the  name  of  one  Hobson,  at  J 
Cambridge,  England,  who  let  horses, 
and  obliged  every  customer  to  take  in  j 
Iris  turn  the  horse  which  stood  next  the 
stable-door. 

IIock,  n.  [From  Hochheim,  in  Ger¬ 
many.]  A  light-yellowish  Rhenish 
wine. 

IIo'cus,  v.  t.  To  deceive  or  cheat. 

H5'gus-p6'cus,  n.  [According  to 
Turner,  from  Ochus  Bochus,  a  magi¬ 
cian  of  the  northern  mythology  ;  ac¬ 
cording  to  Tillotson,  a  corruption  of 
hoc  est  corpus,  uttered  by  Romish  1 


priests  on  the  elevation  of  the  host.| 
A  juggler;  a  juggler’s  trick. — v.  t. 
To  cheat. 

Hod,  ii.  [Fr.  hotte,  a  basket  for  the 
back.]  1.  A  kind  of  tray  for  carry¬ 
ing  mortar  and  bricks.  2.  A  coal¬ 
scuttle. 

IIODGE'-PODGE,  ii.  [Fr.  hochepot,  fr. 
hocher,  to  shake,  ar.d  pot,  pot.]  A 
medley  of  ingredients.  [Colloq.] 

IIO''di-er,nal ,  a.  [Lat.  hodiernus  ; 
hodie ,  to-day.]  Belonging  to  the 
present  day. 

IIod'man  (i-50),  11.  A  mason’s  tender. 

IIoe  ,  11.  An  instrument  for  cutting 
up  weeds.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
cut,  dig,  or  clean  with  a  hoe.  — v.  i. 
To  use  a  hoe. 

IIoe '-CAKE,  n.  A  coarse  cake,  of  In¬ 
dian  meal;  a  johnny-cake. 

Hog,  n.  [W.  hutch,  swine,  sow.]  A 
well-known  domesticated  animal ; 
swine;  specifically,  a  castrated  boar. 

—  v.t.  To  cut  short  the  hair  of. — 

v.  i.  To  become  bent  upward  in  the 
middle.  [mean  ;  selfish. 

ILog'gish,  a.  Gluttonous;  filthy; 

IIogs'iiead,  ii.  [Either  from  its  form 
or  make.]  1.  A  measure  containing 
63  wine  gallons,  or  about  52[  imperi¬ 
al  gallons.  2.  A  large  cask,  of  in¬ 
definite  contents.  [Amer.]  [hegs. 

IIog'sty,  ii.  A  pen  or  inclosure  lor 

Hoi'D-EN,  ii.  [W.  hoeden,  flirt,  wan¬ 
ton.]  A  rude,  bold  girl ;  a  romp.  — 
a.  Rude  ;  bold  ;  inelegant ;  rustic. 

Hoist,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Icel.  hisa.] 
To  raise ;  to  lift  by  means  of  tackle. 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  hoisting.  2.  Per¬ 
pendicular  height  of  a  flag  or  sail. 

IIoi'TY-  toi'ty,  interj.  [From  hoit, 
(obs.)  to  caper.]  An  exclamation  de¬ 
noting  surprise  or  disapprobation. 

Hold  (20),  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  held  ; 
p.  pr.  &  vb.  n.  holding.  Hold¬ 
en,  p.  p.  is  used  in  legal  language.] 
[A.-S.  healdan.]  1.  To  sustain  ;  to 
restrain;  to  retain.  2.  To  keep;  to 
defend.  3.  To  be  in  possession  of. 
4.  To  carry  on  ;  to  continue.  5.  To 
contain,  or  have  capacity  for.  6.  To 
maintain.  7.  To  consider  ;  to  re¬ 
gard.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  keep  one’s  self  in 
a  given  position  or  condition  ;  to  re¬ 
main  fixed.  2.  To  derive  right  or 
title.  —  n.  1.  Seizure  :  grasp  ;  clasp. 
2.  Binding  power  and  influence.  3. 
Custody.  4.  A  fortified  place.  5. 
Interior  cavity  cf  a  vessel. 

IIold'back,  n.  The  iron  or  strap  on 
the  thill  of  a  vehicle,  to  which  a  part 
of  the  harness  is  attached. 

IIold'er,  n.  1.  One  who  holds.  2. 
Something  by  which  a  thing  is  held. 

IIold'-fast,  ii.  Something  used  to 
hold  in  place  something  else,  as  a 
hook,  & c. 

IIold'ing,  n.  1.  A  tenure  ;  any  thing 
that  is  held.  2.  Influence ;  power. 

Hole,  n.  [A.-S.  hoi,  from  helan,  to 
conceal.]  1.  A  hollow  place.  2.  An 
excavation,  or  a  natural  cavity. 

Syn.  —  Hollow  ;  aperture  ;  interstice  ; 
perforation;  excavation. 

Hol'i-day,  n.  [holy  and  day.]  1,  A 


A,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long;  a,  E,  I,  6,  t),  y,  short;  care,  far,  ask;  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  son, 


HOLILY 

!  religious  anniversary.  2.  A  day  of 

exemption  from  labor. 

Ho'LI-LY,  adv.  In  a  holy  manner. 

llo'LI-NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  ho¬ 
ly;  freedom  from  sin.  2.  State  of 
any  thing  consecrated  to  God. 

His  Holiness,  a  title  of  the  pope. 

Svx.  —  Piety  ;  devotion  ;  godliness  ; 
religiousness;  sanctity;  sacredness. 

Hol'LA,  inter j.  Hollo. — v.i.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  hollo.  See  Hollo. 

Hollands,  n.  Gin  made  in  Holland. 

Hol'lo,  r inter j.  &  n.  [Vr.hold.fr. 

Hol'loa,  |  ho  and  Id,  there.]  Ho  ; 
attend;  here.  [or  exclaim. 

Hol'lo  (or  hol-loQ,  v.  i.  To  call  out 

Hol'low,  a.  [See  Hole.]  1.  Con¬ 
taining  an  empty  space,  within  a 
solid  substance.  2.  Reverberated  from 
a  cavity.  3.  Not  sincere  or  faithful. 

Srx.  —  Concave  ;  sunken  ;  low  ;  va¬ 
cant  ;  empty  ;  void  ;  false  ;  faithless  ; 
deceitful. 

—  n.  A  cavity  ;  a  hole  ;  an  excavation  ; 
a  concavity. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -l\G.]  To 
make  hollow ;  to  excavate.  —  adv. 
Completely. 

Hol'low-ness,  n.  1.  Cavity  ;  exca¬ 
vation  2.  Insincerity  ;  deceitfulness. 

Hol'ly,  n.  [A.-S.  holen ,  holegn.] 
An  evergreen  tree  or  shrub  having 
glossy  green  leaves. 

Hol'ly-hock,  ii.  A  plant  bearing 
dowers  of  various  colors. 

j  Holm  (horn), n.  1.  [From  A.-S. 

holly,  as  the  holly  is  also  called  holm.] 
The  evergreen  oak ;  the  ilex.  2. 
[A.-S.  holm.]  A  river  isle. 

Hol'o-GAUST,  n.  [Gr.  okoKavarov ; 
oAos,  whole,  and  navcrro s,  burnt.]  A 
sacrifice,  the  whole  of  which  was 
consumed  by  fire. 

HOL'O -GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  o\oypa(f>o<; , 
wholly  written.]  Any  writing  wholly 
in  the  hand  of  the  one  from  whom 
it  proceeds. 

Hol'ster  (20),  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  hulst, 
hnl ft ,  covering,  saddle,  Icel.  hulstr, 
case.]  A  horseman’s  leathern  case 
for  a  pistol. 

Holt,  n.  [A.-S.]  A  wood,  or  piece 
of  woodland;  especially,  a  woody  hill. 

1  Ho'ly,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  [A.-S. 

halig,  fr.  hdl,  halo,  safety,  from  hal, 
sound,  safe.]  1.  Set  apart  to  the  ser¬ 
vice  of  God  ;  sacred.  2.  Free  from 
sinful  affections  ;  pure ;  guiltless. 

IIo'ly-day,  n.  A  religious  festival. 

Ho'ly-stone,  n.  A  stone  used  by 
seamen  for  cleaning  decks. 

IIom'age,  n.  [L.  Lat.  homagium,  fr. 
Lat.  homo, aman,  L.  Lat. client, serv¬ 
ant.]  1.  Respect  paid  by  external 
action ;  obeisance.  2.  Reverential 
worship ;  devout  affection. 

Home  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  ham,  Goth. 
haims.]  1.  House  in  which  one  lives  ; 
residence.  2.  Place  or  country  in 
which  one  dwells. 

Syn.  —  Tenement ;  house  ;  dwelling  ; 
abode. 

-adv.  1.  To  one’s  home  or  coun¬ 
try.  2.  Close  :  to  the  point. 

Home'-BRED,  a.  Native;  domestic. 

Home'less.  a.  Destitute  of  a  home. 

203 

IIome'li-ness,  n  1.  Plainness  of 
features.  2.  Rudeness  ;  coarseness. 
IIome'ly  (20),  a.  [-er; -est,  142.]  1. 
Plain ;  rude  in  appearance.  2.  Of 
plaiu  features  ;  not  handsome. 
IIOME'-MADE  (109),  a.  Of  domestic 
manufacture.  [to  homeopathy. 

IIO'ME-o-PATH'ie  (110),  a.  Relating 
Ho'me-op'a-thIst,  n.  A  believer  in, 
or  practitioner  of,  homeopathy. 
Ho'ME-OP'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  bpLoeona- 
Oela.,  likeness  of  condition  or  feeling.] 
The  theory  and  its  practice  that  a 
medicine  which  will  cause  will  also 
cure  disease,  the  remedies  being  usu¬ 
ally  administered  in  minute  doses. 
IIO'MER,  n.  [Heb.  khCmer  ]  A  He¬ 
brew  measure  containing,  as  a  liquid 
measure,  75  wine  gallons,  and,  as  a 

dry  measure,  111  bushels, 
y 

IIome'SICK.  a.  Affected  with  sickness 
caused  by  grief  at  a  separation  from 
home 

IIome'sick-ness,  n.  A  morbid  sor¬ 
rowing  for  home  when  absent. 
IIome'spun,  a.  1.  Wrought  at.  home  ; 

coarse  ;  plain.  2.  Plain  ;  rude. 
Home-stead,  n.  A  person’s dsvelling- 
place,  with  that  part  of  his  landed 
property  which  is  about  and  contig¬ 
uous  to  it. 

Home' ward,  adv.  Toward  home. 
Hom'I-^Pdal,  a.  Pertaining  to  hom¬ 
icide  ;  murderous. 

Hom'1-cIde,  n.  [Lat.  homiddium  ; 
homo ,  man,  and  csedere,  to  kill.]  1. 
The  killing  of  one  human  being  by 
another ;  manslaughter.  2.  A  per¬ 
son  who  kills  another. 
HOM'I-LET'IO,  1  a.  [Gr.  o/uiAtjti- 

H6m/I-l£t'I€-AL,  )  KOV,  fr.  0/j.iAeiv, 
to  be  together,  to  converse.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  homiletics.  [preaching. 

Hom'I-let'IOS,  a.  sing.  Science  of 
Hom'i-ly,  n.  [Gr.  opiAia.  See  Hom¬ 
iletic.]  A  plain  and  familiar  ser¬ 
mon  ;  a  serious  discourse. 

Hom'I-ny,  n.  [Ind.  auhuminen , 

parched  corn.]  Maize  hulled  and 
broken,  but  coarse.  [Amer.] 
Hom'mock,  n.  [Probably  an  Indian 
word.]  A  hillock.  [MEOPATHY. 

HS'mce-op'A-THY,  n.  Same  as  Ho- 
Ho'mo-ge'ne-al,  )  a.  [Gr.  opoye- 
IIo'mo-Ge'ne-oDs,  }  vtjs,  fr.  6p.os, 
the  same,  and  yeVos,  race,  kind.]  Of 
the  same  kind  or  nature. 
Ho'mo-ge-ne'I-ty,  n.  Sameness  of 
kind  or  nature. 

IlO-MOL'O-GoOs,  a.  [Gr.  o/uoAo-yov, 
agreeing.]  Having  the  same  relative 
position,  proportion,  value,  or  struct- 
IIom'o-ny,  n  See  Hominy.  [ure. 
Hom'0-N?M,  Im.  A  word  having  tho 
IIoM'o-NYME,  J  same  sound  as  an¬ 
other,  but  differing  from  it  in  mean¬ 
ing ;  as  bear  (noun)  and  bear  (verb). 
IIo-mon'y-MoOs,  a.  [Gr.  o/atowpos, 
fr.  ojuo?,  the  same,  and  ovopa,  name.] 
Having  different  significations,  or  ap¬ 
plied  to  different  things ;  equivocal. 
Ho-mon'y-MY,  n.  Sameness  between 
words  which  differ  in  signification. 
Ho-MOPH'o-NOGs,a.  [Gr.  opo^wcos ; 

HOOF-BOUND 

6/aos,  the  same,  and  tfxovr ],  sound.]  1. 

Of  the  same  pitch.  2  Expressing  the 
same  sound  or  letter  with  another. 

Hone,  n.  [A.-S.  hanan,  to  stone  ; 
prob.  allied  to  Gr.  d/covr; ,  whetstone.] 

A  stone  of  a  fine  grit,  for  sharpening 
instruments.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

To  rub  and  sharpen  on  a  hone. 

IIon'est  (on'est),  a.  [Lat.  honestus, 
from  honos,  honor,  honor.]  1.  Fair 
in  dealing  with  others ;  upright ;  just. 

2.  Proceeding  from  pure  or  just  prin¬ 
ciples,  or  directed  to  a  good  object. 

3.  Chaste ;  virtuous. 

Syn.  —  Trusty;  faithful;  rightful;  sin¬ 
cere;  frank;  candid;  unreserved. 

Hon'est-ly  (on'est-ly),  adv.  In  an 
honest  manner. 

Hon'es-ty  (on'es-ty),  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  honest. 

Hon'ey  (hQn/y),  n.  [A.-S.  hunig.]  1. 

A  sweet,  thick  fluid,  collected  by 
bees.  2.  Sweet  one ;  darling.  —  v.  i. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  use  endearments  ; 
also,  to  fawn.- — v.  t.  To  sweeten. 

Hon'ey-bag  (hiin'y-biig),  n.  Recep¬ 
tacle  for  honey  in  a  bee. 

Hon'ey-comb  (hun'y-kom),  n.  1. 

Cells,  formed  by  bees,  and  used  as  re¬ 
positories  for  their  honey.  2.  Any 
substance,  with  cells  like  those  of  a 
honey-comb. 

HON'EY— DEW,  n.  A  sweet,  saccha¬ 
rine  substance,  found  on  the  leaves  of' 
plants  in  small  drops. 

Hon'ey-moon,  n.  First  month  after 
marriage. 

Hon'ey-suck/le,  n.  One  of  several 
species  of  flowering  plants. 

Hon'or  (oWur),  n.  [Lat.]  1.  Esteem 
due  or  paid  to  worth.  2.  Excellence  of 
character  ;  —  esp.  in  men,  integrity  ; 
in  women,  chastity.  3.  A  nice  sense  of 
what  is  right,  with  a  life  correspond¬ 
ent  thereto.  4.  Dignity  ;  reputation. 

5.  A  mark  of  respect.  6.  pi.  Aca¬ 
demic  prizes  or  distinctions.  7.  pi. 

The  four  highest  cards — ace,  king, 
queen,  and  jack. — v.t.  [-ed;-!NG.] 

1.  To  regard  or  treat  with  honor ; 
to  worship.  2.  To  dignify.  3.  (Com.) 

To  accept  and  pay  when  due. 

IION'OR-A-BLE  (on'ur-),  a.  1.  Wor¬ 
thy  of  honor.  2.  Actuated  by  prin¬ 
ciples  of  honor.  3.  Proceeding  from 
an  upright  and  laudable  cause.  4. 
Conferring  honor.  5.  An  epithet  of 
distinction. 

IIon'or-a-bly  (onhir-),  adv.  In  an 
honorable  manner. 

Hon'or-A-ry  (on'ur-),  a.  Conferring 
honor,  or  intended  merely  to  do  so. 

Hood,  n.  [A.-S.  hod,  from  hcdan,  to 
take  care  of.]  1.  A  covering  for  tho 
head  and  shoulders.  2.  Any  thing 
resembling  a  hood  in  form  or  uses. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cover  or 
furnish  with  a  hood 

IIo'od'wink,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
hood  and  wink.]  1.  To  blind  by  cov¬ 
ering  the  eyes.  2.  To  cover  ;  to  hide. 

Hoof,  n.  [A.-S.  hOf]  The  horny 
substance  that  covers  or  terminates 
the  feet  of  certain  animals. 

IloiOF'-BOUND,  a.  Having  a  dryness 

OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue  ,  PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  4,  soft;  €,&,hard;  Ag  ;  exist;  n  osng;  this. 

HOOK 


and  contraction  of  the  hoof,  occasion¬ 
ing  pain  and  lameness. 

Hook  (27),  n.  [A.-S.  hbc.]  Some  hard 
material,  bent  for  catching  or  hold¬ 
ing  any  thing. —  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  catch  or  fasten  with  a  hook. 

2.  To  steal  or  rob.  [  Colloq .] — v.  i. 
To  bend  ;  to  be  curved. 

HoioK'ED  (hdbk'ed  or'hcTokt),  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  form  of  a  hook  ;  curvated. 

Hoop,  or  Ho’op,  n.  [A.-S.  hop.]  1. 
A  band  of  wood  or  metal,  for  a  cask. 
2.  Any  thing  circular.  3.  A  combi¬ 
nation  of  elastic  rings  for  expanding 
the  skirts  of  ladies’  dresses  ;  —  chief¬ 
ly  in  the  pi.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 

1.  To  bind  or  fasten  with  hoops.  2. 
To  clasp ;  to  encircle.  3.  To  whoop. 

Hoop'ing-cough  (-kawf),  n.  A 
cough  in  which  the  patient  whoops, 
with  ji  deep  inspiration  of  breath. 

Hoj)P'OE,)n.  [So  called  from  *  its 

Hoop'o'o,  J  whooping  cry.]  A  bird 
whose  head  is  adorned  with  a  beau¬ 
tiful  crest. 

Hoop'-skirt  (hoop'-  or  hcfop'-),  n.  A 
frame-work  of  hoops  for  expanding 
the  skirts  of  a  lady’s  dress. 

Hoo'siER  (hcTo'zher),  n.  [Either  from 
husher ,  because  they  were  considered 
as  bullies,  or  from  their  rough  ex- 
\  clamation  when  one  knocks  at  a 
door,  “  Who ’s  yere  ?  ”]  A  citizen  of 
the  State  of  Indiana.  [  Amer .] 

Hoot,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Prov.  Fr. 
houler,  hutier,  to  call,  cry.]  1.  To 
cry  out  in  contempt.  2.  To  cry  as 
an  owl.  — v.  t.  To  utter  contempt¬ 
uous  cries  or  shouts  at.  —  n.  A  cry 
or  shout  in  contempt. 

Hop,  v.  i.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  [A.-S.  hop- 
pan.]  To  leap  or  jump  on  one  leg; 
also,  to  skip,  as  birds  do.  —  n.  1.  A 
leap  on  one  leg.  2.  An  informal 
dance.  [Colloq.]  3.  [D.  hop,  hoppe , 
0.  II.  Ger.  hopfo,  W.  hopez.]  A 
climbing  plant,  the  flower-scales  and 
fruit  of  which  are  used  in  brewing. 

Hope  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  hopa.]  I.  Desire 
of  some  good,  with  at  least  a  slight 
expectation  of  obtaining  it.  2.  That 
which  furnishes  ground  of  expecta¬ 
tion.  3.  That  which  is  hoped  for. 

Syn.  —  Confidence  ;  expectation  ;  an¬ 
ticipation;  trust;  belief. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  enter¬ 
tain  or  indulge  hope.  2.  To  place 
confidence.  —  v.  t.  To  desire  with 
expectation.  [Promising. 

Hope'ful,  a.  1.  Full  of  hope.  2. 

Hope'ful-ly,  adv.  With  hope. 

Hope'fvl-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
hopeful. 

Hope'less,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  hope. 

2.  Giving  no  ground  of  hope ;  des¬ 
perate. 

Hope'less-ly,  adv.  Without  hope. 

Hope'less-ness,  n.  A  state  of  being 
hopeless ;  despair. 

Hop'per,  n.  [See  Hop.]  1.  One  who 
hops.  2.  A  wooden  trough  through 
which  grain  passes  into  a  mill. 

Hop'ple,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [From 
hop.]  To  tie  the  feet  of  loosely  to¬ 
gether,  to  prevent  running  or  leap- 

A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  y,  long  '  a,  £,l,  6,  0,  ¥,  s, 


204 

ing.  —  n.  A  fetter  for  horses,  or 
other  animals. 

IIop'-sgotch,  n.  A  child’s  game,  in 
which  a  stone  is  driven  by  the  foot 
of  the  player  from  one  compartment 
to  another  of  a  figure  traced  on  the 
ground. 

Ho'RAL,  a.  [Lat.  horalis ;  hora,  hour.] 
Relating  to  an  hour. 

IIO'RA-RY,  a.  [L.  Lat.  horarius ;  Lat. 
hora ,  hour.]  1.  Pertaining  to  an 
hour;  noting  the  hours.  2.  Occur¬ 
ring  once  an  hour;  hourly. 

Horde,  n.  [Hind,  urdti,  army,  camp, 
market.]  A  wandering  troop  or  gang. 

IIore'hound,  n.  See  Hoarhound. 

IIo-ri'zon  (118),  n.  [Gr.  opi'^W  (sc. 
kvkAos),  the  bounding  line;  opos, 
boundary.]  1.  Apparent  junction  of 
the  earth  and  sky  ;  —  called  the  sen¬ 
sible  horizon.  2.  A  plane  parallel  to 
the  sensible  horizon  of  a  place,  and 
passing  through  the  earth’s  center  ;. 
—  called  also  the  rational  or  celestial 
horizon. 

Hor'I-zon'tal,  a.  Parallel  to  the 
horizon  ;  on  a  level. 

Hor'i-zon'tal-ly,  adv.  On  a  level. 

Horn,  n.  [A.-S.  horn ,  Goth,  haurn, 

allied  to  Lat.  cornu.]  1.  A  hard  pro¬ 
jection  from  the  heads  of  certain  an¬ 
imals.  2.  Hence,  something  made 
of  a  horn,  or  resembling  a  horn  in 
form,  use,  and  the  like.  3.  The  ma¬ 
terial  of  which  horns  are  composed. 

IIorn'bill,  n.  A  large  tropical  bird, 
having  a  bill  curving  downward,  on 
which  is  a  process  resembling  anoth¬ 
er  growing  upward. 

IIorn'blende,  n.  [Ger.  from  horn, 
horn,  and  blende,  blende.]  A  com¬ 
mon  mineral  of  various  colors,  con¬ 
sisting  of  silica  combined  with  mag¬ 
nesia,  lime,  or  iron. 

Horn'-  book,  n.  A  primer. 

Horned  (hornd,  60),  a.  1.  Furnished 
with  horns.  2.  Shaped  like  a  horn. 

IIor'net,  n.  [A.-S.  hyrnet,  so  called 
from  its  antennae,  or  horns.]  A  large, 
strong  kind  of  wasp. 

Horn'pipe,  n.  [W .  pib-gorn.]  ( Mus .) 
(a.)  An  instrument  of  music,  (b.)  A 
lively  tune,  of  compound  triple  time. 
(c.)  A  dance. 

Horn'work  (-wfirk),  n.  (Fort.)  An 
outwork  composed  of  two  demi-bas- 
tipns  joined  by  a  curtain. 

IIORN'Y,a.  [-er  ; -est,  142.]  1.  Con¬ 
sisting  of,  or  composed  of,  horn.  2. 
Hard ;  callous. 

Hor'o-lo&e,  n.  [Gr  wpohoyiov  ; 
wpa,  hour,  and  Ae'yeiv,  to  tell.]  A 
time-piece  of  any  kind. 

IIor'o-log'ig-al,  a.  Relating  to  a 
horologe,  or  to  horology. 

Ilo-ROL/O-G Y,  n.  Science  of  measur¬ 
ing  time 

Ho-rom'e-try,  n.  [Gr.  oi pa,  hour, 
and  per pov,  measure.]  Art  or  method 
of  measuring  time  by  hours. 

IIor'o-sgope,  n.  [Gr.  topon-Kon-os, 
observing  hours  or  times.]  ( Astrol . ) 
The  scheme  of  twelve  houses  or  signs 
of  the  zodiac,  into  which  the  whole 
circuit  of  the  heavens  was  divided 


;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ; 


IiORSE-PLAY 

for  the  purposes  of  predicting  a  per¬ 
son’s  fortune. 

1Io-r6s'€0-py,  n.  Prediction  of  fu¬ 
ture  events  by  the  disposition  of  the 
stars. 

IIor'ri-ble,  a.  [Lat.  horribilis  ;  hor . 
rere,  to  bristle.]  Exciting,  or  tend¬ 
ing  to  excite,  horror. 

Syn.  —  Dreadful;  frightful;  fearful; 
terrible;  awful;  terrific;  shocking;  hide¬ 
ous;  horrid. 

Hor'ri-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  excite 
horror. 

Hor'rid,  a.  1.  Rough;  ragged; 
bristling.  2.  Yery  disagreeable. 

Syn.  —  Frightful;  hideous;  alarming; 
shocking;  dreadful;  awful;  terrific  ;  ter¬ 
rible;  horrible. 

Hor'rid-ly,  adv.  Dreadfully. 

IIOR-RIF'IG,  a.  [Lat.  horrificus,  from 
horror,  and  facere,  to  make.]  Caus¬ 
ing  horror. 

IIor'ri-fy,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  ing,  142.]  To 
make  horrible  ;  to  strike  with  horror. 

Hor'ror,  n.  [Lat..  horror,  from  hor- 
rere,  to  bristle,  to  shiver,  to  be  dread¬ 
ful.]  1.  A  shaking,  shivering,  or 
shuddering.  2.  A  painful  emotion 
of  fear  and  abhorrence.  3.  That 
which  excites  fear. 

Horse,  n.  [A.-S.  hors,  for  hros,  Icel. 
&  O.  H.  Ger.  hros.]  1.  A  well-known 
hoofed  quadruped.  2.  The  male  of 
the  genus  horse.  3.  Mounted  sol¬ 
diery  ;  cavalry.  4.  A  frame  with 
legs,  used  for  supporting  something. 
— v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  provide  with 
a  horse,  or  with  horses. 

Horse'back,  m,  1.  The  back  of  a 
horse.  2.  State  of  being  mounted 
on  the  back  of  a  horse. 

Horse'-block,  n.  A  block  on  which 
one  steps  in  mounting  and  dismount¬ 
ing  from  a  horse.  [by  horses. 

Horse'— GAR,  n.  A  railroad  car  drawn 

Horse '-chEst'nut  (-ches'nut),  n. 
[So  called  because  the  nut  was  for¬ 
merly  ground  and  given  to  horses.] 
A  large  nut,  the  fruit  of  a  tree,  com¬ 
mon  in  the  temperate  zones  of  both 
hemispheres.  [a  horse. 

Horse'-GLOth,  n.  A  cloth  to  cover 

Horse '-dog/ tor,  n.  One  whose 
business  is  to  cure  sick  horses ;  a 
farrier. 

Horse'— guards  (-gardz,  72),  n.  pi. 
A  body  of  cavalry  for  guards. 

Horse '-hair,  «.  Hair  of  the  mane 
and  tail  of  a  horse.  [horses. 

Horse'— jo ck'ey,  n.  A  dealer  in 

Horse'-lXugh  (-laf),  n.  A  loud, 
coarse  laugh.  [erinary  surgeon. 

Horse'— leech,  n.  A  farrier;  a  vet- 

IIorse'-LIT'ter,  7i.  A  carriage  on 
poles  borne  between  two  horses. 

IIorse'-mack'er-el,  «.  1.  A  spiny- 
finned  fish,  about  the  size  of  the 
mackerel.  2.  A  gigantic  kind  of 
mackerel ;  the  tunny. 

Horse'man  (150),  n.  1.  A  rider  on 
horseback.  2.  (Mil.)  A  mounted 
soldier. 

Horse 'man-ship,  n.  The  act  or  art 
of  riding  and  training  horses. 

IIorse'-play,  n.  Rough,  rude  play. 

:e,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


HORSE-POWER 


205 


HOWL 


Horse'-POW'er,  re.  1.  The  power 
which  a  horse  is  capable  of  exerting. 

2.  A  standard  by  which  the  capabili¬ 
ties  of  steam-engines,  & c.,  are  meas¬ 
ured  ;  —  estimated  as  33.000  pounds 
raised  one  foot  in  a  minute. 

HoRSE'-RAyE,  re.  A  race  by  horses. 

Horse'-rXd'ish,  re.  A  species  of 
scurvy  grass  having  a  root  of  a  pun¬ 
gent  taste.  [horse-power. 

Horse'-rake,  re.  A  rake  worked  by 

Horse'-rail'road,  re.  A  railroad 
on  which  the  cars  are  drawn  by 
horses.  [for  horses. 

Horse 'shoe  (-shoo),  re.  An  iron  shoe 

Horse'whip,  re.  A  whip  for  driving 
or  striking  horses.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  strike  with  a  horsewhip. 

Hor-TA'TION,  re.  [Lat.  hortatio.)  Act 
of  exhorting ;  advice. 

Hor'ta-tive,  a.  Giving  exhortation. 
—  re.  A  precept;  exhortation. 

Hor'ta-to-ry  (50),  a.  Giving  ex¬ 
hortation  or  advice.  [horticulture. 

H6r/ti-c0lt,ur-al,  a.  Relating  to 

HoR'Tl-efJLT'URE  (53),  re.  [Lat.  hor- 
tus,  garden,  and  cultura ,  culture.] 
Art  of  cultivating  gardens. 

Hor'ti-gOlt'ur-ist,  w.  One  who 
practices  the  art  of  gardening. 

HdR'TUS  SJe'eus.  [Lat.,  a  dry 
garden.]  A  collection  of  plants  dried 
for  preservation  ;  an  herbarium. 

HO-gXN'NA,  re.  [Gr.  ucravvd,  fr.  Ileb. 
hdshiahnna ,  save  now,  save,  we  pray.] 
An  exclamation  of  praise  to  God 

Hose,  re. ;  pi.  h5se.  [A.-S.]  1.  Close- 
fitting  breeches  reaching  to  the  knee. 

2.  Stockings.  3.  A  flexible  pipe  for 
conveying  water.  [in  hose,  &c. 

Hosier  (ho'zher),  re.  One  who  deals 

Hosier- Y  ( -zher-),  re.  1.  Business 
of  a  hosier.  2.  Stockings  in  general. 

Hos'PiyE  (hSs'pees),  re.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat. 
hospitium ,  hospitality.]  A  convent 
and  place  of  refuge  for  travelers 
among  the  Alps,  kept  by  monks. 

Hos'pi-ta-ble,  a.  [Lat.  hospitalis , 
from  hospes,  guest.]  1.  Kind  to 
strangers  and  guests.  2.  Proceeding 
from,  or  indicating  kindness  to, 
guests.  [manner. 

H5s'pi-ta-BLY,  adv.  In  a  hospitable 

IIos'pi-tal  (76),  re.  [Lat.  hospitalis , 
hospitalia.  apartments  for  guests.]  A 
building  for  the  sick  or  insane. 

Hos'pi-tal-er,  re.  One  of  an  order 
of  knights  who  built  a  hospital  at 
Jerusalem,  in  A.  D.  1042,  for  pilgrims. 

Hos'pi-tXl'I-ty,  m.  Act  or  practice 
of  one  who  is  hospitable. 

H&s'po-dar',  n.  [0.  Slav.  &  Russ. 
gospodarj ,  lord,  master.]  Title  of  a 
Turkish  governor  in  Moldavia  and 
Wallachia. 

Host,  re.  1.  [Fr.  hoste,  fr.  Lat.  hospes , 
a  guest,  a  host.]  One  who  entertains 
strangers  ;  a  landlord.  2.  [Lat.  hos- 
tis,  enemy,  L.  Lat.  army.]  An  army. 

3.  Any  great  number  or  multitude. 

4.  [Lat.  hostia,  sacrifice,  victim.] 
(Rom.  Calk.  Church.)  The  consecrat¬ 
ed  wafer,  in  the  celebration  of  mass. 

IIos'tage,  n.  [L.  Lat.  hostagium, 
hostaticum ,  as  if  contr.  from  a  Lat. 


word  obsidnticum ,  fr.  obses,  obsidis, 
hostage.]  A  person  given  as  a  pledge 
for  the  performance  of  conditions. 

Host'ess,  re.  1.  A  female  host.  2. 
A  female  innkeeper. 

Hos'tile.  a.  [Lat.  hostilis,  fr.  hostis , 
enemy.]  Belonging  or  appropriate 
to  an  enemy. 

Hos-til'i-ty,  re.  1.  State  of  being  hos¬ 
tile.  2.  pi.  Acts  of  warfare. 

Syn.  —  Animosity;  enmity;  opposi¬ 
tion  ;  violence  ;  aggression. 

Hos'tler  (hos'ler  or  os'ler),  re.  One 
who  has  the  care  of  horses. 

Hot,  a.  [-ter  ;  -test.]  [A.-S.  hht.] 
1.  Having  much  sensible  heat.  2. 
Characterized  by  ardor,  or  anima¬ 
tion.  3.  Lustful.  4.  Acrid ;  pungent. 

Syn.  —  Fiery;  fervid;  glowing;  eager; 
vehement;  violent;  furious;  lewd. 

Hot'-bEd,  re.  A  bed  of  earth  covered 
with  glass,  for  raising  early  plants. 

Hotchpotch,  re.  [Fr.  hochepot ,  fr. 
hocher ,  to  shake.]  A  confused  mixt¬ 
ure  of  ingredients. 

HoT'-eoCK'LEg  (-kOk'lz),  re.  A  play 
in  which  one  covers  his  eyes,  and 
guesses  who  strikes  him. 

Ho-tEl',  re.  [Fr.  hCtel,  fr.  Lat.  hospi¬ 
talis.  See  Hospital.]  A  public 
house  of  some  style  or  pretensions. 

IIot'-head'ed,  a.  Of  ardent  pas¬ 
sions  ;  vehement. 

Hot'-house,  re.  A  house  kept  warm 
to  shelter  tender  plants  from  cold  air. 

Hot'ly,  adv.  1.  Ardently  ;  violent¬ 
ly.  2.  Lustfully. 

Hot'-press,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
press  between  hot  plates  for  giving  a 
smooth  and  glossy  surface. 

HQt'spur,  m.  A  man  violent,  pas¬ 
sionate,  and  rash. 

Hough  (hok),  re.  [A.-S.  hdh,  ho.] 
Joint  on  the  hind  leg  of  a  quadruped, 
between  the  knee  and  fetlock. —  v.  t. 
[ED  ;  -ING.]  To  disable  by  cutting 
the  sinews  of  the  ham  ;  to  hamstring. 

Hound,  re.  [A.-S.  hund,  allied  to  Lat. 
cams,  Gr.  kviov,  kwo?.]  A  dog  used 
for  hunting.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  incite,  as  a  hound,  to  pursuit.  2. 
To  incite  or  spur  on. 

HOUR  (our),  re.  [Lat.  hora,  Gr.  <upa.] 
1.  Sixty  minutes.  2.  Fixed  or  ap¬ 
pointed  time ;  conjuncture. 

Hour'-glAss  (our'glas),  re. 

A  glass  instrument  for 
measuring  time. 

IIour'-hXnd  (our'-),  re. 

The  hand  which  shows  the 
hour  on  a  time-piece. 

Hour'!  (hour'y),  re.  [Ar.  Hour-glass. 
Mr,  pi.  of  ahwar,  beauti¬ 
ful-eyed,  black-eyed.]  A  nymph  of 
paradise  ; —  so  called  by  the  Moham¬ 
medans. 

IIOUR'LY  (ourfly),  a.  Happening  or 
done  every  hour. —  adv.  Every  hour. 

House,  re. ;  pi.  hou§'e§.  [A.-S.  M.s.] 

1.  A  building  to  live  in  ;  a  dwelling. 

2.  A  household;  a  family.  3.  A  race; 
a  tribe.  4.  A  body  of  men  united  in  a 
legislative  capacity.  5.  (  Com.)  A  firm 
or  commercial  establishment. 

HougE  (houz),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 


shelter.  —  v.  i.  To  take  shelter  or 
lodgings;  to  abide. 

House'-break'er,  re.  One  who  fe¬ 
loniously  breaks  into  a  house. 

House'-break'ing,  re.  Act  of  felo¬ 
niously  breaking  into  a  house. 

House 'hold,  re.  A  family  living  to¬ 
gether.  —  a.  Belonging  to  the  houso 
and  family  ;  domestic.  [family. 

House'hold-er,  re.  Master  of  a 

House'keep-er,  re.  1.  One  who  oc¬ 
cupies  a  house  with  his  family.  2. 
A  female  servant  who  has  the  chief 
care  of  the  family. 

House'keep-ing,  re.  Care  of  do¬ 
mestic  concerns. 

House 'less,  a.  Destitute  of  a  house. 

House 'maid,  re.  A  female  servant. 

House'-warm'ing,  re.  A  merry¬ 
making  on  entering  a  new  house. 

House'wife  (or  huz'wif),  re.  1.  The 
mistress  of  a  family.  2.  A  little 
case  for  materials  used  in  sewing,  &c. 

House'wife-ry  (or  liuz'wif-ry),  re. 
Female  management  of  domestic  con¬ 
cerns. 

IIous'ing,  re.  [From  house ,  v.  t.]  1. 
A  saddle-cloth.  2.  Act  of  putting 

.  under  shelter. 

Hove,  imp.  of  Heave. 

Hov'EL,re.  [Cf.  W.  hogyl ,  hogl,  hov¬ 
el,  A.-S.  hof,  house,  cave,  den.]  A 
small,  mean  house. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing,  147.]  To  put  in  a  hovel. 

H6v'er,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [W.  ho- 
fian ,  hofiaw.)  1.  To  hang  flutter¬ 
ing  in  the  air,  or  upon  the  wing.  2. 
To  move  to  and  fro  in  the  neighbor¬ 
hood  of. 

How,  adv.  [A.-S.  M,  hwiX.]  1.  In 
what  way  ;  by  what  means.  2.  To 
what  degree.  3.  For  what  reason. 
4.  In  what  state. 

How  is  used  in  each  sense,  inter¬ 
rogatively,  interjectionally,  and  relative¬ 
ly. 

How-be'it,  conj.  [Compounded  of 
hoiv ,  be,  and  it.]  Be  it  as  it  may, 
nevertheless. 

How' DAH,  re.  [Hind.  &  Ar.  haudah 
or  haudadj.)  A  seat  on  the  back  of 
an  elephant  or  camel,  to  ride  in. 

How-ev'er,  adv.  1.  In  whatever 
manner  or  degree.  2.  At  all  events; 
at  least.  — conj.  Nevertheless  ;  not 
withstanding ;  yet ;  still ;  though. 

Syn.  —  At  least ;  nevertheless  ;  yet. 
—  However  signifies  that  in  whatever 
way  a  truth  or  fact  may  be  viewed,  cer¬ 
tain  other  facts  are  true,  as  " However , 
we  shall  perform  our  <juty.”  At  least 
indicates  the  lowest  estimate  or  conces¬ 
sion,  as,  This,  at  least,  must  be  done.” 
Nevertheless,  denotes  that  though  the 
concession  be  fully  made,  it  has  no  effect 
on  the  question,  as,  “  Nevertheless,  wo 
must  go  forward.”  Yet  signifies  that, 
admitting  every  thing  supposed  down  to 
the  present  moment,  the  expected  con¬ 
sequence  can  not  be  drawn,  as,  “  Though 
he  slay  me,  yet  will  I  trust  in  him.” 

How'lTZ-ER  (109),  re.  [Ger.  haubitze.] 
A  short,  light  cannon,  for  throwing 
large  projectiles  with  comparatively 
small  charges. 

Howl,  v.  i.  [-edj  -ing.]  [0.  H.  Ger. 
hiuwilon ,  Gr.  vA<yv.]  To  utter  a  loud, 
protracted,  and  mournful  sound ;  to 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  CRN,  RUE,  POLL  ; 


E,  I,  O,  silent;  y,6,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag;  EXIST;  as  NG ;  THIS. 


HUNT 


HOWLET 

wail.  — v.  t.  To  utter  or  speak  with 
outcry.  —  n.  The  cry  of  a  dog  or 
wolf,  or  other  like  sound. 

Howl'et,  n.  [Equivalent  to  owlet , 
dim.  of  oivl.]  An  owl. 

How'so-ev'er,  ad v.  [Compounded 
of  how,  so,  and  ever.]  In  what  man¬ 
ner  soever ;  to  whatever  degree ; 
however. 

Hoy,  n.  [D.  &  Fr.  heu.\  A  small  coast¬ 
ing  vessel  for  passengers  and  goods. 

HGb,  n.  1.  Central  part  or  nave  of  a 
wheel.  2.  Hilt  of  a  weapon. 

IIub'bub,  n.  [Cf.  Whoop.]  A  tu¬ 
mult  ;  uproar ;  riot. 

IIuck'a-back,  n.  A  kind  of  linen  for 
table-cloths  and  towels. 

Huck'leber'ry,  «.  [Cf.  whortle¬ 
berry .]  A  low  branching  shrub,  and 
its  small,  black,  edible  berry. 

IIUCK'STER,  n.  [From  Eng.  huck ,  to 
haggle.  Cf.  Hawk.]  A  retailer  of 
small  articles. 

HOd'dle,  v.i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
hudeln,  to  bungle.]  To  hurry  in 
disorder;  to  crowd.  —  v.  t.  1.  To 
hurry  and  slight.  2.  To  put  on  or 
do  in  haste  or  roughly.  —  n.  A 
crowd;  tumult;  confusion. 

IIU'di-brXs'tie,  a.  Similar  in  man¬ 
ner  to  Hudibras,  the  hero  of  a  bur¬ 
lesque  poem  ;  hence,  in  the  style  of 
doggerel  poetry. 

Hue,  n.  1.  [A. -S.  ltiw,  liioiv,  appear¬ 
ance,  form,  color.]  Color  ;  tint ;  dye. 
2.  [Norm.  Fr.]  A  shouting. 

HOFF,  n.  [See  infra.]  1.  A  fit  of  dis¬ 
appointment  and  anger.  2.  A  boast¬ 
er. —  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A  modif. 
of  0.  Eng.  hoove ,  equiv.  to  heave.] 

1.  To  swell ;  to  puff  up.  2.  To  treat 
with  insolence ;  to  bully.  —  v.  i.  1. 
To  dilate  ;  to  swell  up.  2.  To  bluster. 

IIUFF'ISH,  a.  Arrogant. 

HDff'Y,  a.  Puffed  up  ;  arrogant. 

II&G-,  v.  t.  [-GED  ;  -GING.]  [A.-S.  M- 
gan,  hSgian,  to  wall  in,  guard.  See 
Hedge.]  1.  To  clasp  to  thebosoin. 

2.  To  hold  fast;  to  treat  with  fond¬ 
ness.  3.  ( Naut .)  To  keep  close  to. 
—  n.  A  close  embrace. 

Huge,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [See  High.] 

1.  Very  large  or  great ;  monstrous. 

2.  Extended ;  carried  to  a  high  de- 

IIUGE'LY,  adv.  Immensely.  [gree. 

IIug'ger-mDg'ger,  n.  [Prov.  Eng. 

hugger,  to  lurk,  mug,  fog,  muggard , 
sullen.]  Privacy  ;  secrecy. 

IIu'gue-not  (hu/ge-),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
Hugo,  a  heretic  and  conspirator  of 
this  name.]  A  French  Protestant  of 
the  sixteenth  century. 

HtjLK,  n.  [A.-S.  /mice,  a  swift  ship, 
fr.  Gr.  oAxas.]  Body  of  an  old  ship. 

Hull,  n.  [A.-S.  hule,  hulu,  hard  shell, 
hull,  or  crust ;  hdlan ,  to  conceal.]  1. 
Outer  covering  of  anything;  husk. 
2.  Frame  of  a  vessel.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  strip  off  the  hull  or 
hulls  of.  2.  To  pierce  the  hull  of,  as 
of  a  ship. 

HOm.  v.  i.  [-MED  ;  -MING.]  [Ger.  hum- 
men.]  1.  To  make  a  dull,  nasal 
sound,  like  that  of  a  bee  ;  to  drone  ; 
to  murmur.  2.  To  mumble. — v.  t. 


206 

To  sing  with  shut  mouth. — n.  1. 
Noise  of  bees  in  flight,  or  any  buz¬ 
zing  sound.  2.  An  imposition.  — 
interj.  A  sound  with  a  pause,  im¬ 
plying  doubt. 

Hu'MAN,  a.  [Lat.  humanus  ]  Be¬ 
longing  to  man  or  mankind. 

IIu-mane',  a.  [See  Human.]  Hav¬ 
ing  the  feelings  and  dispositions 
proper  to  man,  and  a  disposition  to 
treat  others  with  kindness. 

Syn. — Kind;  sympathizing;  benevo¬ 
lent;  mild;  compassionate;  tender;  mer¬ 
ciful. 

IIu-MANE'ly,  adv.  Kindly. 

Hu-MANG-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who 
holds  that  Christ  was  merely  a  man. 

Hu-mXn'I-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
human.  2.  Mankind  collectively.  3. 
Kindness  ;  benevolence.  4.  pi.  The 
branches  of  polite  learning ;  belles- 
lettres. 

Hu'man-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
render  human  or  humane. 

IIu'man-ly,  adv.  In  a  human  man¬ 
ner  ;  after  the  manner  of  men. 

Hum'ble  (76),  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat. 
humilis,  on  the  ground,  low;  humus, 
ground.]  1.  Low;  mean.  2.  Mod¬ 
est;  lowly;  meek.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ing.]  1.  To  bring  low.  2.  To  abase 
the  pride  of. 

Syn.  —  To  lower;  depress;  humiliate; 
disgrace;  degrade;  sink. 

IlLJM'BLE-BEE,  n.  [Prob.  from  hum.] 
A  large,  hairy  bee,  of  a  black  color. 

IIum'bly,  adv.  With  humility. 

IIOm'BUG,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  hum,  to  de¬ 
ceive,  and  bug,  a  bugbear.]  [Colloq.] 
1.  A  piece  of  trickery.  2.  One  who 
deceives  or  hoaxes  — v.t.  [-GED  ; 
-GING.]  To  deceive  ;  to  impose  on. 

Hum'drOm,  a.  [Prob.  fr.  hum  and 
drum,  for  drone.]  Dull ;  stupid. 

Hu'MER-AL,  a.  [Lat.  humerus,  shoul¬ 
der.]  Belonging  to  the  shoulder. 

IIU'MID,  a.  [Lat.  humidus.]  Damp  ; 
moist.  [ness. 

Hu-mid'i-ty,  n.  Moisture;  damp- 

Hu-Mll/I-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  humiliare,  -atum.]  To  hum¬ 
ble  ;  to  depress ;  to  abase. 

Ilu-MIL'I-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  hu¬ 
miliating  ;  abasement  of  pride.  2. 
State  of  being  humiliated. 

HU-MH/I-TY,  n.  Lowliness  of  mind. 

Syn.  —  Modesty  ;  diffidence.—  Diffi¬ 
dence  is  a  distrust  of  one’s  powers,  and, 
as  it  may  be  carried  too  far,  is  not  always 
(like  modesty  and  humility)  a  virtue  ; 
modesty,  without  supposing  self-distrust, 
implies  an  unwillingness  to  put  our¬ 
selves  forward,  and  an  absence  of  all 
over-confidence  in  our  own  powers:  hu¬ 
mility  consists  in  rating  our  claims  low, 
in  being  willing  to  waive  our  rights,  and 
take  a  lower  place  than  might  be  our 
due.  It  does  not  require  us  to  underrate 
ourselves. 

IIum'MING-bIrd,  n.  A  very  small 
bird  remarkable  for  the  swift  motion 
and  noise  of  its  wings  in  flight. 

IIum'mock,  n.  [Prob.  an  Ind.  word.] 
1.  A  rounded  knoll  or  hillock.  2. 
A  pile  of  ice  on  an  ice-field. 

Hu'mor  (or  yipmur,  76),  n.  [Lat.,fr. 
humere,  to  be  moist.]  1.  Moisture  or 


fluids  of  animal  bodies.  2.  (Med.)  (a.  j 
A  morbid  animal  fluid.  (b.)  An 
eruptive  affection  of  the  skin.  3. 
State  of  mind;  disposition;  temper. 
4.  Quality  of  the  imagination  which 
tends  to  excite  mirth  by  ludicrous 
images. 

Syn.  — Wit;  satire  ;  pleasantry  :  tem¬ 
per  ;  disposition;  mood;  frame  ;*  whim; 
fancy;  caprice.  See  Wit. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  indulge 
by  gentle  and  skillful  adaptation. 
2.  To  help  on  by  indulgence. 

Syn.  —  See  Gratify. 

IIu'mor-AL  (or  ytpmur-al),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  humors. 

IIu'mor-ist  (or  yphnur-),  n.  1.  One 
who  has  some  strong  peculiarity  of 
character,  which  he  indulges  in  odd 
ways.  2.  A  wag  ;  a  droll. 

IIu'mor-oijs  (or  yipmur-),  a.  Full  of 
humor;  exciting  laughter. 

Syn.  — Jocose;  jocular;  playful;  witty; 
pleasant;  merry;  capricious;  whimsical. 

IIU'MOR-SOME  (or  yipmur-),  a.  In¬ 
fluenced  by  humor. 

IIUMP,  n.  [Prob.  allied  to  Lat.  umbo, 
any  convex  elevation.]  A  protuber¬ 
ance  ;  a  bunch ;  a  hunch. 

Hump'bXck,  n.  1.  A  crooked  back  ; 
2.  A  humpbacked  person. 

Hunch  (66),  n.  [Ger.  hucke,  hocke, 
back,  bunch,  with  n  inserted.]  1.  A 
hump  ;  a  protuberance.  2.  A  thick 
piece;  a  hunk.  3.  A  push.—  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  push  with  the 
elbow  or  with  a  sudden  jerk.  2.  To 
crook,  as  the  back. 

IIUNCH'BACK,  n.  A  humpback. 

IIDn'dred,  n.  [A.-S.  hund,  hundred, 
hundred ,  century.]  1.  Ten  times 
ten.  2.  A  division  or  part  of  a  coun¬ 
ty  in  England. 

Hundred-weight,  a  denomination  of 
weight  containing  112  pounds  avoirdu¬ 
pois,  but  sometimes  100  pounds. 

—  a.  Ten  times  ten  ;  ninety  and  ten. 

IIUN'DREDTH  (108),  a.  1.  Next  fol¬ 
lowing  in  order  the  ninety-ninth. 
2.  Forming  one  of  a  hundred  parts 
of  one  whole. — n.  One  of  a  hun¬ 
dred  equal  parts  of  one  whole. 

Hung,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Hang. 

IIOng'-beef,  n.  Fleshy  part  of  beef 
slightly  salted  and  hung  up  to  dry. 

IIun'Ger,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  craving 
for  food.  2.  Any  strong  desire.  — 
v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  crave  food. 
2.  To  long  for.  [ner. 

Iltw'GRl-LY,  adv.  In  a  hungry  man- 

IIun'gry,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  1. 
Feeling  hunger  ;  having  a  keen  appe¬ 
tite  :  hence,  having  an  eager  desire. 
2.  Not  fertile;  poor;  barren. 

Hunk,  n.  A  large  piece  ;  a  hunch. 

IIDnk'ER,  n.  One  opposed  to  prog¬ 
ress  ;  a  conservative.  [Amer.] 

IIOnks,  n.  [Prov.  Eng.  hunk ,  hunch.] 
A  miser  ;  a  niggard. 

IIiJNT,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  hvn - 
tian.]  1.  To  follow  after,  as  game ; 
to  chase.  2.  To  pursue.  — v.  i.  1. 
To  follow  the  chase.  2.  To  search. 

—  n.  1.  Chase;  pursuit;  search. 
2.  An  association  of  huntsmen. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  y, long ;  X,£,f,  6,  0,  y,  short ;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  wh^t  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  term;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6n, 


HUNTER 


HYGROMETER 


RCnt'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  hunts  ;  a 
huntsman.  2.  A  dog  or  a  horse  used 
in  the  chase.  3.  A  watch  having  the 
crystal  protected  by  a  metallic  cover. 

HUNT'RESS,  n.  A  female  hunter. 

HDnts'man  (150),  n  1.  One  who 
hunts.  2.  A  servant  wThose  office  it 
is  to  manage  the  chase. 

HOr'dle,  n.  [A.-S.  hyrdel.]  A  text¬ 
ure  of  twigs  ;  a  crate. 

IIOr'dy-gOr'dy,  n.  A  stringed  in¬ 
strument  of  music. 

IIURL,t\  t.  [-ed;  -ING  ]  [Perh  only 
a  modif.  of  whirl.}  To  throw  with 
violence.  —  n.  Act  of  hurling  ;  a 
fling. 

Hur'ly-bOr'ly,?!.  Tumult:  bustle; 
confusion. 

Hur-rA',  1  interj.  Huzza!  a  shout 

Hur-RAH',  |  of  joy  or  exultation. 

HDr'RI-GANE,  n.  [ACarib  word.]  A 
violent  storm,  characterized  by  the 
extreme  fury  of  the  wind  and  its  sud¬ 
den  changes. 

Hurricane  deck,  upper  deck  of  steam¬ 
boats. 

KDr'RY,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG,  142.] 
[Ger.  hurren ,  to  move  hastily.]  To 
hasten  ;  to  urge  onward. 

Syn.  —  To  precipitate  ;  expedite  ; 
quicken ;  accelerate. 

—  v.  i.  To  move  or  act  with  haste. 

—  n.  Act  of  driving  or  pressing  for¬ 
ward. 

Svn.  —  Haste;  speed;  dispatch;  expe¬ 
dition  :  pressure  ;  urgency  ;  precipita¬ 
tion  ;  bustle. 

HOrt,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  hurt; 
p.  pr.  &  vb.  n.  HURTING.]  [A.-S. 
hyrt ,  hurt,  wounded.]  1.  To  wound 
or  bruise  painfully.  2.  To  damage  ; 
to  injure;  to  harm.  3.  To  annoy; 
to  grieve.  —  n.  1.  A  physical  injury 
causing  pain.  2.  Damage ;  detri¬ 
ment. 

Syn.  —  Wound;  bruise;  injury;  harm. 

HORT'FyL,  a.  Tending  to  impair  or 
destroy. 

Syn.  —  Pernicious;  baneful;  prejudi¬ 
cial;  disadvantageous;  mischievous;  in¬ 
jurious;  noxious;  unwholesome. 

IlfiRT'FyL-LY,  adv.  Injuriously. 

HOr'TLE,  v.  i.  [Dim.  of  hurt.]  1.  To 
clash;  to  jostle.  2.  To  move  rapid¬ 
ly  ;  to  skirmish  3.  To  make  a  clash¬ 
ing,  terrifying,  or  threatening  sound. 

HOr'tle-ber'ry,  n.  [A.-S.  heort- 
berie ,  i.  e.,  hart-berry.]  Same  as 
Huckleberry. 

HOg'BAND,  n.  [A.-S.  hftsbotida,  mas¬ 
ter  of  the  house.]  A  married  man. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  Todirectand 
manage  with  frugality. 

HOs'band-man  (150),  n.  A  farmer; 
a  cultivator  of  the  ground. 

HlU'banD-ry,  n.  1.  Care  of  domes¬ 
tic  affairs.  2.  Agriculture  :  tillage. 

IltlsH,  a.  [An  onomatopoetic  word.] 
Silent;  still. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  still ;  to  silence.  2.  To  calm, 
as  commotion. — v.  i.  To  be  still; 
to  be  silent.  [silence. 

II 0 SH'-M 6 N7E  Y .  n.  A  bribe  to  secure 

HDsk,  ■/!.  [0.  II.  Ger.  hulsa ,  from  hi1- 

lan,  to  conceal.]  External  covering 


207 

of  certain  fruits.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  strip  off  the  external  cov¬ 
ering  of. 

Husk'i-ness,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
husky.  2.  Harshness  ;  hoarseness. 

HOsk/ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  stripping  off 
husks.  2.  A  meeting  of  neighbors 
to  assist  in  husking. 

Husk'y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  husks. 
2.  Rough  in  tone  ;  hoarse. 

lIus-gAR'  (hobz-zar'),  n.  [Hung,  hus- 
zar ,  from  husz,  twenty,  because  every 
twenty  houses  were  to  furnish  one 
horse  soldier.]  One  of  the  light  cav¬ 
alry  of  European  armies. 

HiJs'gY,  n.  [Contracted from  huswife , 
housewife.]  An  ill-behaved  woman  ; 
a  jade. 

HDs'tings,  n.  pi.  [A.-S.  husting, 
place  of  council.]  Place  where  the 
election  of  a  member  of  Parliament 
is  held  ;  hence,  the  platform  on  which 
candidates  stand. 

Hus'tle  (hQsfl),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[D.  hulselen,  hut  sen,  to  shake.]  To 
handle  roughly. 

Htfs'WIFE  (hQz'zif  or  htlz/wlf),  n. 
[From  house-wife.]  A  female  house¬ 
keeper. 

Hut,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  hutta.]  A  small 
house,  hovel,  or  cabin.  —  v.  t. 
[-TED;  -TING.]  To  place  in  huts, 
as  troops. 

Hutch,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  hivecca,  chest.] 
A  chest,  box,  or  coop. 

IIUZ-ZA',  n.  A  shout  of  joy.  — interj. 
Hurrah;  —  an  expression  of  joy  or 
exultation.  —  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
utter  a  loud  shout  of  joy. 

IIY'a-oInth,  n.  [Gr.  vaKivdov.]  1.  A 
bulbous  plant  with  beautiful  flowers. 
2.  A  red  gem. 

IlY'A-ylNTH'lNE,  a.  Pertaining  to 
hyacinth;  of  a  violet,  purple,  or 
brown  color. 

Hy'a-line,  a.  [Gr.  vaAivo?,  fr.  va\ ov, 
glass.]  Glassy ;  crystalline. 

Hy'BRID,  or  IIyb'kid,  n.  [Lat.  hy- 
brida.]  A  mongrel  animal  or  plant. 
—  a.  Produced  from  the  mixture  of 
two  species ;  mongrel. 

IIy'drA,  n.  [Gr.  v8pa.,  vScop,  water.] 
1.  (Myth.)  A  water-serpent  having 
many  heads.  2.  A  multifarious  evil. 

Hy-DrAn'ge-a,  n.  [Gr.  v8u>p,  water, 
and  ayyelov,  vessel.]  A  genus  of 
plants  bearing  showy  flowers. 

Hy'drant,  n.  A  pipe  at  which  water 
may  be  drawn  from  the  mains  of  an 
aqueduct. 

Hy'drate,  n.  [Gr.  vSmp,  water.]  A 
compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
water  with  some  other  substance. 

Hy-drau'lig,  1  a.  [Gr.  vSpcwAi- 

IIy-DRAU'LIG-AL,  )  «ds,  from ilSpav- 
Ais,  a  water-organ.]  Pertaining  to 
hydraulics,  or  to  fluids  in  motion. 

Hy-drau'lics,  n.  sing.  Science  which 
treats  of  fluids  in  motion. 

IlY'DRO-yEPH'A-LUS,  n.  [Gr.  vSpo- 
Ke</>aAos,  fr.  v8a>p,  water,  and  /cecfxxArj, 
head.]  Dropsy  of  the  brain. 

IIy'dro-dy-nam'IG,  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  force  or  pressure  of  water. 

IIy'dro-dy-nXm'igs,  n.  sing.  The 


principles  of  dynamics,  as  applied  to 
water  and  other  fluids. 

Hy'dro-gen,  n.  [Gr.  v8up,  water, 
and  yeVeiv,  to  beget.]  An  inflamma¬ 
ble  gas,  one  of  the  elements  of  water. 

Hy'dro-gen-ate,  1  V.  t.  To  combine 

Hy'dro-GEN-IZE,  )  with  hydrogen. 

HY-DROG'E-NOf;s,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  containing,  hydrogen. 

Hy-drog  'ra-phe  k  ,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  hydrography. 

Hy'dro-grapii'ic,  1  a.  Relating 

Hy'dro-graph'ic-al,  )  to  hydrog¬ 
raphy. 

IIy-drog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr  v8t»p,  wa¬ 
ter,  and  y pdfyeiv,  to  describe.]  Meas¬ 
urement  and  description  of  the  sea, 
lakes,  rivers,  and  other  waters,  or  of 
forming  charts  of  the  same. 

IIy-drol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  iiSwp,  water, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Science  of 
water,  its  properties,  laws,  &c. 

Hy'dro-m£l,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  Gr.  vSpope- 
At,  fr.  v8u>p ,  water,  and  p.eAi,  honey.] 
A  liquor  consisting  of  honey  diluted 
in  water. 

Hy-drom'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  v8mp,  wa¬ 
ter,  and  per pov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  determining  the  specific 
gravities  and  strength  of  liquids. 

Hy-droM'e-try,  n.  The  art  of  deter¬ 
mining  the  specific  gravity,  and 
thence  the  strength,  of  liquids. 

Hy'dro-pXtii'IU,  la.  Pertaining 

IlY'DRO-PATH'IU-AL,  j  to  hydropa¬ 
thy. 

Hy-drop'a-tihst,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  hydropathy. 

IlY-DROP'A-THY,  7i.  [Gr.  iiStop,  wa¬ 
ter,  and  7rd0os,  suffering.]  A  mode 
of  treating  diseases  by  the  use  of 
pure  water. 

IIy'DRO-PHO'bi-a,  n.  [Gr.  v8po<f> o- 
/3ta;  v8<op,  water,  and  j>o\ Sos,  fear.] 
A  preternatural  dread  of  water ;  ca¬ 
nine  madness.  [nine  madness. 

IlY'DRO-PHOB'lG,  a.  Relating  to  ca- 

IIy-drop'ig-al,  a.  [See  Dropsy.] 
1.  Dropsical.  2.  Resembling  dropsy. 

Hy'DRO-stXt'IG,  1  a.  [Gr.  i)8iop, 

IIy'dro-stXt'ig-al,  )  water,  and 
crmriKOs,  causing  to  stand,  skilled  in 
weighing.]  Relating  to  hydrostatics. 

IIy'DRO-stXt'IGS,  7i.  sing.  Science 
which  relates  to  the  pressure  and 
equilibrium  of  non-elastic  fluids,  as 
water,  mercury,  & c.  [tery. 

Hy'droOs,  a.  Containing  water  ;  wa- 

Hy-e'MAL,  a.  [Lat.  hyemalis ,  from 
hyems,  or  hiems,  winter.]  Belonging 
to  winter. 

IIy-e'na,  n.  [Lat. 
hyaena ,  Gr.  tlai- 
va,  orig.  a  sow.] 

A  carnivorous 
mammal  of  Asia 
and  Africa,  al¬ 
lied  to  the  dog. 

HY'Gl-ENE',  n.  Hyena. 

[Lat.  Hygiea,  the  goddess  of  health.] 
That  department  of  medical  science 
which  treats  of  the  preservation  of 
health. 

Hy-grom'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  vypo?, wet, 
moist,  and  pirpov,  measure.]  An 

G,  hard;  Ag;  EXIST;  N  as  NG ;  THIS. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  toTok  ;  Brn,  rue ,  pyLL ;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  <},&,soft;  c, 


HYGROMETRIC 

instrument  for  measuring  the  moist¬ 
ure  of  the  atmosphere. 

Hy'gro-met'rjc,  I  a.  Pertain- 

HY'GRO-MET'RIG-AL,  j  ing  to,  or 
according  to,  the  hygrometer. 

Hy-grom'e-try,  n.  Determination 
of  the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere. 

Hy'MEN,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  The  god  of  mar¬ 
riage  and  nuptial  solemnities.  2.  The 
virginal  membrane. 

Hy/ivien-e'ae,  (a.  Pertaining  to  mar- 

Hy'  men-e'an,  j  riage  or  a  wedding ; 
nuptial.  — n.  A  marriage  song. 

Hymn  (him),  n.  [Gr.  vpvos.]  A  song 
of  praise  ;  a  sacred  lyric. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  worship  by  singing  hymns. 

IlYM'NIG,  a.  Relating  to  hymns. 

Hym-noi/o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  vpvos, hymn, 
and  \6yog,  discourse.1  1.  A  body  or 
collection  of  hymns.  2.  Science  per¬ 
taining  to  hymns ;  a  treatise  on 
hymns. 

Hyp,  n.  [Contr.  of  hypochondria.]  A 
morbid  depression  of  spirits ;  melan¬ 
choly. —  v.  t.  To  make  melancholy. 

Hy-per'BO-lA,  n.  [Gr.  in rep-  6FE3 
/SoAi),  overshooting,  excess.]  V  / 

A  curve  formed  by  a  section  V 
of  a  cone,  when  the  cut-  ,C\ 
ting-plane  makes  a  greater  /  \ 

angle  with  the  base  than  the  Ly — \ 
side  of  the  cone  makes. 

Hy-per'bo-le,  n.  [See  su-  Hyper- 
pra.]  A  figure  of  speech.  bol£u 
which  expresses  more  or  less  than 
the  truth;  exaggeration. 

HY'per-boi/I€,  1  a.  1.  Belong- 

IIY'PER-BOL'IG-Ali,  )  ing  to  the  hy¬ 
perbola.  2.  Relating  to,  or  contain¬ 
ing,  hyperbole. 

Hy'per-bo're-an  (89,  124),  a.  [Gr. 
inrepfiopeos,  inrepfiopeios ,  beyond  Bo¬ 
reas,  i.  e.,  in  the  extreme  north.] 
Northern;  arctic;  frigid. 

Hy'PER-€R1t'I€,  n.  [Gr.  vrrep,  over, 
beyond,  and  /cpmfcd?,  critical.]  One 
who  is  critical  beyond  reason  ;  a  cap¬ 
tious  censor. 

Hy'per-grIt'IC,  1  a.  Critical  be- 

HY'PER-ERlT'ie-AL,  j  yond  use  or 
reason.  [or  of  criticism. 

HY'PER-€RlT'I-9l§M,  n.  Excessive  rig- 

HY-PER'TRO-PHY,M.  [Gr.  iurep,  over, 
beyond,  and  Tpo<f>rj,  nourishment.] 


208 

State  of  an  organ  in  which,  from  in¬ 
creased  nutrition,  its  bulk  is  aug- 
niented. 

Hy'PHEN,  n .  [Gr.  vtjjev,  for  ixff  ev, 
under  one,  into  one,  together.]  A 
mark,  thus  [-],  used  to  connect  sylla¬ 
bles  or  compound  words. 

Hyp'no-tism,  n.  [Gr.  vnvovv,  to  lull 
to  sleep,  fr.  vnvos,  sleep.]  A  kind  of 
mesmeric  sleep  or  somnambulism. 

H¥p'o-€HON'dri-A,  n.  A  mental  dis¬ 
order,  in  which  one  is  tormented  by 
melancholy  and  gloomy  views. 

Hyp'o-ghon'drj-Xe,  a.  1.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  hypochondrium.  2.  Af¬ 
fected  by  hypochondria,  or  low  spir¬ 
its.  —  n.  A  person  affected  with  hyp¬ 
ochondria. 

Hyp'  o-PHdN'DRi-t/M,  •  n. ;  pi. 
HYP'  O-PHVN' DRI-A.  [Gr.  vtto- 
\ovSpiov,  fr.  inro\ovSpi6i;,  under  the 
cartilage  of  the  breast-bone.]  That 
part  of  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen 
which,  on  either  side,  is  beneath  the 
cartilages  of  the  false  ribs. 

Hif-POG'RI-SY,  n.  [Gr.  vnoKpiai^,  sim¬ 
ulation,  outward  show.]  Act  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  a  hypocrite  ;  dissimulation. 

Hyp'o-crIte,  n.  A  false  pretender 
to  virtue  or  piety. 

HYP/o-€RfTrJ€,  1  a.  Belonging  to 

Hyp'o-erIt'ic-al,  )  a  hypocrite; 
exhibiting  hypocrisy. 

Hyp/o-€Rit'ic-AL-ly,  adv.  In  a 
hypocritical  manner. 

Hy-pos'ta-sis,  orHY-p5s'TA-s!s,n.  ; 
pi.  hy-pos'ta-se§  (hy-  or  h^"-).  [Gr. 
va-ocrratri?,  subsistence,  substance.] 
Substance  or  subsistence. 

Hy'po-stXt'ig,  Hy'po-stXt'ie-al, 
or  Hifp'o-sTXT're,  Hyp'o-stXt'ie- 
AL  (110),  a.  1.  Relating  to  hyposta¬ 
sis,  or  substance ;  hence,  constitu¬ 
tive,  or  elementary.  2.  Distinctly 
personal . 

Hy-pot'e-nuse,  or  II Y- 
pot'e-nuse,  n.  [Gr. 
vnoreCvovaa ,  subtending 
(sc.  ypap.p.ri ),  from  vtro , 
under,  and  jelveiv,  to 
stretch.]  Longest  side  of 
a  right-angled  triangle.  ab,  hypot- 

HY-p5tH'E-€ATE,  or  Hlf-  enuse. 
POTH'E-EATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING]. 


IBEX 

[Gr.  vnodrjK-rp  support,  pledge,  secu¬ 
rity.]  To  subject,  as  property,  to  lia¬ 
bility  for  a  debt  or  engagement  with¬ 
out  delivery  of  possession  or  transfer 
of  title. 

Hy-poth'e-€A'tion,  or  Hy-poth'- 
E-CA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  contract 
by  which  property  is  hypothecated. 
2.  A  contract  whereby,  in  consider¬ 
ation  of  money  advanced  for  the 
necessities  of  a  ship,  the  vessel, 
freight,  or  cargo  is  made  liable  for 
its  repayment. 

IIy-poth'e-nuse,  or  Hy-potii'e- 
NusE,n.  See  Hypotenuse. 

Hy-potii'e-sis,  or  Hy-poth'e-sIs, 
n. ;  pi.  HY-POTH'E-SER  (hi-  or  hi-). 
[Gr.  t)7r60ecri5,  fr.  inroTidevai,  to  place 
under,]  A  supposition  ;  something 
not  proved,  but  assumed  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  argument. 

Hy'po-thet'ie,  or  IIyp'o-thEt'- 
ic,  Hy'po-th£t'ig-al,  or  Hyp'o- 
THET'IO-AL,  a.  Characterized  by 
a  hypothesis ;  conditional. 

Hy'Po-thet'ic-al-ey,  or  Htp'o- 
THET'IC-AL-LY,  adv .  Condition¬ 
ally. 

Hy'son,  n.  [Chin,  hi-tshun ,  i.  e.,  lit., 
first  crop.]  A  fragrant  species  of 
green  tea. 

IIys'sop  (hisCsup  or  hs/zup),  n.  [Gr. 
v(rcrto7ros.]  A  plant,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  aromatic  and  pungent. 

HYS-TE'RI-A,  n.  [Gr.  ra  varepuca.  (sc. 
ndOrf),  fr.  varepa,  womb.]  A  nervous 
affection,  marked  by  alternate  fits  of 
laughing  and  crying,  with  a  sensa¬ 
tion  of  strangulation. 

IlYS-TER'I€,  I  a.  Of,  or  pertain- 

Hys-TErMg-AL,  j  ing  to,  hysterics  ; 
convulsive. 

IIys-ter'igs,  n.  pi.  [Med.)  See  Hys¬ 
teria. 

HYSrTE-RON-  PROT'E-RON,  n. 
[Gr.  vo-repos,  the  latter,  following, 
and  wporepo?,  before  others.]  ( Rhet .) 
(a.)  A  figure  in  which  the  word  that 
should  follow  comes  first,  (b.)  An 
inversion  of  logical  order. 

HYS'TER-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  vcrrepa, 
womb,  and  ropr/,  a  cutting.]  The 
operation  of  cutting  into  the  uterus, 
for  taking  out  a  fetus. 


1(1),  the  ninth  letter,  and  the  third 
vowel,  of  the  English  alphabet, 
has  two  principal  sounds :  the  long 
sound,  as  in  pine, fine,  Ice ;  and  the 
short  sound,  as  in  pin,  fin,  gift.  See 
Prin.  of  Pron.,  §§  15-i8,  48,  49.  I 
and  /  were  formerly  regarded  as  the 
same  character. 

I ,pron.  [A  -S.  ic,  Goth,  ilc,  N.  II.  Ger. 
ich ;  allied  to  Lat.  ego.]  The  nom¬ 
inative  case  of  the  pronoun  of  the 
first  person ;  the  word  which  ex¬ 
presses  one’s  self. 


T-Xm'BI€,  (  a.  [Gr.  lapfiiKos,  Lat. 

I-Xm'BI€-AL,  j  iambicus.]  1.  Con¬ 
sisting  of  a  short  or  an  unaccented 
syllable  followed  by  a  long  or  an  ac¬ 
cented  one.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or 
composed  of,  iambics. 

I-Xm'BI€,  n.  (Pros.)  1.  A  foot  of  two 
syllables,  the  first  short  and  the  sec¬ 
ond  long,  or  the  first  unaccented,  and 
the  second  accented.  2.  A  verse 
composed  of  short  and  long,  or  of 
accented  and  unaccented,  syllables 
alternately.  3.  A  satirical  poem. 


!-Xm^BUS,  n.  ;  Lat.  pi.  eIm'bI;  Eng 
pi.  i-Xm'BUs-ES-  [Lat. ;  Gr.  lap) Sos-] 
(Pros.)  A  foot  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  short 
syllable  followed 
by  a  long  one,  or  of 
an  unaccented  syl¬ 
lable  followed  by 
an  accented  one. 

I'BEX,  n.  [Lat.]  A 
species  of  goat, 
found  in  the  A 
and  other  moun- 


i,  f ,  I,  6,  u,  Y,  long;  X,  £,I,  o,  0,  If, short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  ale,  what;  £re,  V£IL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  fIrm;  s6n, 


IBIS 

tainous  parts  of  Europe,  haying  long, 
recurved  horns. 

I'bis,  n.  [Gr.  i/Sis.]  A 
bird  which  was  re¬ 
garded  in  ancient 
Egypt  with  a  degree 
of  respect  bordering 
on  adoration. 

I^E,  n.  [A.-S.  &  Icel. 
is;  Goth,  eisan ,  to 
shine.]  1.  Water  in 
a  solid  state.  2.  Con¬ 
creted  sugar. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  cover  with  ice ;  to  convert  into 
ice.  2.  To  cover  with  concreted 
sugar  ;  to  frost.  3.  To  freeze. 

I^E'BERG,  n.  [Ger.  eisberg,  from  eis, 
ice,  and  berg,  mountain.]  A  moun¬ 
tain  of  ice  floating  on  the  ocean. 

I^E'-biAnk,  n.  A  bright  appearance 
near  the  horizon,  occasioned  by  the 
reflection  of  light  from  ice  out  of 
sight. 

I^E'-EREAM,  n.  Cream  or  milk,  sweet¬ 
ened,  flavored,  and  congealed  by  a 
freezing  mixture.  [ing  ice. 

IipE'-FLOE,  n.  A  large  mass  of  float- 

I9E'— HOUSE,  n.  A  place  for  preserv¬ 
ing  ice  during  warm  weather. 

l€Il-NEU'MON,  n. 

[Gr.  i^i/euju.wi/, 
the  tracker,  be¬ 
cause  it  hunts 
out  the  eggs  of 
the  crocodile.]  Ichneumon. 

A  carnivorous  animal  which  inhabits 
Egypt,  and  is  very  destructive  to  the 
eggs  of  the  crocodile. 

l€H-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ixvoypoi(j)Ca, 
fr.  lxv°s,  track,  footstep,  and  ypa<f>- 
eiv,  to  describe.]  A  horizontal  sec¬ 
tion  of  a  building  or  other  object ;  a 
ground-plan. 

I'GHOR  (Fkor),  n.  [Gr.  txwp-]  1-  A 
fluid  that  supplied  the  place  of  blood 
in  the  veins  of  the  gods.  2.  Color¬ 
less  matter  flowing  from  an  ulcer. 

Pghor-ous,  a.  Resembling  ichor. 

ICH'THY -OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  igOv s, 
fish,  and  Aoyo?,  discourse.]  Science 
of  the  systematic  arrangement  or 
classification  of  fishes. 

Ih^I-GLE  (PsY-kl),  n.  [A.-S.  isgicel ,  or 
ises-gicel,  fr.  is,  icc,  and  gicel,  icicle.] 
A  pendent,  conical  mas3  of  ice. 

I'91-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  icy. 

P9ING,  n.  A  covering  of  concreted 
sugar ;  frosting. 

I-€5n'0-GLXst,  n.  [Gr.  el/covo/cAdcr- 
T7}?,  from  ehcutv,  image,  and  /cAdurr)?, 
a  breaker.]  A  destroyer  of  images  or 
idols.  [ages. 

I-eoN/o-€LXsT,re,  a.  Breaking  im- 

^CON-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ebcovoypa- 
<f>Ca,  fr.  eiicixjv,  an  image,  and  ypacpeiv, 
to  describe.]  The  description  of  an¬ 
cient  images  or  representations. 

PCO-SA-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  eiKOflri, 
twenty,  and  eSpa ,  seat,  base.]  A  reg¬ 
ular  solid,  consisting  of  twenty  equal 
and  similar  triangular  pyramids 
whose  vertices  meet  in  the  center  of 
a  sphere  supposed  to  circumscribe  it. 

I€-tEr'[€,  1  a.  [Gr.  i/crepncos,  fr. 

I€-t£r'I€-AL,  j  ixrepos,  jaundice.] 


209 

Pertaining  to,  affected  with,  or  good 
against,  the  jaundice. 

I'£Y,  a.  [-ER;  -EST,  142.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  abounding  in,  ice  ;  cold. 

I-de'A,  n.  [Gr.  iSea,  fr.  iSeiv,  to  see.] 

1.  Image  or  picture  of  any  object 
whatever,  whether  sensible  or  spirit¬ 
ual.  2.  A  notion,  conception,  or 
thought.  3.  A  belief,  doctrine,  or 
opinion.  4.  Complete  conception  of 
an  object  when  thought  of  in  its 
necessary  elements  or  constituents. 

I-DE'AL,  n.  A  conception  proposed 
by  the  mind  for  imitation,  realiza¬ 
tion,  or  attainment.  — a.  Existing 
in  idea  or  thought. 

Syn.  —  Intellectual  ;  mental  :  vision¬ 
ary;  fanciful;  imaginary;  unreal. 

I-DE'AL-IjSM,  n.  The  doctrine  that  we 
have  no  rational  grounds  to  believe 
in  the  reality  of  any  thing  but  ideas 
and  their  relations. 

I-DE'AL-IST,  n.  A  believer  in  idealism. 

Pde-Xl'1-ty,  n.  A  lively  imagina¬ 
tion,  united  to  a  love  of  the  beautiful. 

I-DE'AL-IZE ,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
give  an  ideal  form  or  value  to. 

I-dEn'tiu-al,  n.  [Lat.  idem,  the 
same.]  1.  The  same;  not  different. 

2.  Uttering  the  same  truth. 

I-dEn'tie-al-ly,  adv.  In  an  iden¬ 
tical  manner.  [tifying. 

I-DEN'Tl-Fl-eA'TlON,  n.  Act  of  iden- 

I-DEN'TI-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING,  142.] 
[From  Lat.  idem,  the  same,  .and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  1.  To  treat  as  being 
one  and  the  same.  2.  To  determine 
or  establish  the  identity  of. — v.i. 
To  become  the  same  ;  to  coalesce  in 
interest,  use,  effect,  & c. 

I-den'ti-ty,  n.  State  of  being  iden¬ 
tical,  or  the  same  ;  sameness. 

I-de/o-grXph'I€  1  (110),  a.  [Gr. 

I-de'o-grXph'IG-AI,  )  iSea ,  idea, 

and  ypd<f>eiv,  to  write.]  Represent¬ 
ing  an  idea,  without  reference  to  the 
name  given  to  it,  as  by  means  of  fig¬ 
ures  or  symbols. 

Ude-og'ra-phy,  n.  Science  of  rep¬ 
resenting  ideas  in  an  ideographic 
manner,  as  in  short-hand  writing. 

Ides,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  idus.]  ( Anc.Rom . 
Calendar.)  The  fifteenth  day  of 
March,  May,  July,  and  October, 
and  the  thirteenth  day  of  the  other 
months. 

ID'I-oe'ra-sy,  n.  [Gr.  iSios,  peculiar, 
and  xpaerts,  mixture.]  Peculiarity 
of  constitution ;  idiosyncrasy. 

ID'I-O-^Y,  n.  [See  Idiot.]  Condi¬ 
tion  of  being  idiotic. 

ID'I-OM,  n.  [Gr.  [fittopa,  from  ZSios, 
proper,  peculiar.]  1.  A  peculiar 
mode  of  expression.  2.  Peculiar  form 
or  variety  of  language. 

Syn.  —  Dialect.  —  The  idioms  of  a  lan¬ 
guage  belong  to  its  very  structure  ;  its 
dialects  are  varieties  of  expression  in- 
rafted  upon  it  in  different  localities  or 
y  different  professions.  Each  county  of 
England  has  some  peculiarities  of  dia¬ 
lect ,  and  so  have  most  of  the  professions, 
while  the  great  idioms  of  the  language 
are  every  where  the  same. 

IDG-O-MXt'IC,  1  a.  Peculiar  to  a 

Id'i-o-mXt'IU-AL,  )  language. 


IGNIS-FATUUS 

IdG-O-pXtii'IG,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
disease  not  preceded  and  occasioned 
by  any  other  disease. 

IdT-OP'A-TIIY,  n.  [Gr.  ISion-ddeia,  fr. 
ZSios.  peculiar, and  n d6o<;,  suffering.] 
A  morbid  condition  not  preceded  and 
occasioned  by  any  other  disease. 

IdG-o-syn'GRA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  iSiocrvy- 
xpacria,  fr.  1810s,  peculiar,  and  avy- 
Kpao-is,  a  mixing  together.]  A  pecul¬ 
iarity  of  constitution  and  suscepti¬ 
bility. 

ID'I-OT,  «.  [Gr.  ISuonjs,  a  private, 
uneducated,  ignorant,  ill-informed 
person.]  A  natural  fool ;  a  simpie- 
ton. 

IDG-OT'IG,  1  a.  Relating  to,  or  like, 

IdG-ot'ig-al,  )  an  idiot ;  foolish. 

Pdle,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  idel.] 

1.  Useless  ;  unprofitable.  2.  Inaet- 
tive;  doing  nothing.  3.  Averse  to 
labor  or  employment. 

Syn.  —  Indolent;  lazy.  —  Indolent  de¬ 
notes  an  habitual  love  of  ease,  a  settled 
dislike  of  movement  or  effort ;  idle  is  op¬ 
posed  to  busy,  and  denotes  a  dislike  of 
continuous  exertion.  An  idle  person  may 
be  active  in  his  way,  but  is  reluctant  to 
force  himself  to  what  he  does  not  like. 
Lazy  is  only  a  stronger  and  more  con¬ 
temptuous  term  for  indolent. 

—  v.  t.  To  spend  in  idleness  ;  to 
waste.  [of  being  idle. 

I'DLE-NESS,  n.  Condition  or  quality 

Syn.  —  Inaction;  indolence;  sluggish¬ 
ness  ;  sloth;  laziness. 

Pdler,  n.  One  who  idles;  a  lazy  per¬ 
son.  [ly  ;  lazily. 

I/dly,  adv.  In  an  idle  manner  ;  vain- 

I'DOL,  n.  [Gr.  etfiwAoi/,fr.  etSos,  form, 
figure.]  1.  An  image  made  an  ob¬ 
ject  of  worship.  2.  Any  thing  loved 
to  excess. 

I-DOL'A-TER,  n.  1.  A  worshiper  of 
idols  ;  a  pagan.  2.  A  great  admirer. 

I-DOL/A-TRESS,  n.  A  female  worship¬ 
er  of  idols. 

I-doi/A-TRoIjs,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of,  idolatry. 

I-DOL'A-TRY,  n.  1.  Worship  of  idols. 

2.  Excessive  attachment  or  venera¬ 
tion  . 

Pdol-Tze,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
make  an  idol  of.  2.  To  love  or  rev¬ 
erence  tojidoration. 

I'DYL,  or  Id'yl,  n.  [Gr.  eiSv'AAiov, 
dim.  of  stfios,  form.]  A  short  pastoral 
poem  ;  also  an  elevated  narrative  or 
descriptive  poem. 

IF,  v.  t. ,  but  commonly  called  a  conj. 
[0.  Eng.  and  A.-S.  gif. ]  1.  In  case 

that ;  granting,  allowing,  or  suppos¬ 
ing  that.  2.  Whether. 

IG'NE-otfs,  a.  [Lat.  igneus,  fr.  ignis, 
fire.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
of,  fire.  2.  (Geol.)  Besulting  from 
the  action  of  fire. 

Ig-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  ignifer,  fr. 
ignis,  fire,  and  ferre,  to  produce.] 
Producing  fire. 

Ig-nIp'o-tent,  a.  [Lat.  ignipotens, 
fr.  ignis,  fire,  and  potens,  powerful.] 
_  Presiding  over  fire. 

Ig'nis-fX  t'  u-ifs,  n.;  pi.  'Ig'ne§- 
FAT'U-f.  [Lat.  ignis ,  fire,  and  fat- 
uus,  foolish  ;  —  from  its  misleading 


IGNITE 

travelers.]  A  light  that  appears,  in 
the  night,  over  marshy  grounds. 

Ignite',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  kin¬ 
dle,  or  set  on  fire.  — v.  i.  To  take 
fire. 

Ig-nit'ible,  a.  Capable  of  being 
ignited. 

Ig-ni'tion  (ig-nish/un),  re.  1.  Act  of 
igniting.  2.  State  of  being  ignited. 

IG-NO'BLE,  a.  [Lat.  ignobilis,  fr.  in, 
not,  and  nobilis ,  noble.]  1.  Of  low 
birth  or  family.  2.  Mean  ;  worth¬ 
less.  3.  Not  honorable,  or  generous. 

Syn. —  Degenerate;  degraded;  base; 
dishonorable;  reproachful;  disgraceful  ; 
shameful;  scandalous;  infamous. 

Ig-NO'bly,  adv.  In  an  ignoble  man¬ 
ner. 

IG/no-min,i-ous,  a.  1.  Incurring 
public  disgrace ;  infamous  ;  shame¬ 
ful.  2.  Deserving  ignominy  ;  despi¬ 
cable. 

IG'no-min'i-oDs-ly,  adv.  In  an  ig¬ 
nominious  manner. 

IG'no-min'y,  re.  [Lat .  ignominia,  fr. 
in,  not,  and  nomen ,  name.]  1.  Pub¬ 
lic  disgrace  or  dishonor.  2.  An  act 
deserving  disgrace. 

Syn.  —  Opprobrium  ;  reproach  ;  dis¬ 
honor;  shame;  contempt;  infamy. 

t&'NO-RA'MUS,  re.  ;  pi.  IG'NO-RA'- 
MUS-Eg.  [Lat.,  we  are  ignorant.]  An 
ignorant  person. 

Ig'no-RAN9E,  re.  [Lat.  ignorantia.] 
Condition  of  being  ignorant. 

IG'no-rant,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  knowl¬ 
edge.  2.  Unacquainted ;  unaware. 
3.  Displaying  ignorance ;  resulting 
from  ignorance. 

Syn.  —  Illiterate.  —  Ignorant  denotes 
want  of  knowledge,  either  as  to  a  single 
subject  or  to  information  in  general ;  il¬ 
literate  refers  to  an  ignorance  of  letters, 
or  of  knowledge  acquired  by  reading  and 
study.  In  the  Middle  Ages,  a  great  pro¬ 
portion  o'f  the  higher  classes  were  illiter¬ 
ate,  and  yet  were  far  from  being  igno¬ 
rant,  especially  in  regard  to  war  and 
other  active  pursuits. 

IG'no-rant-LY,  adv.  In  an  ignorant 
manner. 

I&-NORE',  v.  t.  [-ED;-ING.]  [Lat. 
ignorare ,  fr.  ignarus,  ignorant,  from 
in,  un-,  not,  and  gnarus,  knowing.] 
1.  To  be  ignorant  of.  2.  (Laiv.)  To 
throw  out  as  false  or  ungrounded ; 

—  said  of  a  bill.  3.  Hence,  to  refuse 
to  take  notice  of;  to  leave  out  of 
account  or  consideration. 

fldi-Xe,  1  a.  [N.  Lat.  iliarus,  fr.ilia, 

I-LI'A€-AL,  )  flank,  small  intestines.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  ilium,  or  flank 
bone.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  third  di¬ 
vision  of  the  lower  intestine. 

Ilk,  a.  [Scot.  ilk.  See  Each.]  The 
same  ;  also  ;  each  ;  every- 

ILL,  a.  [Contr.  from  evil.]  1.  Con¬ 
trary  to  good  in  a  physical  or  a  moral 
sense.  2.  Sick  :  unwell.  3.  Not  ac¬ 
cordant  with  rule,  fitness,  or  propri¬ 
ety. 

Syn.  —  Evil  ;  bad  :  unfortunate  ;  dis¬ 
agreeable:  unfavorable:  wicked;  wrong; 
iniquitous  ;  naughty  ;  incorrect ;  rude  ; 
unpolished  :  inelegant. 

—  re.  1.  Evil  of  any  kind;  misfor¬ 
tune  ;  calamity.  2.  Wickedness ; 

210 

depravity  ;  iniquity.  —  adv.  1.  Not 
easily.  2.  Not  rightly  ;  not  well. 

IL-LA'TION,  re.  [Lat.  illatio,  from  in- 
ferre ,  illatum,  to  bring  in.]  Infer¬ 
ence  ;  deduction ;  conclusion. 

IL'LA-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  illation  ; 
inferential. — re.  An  illative  parti¬ 
cle.  [lite  ;  uncivil. 

ILL'-BRED,  a.  Not  well-bred  ;  impo- 

Il-le'gal,  a.  Contrary  to  law  ;  un¬ 
lawful  ;  illicit. 

Il'le-gal'i-ty,  re.  Unlawfulness. 

IL-LE'GAL-LY,  adv.  Unlawfully. 

Il-legH-bil'i-ty,  re.  Quality  of  being 
illegible.  [read. 

Il-lEg'i-ble,  a.  Incapable  of  being 

Il-leg'i-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner  not 
to  be  read.  [illegitimate. 

lL'LE-GlT'l-MA-UY,re.  State  of  being 

IL'LE-GIT'I-MATE  (45),  a.  1.  Not 
regular  or  authorized  ;  unlawful.  2. 
Born  out  of  wedlock.  3.  Illogical. 

Ill'-fa/VOR-ED,  a.  Ill-looking  ;  de¬ 
formed;  ugly. 

Il-lIb'er-al,  a.  Not  liberal;  nig¬ 
gardly  ;  mean  ;  base  ;  narrow-minded. 

Il-lIb'er-Xl'i-ty,  re.  Quality  of 
being  illiberal. 

Il-lIb'er-al-ly,  adv.  In  an  illiber¬ 
al  manner;  ungenerously. 

IL-LI^'IT,  a.  [Lat.  illicitus,  from  in, 
not,  and  licitus,  permitted.]  Not  per¬ 
mitted  ;  prohibited ;  unlawful. 

Il-lim'it-A-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  limited. 

Il-lit'er-a-9  Y,  re.  Ignorance. 

IL-L1T'ER-ATE  (45),  a.  Ignorant  of 
letters  or  books. 

Syn.  —  Ignorant  ;  untaught  ;  un¬ 
learned;  unlettered.  See  Ignorant. 

ILL'-NAT'URED,  a.  Of  habitual  bad 
temper;  peevish;  fractious;  cross; 
crabbed  ;  surly. 

ILL'ness,  re.  1.  Disease  ;  indisposition. 
2.  Wrong  moral  conduct ;  wicked¬ 
ness  ;  iniquity. 

Syn.  —  Sickness.  —  Originally  sick¬ 
ness  was  the  English  term  for  a  continu¬ 
ous  disease,  as  in  our  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  &c.  Within  the  present  cent¬ 
ury,  there  has  been  a  tendency  in  Eng¬ 
land  to  use  illness  exclusively  in  this 
sense,  and  to  confine  sickness  more  espe¬ 
cially  to  a  sense  of  nausea,  or  “sickness 
of  the  stomach;  ”  hence  it  is  there  com¬ 
mon  to  say  of  a  friend,  “  He  lias  been  ill 
for  some  weeks,”  “  He  has  had  a  long  ill¬ 
ness.”  This  practice  is  gaining  ground 
in  America  to  some  extent ;  but  as  the 
Scriptures,  the  Book  of  Common  Pray¬ 
er,  and  most  of  the  great  English  writers 
use  “sick”  and  “sickness”  in  these 
cases,  it  is  probable  the  change  will  be 
slow',  if  ever  made. 

Il-lo6'I€-AL,  a.  1.  Ignorant  or  neg¬ 
ligent  of  the  rules  of  logic.  2.  Con¬ 
trary  to  logic. 

Il-lo&'ie-al-ly,  adv.  In  an  illog¬ 
ical  manner.  [unate. 

Ill'-starred,  a.  Fated  to  be  unfort- 

IL-LUDE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
illudere,  fr.  prefix  il,  for  ire,  and  lu- 
dere,  to  play.]  To  deceive  ;  to  mock. 

IL-LUME',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [See 
Illuminate.]  To  illuminate. 

IL-LU'MI-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.] 

[Lat.  illvminare ;  in  and  luminare, 
to  enlighten.]  1.  To  enlighten  ;  to 

IMAGINATION 

supply  with  light.  2.  To  light  up,  as 
a  building.  3.  To  adorn  with  colored 
decorations  or  illustrations. 

lL-LU/Ml-NA,TlON,  re.  1.  Act  ofillu- 
minating.  2.  Festive  decoration  of 
buildings  with  lights.  3.  Adornment 
of  books,  &c.,  with  colored  illustra¬ 
tions.  4.  That  which  is  illuminated, 
as  a  house  ;  also,  an  ornamented  book 
or  manuscript.  5.  Brightness  ;  splen¬ 
dor.  [adorn. 

Il-lu'mIne,  v.  t.  To  illuminate  ;  to 

lL-LU'£lON,  re.  [Lat.  illusio.]  An 

unreal  image  presented  to  the  bodi¬ 
ly  or  mental  vision. 

Syn.  —  Delusion  ;  mockery  ;  decep¬ 
tion;  chimera;  fallacy;  error;  hallucina¬ 
tion.  See  Delusion. 

Il-lu'sive,  a.  Deceiving  by  false 

show  ;  deceitful. 

Il-lu'so-ry,  a.  Deceiving  by  false 
appearances ;  fallacious. 

Il-lOs'trate.  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  illvstrare ,  -tratum,  fr.  illvstris, 
bright.]  1.  To  make  clear  or  bright. 

2.  To  exhibit  distinctly.  3.  To  ex¬ 
plain ;  to  exemplify.  4.  To  orna¬ 
ment  and  elucidate  with  pictures. 

Il/lus-tr action,  re.  1.  Explanation  ; 
elucidation.  2.  State  of  being  illus¬ 
trated.  3.  That  which  illustrates; 
especially  an  illustrative  engraving. 

Il-lus'tra-tIve,  a.  Tending,  or  in¬ 
ter' ded,  to  illustrate.  [illustrates. 

Il-lus'tra-tor,  re.  [Lat.]  One  who 

Il-lus'TRI-oCs,  a.  [Lat.  illustris.] 

1.  Characterized  by  greatness,  noble¬ 
ness,  &c.  2.  Conferring  luster  or 

honor ;  brilliant. 

Syn.  —  Distinguished  ;  famous  ;  re-  i 

markable;  conspicuous;  noted;  celebrat¬ 
ed;  signal;  renowned;  eminent;  exult¬ 
ed  ;  noble  ;  glorious.  See  Distin- 

GUISIIED. 

Ill'-wIll',  re.  Enmity  ;  malevolence. 

IL'LY,  adv.  In  an  ill  or  evil  manner. 

03F”  A  word  sometimes  used,  though 
improperly,  for  ill. 

Im'age,  re.  [Lat.  imago.]  1.  A  simili¬ 
tude  of  any  person  or  thing;  a 
likeness  ;  an  effigy.  2.  An  idol.  3. 
Semblance;  appearance.  4.  A  rep¬ 
resentation  of  any  thing  to  the  mind. 

5.  (  Rhet.)  A  lively  description.  — v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  form  an  im¬ 
age  of.  2.  To  represent  to  the  men¬ 
tal  vision. 

Im'age-ry,  re.  1.  Images  in  general- 

2.  Unreal  show.  3.  Work  of  the  im¬ 
agination.  4.  Rhetorical  decoration. 

Im-Xg'i-na-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
imagined. 

Im-Xg'i-na-ry,  a.  Existing  only  in 
imagination  or  fancy. 

Syn.  — Ideal;  fanciful;  chimericalj 
visionary;  fancied;  unreal. 

Im-XQ'i-na'tion,  re.  1.  Power  to 
create  or  reproduce  an  object  of  sense 
previously  perceived,  or  to  recall  a 
mental  or  spiritual  state.  2.  Power 
to  recreate  or  recombine  with  read¬ 
iness,  under  the  stimulus  of  excited 
feeling,  for  the  accomplishment  of  an 
elevated  purpose. 

Syn.—  Fancy.—  These  terms  are  often 
confounded,  but  more  properly  apply  to 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,  long ;  X,  £,I,  6,  0,  t,  short;  CX.RE,  fXr,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  £re,  VEIL,  TfiRM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6n, 

I 

IMAGINATIVE 


IMMODESTY 


distinct  exercises  of  the  same  general 
power,  the  plastic  or  creative  faculty. 
Imagination  is  the  higher  exercises  it  cre¬ 
ates  by  laws  more  closely  connected  with 
the  reasons  it  has  strong  emotion  as  its 
actuating  and  formative  cause  ;  it  aims 
at  results  of  a  definite  and  weighty  char¬ 
acter.  Milton’s  fiery  lake,  the  debates  of 
his  Pandemonium,  the  exquisite  scenes 
of  his  Paradise,  are  all  products  of  the 
imagination.  Fancy  moves  on  a  light¬ 
er  wing;  it  is  governed  by  laws  of  associ¬ 
ation  which  are  more  remote,  and  some¬ 
times  arbitrary  or  capricious;  it  has  for 
its  actuating  spirit  feelings  of  a  lively, 
gay,  and  versatile  character;  it  seeks  to 
please  by  unexpected  combinations  of 
thought,  startling  contrasts,  flashes  of 
brilliant  imagery,  &c.  Pope’s  “  Rape  of 
the  Lock”  is  an  exhibition  of  fancy, 
which  has  scarcely  its  equal  in  the  liter¬ 
ature  of  any  country. 

Im-ag'i-NA'tIve,  a.  1.  Proceeding 
from,  and  characterized  by,  the  im¬ 
agination.  2.  Full  ofimages,  &c. 

!m-AG'INE,  V.  t.  [-ED.-ING.]  1.  To 
form  in  the  mind  a  notion  or  idea  of. 
2.  To  contrive  in  purpose.  3.  To 
represent  to  one’s  self. 

Syn. —  To  fancy  ;  conceive;  appre¬ 
hend  ;  think  ;  believe  ;  suppose  ;  deem; 
plan  ;  scheme  ;  devise  ;  frame. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  form  conceptions.  2. 
To  think  ;  to  suppose. 

IM-B Ink'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  sur¬ 
rounding  with  a  bank.  2.  Banks  or 
mounds  of  earth. 

IM'be-^ile  (or  tm/be-seeP),  a.  [Lat. 
imbeciles,  fr.  in  upon,  and  bacillum, 
a  small  staff.]  Destitute  of  strength, 
either  of  body  or  of  mind;  decrepit. 

Syn. —  Weak;  debilitated;  feeble;  in¬ 
firm;  impotent. 

Im/be-^il'i-ty,  n.  Feebleness  of  body 
or  of  mind. 

Syn.  —  See  Debility. 

IM-bed',  v.  t.  To  lay,  as  in  a  bed. 

IM-BIBE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
imbibere ;  prefix  in  and  bibere,  to 
drink.]  To  drink  in;  to  absorb. 

IM'BI-BI'TION  (-bish'un),  n.  Act  of 
imbibing. 

IM-BIT'TER,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -TNG.]  1. 
To  make  bitter  or  unhappy.  2.  To 
render  more  violent ;  to  exasperate. 

Im-b5d'y,  v.  i.  See  Embody. 

Im-bold'en,  v.  t.  See  Embolden. 

Im-BOR'der,  v.  t.  1.  To  furnish  or 
adorn  with  a  border.  2.  To  set  as  in 
a  border. 

lM-BO]POM,  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
hold  in  the  bosom  ;  hence,  to  admit 
to  the  heart  or  affection. 

Im'BRI-OATE,  la.  [Lat .  imbricatus, 

IM'BRI-GA'TED,  }  covered  with  tiles, 
imbrex ,  a  hollow  tile.]  1.  Bent  and 
hollowed  like  a  gutter-tile.  2.  Lying 
over  each  other  in  regular  order,  like 
tiles.  [of  the  edges. 

IM'BRI-OA'TION,  n.  An  overlapping 

Im-brogl'io  (-broFyo),  n.  [It.  See 
Broil.]  A  complicated  and  embar¬ 
rassing  state  of  things. 

IM-BROWN',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  brown  ;  to  tan. 

Im-brue',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Pre¬ 
fix  im  for  in,  and  0.  Eng.  brae,  al¬ 
lied  to  brew.]  To  soak  ;  to  drench  in 
a  fluid,  as  in  blood. 


211 

IM-BRUTE',V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
degrade  to  the  state  of  a  brute.  — v. 

1.  To  sink  to  the  state  of  a  brute. 

IM-BUE',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

imbuere.]  1.  To  tinge  deeply  ;  to  dye. 

2.  To  cause  to  become  penetrated. 

IM'I-TA-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 

imitated.  2.  Worthy  of  imitation. 

IM'I-TATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
imitari ,  imitatus.]  To  follow  as  a 
pattern  or  example ;  to  copy ,  in  form , 
qualities,  & c. ;  to  counterfeit. 

IM'T-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  imitating. 
2.  That  which  is  made  as  a  copy ; 
likeness ;  resemblance. 

IM'I-TA'TIVE,  a.  1.  Inclined  to  imi¬ 
tate  ;  imitating.  2.  Formed  after  a 
model  or  pattern. 

IM'I-TA'TOR,  n.  One  who  imitates. 

Im-ma€'u-late,  a.  [Lat.  immacula- 
tus.]  1.  Spotless ;  without  blemish  ; 
unstained.  2.  Limpid  ;  pure. 

lM'MA-NENCE,  In.  Condition  of  be- 

Im'ma-nen-£Y,  j  ing  immanent ;  an 
indwelling. 

IM'bia-nent,  a.  [Lat.  immanens,  re¬ 
maining  in  or  near.]  Inherent ;  in¬ 
ternal  or  subjective. 

IM-MAN'U-EL,  n.  [Heb.]  God  with 
us  ;  — an  appellation  of  the  Savior. 

IM'MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Not  consist¬ 
ing  of  matter;  incorporeal;  spiritual. 
2.  Of  no  essential  consequence ;  un¬ 
important. 

Im-'ma-te'ri-al-Ism,  n .  Doctrine  that 
immaterial  substances  or  spiritual 
beings  exist  or  are  possible. 

IM'MA-TE'RI-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  be¬ 
lieves  in  immaterialism. 

Im/ma-te/RI-al,i-t Y,  n.  Quality  of 
being  immaterial. 

IM/MA-TURE,)  a.  1.  Not  mature :  un¬ 
ripe  ;  not  arrived  at  perfection  or 
completion;  crude.  2.  Too  early; 
premature. 

Im/MA-ture,ly,  adv.  Unseasonably  ; 
prematurely. 

IM'MA-TU'RI-TY,  n.  Condition  or 
quality  of  being  immature. 

Im-MEAs'UU-A-ble  (-mozh'ur-),  a. 
Incapable  of  being  measured  ;  illim¬ 
itable. 

Im-mea^'ur-a-bly,  adv.  To  an  ex¬ 
tent  not  to  be  measured. 

Im-ME'di-ate,  a.  [L.  Lat.  immedi- 
atus ;  prefix  in  and  medius,  middle.] 
1.  Not  separated  in  respect  to  place 
by  any  thing  intervening  ;  proxi¬ 
mate.  2.  Not  deferred  by  an  interval 
of  time.  3.  Acting  directly. 

Im-me'di-ate-ly,  adv.  Without  de¬ 
lay  or  intervention  of  any  thing. 

Im-ME'di-ate-ness,  ii.  Exemption 
from  second  or  intervening  causes. 

IM'ME-MO'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Beyond  mem¬ 
ory  ;  out  of  mind.  2.  (Eng.  Law.) 
Previous  to  the  reign  of  Richard  I. 

Im-mense',  a.  [Lat.  immensus ;  pre¬ 
fix  in  and  mensus,  measured.]  Un¬ 
limited  ;  unbounded ;  very  great. 

Syn.  —  Infinite;  immeasurable;  illim¬ 
itable;  interminable;  vast;  prodigious; 
enormous;  monstrous;  huge. 

IM-MENSE'LY,  adv.  Without  limits. 

iM-MEN'si-TY,  n.  1.  Unlimited  exten¬ 


sion  ;  infinity.  2.  Vastness  in  extent 
or  bulk  ;  greatness. 

Im-men'su-ra-ble,  a.  Not  to  be 
measured ;  immeasurable. 

Im-merse',  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
immergere ,  -mersum .]  1.  To  plunge 

into  a  fluid.  2.  To  engage  deeply; 
to  involve. 

IM-MER'SION,  n.  1.  Act  of  immers¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  immersed.  2. 
Disappearance  of  a  celestial  body,  by 
passing  either  behind  another,  or  into 
its  shadow. 

IM-MESH',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  en¬ 
tangle  in  meshes 

IM'me-th6d'I€-al,  a.  Without 

method  or  sy  stematic  arrangement. 

Syn.— Irregular;  confused;  disorderly. 

IM'MI -GRANT,  n.  One  who  removes 
into  a  country  for  the  purpose  of 
permanent  residence. 

IM'MI-GRATE ,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  immigrare ,  -gratnm.]  To  re¬ 
move  into  a  country  for  the  purpose 
of  permanent  residence.  [grating. 

ImLWI-gra/tion,  ii.  Act  of  immi- 

Im'mi-nence,  n.  1.  Quality  or  con¬ 
dition  of  being  imminent.  2.  Im¬ 
pending  evil  or  danger. 

IM'MI-nent,  a.  [Lat.  imminens,  pro¬ 
jecting,  hanging  over.]  Threatening 
immediately  to  fall  or  occur. 

Syn.  —  Impending  ;  threatening.  — 
Imminent  is  the  strongest;  it  denotes  that 
something  is  ready  to  fall  on  the  instant; 
as,  in  imminent  danger  of  one’s  life.  Im¬ 
pending  denotes  that  something  hangs 
suspended  over  us,  and  may  so  remain 
indefinitely  ;  as,  the  impending  evils  of 
war.  Threatening  supposes  some  danger 
in  prospect,  but  more  remote:  as,  threat¬ 
ening  hvl\c.aX\ons  for  the  future. 

IM-MIS'91-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Incapacity  of 
being  mixed.  [being  mixed. 

IM-MIS'91-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 

Im-mis'sion  (-nush/un),  n.  Act  of 
sending  or  thrusting  in, 

Im-mIt',  V.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  [Lat,. 
immittere  ;  in  and  inittere,  to  send.] 
To  inject ;  to  infuse. 

Im-mit'i-ga-ble,  a.  [Lat.  immiti- 
gabilis.]  Not  capable  of  being  mitb 
gated. 

Im'MO-bIl'T-TY,  n.  [Lat.  immobili- 
<««.]  Condition  or  quality  of  being 
immovable ;  fixedness. 

Im-mod'er  ate,  a.  Not  moderate  ; 
not  confined  to  suitable  limits. 

Syn.  —  Excessive;  exorbitant;  extrav¬ 
agant. 

Im-biod'er-ate-ly,  adv.  Excessive¬ 
ly  ;  unreasonably. 

Im-mod'er-ate-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  immoderate  ;  excess  ;  ex¬ 
travagance. 

Im-mod'est,  a.  1.  Not  limited  to 
due  bounds.  2.  Wanting  in  the  re¬ 
serve  or  restraint  which  decorum  and 
decency  require. 

Syn. —  Indecorous;  indelicate;  shame¬ 
less;  indecent;  impure;  unchaste. 

i  lM-MOD'EST-LY,ruftn  Without  mod¬ 
esty  ;  indecently. 

IM-MOD'EST-Y,  n.  1.  Want  of  mod¬ 
esty.  2.  Want  of  delicacy  or  decent 
reserve. 


G,  hard ;  Ag;  EXIST;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rite ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  €, 


IMMOLATE 

fM'MO-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
immolate ,  -latum.]  To  sacrifice;  to 
kill,  as  a  victim. 

IM/MO-L  A/TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  immo¬ 
lating.  2.  A  sacrifice. 

IM-MOR'AL,  a.  Inconsistent  with  rec¬ 
titude  ;  contrary  to  conscience  or  the 
divine  law. 

Syn.  — Wicked  ;  vicious  ;  depraved  ; 
profligate;  dissolute;  licentious. 

Im'MO-rXl'I-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  immoral.  2.  An  immoral  act  or 
practice. 

IM-MOR'TAL,  a.  [Lat.  immortalis.) 
1.  Not  mortal;  exempt  from  liabili¬ 
ty  to  die.  2.  Connected  with  immor¬ 
tality.  3.  Destined  to  perpetual  fame. 

Syn.— Eternal;  everlasting;  ceaseless; 
perpetual;  endless;  imperishable;  incor¬ 
ruptible;  deathless. 

Im'mor-tXl'i-ty,  n.  1.  Unending 
existence.  2.  Exemption  from  ob¬ 
livion. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZE.  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  render  immortal. 

IM-MOR'TAL-LY,  adv.  In  an  immor¬ 
tal  manner;  with  exemption  from 
death . 

IM-MOV'A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Condition  or 
quality  of  being  immovable. 

IM-mov'A-ble,  a.  Incapable  of  being 
moved,  altered,  or  affected. 

Sts.  —  Fixed;  stable;  steadfast;  unal¬ 
terable  ;  unchangeable  ;  unimpressible. 

pi.  {  Civil  Law.)  Lands,  and  things 
adherent  thereto. 

Im-mov'a-bly,  adv.  Unalterably ; 
unchangeably. 

Im-mu'ni-ty,  n.  [Lat.  immunitas .] 

1.  Exemptionfrom  any  charge,  duty, 
office,  or  tax ;  a  particular  privilege. 

2.  Freedom. 

IM-MURE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  in¬ 
close  within  walls ;  to  imprison. 

Im-mu/ta-bil,i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  unchangeable. 

Im-mu'ta-ble,  a.  [Lat.  immutabi - 
#s.]  Not  mutable  ;  unchangeable  ; 
invariable. 

IM-iviO'ta-bly,  adv.  Unchangeably. 

IMP,  n.  A  young  or  inferior  devil.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  impan,im- 
pian,  fr.  Gr.  e/a^vreuem,  to  plant  in.] 
To  insert  as  a  feather  into  a  broken 
wing  ;  hence,  to  increase ;  to  plume. 

Im-pXct',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
impivgere ,  - pactum ,  to  push,  strike 
against.]  To  press  or  drive  firmly 

w  together.  [nicated. 

IM'PAGT,  n.  Collision  ;  force  eommu- 

Im-pAir',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
in  and  pejorate,  to  make  worse.]  To 
make  worse ;  to  diminish  in  quanti¬ 
ty,  value,  excellence,  or  strength. 

■  Syn.  —  To  diminish;  decrease;  injure-, 

weaken ;  enfeeble. 

IM-PALE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
fix  on  a  stake;  to  put  to  death  by 
doing  so.  2.  To  inclose,  as  with 
stakes. 

Im-pale'ment,  w.  Act  of  impaling. 

Im-pal/pa-bii/i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
notjreing  palpable. 

Im-pXl'pa-ble,  a.  Not  palpable  ;  not 
to  be  felt. 

212 

Im-pXl'pa-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  readily  felt. 

Im'pa-nA'tion,  n.  [Lat.  in  and  pa- 
nis,  bread.]  Supposed  real  presence 
and  union  of  Christ’s  material  body 
with  the  bread,  in  the  eucharist. 
Im-pXn'el,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  137.] 
To  form,  as  a  list  of  jurors. 

Im-pXr'a-dise,  V.t.  [-ED  :  -ING.] 
To  put  in  a  state  of  supreme  felicity. 

IM-pXr'I-ty,  n.  Difference  of  degree, 
rank,  excellence,  number,  & c. 

IM-PARK',  v.  1.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  in¬ 
close  for  a  park. 

Im-part',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
impartire ,  impcrtire;  in  and  partite, 
to  part,  divide.]  1.  To  bestow  a  share 
or  portion  of.  2.  To  make  known. 

Syn.  —  To  share;  yield;  confer;  grant; 
give;  reveal;  disclose;  discover;  divulge. 
See  Communicate. 

IM-par'tial,  a.  Not  partial;  unpreju¬ 
diced  :  disinterested  ;  equitable ;  just. 

Im-par'ti-Xl'i-t  Y  ( -pahshl-dl'i-ty  or 
-par-shalT-ty),  n.  Freedom  from  bias ; 
disinterestedness ;  equitableness. 

Im-pXr'tial-ly,  adv.  In  an  impar¬ 
tial  mauner.  [ing  impartible. 

Im-partG-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  be- 

IM-PART'I-BLE,  a.  1.  Not  partible; 
indivisible.  2.  Capable  of  being  im¬ 
parted.  ‘  [passed. 

IM-PASS'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being 

Syn.  —  Impervious  ;  impenetrable  ; 
pathless. 

Im-pas'si-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  or 
condition  of  being  impassible. 

Im-pas'SI-ble,  a.  [Lat.  impassibilis.] 
Incapable  of  suffering. 

Im-pXs'sion  (-pash/un),  v.  t.  To 
move  or  affect  strongly  with  passion. 

Im-pXs'sioned  (-pftshffind),  p.  a. 
Actuated  or  agitated  by  passion ; 
animated ;  excited. 

Im-pas'sIve,  a.  Not  susceptible  of 
pain  or  suffering  ;  insensible. 

IM/PAS-T ACTION,  n.  1.  Act  of  mak¬ 
ing  into  paste.  2.  A  combination  of 
different  substances  by  means  of  ce¬ 
ments  capable  of  resisting  fire  or  air. 

IM-PASTE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
knead ;  to  make  into  paste.  2.  To 
lay  on  colors  thick  and  bold. 

Im-pa'tien^e,  v.  1.  Want  of  patience. 
2.  Violence  of  temper  ;  vehement 
passion . 

IM  PA'TlENT,a.  1.  Not  patient ;  not 
bearing  with  composure.  2.  Prompt¬ 
ed  by,  or  exhibiling,  impatience. 

Im-pa'tient-LY,  adv.  In  an  impa¬ 
tient  manner.  [pawn. 

Im-pawn',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 

IM-PEACH',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
empecher,  to  prevent,  bar,  fr.  Lat.  im¬ 
ping  ere,  to  thrust  or  drive  against..]  1. 
To  charge,  ns  an  officer,  with  misbe¬ 
havior  in  office.  2.  To  call  in  ques¬ 
tion. 

Syn.  —  To  accuse  :  arraign  ;  censure  ; 
criminate  ;  indict.  See  Accuse. 

IM-PEACH'MENT,  n.  Act  of  impeach¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  impeached. 

IM-PEARL',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
form  into  pearls.  2.  To  decorate  with 
pearls. 

IMPERFECT 

IM-pLc'ga-bil'i-ty,  n.  Exemption 
from  sin,  error,  or  offense. 

Im-peg'ga-ble,  a.  [Lat.  impeccabi- 
lis.]  Not  liable  to  sin  ;  perfect. 

Im/pe-gU''ni-os,i-ty,  n.  Want  of 
money. 

IM'PE-GU'NI-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  in,  not, 
and  pecunia,  money.]  Not  having 
money  ;  poor. 

IM-PEDE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
imped  ire,  lit.  to  entangle  the  feet.] 

To  hinder  ;  to  obstruct. 

Im-ped'i-ment,  n.  That  which  im¬ 
pedes  or  hinders  progress  or  motion. 

Syn.  —  Hindrance  ;  obstruction  :  ob¬ 
stacle;  difficulty.  —  An  impediment  liter¬ 
ally  strikes  against  our  feet,  checking  our 
progress,  and  we  remove  it.  An  obstacle 
.  rises  up  before  us  in  our  path,  and  vre 
surmount  it.  A  difficulty  sets  before  us 
something  hard  to  he  clone,  and  we  en¬ 
counter  it  and  overcome  it.  A  hindrance 
holds  us  back  for  a  time,  but  we  break 
away  from  it. 

IM-PEL',  V.  t.  [-LED  ;  -LING.]  [Lat. 
impellere ;  in  and  pellere,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  or  urge  forward ;  to  incite  to 
action  in  any  way. 

Syn.  —  To  instigate  ;  incite  ;  induce; 
influence  ;  actuate;  move. 

IM-PEL'LENT,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  impelling.  —  n.  A  force  that  drives 
forward. 

IM-PEND',  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
impevdere .]  To  hang  over ;  to  be 
suspended  above  ;  to  be  imminent. 

IM-PEND'ENGE,  )  n.  State  of  im- 

Im-pend'en-^y,  j  pending;  near  j 

approach.  [minent.  j 

IM-pend'ent,  a.  Impending;  im- 

IM-PEND'ING,  p.  a.  Hanging  over; 
impendent. 

Syn.  —  Imminent;  menacing;  threat-  ! 

ening.  See  Imminent. 

Im-pEn'e-tra-bjl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  ; 

of  being  impenetrable. 

Im-pen'e-tra-ble,  a.  1.  Incapable 
of  being  penetrated.  2.  Inaccessible, 
as  to  knowledge,  sympathy,  &c. 

IM-PEN'E-TRA-BLY',  adv.  In  an  im¬ 
penetrable  manner. 

Im  PEN'I-TENCE,  In.  Condition  of  \ 

iM-PEN'l-TEN-tjY,  )  being  impeni¬ 

tent  ;  obduracy  of  heart. 

Im-pen'i-tent,  a.  Not  penitent ;  not 
repenting  of  sin;  obdurate.  —  n.  A 
hardened  sinner.  [repentance. 

Tm-pen'i-tent-LY,  adv.  Without  i 

Im-per'A-tive,  a.  [Lat.  imperativus,  ! 

fr.  imperare,  to  command.]  1.  Ex¬ 
pressive  of  command  ;  authoritative. 

2.  Obligatory ;  binding. 

Im-per'a-tIve-ly,  adv.  Authorita¬ 
tively. 

Im'per-cep'ti  bIl'i-ty,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  imperceptible. 

Im/per-^  ep'ti-ble  ,  a.  1.  Not  per¬ 
ceptible  ;  insensible.  2.  Very  small ; 
fine  or  very  slow  in  progress. 

IM'PER-^EF'TI-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not 
to  be  perceived. 

IM-PER'FEGT  (14),  a.  1.  Not  perfect 
or  complete.  2  Wanting  in  some 
essentia]  elementary  organ.  3.  Not 
fulfilling  its  design.  4.  Marked  by 
defects  or  evil. 

a,  e,  i,  6,  u,  y,  long;  X,  £,!,  6,  0,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fTrm  ;  s6n, 

IMPERFECTION 


IMPOSE 


Im'per-fec'tion,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  imperfect ;  want  of  perfection. 

Syn.—  Defect;  deficiency;  incom¬ 
pleteness;  fault;  failing;;  weakness;  frail¬ 
ty;  foible;  blemish;  vice. 

IM-PER'FE€T-LY,  adv.  Iu  an  imper¬ 
fect  manner. 

Im-per'fo-ra-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  perforated.  [or  pierced. 

Im  per'fo-rate,  a.  Not  perforated 

IM-PE'RI-AL  (89),  a.  [Lat.  imperialis ; 
imperium,  command,  empire.]  1. 
Relating  to  an  empire,  or  to  an  em¬ 
peror.  2.  Sovereign  ;  supreme.  —  n. 
A  tuft  of  hair  on  a  man’s  lower  lip. 

IM-PE'RI-AL-IST,  n.  A  subject  or  sol¬ 
dier  of  an  emperor.  [al  manner. 

Im-pe'ri-al-ly,  adv.  In  an  imperi- 

IM-PER'IL,  V  l.  [ED,-ING  ;  or -LED, 
-LING,  137.]  To  bring  into  peril. 

Im-Pe'ri-OUS  (89),  a.  Commanding  ; 
authoritative;  dictatorial ;  haughty  ; 
arrogant ;  overbearing. 

Syn.  —  Dominecriug  ;  lordly.  —  One 
who  is  imperious  exercises  his  authority 
in  a  manner  highly  offensive  for  its  spir¬ 
it  and  tone;  one  who  is  lordbj  assumes 
a  lofty  air  in  order  to  display  his  impor¬ 
tance  ;  one  who  is  domineering  gives  or¬ 
ders  in  a  way  to  make  others  feel  their 
inferiority. 

Im-pe'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  In  an  impe¬ 
rious  manner. 

IM-PER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  perisha¬ 
ble  ;  indestructible. 

Im-per'me-A-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  impermeable. 

IM-PER'ME-A-BLE ,  a.  Not  permea¬ 
ble  ;  not  permitting  passage,  as  of  a 
fluid,  through  its  substance. 

IM-p£r'son-AL,  a.  Not  personal; 
not  representing  a  person  ;  not  hav¬ 
ing  personality. 

IM-PER'SON-AL/I-TY,  n.  Condition  or 
quality  of  being  impersonal. 

IM-PER'SON-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  im¬ 
personal  manner. 

IM-PER'SON-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  ascribe  the  qualities  of  a  per¬ 
son  to  ;  to  personify.  2.  To  repre¬ 
sent  the  person  of;  to  personate. 

Im-per'son-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  im¬ 
personating  ;  personification. 

l’VI/PER-SPl€'U-OUS,  a.  Not  perspic¬ 
uous  ;  obscure  ;  vague. 

IM-PER'TI-NEN^E,  1  n.  1.  Quality 

L\I-PER'Tl-NEN-gY,  |  of  being  imper¬ 
tinent  ;  irrelevance.  2.  Unbecoming 
conduct ;  rudeness  ;  incivility.  3.  A 
thing  out  of  place,  or  of  no  value,  &c. 

IM-PER'TI-NENT  (14),  a.  1.  Not  per¬ 
tinent  ;  having  no  bearing  on  the 
subject;  irrelevant.  2.  Offending 
against  the  rules  of  good-breeding. 

Syn. — Officious. — A  person  is  offi¬ 
cious  who  obtrudes  his  offices  or  assist¬ 
ance  where  they  are  not  needed;  he  is 
impertinent  when  he  intermeddles  in 
things  with  which  he  has  no  concern. 
The  former  shows  a  want  of  tact,  the 
latter  a  want  of  breeding,  or,  more  com¬ 
monly,  a  spirit  of  sheer  impudence. 

IM-PER'TI-NE  NT-L  Y,  adv.  In  an  im¬ 
pertinent  manner. 

IM'PER-TUR'BA-BIL'I-TY,  ft.  State 
of  being  imperturbable  ;  self-posses¬ 
sion  ;  coolness. 


213 

IM'PER-TUR'BA-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  imper- 
turbabilis.]  Incapable  of  being  dis¬ 
turbed. 

Im-per'tur-ba'tion,  n.  Freedom 
from  agitation  of  mind  ;  calmness. 

Im-per'vi-ous,  a.  Not  pervious  ;  not 
admitting  of  entrance  or  passage 
through. 

Syn.  —  Impassible;  pathless;  impene¬ 
trable;  imperviable. 

Im-per'vi-ous-ly,  adv.  Impenetra¬ 
bly. 

Im-pet'u-os'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  impetuous ;  fury  ;  violence.  2. 
Vehemence  of  temper. 

IM-PET'U-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  impetuosus. 
See  Impetus.]  1.  Rushing  with  force 
and  violence.  2.  Vehement  in  feel¬ 
ing. 

Syn.  —  Forcible;  rapid;  hasty;  precip¬ 
itate  ;  furious  ;  boisterous  ;  violent  ; 
fierce;  passionate. 

IM-pet'u-ous-LY,  adv.  In  an  impet¬ 
uous  manner. 

IM'PE-TUS,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  impetere,  to 
rush  upon,  attack.]  Force  with 
which  any  body  is  driven  or  im¬ 
pelled ;  momentum. 

IM'PHEE,  n.  The  African  sugar-cane. 

IM-PI'E-TY,  n.  [Lat.  impietas.]  1. 
Quality  of  being  impious.  2.  An  im¬ 
pious  act. 

Syn. — Ungodliness  ;  irreligion  ;  un¬ 
righteousness  ;  sinfulness  ;  profaneness. 

iM-PINfrE',  v.i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
impingere. ;  in  and  pangere,  to  fix, 
strike.]  To  fall  or  dash  against;  to 
strike. 

IM'pi-ous,  a.  [Lat.  impius ;  in,  not, 
and  pins,  pious.]  1.  Not  pious  ;  ir¬ 
religious  ;  profane.  2.  Proceeding 
from,  or  manifesting,  a  want  of  rev¬ 
erence  for  the  Supreme  Being. 

IM'PI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Profanely. 

IM'PI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Impiety. 

IM-PLA/€A-Bi'r/I-TY,  n.  Quality  of 
being  implacable. 

Im-pla/€A-ble,  a.  [Lat.  implacabi- 
lis .]  Not  placable  ;  incapable  of  be¬ 
ing  pacified. 

Syn.  —  Unappeasable  ;  inexorable  ; 
irreconcilable;  unrelenting;  relentless. 

IM  PLA'GA-BLY,  adv.  With  unap¬ 
peasable  enmity. 

IM-PLANT',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
set,  plant,  or  infix,  for  the  purpose 
of  growth. 

IM/P L  A N-T ACTION,  ii.  Act  of  implant¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  implanted. 

IM-PLEAD',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
sue  at  law. 

IM'ple-ment,  n.  [Lat.  implementum, 
fr.  implere ,  to  fill  up.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  or  utensil  as  supplying  arequi 
site  to  an  end. 

IM-PLE'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  filling; 
state  of  being  full.  2.  That  which 
fills  up  ;  filling. 

IM'PLEX,  a.  [Lat.  implexus,  infolded, 
entangled.]  Intricate  ;  entangled  ; 
complicated. 

IM'PLI-€ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  implicate ,  -catum  ;  in,  and  pli- 
care,  to  fold.]  1.  To  infold;  to  con¬ 
nect  in  many  relations.  2.  To  bring 


into  connection  with  :  to  show  to  be 
connected  or  concerned. 

Im'PLI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  impli¬ 
cating,  or  state  of  being  implicated. 
2.  That  which  is  implied,  but  not 
expressed.  [plicate. 

IM'PLI-GA'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  im- 

IM-PLI^'IT,  a.  [Lat.  implicitus.]  1. 
Fairly  to  be  understood,  though  not 
expressed  ;  implied.  2.  Trusting  to 
another,  without  doubting  or  reserve. 

IM-PL19'IT-LY,  adv.  1.  Impliedly. 

2.  With  unreserved  confidence. 

Im-pl1£'it-ness,  n.  State  of  trust¬ 
ing  without  reserve. 

Im-plPed-ly,  adv.  By  implication. 

Im  plore',  t\  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
implorare ;  in  and  pilorare.,  to  cry 
aloud.]  To  call  upon,  or  for,  in  sup¬ 
plication  ;  to  pray  earnestly. 

Syn.  —  To  beseech;  supplicate;  crave; 
entreat;  beg;  solicit. 

IM-PLY',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [See 
Implicate.]  To  contain  by  impli¬ 
cation  ;  to  include  virtual^. 

Syn.  —  To  comprise;  import;  denote; 
signify.  See  Involve. 

iM-POI'gON,  v.  t.  To  impregnate  or 
affect  with  poison.  [policy. 

IM-POL'I-^Y,  n.  Inexpedience;  bad 

IM'PO-LITE',  a.  Not  polite  ;  uncivil. 

IM  PO-LITE'LY,  adv.  In  an  impolite 
manner ;  uncivilly. 

Im'po-lite'ness,  it.  Quality  of  being 
impolite. 

Im-pol'i-TI€,  a.  Not  politic  ;  want¬ 
ing  in  policy  or  prudent  management. 

Syn.  —  Indiscreet;  incautious;  im¬ 
prudent;  inexpedient. 

Im-pon'der-a-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  imponderable. 

Im-pon'der-a-ble,  a.  Without  sen¬ 
sible  weight. 

Im'po-ros'I-ty,  n.  Want  of  porosity. 

Im-po'rous,  a.  Destitute  of  pores; 
compact. 

Im-port',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
importare ;  in  and  portare,  to  bear.] 
1.  To  bring  in  from  abroad.  2.  To 
imply;  to  signify.  3.  To  be  of  im¬ 
portance  or  consequence  to. 

IM'port,  n.  1.  That  which  is  brought 
in  from  abroad.  2.  Purport ;  mean¬ 
ing.  3.  Importance ;  consequence. 

Im-por'tan^e,  n.  Quality  of  being 
important;  consequence;  moment. 

IM-POR'TANT,  a.  Possessing  weight 
or  consequence ;  significant ;  weighty. 

IM'POR-TA'TION,  ii.  1.  Act  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  importing.  2.  Goods  intro¬ 
duced  into  a  country  from  abroad. 

Im-PORT'er,  n.  One  who  imports.  > 

Im-port'u-nate  (45),  a.  Pertina¬ 
cious  in  solicitation. 

IM-port'u-nate-ly,  adv.  In  an  im¬ 
portunate  manner. 

IM'POR-TUNE',  V.  t.  [-EI>  ;  -ING.  ]  [L. 
Lat.  importunate,  from  Lat.  impor- 
tunus.]  To  request  with  urgency  ;  to 
tease. 

IM'POR-TU'NI-TY,  n.  Pressing  solic¬ 
itation  ;  urgent  request.  [imposed. 

Im-pos'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

iM-pdsE',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
imponere,  impositum ;  in  and  po- 

G,  hard;  A£;  ejcist  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  ffRN,RUE,  PtjLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  £,G,SO/f,- 


IMPOSER 


IMPROVVISATORE 


214 


nere,  to  place.]  1.  To  lay  as  a  charge, 
tax,  duty,  command,  or  the  like  ;  to 
levy.  2.  To  pass  off;  to  palm.  3. 
To  lay,  as  the  hands  in  confirma¬ 
tion  or  ordination.  4.  To  prepare  for 
printing,  as  a  form, by  arranging  the 
pages  upon  a  stone,  and  confining 
them  in  the  chase. 

Im-po§'er,  n.  One  who  imposes  or 
enjoins.  [manding. 

Im-pos'ing, p.  a.  Impressive;  com- 

Im-pos'ing— stone,  7i.  A  stone  on 
which  pages  or  columns  of  type  are 
made  into  forms. 

iM'PO-gf'TlON  (-zish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  imposing.  2.  That  which  is  im¬ 
posed  ;  charge :  levy  ;  tax.  3.  A 
trick  or  deception.  4.  Act  of  laying 
on  the  hands  as  a  religious  ceremony. 

Syn.—  See  Deception. 

IM-POS'SI-BII/I-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  impossible.  2.  An  impossible 
thing. 

IM-pos'si-ble,  a.  [Lat.  iinpossibilis  ] 
Not  possible ;  incapable  of  being 
done. 

Syn. —  See  Impracticable. 

Im'post,  n.  [See  Impose.]  1.  A 
duty  or  tax  on  goods  imported  into 
a  country.  2.  The  capital  of  a  pil¬ 
lar  or  cornice  which  receives  an  arch. 

Syn.  —  Tribute;  toll;  excise;  custom. 

IM-POST'IIU-MATE,  v.  i.  [See  IM- 
POSTHUME.]  To  form  an  abscess. 
—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  affect  with 
an  imposthume  or  abscess. 

IM-POST'HU-MA'TION,  71.  1.  Act  of 

forming  an  abscess.  2.  An  abscess. 

Im-post'hume,  7i.  [A  corruption  of 
aposteme.)  A  collection  of  pus  or 
purulent  matter  ;  an  abscess. 

Im-pos'tor,  ti.  [Lat.,  fr.  rmponere , 
to  deceive.]  One  who  imposes  upon 
others. 

Im-post'ure,  n.  Deception  practiced 
under  a  false  or  assumed  character. 

Syn.  —  Cheat  ;  fraud  ;  trick  ;  imposi¬ 
tion  ;  delusion. 

IM'PO-TENCE,  )  7i.  Want  of  strength 

IM'po-ten-£  Y,  J  or  power,  animal, 
intellectual,  or  moral;  especially, 
want  of  procreative  power. 

IM'po-tent,  a.  [Lat.  impotens;  in, 
not,  and  polens,  powerful.]  Want¬ 
ing  power,  strength,  or  vigor,  wheth¬ 
er  physical,  intellectual,  or  moral. 

IM'po-tent-IiY,  adv.  Without  power. 

131-POUND',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
confine,  as  in  a  pound. 

iM-POV'ER-IsH,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Prefix  im,  not,  and  0.  Fr .  povere, 
povre ,  poor.]  1.  To  make  poor.  2.  To 
exhaust  the  fertility  of.  [to  poverty. 

Im-po  v'E R-ISH-ME N T ,  7i.  Reduction 

Im-prag'ti-oa-bu/i-ty,  7i.  State  or 
quality  of  being  impracticable. 

IM-PRAG'TI-GA-BLE,  a.  1.  Not  prac¬ 
ticable  ;  incapable  of  being  accom¬ 
plished.  2.  Not  easily  managed  ;  un- 
tractable.  3.  Not  capable  of  being 
easily  dealt  with.  4.  Incapable  of 
being  passed  or  traveled. 

Syn.  — Impossible  ;  infeasible. —  A 
thing  is  impracticable  when  it  cannot  be 


accomplished  by  any  human  means  at 
present  possessed;  a  thing  is  impossible 
■when  the  laws  of  nature  forbid  it.  The 
navigation  of  a  river  may  now  be  imprac¬ 
ticable,  but  not  impossible ,  because  the 
existing  obstructions  may  yet  be  re¬ 
moved. 

IM-PRAG'TI-CA-BLY,  adv.  In  an  im¬ 
practicable  manner. 

IM'PRE-EATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  imprecari,  -catuvi ;  in  and  pre¬ 
car  i,  to  pray.]  To  call  down  by 
prayer,  as  something  hurtful ;  to  in¬ 
voke,  as  evil. 

Im'pre  -ea'tion,  n.  Act  of  invoking 
evil  on  any  one. 

Syn.—  Malediction;  curse;  execration. 

]M'PRE-€A-TO-RY,  a.  Of  the  nature 
of  imprecation. 

[M'PRE-tyls'lON  (-sizlflun),  n.  Want 
of  precision  or  exactness. 

IM-PREG'NA-BLE,  a.  1.  Not  to  be 
taken  by  assault.  2.  Not  to  be 
moved ;  invincible. 

131-PREG'NATE,  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  in  and  prsegnans,  prxgnas, 
pregnant.]  1.  To  make  pregnant. 
2.  To  render  fruitful  or  fertile.  3.  To 
infuse  particles  of  another  substance 
into. 

IM'PREG-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  im¬ 
pregnating.  2.  State  of  being  impreg¬ 
nated.  3.  Intimate  mixture  of  parts. 

IM-PRESS',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
iinprimere ,  impressum.]  1.  To  press 
in  or  upon  ;  to  stamp  ;  to  imprint. 
2.  To  produce  by  pressure.  3.  To 
inculcate.  4.  To  take  by  force  for 
public  service. 

IM'press,  7i.  1.  A  mark  made  by 

pressure  ;  imprint ;  stamp.  2.  In¬ 
fluence  wrought  on  the  mind. 

IM-prLss'I-BlTe,  a.  Yielding  to  an 
impression ;  susceptive. 

Im-pres'sion  (-presh'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  impressing.  2.  That  which  is 
produced  by  pressure; — as,  (a.)  A 
stamp  or  copy  made  by  pressure; 
mark.  ( b .)  Sensible  result  of  an  in¬ 
fluence  from  without.  (c.)  An  indis¬ 
tinct  notion,  remembrance,  or  belief. 
(d.)  An  edition. 

l3T-PRESS'i'VE,n.  1.  Making,  or  tend¬ 
ing  to  make,  an  impression.  2.  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  impressed ;  susceptible. 

IM-PRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  im¬ 
pressive  manner ;  forcibly. 

Im-press'i VE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
being  impressive. 

Im-press'3IENT,  n.  Act  of  seizing  for 
public  use  or  service. 

Im' PRI-MA' tur,  7i.  [Lat.,  let  it  be 
printed.]  A  license  to  print  a  book. 

IM'print,  n.  Name  of  the  printer  or 
publisher  of  a  book,  on  the  title-page, 
with  the  time  and  place  of  publish¬ 
ment. 

IM-PRINT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
impress  ;  to  stamp  ;  to  print.  2.  To 
fix  indelibly,  as  on  the  memory. 

IM-PRIS'ON,  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  put  into  a  prison.  2.  To  limit  or 
restrain  in  any  way.  [liberty. 

Im-pris'on-ment,  n.  Restraint  of 
Syn.  —  Incarceration  ;  custody  ;  con¬ 
finement;  durance. 


IM-PROB'A-BIL/I-TY,  n.  Quality  of 
being  improbable ;  unlikelihood. 

Im-prob'a-ble,  a.  Not  probable; 
unlikely  to  be  true. 

1 31-PRo B'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  improb¬ 
able  manner. 

IM-PROB'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  imprcbilas.] 
Absence  of  probity  ;  want  of  integ¬ 
rity  ;  dishonesty. 

131-PROMP'TU,  adv.  or  a.  [Lat.  in 
promptu,  in  readiness,  at  hand.]  Off¬ 
hand  ;  without  previous  study.  —  n. 
An  extemporaneous  composition. 

Im-prop'er,  a.  Not  proper;  not 
fitted  to  the  circumstances,  design, 
or  end  ;  unfit ;  indecent. 

Im-prop'er-ey,  adv.  In  an  improp¬ 
er  manner.  _ 

IM-PRO'PRJ-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  oiand  propriare,  -atum,  to  ap¬ 
propriate.]  (Eng.  Eccl.  Law.)  To 
place  the  profits  of,  for  care  and  dis¬ 
bursement,  in  the  hands  of  a  layman. 

131-PRO'PRl-A'TlON,  ii.  Act  of  put¬ 
ting  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  in  the 
hands  of  a  layman,  or  lay  corpora¬ 
tion. 

131'PRO-PRI'E-TY,  n.  1.  Unfitness  or 
unsuitableness  to  character,  time, 
place,  or  circumstances.  2.  An  un¬ 
suitable  act  or  expression. 

131-pro  v'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
improved. 

131-PRO VE',  v  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Pre¬ 
fix  in,  and  0.  Fr  .proven,  Lat.  pro- 
bare,  to  esteem  as  good  ]  1.  To  make 
better.  2.  To  employ  to  good  purpose. 

Syn.  —  To  better;  meliorate;  advance; 
heighten;  mend;  correct;  rectify. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  grow  better.  2  To 
grow  worse.  3.  To  increase ;  to  be 
enhanced. 

I3I-prove'3IENT,  7i.  1.  Act  of  im¬ 

proving,  or  state  of  being  improved. 
2.  Practical  application,  as  of  the 
principles  of  a  discourse.  3.  That 
which  improves  any  thing,  oris  added 
by  way  of  improving  it.  [foresight. 

Im-prov'i-dence,  7i.  Neglect  of 

Im-prov'i-dent,  a.  Not  provident ; 
wanting  forecast. 

Im-prov'i-dent-ly,  adv.  Without 
foresight  or  forecast. 

131-prov'I-SATE,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  improvise. 

IM-pro  v/i-sa'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  art  of 
making  poetry,  or  of  performing  mu¬ 
sic  extemporaneously.  2.  That  which 
is  improvised. 

iM-PRUV’l-^A-TRl'GE  (-cha),  n. 
See  lMPROVYISATRICE. 

Im-  pr  6  V'i'-SA- TRpCE,  n.  SeelM- 
PKOVVISATRICE. 

IM'PRO-VISE',  V.  t.  [-ED  "  -ING.]  [Lat. 
improvisus  ;  in  and  provisus,  pro¬ 
vided.]  1.  To  speak  extemporane¬ 
ously,  esp.  in  verse.  2.  To  bring 
about  without  previous  preparation. 

—  v.  i.  To  make  verses  without  pre 
vious  preparation  ;  hence,  to  do  any 
thing  off-hand. 

Im-prov'vi-sa-to’re,  n.  [It.  See 
Improvise.]  A  man  who  compos¬ 
es  and  sings  or  recites  rhymes  and 
short  poems  extemporaneously. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  a,  E,I,  6,  IJ,  y,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  FIRM;  SON, 


IMPROVVISATRICE 


215  INAUGURATE 


IM-PR  U  V'  Vl'-%A-  TR  I' CE  (-tre7cha), 
n.  [It.]  A  woman  who  composes 
and  sings  or  recites  rhymes  or  short 
poems  extemporaneously. 

IM-PRU'DEN£E,  n.  Want  of  prudence  ; 
indiscretion  ;  rashness. 

Im-pru'DENT,  a.  [Lat.  imprudens .] 
Wanting  prudence  or  discretion. 

Syn.  —  Indiscreet;  injudicious;  incau¬ 
tious;  unadvised;  heedless;  rash. 

Im-pru'dent-ly,  adv.  In  an  im¬ 
prudent  manner. 

Ijtt'PU-IiEN^E,  n.  Quality  of  being 
impudent ;  shamelessness ;  want  of 
modesty. 

Syw  —  Effrontery;  sauciness. —  impu¬ 
dence.  refers  more  especially  to  the  feel¬ 
ings;  eff  rontery  (lit..,  meeting  face  to  face) 
to  some  gross  and  public  exhibition  of 
shamelessness  ;  sauciness ,  to  a  sudden 
outbreak  of  impudence,  especially  from 
an  inferior. 

Im'pu-dent,  a.  [Lat .impudens;  in, 
not,  and  pudens,  ashamed,  modest.] 
Unblushingly  forward;  wanting  mod¬ 
esty. 

Syn.—  Shameless;  audacious:  brazen; 
bold-faced;  pert;  immodest;  rude;  sau¬ 
cy;  impertinent;  insolent. 

Im/pu-dent-ly,  adv.  In  an  impu¬ 
dent  manner. 

IM-PUGN'  (-pun7),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  impugnare ;  in  and  pugnare , 
to  fight.]  To  attack  by  words  or  ar¬ 
guments  ;  to  contradict. 

Im'pulse,  n.  [Lat.  impulsus.]  1. 
Act  of  impelling.  2.  Effect  of  an  im¬ 
pelling  force.  3.  Sudden  motion  ex¬ 
citing  to  action;  instigation. 

IM-pul/sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  impelling 
or  driving  onward.  2.  Influence  act¬ 
ing  unexpectedly  or  temporarily  on 
the  mind. 

Im-pui/sive,  a.  1.  Having  the  pow¬ 
er  of  impelling.  2.  Actuated  by  im¬ 
pulse.  [impulse. 

iM-PUl/stVE-liY,  adv.  With  force  ;  by 

Im-pu'nt-ty,  n.  [Lat.  impunilas,  fr. 
impunis,  without  punishment.]  Ex¬ 
emption  from  punishment,  penalty, 
injury,  or  loss. 

Im  pure',  a.  1.  Mixed  with  extrane¬ 
ous  substances ;  not  pure;  foul.  2. 
Defiled  by  sin  ;  unholy.  3.  Unchaste; 
lewd  ;  unclean.  4.  Obscene. 

IM-PU  RE'EY,  adv.  In  an  impure  man¬ 
ner  ;  with  impurity. 

IM-PU'RI-TY,  n.  1.  Want  of  purity  ; 
pollution  ;  defilement.  2.  Eoul  mat¬ 
ter,  action,  language,  &c. 

Im-piIt'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
imputed ;  chargeable. 

Im'PU-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  imputiug 
or  charging;  any  thing  imputed. 

IM-pDt'a  tive,  a.  Coming  by  impu¬ 
tation  ;  imputed. 

Im-pute',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
imputare ;  in  and  putare ,  to  think.] 
1.  To  charge ;  to  ascribe.  2.  To 
charge  to  one  as  the  author,  origi¬ 
nator,  or  possessor  of.  3.  ( Theol.) 
To  set  to  the  account  of  another  as 
the  ground  of  judicial  procedure. 

Im'pu-tres'ci-ble,  a.  Not  subject 
to  putrefaction  or  corruption. 

IN,  prep.  [A.-S.]  Within;  inside  of; 


surrounded  by  ;  not  outside  of:  — 
used  to  indicate  a  variety  of  relations. 
—  adv.  Notout;  within;  inside. 

In'a-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
unable  ;  lack  of  ability. 

Syn.  —  Disability  ;  impotence;  inca¬ 
pacity  ;  incompetence  ;  weakness.  See 
Disability. 

jN'AE-tjESsa-BlL'l-TY,  In.  Quality 
In'ae-cess'i-ble-ness,  J  or  state 
of  being  inaccessible,  or  not  to  be 
reached. 

IN'AE-CESS'I-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be 
reached,  obtained,  or  approached. 

In'ae-^ess'1-bly,  adv.  In  an  inac¬ 
cessible  manner. 

In-ae'€U-ra-c  y,  n.  Want  of  accura¬ 
cy  or  exactness. 

Syn. —  Mistake  ;  fault ;  defect;  error. 

lN-.X€'eu-RATE  (45),  a.  Not  accurate  ; 
erroneous. 

In-A€'€U-RATE-LY,  adv.  Incorrectly. 

In-ac'tion,  n.  Want  of  action;  idle¬ 
ness  ;  rest. 

In-act'Ive,  a.  1.  Not  in  action.  2. 
Not  disposed  to  action  or  effort ;  idle. 

Syn.— See  Inekt. 

iN-XCT'iVE-LY,  adv.  Idly ;  slug¬ 
gishly. 

In'AE-tIv'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  inactive ;  inertness.  2.  Idleness ; 
sluggishness. 

IN-AD'E-QUA-^Y,  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  inadequate  ;  defectiveness ;  in¬ 
equality.  2.  Unjust  or  improper  de¬ 
fect. 

IN-AD'E-QUATE  (45),  a.  Not  adequate  ; 
unequal  to  the  purpose. 

Syn.  —  Unequal  ;  incommensurate; 
disproportionate;  insufficient;  incompe¬ 
tent;  incapable. 

IN-AD'E-QUATE-LY,  adv.  Not  fully 
or  sufficiently. 

IN-AD'E-QUATE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
being  inadequate  ;  inadequacy  ;  in¬ 
equality  ;  incompleteness. 

In'ad-mis'si-bil'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  inadmissible. 

IN'AD-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  Not  proper  to 
be  admitted,  allowed,  orrecejved. 

IN7AD-VERT'EN£E,  )  11.  1.  Quality 

IN'AD-VERT'EN-^Y,  [  of  being  inad¬ 
vertent  ;  lack  of  attentiveness.  2.  An 
over.-ight  or  fault,  proceeding  from 
negligence  of  thought. 

IN'AD-vert'ent,  a.  Not  turning  the 
mind  to  a  matter. 

!n/AD-y£rt'ent-ly,  adv.  From 
want  of  attention. 

iN-AL'rEN-A-BLE  (-alQen-),  a.  Inca¬ 
pable  of  being  alienated,  or  trans¬ 
ferred  to  another. 

In-al'ien-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
forbidding  alienation. 

In-am1  o-ra'TA,  ii.  f.  I  [It.  innamo- 

In-am1  o-r  'a’  to ,  n.  m. )  rata,  inna- 
morato .]  A  lover. 

In-ane',  a.  [Lat.  inanis .]  Empty; 
void  of  sense  or  intelligence. 

IN-an'i-mate,  a.  Destitute  of  life  or 
spirit. 

Syn.  —  Lifeless;  dead;  inert;  inactive; 
dull;  spiritless. 

In'a-ni'tion  (-nTsh'un),  n.  Empti¬ 
ness  ;  exhaustion  from  want  of  food. 


In-Xn'i-ty,  n.  1.  Void  space;  emp¬ 
tiness.  2.  Deficiency  of  contents ; 
senselessness. 

In-Xp'pe-tence,  [  11.  1.  Want  of 

In-ap'pe-ten-^y,  )  appetence,  or 
of  a  disposition  for  nutriment.  2. 
Want  of  inclination. 

lN-Xp'PLi-€A-BiL/r-TY,  n.  Quality 
of  being  inapplicable  ;  unfitness. 

In-Xp'pei-ea-ble,  a.  Not  applica¬ 
ble  ;  not  suited  or  suitable  to  the 
purpose. 

Syn. —Unsuitable  ;  unsuited;  un¬ 
adapted  ;  inappropriate. 

In-Xp7pli-€A'tion,  v.  Want  of  ap¬ 
plication  or  attention ;  negligence. 

IN-ap'po-sIte,  a.  Not  apposite;  not 
suitable. 

In'ap-pre'CI-a-ble  (-pr3'shi-,92),  a. 
Not  appi-eciable  ;  incapable  of  being 
duly  valued. 

IN-AP'PRE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Not  ap¬ 
prehensible  ;  unintelligible. 

IN'AP-PROACH'A-BLE,  a.  Not  ap¬ 
proachable  ;  inaccessible. 

!n7ap-pro'pri-ate,  a.  Unsuitable, 
as  in  manners,  moral  conduct,  &c. 

In-Xpt'i-tude  (53),  ii.  Want  of  apt¬ 
itude  ;  unfitness ;  unsuitableness. 

IN-ARCH',  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  To 
graft  by  uniting,  as  a  scion,  to  a 
stock,  without  separating  it  from  its 
parent  tree. 

IN7 AR-Tie'U-L ATE ,  a.  1.  Not  artic¬ 

ulate  ;  not  distinct,  or  with  distinc¬ 
tion  of  syllables.  2.  (Zo'Jl.)  Not 
jointed  or  articulated. 

In7ar-ti€'u-late-ly,  adv.  Not  with 
distinct  syllables  ;  indistinctly. 

IN7AR-TI€'Lt-LATE-NESS,  [  11.  Indis- 

!n7ar-ti€7u-la'tion,  j  tinctness 
of  sounds  in  speaking. 

In-ar7ti-fI'ciae  (-tish7al),  a.  Notar- 
tificial ;  not  done  by  art ;  simple  and 
natural. 

IN7as-MUCH',  adv.  Seeing  that ;  con' 
sidering  that  ;  since  ;  — with  as. 

In7at-ten'tion,  ii.  Want  of  atten¬ 
tion  or  consideration. 

Syn.  —  Inadvertence  ;  heedlessness  ; 
thoughtlessness;  neglect. —  We  miss  see¬ 
ing  a  thing  through  inadvertence,  when 
we  do  not  look  at  it  ;  through  inattention 
when  we  give  no  heed  to  it,  though  di¬ 
rectly  before  us.  The  latter  is  therefore 
the  worse.  Inadvertence  may  be  an  in¬ 
voluntary  accident;  inattention  is  culpa¬ 
ble  neglect.  A  versatile  mind  is  often 
inadvertent ;  a  careless  or  stupid  one  is 
inattentive. 

In7at-ten'tive,  a.  Not  attentive  ; 
not  fixing  the  mind  on  an  object. 

Syn.  —  Careless;  heedless;  regardless; 
thoughtless;  negligent;  remiss. 

!n7at-ten'tive-ly,  adv.  Without 
attention  ;  carelessly. 

In-aud'i-ble,  a.  Not  audible:  inca¬ 
pable  of  being  heard.  [heard. 

In-AUD'i-bey,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 

In-au'gu-ral,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
pronounced  at,  an  inauguration. — - 
ii.  An  inaugural  address. 

IN-AU'GU-RATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.\ 
[Lat.  inaugurare,  -raturn ,fr.  pref.  in, 
and  augurare,  to  augur.]  1.  To  in¬ 
duct  into  office.  2.  To  set  in  motion 


INCLEMENT 


IN  AUG  URATION  216 


or  action  ;  also,  to  make  a  public  ex¬ 
hibition  of  for  the  first  time. 

In-au'gu-RA'tion,  ii.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
augurating.  2.  Solemn  or  formal 
beginning  of  any  movement,  public 
exhibition,  &c. 

InGuis-pPcious  (-pishes),  a.  Not 
auspicious  ;  unfortunate  :  unlucky. 

In'aus-pi'cious-ly  (-pTsh'us-),  adv. 
Unfortunately;  unfavorably. 

In-be'ING,  n.  Inherence ;  inherent 
existence.  [innate. 

IN'BORN,  a.  Implanted  by  nature  ; 

In-br£athe',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing]  To 
infuse  by  breathing. 

In'bred,  a.  Bred  within;  natural. 

IN'GA,  n.  A  king  or  prince  of  Peru, 
before  the  conquest  of  that  country 
by  the  Spaniards.  [fine  in  a  cage. 

IN-GAGE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To con- 

In-gal'gu-la-ble,  a.  Not  capable 
of  being  calculated. 

In'ga-les'cen^e,  In.  A  growing 

IN'ga-les'c’ien^Y,  }  warm;  incipi¬ 
ent  or  increasing  heat. 

In'ga-les'^ent,  a.  [ Lat.  incalescens , 
p.  pr.  of  incalescere ,  to  grow  hot.] 
Growing  warm  ;  increasing  in  heat. 

In/gan-d essence,  n.  A  white  heat. 

In'GAN-des'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  incandes- 
cens ,  becoming  hot.]  White  or  glow¬ 
ing  with  heat. 

In^gan-ta/tion,  ii.  [Lat.  incantatio. 
See  Enchant.]  Act  of  enchanting; 
enchantment. 

IN-GA'PA-BH/I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  incapable  ;  incapacity  ;  want  of 
power  or  qualification. 

In-ga'pa-ble,  a.  1.  Not  large  or 
wide  enough  to  contain.  2.  Want¬ 
ing  physical  strength  for  an  effort  or 
effect.  3.  Mentally  insufficient.  4. 
Morally  weak.  5.  Not  in  a  state  to 
suffer  or  receive.  6.  Disqualified,  in 
a  legal  sense. 

Syn.  —  Sec  Incompetent. 

lN/GA-PA^'I-TATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  deprive  of  capacity  or  power ;  to 
disqualify. 

IN/GA-PA^I-TA'TION,  n.  Want  of 
capacity  ;  disqualification. 

IN'GA-PAC'I-TY,  n.  1.  Want  of  ca¬ 
pacity  ;  defect  of  intellectual  power 
2.  Want  of  legal  competency. 

Syn.  —  Inability;  incapability ; incom¬ 
petency;  disqualification. 

IN-GAR'^ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  prefix  in  and  carcerare,  to  im¬ 
prison.]  1.  To  imprison.  2.  To 
shut  up  or  inclose.  [ment. 

iN-GAR^ER- ACTION,  n.  Imprison- 

In-gar'nate, v  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  inrarnare ,  -natum.]  To  clothe 
with  flesh.  [flesh. 

In-gar'nate  (45),  a.  Invested  with 

IN'GAR-NA'TION,  ii.  1.  Act  of  assum¬ 
ing  flesh,  or  of  taking  a  human  body 
and  the  nature  of  man.  2.  A  strik¬ 
ing  manifestation. 

In-gase',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To  in¬ 
close  in  a  case. 

In-gau'tioCs.  a.  Not  cautious;  not 
circumspect. 

Syn.  —  Unwary  ;  indiscreet  ;  incon¬ 


siderate  ;  imprudent  ;  impolitic  ;  care¬ 
less  ;  heedless ;  thoughtless. 

IN-GAU'TIOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  incau¬ 
tious  manner. 

IN^GA-VA/TION,  n.  [Lat.  inr.avare ,  to 
make  hollow.]  1.  Act  of  making 
hollow.  2.  A  hollow  ;  excavation. 
iN-^EN'Di-A-RigM,  ii.  Act  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  maliciously  setting  fire  to 
buildings. 

In-^en'di-a-ry,  n.  1.  One  who  ma¬ 
liciously  sets  lire  to  another's  build¬ 
ing.  2.  An  agitator.  —  a.  [Lat.  incen- 
diarius ;  incendium,  a  fire.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  malicious  burning  of  a 
dwelling.  2.  Inflammatory  ;  seditious. 
INTENSE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
■incensare.  See  supra.]  To  perfume 
with  incense. — n.  1.  Odors  of 
spices  and  gums  burned  in  religious 
rites.  2.  The  materials  used  for  pro¬ 
ducing  a  perfume  by  burning. 
IN-CENSE',  v.  t.  [Lat.  incendere ,  -cen- 
sum;  in  and  candere ,  to  glow.]  To 
enkindle  or  inflame  to  violent  anger. 

Syn.  —  To  enrage;  exasperate  ;  pro¬ 
voke;  anger;  irritate;  heat;  fire. 

In-^en'tive,  a.  [Lat.  incentivus ,  fr. 

■ incinere ,  to  set  the  tune.]  Inciting  ; 
encouraging  or  moving. — n.  That 
which  incites  to  determination  or  ac¬ 
tion. 

Syn.  —  Motive  ;  spur  ;  stimulus  ;  in¬ 
citement  ;  encouragement. 

lN-<^EP'TION,  n.  [Lat.  inceptio.]  Be¬ 
ginning  ;  commencement. 
In-^ep'tive,  a.  Beginning;  com¬ 
mencing. 

In-cer'ti-TUDE  (53),  ii.  Uncertainty. 
In-^es'san-cy,  n.  Unintermitted 
continuance. 

In-^es'SANT,  a.  [Lat.  in,  not,  and 
cessare,  to  cease.]  Continuing  or  fol¬ 
lowing  without  interruption. 

Syn.  — Unceasing;  uninterrupted;  un¬ 
intermitted;  ceaseless;  continual  ;  con¬ 
stant;  perpetual. 

In-ces'sant-ly,  adv.  Without  ceas- 
„  ing- 

IN'cest,  n.  [Lat.  incestum ,  fr.  inces- 
tus,  unchaste.]  Cohabitation  be¬ 

tween  persons  related  within  the  de¬ 
grees  wherein  marriage  is  prohibited 
In-Cest'u-oDs,  a.  Guilty  of,  or  in¬ 
volving,  incest. 

iN-^EST'U-obs-EY,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  involve  the  crime  of  incest. 
INCH  (66),  n.  [A.-S.  inct.fr.  Lat.  unci  a , 
twelfth  part.]  1.  Twelfth  part  of  a 
foot.  2.  A  small  distance  or  degree. 
INCH'-MEAL,  n.  A  piece  an  inch 
long  ;  a  small  degree.  —  adv.  By 
small  degrees. 

IN'CHO-ATE,  a.  [Lat.  inchoalus,  p.  p. 

of  ineboare,  to  begin.]  Recently,  or 
w  just,  begun  :  also,  incomplete. 
lN/GHO-A>TION,  n.  Commencement ; 

inception. 

In-cho'.a-tive,  a.  Inceptive. 
IN'CI-DENCE,  v.  1.  An  accident  or 
casualty.  2.  Direction  in  which  a 
body,  or  a  ray  of  light  or  heat,  falls 
on  any  surface. 

In'CI-dent,  a.  [Lat.  incidens ,  p.  pr. 
of  incidere ,  to  fall  into  or  upon.]  1. 


Falling  upon,  as  a  ray  of  light.  2. 
Coming  or  happening  accidentally ; 
casual.  3.  Liable  to  happen  ;  hence, 
naturally  happening. — n.  1.  That 
which  usually  takes  place.  2.  An 
episode  or  subordinate  action. 

Syn.  —  Circumstance;  event;  fact;  ad¬ 
venture;  contingency :  chance;  accident; 
casualty.  See  Circumstance. 

In'ci-dent'al,  a.  1.  Happening  ac 
an  occasional  event.  2.  Not  necessary 
to  the  chief  purpose  ;  occasional. 

Syn.  —  Accidental ;  casual ;  fortuitous; 
contingent.  —Incidental  should  never 
be  confounded  with  accidental.  A  meet¬ 
ing  with  a  friend  is  accidental  when  it 
is  simply  casual  or  undesigned  :  it  is  in¬ 
cidental  to  a  journey  which  brings  us 
together,  whether  by  design  or  not.  A 
remark  incidentally  made  during  a  con¬ 
versation,  may  be  taken  up  by  one  acci¬ 
dentally  present,  and  reported  to  our  dis¬ 
advantage. 

—  n.  An  incident;  an  occasional 
event. 

In'ci-bent'al-ly,  adv.  1.  111111001 
intention  ;  accidentally  ;  casually.  2. 
Beside  the  main  design. 
IN-CIN'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  iiir.ine.rare ,  -ratum,  from  in  and 
cinis,  ashes.]  To  burn  to  ashes. 
IN-^IN'ER-A'TION,  ii.  The  act  of  re¬ 
ducing  to  ashes  by  combustion. 
In-^ip'I-en((:e,  In.  Beginning;com- 
IN-£IP'I-EN-£Y, )  mencement. 
1n-^ip'1-ent,  a.  [Lat.  incipiens,  fr. 
incipere ,  to  begin.]  Beginning  ;  com¬ 
mencing.  [ent  manner. 

lN-£iP'l-ENT-LY,  adv.  In  an  incipi- 
In-^ise',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lai.  in- 
cidere ,  -visum;  in  and  csedere ,  to 
cut.]  Tocut  in;  to  carve;  to  engrave. 
lN-<jff§fflON  (-sizhGin),  n.  1.  Act  of 
cutting  into  a  substance.  2.  A  cut ; 
a  gash. 

In-^Usive,  a.  Having  the  quality  of 
cutting  ;  hence,  sharp  ;  acute  ;  sar¬ 
castic.  [tooth. 

iN-ci/soR,  n.  A  cutter;  lienee,  a  fore 
lN-<il'SO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  cutting.  [incision. 

In-cis'ure  (-slzh/ijr),  11.  A  cut;  an 
Jn-^'i'tant,  n.  That  which  incites. 
IN'CI-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  inciting ; 
incitement.  2.  That  which  incites  ; 
incentive. 

iN-riTE',  v.  t.  [-EH; -ING.]  [Lat.  in- 
citare ;  in  and  citare,  to  rouse.]  To 
move  to  action  ;  to  stir  up  ;  to  spur 
on. 

Syn.  —  See  Excite. 

IN-cTte'ment.  n.  1.  Act  of  inciting. 
2.  That  which  incites. 

Syn.  —  Motive;  incentive;  spur; 
stimulus  ;  impulse  ;  encouragement. 

iN'ci-viL'i-tY,  11.  1.  Want  of  civility. 

2.  Any  act  of  rudeness  or  ill-breeding. 
In-^iv'i.sm,  jj.  Want  of  patriotism. 
iN-GLASP',  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
clasp  ;  to  embrace. 

In-glem'en-<;:y,  n.  1.  Want  of  clem¬ 
ency  ;  harshness  :  severity.  2.  Storm¬ 
iness  ;  severe  cold. 

In-glem'ent,  a.  1.  Not  clement ;  void 
of  tenderness.  2.  Physically  severe  ; 
stormy  ;  rigorously  cold,  &c. 


fr 

i 

INCLINABLE 

IN-€L1N'A-BLE,  a.  Somewhat  dis¬ 
posed. 

In'GLI-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  inclin¬ 
ing  :  leaning.  2.  (  Geom.)  The  angle 
made  by  two  lines  or  planes,  which 
meet,  or  which  would  meet,  if  pro¬ 
duced.  3.  A  disposition  more  favor¬ 
able  to  one  thing  than  to  auother. 
4.  Love ;  affection. 

Syn.  — Bent;  disposition;  tendency; 
proneness;  bias;  propensity;  preposses¬ 
sion;  attachment.  See  Disposition. 

In-glIne',  v.  7.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
i  inclinare,  fr.  in  and  clinare,  to  bend, 

incline.]  1.  To  deviate  from  a  line, 
direction,  or  course  toward  an  objeet ; 
to  lean.  2.  To  be  disposed.  —  v.  t.  1. 
To  cause  to  deviate  from  a  line,  posi¬ 
tion,  or  direction.  2  To  give  a  ten¬ 
dency  or  propension  to.  3.  To  cause 
to  stoop  or  bow. 

Inclined  plane  0, 

( Meek .),  a  plane 

that  makes  an  ob- 

lique  angle  with 

the  plane  of  the  „  ^ ^ 

horizon;  a  sloping  o 

plane.  AD,  Inclined  Plane. 

—  n.  An  ascent  or  descent,  as  in  a 
road ;  a  grade. 

lN-CLO§E',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
surround ;  to  shut  in.  2.  To  put 
within  a  case  or  envelope. 

IN-GLOS'URE  (-ldo'zhijr),  n.  1.  Act 
of  inclosing  ;  state  of  being  inclosed. 
2.  That  which  is  inclosed.  3.  That 
which  incloses. 

In-clude',  v.  t.  [-Eb;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inefudere ,  fr.  in  aud  duel  ere,  claud  ere, 
to  shut.]  1.  To  confine  within ;  to 
shut  up.  2.  To  comprehend;  to 
embrace. 

In-glu'rion,?!.  Act  of  including,  or 
state  of  being  included. 

In-GLU'sIve,  a.  1.  Inclosing;  encir¬ 
cling.  2.  Comprehending  the  stated 
limit  or  extremes.  [elude. 

In-GLU'sIve-ly,  adv.  So  as  to  in- 

In-€OG\  adv.  [Contr.  fr.  incognito.] 
In  concealment ;  in  disguise. 

lN-€OG'l-TA-TlVE,  a.  Wanting  the 
power  of  thought. 

In-€ug7ni-to ,  a.  or  adv.  [It.,  Sp., 
&  Fr.]  Unknown;  in  an  assumed 
character,  aud  under  an  assumed  ti¬ 
tle.  —  n.  1.  One  unknown  or  under 
an  assumed  character.  2.  Assump¬ 
tion  of  a  feigned  character. 

jiN'EO-HER'EN^E,  In.  1.  Want  of 

IN'CO-IIER'EN-CY,  |  coherence,  co¬ 
hesion,  or  adherence.  2.  Want  of 
connection  ;  incongruity. 

IN'GO-IIER'ENT,  a.  1.  Not  coherent; 
wanting  cohesion.  2.  Incongruous  ; 
inconsistent. 

In'eo-her'ENT-LY,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
coherent  manner  ;  inconsistently. 

!  IN/COM-bijs/ti-bil/i-t Y ,  ti.  Quality 

of  being  incombustible. 

In'EOM-bCs'TI-BLE,  a.  Not  combus¬ 
tible  ;  not  capable  of  being  burned. 

In'€6me,71.  Annual  gain  from  labor, 
business,  or  property  of  any  kind  ; 
revenue  ;  receipts. 

In'g6m-ING,  a.  Coming  in  ;  accruing. 

I N'€0 M-ME  N'SU-RA-BIL'I-T  Y  (-men'- 

217 

shy-),  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  be¬ 
ing  incommensurable. 
!n'€OM-men'su-ra-ble  (-men/shy-), 
a.  Having  no  common  measure  or 
standard  of  comparison. 
IN'OOM-MEN'SU-RATE  (45),  a.  Not 
commensurate  ;  not  admitting  of  a 
common  measure. 

ItCOOM-MODE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  incommodare ,  fr.  incommodus, 
inconvenient.]  To  give  inconvenience 
or  trouble  to. 

Syn. —  To  annoy  ;  disturb  ;  trouble  ; 
molest;  inconvenience;  disquiet;  vex. 

lN'EOM-MO'Dl  oOs  (77),  a.  Tending 
to  incommode  ;  not  affording  ease  or 
advantage ;  giving  trouble. 
In^OM-BIO'di-oDs-ly,  adv.  Incon¬ 
veniently  ;  unsuitably. 
iN'EOAt-Biu'NI-EA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  incommunicable. 
iN'GOM-MU'Nl-eA-BLE,  a.  Not  com¬ 
municable;  incapable  of  being  im¬ 
parted  to  others. 

IN'EOM-MU'NI-EA-BLY,  adv.  In  a 

manner  not  to  be  communicated. 
In'gom-mu'ni-ea-tIve,  a.  Not  dis¬ 
posed  to  hold  conversation  or  inter¬ 
course  with  ;  unsocial. 
IN'EOM-MUT'A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Quality 
of  being  incommutable. 
IN'EOM-MUT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  commut- 
able  ;  not  capable  of  being  exchanged 
with  another. 

iN-eoM'PA-RA-BLE,  a.  Not  compar¬ 
able  ;  admitting  of  no  comparison 
with  others  ;  matchless. 
In-comTa-ra-bly,  adv.  Beyond 
comparison;  without  competition.# 
In'-gom-pas'sion-ate  (-pash'un-),  a. 
Not  compassionate  ;  void  of  compas¬ 
sion  or  pity. 

In/GOj'vi-pat/i-bIl,i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  incompatible ;  inconsistency. 
IN'COM-PAT'I-BLE,  a.  Not  compati¬ 
ble;  irreconcilably  opposed. 

Syn.  —  Inconsistent  ;  incongruous  ; 
dissimilar  ;  irreconcilable  ;  discordant; 
repugnant;  contradictory.  See  Incon¬ 
sistent. 

InTOM-PAT'i-bly,  adv.  Inconsist¬ 
ently  ;  incongruously. 
iN-eoai'PE-TENCE,  1  n.  1.  Want  of 
lN-€OM'PE-TEN-y  Y, )  sufficient  pow¬ 
er,  either  physical,  intellectual,  or 
moral.  2.  Want  of  legal  fitness. 
iN-eoM'PE-TENT,  a.  Not  competent ; 
wanting  in  adequate  strength,  power, 
capacity,  means,  qualifications,  &e. 

Syn.  —  Incapable.  —  Incompetent  is  a 
relative  term,  denoting  a  want  of  the 
requisite  qualifications  for  performing  a 
given  act,  service,  &c.;  incapable  is  ab¬ 
solute  in  its  meaning,  denoting  want  of 
power,  either  natural  or  moral.  We 
speak  of  a  man  as  incompetent  to  a  cer¬ 
tain  task,  of  an  incompetent  judge,  &e. 
We  say  of  an  idiot,  that  he  is  incapable 
of  learning  to  rend;  and  of  a  man  dis¬ 
tinguished  for  his  honor,  that  he  is  inca¬ 
pable  of  a  mean  action. 

In-€OM'pe-tent-ly,  adv.  Inade¬ 
quately  ;  not  suitably. 
InTOM-plete',  a.  Not  complete  ; 

unfinished ;  imperfect ;  defective. 
IN^OM-PLETE'NESS,  n.  An  unfin¬ 
ished  state  ;  imperfectness. 

INCONSISTENCY 

IN'EOM-PLI'AN^E,  n.  1.  Unyielding 
temper  or  constitution.  2.  Refusal 
or  failure  to  comply.  [simple. 

lN/GOM-POg,iTE,  n.  Not  composite; 
iN-EOM'PRE-HEN'SI-BiL'I-T  Y,  n.  The 
quality  of  being  incomprehensible 
inconceivableness. 

IN-GOM/PRE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Not 
comprehensible ;  inconceivable. 
IN-GOM'PRE-HEN'SI-BLY,  adv.  So 
as  not  to  be  intelligible. 
In'eoai-press'1-bil'i-ty,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  incompressible. 
In'gom-PRESS'I-ble,  a.  Not  com¬ 
pressible  ;  resisting  compression. 
IN'CON-^E AL'A-BLE ,  a.  Not  conceal- 
able  ;  not  to  be  hid. 
iN'GON-yEiv'A-BiL'i-TY,  n.  Incon- 
ceivableness. 

IN-'EON-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  conceived  by  the  mind ;  in¬ 
comprehensible. 

In'eon-9eiv'a-ble-ness,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  inconceivable. 
iN'CON-yEl  v'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  beyond  comprehension. 
IN'GON-GLU'SIVE,  a.  Not  conclusive  ; 

not  settling  a  doubtful  question. 
In'gon-glu'sive-ly,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
conclusive  manner. 
IN'gon-glu'sIve-ness,  7i.  Quality 
of  being  inconclusive. 
iN-eoN'GRU-EN^E,  Want  of  con¬ 

gruence  or  agreement,  [consistent. 
In-eon'gru-ent,  a.  Unsuitable  ;  in- 
IN'CON-GRU'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  con- 
gruity  ;  unsuitableness  of  one  thing 
to  another  ;  inconsistency  ;  impro¬ 
priety. 

In-gon'gru-ous,  a.  Not  congruous ; 
not  reciprocally  agreeing. 

Syn.  —  Inconsistent;  unsuitable  ;  un¬ 
suited;  inappropriate;  unfit;  improper. 

See  Inconsistent. 

In-gon'gru-ous-ly,  adv.  Unsuit¬ 
ably. 

lN-€ON'SE-QUENT,a.  1.  Not  follow¬ 
ing  from  the  premises  ;  illogical.  2. 
Inconsistent. 

iN-eoN'SE-QUEN  TIAL  (-kwen'shal), 
a.  1.  Not  regularly  following  from 
the  premises.  2.  Of  little  moment. 
lrsT/€ON-SID'ER-A-BLE,  a.  Unworthy 
of  consideration ;  unimportant ; 
trivial. 

IhPCON-siD'ER-ATE.  a.  Not  consid¬ 
erate  ;  not  attending  to  the  circum¬ 
stances  which  regard  safety  or  pro¬ 
priety. 

Syn.  —  Thoughtless  ;  inattentive  ;  in¬ 
advertent;  heedless;  negligent;  improv¬ 
ident;  careless;  imprudent;  indiscreet; 
incautious;  injudicious;  rash;  hasty. 

IN'gon-sid'er-ate-ly,  adv.  With¬ 
out  due  regard  to  consequences. 
IN'GON-SID'ER-ATE-NESS,  71.  Want 
of  due  regard  to  consequences. 
In'eon-sid'er-a/tion,  n.  Want  of 
due  consideration. 

In'cont-sIst'en^e,  1  n.  1.  Quality 
iN'GON-sIsT'EN-y  Y,  )  of  being  in¬ 
consistent  ;  such  contrariety  between 
two  things  that  both  can  not  exist  or 
be  true  together.  2.  Unsteadiness  ; 
changeableness. 

OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  took;  Drn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent;  q, a, soft;  «,g  ,hard;  Ag;  ejcist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 

INCONSISTENT 

fN'GON-siST'ENT,  a.  Not  consistent ; 
at  variance,  especially  as  regards 
character,  sentiment,  or  action. 

Syn. —  Incompatible  ;  incongruous  ; 
discordant;  contradictory. —  Things  are 
incongruous  when  they  are  not  suited  to 
each  other,  so  that  their  union  is  unbe¬ 
coming;  inconsistent  when  they  are  op¬ 
posed  to  each  other,  so  as  to  render  it 
improper  or  wrong;  incompatible  when 
they  can  not  co-exist,  and  it  is  therefore 
impossible  to  unite  them.  Habitual  lev¬ 
ity  of  mind  is  incongruous  with  the  pro¬ 
fession  of  a  clergy  man;  it  is  inconsistent 
with  his  ordination  vows;  it  is  incompat¬ 
ible  with  his  permanent  usefulness. 

In'GON-sTst'ent-LY,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
consistent  manner. 

In'gon-sol'A-ble,  a.  Not  consola- 
ble  ;  not  to  be  consoled. 

In'con-sol'a-bly,  adv.  So  as  not 
to  admit  of  consolation. 

In-con'so-NAN9E,  )  n.  Wantofcon- 

IN-CON'SO-NAN-^Y, )  sonance  or 
harmony . 

In'gon  spig'U-ous,  a.  Not  conspic¬ 
uous  ;  hardly  discernible. 

IN-GON'STAN-^Y,  n.  Want  of  con¬ 
stancy;  mutability;  fickleness. 

In-g5n'stant,  a.  •  Subject  to  change 
of  opinion,  inclination,  or  purpose. 

Syn. —  Mutable;  fickle;  volatile;  un¬ 
steady;  unstable. 

In-gon'stant-ly,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
constant  manner.  [able. 

IN'CON-sum'a-ble,  a.  Not  consum- 

IN'gon-test'a-ble,  a.  Not  contest- 
able  ;  too  clear  to  be  controverted. 

Syn. — Incontrovertible;  indisputable; 
irrefragable  ;  undeniable  ;  unquestiona¬ 
ble;  indubitable. 

In'gon-test'a-bly,  adv.  Indisput¬ 
ably  ;  ineontrovertibly. 

In'con-tig'u-ous,  a.  Not  contig¬ 
uous  ;  separate. 

iN-eoN'Ti-NEN^E,  (  n.  Quality  of 

lN-€ON'Tl-NEN-CY,  )  being  inconti¬ 
nent  ;  want  of  restraint  of  the  pas¬ 
sions  or  appetites. 

IN-GON'TI-NENT,  a.  Not  continent; 
not  restraining  the  passions  or  appe¬ 
tites,  particularly  tne  sexual  appetite. 
—  n.  One  who  is  unchaste. 

In-con'ti-nent-ly,  adv.  1.  With¬ 
out  due  restraint ;  unchastely.  2. 
Immediately  ;  at  once. 

In'CON-trol'la-ble,  a.  Not  con¬ 
trollable  ;  uncontrollable. 

IN-CON'TRO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  Too 
clear  or  certain  to  admit  of  dispute. 

In-gon'tro-vert'i-bly,  adv.  Be¬ 
yond  dispute. 

In^GON-ven'ien^e,  In.  1.  Want 

In'€ON-VEN'IEN-9Y,  )  of  conven¬ 
ience.  2.  That  which  gives  trouble 
or  uneasiness. 

Syn.  —  Incommodiousness;  disadvan¬ 
tage;  disquiet;  uneasiness;  disturbance; 
annoyance;  molestation;  trouble. 

iN'eoN-VEN'iENCE,  v.  t.  To  occa¬ 
sion  inconvenience  to ;  to  incom¬ 
mode. 

In'gon-ven'ient,  a.  1.  Unfit;  in¬ 
expedient.  2.  Giving  trouble  or  un¬ 
easiness  ;  disadvantageous ;  inoppor- 
tune. 

IN'CON-VEN'IENT-LY,  adv.  Unsuit- 


218 

ably  ;  incommodiously  ;  unseasona- 
w  bly. 

IN'GON-VERT'I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Not  ca¬ 
pable  of  being  converted  into  some- 

•  thing  else. 

In'con-vert'i-ble ,  a.  Not  convert- 
•  ible  ;  not  capable  of  being  changed 
into  something  else. 

In'gon-vin'91-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  convinced. 

IN-GOR'PO-RATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -1NG.] 
[Lat.  incorporare,  -rat urn ,  fr.  in ,  not, 
and  corpus,  body.]  1.  To  combine, 
as  different  ingredients,  into  one 
mass.  2.  -To  form  into  a  legal  body, 
or  body  politic.  —  v.i.  To  unite  so 
as  to  make  a  part  of  another  body. 

In-eor'po-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
corporating,  or  state  of  being  incor¬ 
porated.  2.  Formation  of  a  legal  or 
politicalbody. 

In'cor-po're-al  (89),  a.  Not  corpo¬ 
real  ;  not  consisting  of  matter. 

Syn. —  Immaterial  ;  unsubstantial ; 
bodiless  ;_spiritual. 

In'cor-po're-al-ly,  adv.  Without 
body ;  immaterially. 

IN'GOR-RECT',  a.  1.  Not  correct; 
not  according  to  a  model,  or  to  es¬ 
tablished  rules.  2.  Not  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  the  truth  or  with  morality. 

w  Syn. —  Inaccurate;  erroneous;  wrong. 

IN'COR-RECT'LY,  adv.  Inaccurately. 

IN'gor-rect'ness,  ii.  Want  of  con¬ 
formity  to  truth  or  to  a  standard  ; 
inaccuracy. 

In-cor'ri-gi-bil'I-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  incorrigible. 

IN-GOR'KI-GI-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
‘being  corrected  or  amended. 

In-gor'ri-gi-ble-ness,  ii.  Incorri¬ 
gibility. 

In-gor'ri-gi-bly,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
corrigible  manner. 

In'gor-rupt',  a.  1.  Not  affected  with 
corruption  or  decay.  2.  Not  defiied 
or  depraved  ;  pure  ;  untainted. 

IrUEOR-RUPTH-BiL'i-TY,  ii.  Incapa¬ 
bility  of  corruption. 

In'gor-rupt'i-ble,  a.  1.  Incapable 
of  corruption  or  decay.  2.  Inflexi¬ 
bly  just  and  upright. 

In'gor-rupt'i-ble-ness,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  incorruptible,  or  not 
liable  to  decay. 

IN'COR-RUP'TION,  n.  Absence  of,  or 
exemption  from,  corruption. 

In'cor-rupt'NESS,  ii.  1.  Exemption 
from  decay  or  corruption.  2.  Pu¬ 
rity  of  mind  or  manners ;  integrity. 

IN-€RAS'SATE,  V.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  incrassare ,  -saturn,  fr.  in  and 
crassus,  thick.]  To  make  thick  or 
thicker  ;  to  thicken.  — v.  i.  To  be¬ 
come  thick  or  thicker. 

In-cras'sate,  la.  Made  thick  or 

IN-cras'sa-ted,  )  fat;  thickened; 
inspissated. 

In'cras-sa'tion,  n.  Act  of  thicken¬ 
ing,  or  becoming  thick  ;  inspissation. 

In-gras'sa-tive,  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  thickening. 

In-grease',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
incresce.re ,  fr.  in  and  crescere,  to  grow.] 
To  become  greater  in  bulk,  quantity, 


INCUMBENT 

number,  degree,  value,  intensity,  au 
thority,  reputation,  &c-;  to  grow; 
to  augment. 

Syn.  —  Enlarge.  —  Enlarge  implies  a 
widening  of  extent;  increase  an  acces¬ 
sion  in  point  of  size,  number,  strength, 
&c.  A  kingdom  is  enlarged  by  con¬ 
quest,  and  the  mind  by  knowledge;  a 
man  has  enlarged  views,  plans,  pros¬ 
pects,  &c.  Riches,  wisdom,  appetite,  &c. 
arc  increased. 

—  v.  t.  To  make  greater  in  bulk, 
quantity,  or  amount ;  to  improve  in 
quality. 

In-grease',  or  In'crease  (115),  n. 
1.  A  growing  larger  in  size,  extent, 
quantity,  &c.  2.  That  which  re¬ 
sults  from  growth.  3.  Progeny ; 
issue ;  offspring. 

Syn.  —  Augmentation  ;  enlargement; 
extension  ;  growth  ;  increment  ;  addi¬ 
tion;  accession. 

IN-GRED'I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of 
being  incredible,  or  surpassing  belief 

In-GrEd'i-ble,  a.  Not  credible  ;  im¬ 
possible  to  be  believed.  [ity. 

IN-CRED'I-BLE-NESS,  ii.  Incredibil- 

In-cred'I-ELY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
preclude  belief. 

In'cre-du'li-ty,  ii.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  incredulous  ;  indisposition  to  be¬ 
lieve. 

In-gred'u-lous  (77),  a.  Not  credu¬ 
lous  ;  indisposed  to  believe ;  skep¬ 
tical.  [lity. 

IN-C'RED'U-Lotis-NESS,  n.  Incredu- 

IN'cre-ment,  n.  [Lat.  incrementum.] 

1.  Increase;  augmentation.  2.  Mat¬ 
ter  added  ;  increase ;  produce. 

In-gres'gent, a.  Increasing;  grow¬ 
ing;  augmenting. 

In-grust',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
cover  with  a  crust. 

IN'crus-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  in- 
crusting,  or  state  of  being  incrusted. 

2.  A  crust  or  coat  on  the  surface  of 
a  body. 

IN'cu-bate,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
incubare ,  -batinn ,  to  lie  on.]  To  sit, 
as  on  eggs  for  hatching. 

In'gu-bA'tion,  ii.  Act  cf  sitting  on 
eggs  for  the  purpose  of  hatching 
young. 

In'gu  bus,  ?z. ;  Eng.pl.  in'cu-bCs- 
es;  Lat.  pi.  in' cu-bT.  [Lat.]  The 
nightmare;  hence,  any  oppressive  or 
stupefy  ing  intiuence. 

IN-GUL'CATE  ,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inculcare,  -catrnn,  to  tread  on.]  To 
impress  by  frequent  admonitions. 

IN'CUL-GA'TION,  ii.  Act  of  impress¬ 
ing  by  repeated  admonitions. 

In-gul'pa-ble,  a.  Without  fault. 

In-gOl'pate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  inculpare,  -patum,  fr.  in  and 
culpa ,  fault.]  To  blame;  to  censure; 
to  criminate.  [crimination. 

IN'CUL-PA'TION,  n.  Blame ;  censure  ; 

In-cul'pa-to-ry  ,  a.  Imputing  blame 
or  guilt. 

In-cLm'ben-^y,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
incumbent.  2.  That  which  is  in¬ 
cumbent.  3.  That  w  hich  is  imposed, 
as  a  rule  or  a  duty.  4.  State  of  hold¬ 
ing  a  benefice,  or  office. 

IN-cCm'bent,  a.  [Lat.  incumbens, 


k,  e,  i.  6, u,  y,  long;  X,  E,I,  6,  u,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  son, 

i - — —  - - - — 


INCUR 


INDICATION 


p.  pr.  of  incumbere,  to  lie  down 
upon.]  1.  Lying  or  resting  upon. 
2.  Lying  or  resting,  as  duty.  —  n. 
One  who  is  in  present  possession  of 
a  benefice,  or  any  office. 

In-€Or',-i\  [-Red; -ring.]  [Lat. in- 
currere ,  to  run  into  or  toward.]  To 
meet  or  fall  in  with,  as  something 
from  which  inconvenience  or  harm  is 
to  he  apprehended.  [incurable. 

In-€Or'a-BIL/I-TY,  n.  State  of  being 

1n-€UR'a-ble,  a.  Not  curable;  in¬ 
capable  of  being  cured  or  remedied. 

Syn. —  Irremediable;  remediless;  ir¬ 
recoverable;  irretrievable. 

—  n.  A  sick  person  who  can  not  be 
cured. 

In-cur'A-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  be  in¬ 
curable. 

In-cu'ri-ous,  a.  Not  curious  ;  desti¬ 
tute  of  curiosity;  uninquisitive. 

In-€UR'sion,  n.  [Lat.  incursio.]  Act 
of  entering  into  a  territory  with  hos¬ 
tile  intention. 

Syn.  —  Invasion;  inroad;  raid;  foray. 

In-gOr'sive,  a.  Making  an  incursion. 

IN-€URV'ATE,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  incurvare,  -vatum.]  To  bend  ; 
to  crook.  [upward. 

IN-€URV'ATE,  a.  Curved  inward  or 

IN'EUR-VA'TION,  n.  Act  of  bending 
or  state  of  being  bent ;  curvature. 

IN-GURVE,'  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
bend  ;  to  make  crooked.  [ature. 

In-gurv'i-ty,  n.  Crookedness  ;  curv- 

IN-DEBT'ED  (-det7-),  a.  1.  Placed  in 
debt ;  .being  under  obligation.  2. 
Obliged  by  something  received  ;  held 
to  pay. 

In-d£bt'ed-ness  (-det'-),  n.  State 
of  being  indebted. 

In-de'CEN-^y,  n.  1.  Want  of  de¬ 
cency.  2.  An  indecent  word,  act,  or 
the  like. 

Syn. —  Indelicacy;  indecorum;  im¬ 
modesty;  impurity;  obscenity. 

In-decent,  a.  Not  decent;  unfit 
to  be  seen  or  heard. 

Syn.  —  Unbecoming;  indecorous:  in¬ 
delicate  ;  unseemly  ;  immodest  ;  gross  ; 
shameful;  impure  ;  unchaste;  obscene. 

IN-DE'^ENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  offend  delicacy.  [evergreen. 

iN'DE-CiD'u-otis,  a.  Not  deciduous  ; 

IN'DE-91'PHER-A-BLE,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  deciphered. 

iN'DE-yis'lON  (-slzh'un),  n.  Want 
of  decision;  irresolution. 

[n/de-9I'sive,  a.  1.  Not  decisive; 
not  bringing  to  a  final  close.  2. 
Wavering ;  hesitating. 

In'DE^Usive-ness,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  indecisive. 

In'de-clIn'a-ble,  a.  Not  varied  by 
terminations. 

In'de-clin'a-bly,  adv.  Without 
variation  of  termination. 

In'de-co'rous,  or  In-dec'o-roOs, 
a.  Not  decorous ;  violating  good 
manners. 

Syn. — Unbecoming;  unseemly;  rude; 
coarse;  impolite;  uncivil. 

In'de-co'rous-ly,  or  In-dEc'o- 
rous-ly,  adv.  In  an  unbecoming 
manner. 


219 

iN'DE-cd'RUM,  n.  Want  of  decorum  ; 
impropriety  of  behavior. 

In-deed',  adv.  In  reality  ;  in  fact ; 
—  sometimes  used  interjectionally. 

In'de-fat'i-ga-ble,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  fatigued. 

Syn.— Unwearied  ;  untiring;  perse¬ 
vering;  assiduous. 

In/de-f AT'I-GA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Un¬ 
wearied  ness. 

In/de-fat,i-ga-bly,  adv.  Without 
yielding  to  fatigue. 

In'de-fea'§i-bil']-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  indefeasible. 

iN'DE-FEA'gl-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  de¬ 
feated  ;  incapable  of  being  made  void. 

IN'DE-FEGT'I-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to 
defect,  failure,  or  decay. 

IN'DE-FEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Not  capable 
of  being  defended,  maintained,  or 
justified.  [fense. 

IN'DE-FEN'SIVE,  a.  Having  no  de- 

IN'de-fjn'a-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  defined. 

In-def'I-nite,  a.  1.  Not  defined  or 
limited.  2.  Having  no  determined 
or  certain  limits. 

In-def'i-nite-ly,  adv.  In  an  indef¬ 
inite  manner ;  not  precisely. 

IN-DEFM-NJTE-NESS,  71.  Quality  Of 
being  undefined,  or  not  precise  and 
certain. 

In/de -hIs'9 ence,  n.  Property  of 
not  opening  at  maturity. 

IN'DE-HIS'^ENT,  a.  Not  opening 
spontaneously  at  maturity. 

In-dei/1-bIi/i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  indelible. 

lN-DEL/1-BL.E,  a.  [Lat.  indelebilis ; 
in,  not,  and  delebilis,  capable  of  be¬ 
ing  destroyed.]  Not  to  be  blotted 
out  ;  incapable  of  being  effaced. 

In-del'i-bly,  adv.  In  a  manner  not 
to  be  effaced. 

IN-DEI/I-CA-9Y,  n.  Want  of  deli¬ 
cacy  ;  coarseness  of  manners  or  lan¬ 
guage. 

In-d£l/i-€ATE  (45),  a.  Not  delicate; 
offensive  to  good  manners,  or  to  pu¬ 
rity  of  mind. 

Syn.  —  Indecorous;  unbecoming;  un¬ 
seemly;  rude  ;  coarse  :  broad;  impolite; 
gross;  indecent. 

IN-DEL'I-CATE-LY,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
delicate  manner. 

IN-DEM'NI-FI-GA'TION,  M.  1.  Act  of 
indemnifying;  reimbursement  of 
loss.  2.  That  which  indemnifies. 

IN-DEM'NI-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[L.  Lat.,  fr.  in, not,  and  damnijicare , 
fr.  damnum,  damage,  loss.]  1.  To 
secure  against  future  loss.  2.  To 
reimburse. 

In-dem'NI-ty,  n.  [Lat.  indemnitas , 
fr.  indemnis,  uninjured.]  1.  Ex¬ 
emption  from  loss  or  damage,  past 
or  to  come.  2.  Compensation  or  re¬ 
muneration  for  loss  or  injury. 

IN-DENT',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
in  and  dens,  tooth.]  1.  To  cut  into 
points ;  to  notch.  2.  To  bind  out 
by  indenture.  3.  (Print.)  To  begin 
further  in  from  the  margin  than  the 
rest  of  a  paragraph. 

IN'DEN-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 


denting  ;  a  notch  ;  a  cut  in  the  mar¬ 
gin.  2.  A  recess  or  depression. 
IN-DE nt'ure  (53),  n.  An  agreement 
in  writing  between  two  or  more  par¬ 
ties,  whereof  each  party  has  usually 
a  part. 

In'de-pend'en<,:e,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  independent ;  exemption 
from  reliance  on  others,  or  control 
from  them. 

In/de-pend,ent,  «.  1.  Not  depend¬ 
ent  ;  not  subject  to  the  control  of 
others.  2.  Affording  a  comfortable 
livelihood.  3.  Not  subject  to  bias  or 
influence.  4.  Free;  easy;  bold.  5. 
Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  Inde¬ 
pendents. —  n.  One  who  believes 
that  an  organized  church  is  complete 
in  itself,  and  independent  of  all  ec¬ 
clesiastical  authority.  [control. 

IN'DE-PEND'ENT-LY,  adv.  Without 
iN/DE-s-€RiB,A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  described. 

IN'de-sert',  7i.  Want  of  merit. 
lN'DE-STRtiG'Tl-Bll/1-TY,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  indestructible. 
In'de-struc'ti-ble,  a.  Not  de¬ 
structible  ;  incapable  of  decomposi¬ 
tion. 

IN'de-tLr'MI-NA-ble,  a.  Impossi¬ 
ble  to  be  determined,  or  fixed. 
IN'DE-TER'MI-NATE  (45),  a.  Not  de¬ 
terminate  ;  not  fixed  ;  uncertain. 
In'de-ter'mi-nate-ly,  adv.  In¬ 
definitely  ;  not  with  precise  limits. 
IN'DE-TER'MI-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Want 
of  determination  ;  an  unsettled  state, 
as  of  the  mind.  2.  Want  of  fixed  or 
stated  direction.  [tion  ;  impiety. 

In'de-vo'tion,  n.  Want  of  devo- 
In'dr-vout',  a.  Not  devout. 
In'dex,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  In'de'x-er  ;  Lat. 
pi.  iN'm-piUg.  [Lat.]  1.  That 
which  points  out,  or  indicates ;  a 
pointer  or  a  hand  that  directs  to  any 
thing.  2.  Any  table  for  facilitating 
reference  in  a  book.  3.  The  fore 
finger.  4.  (Arith.  &  Alg.)  An  ex¬ 
ponent.  [In  this  sense,  the  pi.  is  in¬ 
dices .]  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  pro¬ 
vide  with  an  index. 

IN'DIA-MAN  (ind'ya-  or  in'di-a-,  150), 
n.  A  large  ship  employ  ed  in  the  In¬ 
dia  trade. 

In'dian  (ind'yan  or  nPdi-an),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  Indies,  East  or  West,  or 
to  the  aborigines  of  America.  —  n.  1. 
A  native  or  inhabitant  of  the  Indies. 
2.  One  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants 
of  America. 

Indian  ink,  a  substance  from  China, 
used  for  water  colors.  It  consists  of 
lamp-black  and  animal  glue. 

In'diA  Rub'ber  (ind'ya  or  IWdi-a). 

See  Caoutchouc. 

[n'di-«ant,  a.  Serving  to  point  out, 
as  a  remedy.  —  n.  That  which  in¬ 
dicates  or  points  out. 

IN'DI-CATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
indicare,  -catum,  fr.  in  and  dicare ,  to 
proclaim.]  1.  To  point  out ;  to 
show.  2.  (Med.)  To  manifest  by 
symptoms  ;  to  point  to  as  the  proper 
remedies. 

In'di-ca'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  indi¬ 
ct,  hard;  Ag  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


6r,  do,  wolf,  too,  toTok;  Brn,  rue,  pvle  ;  e,i,  o, silent ;  9, 


INDICATIVE 

eating.  2.  That  which  serves  to  indi¬ 
cate  ;  mark  :  token ;  sign ;  symptom. 

iN-uie'A-TlVE,  a.  Pointing  out; 
bringing  to  notice  ;  giving  intimation 
or  knowledge  of  something  not  visi¬ 
ble  or  obvious. 

Indicative  mode  (Gram.),  that  mode 
of  the  verb  which  indicates,  that  is, 
which  affirms  or  denies. 

In-d!g'a-tive-ly,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  indicate. 

In'di-ga7tor,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  shows  or  points  out. 

In'di-ga-TO-ry,  a.  Serving  to  show. 

IN-DICT'  (in-dlt/),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  indicere ,  indictum ,  to  proclaim  ; 
in  and  dicere ,  to  say,  speak.]  To 
charge  with  a  crime,  in  due  form  of 
law,  by  the  finding  of  a  grand  jury. 

In-DICT'a-ble  (-dlt7a-bl),  a.  Sub¬ 
ject  to  indictment.  [diets. 

In-dict'er  (-dlt7-),  n.  One  who  in- 

In-dig'tion,  n.  [See  supra.]  A  cycle 
of  fifteen  years,  instituted  by  Con¬ 
stantine  the  Great. 

In-dig'tive,  a.  Proclaimed. 

IN-D1CT'MENT  ( -dlt/-),  it.  A  formal 
charge  of  a  crime  preferred  to  a  court 
by  a  grand  jury  under  oath  ;  hence, 
an  accusation  in  general. 

In-dif'fer-en^e,  ii.  1.  Quality  of 
being  indifferent,  or  not  making  or 
measuring  a  difference.  2.  Medioc¬ 
rity.  3.  Impartiality.  4.  A  state 
of  the  mind  when  it  feels  no  anxiety 
or  interest. 

Syn. —  Carelessness;  negligence;  un¬ 
concern;  apathy;  insensibility. 

IN-DIF'FER-ENT,  a.  1.  Not  making 
a  difference ;  of  no  account.  2.  Pass¬ 
able  ;  mediocre.  3.  Impartial;  un¬ 
biased.  4.  Feeling  no  interest,  anx¬ 
iety,  or  care,  respecting  any  thing. 

In-dif'fer-ent-ly,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
different  manner. 

In'di-gen^e,  )  n.  Want  of  means 

In'di-gen-^y,  )  of  comfortable  sub¬ 
sistence. 

Syn.  — Poverty ;  want;  need;  pauper¬ 
ism.  — Poverty  is  generic,  denoting  a  de¬ 
ficiency  in  tiie  means  of  living;  indi¬ 
gence  is  stronger,  implying  an  absence 
of  the  necessaries  of  life.  Both  express 
permanent  states.  Want  and  need  arc 
applied  usually  to  states  which  are  tem¬ 
porary  or  occasional,  as  want  of  clothing, 
need  of  fuel;  but  are  sometimes  used  in 
a  more  abstract  sense,  as  a  state  of  want 
or  of  need,  being  then  identical  with 
poverty. 

In-dig'e-noiIs,  a.  [Lat.  indigenus .] 
Native  ;  born  or  originating  in,  as  in 
a  country. 

In'di-gent,  a.  [Lat.  indigens ,  p.  pr. 
of  indigere,  to  stand  in  need  of.] 
Destitute  of  means  of  comfortable 
subsistence  ;  needy  ;  poor. 

In7di-gest'ed,  a.  1.  Not  digested; 
crude.  2.  Not  regularly  disposed 
and  arranged. 

iJPm-GfisT'i-BLE,  a.  Not  digestible. 

In7di-ges'tion  (-jest7yun),  (66).  n. 
Want  of  due  digestion  ;  dyspepsia. 

In-dIg'nant,  a.  [Lat.  indignans.]  | 
Affected  with  anger  and  scorn  or 
contempt.  [nant  manner. 

In-dIg'nant-ly,  adv.  In  an  indig- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  y,  Ion 


220 

IN'dig-na'tion,  n.  A  strong  disap¬ 
probation  of  what  is  flagitious  in 
character  or  conduct ;  anger  mingled 
with  contempt,  disgust,  or  abhor¬ 
rence. 

Syn.  —  Anger  ;  ire  ;  wrath  ;  resent¬ 
ment;  fury  ;  rage.  Sec  Anger. 

In-dig'ni-ty,  n.  Unmerited  con¬ 
temptuous  treatment ;  contumely  ; 
injury  with  insult. 

IN'DI-GO,  ii.  [Lat.  indicum ,  indigo, 
from  India.]  A  blue  coloring  matter 
from  certain  plants. 

IN7 di-regt7.  a.  1.  Not  direct;  not 
straight.  2.  By  remote  means.  3. 
Unfair ;  dishonest.  [tices. 

In7di-reg'tion,  ii.  Dishonest  prac- 

1n7di-REGT'ly,  adv.  In  an  indirect 
manner. 

iN7DIS-CERN'I-BLE  (-diz-zern7-),  a. 
Incapable  of  being  discerned. 

!n7dis-9ERP7ti-e'il'i-ty,  n.  Inca¬ 
pacity  of  dissolution. 

In7dis-£ERP'ti-ble,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  destroyed  by  dissolution. 

IN7dis-GOV'er-A-ble”,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  discovered. 

In7DIS-greet',  a.  Not  discreet; 
wanting  in  discretion. 

Syn.  —  Imprudent ;  injudicious  ;  in¬ 
considerate  ;  rash  ;  hasty  ;  heedless. 

In7dis-GREET'ly,  adv.  Not  dis¬ 
creetly  ;  inconsiderately,  [separated. 

In7dis-grete',  a.  Not  discrete  or 

In7dis-cre'tion  (-kreslPun),  n.  1. 
Want  of  discretion ;  imprudence. 
2.  Indiscreet  act  or  behavior. 

IN7dis-grim'I-NATE,  a.  Wanting  dis¬ 
crimination  ;  not  making  any  dis¬ 
tinction. 

!n7dis-crim'i-nate-ly,  adv.  With¬ 
out  distinction  ;  in  confusion. 

!a7DIS-GR1M7I-NA'TION,  11.  Want  of 
discrimination  or  distinction. 

ItUdis-pen'sa-ble,  a.  Not  dispen¬ 
sable  ;  impossible  to  be  spared. 

IN7dis-pen'sa-ble-ness,  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  indispensable. 

IN/DIS-PEN,SA-BLY, adv.  Necessarily. 

lN7DIS-PO§E',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  render  unfit;  to  disqualify.  2. 
To  make  somewhat  ill.  3.  To  disin¬ 
cline. 

In7dis-por'ed-ness,  n.  Condition 
cr  quality  of  being  indisposed. 

lN-Dls/PO-si,TlON  (-zlsh7un),  n.  1. 
Condition  of  wanting  adaptation.  2. 
Slight  disorder  of  the  body.  3.  Dis¬ 
inclination  ;  aversion. 

IN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  disputa¬ 
ble  ;  too  evident  to  admit  of  dispute. 

Syn.  — Incontestible;  unquestionable; 
incontrovertible;  undeniable;  irrefraga¬ 
ble;  indubitable;  certain;  positive. 

In-dis'pu-ta-ble-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  indisputable. 

In-dis'pu-ta-bly,  adv.  Without  dis¬ 
pute;  unquestionably. 

In-dis7so-lu-bil'i-ty,  n.  1.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  indissoluble.  2.  Per¬ 
petuity'  of  union  or  binding  force. 

In-dis'so-LU-ble,  a.  1.  Not  capable 
of  being  dissolved  or  melted.  2. 
Perpetually  binding. 

In-dis'so-lu-bly,  adv.  In  a  man- 


INDOMITABLE 

ner  resisting  separation ;  insepa¬ 
rably. 

!n7dis-tingt',  a.  1.  Not  distinct  or 
distinguishable.  2.  Obscure  to  the 
mind  ;  confused. 

Syn.—  Undefined;  undistinguishable; 
obscure;  indefinite;  vague;  uncertain. 

]n7dis-ting'tion,  n.  1.  Want  of 
distinction  ;  confusion.  2.  Equality 
of  rank  or  condition. 

In7dis-tingt'ly,  adv.  In  an  indis¬ 
tinct  manner ;  not  clearly. 

1N7DIS-TINGT'NESS,  n.  Want  of  dis¬ 
tinctness.  [be  distinguished. 

IN'DIS-TIN'GUISII-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to 

1N-DITE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ]  [Cf. 
Indict.]  1.  To  direct  what  is  to  be 
uttered  or  written.  2.  To  compose  ; 
to  write. 

In-dite'ment,  ii.  Act  of  inditing. 

IN'DI-VID'U-AL,  a.  [Lat.  individvus, 
fr.  in,  not,  and  dividuus,  divisible.] 
1.  Not  divided,  or  not  to  be  divided  ; 
single.  2.  Pertaining  to  one  only  ; 
hence,  distinctive. — n.  A  single 
person,  animal,  or  thing. 

IN'dx-vId'U-al-irm,  n.  1.  Quality 
of  being  individual.  2.  Excessive  re¬ 
gard  to  one’s  personal  interest. 

In7di-vid7u-al'i-ty,  n.  1.  Separate 
or  distinct  nature  or  existence.  2. 
Distinctive  character. 

IN7DI-VID'U-AL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  select  or  mark  as  an  individual. 

In/dI-vId,u-al-l,y,  cidv.  1.  Sepa¬ 

rately.  2.  Inseparably  ;  incommu- 
nicably. 

lN7Di-vis7l-BiL'i-TY,  n.  State  or 

property  of  being  indivisible. 

In'DI-vis'i-ble,  a.  1.  Not  divisible  ; 
not  separable  into  parts.  2.  Not  ca¬ 
pable  of  exact  division  ;  incommen¬ 
surable.  —  n.  1.  That  which  is  indi¬ 
visible.  2.  (Geom.)  One  of  the  ele¬ 
ments  or  principles,  supposed  to  be 
infinitely  small,  into  which  a  body 
or  figure  may  be  resolved  ;  an  in¬ 
finitesimal. 

!n7di-vis'i-bly,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be 
capable  of  division. 

In-do£'i-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being 
taught,  or  not  easily  instructed  ;  in¬ 
tractable.  [intractable. 

In-do^'ile,  a.  Not  teachable  ;  dull ; 

In'do-^ie'i-ty,  ii.  Dullness  of  in¬ 
tellect  ;  intractableness. 

In-dog'tri-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  instruct  in  the  rudiments  or  prin¬ 
ciples  of  learning. 

In-doe7tri-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  in¬ 
doctrinating  ;  information. 

IN'DO-LEN^E,  1  n.  [Lat.  indolentia, 

lN7DO-LEN-<|'Y,  (  fr.  in,  not,  and  do- 
lere,  to  feel  pain.]  Habitual  idle¬ 
ness  ;  laziness. 

In'do-lent,  a.  Habitually  idle. 

Indolent  tumor  (Med.),  a  tumor  caus¬ 
ing  little  or  no  pain. 

Syn.  —  Idle  :  lazy  ;  sluggish  ;  listless; 
inactive.  See  Idle. 

In'do  LENT-LY,  adv.  In  an  indolent 
manner;  lazily. 

In-dom'i-ta-ble,  a.  [Lat.  in  and 
domitare,  to  tame.]  Not  to  be  sub¬ 
dued  ;  invincible. 


g;  X,E,I,o,u,  y,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 


I 

INDORSABLE 

In-dor'sa-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
indorsed. 

In-dorse',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat .in 
and  dorsum ,  the  back.]  1.  To  write 
one’s  name  upon  the  back  of,  as  a 
note,  draft,  &c.,  for  the  purpose  of 
securing  the  payment  of  it.  2.  To 
give  one’s  support  to  ;  to  sanction. 

In'  DOR-SEE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  note 
or  bill  is  assigned  by  indorsement. 

In-dorse 'ME  NT,  n.  1.  A  writing 
on  the  back  of  a  note,  bill,  or  the 
like.  2.  Sanction  or  support  given. 

In-du'bi-oCs,  a.  Not  dubious  or 
doubtful ;  certain. 

IN-DU;BI-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  dubitable  ; 
too  plain  to  admit  of  doubt. 

Syn.  —  Unquestionable  ;  evident;  in¬ 
controvertible  ;  incontestable;  undenia¬ 
ble;  irrefragable. 

IN-DU'BI-T  A-BLY,  adv.  Undoubted¬ 
ly  ;  unquestionably. 

IN-DUOE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
■inducere,  fr.  in  and  duxere,  to  lead.] 
1.  To  lead  in  ;  to  introduce  2.  To  pre¬ 
vail  on ;  to  influence.  3.  To  cause 
by  mere  proximity. 

Syn.  —  To  move;  instigate;  urge;  im¬ 
pel;  incite;  press;  effect;  cause. 

IN-DU^E'MENT,  n.  That  which  in¬ 
duces  or  leads  on  to  action. 

Syn.  —  Motive  ;  reason  ;  incitement ; 
influence. 

In-du'^i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
induced. 

IN-D&GT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inducere ,  induct um.  See  INDUCE.] 
1.  To  bring  in  ;  to  introduce.  2.  To 
introduce,  as  to  a  beuefice  or  office. 

iN-Dife'TlLE,  a.  Not  ductile;  inca¬ 
pable  of  being  extended  by  drawing. 

iN-Dfte'TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  induct¬ 
ing  or  bringing  in  ;  introduction.  2. 
Act  of  reasoning  from  a  part  to  a 
whole,  or  from  particulars  to  gen¬ 
erals.  3.  Formal  introduction  of  a 
person  into  au  office.  4.  Property 
by  which  one  body,  having  electrical, 
galvanic,  or  magnetic  polarity,  causes 
it  in  another  body  without  direct 
contact. 

Syn.  —  Deduction.  —  In  induction  we 
observe  a  sufficient  number  of  individ¬ 
ual  facts,  and,  on  the  ground  of  analogy, 
extend  what  is  true  of  them  to  others  of 
the  same  class,  thus  arriving  at  general 
principles  or  laws.  This  is  the  kind  of 
reasoning  in  physical  science.  In  de¬ 
duction  we  begin  with  a  general  truth, 
and  seek  to  connect  it  with  some  indi¬ 
vidual  case  by  means  of  a  middle  term, 
or  class  of  objects,  known  to  be  equally 
connected  with  both.  Thus  we  bring 
down  the  general  into  the  individual, 
affirming  of  the  latter  the  distinctive 
qualities  of  the  former.  This  is  the  syl¬ 
logistic  method.  By  induction  Franklin 
established  the  identity  of  lightning  and 
electricity;  by  deduction  he  inferred  that 
dwellings  might  be  protected  by  light¬ 
ning-rods. 

In-dOg'tion-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
induction. 

In-dOgt'Ive,  a.  1.  Leading  or  draw¬ 
ing.  2.  Proceeding  or  derived  by  in¬ 
duction.  3.  Operating  by.  or  facili¬ 
tating,  induction. 

In-dOgt'Ive-ly,  adv.  By  induction. 


221 

IN-DUGT'OR,  n.  One  who  inducts  an¬ 
other  iuto  office. 

IN- due',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
induere.]  1.  To  put  on,  as  clothes. 
2.  To  invest;  hence,  to  endow;  to 
supply. 

In-dOlge',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
indulgere ,  fr.  in  and  dulcis,  sweet, 
kind.]  1.  To  yield  to  the  desire  of. 
2.  To  grant  a3  by  favor. 

Syn.  —  To  gratify  ;  humor  ;  cherish  ; 
foster;  harbor;  allow;  favor.  See  Grat¬ 
ify. 

—  v.  i.  To  practice  a  forbidden  or 
questionable  act  without  restraint. 

In-dOi/GEN^E,  )  n.  1.  Forbearance 

IN-dOl'gen-CY,  ]  of  restraint  or 
control.  2.  Favor  granted ;  liberal¬ 
ity.  3.  [Rom.  Cath.  Church.)  Re¬ 
mission  of  the  punishment  due  to 
sins,  granted  by  the  pope  or  church. 

In-dGl'gent,  a.  Prone  to  indulge 
or  humor. 

IN-dCl'gent-ly,  adv.  With  indul¬ 
gence  ;_mildly ;  favorably. 

In'du-rate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
indurare ,  -atum,  fr.  in  and  durare,  to 
harden.]  To  grow  hard;  to  harden 

—  v.  t.  1.  To  make  hard.  2.  To 
render  obdurate. 

In'du-rate,  a.  1.  Hardened;  not 
soft.  2.  Unfeeling;  obdurate. 

IN'DU-RA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  or  process 
of  hardening.  2.  Obduracy  ;  stiff¬ 
ness. 

In-dus'tri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  in,  industry. 

In-dCs'tri-ous,  a.  1.  Given  to  in¬ 
dustry.  2.  Diligent  in  a  particular 
pursuit. 

iN-D&s'TRT-oOs-LY,  adv.  Diligently. 

In'dus-try,  n.  [Lat.  industrial  Ha¬ 
bitual  diligence  in  any  employment, 
either  bodily  or  mental. 

Syn.—  See  Diligence. 

In-dwell'ing,  n.  Residence  in  the 
heart  or  soul ;  interior  abode. 

In-e'bri-ant,  a.  Intoxicating. 

IN-E'BRI-ATE,  v.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  inebriare,  -atum ;  in ,  used  inten¬ 
sively,  and  ebriare,  to  make  drunk.] 
To  make  drunk  ;  to  intoxicate.  — v.  i. 
To  be  or  become  intoxicated. 

In-e'bri-ate  (45),  n.  An  habitual 
drunkard  ;  a  sot.  [intoxication. 

Tn-e'bri-a'tton,  n.  Drunkenness; 

In'e-bri'e-ty,  n.  Drunkenness  :  in¬ 
ebriation.  [lished. 

In-ed'it-ed,  a.  Not  edited  ;  unpub- 

In-ef'fa-ble,  a.  Incapable  of  being 
expressed  in  words;  unspeakable  ; 
unutterable. 

In-Ef'fa-bly,  adv.  Unspeakably; 
unutterably.  [being  effaced. 

IN'ef-fa^e'A-bee,  a,.  Incapable  of 

In'ef-fegt'Iye  ,  a.  Incapable  of  pro¬ 
ducing  any  effect,  or  the  effect  in- 
tended.  [the  proper  effect. 

IN'ef-fEgt'u-AL,  a.  Not  producing 

Syn. —  Useless  ;  inefficient;  ineffica¬ 
cious;  vain;  fruitless;  weak. 

In'ef-fegt'u-al-ly,  adv.  Without 
effect;  in  vain. 

In-Ef'fer-vEs'^ent,  «.  Not  sus¬ 
ceptible  of  effervescence. 


INEXCUSABLENESS 

In-£f'fi-€A'cioi;s,  a.  Not  effica¬ 
cious  ;  not  having  power  to  produce 
the  effect  desired,  or  the  proper  effect. 
lN-EF'FI-€A-gY,  n.  Want  of  power 
to  produce  the  desired  or  proper 
effect ;  inefficiency. 
In'ef-fi'cien-^y  (-ef-fish'en-sj'),  n. 
Want  of  power  or  exertion  of  power 
to  produce  the  effect ;  inefficacy. 
In'EF-FI'CIENT  (-ffsh'ent),  a.  1.  Not 
efficient ;  inefficacious.  2.  Habitual¬ 
ly  remiss ;  effecting  nothing. 
IN'e-lXs'TIG.  a.  Wanting  elasticity. 
IN-EL'E-GAN^E,  In.  Quality  ofbe- 
In-el'e-gan-^Y,  j  ing  inelegant ; 
want  of  elegance. 

In-£l'e-gant,  a.  Not  elegant ;  want¬ 
ing  in  any  thing  which  correct  taste 
requires.  [gant  manner. 

IN-EL'E-GANT-LY,  adv.  In  an  inele- 
In-Le'i-gi-bil'i-ty,  n.  Incapacity 
of  being  elected  to  an  office. 
In-£e'i-gi-ble,  a.  Not  eligible  ;  in¬ 
capable  of  being  elected  to  an  office ; 
not  worthy  to  be  chosen. 

In  ept',  a.  [Lat.  ineptus ,  fr.  in,  not, 
and  aptus,  apt,  fit.]  1.  Not  4ipt  or 
fit ;  unfit ;  unsuitable.  2.  Foolish  ; 
silly.  [being  inept. 

In-ept'i-tude  (53),  n.  Quality  of 
In'e-quAl'i-ty  (-kwol'I-ty),  n.  1. 
Want  of  equality  or  uniformity  ;  di¬ 
versity.  2.  Want  of  levelness.  3. 
Disproportion  to  any  office  or  pur¬ 
pose;  inadequacy. 

In-eq'ui-ta-ble,  a.  Not  equitable  ; 
not  just. 

In-ert'  (14),  a.  [Lat.  iners,  inertis , 
unskilled,  idle.]  1.  Without  power 
of  moving  itself,  or  of  active  resist¬ 
ance  to  motion  impressed.  2.  Indis¬ 
posed  to  exertion  ;  dull. 

Syn.  —  Inactive  ;  sluggish.  —  A  man 
may  be  inactive  from  mere  want  of  stim¬ 
ulus  to  effort,  but  one  who  is  inert  has 
something  in  his  constitution  or  his  hab¬ 
its  which  operates  like  a  weight  holding 
him  back  from  exertion.  Sluggish  (from 
slug)  is  still  stronger,  implying  some  de¬ 
fect  of  temperament  which  directly  im¬ 
pedes  action. 

In-er'ti-A  (in-er'shi-A),  n.  1.  Prop¬ 
erty  of  matter  by  which  it  tends 
when  at  rest  to  remain  so,  and  when 
in  motion  to  continue  in  motion.  2. 
Indisposition  to  move.  [sluggishly. 
iN-fiRT'LY,  adv.  Without  activity  ; 
In-ert'ness,  n.  1.  Want  of  activity 
or  exertion  ;  sluggishness.  2.  Ab¬ 
sence  of  the  power  of  self-motion. 
In-£s'ti-ma-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  estimated ;  invaluable. 
iN-fis'Ti-M a-bly,  adv.  In  a  mannei 
not  to  be  estimated. 
lN-fiv'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  be- 
ing  avoided :  unavoidable. 
In-£v'i-ta-ble-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  unavoidable. 

In-£v'i-t A-BLY,  adv.  Unavoidably; 
certainly. 

iN'EX-SeT',  a.  Not  exact;  not  pre¬ 
cisely  correct  or  true. 
iN'EX-Gfjg'A-BLE,  a.  Not  admitting 
excuse  or  justification. 
In'ex-gu§'a-ble-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  not  being  excusable. 


or,do,wqlf,  TOO,  took;  Orn,  rue  ,  pyLL  ;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  <?,  6, soft;  €,  5,  hard ;  Ag;  e^ist;  51  as  NG  ;  this. 


INEXCUSABLY 

fN'EX-GUS'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to 
be  excusable.  [or  effort. 

[n/ex-Er'TION,  n.  Want  of  exertion 

In/ex-haust,ed,  a.  Not  exhausted; 
not  emptied ;  not  spent. 

IN'ex-haust'i-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  exhausted  or  emptied,  [ence. 

IN'EX-IST'ENCE,  n.  Want  of  exist- 

In'e^-ist'ent,  n.  Not  having  being ; 
not  existing. 

iN-ftx'O-RA-BiL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of 
being  inexorable,  or  unyielding  to 
entreaty. 

In-ex'O-RA-ble,  a.  Not  to  be  per¬ 
suaded  or  moved  by  entreaty  or 
prayer ;  unyielding  ;  unchangeable. 

In-Ex'o-ra-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  be 
immovable  by  entreaty. 

In'ex-pe'di-enoe,  I  n.  Want  of 

iN'EX-PE'Dl-EN-gY,  j  fitness;  im¬ 
propriety  ;  unsuitableness  to  the 
purpose. 

IN'EX-PE'DI-ENT,  a.  Not  expedient ; 
not  tending  to  a  good  end ;  hence, 
unfit;  improper. 

In'ex-pen'sIve,  a.  Not  expensive. 

IN'EX-PE'RI-EN^E,  n.  Absence  or 
want  of  experience. 

In'ex-pe'ri-en^ed  (-pa'ri-enst),  a. 
Not  having  experience  ;  unskilled. 

IN^EX-PERT'  (14),  a.  Not  expert  ; 

without  knowledge  or  dexterity  de¬ 
rived  from  practice. 

In-Ex'pi-a-ble,  a.  1.  Admitting  of 
no  atonement  or  satisfaction.  2. 
Implacable. 

In-ex'pi-a-bly,  adv.  To  a  degree 
that  admits  of  no  atonement. 

In-Ex'pli-€A-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  explained  or  accounted  for. 

lN-ftx'PLI-€A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
explicable  manner. 

IN'ex-press'i-ble,  a.  Not  capable 
of  expression  ;  not  to  be  uttered. 

Syn. —  Unspeakable;  unutterable;  in¬ 
effable;  indescribable;  untold. 

In'ex-prEss'i-bly,  adv.  Unspeaka¬ 
bly  ;  unutterably. 

1in/ex-prEss'Ive)  a.  Not  expressing 
or  tending  to  express  ;  inexpressible. 

Jn'ex-tjEnct',  a.  Not  quenched  ;  not 
extinct. 

IN'ex-tIn'guish-a-ble,  a.  Not  ca¬ 
pable  of  being  extinguished ;  un¬ 
quenchable. 

In-Ex'tri-ca-ble,  a.  Not  capable 
of  being  extricated. 

In-Ex'tri-ca-bly,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
extricable  manner. 

In-eye'  (in-IQ,  v.  t.  To  inoculate,  as  a 
tree,  by  insertion  of  a  bud. 

In-fal'li-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  infallible,  or  exempt  from  error. 

In-fXl'LI-Ble.u.  1.  Not  fallible  ;  ex¬ 
empt  from  liability  to  mistake.  2. 
Not  liable  to  fail ;  certain. 

In-fXl'li-bly,  adv.  Certainly;  un¬ 
failingly. 

In'fa-moDs,  a.  Having  a  reputation 
of  the  worst  kind  ;  held  in  abhorrence. 

Syn.  —  Detestable  ;  odious  ;  scanda¬ 
lous  ;  disgraceful;  base;  shameful;  igno¬ 
minious. 

In'fa-moOs-ly,  adv.  In  an  infamous 
manner ;  disgracefully. 

222 

In'fa-my,  n.  Total  loss  of  reputa¬ 
tion  ;  public  disgrace  ;  loss  of  char¬ 
acter,  which  a  convict  incurs. 

In'fan-^y,  n.  1.  State  of  being  an 
infant.  2.  First  age  of  any  thing. 
8.  (Law.)  Nonage;  minority. 

IN'FANT,  n.  [Lat.  infans ,  fr.  in,  not, 
and  fari,  to  speak.]  1.  A  young 
babe ;  sometimes,  a  child  several 
years  of  age.  2.  (Law.)  A  minor. — 
a.  Pertaining  to  infancy. 

In-fan'ta,  n.  [Sp.  &  Pg.]  Any 
princess  of  the  royal  blood,  except 
the  eldest  daughter  when  heiress  ap¬ 
parent.  [Spain  and  Portugal.] 

IN-FAN'TE,  n.  [Sp  &  Pg.]  Any 
son  of  the  king,  except  the  eldest,  or 
heir  apparent.  [ Spain  and  Portugal.] 

IN-FANT'1-QIDE,  n.  [Lat.  infanticid- 
ium.  and  infanticida;  infans,  child, 
and  cxdere ,  to  kill.]  The  murder  or 
the  murderer  of  a  newly-born  child. 

IN'FAN-TILE,  or  jN'FAN-TlLE  ,  ) 

lN'FAN-TlNE,or  IN'FAN-TINE,  ) 
Pertaining  to  infancy  ;  characteristic 
of  infants  or  young  children. 

IN'FANT-RY,  n.  [Sp.  infanteria ,  from 
infante,  infant,  child,  servant,  foot- 
soldier.]  Foot-soldiers,  in  distinction 
from  cavalry. 

IN-FAT'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  infatuare,  -atum  ;  in  and  fat- 
uus,  foolish.]  1.  To  make  foolish. 
2.  To  inspire  with  an  extravagant  or 
foolish  passion. 

IN  FAT'U-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  infat¬ 
uating.  2.  State  of  being  infatuated  ; 
folly. 

IN-FEA'SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being 
infeasible;  impracticability. 

IN-FEA'§I-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  clone ;  impracticable. 

In-fEgtL  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
inf  cere,  infectum ,  fr.  in  and  facere, 
to  make.]  1.  To  taint  with  disease, 
or  with  morbid  or  noxious  matter. 
2.  To  communicate  bad  qualities  to. 

Syn.  —  To  poison  ;  vitiate  ;  pollute. 

IN-fec'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  infecting. 

2.  That  which  infects.  3.  Result  of 
infecting  influence ;  a  prevailing  dis¬ 
ease.  4.  That  which  poisons  or  cor¬ 
rupts,  by  communication. 

Syn. —  Contagion.  —  Medical  writers 
in  Europe  do  not,  most  of  them,  recog¬ 
nize  any  difference  between  contagion 
and  infection.  In  America,  the  distinc¬ 
tion  referred  to  under  Contagion,  is,  to 
a  considerable  extent,  admitted.  In  gen¬ 
eral  literature,  this  distinction  is  well  es¬ 
tablished.  We  use  contagion  and  conta¬ 
gions  in  respect  to  things  which  spread 
by  intercourse  or  imitation  ;  as,  the  con¬ 
tagions  influence  of  example  ;  while  we 
apply  infection  and  infections  to  a  more 
hidden  and  diffusive  power;  as,  the  in¬ 
jection  of  vice  ;  the  infectious  influence 
of  evil  principles. 

iN-FEC'Tious,  a.  1.  Having  quali¬ 
ties  that  may  infect :  pestilential.  2. 
Corrupting,  or  tending  to  corrupt. 

3.  Capable  of  being  easily  diffused. 

Syn.—  See  Contagious. 

iN-FEG'Tlofis-LY,  adv.  By  infection. 

In-fEe'tioOs-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  infectious. 

iN-Ffte'UNO, a.  Unfruitful;  barren. 

INFILTRATE 

IN'FE-CUN'DI-TY,  n.  Want  of  fecun¬ 
dity  ;  unfruitfulness ;  barrenness. 
IN'fe-li^'i-tous,  a.  Not  felicitous ; 
unhappy. 

In'fe-li'9'i-ty,  n.  1.  Unhappiness; 
misery  ;  misfortune.  2.  Unfortunate 
state  ;  unfavorableness. 

IN-FER'  (14), V.  t.  [-RED  ;  -RING.][Lat. 
inf  err  e,  from  in  and  ferre ,  to  carry, 
bring.]  To  draw  or  derive,  as  a  fact 
or  consequence.  [inferred. 

ift-FER'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
IN'FER-EN^E,  n.  1.  Act  of  inferring. 

2.  That  which  is  inferred. 

Syn.  —  Conclusion  ;  deduction ;  conse¬ 
quence. —  A  conclusion  is  stronger  than 
inference ;  it  shuts  us  uji  to  the  result, 
and  terminates  inquiry.  In  a  chain  of 
reasoning  we  have  many  inferences, 
which  lead  to  the  ultimate  conclusion. 

IN-'FER-EN'TIAL,  a.  Deduced  or  de- 
ducible  by  inference. 

In-fe'ri-or  (89), a.  [Lat.,  compar.  of 
inferus,  that  is,  below,  underneath.] 
Lower  in  place,  social  rank,  or  excel¬ 
lence  ;  subordinate.  —  n.  One  who 
is  younger,  or  subordinate. 
In-fe'ri-or'i-ty,  ri.  State  of  being 
inferior  ;  a  lower  state  or  condition 
In-fer'nal  (14),  a.  [Lat.  info rnalis ; 
fr.  infrrnus,  lying  beneath.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  lower  regions,  or  re¬ 
gions  of  the  dead.  2.  Pertaining  to, 
or  resembling,  hell ;  hellish  ;  dia¬ 
bolical. 

Syn.  —  Devilish ;  satanic;  fiendish. 

—  n.  An  inhabitant  of  hell,  or  of 
the  lower  regions. 

In-fEr'nal-ly,  adv.  In  an  infernal 
manner.  [BLE. 

In-fer'rI-ble,  a.  Same  as  Infera- 
In-fEr'tile,  a.  Not  fertile  or  pro¬ 
ductive  ;  barren.  [ness. 

lN'FER-TiL'1-TY,  n.  Unproductive- 
1N-FEST',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
infestare,  from  infestus,  disturbed, 
troublesome.]  To  disturb  ;  to  annoy  ; 
to  harass.  [molestation. 

IN'FES-TA'TION,  Ti.  Act  of  infesting ; 
IN-FES'TIVE,  a.  Having  no  mirth; 

dull ;  cheerless.  [ty  ;  dullness. 

IN/FES-TIV'I-TY,  7i.  Want  of  festivi- 
In'fi-del,  a.  [Lat.  inf  delis,  fr.  prefix 
in,  not,  and  fdelis,  faithful.]  Dis¬ 
believing  the  inspiration  of  the 
Scriptures,  or  the  divine  institution 
of  Christianity.  • —  n.  A  disbeliever  ; 
a  freethinker ;  especially  one  who 
disbelieves  in  the  divine  origin  and 
authority  of  Christianity. 

Syn.  —  Unbeliever;  freethinker;  deist; 
atheist;  skeptic.— Some  have  endeavored 
to  widen  the  sense  of  infidel  so  as  to  em¬ 
brace  atheism  and  every  form  of  unbe¬ 
lief,  but  this  has  failed.  A  freethinker  is 
now  only  another  name  for  on  inf  del. 

An  unbeliever  is  not  necessarily  a  disbe¬ 
liever  or  infidel,  because  he  may  still  be 
inquiring  after  evidence  to  satisfy  bis 
mind. 

IN'fi-dEl'i-ty,  7i.  1.  Disbelief  of  the 
divine  origin  of  Christianity  :  unbe¬ 
lief.  2.  Unfaithfulness  to  the  mar¬ 
riage  contract.  3.  Breach  of  trust ; 
treachery. 

In-fil'ter,  v.  t.  To  filter  or  sift  in. 
IN-FIL'TRATE,  V.  7.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 

e,  1, 6,  u,  y  Jong;  X,  ft,  1,6, 6,  t,  short ;  cAre,  fXr,  Ask.  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 

INFILTRATION 


INFUSE 


223 


enter  by  penetrating  the  pores  of  a 
substance. 

In'FIL-TRA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  infil¬ 
trating.  2.  Substance  which  has 
entered  the  pores  of  a  body. 

In'FI-nite,  a.  1.  Unlimited  or  bound¬ 
less  in  time  or  space.  2.  Without 
limit  in  power,  capacity,  or  moral  ex¬ 
cellence  ;  perfect.  3.  Indefinitely 
large  or  extensive. 

Syn.—  Immeasurable;  illimitable;  in¬ 
terminable;  limitless;  unbounded. 

IN'FI-NITE-LY,  adv.  Without  limit. 

IN'FI-NITE-NESS,  «.  State  of  being 
infinite ;  infinity. 

In'FIN-I-TES'I-MAL,  a.  Infinitely 
small. — n.  An  infinitely  small 
quantity,  or  one  less  than  any  as¬ 
signable  quantity. 

lN-FiN'l-TiVE,  a.  Unlimited;  not 
restricted. 

Infinitive  mode  (Gram.),  that  mode  of 
the  verb  which  expresses  the  action  of 
the  verb  without  limitation  of  person  or 
number;  as,  to  love. 

In-fIn'i-tude  (53),  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  infinite ;  infiniteness.  2.  Infi¬ 
nite  extent.  3.  Boundless  number. 

In-FIN'I-ty,  n.  [Lat.  infinity s ,  fr.  in, 
not,  and  finis,  limit.]  Unlimited  ex¬ 
tent  of  time,  space,  or  quantity. 

IN-FIRM'  (18),  a.  1.  Not  firm  or 
sound  ;  weak.  2.  Weak  of  mind  ;  ir¬ 
resolute.  3.  Not  solid  or  stable. 

Syn.—  Debilitated  ;  sickly  ;  feeble  ; 
imbecile. 

IN-FIRM/A-RY,  n.  A  hospital,  or  place 
where  the  infirm  or  sick  are  lodged 
or  nursed. 

In-fIrm'I-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
infirm  ;  an  imperfection  or  weakness ; 
specifically,  a  disease.  2.  Weakness  ; 
failing ;  foible. 

Syn.  —  Debility;  imbecility  ;  imper¬ 
fection. 

In-fIrm'ness,  n.  Infirmity  ;  feeble¬ 
ness  ;  debility. 

IN-fIx',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat.  in- 
flgere,  -fixurn,  fr.  in  and  figere ,  to 
fix.]  1.  To  fix  by  piercing  or  thrust¬ 
ing  in.  2.  To  implant  or  fix,  as 
principles. 

IN-FLAME',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING-.]  [Lat. 
inflammare,  and flammare ,  to  flame.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire  ;  to  kindle.  2.  To 
excite,  as  passion  or  appetite.  3.  To 
provoke  to  anger  or  rage. 

Syn.  —  To  provoke;  fire;  irritate  ;  ex¬ 
asperate;  incense;  enrage  ;  anger. 

—  v.  i.  To  grow  hot,  angry,  and  pain¬ 
ful. 

In-flXm'ma-bil'i-ty,  n.  Suscepti¬ 
bility  of  readily  taking  fire. 

In-flXm'ma-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  set  on  fire. 

In-flam/ma-ble-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  inflammable. 

IN'FLAIVI-MA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  in- 
inflaming.  2.  State  of  being  on  fire. 
3.  A  redness  and  swelling  of  any  part 
of  an  animal  body,  with  heat,  pain, 
and  febrile  symptoms.  4.  Violent 
excitement;  passion. 
In-flXm'ma-to-ry  (50),  a.  1.  Tend¬ 
ing  to,  or  showing,  inflammation.  2. 


Tending  to  excite  anger,  or  animosi¬ 
ty  ;  seditious. 

In-flate',  v.  t.  [-E D ,;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inflare ,  -flatinn,,  from  in  and  flare ,  to 
blow.]  1.  To  swell  or  distend  with 
air.  2.  To  puff  up  ;  to  elate.  3.  To 
cause  to  become  unduly  expanded. 

In-flate',  la.  1.  Filled  with  air; 

IN-FEAT'ED,  )  blown  up.  2.  Turgid ; 
swelling;  bombastic. 

In-fla'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  inflating. 

2.  State  of  being  inflated. 

In-flEet',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inflectere,  -Jlexum,  fr.  in  and flectere, 
to  bend.]  1.  To  bend.  2.  To  vary, 
as  a  noun  or  i  verb,  in  its  termina¬ 
tions.  3.  To  modulate,  as  the  voice. 

IN-FEEE'TION,  it.  1.  Act  of  inflect¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  inflected.  2.  A 
bend  ;  a  fold.  3.  Modulation  of  the 
voice  in  speaking.  4.  Variation  of 
nouns,  &c.,  by  declension,  and  of 
verbs  by  conjugation. 

In-flEe'tion-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
inflection.  [tion. 

IN-FLE€T'IVE,  a.  Capable  of  inflec- 

In-flex/i-bIl/i-ty,  n.  1.  Unyield¬ 
ing  stiffness.  2.  Obstinacy  of  will  or 
temper ;  unbending  pertinacity. 

In-flEx'i-ble,  a.  1.  Not  capable  of 
being  bent;  firm.  2.  Firm  in  pur¬ 
pose  ;  not  to  be  changed.  3.  Inca¬ 
pable  of  change. 

Syn.  —  Unbending  ;  unyielding  ;  rig¬ 
id;  inexorable;  pertinacious;  obstinate; 
stubborn;  unrelenting. 

IN-FLEX'I-BLY,  adv.  In  an  inflexi¬ 
ble  manner.  [TION. 

In-flEx'ion,  n.  Same  as  Inflec- 

IN-fiAet',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing]  [Lat. 
infligere ,  -flictum,  fr.  in  and  fligere, 
to  strike.]  To  lay,  or  send,  as  a 
punishment,  &c. ;  to  apply. 

In-flIe'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  inflicting. 
2.  That  which  is  inflicted  or  imposed. 

TN-FLI€T'ive,  a.  Tending  to  inflict. 

lN/FLO-RES'9EN(pE,  ii.  [Lat.  inflo- 
rescens,  p.  pr.  of  inflorescere ,  to  begin 
to  blossom.]  1.  The  unfolding  of 
blossoms.  2.  Mode  of  flowering.  3. 
An  axis  on  which  all  the  buds  are 
flower-buds. 

In'flu-en£E,  n.  [Lat.  influent,  p. 
pr.  of  influere,  to  flow  in.]  1.  A 
flowing  in  or  upon.  2.  The  bringing 
about  of  an  effect  by  a  gradual,  un¬ 
observed,  and  easy  process.  3.  Pow¬ 
er  arising  from  elevated  station,  in¬ 
tellect,  wealth,  &c. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  To  control  or  move  by  hid¬ 
den  power;  to  lead;  to  direct. 

In'FLU-en'tiae,  a.  Exerting  influ¬ 
ence  or  power  by  invisible  operation. 

IN'FLIJ-EN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  So  as  to 
incline,  move,  or  direct. 

In'flu-en'za,  n.  [It.  See  Influ¬ 
ence.]  A  violent  form  of  catarrh. 

In'flux,  n.  [Lat.  influxus .]  1.  Act 
of  flowing  in.  2.  Introduction  ;  im¬ 
portation  in  abundance. 

In-f5ld',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
wrap  up  ;  to  inclose.  2.  To  embrace. 

In-form',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  in- 
formare ;  in  and  form  are,  to  form.] 
1.  To  animate.  2.  To  make  known  to. 


3.  To  communicate  a  knowledge  of 
facts  to,  by  way  of  accusation. 

Syn.— To  acquaint;  apprise;  tell; 
teach  ;  instruct. 

— v.  i.  To  give  information. 

In-for'MAL,  a..  Not  in  the  regular 
form  ;  hence,  without  ceremony. 

In'for-mXl'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  regu¬ 
lar  or  customary  form. 

In-form'al-ly,  adv.  Without  the 
usual  forms.  i 

In-form'ANT,  n.  One  who  informs 
or  gives  intelligence. 

Syn.  —  Informer. —  These  two  words 
should  never  be  confounded.  An  in¬ 
former  is  one  who,  for  selfish  ends  or 
the  public  good,  volunteers  accusations 
with  a  view  to  have  others  punished  ; 
an  informant  is  one  who  simply  ac¬ 
quaints  us  with  something  we  had  not 
known  before. 

In/for-m ACTION,  n.  1.  Communi¬ 
cating  knowledge.  2.  News  commu¬ 
nicated;  intelligence;  knowledge  de¬ 
rived  from  reading  or  instruction.  3. 
A  proceeding  in  the  nature  of  a  pros¬ 
ecution  for  an  offense  against  the 
government. 

IN-FORM'ER,  n.  One  who  informs  ; 
esp.,  one  who  informs  against  anoth¬ 
er  for  the  violation  of  some  law. 

Syn.  —  See  Informant. 

In-frXe'tion,  n.  [Lat.  infractio.] 
Breach  ;  violation  ;  non-observance. 

In-fraet'or,  ii.  One  who  infringes  ; 
a  violator. 

IN'FRA-LAP-SA'RI-AN,  n.  [Lat.  infra, 
below,  after,  and  lapsus ,  fall.]  A 
Calvinist  who  considers  the  decree  of 
election  as  contemplating  the  apos¬ 
tasy  as  past,  and  the  elect  as  being 
already  in  a  fallen  and  guilty  state. 

In-frXn'6i-ble,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  broken  or  separated  into  parts. 

IN-FRE'QUENCE,  In.  State  of  rarely 

In-fre'quen-cy,  )  occurring;  un¬ 
commonness  ;  rareness. 

IN-FRE'QUENT,  a.  Seldom  happen¬ 
ing  or  occurring  to  notice ;  unfre¬ 
quent;  rare;  uncommon,  [quently. 

IN-FRE'QUENT-LY,  adv.  Not  fre- 

In-frInge',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
infringere,  from  in  and  frangere,  to 
break.]  1.  To  break,  as  contracts. 

2.  To  transgress ;  to  neglect  to  fulfill 
or  obey. 

In-frin6e'MENT,  n.  Breach  ;  viola¬ 
tion  ;  non-fulfillment. 

IN'FUN-DIB'U-LAR,  I  a.  [Lat.  infun- 

IN'FUN-dIb'u-LATE,  )  dibulum,  fun¬ 
nel]  Having  the  form  of  a  funnel. 

IN-FU'RI-ATE,  a.  Enraged;  mad; 
furiously  angry. 

In-fu'ri-ate , v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  infuriare ,  -atum,  fr.  Lat.  in  and 
furia,  fury.]  To  render  furious  ;  to 
enrage. 

In-fus'€ATE,  v.  t.  [Lat.  infuscare, 
- catum ,  fr.  tn  and  fuscare,  to  make 
dark.]  To  darken  ;  to  obscure. 

IN'fus-EA'TION,  n.  Act  of  darkening. 

IN-FUSE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
infundere,  infusum ,  fr.  in  and  f un¬ 
der  e,  to  pour.]  1.  To  pour  in,  as  a 
liquid.  2.  To  instill,  as  principles. 

3.  To  steep  without  boiling,  for  the 


INFUSIBILITY 

purpose  of  extracting  medicinal  qual¬ 
ities. 

iN-FU'gl-BtL'I-TY,  M.  1.  [From  in¬ 
fuse.]  Capability  of  being  infused, 
or  poured  in.  2.  [Prefix  in.  not,  and 
fusibility.]  Incapability  of  being 
fused  or  dissolved. 

lN-FUt§I-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
infused.  2.  Not  fusible ;  incapable 
of  fusion. 

iN-FU'glON,  n.  1.  Act  of  infusing,  or 
pouring  in ;  instillation.  2.  That 
which  is  infused.  3.  Act  of  steeping 
any  insoluble  substance  in  water  to 
extract  its  virtues.  4.  The  liquid  ob¬ 
tained  by  this  process. 

In'FU-SO'RI-A,  n.  pi.  [N.  Lat.  See 
Infuse.]  Microscopic  animals 
found  in  water  and  other  fluids. 

IN'gXth-er-ING,  ii.  Act  of  collect¬ 
ing  and  securing  the  fruits  of  the 
earth  ;  harvest.  [congealed. 

IN-GEL'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being 

iN-dEM'l-NA/TroN,  n.  Reduplication. 

IN-GEN'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ingenerare ,  -ratum.]  To  gen¬ 
erate  or  produce  within. 

iN-diiN'ER-ATE,  a.  Inborn  ;  innate. 

In-Gen'ious  (-j3n,'yus),  a.  [Lat.  in- 
gemosus ,  fr.  ingenium,  natural  ca¬ 
pacity,  genius.]  1.  Possessed  of  ge¬ 
nius,  or  the  faculty  of  invention ; 
hence,  skillful  or  prompt  to  invent. 
2.  Characterized  by  genius  or  inge¬ 
nuity.  3.  Witty  ;  well  adapted. 

In-geNToGs-LY  (-jen'yus-),  adv.  In 
an  ingenious  manner.  [nuity. 

In-Qen'ious-ness  (-yus-),  n.  Inge- 

In/ge-nu'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  or  pow¬ 
er  of  ready  invention.  2.  Curious¬ 
ness  in  design. 

Syr.  —  Cleverness.  —  Ingenuity  is  a 
form  of  genius,  and  cleverness,  of  talent. 
The  former  implies  invention,  the  latter 
a  peculiar  dexterity  and  readiness  of  ex¬ 
ecution.  Sir  Janies  Matkintosh  remarks, 
that  the  English  overdo  in  the  use  of  the 
words  clever  and  cleverness,  applying 
them  loosely  to  almost  every  form  of  in¬ 
tellectual  ability.  Thus  they  speak  of  a 
clever  article  in  a  magazine  ;  a  clever  re¬ 
view;  a  clever  speech  in  Parliament ;  of 
a  book  very  cleverly  written  ;  of  great 
cleverness  in  debate;  and,  in  accordance 
with  this  use  of  language,  Macaulay 
would  be  called  a  very  clever  writer  of 
history,  and  Fox  a  very  clever  debater. 

In-&en'u-oGs,  a.  [Lat.  ingenuus.] 
1.  Of  honorable  extraction.  2.  No¬ 
ble  ;  generous.  3.  Free  from  reserve, 
equivocation,  or  dissimulation. 

Syr.  —  Open  ;  frank. —  One  who  is 
open  speaks  out  at  once  what  is  upper¬ 
most  in  his  mind;  one  who  is  frank  does 
it  from  a  natural  boldness,  or  dislike  of 
self-restraint;  one  who  is  ingenuous  is  ac¬ 
tuated  by  a  noble  candor  and  love  of 
truth,  which  makes  him  willing  to  con¬ 
fess  his  faults,  and  make  known  all  his 
sentiments  without  reserve. 

In-&£n'u-OUS-ly,  adv.  Openly  ;  can¬ 
didly. 

In-gen'u-oOs-ness,  n.  Openness  of 
heart ;  frankness  ;  fairness. 

In-6es'tion  (-jest'yun),  n.  [Lat.  in- 
gestio ,  fr.  ingerere,  to  place  in.]  Act 
of  throwing  into  the  stomach. 

IN'GLE,  n.  [Lat.  igniculus,  dim.  of 
ignis,  fire.]  A  fire  or  fire-place. 


224 

In-glo'ri-ous  (89),  a.  1.  Not  glori¬ 
ous.-  2.  Shameful;  disgraceful. 

In-glo'ri-o&s-ly,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
glorious  manner. 

IN'GOT,  n.  [L.  Lat.  lingotus,  fr.  Lat. 
lingua ,  a  tongue.]  A  mass  or  wedge 
of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal,  cast  in 
a  mold. 

In-graft',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
insert,  as  a  scion  into  a  tree  or  plant, 
for  propagation  ;  hence,  to  introduce. 
2.  To  set  or  fix  deeply  and  firmly. 

In-grAft'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
grafting.  2.  Thing  ingrafted  ;  scion. 

IN'grain,  a.  Dyed  in  the  grain; 
thoroughly  inwrought,  as  color. 

Ingrain  carpet,  a  double  or  two-ply 
carpet. 

In'grAin,  or  In-grAin',  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  dye  before  manufact¬ 
ure.  2.  To  work  into  the  natural 
texture. 

IN'GRATE ,  a.  [Lat.  ingratus,  from  in, 
not,  and  gratus,  grateful.]  1.  Un¬ 
grateful.  2.  Unpleasing  to  the  sense. 
—  n.  An  ungrateful  person. 

In-GRA'TI-Ate  (-gra'shi-,  95),  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  in  and  gratia, 
favor.]  To  introduce  or  commend  to 
the  favor  of  another. 

IN-GR at'i-tude  (53),  n.  Want  of 
gratitude  ;  unthankfulness. 

IN- GRE' DI-ENT  (77),  n.  [Lat.  ingre- 
diens ,  p.  pr.  of  ingredi,  ingressus,  to 
enter.]  A  component  part  of  any 
compound  or  mixture;  an  element. 

IN'GRESS,  n.  [See  supra.]  1.  En¬ 
trance.  2.  Power,  liberty,  or  means, 
of  entrance. 

IN'GUI-NAL  (-gwT-),  a.  [Lat.  inguinq- 
lis.]  Pertaining  to  the  groin. 

In-gOlf',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
swallow  up  in  a  vast  gulf  or  whirl¬ 
pool;  to  overwhelm. 

In-gPr'6i-tAte,  v.  t.  [Lat.  ingurgi¬ 
tate,  -tatum.]  To  swallow  greedily. 

IN-hXb'IT,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inhabitant.]  To  live  or  dwell  in. — 
v.  i.  To  dwell ;  to  live. 

IN-hXb'it-A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  inhabited. 

In-hXb'it-an^e,  In.  Condition  of 

In-hXb'it-an-^y,  )  an  inhabitant ; 
legal  residence. 

In-hXb'it-ant,  n.  One  who  dwells 
or  resides  permanently  in  a  place. 

In-iiXb'it-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
habiting,  or  state  of  being  inhabited. 
2.  Place  of  dwelling. 

In-hXb'it-a-tive-ness,  n.  An  or¬ 
gan  supposed  to  indicate  the  desire 
of  permanence  in  abode. 

In'ha-lA'tion,  n.  Act  of  inhaling. 

IN-HALE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inhalare,  from  in  and  hcilare,  to 
breathe.]  To  draw  into  the  lungs. 

In-hAl'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  inhales. 
2.  An  apparatus  for  inhaling  vapor. 

IN'har-mo'ni-oOs,  a.  Not  harmo¬ 
nious  ;  discordant. 

In-hearse'  (14),  v.  t.  To  put  in  a 
hearse ;  to  bury. 

IN-HERE',  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inh&rere ,  fr.  in  and  h  ter  ere,  to  stick.] 
To  be  permanently  incorporated. 


INIQUITY 

IN-her'en^e,  )  n.  State  of  inher- 
In-her'en-9Y,  )  ing;  existence  in 
something. 

IN-IIER'ENT,  a.  1.  Existing  in  some¬ 
thing,  so  as  to  be  inseparable  from 
it.  2.  Naturally  pertaining. 

Syr.—  Innate;  inborn;  native;  natu¬ 
ral;  inbred;  inwrought. 
IN-HER'ENT-LY,  adv.  By  inherence 
IN-HER'IT,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat 
inhereditare,  to  appoint  as  an  heir.] 
1.  To  take  by  descent  from  an  an¬ 
cestor.  2.  To  receive  by  birth.  3. 
To  become  possessed  of.  —  v.  i.  To 
take  or  have  as  an  inheritance. 
IN-HER'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
inherited,  or  of  taking  by  inherit¬ 
ance.  *  [ance. 

In-her'it-a-bly,  adv.  By  inherit- 
IN-HER'IT-AN^E,  n.  1.  An  estate 
which  a  man  has  by  descent  as  heir, 
or  which  he  may  transmit  to  anoth¬ 
er.  2.  That  which  is  or  may  be  in¬ 
herited.  [an  heir. 

IN-HER'IT-OR,  n.  One  who  inherits  ; 
In-her'it-ress,  )  n.  An  heiress  ;  a 
In-her'it-rix,  )  female  inheritor. 
iN-HE'glON,  n.  [Lat.  inhsesio.]  State 
of  existing,  or  belonging  to  some¬ 
thing  ;  inherence. 

IN-HIB'IT,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inliibere,  inhibitum,  fr.  in,  not,  and 
habere,  to  have.]  1.  To  hinder.  2.  To 
forbid. 

IN'HI-BI'TION  (-blsh'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  inhibiting  ;  restraint.  2.  Prohi¬ 
bition. 

In-hos'pi-ta-ble,  a.  Not  hospita¬ 
ble  ;  not  disposed  to  entertain  stran¬ 
gers.  [of  hospitality. 

I N-HOS'P I-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Want 
In-Hos'PI-ta-bly,  adv.  In  an  inhos¬ 
pitable  manner. 

In-hos'PI-tXl'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of 
being  inhospitable. 

IN-HU'MAN,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  kind¬ 
ness  and  tenderness.  2.  Character¬ 
ized  by  cruelty. 

Syr.—  Cruel;  unfeeling;  pitiless;  mer¬ 
ciless;  savage;  barbarous. 

IN'hu-mXn'I-TY,  n.  Cruelty  ;  barba¬ 
rousness.  [barously. 

In-hu'man-ey,  adv  Cruelly  ;  bar- 
In'HU-ma'tion,  n.  Act  of  burying. 
In-hume',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
inhumane  ;  humus,  the  ground.]  To 
bury  ;  to  inter. 

IN-)M'I-€AL,  gt.  [Lat.  inimicalis.]  1. 
Unfriendly.  2.  Repugnant;  ad¬ 
verse. 

In-Im'i-cal-ly,  adv.  In  an  inimical 
manner.  [ing  inimitable. 

In-im/i-ta-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  ofbe- 
In-iM'i-t  a-ble ,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  imitated  or  copied. 
IN-Im'I-ta-bly,  adv.  In  an  inimita¬ 
ble  manner.  [iniquity. 

In-Iq'UI-ToOs,  a.  Characterized  by 

Syr.—  Wicked;  nefarious.—  Wicked 
is  the  generic  term.  Iniquitous  is  strong¬ 
er,  denoting  a  violation  of  the  rights  of 
others,  usually  by  fraud  or  circumven¬ 
tion.  Nefarious  is  still  stronger,  imply¬ 
ing  a  breach  of  the  most  sacred  obliga¬ 
tions. 

In-Iq'UI-ty,  n.  [Lat.  iniquitas;  in- 


X,  e,  I,  6,  u,y ,long;  6,  0,?,  short ;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm  ;  s6n, 


INITIAL  225 

{quits,  unjust.]  1.  Want  of  rectitude,  i  IN'LAND,  a.  1.  Remote  from  the  sea; 
2.  An  act  of  injustice  or  unright-  interior.  2.  Domestic  ;  not  foreign, 

eousness.  IN-LAY',  V.  t.  [INLAID  ;  INLAYING.] 

Syn.  —  Injustice  ;  unrighteousness  }  To  insert,  as  pieces  of  pear],  ivory, 

wickedness;  sin;  crime.  &c. ,  in  a  groundwork  of  some  other 

iN-i'TlAL  (-Tsh/al),  a.  [Lat.  initialis ;  w  material. 

■ initium ,  beginning.]  1.  Pertaining  IN 'LAY,  n.  Pieces  of  wood,  ivory,  &c., 

to  the  beginning.  2.  Placed  at  the  inlaid  or  prepared  for  inlaying, 

beginning  or  head. — n.  First  letter  In-lay'er,  n.  One  who  iulays. 
of  a  word.  In'let,  n.  Passage  or  opening  into 

In-Pti-ate  (-IshG-,  95),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  _  an  inclosed  place. 

-ING;]  1.  To  begin.  2.  To  instruct  IN'LY,  a.  Internal;  interior;  secret, 
in  rudiments.  3.  To  introduce  into  v  — adv.  Internally;  secretly, 
a  society  or  organization.  IN'MATE,  n.  [Eng.  inn  and  mate.] 

IN-'PTI-A'TION  (-Isb/i-),  ?x.  1.  Act  of  w  One  who  lives  in  the  same  house, 

initiating.  2.  Introduction  into  the  IN'MOST  (20),  a.  Deepest  or  furthest 
principles  of  any  thing  unknown.  w  within. 

IN-Pti-A-TIVE  (-Tsh/T-),a.  Serving  to  INN,  n.  [A.-S .inne,  inn.]  1.  A  house 
initiate.  —  n.  An  introductory  step  for  the  lodging  and  entertainment  of 

or  movement.  travelers.  2.  A  college  of  students  of 

IN-PTI-A-TO-RY  (-Mi'I-),  a.  1.  Suit-  w  law.  [Eng.] 

able  for  an  introduction.  2.  Tending  IN'NATE,  or  IN-NATE',  a.  [Lat.  in- 
:  or  serving  to  initiate.  w  natus.]  Inborn;  native;  natural. 

Tn-jegt',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  in-  In'nate-ly,  or  In-nate'ly,  adv. 

jicere,  injectum.]  To  thro  w  or  dart  in.  w  Naturally. 

IN-JEG'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  Injecting.  IN'NATE-NESS,  or  IN-NATE'NESS,  n. 
2.  That  which  is  injected;  especially,  Quality  of  being  innate  or  inborn, 

liquid  medicine  injected  into  a  cav-  IN-NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
ity  of  the  body.  w  being  navigated.  [ternal. 

IN'JU-Dl'ciotis  (-dish'us),  a.  1.  Not  In'ner,  n.  Further  in  ;  interior;  in¬ 
judicious.  2.  Not  according  to  sound  IN'NER-MOST  (20),  Furthest  inward, 
judgment.  Inn'hold-er,  n.  A  person  who  keeps 

Syn. —  Indiscreet;  inconsiderate;  in-  w  an  inn. 
cautious;  unwise;  rash.  INN'ING,  n.  [Eng.  in.]  1.  Ingather- 

IN' JU-D Pci O Os-L Y  (-djsh'us-),  adv.  ing  0f  grain.  2.  [Cricket  Playing.) 

In  an  injudicious  manner.  Time  or  turn  for  using  the  bat. 

IN'JU-di'cioOs-ness  (-dlstPus-),  n.  inn'keep-er,  n.  An  innholder. 

Quality  of  being  injudicious.  IN'NO-^ENC^E,  n.  1.  State  of  being 

IN-j0N€'TION,  n.  [Lac  .injunctio.]  1.  innocent;  purity  of  heart.  2.  Igno- 

Act  of  enjoining.  2.  An  order;  a  ranee;  imbecility.  [cence. 

command.  3.  A  writ  granted  by  a  in'no-^en-^y,  n.  Same  as  Inno- 
court  of  equity,  whereby  a  party  is  In'no-^ent,  a.  [Lat.  innocens.]  1. 
required  to  do  or  to  refrain  from  do-  Free  from  that  which  can  i  ijure.  2. 

ing  certain  acts.  Free  from  guilt ;  guiltless. 

IN'JURE  (53),  t\  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  Syn.  —  Harmless  ;  inoffensive  ;  pure. 

miurian.]  To  do  harm  to ;  to  hurt;  1  n  . 

to  damage;  —  used  in  a  variety  of  ®ne  ^ree  ^rom  2.  A 

senses  -  dolt  [harmlessly. 

iN-JU'iti-oOs  (89),  «.  1.  Prejudicial  IN'NO-<?ent-lY,  adv  Without  guilt ; 

to  the  rights  of  another.  2.  Tending  In-nog  u-ous,  a.  [Lat .  mnocuus  ) 

■  to  injure  ;  pernicious.  Harmless;  sale;  producing  no  ill 

i  In-JU'RI-oOs-LY,  adv.  Ilurtfully.  effect.  [jurio us  effects. 

In-JU'ri-oOs-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be-  m~ 

ing  injurious.  IN  NO-VATE,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -  NG.]  [Lat. 

In'ju-RY,  n.  [Lat  .injuria.]  That  mnovare,  -vatum-in  and  nor  are, 

which  injures  or  which  occasions  to  make  new.]  1.  To  change  by  in- 

loss  or  diminution  of  good ;  mischief ;  traducing  something  new.  2.  To 

detriment;  damage.  introduce  as  a  novelty. -v.  t.  To 

IN-JUS'TI^E,  n.  Violation  of  the  v tieS'i  .  .  . 

rights  of  an  individual ;  wrong.  IN.  NO‘vA  TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  ranovat- 

INK,  n.  [Lat.  encaustum ,  fr.  Gr.  ey-  lnf:  2-  A  chanSe  effected  b?  1Qn0‘ 

/caucrrov,  burnt  in.]  A  fluid,  used  in  *  vating.  # 

writing  and  printing. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  In'NO-va'tor,  »  One  who  innovates. 
-ING.]  To  black  or  daub  with  ink!  iN-NOXHoDs  (-nok'shus),  a  1-Harm- 
INIPHORN,  n.  An  inkstand ;-  for-  less  in  effects;  innocent.  2.  Free 

merly  made  of  horn.  -  from  crime ;  guiltless.  „ 

Ink/i-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of  IN'nu-en'do  52),  n.  ;  pi.  iN'NU-fiN'- 
beino-inkv  DOE§.  [Lat.,  fr.  innuere,  to  give  a 

Ink'ling,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  in' dining.]  ?°<H  An  obli1(lue.  hiat  i  a  remote 

A  hint  or  whisper  ;  an  intimation!  intimation  or  allusion. 

INK'STXnd,  n.  A  vessel  for  holding  Syn.  —Insinuation.  —  An  innuendo 

[ink  -  black.  supposes  a  representation  so  framed  as  to 

Ink'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resembling,  fo^thlng  &Son/whichyisIinjuri’ous  to 

IN-LA^E',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  the  character,  &c.^  of  the  person  aimed 

work  in,  as  lace.  j  at.  An  insinuation  turns  on  no  such 

INQUEST 

double  use  of  language  ;  but  consists  in 
artfully  winding \  into  the  mind  imputa¬ 
tions  of  an  injurious  nature  witnout 
making  any  direct  charge,  and  is  there¬ 
fore  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  basest 
resorts  of  malice  and  falsehood. 

IN-NU'MER-A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of 
being  numbered,  for  multitude. 

In-nu'mer-a-ble-ness,  n.  Stateof 
being  innumerable.  [number. 

IN-NU'MER-A-BLY,  adv.  Without 

In'nu-trPtion  (-nu-trish'un),  n. 

Want  of  nutrition. 

In'nu-trPtioOs  (-nu-trTsh'us),  a. 

Not  nutritious,  or  nourishing. 

IN'OB-sfiRv'ANyE  ,  n.  Want  or  neg¬ 
lect  of  observance ;  negligence. 

iN'OB-gER  v'ant,  a.  Not  taking  no¬ 
tice  ;  heedless. 

IN-OC'U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  inoculare ,  -latum,  in  and  ocu- 
lus ,  an  eye.]  1.  To  insert,  as  the 
bud  of  a  tree  in  another  tree,  for  the 
purpose  of  propagation.  2.  To  com¬ 
municate,  as  a  disease,  by  inserting 
infectious  matter  in  the  skin.  —  v.  t. 

To  practice  inoculation,  [oculating. 

IN-OG'U-LA'TION,  n.  Act  or  art  of  in- 

IN-O'DOR-Ofjs,  a.  Wanting  scent. 

IN'OF-FEN'SIVE,  a.  1.  -Giving  no  of¬ 
fense.  2.  Harmless ;  doing  no  injury. 

IN'OF-FEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Without 
giving  offense. 

In'of-fen'sIve-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  inoffensive. 

I^of-fPcjial  ( -fish/al),  a.  Not  done 
in  the  usual  forms  or  by  the  proper 
officer. 

In/of-fPcioCs  (-fish'us),  a.  1.  Not 
civil  or  attentive.  2.  Contrary  to 
natural  duty. 

In-op'er-a-tIve,  a.  Not  operative  ; 
producing  no  effect,  [unseasonable. 

In-op'por-tune',  a.  Not  opportune ; 

IN-OP'POR-TUNE'LY,  adv.  Unseason¬ 
ably  ;  at  an  inconvenient  time. 

In-op'u-lent,  a.  Not  opulent ;  not 
wealthy.  [of  moderation. 

In-or'di-na-9Y,  n.  Excess,  or  want 

In-or'di-nate  (45),  a.  Not  limited 
to  rules  prescribed,  or  to  usual 
bounds. 

Syn.  —  Irregular  ;  disorderly  ;  excess¬ 
ive;  immoderate. 

In-or'di-nate-ly,  adv.  Irregular¬ 
ly  ;  immoderately. 

IN- or' di-nate -NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
being  inordinate ;  want  of  modera¬ 
tion  ;  inordinacy. 

IN'OR-GAN'IG,  )  a.  Not  organic; 

IN/or-gXn'ic-al,  )  devoid  of  an  or¬ 
ganized  structure ;  unorganized. 

lN-OS'€U-LATE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  in  and  osculari,  -latum,  to 
kiss.]  To  unite,  as  two  vessels  at 
their  extremities.  — v.  t.  1.  To  unite 
by  apposition  or  contact.  2.  To 
unite  intimately. 

In-os'gu-la'tion,  n.  Junction  of 
different  branches  of  tubular  vessels, 
so  that  their  contents  pass  from  one 
to  the  other. 

IN'quest,  n.  [Lat.  inquisita,  fr.  in- 
quirere.  See  Inquire.]  1.  Inquiry; 
quest.  2.  Judicial  inquiry.  3.  A 
jury,  particularly  a  coroner’s  jury. 

OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOfoK;  CRN,  RUE ,  PljLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft;  c,  5 ,  hard ;  Ag  ;  E^IST  ;  as  NG  ;  THIS 

15 

» 

INQUIETUDE 

lN-QUl'E-TUDE  (53),  n.  Disturbed 
state ;  uneasiness  of  body  or  of  mind. 

IN-QUIRE',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inquirere ;  in  and  quserere,  to  seek.] 

1.  To  ask  a  question  or  questions. 

2.  -To  mpke  examination.  —  v.  t.  To 
ask  about ;  to  make  examination. 

In-quIr'er,  n.  One  who  inquires. 

In-QuIr'y  (89),  n.  1.  Act  of  inquir¬ 
ing.  2.  Search  for  truth.  3.  A 
question ;  a  query. 

lN'QUI-sPTlON  (-zlsh'un),  n.  1.  In¬ 
quiry!  investigation.  2.  Judicial 
inquiry.  3.  (Rom.  Cat/i.  Church.) 
A  tribunal  for  examining  and  pun¬ 
ishing  heretics. 

iN'QUI-gl'TlON-AL  (-zfsh'un-),  a.  Re¬ 
lating  to  inquiry  or  inquisition. 

In-quis'i-tIve  ,  a.  Apt  to  ask  ques¬ 
tions  ;  given  to  research. 

Syn.  —  Prying;  curious.  —Curious  de¬ 
notes  a  feeling,  and  inquisitive  a  habit. 
We  are  curious  when  we  desire  to  learn 
something  new;  we  are  inquisitive  when 
we  set  ourselves  to  gain  it  by  inquiry  or 
research.  Prizing  implies  inquisitiveness 
when  carried  to  an  extreme,  and  is  more 
commonly  used  in  a  bad  sense,  as  indi¬ 
cating  a  desire  to  penetrate  into  the  se¬ 
crets  of  others. 

iN-QUlg'I-TlVE-LY,  adv.  With  cu¬ 
riosity  to  inquire. 

iN-QUig'i-TivE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
being  inquisitive. 

In-quIs'i-tor,  n.  ( Rom.  Cnth. 

Church.)  A  member  of  the  Court 
of  Inquisition. 

iN-QUIgq-TO'Rl-AL  (89),  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  Court  of  Inquisition,  or 
resembling  its  practices. 

iN-RAir/,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  in¬ 
close  with  rails. 

IN'road,  n.  A  sudden  or  desultory 
incursion  ;  irruption  ;  raid. 

In'sa-lu'bri-oijs,  a.  Not  salubrious  ; 
not  healthful ;  unwholesome. 

IN'SA-LU'BRI-TY,  n.  Unhealthful- 
ness ;  unwholesomeness. 

In-san'a-ble  a.  Not  admitting  of 
cure ;  incurable. 

IN-SANE',  a.  1.  Unsound  in  mind. 
2.  Used  by,  or  appropriated  to,  in¬ 
sane  persons. 

Syn.  —  Crazy  ;  distracted  ;  delirious  ; 
demented;  frantic;  raving;  mad. 

In-sane'ly,  adv.  Without  reason; 
madly. 

iN-SAN'i-TY,  n.  State  of  being  insane  ; 
unsoundness  of  mind. 

Syn.  — Lunacy;  madness;  derange¬ 
ment;  alienation;  aberration;  munia; de¬ 
lirium  ;  frenzy  ;  monomania;  dementia.— 
Insanity  is  the  generic  term  for  all  such 
diseases;  lunncg  has  now  an  equal  extent 
of  meaning,  though,  once  used  to  denote 
periodical  insanity:  madness  has  the 
same  extent,  though  originally  referring 
to  the  rage  created  by  the  disease;  de¬ 
rangement.  aberration ,  alienation ,  are 
popular  terms  forinsanity ;  delirium, ma¬ 
nia,  and  frenzy  denote  excited  states  of 
the  disease;  dementia  denotes  the  loss  of 
mental  power  by  this  means;  monomania 
is  insanity  upon  a  single  subject. 

IN-SA'TI-A-BLE  (-sa/shi-,  95),  a.  [Lat. 
insatiabilis.]  Incapable  of  being 
satisfied. 

IN-SA'TI-A-BLE-NESS  (-Sa'shl-),  n. 
Greediness  that  can  not  be  satisfied 

226  INSITION 

In-sa'ti-a-bly  (-siUshi-),  adv.  With  In-ser'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  inserting. 

greediness  not  to  be  satisfied.  2.  Condition  of  being  inserted  ;  mode,  i 

In-sa'TI-ate  (-sa/shi-,  95),  a.  Not  to  place,  or  the  like,  of  inserting.  3. 

be  satisfied  ;  insatiable.  That  which  is  set  in,  as  lace,  or  cam- 

In'sa-ti'e-TY,  n.  Insatiableness.  w  brie,  in  narrow  strips,  &c. 

IN'scI-ENT  (in'shi-),  or  In-s£I'ent,  In'set,  n.  That  which  is  set  in  ;  an 
a.  [Lat.  insciens ,  - ends .]  Having  _  insertion. 

little  or  no  knowledge  ;  ignorant.  In'sIde,  prep,  or  adv.  In  the  interior. 

IN-S€R]BE',  v.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat.  —a.  Interior;  internal.  —  n.  1. 

inscribere  ;  in  and  scribere ,  to  write.]  The  part  within.  2.  pi.  Entrails  ; 

1.  To  write  or  engrave;  to  imprint.  bowels. 

2.  To  commend  by  a  short  address.  In-sId'i-oOs  (77),  a.  [Lat.  insidiosus.] 

3.  (  Grom .)  To  draw  within,  as  one  1.  Lying  in  wait.  2.  Intending  or  i 

figure  within  another.  intended  to  entrap. 

lN-S€RlP'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  inscrib-  Syn.  — Crafty ;  wily  ;  sly  ;  designing; 

ing.  2.  That  which  is  inscribed.  3.  deceitful;  deceptive. 

An  address  of  a  book  to  a  person.  iN-siD'i-ous-LY,  adv.  In  an  insid- 

lN-S€RlP'TivE,  a.  Bearing  inscrip-  ious  manner.  [treachery. 

tion.  In-sId'i-oOs-ness,  n.  Deceitfulness; 

lN-S€ROLl/,  v.  t.  To  write  on  a  scroll.  Jn'sight  (fn'slt),  n.  Penetrating 

1N-S€RU/TA-B1L'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  discernment  ;  thorough  knowledge. 

being  inscrutable.  In-SIG'ni-a,  n.  pi.  [Lat.]  Badges  or 

In-S€RU'ta-ble  ,  a.  1.  Unsearcha-  __  marks  of  office,  honor,  or  distinction.  i 

ble.  ”2.  Undisco verable  by  human  In'SIU-nYf'i-GAN^E,  I  n.  1.  Want 
reason.  In'sig-nif'i-EAN-cy,  )  of  signifi- 

IN-S€RU'TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  cance.  2.  Want  of  force  or  effect; 

of  being  inscrutable  ;  inscrutability.  w  unimportance. 

In-sgru'ta-bly,  adv.  So  as  not  to  In'sig-nYf'i-eant,  a.  1.  Destitute 
be  found  out.  [with  a  seam  of  meaning.  2.  Having  no  weight 

In-seam',  v.  t.  To  impress  or  mark  or  effect.  3.  Without  weight  of 

In'sect,  n.  [Lat.  insectum,  fr.  inse-  character. 

care.,  to  cut  in.]  1.  An  articulate  Syn. —  Unimportant;  immaterial;  in- 

animal  divided  into  three  distinct  considerable;  trivial;  trifling;  mean; 

parts,  having  six  legs,  and  never  contemptible. 

more  than  four  wings.  2.  Anything  IN'sig-NIF'i-eant-ly,  adv.  1.  With- 
small  or  contemptible.  out  meaning  2.  Without  impor- 

IN-sL€T'ILE,  a.  Having  the  nature  tance. 

of  insects.  [cision.  IN'sin-cere',  a.  1.  Not  being  in 

TN-sEe'TlON,  n.  A  cutting  in;  in-  truth  what  one  appears  to  be.  2. 

In'seg-tiv'o-roOs,  a.  [Lat.  insec-  Not  to  be  relied  upon. 
turn,  an  insect,  and  vorare,  to  de-  Syn.  —  Dissembling  ;  hollow  ;  decep- 

vour.]  Subsisting  on  insects.  w  five;  disingenuous. 

In'se-gure',  a.  1.  Not  secure;  not  IN'sin-cere'ly,  adv.  Without  sin- 
safe.  2.  Exposed  to  danger  or  loss.  cerity.  ^ 

IN''se-€URE,ly,  adv.  Without  secu-  IN'sin-c;:er'i-ty,  n.  Want  of  sin- 
rity.  cerity  ;  dissimulation  ;  deceitfulness. 

IN'se-eu'ri-ty,  n.  1.  Condition  of  In-sin'u-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
being  insecure.  2.  Want  of  confi-  [Lat.  insinuare ,  -atum ;  in  and  si- 

dence  in  safety.  [stupid.  nus,  bosom.]  1.  To  introduce  gen- 

In-s£n'sate,  a.  Destitute  of  sense  ;  tly.  2.  To  introduce  artfully;  to 

In-sen'si-bil'i-ty,  n.  1.  Want  of  instill.  3.  To  hint.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 

sensibility',  or  the  power  of  feeling.  creep,  wind,  or  flow,  in.  2.  To  in- 

2.  Want  of  tenderness.  gratiate  one's  self. 

In-sEn'si-ble,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  In-sin'U-A'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  insin- 
the  power  of  feeling.  2.  Wanting  uating.  2.  Art  or  power  of  stealing 

tenderness.  3.  Progressing  by  im-  on  the  affections.  3  A  hint, 

perceptible  degrees.  In-sIn'u-a'tor,  n.  One  who  insin- 

Syn.  —  Imperceptible;  imperceivable;  uafes.  ...  .  ! 

dull;  stupid;  torpid  5  senseless;  unfeel-  IN-SIP'ID,  a.  [Lat.  insipidus  ;  in,  not, 
ing  ;  indifferent ;  unsusceptible  ;  hard.  and  sapidus,  savory.]  1.  Destitute 

In-sEn'si-bly,  adv.  Imperceptibly.  of  taste.  2.  Wanting  spirit  or  ani- 

In-sEn'tient,  a.  Not  haviug  per-  mation. 

ception.  Syn.  —  Tasteless;  vapid;  dull;  spirit- 

IN-SEP'A-RA-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  less;  unanimated;  lifeless;  flat. 

being  disjoined.  In'SI-PID'i-ty,  In.  Quality  of  being 

In-k£p'a-ra-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  In-sTp'id-ness,  j  insipid  ;  tasteless- 
of  being  inseparable.  ness.  [manner. 

In-sEp'a-ra-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  pre-  In-sip'id-ly,  adv.  In  an  insipid 
vent  separation.  IN-sIst',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

IN-SERT',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  [Lat.  insistere.]  To  be  persistent,  urgent, 

inserere,  inserlum  ]  To  bring  into;  or  pressing.  [on. 

to  introduce.  In-s!st'ent,  a.  Standing  or  resting 

IN-SERT'ING,  n.  1.  A  setting  in.  2.  In-sPtion  (-sTsh'un  or  -sfzh'un),  n. 
Something  set  in,  as  lace,  &c.,  into  [Lat.  insitio .]  Insertion  of  a  scion 

garments.  |  in  a  stock. 

A,  £,  T,  5, 0,  y,  long;  X,  t,  I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask:  all,  whjlT  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pYque,  fIrm;  s6n, 

! 

INSNARE 


INSUBORDINATION 


227 


IN-SNARE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  catch  in  a  snare.  2.  To  seduce 
by  artifice. 

IN-SNAR'ER,  n.  One  who  insnares. 

In'so  BRl'E-TY,  n.  Intemperance. 

In'so-late,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.J  [Lat. 
insolare,  -latum ;  in  and  sol ,  the  sun.] 
To  dry,  ripen,  or  prepare  by  exposure 
to  the  sun. 

j.N'so-LEN£E,  n.  Pride  or  haughti¬ 
ness  with  contempt. 

Syn.—  Insult.—  Insolence  is  a  spirit 
engendered  by  bloated  pride  or  unbri¬ 
dled  passion .  an  insult  is  a  personal  at¬ 
tack  (lit.,  leaping  or  dancing  upon), 
indicating  scorn  and  triumph.  The  one 
leads  usually  to  the  other. 

IN'SO-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  insolens ;  hi 
and  solens ,  accustomed.]  Proud  and 
haughty,  with  contempt  of  others. 

Syn. —  Overhearing;  insulting;  impu¬ 
dent  ;  audacious  ;  impertinent. 

In'so-lent-ly,  aclv.  In  an  insolent 
manner. 

IrPso-LlD'i-TY,  n.  Want  of  solidity  ; 
weakness.  [being  soluble. 

IN-SOL/U-BIL/I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  not 

In-sol/u-ble,  a.  1.  Incapable  of 
being  dissolved.  2.  Not  to  be  ex¬ 
plained. 

In-sSlv'A-ble,  a.  Not  solvable ; 
not  capable  of  solution  or  explication. 

In-sol V'EN-CY,  n.  Condition  of  one 
who  is  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 

In-solv'ent.  a.  Not  solvent ;  not 
having  sufficient  estate  to  pay  one’s 
debts. — n.  One  unable  to  pay  liis 
debts. 

iN-soM'Ni-ous,  a.  Restless  in  sleep. 

IpPso-much',  adv.  To  such  a  degree. 

In-spect',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
inspicere ,  inspectum  ;  in  and  specere, 
to  look  at.]  To  view  narrowly  and 
critically  or  officially. 

In-speg'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  inspect¬ 
ing  ;  close  survey ;  official  examina¬ 
tion.  2.  Superintendence. 

IN-SPEGT'OR,  n.  One  who  inspects, 
views,  or  oversees. 

lN-SPE€T'OR-ATE,  In.  Office,  resi- 

In-spEct'or-ship,  j  dence,  or  dis¬ 
trict  of  an  inspector. 

iN-SPHERE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
place  in  a  sphere.  [ing  inspired. 

In-spir'a-ble  (89),  a.  Capable  ofbe- 

IN'spi-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  inspir¬ 
ing  ;  a  breathing  in  ;  inhalation.  2. 
Extraordinary  elevation  of  the  imag¬ 
ination.  3.  A  supernatural  divine 
influence  on  the  sacred  writers. 

lN-SPlR'A-TO-RY,  or  IN'SPI-RA-TO- 
RY  (50),  a.  Pertaining  to  inspira¬ 
tion. 

IN-SPIRE^,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inspirare.]  To  inhale  air  into  the 
lungs.  — v.  t.  1.  To  breathe  into. 
2.  To  infuse  by  breathing.  3.  To 
affect,  as  with  a  supernatural  influ¬ 
ence.  4.  To  inhale. 

IN-SPIR'ER,  n.  One  who  inspires. 

IN-SPIR'IT,  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To 
infuse  or  excite  spirit  in ;  to  give 
new  life  to. 

Syn.  —  To  enliven;  invigorate;  exhil¬ 
arate;  animate;  cheer;  encourage. 


IN-SPIS'SATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inspissare,  -satum ;  in  and  spissare.,  j 
to  thicken.]  To  thicken,  as  fluids, 
by  evaporation. 

In-spis'sate,  a.  Thick;  inspissated. 

In/spis-sa,tion,  n.  Act  of  rendering 
a  fluid  thicker  by  evaporation. 

IN'STA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  stabil¬ 
ity  or  firmness  in  purpose. 

Syn.  —  Inconstancy ;  changeableness; 

(  fickleness  ;  wavering;  unsteadiness. 

In-sta'ble,  a.  Mutable  ;  inconstant. 

IN-STALL/,  v.  t.  [-EI) ;  -ing.]  [From 
in  and  stall.]  To  instate  in  an  office, 
rank,  or  order,  with  the  usual  cere¬ 
monies. 

I N/STAL-L ACTION,  n.  1.  A  giving  pos¬ 
session  of  an  office  with  customary 
ceremonies.  2.  Act  of  instating  an 
ordained  minister  in  a  parish. 

IN-STALL'MENT,  (  n.  Part  of  a  sum 

Tn-stal'ment,  |  of  money  paid  or 
to  be  paid  at  a  particular  period. 

In'stan^e,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
pressing.  2.  Occurrence ;  occasion. 
3.  A  case  occurring. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  mention  as  an  example. 

IN'STANT,  a.  [Lat.  instans,  p.  pr.  of 
instare ,  to  stand  upon,  to  press 
upon.]  1.  Pressing ;  urgent.  2. 
Immediate.  3.  Present;  current. — 
n.  1.  A  point  in  duration ;  a  mo¬ 
ment.  2.  A  particular  time. 

IN'stan-ta'ne-oGs,  a.  Done  in  an 
instant.  _  [instant. 

IN'STAN-TA'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  an 

In-stan' TER,  adv.  [Lat.]  Imme¬ 
diately  ;  instantly.  [delay. 

IN'STANT-LY,  adv.  Without  the  least 
Syn.  —  Directly;  immediately.  See 
Directly'. 

In-star',  v.  t.  To  set  with  stars 

IN-STATE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
establish,  as  in  a  rank  or  condition. 

IN-STAU'RATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING .] 
[Lat.  instaurare,  -ratum.]  To  renew 
or  renovate. 

IN'STAU-RA'TION,  n.  Restoration  of 
a  thing  to  its  former  state  ;  renewal. 

In-stead',  adv.  1.  In  the  stead, 
place,  or  room.  2.  Equivalent  to. 

IN-STEEP',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
steep  or  soak. 

IN'step,  n.  [Prefix  in  and  step.]  .Pro¬ 
jection  on  the  upper  side  of  the  hu¬ 
man  foot. 

IN'STI-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
instigate ,  -gatum.]  To  goad  or  urge 
forward;  to  set  on. 

Syn.  —  To  stimulate;  urge;  spur;  pro¬ 
voke;  incite;  impel;  encourage. 

IN'STI-GA'TION,  n.  Incitement  as  to 
evil  or  wickedness. 

In'sti-gA'tor,  n.  One  who  instigates. 

IN-STILL',  I  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ]  [Lat. 

iN-STll/,  )  instillare ;  in  and  stillare, 
to  drop.]  1.  To  pour  in  by  drops. 

2.  To  infuse  slowly. 

IN'STIL-LA'TION,  w.  Act  of  infusing 
by  drops  or  by  small  quantities. 

IN-stIngt',  a.  [Lat.  instinctus.] 
Urged  from  within  ;  animated. 

IN'STINGT,  n.  Unconscious,  involun¬ 
tary,  or  unreasoning  prompting  to 
action . 


In-stinet'ive,  a.  Prompted  by  in¬ 
stinct.  [instinct, 

IN-STIN€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  force  oi 
In'sti-tute,  y.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
inslituere,  -tutum;  in  and  statuere , 
to  cause  to  stand,  to  set.]  1.  To  set 
up;  to  establish.  2.  To  originate; 
to  found.  3.  To  begin ;  to  com¬ 
mence.  4.  To  invest  with  the  spir¬ 
itual  part  of  a  benefice.  —  n.  1.  Es¬ 
tablished  law  ;  settled  order.  2.  An 
institution  ;  a  literary  and  philosoph¬ 
ical  society.  3.  pi.  A  book  of  ele-1 
ments  or  principles. 

IN'STI-TU'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  insti¬ 
tuting.  2.  That  Yvhich  is  instituted 
or  established,  as  a  seminary,  or  an 
organized  society.  3.  A  treatise  or 
text-book. 

IN'STI-TU'TION-AL,  a.  1.  Instituted 
by  authority.  2.  Elementary  ;  ru- 
dimental. 

In'sti-tu'tive,  a.  1.  Having  the 
power  to  establish.  2.  Established ; 
depending  on  institution. 
IN'STI-TU'TOR,  n.  OneYvho  institutes. 
In-strOet',  v.  t.  [-E  d  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
instruere,  instructum.]  To  furnish 
with  requisite  preparation ;  specific¬ 
ally,  (a.)  To  impart  information  to; 
to  teach.  (6.)  To  furnish  Yvith  direc¬ 
tions. 

Syn.  —  To  direct ;  command.  —  The 
word  instruct  is  used  as  a  milder  term  for 
direct  or  command  in  issuing  orders  to 
officers  under  the  government;  as,  the 
President  has  instructed  ministers  at  for¬ 
eign  courts  so  and  so. 

lN-STRU€'TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
structing.  2.  That  which  instructs, 
or  with  which  one  is  instructed  ; 
precept ;  direction ;  order ;  com¬ 
mand.  [struct. 

In-strPet'iye,  a.  Serving  to  in- 
IN-STRU€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
structive  manner. 

In-strOet'ive-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  instructive. 

In-struet'or,  n.  One  who  instructs ; 

a  teacher.  [structor. 

In-struet'ress,  n.  A  female  in- 
IN'stru-ment,  n.  [Lat.  instrumen- 
tum."  See  Instruct.]  1.  That  by 
which  Yvork  is  performed ;  imple¬ 
ment.  2.  A  contrivance,  by  which 
musical  sounds  are  produced.  3.  A 
legal  writing  or  deed.  4.  One  who, 
or  that  Yvhich,  is  made  a  means. 
lN/STRy-MENT'Ali,  a.  1.  Conducive  ; 
helpful.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or  made 
by,  musical  instruments. 
In'stru-men-tae'i-ty,  n.  Quality 
or  condition  of  being  instrumental ; 
agency. 

IN'stru-mEnt'al-ly,  adv.  1.  In 
the  nature  of  an  instrument.  2. 
With  instruments. 

iN/STRTJ-MEN-TA,TlON,  n.  1.  Agen¬ 
cy.  2.  Manner  of  playing  on  mu¬ 
sical  instruments.  [government. 
iN'SUB-jfic'TION,  n.  Disobedience  to 
In'sub-or'di-nate  (45),  a.  Not  sub¬ 
missive  ;  mutinous. 
lN/SUB-OR/DI-NA,TION,  n.  Want  of 
subordination  ;  disobedience. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOiOK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  pyLL, ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


INSUFFERABLE 

IN-Sl/F'FER-A-BLE,  a.  1.  Incapable 
of  being  suffered  ;  insupportable ; 
intolerable.  2.  Disgusting  beyond 
endurance. 

In-sOf'fer-A-bly,  adv.  To  a  degree 
beyond  endurance. 

In'suf-fi'cien-^y  (-fish'en-),  n. 
Want  of  sufficiency  ;  inadequacy. 

In'suf-fI'cient  (-fish'ent),  a.  1. 
Not  sufficient;  inadequate  to  any 
need,  use,  or  purpose.  2.  Wanting 
in  strength,  power,  ability,  or  skill. 

Syn.  —  Inadequate;  unequal;  incom¬ 
petent;  unfit;  incapable. 

rN'SU-LAR,  la.  [Lat.  insular  is ; 

IN'SU-LA-RY,  )  insula,  island.]  Be¬ 
longing  to  an  isle ;  surrounded  by 
water.  '  [sular. 

In'su-lar'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being  in- 

IN'SU-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.  ]  [Lat. 
in  sular  e  ;  insula ,  island.]  1.  To 
place  in  a  detached  situation ;  to  iso¬ 
late.  2.  To  prevent  the  transfer  to 
or  from,  of  electricity  or  heat,  by 
non-conductors. 

In'su-la'ted,  p.  a.  1.  Standing  by 
itself.  2.  Separated  from  other  bod¬ 
ies,  by  means  of  non-conductors. 

In'su-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  insulating, 
or  state  of  being  insulated. 

IN'SU-LA'TOR,  n.  1.  One  who  insu¬ 
lates.  2.  A  non-conductor. 

IN'SULT,  n.  [Lat.  insulins ,  fr.  insilire , 
to  leap  upon.]  Gross  abuse  offered 
to  another. 

Syn.  —  Affront ;  indignity  ;  outrage. 
See  Insolence. 

In-suet',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  treat 
with  gross  abuse,  or  insolence. — v. 
i.  To  behave  with  insolent  triumph. 

In-sult'er,  n.  One  who  insults. 

In-su'per-a-b!l'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  insuperable. 

In-su'per-a-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  overcome  or  surmounted. 

In-su'per-a-ble-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  insuperable. 

IN-SU'PER-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to 
be  overcome. 

IN'SUP-PORT'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  supported ;  insufferable. 

IN'sup-port'a-ble-ness,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  insupportable. 

In'sup-port'a-bly,  adv.  So  as  not 
to  be  endured. 

iN'sup-POg'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  supposed.  [pressed. 

IN'sup-prLss'i-ble  ,  a.  Not  to  be  sup- 

In-sur'A-ble  (-shpr'a-bl),  a.  Capa¬ 
ble  of  being  insured  against  loss  or 
damage. 

IN-SUR'AN^E  (-shtjr'-),  n.  Act  of  in¬ 
suring  against  loss  or  damage ;  a 
contract  for  a  stipulated  considera¬ 
tion,  to  indemnify  against  loss  by 
certain  risks. 

In-sure'  (-shjjrQ,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  make  sure  or  secure.  2.  To 
secure  against  a  possible  loss  on  cer¬ 
tain  stipulated  conditions,  or  at  a 
given  rate. — v.i.  To  underwrite; 
to  practice  making  insurance. 

In-sur'er  (-shijr'-),  n.  One  who  in¬ 
sures-,  an  underwriter. 

Xn-sOr'gent,  a.  [Lat.  insurgens,  p. 


228 

pr.  of  insurgere,  to  rise  up.]  Insub¬ 
ordinate  ;  rebellious.  —  n.  One  who 
rises  in  revolt  against  lawful  author¬ 
ity. 

IN'SUR-MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  surmounted  or  overcome. 
IN'SUR-MOUNT'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as 
not  to  be  overcome. 
IN'sur-rLg'tion,  n.  [Lat.  insurrec¬ 
tion  A  rising  against  civil  or  politi¬ 
cal  authority. 

Syn. —  Sedition  ;  revolt ;  rebellion.  — 
Sedition  is  the  raising  of  commotion  in  a 
state  without  aiming  at  open  violence 
against  the  laws;  insurrection  is  a  rising 
up  of  individuals  to  prevent  the  execu¬ 
tion  of  law  by  force  of  arms;  revolt  is  a 
casting  off  the  authority  of  a  govern¬ 
ment  with  a  view  to  put  it  down  by  force; 
rebellion  is  an  extended  insurrection  and 
revolt. 

IN'SUR-REC'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  in,  insurrection. 
In'sur-rec'tion-a-ry,  a.  Rebel¬ 
lious  ;  seditious.  [susceptibility. 

IN'SUS-^EP'TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of 
iN^sus-y ep'ti-ble,  a.  Not  suscep¬ 
tible  ;  not  capable  of  being  affected 
or  impressed.  [touched. 

IN-TACT',  a.  [Lat.  intactus .]  Un- 
Ijy-tagIj'io  (in-tal'yo),  n.  [It.,  fr. 
intagliare,  to  engrave.]  A  figure  cut 
into  a  material,  as  a  seal  ;  a  gem  in 
which  a  figure  is  cut. 
In-tan'gi-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  intangible. 

In-t an'gi-ble ,  a.  Not  tangible; 

not  perceptible  to  the  touch. 
In-tan'6i-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  intangible. 

IN'TE-GER,  n.  [Lat.,  entire.]  A 
whole  number,  in  contradistinction 
to  a  fraction. 

In'te-gral,  a.  1.  Complete  ;  whole  ; 
entire;  not  fractional.  2.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  being  a  whole  number.  — 
n.  A  whole ;  an  entire  thing ;  a 
whole  number. 

In'te-grant,  a.  Necessary  to  con¬ 
stitute  an  entire  thing. 
In'te-grate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  entire  ;  to  restore.  [entire. 
JN'te-gra'tion,  n.  Act  of  making 
In-TEG'RI-TY,  ».  [Lat.  integritas.] 

1. -  State  of  being  entire  ;  wholeness. 

2.  Honesty  ;  uprightness.  3.  Unim¬ 
paired  state  ;  purity. 

Syn.  — Probity ;  honesty;  uprightness; 
virtue:  rectitude. 

In-teg'u-ment,  n.  [Lat.  integumen- 
tum ,  fr.  integere ,  to  cover.]  That 
which  naturally  invests  or  covers 
w  another  thing,  as  the  skin. 
1N'TEL-LE€T,  n.  [Lat.  intellectus , 
fr.  intelligere,  to  understand.]  Fac¬ 
ulty  of  the  soul  by  which  it  knows  ; 
the  power  to  judge  and  comprehend  ; 
the  understanding. 

IN'tel-lEc'tion,  n.  Simple  appre¬ 
hension  of  ideas ;  intuition. 
lN''TEL-Ll2€T'iVE,  a.  1.  Having  pow¬ 
er  to  understand.  2.  Produced  by 
the  understanding. 

IN'tel-lect'u-al,  a.  1.  Belonging 
to,  or  performed  by,  the  mind;  men¬ 
tal.  2.  Having  the  power  of  under¬ 


INTENT 

standing.  3.  Relating  to  the  under¬ 
standing. 

In'tel-lect'u-al-ist,  n.  One  who 
overrates  the  understanding. 

In-tel'li-Gen^e,  n.  [Lat.  intelli- 
gentia.]  1.  Capacity  for  the  higher 
functions  of  the  intellect.  2.  Infor¬ 
mation  communicated.  3.  General 
information. 

Syn.  —  Understanding  ;  intellect ;  in¬ 
struction;  advice;  news. 

IN-tel'li-gen-^er,  n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  sends  or  conveys  intelli¬ 
gence. 

In-tel'li-gent,  a.  1.  Endowed  with 
reason.  2.  Well  informed  ;  sensible. 

In-tel'li-gen'tial,  a.  1.  Intellec¬ 
tual.  2.  Consisting  of  unbodied  mind. 

In-tel'li-6ent-ly,  adv.  In  an  in¬ 
telligent  manner. 

In-tel/li-gi-bil'I-ty,  n.  Quality 
of  being  intelligible. 

IN-TEL'LI-G1-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  understood  or  comprehended. 

Syn.  —  Comprehensible;  perspicuous; 
plain ;  clear. 

In-tel'li-gi-ble-ness,  n.  Intelli¬ 
gibility.  [telligible  manner. 

In-tel'li-gi-bly,  adv.  In  an  in- 

In-tem'per-an^e,  n.  1.  Want  of 
moderation  or  due  restraint ;  excess 
in  any  kind  of  action  or  indulgence. 
2.  Habitual  indulgence  in  drinking 
spirituous  liquors. 

IN-TEM'PER-ATE,  a.  1.  Indulging 
to  excess  any  appetite  or  passion.  2. 
Excessive  ;  inordinate.  3.  Addicted 
to  an  excessive  or  habitual  use  of 
spirituous  liquors. 

In-tem'per-ate-ly,  adv.  Immod¬ 
erately  ;  excessively.  [held. 

IN-TEN'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being 

In-tend',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
intendere ;  in  and  tendere,  to  stretch.] 
To  fix  the  mind  upon,  as  the  object 
to  be  effected. 

Syn. —  To  contemplate  meditate; 
purpose;  design;  mean. 

IN-TEND'AN-^Y,  n.  Office,  employ¬ 
ment,  or  district  of  an  intendant. 

IN-TEND'ANT,  n.  A  superintendent  ; 
overseer. 

In-tend'ed,  n.  An  affianced  lover. 

IN-TEN'ER-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  mak¬ 
ing  soft  or  tender. 

In-tense',  a.  [Lat.  intensus, 
stretched,  tight.]  1.  Strained; 
tightly  drawn.  2.  Extreme  in  de¬ 
gree.  [degree. 

In-tense'ly,  adv.  To  an  extreme 

In-tense'ness,  n.  State  of  being 
intense ;  intensity. 

IN-TEN'SI-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  intensus  and  facere,  to  make.] 
To  render  more  intense. 

In-t£n'sion,  n.  1.  A  straining,  or 
the  state  of  being  strained.  2.  In¬ 
crease  of  power. 

In-ten'si-ty,  n.  State  of  being  in¬ 
tense  ;  intenseness  ;  extreme  degree. 

iN-TfiN'sI'VE,  a.  1.  Stretched,  or  ad¬ 
mitting  of  extension.  2.  (  Gram.) 
Serving  to  give  force,  [to  give  force. 

In-tBn'sIve-ly,  adv.  In  a  manner 

In-t£nt',  a.  Having  the  mind  bent 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y ,  long ;  X,£,  I,  5,  short;  CARE,  fAr,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  £re,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


INTENTION 


INTERMARRY 


ou  an  object ;  fixed  closely.  —  n.  A 
design  ;  a  purpose  ;  meaning;  aim. 

In-tLn'TION,  n.  1.  Fixed  direction 
of  the  mind  to  a  particular  object. 
2.  Object  inteuded.  3.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  strained. 

Syn. —  Design;  purpose;  aim;  intent; 
drift.  See  Design. 

In-ten'tion-al,  a.  Done  by  inten¬ 
tion  ;  intended ;  designed. 

In-ten'tion-al-ly,  adv.  With  in¬ 
tention  ;  by  design.  [ner. 

In-tent'ly,  adv.  In  an  intent  man- 
Syn.  —  Fixedly  ;  steadfastly;  earnest¬ 
ly;  attentively;  diligently;  eagerly. 

IN-TENT'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  in¬ 
tent  ;  close  application. 

In-ter/  (14),  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring.] 
[Lat.  in  and  terra,  the  earth.]  To  de¬ 
posit  and  cover  in  the  earth ;  to  bury. 

In-ter'GA-lar,  I  a.  Inserted  in 

1N-TER'€A-LA-RY  ,  )  the  midst  of 
others  ;  applied  particularly  to  the 
odd  day  (Feb.  29th)  inserted  in  leap- 
year. 

IN-TER'€A-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  inter  calare,  -latum;  inter,  be¬ 
tween,  and  calare,  to  proclaim.]  To 
insert  between  others,  as  a  day  in  a 
calendar. 

IN-TER'GA-LA'TION,  n.  Insertion  of 
any  thing  between  others. 

IN/TER-^EDE',  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  interred ere ;  inter ,  between,  and 
cedere,  to  pass.]  To  act  between 
parties  in  order  to  effect  a  reconcilia¬ 
tion  ;  to  interpose  ;  to  mediate. 

IN'TER-^ED'ENT,  a.  Mediating. 

IN'ter  ^ed'er,  n.  One  who  inter¬ 
cedes  ;  a  mediator. 

IN^TER-CEPT',  V.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  intercipere,  -ceptum  ;  inter ,  be¬ 
tween,  and  capere,  to  take.]  1.  To 
take  or  seize  by  the  way.  2.  To  ob¬ 
struct  the  progress  of.  3.  To  inter¬ 
rupt  communication  with.  4.  To 
include  or  comprehend  between. 

IN/TER-<^ep,tion,  n.  Act  of  inter¬ 
cepting  or  stopping :  hindrance. 

In'ter-iies'sion  (-sesh/un),  n.  1. 
Act  of  interceding  ;  mediation  ;  in¬ 
terposition  between  parties  at  va¬ 
riance.  2.  Solicitation. 

IN'TER-C Es'sor,  n.  A  mediator. 

IN'ter-^es'so-RY,  a.  Containing  in¬ 
tercession  ;  interceding. 

IN'TER-CHANGE'.  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other ; 
to  exchange.  —  v.  i.  To  succeed  al¬ 
ternately. 

IN'TER-CHANGE'',  n.  1.  Act  of  mu¬ 
tually  changing;  exchange.  2.  Al¬ 
ternate  succession. 

In/ter-change/a-bil'i-ty  ,  n.  The 
state  of  being  interchangeable. 

IN/TER-CHANGE,A-BLE.  a.  1.  Ad¬ 
mitting  of  exchange.  2.  Following 
each  other  in  alternate  succession. 

IN'TER-CHANGE'A-BLY,  adv.  Ill  an 
interchangeable  manner ;  alternately. 

In'ter-^IpT-ent,  a.  Intercepting. 

IN'TER  ELUDE',  a-.  L  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  inlercludere ;  inter,  between, 
and  cludere,  claudere,  to  shut.]  To 
intercept ;  to  interrupt. 


229 

In'ter-elu'sion,  n.  Interception;  a 
stopping. 

IN'TER-EO-LUM'NI-A'TION,  n.  The 
clear  space  between  two  columns, 
measured  at  the  lower  parts  of  their 
shafts. 

IN'TER-EOM'MON,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  feed  at  the  same  table. 

IN'TER-EOM-MU'NI-EATE,  V.  i.  To 
communicate  mutually  ;  to  hold  mu¬ 
tual  communication. 

iN'TER-EOM-iYiU'Nl-GA'TlON,  n.  Re¬ 
ciprocal  communication. 

IN'TER-EOM-MUN'ION,  n.  Mutual 
communion. 

In'ter-eos'tal,  a.  [Lat.  inter,  be¬ 
tween,  and  costa ,  rib.]  Lying  between 
the  ribs. 

lN'TER-eoURSE,  n.  Connection  by 
concurrent  or  reciprocal  action  or 
dealings  between  persons  or  nations. 

Syn.  —  Communication  ;  commerce; 
communion;  fellowship;  familiarity; 
acquaintance. 

In'ter-eur'ren^e,  a.  A  passing  or 
running  between. 

iN'TER-eiJit'RENTja.  [Lat.  intercur- 
rens.~\  Running  between  or  among. 

IN/TE  R-DIET',  v.t.  [-ED  j  -ING.] 
[Lat  interdicere,  -dictum ;  inter,  be¬ 
tween,  and  dicere,  to  say.]  1.  To 
forbid  by  order  or  charge ;  to  pro¬ 
hibit.  2.  To  cut  off  from  commu¬ 
nion  with  a  church. 

In'ter-dIet',  v.  A  prohibition  ;  es¬ 
pecially,  a  prohibition  of  the  pope. 

IN'TER-DIE'TION,  n.  Act  of  inter¬ 
dicting  ;  prohibition ;  inhibition. 

jN'TER-DieT'lVE,  1  a.  Having  the 

IN'TER-diet'o-ry,  )  design,  power, 
or  effect,  to  prohibit. 

IN'TER-EST,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
excite  emotion  or  passion  in,  in  be¬ 
half  of  a  person  or  thing.  2.  To 
excite  in  behalf  of  another,  or  of 
some  other  object.  — n.  [From  Lat. 
interest,  it  interests,  is  of  interest.] 
1.  Concern  ;  sympathy.  2.  Excite¬ 
ment  of  feeling,  especially',  of  grati¬ 
fied  feeling.  3.  Share ;  part.  4.  Ad¬ 
vantage.  5.  Premium  paid  for  the 
use  of  money. 

In'ter-est-ed,  p.  a.  Having  an  in¬ 
terest  ;  liable  to  be  .affected. 

IN'ter-est-ING  (110),  p.  a.  Engag¬ 
ing  the  attention  or  curiosity ;  ex¬ 
citing  emotions  or  passions. 

IN'TER-FERE',  V.  i.  [-E D  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  inter,  between,  and  ferire,  to 
strike.]  1.  To  come  in  collision  ;  to 
clash.  2.  To  take  a  part  in  the  con¬ 
cerns  of  others.  3.  To  strike  one 
foot  against  its  opposite. 

Syn. —  To  interpose;  intermeddle. 
See  Interpose. 

IN/ter-fer'en9E,  n.  1.  Act  or  state 
of  interposition.  2.  Collision ;  clash¬ 
ing. 

IN-TER'FLU-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  interflu- 
ens.]  Flowing  between. 

In'ter-fOl'gent,  a.  [Lat.  inter- 
fulgens.]  Shining  between. 

iN'TER-FU'glON  (-fu'zhun),  n.  A 
pouring  or  spreading  out  between. 

IN'TER-IM,  n.  [Lat]  The  mean  time. 


IN-TE'RI-OR  (89),  a.  [Lat.]  1.  Being 
within  any  limits ;  internal ;  inner. 
2.  Remote  from  the  frontier  or  shore  ; 
inland. — n.  1.  Internal  part;  the 
inside.  2.  Inland  country. 

In'ter-ja'^en-^y,  n.  A  region  be¬ 
tween  some  other  places. 

IN'TER-JA'CENT,  a.  [Lat.  interja- 
ce.ns. ]  Lying  between. 

lN'TER-JE€T',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  interjicere,  -jectum;  inter,  be¬ 
tween,  and  jacere,  to  throw.]  To 
throw  in  between  ;  to  insert. 

In'ter-jee'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
throwing  between.  2.  A  word 
thrown  in  to  express  some  emotion 
or  passion. 

iN'TER-JEe'TlON-AL,  a.  Thrown  in 
between  other  words  or  phrases. 

In'TER-LA^E',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
unite,  as  by  lacing  together  ;  to  insert 
one  thing  with  another. 

In  ter-lXrd',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  mix  in, as  fat  with  lean;  to  di¬ 
versify  by  mixture. 

IN'TER-LIy',  V.  t.  [-LAID;  -LAY¬ 
ING.]  To  lay  or  place  among  or  be¬ 
tween.  _  [serted. 

In'ter-leaf7,  n.  A  blank  leaf  in- 

lN/TER-LEAVE,)  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  insert  a  blank  leaf  or  leaves  into. 

In'ter-line',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
write  between  lines  already  written 
or  printed. 

In'ter-lTn'e-al,  1  a.  Written  or  in- 

In/ter-lin,e-AR,  )  serted  between 
other  lines. 

lN/TER-LIN/E-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of 
interlining.  2.  A  passage,  word,  or 
line  inserted  between  lines. 

In'ter-lTnk',  v.  1.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
connect  by  uniting  links.  [tween. 

In'ter-lo-ea'tion,  n.  A  placing  be- 

In'ter-loek',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
embrace,  communicate  with,  or  flow 
into  one  another. 

lN/TER-LO-€U,TlON,  n.  [Lat.  inter- 
loculio.]  1.  Dialogue.  2.  An  inter¬ 
mediate  act  or  decree. 

IN'TER-LOC'U-TOR,  n.  One  who 
speaks  in  dialogue  ;  a  dialogist. 

iN'TER-Loe'u-TO-RY  (50),  a.  1.  Con¬ 
sisting  of  dialogue.  2.  Not  final  or 
definitive. 

IN'TER-LOPE',  V.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
traffic  without  a  proper  license ;  to 
prevent  right. 

In/ter-lop,er,  n.  One  who  inter¬ 
lopes  ;  one  who  interferes  wrong¬ 
fully  or  officiously. 

IN'TER-LUDE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  inter,  be¬ 
tween,  and  ludus,  play.]  1.  Theat¬ 
rical  entertainment  between  the  acts 
of  a  play  or  between  the  play  and 
the  afterpiece  2.  A  short  piece  of 
music  between  the  parts  of  a  hymn. 

IN'TER-LU'NAR,  la.  Belonging  to 

In'ter-lu'na-ry,  )  the  time  when 
the  moon  is  invisible. 

In'TER-mar'riage,  7i.  Marriage  be¬ 
tween  two  families,  where  each  takes 
one  and  gives  another. 

IN'TER-MAR'RY,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING, 
142.]  To  become  connected  by  a  mar¬ 
riage  between  two  of  their  members. 

5,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  NG ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  ORN,  RUE,  FULL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  9,G,  soft;  €, 


- — — - 1 

INTERMEDDLE  230  INTERVENE 


IN'TER-MED'DLE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  meddle  in  the  affairs  of  others. 

Syn. —  To  interpose;  interfere.  See 
Interpose. 

In'ter-meu'uler,  n.  One  who  in¬ 
termeddles. 

In'ter-me'di-al,  I  a.  [Lat.  inter- 

IN/TER-ME,DI-A-RY ,  )  medias .]  Ly¬ 
ing  between  ;  intervening ;  interme¬ 
diate. 

IN'TER-me'di-ate,  a.  Lying  or  be¬ 
ing  in  the  middle  between  two  ex¬ 
tremes  ;  intervening. 

In'ter-me'di-ate,  v.  i.  To  inter¬ 
vene  ;  to  interpose. 

Wter-me'di-ate-ly,  adv.  By  way 

w  of  intervention.  [tion. 

lN/TER-ME/DI-A'TION,  n  Interven- 

In/ter-me'oi-um,  ii.  An  intervening 
agent  or  instrument. 

In-ter'MENT,  ii.  Act  of  depositing 
a  dead  body  in  the  earth ;  burial ; 
sepulture.  [limit. 

In-ter'MI-na-ble,  a.  Admitting  no 

Syn. —  Boundless:  endless;  limitless; 
illimitable;  immeasurable  ;  infinite;  un¬ 
bounded;  unlimited. 

In-ter'MI-na-BLY,  ndv.  Without 
end  or  limit. 

IN/TER-MIN'GLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  mingle  or  mix  together.  — v.  i. 
To  be  mixed  or  incorporated. 

In't  er-mis'SION  (-mlsh/un),  n.  [Lat. 
intermissio.  See  Intermit.]  Ces¬ 
sation  for  a  time. 

Syn.  —  Interruption;  interval;  pause; 
stop;  rest. 

IN/TER-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Coming  by  fits, 
or  after  temporary  cessations. 

IN'TER-MIt',  V.  t.  [-TEI)  ;  -TING.] 
[Lat.  intermittere ;  inter ,  between, 
and  mittere ,  to  send.]  To  cause  to 
cease  for  a  time.  — v.  i.  To  cease  for 
a  time. 

IN-'ter-mit'tent,  a.  Ceasing  at  in¬ 
tervals.  —  n.  A  disease  which  ceases 
at  certain  intervals. 

IN'TER-Mix',  v.  t.  To  mix  together. 
—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  be  mixed 
together. 

In/ter-mixt,ure  (53),  n.  A  mass 
formed  by  mixture. 

IN''ter-m6n'tane,  a.  [Lat.  inter, 
between,  and  montanus,  relating  to 
a  mountain.]  Between  mountains. 

In'ter-mOn'dane,  a.  [Lat.  inter, 
between,  and  mundanus,  mundane.] 
Being  between  worlds. 

In'ter-mu'ral,  a.  [Lat.  intermu- 
ralis.]  Lying  between  walls. 

IN-TER'NAL,  a.  [Lat.  internus.]  1. 
Inward  ;  interior  ;  not  external.  2. 
Pertaining  to  its  own  interests ;  do¬ 
mestic. 

In-ter'NAL-ly,  adv.  Inwardly. 

IN'TER-NA'TION-AL  (-nSsh'un-),  «. 
Pertaining  to  the  relations  of  two  or 
more  nations. 

IN'ter-ne'^ine,  a.  [Lat.  interne- 
care,  to  kill.]  Mutually  destructive; 
deadly.  [ing  to  kill. 

iN'TER-NE'ClfVE,  a.  Killing;  tend- 

In'ter-nun'ci-o  (-nhn'shi-o),  n. 
[Lat.  internuncius ;  inter,  between, 
and  nuncius,  messenger.]  The  pope’s 


representative  at  republics  and  small 
courts._  [tween  oceans. 

IN'TER-O'CE-AN'IC  (-o'she-),  a.  Ee- 

!n/ter-pel-ea'tion,  11.  [Lat.  inter¬ 
pellation]  1.  Interruption.  2.  In¬ 
terposition  ;  intercession. 

lN'TER-PLEAB',  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  discuss  first  a  point  incidentally 
happening. 

IN'TER  PLEAD'ER,  n.  1.  One  who 
interpleads.  2.  A  proceeding  to  en¬ 
able  a  person,  of  whom  the  same 
debt,  duty,  or  thing  is  claimed  ad¬ 
versely  by  two  or  more  parties,  to 
compel  them  to  litigate  the  right  or 
title  between  themselves. 

IN'TER-PLEDGE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  give  and  take  as  a  mutual  pledge. 

IN-TER'PO-LATE,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  interpolare ,  -latum  ;  inter,  be¬ 
tween,  tmd  polire,  to  polish.]  To  in¬ 
sert,  as  spurious  matter  in  a  writing ; 
to  foist  in. 

IN-TER'PO-LA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of 
foisting  a  word  or  passage  into  a 
manuscript  or  book.  2.  A  spurious 
word  or  passage  in  the  genuine  writ¬ 
ings  of  an  author. 

iN'TER-POg'AE,  n.  Act  of  interpos¬ 
ing  ;  interposition. 

lN'TER-POgE',1’-  t.  [-ED-;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
interponere ,-positvm ;  inter,  between, 
and  ponere,  to  place.]  1.  To  place 
between.  2.  To  intrude,  as  an  inter¬ 
ruption  or  inconvenience.  3.  To  of¬ 
fer,  as  aid  or  services. 

Syn.—  To  interfere  ;  intermeddle. —  A 
man  may  often  interpose  with  propriety 
in  the  concerns  of  others;  he  can  never 
intermeddle  without  being  impertinent 
or  officious  ;  nor  can  he  interfere  without 
being  liable  to  the  same  charge,  unless 
he  lias  rights  which  are  interfered,  with. 

iN'TER-PdsE',  v.  i.  To  step  in  be¬ 
tween  parties  at  variance.  [poses. 

1n/ter-pos'er,  n.  One  who  inter- 

IN'TER-PO-SI'TION  (-zish'un),  11.  1. 

A  being,  placing,  or  coming  between. 
2.  Intervenient  agency.  3.  Media¬ 
tion.  4.  Any  thing  interposed. 

IN-TER'PRET,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  interpretari .]  To  explain  the 
meaning  of ;  to  expound. 

lN-TER/PRE-TA,TION,  11.  1.  Act  of 

interpreting ;  explanation  of  what  is 
not  obvious.  2.  Meaning  ;  sense. 

Syn.  — Exposition;  elucidation;  trans¬ 
lation;  version:  construction. 

In-ter'pre-ta'tive,  a.  1.  Fitted 
to  explain.  2.  Known  by  interpre¬ 
tation.  [prets. 

Jn-ter'pret-ER,  n.  One  who  inter- 

1N/TER-PUN€,T10N,  ii.  [Lat.  inter- 
punetio.]  Punctuation. 

IN'TER-REG'NUM,  n.  [Lat.  inter,  be¬ 
tween,  and  regnum,  reign.]  Time 
during  which  the  executive  branch 
of  a  government  is  for  any  cause 
suspended  or  interrupted. 

IN'ter-rex,  n.  [Lat.  inter,  between, 
and  rex,  king.]  A  regent. 

IN-TER'RO-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -TNG.] 
[Lat.  interrogare,  -gatum  ;  inter ,  be¬ 
tween,  and  rogare,  to  ask.]  To  ex¬ 
amine  by  asking  questions. 


Syn.  —  To  question  ;  inquire  ;  ask. 
See  Question. 

—  v.  i.  To  ask  questions 

IN-ter/ro-ga,TION,  ii.  1.  Examina¬ 
tion  by  questions.  2.  A  question 
put ;  an  inquiry.  3.  A  mark  [?] 
indicating  a  question.  —  a.  Denot¬ 
ing  a  question  ;  expressed  in  the 
form  of  a  question. — n.  A  word 
used  in  asking  questions. 
In'ter-rog'a-tive-ly,  adv.  In  the 
form  of  a  question. 

In-ter/ro-ga,tor,  n.  Onewhoasks 
questions ;  a  questioner. 

1n/ter-r6g,A-to-RY  (50),  n.  A  ques¬ 
tion. —  a.  Containing  or  expressing 
a  question. 

IN'TER-RUPT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  interrvmpere ,  -rvptum;  inter , 
between,  and  ruwpere ,  to  break.]  1. 
To  interfere  with  the  current  or  mo¬ 
tion  of.  2.  To  break  the  continuity 
or  order  of. 

In'ter-rup'tjon,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
terrupting.  2.  Obstruction  caused 
by  breaking  in  upon  ;  hindrance.  3. 
Stop;  cessation;  intermission. 
In'ter-sgrIbe',  v.  t.  [ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  interscribero.  ;  inter,  between, 
and  scribere,  to  write.]  To  write  be¬ 
tween. 

IN/TER-SE,€ANT,  a.  [Lat..  interse- 
caus.]  Dividing  into  parts  ;  crossing. 

In'TER-SECT',  v.  t.  [Lat.  intersecare, 
-sectum  ;  inter,  between,  and  secure, 
to  cut.]  To  divide  into  parts.  — v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  meet  and  cross  each 
other. 

1N/ter-sEg,TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
tersecting.  2.  Point  or  line  in  which 
tivo  lines  or  two  planes  cut  each 
other.  _  [space. 

In'ter-spa^e,  n.  An  intervening 

IN/TER-SPERSE,)  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  inter spergere,  -spersum  ;  inter, 
between,  and  spargere,  to  scatter.] 
To  scatter,  or  set  here  and  there. 

IN'TER-SPER'SION,  ii.  Act  of  inter¬ 
spersing. 

IN/te R-STETj’LAR,  )  a.  Situated 
1n/ter-stel,la-ry,  J  among  the 
stars. 

In'ter-sti^e,  or  Tn-tEr'stI^e,  n. 
[Lat.  interslitium .]  An  empty  space 
between  things  closely  set,  or  the 
parts  which  compose  a  body. 

IN'TER-STI'TIAL,  (-stish'al),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  containing,  interstices. 

IN'TER-TEXT'URE,  n.  Act  of  inter¬ 
weaving,  or  state  of  things  inter¬ 
woven. 

In'ter-twIne',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  unite  by  twining  one  with  an¬ 
other. 

IN'TER-TWIST',  V.  t.  [-E1);  -ING.] 
To  twist  one  with  another. 

IN'TER-VAL,  n.  [Lat.  interrallvm.] 
1.  A  space  between  things.  2.  Space 
of  time  between  any  two  events.  3. 
Difference  in  pitch  between  any  two 
tones. 

IN'TER-VENE',  V.  i.  [-ED  :  -ING.] 
[Lat.  inlervenire  ;  inter,  between, 
and  venire,  to  come.]  1.  To  come  o» 
be  between  persons  or  things.  2.  To 


A,  e,  i,  o,u,  y , long ;  S,E,t,  6,  i/,¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rmv pique,  fIrm;  son, 


INTERVENTION  231 


INTRUSION 


come  between  events.  3.  To  happen 
in  a  way  to  disturb  or  interrupt. 

Tn/ter-ven'tion,  m.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
tervening  ;  interposition.  2.  Any 
interference  that  may  affect  the  in¬ 
terests  of  others.  [a  conference. 

In'ter-view,  ii.  A  mutual  view; 

In'TER-VOLVE',  v.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  int*r,  between,  among,  and 
volvere ,  to  roll.]  To  involve  one 
within  another. 

In'ter- weave',  v.  t.  [interwove; 
interwoven;  interweaving.] 
To  weave  together ;  to  unite  in  text¬ 
ure  or  construction. 

IN-TES'TA-BI,E,  a.  [Lat.  inlestabilis.\ 
Not  legally  qualified  to  make  a  will. 

lN-TES'TA-9  Y,  n.  State  of  oue  dying 
without  having  made  a  valid  will. 

IN-TES'TATE,  a.  [Lat.  intestatus ;  in, 
not,  and  testari,  to  make  a  will. J  1. 
Dying  without  a  valid  will.  2.  Not 
disposed  of  by  will.  —  n.  One  who 
dies  without  making  a  valid  will. 

In-tes'ti-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
intestines  of  an  animal  body. 

In-tes'tine,  a.  [Lat.  intestinus ;  in- 
tus,  within.]  1.  Internal ;  inward. 
2.  Subjective.  3.  Domestic,  not  for¬ 
eign. —  n.  pi.  The  canal  extending 
from  the  right  orifice  of  the  stomach 
to  the  anus. 

In-thrall',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
reduce  to  bondage  ;  to  enslave. 

In-thrall'ment,  I  n.  Servitude ;  sla- 

1  N-TyRAL'MENT,  [very;  bondage. 

In'TI-MA-^y,  n.  Close  familiarity. 

IN'TI-MATE  (45),  a.  1.  Innermost ; 
inward.  2.  Near;  close.  3.  Close 
in  friendship  or  acquaintance ;  fa¬ 
miliar. —  n.  A  familiar  friend. 

IN'TI-MATE  (45),  V,  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat  intimare ,  -matum ;  inti  mint,  in¬ 
most.]  To  suggest  obscurely  or  in¬ 
directly  ;  to  give  slight  notice  of ;  to 
hint.  [manner. 

IN'TI-MATE-LY,  adv.  In  an  intimate 

In'ti-MA'tion,  n.  Act  of  intimating  ; 
that  which  is  intimated  ;  a  hint. 

IN-TIM'I-DATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[L.  Lat.  intimidare ,  -datum;  Lat.  in 
and  timirius,  timid.]  To  make  timid  ; 
to  inspire  with  fear. 

Syn. —  To  dishearten;  dispirit;  abash. 

In-tiyi'I-da'tion,  71.  Act  of  making 
timid  ;  state  of  being  abashed. 

IN-TIT'ULE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
entitle. 

IN'TO,  prep.  To  the  inside  of ;  within  ; 
—  used  in  a  variety  of  applications. 

In-tol'er-a-ble,  a.  Not  tolerable  ; 
not  capable  of  being  borne  or  en¬ 
dured  ;  insufferable. 

In-tol'er-a-ble-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  not  tolerable. 

In-t5l'er-a-bly,  adv.  In  an  intol¬ 
erable  manner. 

In-tol'er-an^e,  n.  State  of  being 
intolerant :  illiberality  ;  bigotry. 

In-tol'er-ANT,  a.  Not  enduring 
difference  of  opinion  or  sentiment, 
especially  in  relation  to  religion. 

In-Tol'er-A'tion,  7i.  Want  of  tol¬ 
eration  ;  intolerance. 


IN-TOMB'  (-tubin'),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  bury.  , 

In'to-nAte,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
intonare,  -natum ;  in  and  tonare,  to 
thunder.]  1.  To  sound  the  tones  of 
the  musical  scale.  2.  To  read  in  a 
musical  manner. 

IN'TO-NA'TION, n.  1.  (Mus.)  (a.)  Act 
of  sounding  the  tones  of  the  musical 
scale,  (b.)  Peculiar  quality  of  a  voice 
or  musical  instrument.  2.  Act  or 
manner  of  modulating  the  voice 
musically. 

IN-TONE',  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To 
give  forth  a  deep,  protracted  sound. 
—  v.  t.  To  chant. 

In-tox'i-€ATE,i\  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  intoxicate,  -catum,  to  drug  or 
poison.]  1.  Tomake  drunk  ;  to  inebri¬ 
ate.  2.  To  excite  to  a  kind  of  delirium . 

In-tox'i-€A'tion,  n.  1.  State  of 
being  intoxicated ;  act  of  making 
drunk.  2.  Extreme  elation. 

Syn. —  Drunkenness;  inebriety;  infat¬ 
uation;  delirium. 

In-tract'a-bil'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  intractable. 

In-tract'A-ble,  a.  1.  Not  tracta¬ 
ble,  easily  governed  or  managed.  2. 
Indisposed  to  be  taught  or  disci¬ 
plined. 

Syn.  —  Stubborn;  perverse;  obstinate; 
cross  ;  unmanageable  ;  unruly  ;  head¬ 
strong;  ungovernable;  unteachable. 

IN-TRA€T'A-BLE-NESS,  11.  Quality  of 
being  not  tractable.  [ablo  manner. 

IN-TRA ET'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  intract- 

IN-tran'SI-tive,  a.  Expressing  an 
action  that  is  limited  to  the  agent,  or 
that  does  not  pass  over  to,  or  operate 
on,  an  object. 

IN-TRAN'SI-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Without 
an  object  following. 

IN'trans-mis'SI-ble  ,  a.  Not  capable 
of  being  transmitted. 

IN'trans-mut'a-bIl'i-ty,  a.  Quality 
of  not  being  transmu table. 

IN'TRANS-MUT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capa¬ 
ble  of  being  changed  into  another 
substance. 

IN-TRENCH'  (68),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  surround  with  a  trench,  as  in 
fortification.  2.  To  make  hollows  in 
or  upon.  — v.  i.  To  encroach. 

IN-TRENCH'MENT,  ii.  1.  Act  of  in¬ 
trenching.  2.  (Mil.)  A  trench  or 
ditch  dug  out  for  a  defense  ;  also,  a 
slight  fortification.  3.  Any  defense 
or  protection. 

IN-TREP'ID,  a.  [Lat.  intrepidusi] 
Fearless  ;  bold  ;  brave  ;  undaunted. 

In'tre-pid'i-ty",  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  intrepid. 

Syn. —  Courage  ;  heroism  ;  bravery; 
fortitude;  gallantry;  valor. 

In-trep'ID-LY,  adv.  In  an  intrepid 
manner;  fearlessly. 

IN'TRI-EA-^Y,  ii.  State  of  being  in¬ 
tricate  ;  complication  ;  complexity. 

In'tri-gate,  a.  [Lat.  intricate,  p. 
p.  of  intricare ,  fr.  in  and  tricte,  hin¬ 
drances.]  Involved  ;  perplexed. 

Syn.  —  Complex:  complicated.  —  _A 
thing  is  complex  when  it  is  made  up  in 
parts;  it  is  complicated  when  those  parts 


are  so  many  or  so  arranged  as  to  make  it 
difficult  to  grasp  them  :  it  is  intricate 
(lit.,  having  many  folds)  when  it  has 
numerous  windings  and  confused  in¬ 
volutions  which  it  is  hard  to  follow  out. 
Complexity  puzzles;  complication  con¬ 
founds  ;  intricacy  bewilders. 

IN'TRI-CATE-LY,  adv.  In  an  intri¬ 
cate  manner. 

IN-TRIGUE',  n.  1.  A  secret  and  com¬ 
plicated  plot  to  effect  soqpe  purpose. 
2.  Plot  of  a  play  or  romance.  3. 
Secret  commerce  of  forbidden  love ; 
amour. — v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
intriguer.  See  Intricate.]  1.  To 
form  a  secret  plot  or  scheme.  2.  To 
carry  on  a  commerce  cf  forbidden 
love.  [intrigues. 

IN-TRIGU'ER  (in-trjg'er),  n.  One  who 

IN-TRIN'SIC,  a.  [Lat.  intrinsecus ; 
inlra,  within,  and  seats,  side.]  In¬ 
ward ;  internal;  hence,  true;  genu¬ 
ine;  real;  essential  ;  inherent. 

In-trin'sic-al-l  Y,  adv.  Internally; 
really  ;  truly. 

IN'tro-ces'sion  (-sgsh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
introcedere,  to  go  in;  intro,  within, 
and  cedere,  to  go.]  A  depression,  or 
sinking  of  parts  inward. 

IN'TRO-DU^E',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  introducere  ;  intro,  within,  and 
ducere ,  to  lead.]  1.  To  lead  or  bring 
in.  2.  To  bring  to  be  acquainted.  3. 
To  bring  into  notice.  4.  To  cause  to 
exist;  to  begin.  [duces. 

IN'TRO-DU'CER,  ii.  One  who  intro- 

In'tro-dDc'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 

bringing  to  notice.  2.  Act  of  mak¬ 
ing  persons  known  to  each  other.  3, 
Preliminary  matter.  4.  A  formal 
and  elaborate  preliminary  treatise. 

In'tro-dDc'to-ry,  a.  Serving  to 

introduce  ;  preliminary  ;  prefatory. 

IN-tro'it,  ii.  [Lat.  introitus,  from 
introire,  to  go  into.]  A  vocal  compo¬ 
sition  appropriate  to  the  opening  of 
church  services,  or  to  church  service 
in  general. 

IN'tro-mis'sion  (-mish'un),  n.  Ac¬ 
tion  of  sending  or  conveying  in. 

IN'TRO-MIT'.V.  t.  [-TED;  -TING, 136.] 
[Lat.  intromittere ;  intro,  within,  and 
inittere ,  to  send.]  1.  To  send  or  let 
in.  2.  To  allow  to  enter. 

IN'TRO-SPECT',  v.  t.  [Lat.  introspi- 
cere,  -spectum ;  intro,  inward,  and 
spicere ,  to  look.]  To  look  into  or 
within.  [interior. 

In'tro-spec'TION,  n.  A  view  of  the 

IN'TRO-SPEO'TIVE,  a.  Inspecting 
within  :  seeing  inwardly. 

IN'TRO- ver'sion,  n.  Act  of  intro¬ 
verting,  or  state  of  being  introverted. 

IN'TRO- VERT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  intro,  within,  and  vertere,  to 
turn.]  To  turn  inward. 

In-trude',  v.i.  [Lat.  intrudere;  in 
and  "trudere,  to  thrust.]  To  thrust 
one’s  self  in  ;  to  enter,  unwelcome  or 
uninvited. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1. 
To  thrust  in  without  right  or  wel¬ 
come.  2.  To  force  or  cast  in. 

Syn. —  To  encroach;  infringe;  in¬ 
trench;  trespass. 

In-trud'er,  n.  One  who  intrudes. 

IN-TRU'SION  (-trij'zhun),  n.  Act  of 


OR,  DQ,  WOLF,  TOO,  TO^OK  ;  pRN,  RUE,  PyLL  ; 


INTRUSIVE 


INVISIBLE 


232 


intruding ;  entrance  without  invita¬ 
tion,  right,  or  welcome. 

IN-TRU'sive,  a.  Apt  to  intrude  ;  en¬ 
tering  without  right  or  welcome. 

In-TrOst',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To 
deliver  in  trust ;  to  confide  to  the 
care  of. 

Jn'TU-I'TION  (-ish'un),  n.  [Lat.  in- 
tueri,  intuitu s,  to  look  on.]  1.  An 
act  of  immediate  knowledge.  2.  A 
truth  that  can  not  be  acquired  by, 
but  is  assumed  in,  experience. 

iN'TU-l'TlON-AL  (-Ish'un-),  a.  Ob¬ 
tained  by  intuition  ;  intuitive. 

IN-TU'I-TIVE  (30),  a.  1.  Seeing  clear¬ 
ly.-  2.  Knowing  by  intuition.  3. 
Obtained  by  intuition,  [tive  manner. 

iN-TU'i-TiVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  intui- 

In'tu-mes^e'  (-mes'),  V.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  fLat.  intumescere .]  To  expand 
with  heat ;  to  swell. 

In'tu-mes'^en^e,  n.  1.  Action  of 
swelling.  2.  A  tumid  state. 

IN-TWINE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
twine  into,  or  together. 

IN-TWIST',  V.  t.  f-EDJ  -ING.]  To 
twist  into  or  together. 

IN-UM'BRATE,  v.  t.  [Lat.  inumbrare , 
-bratum  ;  in  and  umbrare ,  to  shade.] 
To  shade, 

IN-UN'DATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

■ inundare ,  -datum;  in  and  unda ,  a 
wave.]  1.  To  overllow  ;  to  flood.  2. 
To  fill  with  an  overflowing  abun¬ 
dance  or  superfluity. 

IN'UN-da'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  inun¬ 
dating,  or  state  of  being  inundated  ; 
a  flood.  2.  Superfluous  abundance. 

IN'ur-ban'I-ty,  n.  Want  of  urbauity 
or  courtesy. 

In-URE',  v.  t.  [-eu;  -ING.]  [Prefix 
in  and  ure  (obs.),  to  use.]  To  apply 
or  expose  in  use  or  practice  till  use 
gives  little  or  no  pain  or  inconve¬ 
nience  ;  to  habituate.  —  v.  i.  To  take 
or  have  effect ;  to  serve  to  the  use  or 
benefit  of. 

In-ure'ment,  n.  Use  habit. 

In-Orn',  v.  t.  1.  To  bury  ;  to  inter. 
2.  To  put  in  an  urn. 

!n'u  -til/i-ty,  n.  Uselessness;  un¬ 
profitableness. 

INVADE',  V.  t.  [-ED  j  -ING.]  [Lat. 
invadere,  invasum  ;  in  and  vadere , 
to  go.]  1.  To  enter  with  hostile  in¬ 
tentions;  to  attack.  2.  To  infringe; 
to  encroach  on. 

In-vad'er,  n.  One  who  invades; 
an  assailant. 

IN-val'id,  a.  [Lat.  invalidus ;  in , 
not,  and  validus ,  strong.]  1.  Of  no 
force,  weight,  or  cogency  ;  weak.  2. 
Void ;  null. 

In'va-lid,  a.  Feeble;  infirm.  —  n. 
A  person  who  is  weak  and  infirm.  — 
v.  t.  To  enroll  on  the  list  of  inva¬ 
lids  in  the  military  or  naval  service. 

IN-VAL'I-DATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  render  invalid ;  to  destroy  the 
validity  of. 

In-vau/i-da'tion,  n.  Act  or  process 
of  rendering  invalid. 

In'va-lid'I-ty,  n.  Want  of  cogency  ; 
want  of  legal  force  or  efficacy. 

In-val'u-a-ble,  a.  [Prefix  in,  used 


intensively,  and  valuable.]  Inesti¬ 
mable.  [being  invariable. 

IN-VA'R!  -a-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 

IN-VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  given  to  va¬ 
riation  ;  immutable  ;  unalterable  ; 
unchangeable. 

In-va'ri-a-ble-ness,  n.  Constancy 
of  state,  or  quality  ;  unchangeable¬ 
ness.  [tion  or  change. 

In-va'RI-A-bly,  adv.  Without  altera- 

lN-VA'§lON,  n.  [See  INVADE.]  1. 
Encroachment.  2.  Hostile  entrance 
into  the  possessions  of  another.  3. 
Approach  of  any  thing  hurtful. 

Syn. —  Incursion;  irruption;  inroad. 
—  Invasion  is  generic,  denoting  a  forci¬ 
ble  entrance  into  a  foreign  country.  In¬ 
cursion  signifies  a  hasty  and  sudden  in¬ 
vasion;  irruption  denotes  a  particularly 
violent  invasion;  inroad,  includes  the 
idea  of  invasion  with  a  design  to  occupy. 

IN-VA'SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  invade. 

IN-VE€'T1VE,  n.  A  harsh  or  re¬ 
proachful  accusation. 

Syn. —  Abuse;  censure;  reproach. 

—  a.  [Lat.  invectivus.  See  In¬ 
veigh.]  Satirical ;  abusive  ;  railing. 

In-vejigh'  (-va/),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing!] 
[Lat.  invekere ;  in  and  vehere ,  to 
carry.]  To  exclaim  or  rail  against. 

In-veigh'er  (-va/-),  n.  One  who 
rails  ;  a  railer. 

IN-VEI'gle,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Norm. 
Fr.  enveogler ,  to  inveigle,  to  blind ; 
Lat.  oculus,  eye.]  To  persuade  to 
something  evil  by  flattery  ;  to  entice  ; 
to  wheedle.  [gling. 

IN-VEI'GLE-MENT,  n.  Act  of  invei- 

IN-VEI'GEER,  n.  One  who  inveigles. 

IN-VENT',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
invenire,  - ventum ,  to  come  upon,  to 
find.]  1.  To  discover  by  study  or 
inquiry  ;  to  find  out.  2.  To  make  ; 
to  fabricate. 

Syn.  —  To  contrive  ;  devise  ;  frame. 
See  Discover. 

In-vent'ful,  a.  Full  of  invention. 

IN-VEN'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  finding 
out;  contrivance  of  something  new. 
2.  That  which  is  invented.  3.  Power 
of  inventing. 

In-vent'ive,  a.  Able  to  invent; 
quick  at  contrivance. 

In-vent'or,  n.  One  who  finds  out 
something  new. 

In'ven-to-ry  (50),  n.  [See  Invent.] 
Any  catalogue  of  movables,  as  the 
goods  of  a  merchant,  &c. 

Syn.  —  List;  register;  roll;  schedule. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  To  make 

an  inventory  of.  [vents. 

In-vent'ress,  n.  A  woman  who  in- 

IN- VERSE'  (14),  a.  [See  INVERT.] 
Opposite  in  order  or  relation,  or  in 
nature  and  effect;  reciprocal. 

IN-VERSE'LY,  adv.  In  an  inverted 
order  or  manner. 

In-v£r'SION,  n.  1.  Act  of  inverting. 
2.  A  complete  change  of  order. 

In- vert',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
invertere,  inversum;  in  and  vntere , 
to  turn.]  To  turn  upside  down  ;  to 
place  in  a  contrary  order  ;  to  reverse. 

IN-VER'TE-BRAL,  a.  Destitute  of  a 
vertebral  column ;  invertebrate. 


IN-VER'TE-BRATE,  n.  An  animal 
having  no  vertebral  column. — a. 
Having  no  back-bone  ;  invertebra]. 

IN-VEST',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
investire ;  in  and  vestire,  to  clothe.) 
1.  To  clothe;  to  dress.  2.  To  en¬ 
dow  ;  hence,  to  confer.  3.  To  clothe, 
as  with  office  or  authority  ;  to  grace. 
4.  (Mil.)  To  surround ;  ro  lay  siege 
to.  5.  To  place,  as  property,  so  that 
it  will  yield  a  profit. 

In-ves'ti-ga-ble,  a.  Admitting  of 
being  investigated. 

IN-VES'TI-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  investigare,  -gamm;  in  and 
vestigare,  to  track.]  To  followup; 
to  pursue  ;  to  search  into. 

In-ves'TI  -ga'tion,  ii.  Act  of  inves¬ 
tigating  ;  research  ;  study  ;  inquiry. 

In-ves'ti-g A'TlVE ,  a.  Given  to  in¬ 
vestigation  ;  inquisitive. 

In-ves'ti-ga'tor,  n.  One  who 
searches  diligently  into  a  subject. 

In-vest'i-ture  (53),  n.  1.  Act  or 
right  of  investing  cr  giving  posses¬ 
sion.  2.  That  with  which  any  one 
is  invested. 

IN-VEST'MENT,  n.  1.  Action  of  in¬ 
vesting.  2.  That  with  which  one  is 
invested;  a  vestment.  3.  Act  of  be¬ 
sieging  by  an  armed  force.  4.  The 
lyying  out  of  money  in  the  purchase 
of  property. 

IN-VET'ER-A-^Y,  n.  Deep-rooted  ob¬ 
stinacy  of  any  quality  or  state  ac¬ 
quired  by  time. 

In-vet'er-ate  (45),  a.  [Lat.  invete- 
rare ,  -raturn ,  to  render  old;  in  and 
vetus,  old.]  1.  Firmly  established; 
deep-rooted.  2.  Confirmed  ;  habitual. 

In-vet'er-ate-ly,  adv.  With  ob¬ 
stinacy  ;  violently. 

In-vid'i-o  us  (77),  a.  [Lat.  invidiosus ; 
invidia ,  envy.]  Likely  to  incur  ill- 
will  or  hatred,  or  to  provoke  envy  ; 
hateful.  [manner. 

In-vid'i-ous-ly,  adv.  In  an  invidious 

IN-VID'1-OUS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  pro¬ 
voking  envy  or  hatred. 

IN-VIG'OR-ATE,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  in  and  vigor,  strength,  vigor.] 
To  give  vigor  to  ;  to  strengthen. 

IN-VIG'OR-A'TION.  ii.  Act  of  invig¬ 
orating,  or  state  of  being  invigorated. 

In-vin'^i-bIl'i-ty,  ii.  Quality  of 
being  invincible. 

IN-VIN'CI-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being 
conquered  or  overcome ;  unconquer¬ 
able  ;  insuperable. 

In-vYn'9I-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  unconquerable. 

In-VIN'CI-bl Y,  adv.  Unconquerably. 

IN-VUO-LA-BIL'I-TY,  «.  Quality  of 
being  inviolable. 

In-vI'o-la-ble,  a.  1.  Not  violable; 
not  to  be  profaned;  sacred.  2.  Not 
susceptible  of  injury.  [lation. 

In-vI'o-la-bly,  adv.  Without  vie- 

In-vJ'o-l  ATE ,  1  a.  [Lat.  inviola- 

In-vi'o-la'ted,  )  tus ;  in.  not,  and 
violatus,  violated.]  Unhurt;  unin¬ 
jured;  unprofaned;  unpolluted. 

lN-vis'I-BlL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being 
invisible.  [seen. 

iN-VIg'l-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of  being 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  6,  i),  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALE,  WHAT  ;  £RE,  VEIL,  TEfiM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 


INVISIBLY 


IRRECLAIMABLE 


233 


In-vIs'i-bly,  adv.  in  a  manner  to 
escape  the  sight. 

IN'VI-TA'TION,  n.  Act  of  inviting; 
request  of  a  person’s  company. 

In-vi'ta-TO-ry  (50),  a.  Using  or  con¬ 
taining  invitations. 

IN-VITE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
invitare.]  1.  To  ask;  especially,  to 
ask  to  an  entertainment  or  visit.  2. 
To  allure ;  to  tempt  to  come. 

Syn.  —  To  solicit;  bid;  call;  summon; 
attract;  entice. 

— v.  i.  Tg  ask  or  call  to  any  thing 
pleasing. 

In'vo-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
invocare,  -catum ;  in  and  vocare ,  to 
call.]  To  invoke. 

iN'vo-eA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  address¬ 
ing  in  prayer.  2.  Form  or  act  of 
calling  upon  some  divinity.  3.  ( Law .) 
A  judicial  call  or  order. 

IN'VOI^E,  n.  [Fr.  envois,  things  sent. 
See  Envoy.]  (  Com.)  A  written  ac¬ 
count  or  bill  of  the  particulars  of 
merchandise  sent  to  a  purchaser, 
consignee,  &c. — v.t.  [-edj-ING.] 
To  make  a  written  account  of,  as 
goods  ;  to  insert  in  a  priced  list. 

IN-VOKE',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
call  for  or  ask  earnestly.  2.  To  ad¬ 
dress  in  prayer. 

In'vo-LU'ere,  n.  [Lat.,  fr .  involvere, 
to  wrap  up.]  A  whorl  or  set  of  bracts 
around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head. 

IN-VOL'UN-TA-RI-LY,  adv.  Not  by 
cliojce;  not  spontaneously. 

In-vol'un-ta-ry,  a.  1.  Independent 
of  will  or  choice.  2.  Not  proceeding 
from  choice. 

In'vo-LUTE  ,  n.  A  curve  traced  by 
the  end  of  a  string  wound  upon  an¬ 
other  curve,  or  unwound  from  it. 

IN'vo-lute,  la,  [Lat.  involutus. 

In'vo-lu'ted,  (  See  Involve.] 
Rolled  inwar  l  from  the  edges. 

In'vo-lu'tion,  n.  [Lat.  involutio.] 
1.  Act  of  involving.  2.  State  of 
being  involved.  3.  Envelope.  4.  Act 
of  raising  a  quantity  to  any  power 
assigned. 

IN-VOLVE',  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  IN¬ 
VOLVED;  p.  pr.  &  vb.  n  INVOLV¬ 
ING.]  [Lat.  involvere,  involutum, 
to  roll  about,  wrap  up.]  1.  To  roll 
up  ;  to  wind  l’ound.  2.  To  envelop. 
3.  To  complicate.  4.  To  connect  by 
way  of  natural  consequence  or  effect. 
5.  To  comprise;  to  contain.  6.  To 
raise  to  any  assigned  power. 

Syn. —  To  imply. —  Imply  is  opposed 
to  express,  or  set  forth;  thus,  an  implied 
engagement  is  one  fairly  to  be  under¬ 
stood  from  the  words  Used  or  the  circum¬ 
stances  of  the  case,  though  not  set  forth 
in  form.  Involve  goes  beyond  the  mere 
interpretation  of  things  into  their  neces¬ 
sary  relations;  and  hence,  if  one  thing 
involves  another,  it  so  contains  it  that  the 
two  must  go  together  by  an  indissoluble 
connection. 

In-volv'ed-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
involved. 

In- vol  ve 'me  NT,  w.  Act  of  involving. 
In-vOl'ner-a-bil'I-ty,  n.  Quality 
or  state  of  being  invulnerable. 

In-vul'ner-a-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 


being  wounded,  or  of  receiving  in- ! 
jury.  [nerability. 

In-vul'ner-A-ble-ness,  n.  Invul- 

In-wall',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  in¬ 
close  with  a  wall. 

In' ward,  a.  Placed  or  being  within  ; 
interior.  —  n.  That  which  is  within; 
especially  in  the  pi.,  the  intestines; 
the  entrails. 

In'ward,  I  adv.  I.  Toward  the  in- 

In'wards,  )  side  or  interior.  2.  Into 
the  mind  or  thoughts. 

1n'ward-ly,  adv.  1.  In  the  inner 
parts  ;  internally.  2.  In  the  heart ; 
secretly. 

IN-WEAVE',  V.  t.  [imp.  INWOVE  ; 
p.  p.  INWOVEN,  INWOVE  ;  p.  pr. 
&ovb.n.  INWEAVING.]  To  weave  to¬ 
gether;  to  intermix  by  weaving. 

In-wrap'  (-rap'),  v.  t.  [-ped;  -ping.] 
1.  To  cover  by  wrapping.  2.  To  in- 
volvejn  difficulty  or  perplexity. 

In-wreathe'  (-reeth),  v.  t.  To 
surround  as  wirh  a  wreath. 

IN- wrought'  (-rawt'),  a.  Wrought 
or  worked  in  among  other  things. 

I'o,  n. ;  pi.  Uds.  [Lat.,  oh!  huzza!] 
An  exclamation  of  joy  or  triumph  ; 
—  often  used  interjectionally. 

I'o-dide  (49),  n.  A  non-acid  com¬ 
pound  of  iodine  with  a  metal  or 
other  substance. 

I'o-dine  ,  n.  [Gr.  tto5r)?,  violet-like, 
fr.  toe,  a  violet,  and  elSos,  form.]  A 
grayish  or  bluish -black  solid  from 
the  ashes  of  sea-weed.  At  347°  Fah¬ 
renheit,  it  becomes  a  beautiful  violet 
vapor. 

I-ON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Ionia,  in  Greece,  or  to  a 
dialect  of  the  Greek  lan¬ 
guage,  used  in  Ionia,  or 
to  an  order  of  architect¬ 
ure. 

I-o'tA,?i.  [Gr. ’Idira,  the 
smallest  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet  (i).]  A  Ionic  Order, 
tittle  ;  a  very  small  quantity  ;  a  jot. 

Ip'e-eag,  )  n.  [Braz.]  A 

Ip'e-gag'u-an'hA,  )  plant,  the  root 
of  which  is  used  as  an  emetic. 

I-RAS'91-BiL'i-TY,  n.  Irritability  of 
temper. 

I-RAS'CI-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  irascibilis  ;  ira, 
auger.]  Easily  provoked  ;  irritable. 

I-ras'^i-ble -ness,  n.  Irascibility. 

I-RATE',  a.  [Lat.  iratus.]  Angry ; 
enraged.  [Recent.] 

Ire ,  n.  [Lat.  fra.]  Anger;  wrath. 

Ire'ful,  a.  Angry  ;  wroth. 

Ir'I-des'^en^e,  n.  Exhibition  of 
colors  like  those  of  the  rainbow. 

IR'I-DES'9ENT,  a.  [Lat.  iris,  the 
rainbow.]  Having  colors  like  the 
rainbow. 

I-rid'i-Cm,  n.  [Lat.  iris,  iridis ,  the 
rainbow,  in  allusion  to  the  irides¬ 
cence  of  some  of  its  solutions.]  A 
metallic  element,  the  heaviest  of 
known  substances. 

I'ris  (89), n.  [Lat.  iris ,  Gr.  Tpis,  the 
rainbow.]  1.  The  rainbow.  2.  A 
colored  membrane  at  the  anterior 
part  of  the  eye.  3.  A  genus  of  plants.  ! 

I'RISH  (89),  a.  Pertaining  to  Ireland.  1 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Drn,  rue,  pull  ;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  c,  g,  soft;  € 


—  n.  1.  pi.  The  natives  of  Ireland 
2.  The  language  of  the  Irish. 

I'RlSH-igM,  n.  An  Irish  idiom. 

Irk,  v.  t.  [A.-S.  carg,  lazy,  timid,  evil.] 
To  weary;  —  used  impersonally. 

Irk'some  (18),  a.  Wearisome;  tire¬ 
some  ;  giving  uneasiness. 

Syn. —  Tedious.  —  A  task  is  irksome 
from  the  kind  or  severity  of  the  labor  it 
involves;  it  is  rendered  to/jpips  by  the 
length  of  time  occupied  in  its  perform¬ 
ance. 

Irk'some-ly,  adv.  In  a  wearisome 
manner. 

Irk'some -ness,  n.  Wearisomeness. 

I'RON  (Turn),  n.  [A.-S.  iren,  tsen.l 

1.  One  of  the  most  common  and  the 
most  useful  of  all  the  metals.  2.  An 
instrument  made  of  iron.  3.  pi. 
Fetters;  manacles. —  a.  Made  of  or 
like  iron. — v.t.  [-Ep  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  smooth  with  a  heated  flat-iron. 

2.  To  fetter  or  handcuff.  3.  To  fur¬ 
nish  or  arm  with  iron. 

I'RON- BOUND  (Burn-),  a.  1.  Bound 
with  iron  2.  Surrounded  with  rocks. 

I'RON-- -glad  (Burn-),  a.  Protected  or 
covered  with  iron,  as  a  vessel. —  n.  A 
war- vessel  having  the  parts  above 
water  plated  with  iron. 

I-ron'I€-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or 
containing,  irony.  2.  Expressing 
one  thing  and  meaning  the  opposite. 

I-RON'l€-AL-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  irony. 

I'RON-MON'GER  (T'urn-),  n.  A  dealer 
in  iron  wares,  or  hardware. 

I'RON-WOOD  (I'urn-),  n.  A  tree  of 
species  belonging  to  different  genera. 

I'RON— work  (I'urn-wurk),  n.  1.  Any 
thing  made  of  iron.  2.  pi.  A  furnace 
where  iron  is  smelted,  or  a  forge, 
rolling-mill,  or  foundery. 

I'RON-Y  (T'urn-y),  a.  1.  Consisting  or 
partaking  of  iron.  2.  Resembling 
iron. 

I'RON-Y  (T'run-jt,)  n.  [Gr.  eipcoveCa, 
dissimulation.]  A  kind  of  ridicule 
which  exposes  the  faults  of  others 
by  seeming  to  adopt  or  approve  them. 

Ir-ra'di-AN^e,  )  n.  1.  Emission  of 

lR-RA'Di-AN-CY,  j  ray s  of  light.  2. 

Luster ;  splendor. 

IR-RA'DI-ATE  (77),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  irradiare ,  -atum  ;  in,  aud  radi- 
are,  to  shine.]  1.  To  illuminate.  2. 
To  enlighten  intellectually.  3.  To 
animate  by  heat  or  light. 

IR-RA'DI-ATE,  a.  Adorned  with 
brightness,  or  any  thing  shining. 

IR-RA'DI-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  emit¬ 
ting  beams  of  light.  2.  That  which 
is  irradiated ;  illumination. 

IR-RA'TION-AL  (-rdsh'un-),  a.  1. 
Void  of  reason.  2.  Contrary  to  rea¬ 
son.  3.  Not  capable  of  being  exact¬ 
ly  expressed  by  an  integral  number, 
or  by  a  vulgar  fraction. 

Syn.  —  Absurd;  foolish;  preposterous; 
unreasonable. 

Ir-rVtion-al'i-ty  (-rSsh'un- ),  n. 
Want  of  reason  or  understanding. 

Ir-ra'tion-al-ly  (-rash'un-),  adv. 
Without  reason ;  absurdly. 

Ir're-glaim'a-ble,  a.  Incapable  oi 
being  reclaimed. 

G,  hard;  A§;  E£IST  ;  n  as  this 


IRRECL AIM  ABLY 


234 


ISOMERIC 


Ir'RE-CLAIBPa-BL  Y,  adv.  In  an  ir¬ 
reclaimable  manner. 
iR-REe'ON-^lL'A-BRE,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  reconciled,  appeased,  or 
made  to  harmonize. 

Syn. — Incongruous;  incompatible; 
inconsistent. 

Ir-rLc'on-gIl'a-ble-ness,  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  irreconcilable. 
iR-REe'ON-^lL/A-BEY.  ad  v.  In  a 

manner  that  precludes  reconciliation. 
pR/RE-COV'ER-A-ELE  (-kuv'er-),  a. 
Not  capable  of  being  recovered,  re¬ 
stored,  or  remedied. 

Syn.  —  Irreparable  ;  irretrievable  ;  ir¬ 
remediable  ;  incurable. 
IR'RE-COV'ER-A-BLY,  adv.  Beyond 
recovery.  [able. 

IR/RE-DEEM,A-BLE,  a.  Not  redeem- 
IR'RE-DU'^I-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  reduced. 

Ir-ref'RA-GA-ble  ,  a.  Not  refraga- 
ble  ;  not' to  be  refuted^ 
IR-REF'U-TA-BLE,  or  IR'RE-FUT'A- 
BLE ,  a.  Incapable  of  being  refuted. 
IR-REFU-TA-BLY,  or  IR'RE-FUT'A- 
BLY,  adv.  Beyond  the  possibility  of 
refutation. 

Ir-reg'u-lar,  a  1.  Not  regular; 
not  according  to  common  form  or 
rules,  or  established  principles.  2. 
Not  straight.  3.  Not  uniform. 

Syn.—  IJn systematic;  eccentric  ;  un¬ 
settled  ;  changeable  ;  wild. 
iR-REGhU-LAR'l-TY,  n.  1.  Deviation 
from  established  form,  custom,  or 
rule.  2.  An  act  of  vice. 
Ir-reg'u-lar-ly,  adv.  Without 
rule,  method,  or  order. 
Ir-rel'a-tive,  a.  Not  relative; 

without  mutual  relations. 
Ir-rel'e-van-^y,  n.  Quality  of  not 
being  applicable. 

Ir-rel'e-vant,  a.  Not  relevant; 

not  applicable  or  pertinent. 
IR-rel'E-vant-ly,  adv.  In  an  ir¬ 
relevant  manner. 

Ir're-lig'ion,  n.  Want  of  religion, 
or  contempt  of  it. 

Syn.  —  Ungodliness  ;  worldliness  ; 
wickedness  ;  impiety. 

Ir're-ligTous  (-lij-'us),  a.  1.  Impi¬ 
ous;  ungodly.  2.  Profane;  wicked. 
Ir're-lig'ioijS-ly,  adv.  With  im¬ 
piety  ;  wickedly. 

Ir're-me'di-a-ble,  a.  Not  to  be 
remedied,  cured,  or  corrected. 
Ir're-me'di-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  or  degree  that  precludes  remedy. 
Ir're-mis'si-ble,  a.  Not  remissible  ; 

unpardonable.  [be  remitted. 

Ir're-miVsI-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to 
Ir/re-mo v'a-ble,  a.  Not  remova¬ 
ble  ;  immovable. 

IR-REP'A-RA-BLE,  a.  Not  reparable  ; 
not  capable  of  being  recovered  or  re¬ 
gained. 

Ir-rep'A-ra-BLY,  adv.  In  an  irrep¬ 
arable  manner. 

Ir're-peal'a-ble,  a.  Not  capable 
of  being  repealed. 

iR-REP-'RE-HfiN'si-BLE,  a.  Not  rep- 


Ir're-proach'a-ble,  a.  Incapable 
of  being  justly  reproached  ;  free  from 
blame  ;  _upright. 

lR/RE-PROACH,A-BLY,  adv.  So  as 
not  to  deserve  reproach  ;  blamelessly. 

IR'RE-PROV'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  justly  reproved  ;  blameless. 

IR'RE-PROV'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not 
to  be  liable  to  reproof  or  blame. 

iR'RE-^IST'ANt^E,  ii.  Forbearance  to 
resist ;  passive  submission. 

IR/RE-§IST'I-Bii/I-TY,  n.  Quality  of 
being  irresistible. 

iR'RE-gtST'l-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  successfully  resisted. 

I r/re -s  IST'I-BLE -NESS,  ii.  Quality 
of  being  irresistible. 

IR'RE-SIST'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  to  be  successfully  resisted. 

Ir-res'o-lu-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  dissolved. 

Ir-re§'o-l,ute,  a.  Not  resolute;  not 
decided ;  given  to  doubt. 

Syn.  -  Wavering;  vacillating;  unde¬ 
termined  ;  undecided  ;  unsettled  ;  un¬ 
stable;  unsteady. 

Ir-res'o-lute-ly,  adv.  Without 
resolution . 

lR-RE§'OLUTE-NESS,  ii.  Want  of 
resolution  ;  irresolution. 

iR-REijPo-LU'TlON,  ii.  Want  of  reso¬ 
lution  ;  fluctuation  of  mind. 

iR'RE-sdLV'A-BLE,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  resolved. 

Ir're-spect'Tve,  a.  Not  having  re¬ 
spect  or  regard. 

IR're-spect'Tve-ly,  adv.  Without 
regard  to  circumstances.  [piration. 

Ir-res'pi-ra-ble,  a.  Unfit  for  res- 

IR'RE-SPON'SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of 
responsibility. 

IR'RE-SPON'SI-BLE,  a.  Not  respon¬ 
sible  ;  not  liable  or  able  to  answer  for 
consequences.  [apt  to  retain. 

IR/RE-TEN'TIVE,  n.  Not,  retentive  or 

Ir're-tribv'a-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
recovery  or  repair. 

Syn.  —  Irremediable  ;  incurable  ;  ir¬ 
reparable  ;  irrecoverable. 

IR/RE-TRIE  V'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not 
to  be  retrieved  ;  irreparably. 

IR-REY'ER-ENU-E,  ii.  Absence  or  de¬ 
fect  of  reverence. 

IR-REV'ER-ENT,  a.  1.  Not  reverent ; 
wanting  in  a  due  regard  to  the  Su¬ 
preme  Being  or  in  respect  to  superi¬ 
ors.  2.  Proceeding  from  irreverence. 

Ir-rev'er-ent-ly,  adv.  In  an  ir¬ 
reverent  manner.  [ing  reversed. 

IR'RE-VERS'I-BLE ,  a.  Incapable  of  le- 
Syn.— Irrevocable;  irrepealable  ;  un¬ 
changeable. 

IR'RE-VERS'I-BLE-NESS,  11.  State  or 
quality  of  being  irreversible. 

IR/RE-VERS,I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  preclude  reversal. 

Ir-rev'o-ca-bTl'i-ty,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  irrevocable. 

Ir-rev'o-ca-ble,  a.  incapable  of 
being  revoked. 

Ir-rEv'o-ga-ble-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  irrevocable. 

Ir-rev'o-ga-bly,  adv.  Beyond  re¬ 
call  ;  in  a  manner  precluding  recall 
or  reversion. 


IR'RI-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

irrigare,  - gatvm ;  in  and  rigare,  to 
water.]  1.  To  water  ;  to  wet.  2.  To 
water,  as  land,  by  causing  a  stream 
to  flow  over  it. 

IR'RI-GA'tion,  n.  Act  of  watering, 
especially,  of  watering  lands  by  arti¬ 
ficial  means. 

Ir-rig'u-ous,  a.  [Lat.  irriguus.]  Wa¬ 
tered  ;  watery. 

IR'RI-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  easily  irritated;  susceptibility  to 
excitement. 

lR'Rl-TA-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  irritated.  2.  Easily  inflamed  or 
exasperated. 

Ir'ri-tant,  a.  Irritating.  —  n.  That 
which  irritates,  or  in  any  way  causes 
pain,  heat,  or  tension. 

IR'RI-TATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
irritare ,  - latvm .]  1.  To  excite  heat 

and  redness  in,  as  the  skin  ;  to  fret. 
2.  To  increase  the  action  or  violence 
of.  3.  To  excite  anger  in. 

Syn.  —  To  provoke;  exasperate. — 
Whatever  comes  across  our  feelings  ii-ri- 
tat.es  ;  whatever  excites  anger  provokes  ; 
whatever  raises  anger  to  a  high  point 
exasperates. 

IR'RI-T Action,  n.  Act  of  irritat¬ 
ing;  excitement  of  anger  or  passion; 
provocation  ;  exasperation  ;  anger. 

IR'RI-TA/TIVE,  a.  Serving  to  excite 
or  irritate. 

Ir-rup'tion,  ii.  [Lat.  irrvptio ;  ir- 
rvmpere,  to  bieak  in.]  1.  A  sudden, 
violent  rushing  into  a  place.  2.  A 
sudden  invasion. 

Is,  t.  i.  [A.-S. ;  Lat.  esse,  to  be.]  The 
third  person  singular  of  the  verb  To 
is,  indicative  mode,  present  tense. 

Psa-gon,  ii.  [Gr.  icros,  equal,  and 
yovi a.  angle.]  A  figure  whose  angles 
are  equal 

PsIn-GLASS,  ii.  [That  is,  iceglass,  fr. 
icing,  ice,  and  gYass.]  1.  A  kind  of 
gelatine  prepared  from  the  air-blad¬ 
ders  of  sturgeons.  2.  Sheets  of  mica; 
—  popularly  so  called. 

Is'lam,  ii.  [Ar.  islam,  obedience  to 
the  will  of  God.]  The  religion  of 
Mohammed  ;  also,  the  whole  body  of 
its  professors. 

I§'laih-1sm,  ii.  Mohammedanism. 

Ig'LAM-lTQC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Islam. 

Isl'and  (TPand),  ii.  [A.-S.  t aland ;  ea, 
edit,  water,  and  land.  The  s  is  cor¬ 
ruptly  inserted.]  1.  Land  wholly  sur¬ 
rounded  by  water.  2.  Any  large, 
floating  mass. 

Isl/and-er  (IFand-er),  n.  An  inhab¬ 
itant  of  an  island. 

Isle  (!1),  n.  [0.  Fr.  isle,  Lat.  insula .] 
An  island.  [little  isle. 

Isl'et  (IPet),  it.  [Dim.  of  isle.]  A 

T-SOGH'ro-nal,  )  a.  [Gr.  icroxpovos  ; 

I-SOGH'RO-NOLfS,  1  i'trcs,  equal,  and 
Xponos,  time.]  Uniform  in  time; 
performed  in  equal  tin.ee. 

IS'O-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [It. 
isolare ,  fr.  Lat.  insula,  island.]  To 
place  bv  itself;  to  insulate. 

Is/0-LA'Tl0N,  n.  State  of  being  iso¬ 
lated. 

Pso-mEr'IG,  a.  [Gr.  Icro?,  equal,  and 


rehensible  ;  not  to  be  blamed. 

Ir/re-press,i-ble,  a.  Not  capable 
of  being  repressed. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  Y,  long;  a,  £,  I,  6,  B,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  FIRM ;  son. 


ISOMERISM 


235 


JACOBINICAL 


pepo s,  part.]  Having  the  quality  of 
isomerism. 

I-SOM/ER-IgM,  n.  (  Chem.)  An  iden¬ 
tity  of  elements  and  of  atomic  pro¬ 
portions,  with  a  difference  in  the 
amount  combined  in  the  compound 
molecule,  and  of  its  essential  quali¬ 
ties. 

I'SO-MET'RIO,  I  a.  [Gr.  io-os,  equal, 

I'SO-MET'Rie-AL,  (  and  perpov,  meas¬ 
ure.]  Pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by,  equality  of  measure. 

PsoS'CE-LES,  a.  [Gr.  icrocrxeAr;? ;  icros, 
equal,  and  cr/ce'Ao? ,  leg. ]  Having  only 
two  sides  that  are  equal ;  —  said  of  a 
triangle. 

I'so-thErm,  n.  [Gr.  to-os, equal,  and 
Oepixr),  heat.]  An  imaginary  line  over 
the  earth's  surface  passing  through 
points  having  the  same  mean  annual 
temperature. 

I/SO-THERM'AL,  a.  Having  the  na¬ 
ture  of  an  isotherm  ;  illustrating  the 
distribution  of  temperature  by  means 
of  isotherms. 

Ig'RA-EL-lTE  (44),  n.  A  descendant 
of  Israel  or  Jacob;  a  Jew. 

Is'RA-EL-lT'ie,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

Ig'RA-EL-lTVlSH,  j  Israel;  Jewish; 
Hebrew. 

Is'su-a-ble  (Ish'shi]-),  a.  Leading  to, 
producing,  or  relating  to,  an  issue. 

Is'SUE  (IsIPsh]}),  n.  [Fr.,  from  0.  Fr. 
issir,  to  go  out,  from  Lat.  exire.]  1. 
Act  of  passing  or  flowing  out ;  egress. 
2.  Act  of  sending  out ;  delivery.  3. 
That  which  passes,  flows,  or  is  sent 
out  ;  ultimate  result  or  end ;  off¬ 
spring  ;  produce ;  profit.  4.  A  flux 


or  running.  5.  An  artificial  ulcer. 
6.  (Law.)  A  single  material  point 
presented  for  determination.  7.  Any 
point  made  in  debate  or  controversy. 
—  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  pass, 
flow,  or  rush  out.  2.  To  proceed,  as 
from  a  source  ;  to  spring.  3.  To  end ; 
to  result ;  to  terminate.  —  v.  t.  1.  To 
put  into  circulation.  2.  To  deliver 
for  use. 

Isth'mus  (is/mus  or  Isamus,  100),  n. 
[Lat.  isthmus ,  Gr.  io-fyxbs.]  A  nar¬ 
row  strip  of  land  by  which  a  penin¬ 
sula  is  united  to  the  main  land. 

IT ,pron.  [0.  Eng.  hit,  A.-S.  hit,  Skr. 
it.)  An  impersonal  or  neuter  demon¬ 
strative  pronoun,  corresponding  to 
the  masculine  he  and  the  feminine 
she,  and  having  the  same  plural. 

I-tal'ian  (1-taPyan),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Italy, its  inhabitants,  or  their  lan¬ 
guage. —  n.  1.  A  native  of  Italy.  2. 
The  language  used  by  the  Italians. 

I-TAL'IAN-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  make  Italian. 

I-tal/ic  (110),  a.  Relating  to  Italy, 
or  to  a  kind  of  type  in  which  the 
letters  do  not  stand  upright  but  slope 
from  right  to  left.  —  n.  A  letter  or 
character  such  as  the  letters  in  which 
this  clause  is  printed. 

I-TAL/1-91ZE ,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
write  or  print  in  Italic  characters. 

ITCH,  n.  [A.-S.  girtha.]  1.  A  cuta¬ 
neous  disease  attended  with  severe 
itching.  2.  The  sensation  occasioned 
by  the  disease.  3.  A  constant  irri¬ 
tating  desire. —  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
1.  To  feel  uneasiness  in  the  skin, 


which  inclines  one  to  scratch  the 
part.  2.  To  have  a  constant  desire. 

I'tem,  adv.  [Lat.]  Also  ;  at  the 
same  time.  —  n.  An  article  ;  a  sep¬ 
arate  particular  in  an  account.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  a 
memorandum  of. 

It'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
iterare ,  -rutum  ;  iterum ,  again.]  Ttf 
do  a  second  time  ;  to  repeat. 

jT'ER-A'TION,  n.  Repetition. 

It'er-a-tive,  a.  Repeating,  [ating. 

I-TJN'ER-A-y  Y,  n.  Practice  of  itiner- 

I-tin'er-ant,  a.  [L.  Lat.  itinerant,  p. 
pr.  of  itinerare,  to  make  a  journey.] 
Traveling  about  a  country  ;  wander¬ 
ing.  —  n.  One  who  travels  from  place 
to  place,  particularly  a  preacher; 
one  who  is  unsettled. 

I-TlN'ER-A-RY,  n.  An  account  of 
travels,  or  a  register  of  places  and 
distances.  —  a.  Traveling. 

I-TIN'ER-ATE,  V.  i  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[See  Itinerant.]  To  travel  from 
place  to  place,  for  the  purpose  of 
preaching,  lecturing  Arc. 

It-self',  pron.  The  neuter  recipro¬ 
cal  pronoun. 

I'VO-RY,  n.  [Lat.  ebur,  eboris,  ivory, 
Skr.  ibha,  elephant.]  1.  The  sub¬ 
stance  constituting  the  tusks  of  the 
elephant.  2.  The  tusks  themselves. 
3.  Any  substance  resembling  ivory. 

I'VO-RY— black,  n.  A  black  powder, 
made  by  charring  bones. 

Pvo-RY— TYPE,  n.  A  photographic 
picture  taken  upon  a  surface  like 
that  of  ivory. 

PvY_>t.  [A.-S.  A  climbing  plant. 


J(ja)  is  the  tenth  letter,  and  seventh 
consonant  of  the  English  alphabet. 
The  letter  i  was  written  formerly  in 
words  where  j  is  now  used.  See 
Prin.  of  Pron.  §  77. 

Jab'ber,  v.  1.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  gibber  and  gabble .]  To  talk  rap¬ 
idly  or  indistinctly.  — n.  Rapid  and 
indistinct  talk. 

Jab'BER-er,  n.  One  who  jabbers. 
Jacinth,  n.  Same  as  Hyacinth. 
Jack,  m.  [Of.  Fr.  Jacques,  James.]  1. 
A  nickname  of  John.  2.  A  playing- 
card  bearing  the  figure 
of  a  servant.  3.  A  sea¬ 
faring  man.  4.  An  in¬ 
strument  that  supplies 
the  place  of  a  boy.  5. 

A  portable  machine,  va¬ 
riously  constructed,  for 
raising  great  weights 
through  a  small  space. 

6.  Any  appendage  to  a 
machine,  rendering  con¬ 
venient  service.  7.  The 
male  of  certain  animals. 

8.  A  small  flag  containing  only  the 
union. 


Lifting 
Jack  (5). 


American  Jack.  English  Jack. 


Jack-at-aU-trades,  one  who  can  turn 
his  hand  to  any  kind  of  business. —  Jack- 
at-a- pinch,  one  who  receives  unexpected 
calls  to  do  any  thing.  —  Jack-ivith-a- 
lantern,  a  meteor  that  appears  in  low, 
moist  lands. 


Jack'-A-dan'dy,  n.  A  foppish,  im¬ 
pertinent  fellow. 

jACK'AL,n.  [Per. 
shagal,  ski  gal.] 

A  nocturnal  car¬ 
nivorous  animal 
of  India  and  Per¬ 
sia,  allied  to  the 
wolf  ^  ackal. 

Jack'a-lEnt,  n.  [For  Jack  of  Lent.] 
1.  A  sort  of  puppet,  formerly  thrown 
at  in  Lent.  2.  Hence,  a  boy,  in  ridi¬ 
cule. 

Jack'A-NAPES,  n.  [Eng.  jack  and 


ape.]  1.  A  monkey ;  an  ape.  2.  A 
coxcomb.  [2.  A  blockhead. 

Jack'assx?7..  1.  The  male  of  the  ass. 

Jack'-boots,  n.  pi.  Large  boots 
reaching  above  the  knee. 

JXck'daw,  n.  A 
small  bird  allied 
to  the  crows. 

JXck'et,  n.  [Fr. 
jaquette .]  A  short, 
close  garment, 
extending  down-  Jackdaw, 
ward  to  the  hips. 

JXck'knife  (-nlf),  n.  A  large  clasp- 
knife  for  the  pocket.  [work. 

JXck'-PLANE,  n.  A  plane  for  coarse 

Jack'-screw  (-skri}),  n.  A  machine 
for  raising  heavy  weights  through  a 
small  distance. 

JXe'o-bin,  n.  [From  the  place  of 
meeting,  a  monastery  of  the  monks 
called  Jacobines.]  One  of  a  society 
of  violent  revolutionists  in  France, 
during  the  revolution  of  1789.  Hence, 
a  factious  demagogue. 

jAtVo-BiN'ie,  1  a.  Relating  to,  or 

Jac'o-bin'ig-al,  j  like,  the  Jacobins; 
holding  revolutionary  principles. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  G,  soft;  c,  g,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


JACOBINISM 


236 


JXc'O-BlN-lgM,  n.  Violent  and,  fac¬ 
tious  opposition  to  legitimate  gov¬ 
ernment. 

JXE'O-BITE,  n.  [Lat.  Jacobus,  Janies.] 

(Eng.  Hist.)  A  partisan  or  adherent 
of  James  the  Second.  / 

JX€'o-BlT-I§M,  n.  The  principles^ 
the  adherents  of  James  the  Secondly 
JXu'o-NET,  n.  A  thin  cotton  fabric.* 
IXc^U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
jaculari,  -latus  ;  jaculum ,  dart,  jave¬ 
lin.]  To  throw  out;  to  dart. 

JX-e/U-L ACTION,  n.  Action  of  darting. [JJ Japan. 
JXg'u-la-to-ry,  a.  Throwing  outl-  A  natii 
suddenly  :  suddenly  thrown  out. 

J  Ide,  n.  1.  A  mean  or  poor  horse. 

2.  A  mean  woman  ;  a  wench.  —  v.  t. 


[-ED 


-ING 


To  tire  out ;  to  ex- 


Jaguar. 


haust  by  excessive  labor. 

Syn.  —  To  fatigue;  tire;  weary.  —  Fa¬ 
tigue  is  the  generic  term  ;  tire,  denotes 
fatigue  which  wastes  the  strength  ; 
weary  implies  that  a  person  is  worn  out 
by  exertion;  jade  refers  to  the  weariness 
created  by  a  long  and  steady  repetition 
of  the  same  act  or  effort. 

Jad'ish,  a.  1.  Vicious.  2.  Unchaste. 

Jag,  n.  1.  A  small  load,  as  of  hay.  2. 
[W.  gag,  cleft,  chink.]  A  notch  ;  a 
ragged  protuberance.  —  v.  t.  [-geb  ; 
-GING,  136.]  To  cut  into  notches; 
to  notch.  [or  teeth. 

JXg'ged  (60),  p.  a.  Having  notches 

JXg'oed-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
jagged ;  unevenness. 

JXg'u-ar',  n. 

[Braz.  jagoara .] 

A  carnivorous 
animal  often 
called  the  Amer¬ 
ican  tiger. 

Jail,  n.  [Fr. 
geGle.]  A  prison ;  a  place  for  the  con¬ 
finement  of  debtors  and  criminals. 

Jail'-bird,  n.  A  prisoner;  one  who 
has  been  confined  in  prison. 

Jail'eii,  n.  The  keeper  of  a  jail. 

Jail'-fe'ver,  n.  A  dangerous  fever 
of  the  typhoid  character,  generated 
in  jails. 

JXi/AP,n.  [From  Jalapa,  in  Mexico.] 
The  root  of  a  certain  plant,  used  in 
powder  as  a  cathartic. 

Jam,  n.  [Cf.  Ar.  jamad,  ice,  jelly.] 
1.  A  crowd,  or  the  pressure  from  a 
crowd.  2.  A  conserve  of  fruit  boiled 
with  sugar  and  water. —  v.  t. 
[-MED  ;  -Ming.]  To  press  ;  to  crowd. 

JXmb  (jiSm),  n.  [0.  Fr.  gambe,  from 
Celt,  cam,  bent,  crooked.]  Side- 
piece  of  a  door,  a  fire-place,  &c. 

JXN'GLE,m  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Ger. 
&  D.  jangelen,  janlcen,  to  whimper, 
chide,  quarrel.]  1.  To  sound  harsh¬ 
ly  or  discordantly.  2.  To  wrangle. 

—  v.  t.  To  cause  to  sound  harshly. 

—  n.  Discordant  sound;  conten¬ 
tion. 

JXn'i-tor,  n.  [Lat.,  from  janua,  a 
door.]  A  door-keeper ;  a  porter. 

JXn'i-za-ry,  n.  [Turk,  yeni-tsheri , 
new  troops.]  A  soldier  of  a  privileged 
military  class  in  Turkey.  [senists. 

JXn'sen-i§M,  n.  Doctrine  of  the  Jan- 

JXn'sen-ist,  n.  A  follower  of  Jansen, 
a  Roman  Catholic  bishop  who  re¬ 


ceived  certain  views  of  grace  similar 
li  to  those  taught  by  Calvin. 
JXn'U-A-ry,  n.  [Lat.  Januarius,  fr. 
'Janus,  an  old  Italian  deity.]  The 
first  month  of  the  year. 

Ja-pXn',  n.  1.  Work  varnished  and 
figured  in  the  manner  of  the  natives 
of  Japan.  2.  The  peculiar  varnish 
used  in  japanning.  —  v.  t.  [-NED; 
-NlNGr.]  To  cover  with  a  hard  brill¬ 
iant  Garnish. 

Jap'a-nese'  (91),  a.  Pertaining  to 
n.  ;  pi.  jXp'A-nese'.  1. 
A  native,  or  the  people,  of  Japan.  2. 
The  language  of  the  people. 

JXr,  v.  i.  [-red  ; -ring.]  [Allied  to 
^O. -II.  Ger.  kerran,  to  chatter,  croak.] 
,'1/  To  vibrate  harshly  or  discordant¬ 
ly.  2.  Vo  clash  ;  to  interfere. — v.  t. 
To  cause J;o  tremble ;  to  shake.  — n. 

1.  A  vibration  or  shaking.  2.  Clash 
of  interest  or  opinion ;  discord.  3. 
[Ar.  jarra/t,jar,  ewer.]  A  vessel  with 
a  large  belly  and  broad  mouth. 

Jar'gon,  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Confused  talk ; 

gibberish.  2.  Slang. 

JXg'MiNE,  or  JXs'mine',  n.  [Fr.  Ar. 
jasaman,  jasmin.]  A  climbing  plant, 
bearing  fragrant  flowers. 

Jas'per,  n.  [Gr.  I outtus,  from  Ileb. 
yashpheh.]  An  impure  variety  of 
quartz,  of  red,  yellow,  and  other  dull 
colors. 

Jaun'di'ce  (jiin/dis),  n.  [Fr .jaunisse, 
fr.  jaune,  yellow.]  A  .disease,  char¬ 
acterized  by  yellowness  of  the  eyes, 
skin,  and  urine. 

J  aun'dic  e  d  (jan'dist),  n.  1.  Affected 
with  the  jaundice.  2.  Prejudiced. 
Jaunt,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.J  To  ram¬ 
ble  here  and  there;  to  stroll. — n. 
An  excursion  ;  a  short  journey. 
JauntG-ly,  ado.  In  a  jaunty  manner. 
Jaun'tY,«.  [-er;  -est,  i47.]  Airy  ; 

showy  ;  finical ;  fantastical. 
Jave'lin  (jXv'lin),  n.  [M.  H.  Ger. 
gabilot,  Ir.  gabhla, 
spear,  lance.]  A 
sort  of  spear. 

Jaw,  n.  [A  modif.  of  chaiv.]  1.  The 
bone  in  which  the  teeth  are  fixed. 

2.  Scolding.  [Low.]  —  v.i.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  scold;  to  clamor.  —  v.  t. 
To  abuse  by  scolding. 

JAY,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gai,jaie .]  1.  A  Eu¬ 
ropean  bird,  of  red -brown  color 
above,  and  a  faint  yeliow  below.  2. 
A  common  American  bird,  having 
the  feathers  of  a  brilliant  sky-blue. 
JEal'oBs,  a.  [Gr.  zeal,  jeal¬ 

ousy.]  1.  Filled  with  anxious  appre¬ 
hension.  2.  Suspiciously  vigilant. 

3.  Pained  by  suspicions  of  preference 
given  to  another. 

Syn. —  Suspicious. —  Suspicious  is  the 
wider  term.  We  suspect  a  person  when 
we  distrust  his  honesty  and  imagine  he 
has  some  bad  design.  We  arc  jealous 
when  we  suspect  him  of  aiming  to  de¬ 
prive  us  of  what  is  our  own,  and  what 
we  dearly  prize.  Iago  began  by  awak¬ 
ening  the  suspicions  of  Othello,  and  con¬ 
verted  them  at  last  into  the  deadliest 
jealousy. 

jEAL'ofis-LY,  adv.  With  jealousy. 
J£al'ous-y,  n.  Quality  of  being  jeal- 


Javelin. 


JEST 

ous ;  painful  apprehension  of  rival- 
ship. 

Jean  (jan),  n.  A  twilled  cotton  cloth. 

Jeer,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Perh.  a 
modif.  of  cheer,  in  an  ironical  sense.] 
To  make  a  mock  of  some  thing  or 
person. 

Syn.  —  To  sneer;  scoff;  gibe;  mock. 

—  v.  t.  To  treat  with  scoffs  or  deris¬ 
ion  ;  to  deride;  to  flout.  —  n.  A 
scoff ;  taunt ;  gibe  ;  mockery. 

Je-ho'vah,  7i.  [Ileb.  haicah ,  to  be.] 
A  Scripture  name  of  God. 

Je-june',  a.  [Lat .  jejunus.]  1.  Hun¬ 
gry  ;  starving.  2.  Empty  ;  void  of 
interest;  barren.  [ren  manner. 

Je-june'ly,  adv.  In  a  jejune,  bar- 

Je-june'ness  (109),  n.  Quality  of 
being  jejune  ;  want  of  interest. 

Jel'lied  (jePlid),  a.  Brought  to  the 
consistence  of  jelly. 

Jel'ly,  n.  [Fr.  gelee,  from  geler,  to 
freeze.]  1.  A  stiffened  solution  of 
gelatine  or  gum,  &c.  2.  Inspissated 
juice  of  fruits. 

JLn'net,  n.  A  small  Spanish  horse. 
See  Genet. 

Jen'ny,  n.  [A  corruption  of  gin,  fbr 
engine.]  A  machine  for  spinning. 

JEOP'ARD,  V.  1.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 

put  in  danger. 

Syn.— To  hazard;  risk;  peril;  endanger. 

JEOP'ARD-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  jeopard.  [ Illegitimate.] 

Jeop'ard-ous,  a.  Exposed  to  dan¬ 
ger  ;  perilous ;  hazardous. 

Jeop'ARD-y ,  n.  [Fr.  jeu  parti,  an 
even  game ;  afterward  confounded 
with  jeu  perdu ,  a  lost  game.]  Ex¬ 
posure  to  death,  loss,  or  injury. 

Syn.  —  Danger  ;  peril ;  hazard  ;  risk. 
See  Danger. 

J£r'bo-A,  or 
Jer-bo'A,  n. 

A  small,  jump¬ 
ing,  rodent  ani¬ 
mal. 

JEr'e-mi'ad,  ) 

JER'E-MI'ADE,  j  Jerboa. 

n.  [From  Jere¬ 
miah,  author  of  the  book  of  “  Lam¬ 
entations.”]  A  doleful  story  or 
complaint. 

Jerk  (14),  v.  t.  [-ee;  -ing.]  1.  To 
give  a  sudden  pull,  twitch,  thrust, 
or  push.  2.  To  cut  into  thin  slices, 
and  dry  in  the  sun.  —  n.  1.  A  short, 
sudden  thrust,  or  twitch.  2.  Un¬ 
steady  motion. 

JEr'KIN,  7i.  [Dim.  of  D.  jink,  a  frock.] 
A  jacket ;  a  kind  of  short  coat. 

JpR'gEY,  n.  [From  the  island  of  the 
same  name.]  Finest  part  of  wool. 

JE-RU'SA-LEM  AR'TI-CHOKE.  [Je¬ 
rusalem  is  here  a  corruption  of  It. 
girasole,  sunflower.]  A  plant,  the 
roots  of  which  are  used  as  food,  and 
the  leaves  given  to  cattle. 

Jess,  n.  [L.  Lat.  jactus,  a  jess.]  A 
short  strap  tied  round  the  legs  of  a 
hawk,  to  fasten  it  to  the  wrist. 

J£s'sa-m!ne,  n.  A  plant  ;  jasmine. 

J£st,  7i.  [0.  Eng.  jest  and  gest,  deed, 

tale.]  1.  Something  done  or  said  in 


X,  £,  i,o,u,  y, l”ng;  X,£,I,6,t short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rji;  pique  firm  ;  s6n, 


JESTER 


237 


JOLT 


order  to  amuse.  2.  Object  of  sport; 
a  laughing-stock. 

Syn.  — Joke;  fun;  sport;  raillery. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  i  -ING.]  To  make 
merriment,  by  word  or  actions. 

Syn.  —  To  joke  ;  sport ;  rally.  —  One 
jests  in  order  to  make  others  laugh;  one 
jokes  to  please  himself.  A  jest  is  always 
at  the  expense  of  another,  and  is  often 
ill-natured;  a. joke  is  a  sportive  sally  de¬ 
signed  to  promote  good  humor  without 
wounding  the  feelings  of  its  object. 

JEst'er,  n.  One  given  to  jesting. 

JE2'U-IT,«.  1.  (Horn.  Cath.  Church.) 
One  of  a  religious  order  founded  by 
Loyola,  under  the  title  of  The  Socie¬ 
ty  of  Jesus.  2.  A  crafty  person  ;  — 
an  opprobrious  use  of  the  word. 

Jesuits'  -  bark,  Peruvian  bark;  — so 
called  because  its  medicinal  properties 
were  first  made  known  by  Jesuit  mis¬ 
sionaries. 

Je^U-It'IG,  la.  1  Pertaining  to 

Jes^U-ItTg-al.  (  the  Jesuits.  2.  De¬ 
signing  ;  cunning  ;  —  an  offensive 
sense.  [ical  manner. 

JLs'U-ITTg-Xl  LY,  adv.  Jnajesuit- 

JLs'u-it-1§M,  n.  1.  Principles  and 
practices  of  the  Jesuits.  2  Cunning; 
deceit  ;  an  offensive  use  of  the  word. 

J£t,  n.  1.  [Gr.  nerpa  yayyijTi? ,  fr. 
Tdyai,  or  Tayyat,  a  town  and  river 
in  Lycia.]  A  variety  of  lignite,  of  a 
black  color.  2.  [Lat.  jactus,  a  throw¬ 
ing.]  A  sudden  rush,  as  of  water 
from  a  pipe  ;  that  which  issues  in  a 
jet. —  v.  i.  [-ted  ;  -TING.]  To  shoot 
or  stand  out ;  to  project ;  to  jut. 

Jet-d'eau'  (zha'do').  n.  [Fr.,  a 
throw  of  water.]  A  stream  of  water 
spouting  from  a  fountain. 

JfiT'SAM,  I  n.  [Fr.  jeter,  jetter,  to 

JLt'SOn,  J  throw.]  1.  A  throwing 
of  goods  overboard,  in  order  to  light¬ 
en  a  ship  and  preserve  her.  2.  The 
goods  thus  thrown  away,  which  re¬ 
main  under  water. 

Jet'ty,  n.  [0.  Fr.  jetti,  from  jeter, 
jetter,  to  throw.]  A  kind  of  pier, 
mostly  constructed  of  timber.  —  a. 
Made  of  jet,  or  black  as  jet. 

JEW  (ju  or  jq),  n.  [From  Judea.\  A 
Hebrew,  or  Israelite. 

Jew'el  (ju'el  or  jq'el),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
jocale ,  for  gaudiale,  as  if  from  Lat. 
jocare,  to  jest,  play.]  1.  A  precious 
stone  ;  a  gem.  2.  Any  precious 
thing. — v.t.  [-ED, -ING;  or -led, 
-LING,  137-]  1.  To  adorn  with 

jewels.  2.  To  provide  with  a  jewel. 

JEW'EL-ER,  In.  One  who  deals  in 

Jew'el-ler,  j  jewels. 

JEW'EL-LER-Y,  n.  See  JEWELRY. 

JEW'EL-RY,  n.  Jewels  in  general. 

Jew'ess,  n.  A  Hebrew  woman. 

JEW'ISH  (ju'ish  or  jjj'ish),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  Jews. 

Jew'ry  (ju'ry  or  jlLr^),  n.  Judea  ; 
also,  a  district  inhabited  by  Jews. 

Jews’-hXrp  (jdz'-  or  jqz'-),  n.  A 
small  musical  instrument,  held  be¬ 
tween  the  teeth. 

JfiZ'E-BEL,  n.  [From  Jezebel,  wife  of 
Ahab.l  An  impudent,  vicious  woman. 

JlB,  n.  1.  Foremost  sail  of  a  ship.  2. 
Projecting  beam  of  a  crane 

6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  ru 


I  _ 

JlB'-BOOM,  n.  A  spar  run  out  from 
the  end  of  the  bowsprit,  and  serving 
as  a  continuation  of  it. 

Jibe,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  shift 
from  one  side  of  a  vessel  to  the  other, 
as  a  sail.  —  v.  i.  To  agree  ;  to  har¬ 
monize.  [Low.) 

JlF'FY,  n.  A  moment ;  an  instant. 

JlG,  n.  [0.  Fr.  gigue,  gige,  a  string- 
instrument.  See  Gig.]  1.  A  light, 
brisk  musical  movement.  2.  A  frol¬ 
icsome,  quick  dance.  3.  A  trick. 

JIg'ger,  n.  1.  A  troublesome  insect. 
2.  A  small  tackle,  consisting  of  a 
double  and  single  block  and  the  fall. 

Jill,  n.  [Equiv.  to  Gill.)  A  young 
woman  ;  —  in  contempt. 

JIlt,  n.  [Contr.  from  Scot,  jillet,  a 
giddy  girl,  dim.  of  jill.)  A  coquette; 
a  flirt.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  en¬ 
courage,  and  then  frustrate  the  hopes 
of,  as  of  a  lover.  [glars. 

JTm'my,  n.  A  short  bar  used  by  bur- 

JImp,  a.  Neat ;  elegant  of  shape. 

JIn'gle  (jlng'gl),  v.  i.  [See  Chink.] 
To  sound  with  a  fine,  sharp  rattle ; 
to  clink  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
cause  to  give  a  sharp  sound,  as 
pieces  of  metal.  —  n.  1.  A  rattling 
or  clinking  sound.  2.  Correspond¬ 
ence  of  sound  in  rhymes. 

Job,  n.  [A  modif.  of  chop,  to  cut  in¬ 
to  small  pieces.]  1.  Any  piece  of 
work.  2.  An  undertaking  with  a 
view  to  profit.  —  v.t.  [-bed  ; -BING.] 

1.  To  hire  by  the  job.  2.  To  do  by 
separate  portions.  3.  To  buy  and 
sell  as  a  broker. 

J ob'ber,  n.  1.  A  worker  by  the  job. 

2.  One  who  purchases  goods  from 
importers  and  sells  to  retailers.  3. 
One  who  turns  official  actions  to  pri¬ 
vate  advantage. 

Job'bing-house,  n.  A  mercantile 
establishment  which  purchases  from 
importers  and  sells  to  retailers. 

Jock'ey,  n.  [Dim.  of  Jock,  Scot, 
dim.  of  John.)  1.  A  man  who  rides 
horses  in  a  race.  2.  A  dealer  in 
horses.  3.  One  who  cheats  in  trade. 
—  V.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  trick. 

JocK'EY-IgM,  n.  Practice  of  jockeys. 

Jo-gose',  a.  [Lat.  jocosus ,  fr .  jocus, 
joke  ]  1.  Given  to  jokes  and  jestings. 
2.  Containing  a  joke. 

Syn.  —  Jocular;  facetious;  witty;  mer¬ 
ry;  pleasant;  waggish;  sportive. 

Jo-gose'LY ,  adv  ■  In  jest;  for  sport. 

Jog'u-lar,  a.  [Lat .  jocularis ;  from 
joculus ,  dim.  of  jocus,  joke.]  1. 
Given  to  jesting  ;  jocose.  2.  Con¬ 
taining  jokes ;  sportive.  [ing. 

Jog'u-lXr'1-TY,  n.  Merriment ;  jest- 

Jog'U-lar-ly,  adv.  In  jest;  for  sport. 

Joe'UND,  a.  [Lat .jocundus ;  jocus,  a 
jest,]  Merry  ;  gay  ;  airy  ;  lively  ; 
sportive. 

Jo-gOn'di-TY,  n.  State  of  being 
merry  ;  gayety. 

Jog'UND-ly,  adv.  Merrily;  gayly. 

Jog'und-NESS,  n.  Jocundity. 

Jog,  v.  t.  [-GED  ;  -GING.]  [Allied  to 
shock.)  To  push  or  shake  with  the 
elbow  or  hand.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  move 
by  jogs,  as  on  a  slow  trot.  2.  To 

E,  pyLL  ;  e,  I,  O, silent;  y,  6,  soft ;  g, 


travel  heavily  or  slowly.  —  n.  A 
shake  ;  a  push  to  awaken  attention. 

Jog-trot,  a  slow,  regular  pace. 

J OG'GLE ,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Dim. 
of  jog.)  To  shake  slightly  ;  to  jostle. 

—  v.  i.  To  shake  or  totter. 

Jo-Han'ne§,  n.  A  Portuguese  gold 

coin  worth  eight  dollars. 

John  Do'ry.  [From  Fr .  jaune  dorce, 
golden  yellow.]  A  small  golden-col¬ 
ored  sea-fish. 

John'ny-gAke,  n.  A  cake  made  of 
the  meal  of  Indian  corn,  mixed  with 
water.  [ Amer .] 

Join  (38),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
jungere,  to  yoke.]  1.  To  bring  to¬ 
gether  literally  or  figuratively .  2.  To 
be  or  become  connected  with. 

Syn.  —  To  add  ;  annex  :  unite  ;  con¬ 
nect  ;  combine  ;  consociate. 

—  v.  i.  To  be  contiguous,  close,  or 
in  contact ;  to  unite.  [junction. 

Join'der,  n.  Act  of  joining  ;  con- 

JOIN'ER,  n.  A  mechanic  who  does 
the  nicer  wood-work  in  buildings. 

Join'er-y,  n.  Art  or  work  of  a  joiner. 

Joint,  n.  1.  Place  or  part  in  which 
two  things  are  joined  ;  junction.  2. 
Space  between  two  joints.  —  a.  1. 
Joined;  united.  2.  Shared  among 
more  than  one. — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  unite  by  a  joint  or 
joints.  2.  To  provide  with  a  joint  ov 
joints.  3.  To  separate  the  joints  of 
to  disjoint.  [by  a  joiner. 

JoiNT'ER,  n.  The  longest  plane  used 

Joint'ly,  adv.  Together;  unitedly. 

Jointuress,  n.  A  woman  who  has  a 
jointure.  [pany. 

Joint'-stock,  n.  Stock  held  in  com- 

J OINT'-STOOL ,  n.  A  stool  consisting 
of  parts  inserted  in  each  other. 

JoiNT'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  junctura.) 
An  estate  settled  on  a  wife,  which  she 
is  to  enjoy  after  her  husband’s  de¬ 
cease,  and  in  satisfaction  of  dower. 

—  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  settte  a 
jointure  on. 

Joist,  n.  [L.  Lat.  gistxim,  equiv.  to 
Lat.  jacitum,  p.  p.  of  jarSre,  to  lie.] 
A  small  piece  of  timber  used  in  build¬ 
ing. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  fit  or 
furnish  with  joists. 

Joke,  n.  [Lat.  jocus.)  1.  A  jest;  a 
witticism.  2.  What  is  not  actually 
meant.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  merry  with  ;  to  banter.  —  v.  i. 
To  do  something  for  sport. 

Jok'er,  n.  A  jester  ;  a  merry  fellow. 

Jol'li-fi-gA'tion,  n.  [Eng.  jolly f 
and  Lat.  facere,  to  make.]  Noisy  fes¬ 
tivity  and  merriment. 

Jol'li-ly,  adv.  With  noisy  mirth. 

Jol'li-ness,  l».  Noisy  mirth;  fes- 

JoL'LI-TY,  )  tivity ;  hilarity. 

JOL'LY,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  [0. 
Fr.  joli,  jolif ,  joyful,  merry,  from 
Goth,  jiuleis,  Eng.  yule.  See  Yule.] 
1.  Full  of  life  and  mirth ;  jovial ; 
joyous  ;  merry.  2.  Expressing  mirth, 
or  inspiring  it.  3.  Handsome  ;  plump. 

JOL'LY-BOAT,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
yawl  boat.)  A  small  boat  belonging 
to  a  ship. 

Jolt  (20),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  0. 

G,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  a  as  NG;  this. 


JOLT-HEAD 


238 


JUJUBE 


Eng.  jolle ,  to  beat.]  To  shake  with 
short,  abrupt  risings  and  fallings. 

—  v.  t.  To  shake  with  sudden  jerks. 

—  n.  A  shake  by  a  sudden  jerk. 

.  J5lt'-hEad,  n.  A  great  head ;  a 
dunce ;  a  blockhead. 

Jon'QUIL,  In.  [Lat.  juncus,  a 

Jon'quille,  }  rush,  because  it  has 
rush-like  leaves.]  A  bulbous  plant, 
allied  to  the  daffodil. 

Joss'-stIck  (109),  n.  [Chinese  joss, 
deity.]  A  small  cylinder  of  gum 
mixed  with  the  dust  of  odoriferous 
woods. 

JOS'TLE  (j0S/l),  V.  t.  [-ED  j  -ING.] 
To  run  against  and  shake. 

Jot,  n.  [Gr.  Itora,  the  letter  i,  Heb. 
yod.]  An  iota  ;  least  quantity  as¬ 
signable.  —  v.  t.  [-TED  ; -TING.]  To 
set  down  ;  to  make  a  memorandum  of. 

Jounce,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To  jolt; 
to  shake  ;  especially,  by  rough  rid¬ 
ing.  —  n.  A  jolt ;  a  shake. 

JoOr/NAL, n.  [L.  Lat.  journale ,  from 
Lat.  diurnalis ,  diurnal,  from  dies,  a 
day.]  1.  An  account  of  daily  trans¬ 
actions  and  events;  specifically ,  (a.) 
An  account  book  for  daily  entries. 
(b.)  A  paper  published  daily  ;  also,  a 
periodical  publication  giving  the  pro¬ 
ceedings  of  societies,  &c.  2.  Por¬ 

tion  of  a  shaft  which  turns  in  some 
other  piece,  or  in  a  journal-box. 

JoffR'NAL-BOX,  n.  Part  of  a  ma¬ 
chine  in  which  the  journal  of  a  shaft 
or  axle  bears  and  moves. 

Jo0r'NAL-I§M,  n.  1.  The  keeping  of 
a  journal.  2.  The  profession  of  ed¬ 
iting,  or  writing  for,  journals. 

„  offR'NAL-IST,  n.  1.  Writer  of  a  di¬ 
ary.  2.  Conductor  of,  or  contrib¬ 
utor  to,  a  public  journal. 
o0r'NAL-1ZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  enter  in  a  journal  an  account  of. 

JoOr'NEY,  n.  [Fr.  journce,  a  day,  a 
day’s  work  or  journey.]  Travel  from 
one  place  to  another  ;  passage  ;  voy¬ 
age. 

Syn.  —  Tour  ;  excursion  ;  pilgrimage. 
—  The  word  journey  suggests  the  idea  of 
a  somewhat  prolonged  traveling  for  a 
specific  object,  leading  a  person  to  pass 
directly  from  one  point  to  another.  In 
a  tour,  we  take  a  round-about  course 
from  place  to  place,  more  commonly  for 
pleasure,  though  sometimes  on  business. 
An  excursion  is  never  on  business,  but 
always  for  pleasure,  health,  &c.  In  a 
ilgrimage,  we  travel  to  a  place  hallowed 
y  our  religious  affections,  or  by  some 
train  of  sacred  or  tender  associations. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  travel  from 
place  ro  place. 

JoOr'ney-man  (150),  n.  Amechan- 
ic  hired  to  work  for  another. 

JoOr'ney-work  (-wOrk),  n.  Work 
done  for  hire  by  a  mechanic. 

JoftsT,  n.  A  mock  fight  on  horseback. 

Jo'VI-AL,  a.  [Lat.  Jovialis,  because 
the  planet  Jupiter  was  thought  to 
make  those  who  were  born  under  it 
joyful.]  Gay  ;  merry  ;  joyous;  jolly. 

J6/vi-Xl'i-ty.  n.  Quality  of  being 
jovial ;  jovialness. 

Jo'vi-al-ly,  adv.  Merrily  ;  gayly. 

Jo'VI-al-ness,  n.  Noisy  mirth  ;  gay- 
ety. 


Jo'vi-AL-TY,  n.  Merriment ;  joviality. 

Jowl,  n.  [Fr.  gueule,  mouth,  jaws  ; 
Lat.  gula,  throat.]  The  cheek. 

Cheek  by  jowl,  with  the  cheeks  close 
_together. 

JOWL'ER,  or  Jowl'er,  n.  A  hunt¬ 
ing-dog,  or  other  dog. 

Joy,  n.  [0.  'Ey.  joy e,  fr.  Lat.  gaudi- 
um .]  1.  Emotion  excited  by  the  ac¬ 
quisition  or  expectation  of  good.  2. 
Cause  of  happiness. 

Syn.—  Gladness  ;  pleasure  ;  delight  ; 
happiness;  exultation;  transport;  felici¬ 
ty  ;  ecstasy  ;  rapture  ;  bliss  ;  gayety. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  rejoice;  to 
be  glad  ;  to  exult. 

Joy'ful,  a.  Full  of  joy  ;  very  glad  ; 
gay  ;  exulting ;  joyous. 

Joy'ful-ly,  adv.  With  joy;  gladly. 

Joy'frl-ness,  n.  Great  gladness. 

Joy'less,  a.  1.  Wanting  joy.  2.  Giv¬ 
ing  no  joy. 

JOY'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  joy. 

Joy'less-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
joyless. 

JOY'OIJS,  a.  Full  of  joy  ;  joyful. 

Syn.  — Merry;  lively;  blithe  ;  gleeful; 
gay;  glad  ;  mirthful ;  sportive  ;  festive  ; 
happy ;  blissful;  charming;  delightful. 

JOY'otls-LY,  adv.  With  joy  or  glad¬ 
ness.^  [ous. 

joy'oOs-ness,  n.  State  of  being  joy - 

Ju'BI-LANT,  a.  [Lat.  jubilans.]  Re¬ 
joicing;  shouting  with  joy. 

J  u/bi-la,tion,  n.  Act  of  declaring 
triumph. 

JU'BI-LEE ,  n.  [Heb.  yob&l,  blast  of  a 
trumpet,  and  the  grand  sabbatical 
year,  announced  by  sound  of  trum¬ 
pet.]  1.  A  church  solemnity  cele¬ 
brated  at  stated  intervals.  2.  A  sea- 
son  of  great  public  festivity  and  joy. 

JU-LA/IG,  I  a.  [See  Je  w.]  Per- 

Ju-daGg-AL,  )  taining  to  the  Jews. 

JU'da-ism  (44),  n.  1.  Religious  doc¬ 
trines  and  rites  of  the  Jews.  2. 
Conformity  to  J ewish  rites  and  cer¬ 
emonies. 

Ju'da-Ize,  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
conform  to  the  religious  doctrines 
and  rites  of  the  Jews. 

JCdGe,  n.  [Lat.  judex,  fr.  jus,  law, 
right.]  1.  A  civil  officer  authorized 
to  hear  and  determine  causes.  2.  The 
Supreme  Being.  3.  One  who  has 
skill  to  decide  on  the  merits  of  a 
question.  4.  (Jewish  Hist.)  A  chief 
magistrate. 

Judge- Advocate  (Mil.),  a  person  ap¬ 
pointed  to  act  as  public  prosecutor  at  a 
court-martial. 

Syn.  — Umpire;  arbitrator;  referee.  — 
A  judge,  in  the  legal  sense,  is  a  magis¬ 
trate  appointed  to  determine  questions 
oflaw.  An  umpire  is  a  person  selected 
to  decide  between  two  or  more  who  con¬ 
tend  for  a  prize.  An  arbitrator  is  one 
chosen  to  allot  to  two  contestants  their 
portion  of  a  claim,  usually  on  grounds 
of  equity  and  common  sense.  A  rej'eree 
is  one  to  whom  a  case  is  referred  for  final 
adjustment. 

—  v.i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  hear 
and  determine,  as  in  causes  on  trial ; 
to  pass  sentence.  2.  To  assume  au¬ 
thority  to  try  any  thing  and  pass 
judgment  on  it.  3.  To  form  an  opin¬ 
ion  ;  to  determine  ;  to  distinguish.  — 


v.  t.  1.  To  hear  and  determine,  as 
a  case  before  a  court.  2.  To  exam¬ 
ine  and  pass  sentence  on.  3.  To 
think  ;  to  reckon. 

Judge'ship,  n.  The  office  of  a  judge. 

Judgement,  n.  1.  Act  of  judging. 
2.  Opiuion  ;  notion.  3.  Facility  in 
judging;  taste.  4.  Faculty  of  com¬ 
paring  objects  of  any  kind,  and  dis¬ 
cerning  their  relations,  &c. ;  result 
of  the  act  thus  performed.  5-  Sen¬ 
tence  of  the  law,  pronounced  by  a 
court  or  judge.  6.  A  calamity  re¬ 
garded  as  sent  by  God.  7.  Final 
punishment  oj  the  wicked. 

Judg'ment-seat,  n.  Seat  on  which 
judges  sit  in  court.  [judge. 

Ju'Di-eA/Ti’VE,  a.  Having  power  to 

Ju'di-ga-to-ry  (50),  a.  Dispensing 
justice.  —  ».  A  court  of  justice;  a 
tribunal. 

JU'DI-GA-TURE  (53),  n.  1.  Power  of 
distributing  justice.  2.  A  court  of 
justice. 

Ju-dI'cial  (-dish'al),  a.  [Lat.judi- 
cialis.]  1.  Pertaining  to  courts  of 
justice.  2.  Proceeding  from  a  court 
of  justice.  3.  Established  by  statute. 

Ju-DI'CIAL-LY  (-dish'al-),  adv.  1.  In 
the  forms  of  legal  justice.  2.  By 
way  of  penalty. 

Ju-dPci-a-ry  (-dish/T-,  44, 95),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  courts  of  justice.  —  n. 
Judges  taken  collectively. 

Ju-dPcioBs  (-dlsh'us),  a.  Possessed 
of,  or  according  to,  sound  judgment. 

Syn.  —  Prudent;  rational;  wise;  skill¬ 
ful;  discerning;  sagacious. 

Ju-di'cioGs-ly  (-dish'us-),  adv.  In 
a  judicious  manner  ;  with  good  judg¬ 
ment. 

JU-dPcioCs-NESS  ( -dish'us-),  n .  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  judicious. 

JtfG,  n.  [A.-S.  e.eac,  basin,  cup,  pitch¬ 
er.]  1.  A  large  earthen  or  stone 
bottle.  2.  A  pitcher;  a  ewer.  [Eng.] 
—  v.  t.  To  commit  to  jail ;  to  impris¬ 
on.  [Low.] 

JBg'GLE,  v.i.  [-ed  ; -ING.]  [Lat.yoc- 
ulari ,  to  jest.]  1.  To  play  tricks  by 

sleight  of  hand.  2.  To  practice  arti¬ 
fice.  —  v.  t.  To  deceive  by  trick  or 
artifice.  —  n.  1.  A  trick  of  legerde¬ 
main.  2.  An  imposture. 

JCg'gler,  n.  One  who  practices  or 
exhibits  tricks  by  sleight  of  hand  ;  a 
cheat ;  a  deceiver.  [ery. 

JiiG'GLER-Y,  n.  Legerdemain  ;  trick- 

Ju'gu-lar,  a.  [Lat.  jugulvm,  collar¬ 
bone,  throat.]  Pertaining  to  the 
neck  or  throat.  —  n.  One  of  the 
large  veins  by  which  the  blood  is  re¬ 
turned  from  the  head  to  the  heart. 

Juice,  n.  [Lat.  jus.)  Watery  part 
of  vegetables  ;  also,  the  fluid  part 
_of  animal  substances.  [dry. 

Juice'less,  a.  Destitute  of  juice; 

Jui'^i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  juicy ; 
succulence. 

Jui'9Y,a.  [-ER;-EST,142.]  Abounding 
with  juice  ;  moist ;  succulent. 

JuMUBE  ,  n.  [Gr.  ^v<f> ov,  Ar.  zivztof 
zufayzaf.]  Fruit  of  a  plant,  having 
a  sweet,  granular  pulp. 


Jujube  paste,  gum  arable  sweetened. 


A,  E,  I,  5,  0,  y,  long ;  X,E,I,  6,  0,  ?,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


JULEP 


239 


JUXTAPOSITION 


JO'IiEP,  n.  [Per.  julab,  jullab ,  fr.  gu- 
lab,  rose-water  and  julep.]  1.  A 
sweet  drink.  2.  A  spirituous  bever¬ 
age,  with  sugar,  ice,  and  sprigs  of 
mint. 

JUI/IAN  (jul'yan),  a.  Belonging  to, 
or  derived  from,  Julius  Caesar. 

Julian  year ,  the  year  of  365  days,  6 
hours. 

Ju-LY',  n.  The  seventh  month  of  the 
year ;  —  named  from  Julius  Caesar. 

JUM'BLE,t\  £.  [-ed: -ING.]  [Prob.fr. 
Lat.  cumulare ,  to  heap.]  To  mix  in 
a  confused  mass.  — v.  i.  To  mix  or 
unite  in  a  confused  manner.  — n.  1. 
Confused  mixture  ;  orderless  mass  or 
collection.  2.  A  small,  sweet  cake. 

JthttP,  1\  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  skip; 
to  spring ;  to  bound.  — v.  t.  To  pass 
by  a  leap  ;  to  skip  over.  —  n.  Act 
of  jumping  ;  a  leap  :  a  spring. 

JOmp'er,  n.  1.  One  who  jumps.  2. 
A  rude  kind  of  sleigh. 

JDmp'-seat,  n.  A  carriage  with  a 
movable  seat. 

JOng'tion,  n.  [Lat .  junctio.]  1.  Act 
of  joining,  or  state  of  being  joined  ; 
union.  2.  Place  or  point  of  union, 
especially  of  two  lines  of  railway. 

JOngt'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  junctura .] 
1.  Joint  or  articulation.  2.  A  point 
of  time  ;  an  exigency  ;  an  emergency. 

June,  n.  [Lat.  Junius,  fr.  Juno.]  The 
sixth  month  of  the  year. 

JOn'GLE  (jang'gl),  n.  [Hind,  jangal.] 
Land  mostly  covered  with  forest- 
trees,  brush-wood,  &e. 

JUN'IOR,  a.  [Lat.,  fr.  juvenis,  young.] 
1.  Younger.  2.  Belonging  to  a  youn¬ 
ger  person,  or  to  a  junior.  — n.  1.  A 
younger  person.  2.  One  of  a  lower 
standing;  esp.,one  in  the  third  year 
of  his  course  in  an  American  college. 

Jfj'NI-PER,  n.  [Lat.  juniperus.  See 
Geneva.]  An  evergreen  coniferous 
shrub  or  tree. 

JOnk,  n. 

[Lat.  j un¬ 
cus,  a  bul¬ 
rush,  of 
which 
ropes  were 
made  in 
early 
ages.]  1. 

Pieces  of 
old  cable 
or  cord¬ 
age.  2.  A  Junk, 

ship  used  in  China.  3.  A  thick 
piece.  [See  Chunk.]  4.  Hard  salted 
beef  supplied  to  ships. 

JOnk'ET,  n.  [Lat.  juncata,  cream- 
cheese.]  1.  A  sweetmeat.  2.  A  stolen 
entertainment.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 


1.  To  make  a  private  entertainment. 

2.  To  feast ;  to  banquet. 

JOnk'et-ing,  n.  A  private  feast. 

JOn'ta,?i.  [Sp. ,  from  Lat.  junctus , 

joined.]  A  grand  council  of  state  in 
Spain. 

JOn'to,  n. ;  pi.  JUN'TOg.  [Seesw/>ra.] 
A  faction  ;  a  cabal. 

JfpPI-TER,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  {Rom.  Myth.) 
The  supreme  deity.  2.  The  largest 
of  the  planets. 

JU-rId'I€,  1  a.  [Lat.  juridicus,  fr. 

J U-RIDH-e-AL , )  jus,  juris,  right, 
law,  and  dicare,  to  pronounce.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  a  judge.  2.  .Used  in 
courts  of  law. 

Ju-rid'I€-al.-ly,  adv.  According  to 
forms  of  law. 

JU'RIS-GON'SULT  (110),  n.  [Lat.  ju¬ 
risconsult  us.  \  A  man  learned  in  the 
law  ;  a  jurist ;  a  counselor. 

JU'RIS-DIG'TION,  n.  [Lat.  jurisdic- 
tio  ;  jus,  right,  law,  and  dicare,  to 
pronounce.]  1.  Legal  power  or  au¬ 
thority.  2.  Power  of  governing  or 
legislating.  3.  Limit  within  which 
power  may  be  exercised. 

Ju'ris-pru'den^e,  n.  [Lat.  juris- 
prudentia ;  jus,  right,  law,  and  pru- 
dentia,  a  foreseeing,  knowledge.] 
Science  of  law  ;  knowledge  of  the 
laws,  customs,  &c.  [law. 

Ju'ris-priPdent,  n.  One  skilled  in 

JfpRIS-PRU-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining 
to  jurisprudence. 

Ju'rist  (89),  n.  One  versed  in  the  law. 

Ju'ROR,  n.  [Lat.  jurator,  a  sworn 
witness  or  magistrate.]  One  who 
serves  on  a  jury. 

Ju'RY  (89),  n.  1.  (Law.)  A  body  of 
men,  selected  and  sworn  to  inquire 
into  any  matter  of  fact,  and  to  de¬ 
clare  the  truth  of  it  on  the  evidence 
given  them.  2.  A  committee  for  ad¬ 
judging  prizes  at  a  public  exhibition. 

Ju'RY-MAN  (150),  n.  One  who  serves 
as  a  juror. 

JU'RY-MAST,  n.  [Probably  for  in¬ 
jury-mast.]  A  temporary  mast. 

JOst,  a.  [Lat.  justus;  jus,  right, 
law.]  1.  Rendering  to  each  one  his 
due.  2.  Conformed  to  fact,  to  a 
propfer  standard,  to  reasonable  ex¬ 
pectations,  &c. 

Syn. —  Equitable  ;  upright;  honest; 
true;  fair;  impartial  ;  proper;  exact  ; 
norm  d:  orderly;  regular;  tasteful. 

—  adv.  Precisely;  exactly;  nearly. 

—  n.  A  mock  encounter  on  horse¬ 
back  ;  atilt.  —  v.  i.  [0.  Fr .  j  lister, 
jousler,  fr.  Lat.  juxla,  near  to,  L. 
Lat.  juxtare,  to  approach.]  To  en¬ 
gage  in  a  mock  fight  on  horseback. 

JBs'TiC-E,n.  [Lat. juslitia.]  1.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  just;  the  rendering  to 


every  one  his  due.  2.  Conformity  to 
truth  and  reality.  3.  Just  treat¬ 
ment.  4.  Equity  ;  justness.  5.  A 
person  commissioned  to  hold  courts. 

Syn.  — Equity;  law. — Justice  and  equi¬ 
ty  are  the  same;  but  human  laws,  though 
designed  to  secure  justice,  are  of  neces¬ 
sity  imperfect,  and  hence  what  is  strictly 
legal  is  at  times  far  from  being  equitable 
or  just. 

JtJS'Tl^E  -ship,  n.  Office  or  dignity 
of  a  justice.  [or  justice. 

Jus-tPci-a-ry  (-ttsh'T-),  n.  A  judge 

Jus'ti-fPA-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
proved  to  be  just. 

JBs'ti-fPa-ble-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  justifiable.  [justified. 

JOs'ti-fPA-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  be 

jOs'Tl-Fl-eA'TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  jus¬ 
tifying  ;  vindication ;  defense.  2. 
State  of  being  justified.  3.  (  Theol.) 
The  treating  of  sinful  man  as  though 
he  were  just.  [defensory. 

Jfts'TI-FI-GA'TO-RY,  a.  Vindicatory  ; 

jCs'Tl-Fl'ER,  n.  One  who  justifies. 

jtfs'TI-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  justijicare ;  justus,  just,  and 
facere ,  to  make.]  1.  To  prove  or 
shfow  to  be  just.  2.  To  pronounce 
free  from  guilt  or  blame.  3.  (  Theol.) 
To  treat  as  just,  though  guilty  and 
deserving  punishment 

Syn.— To  defend;  maintain  ;  vindi¬ 
cate  ;  excuse  ;  exculpate  ;  absolve. 

JtJs'TLE  (jHs/l),  v.  i.  [Dim.  of  just, 
v.  i.]  To  run  or  strike  against;  to 
encounter.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
push  ;  to  force  by  rushing  against. 

JGst'ly,  adv.  Fairly  ;  exactly. 

JOst'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  just; 
justice  ;  reasonableness  ;  equity. 

JOT,  v.  i.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  [A  different 
spelling  of  jet.]  To  shoot  forward; 
to  project  beyond  the  main  body.  — 
n.  A  shooting  forward  ;  a  projection. 

Jute,  n.  A  substance  resembling 
hemp,  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
mats,  coarse  carpets,  &c. 

JOt'ty,  n.  [See  Jettee.]  A  pier 
or  mole.  [young. 

Ju'VE-Nfis'CEN£E,  n.  A  growing 

Ju've-nEs'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  juvenes- 
cens ;  juvenis,  young.]  Becoming 
young. 

Ju'VE-NlLE.  a.  [Lat.  juvenilis.  1. 
Young  ;  youthful.  2.  Pertaining  or 
suited  to  youth.  —  n.  A  young  per¬ 
son  or  youth. 

Ju'VE-NiLE-NESS,  1  n.  Youthfulness ; 

JU'VE-NfL'I-TY,  )  youthful  age. 

Jux/TA-POg,lT,  v.  t.  [Lat.  juxta,  near, 
and  Eng.  posit.]  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
place  in  close  connection. 

JOx'TA-PO-gPTlON  (-zTsh'un),  n.  A 
placing  or  being  placed  in  nearness. 


K  240  KEY 

K. 


K(ka)  is  the  eleventh  letter  and 
eighth  consonant  of  the  English 
alphabet.  See  Prin.  of  Pron.,  §  78. 
Kale,  n.  [A.-S.  cal.  See  Cole.]  A 
kind  of  cabbage. 

Ka-lei'do-scope,  m.  [Gr.  *aA6?, 
beautiful,  eiSos,  form,  and  crKoneiv, 
to  look  carefully.]  An  optical  instru¬ 
ment  which  exhibits  an  endless  va¬ 
riety  of  beautiful  colors  and  sym¬ 
metrical  forms. 

KXl'ends,  n.  See  Calends. 

KA'lY,  nS  [Ar.  qali.]  A  plant,  the 
ashes  of  which  are  used  in  making 
glass. 

KAl'MI-A,  n.  [Named  in  honor  of 
Peter  Knlm.]  An  evergreen  shrub, 
having  shotvy  flowers; — sometimes 
called  laurel. 

KXm'SIN,  n.  [Ar.  khamsin ;  khamshn, 
fifty,  because  it  blows  for  about  fifty 
days.]  A  hot  southerly  wind  in 
Egypt. 

KXN'GrA-ROO',n. 

An  animal 
found  in  Aus¬ 
tralia  and  the 
neighboring  isl¬ 
ands.  The  long 
hind  legs  ena¬ 
ble  it  to  make  Kangaroo, 
enormous  bounds. 

KA'o-LlN,  1  n.  [Chin.]  A  kind  of 
KA'o-line,)  clay  for  making  por¬ 
celain. 

Ka'TY-dId,  n.  [From  the  noise  it 
makes.]  An  insect  of  a  pale-green 
color,  allied  to  the  grasshoppers. 
KEB'LAH,  /t.  [Ar.  kihlah,  any  thing 
opposite.]  The  point  toward  which 
Mohammedans  turn  in  prayer,  being 
the  direction  of  the  temple  at  Mecca. 
K£ck,  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  heave 
the  stomach  ;  to  l’etch,  —  n.  A  heav¬ 
ing  of  the  stomach. 

Keck'le  (kek'l),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  wind  old  rope  round,  as  a  cable, 
to  preserve  its  surface. 

Keck'sy,  n.  [Allied  to  Lat.  cicuta .] 
Dry  stalk  of  the  hemlock,  &c. 
Ked6e,  n.  A  small  anchor  to  keep 
a  ship  steady.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Scot,  hedge,  cadge,  to  toss  .about,  to 
move  quickly.]  To  warp,  as  a  ship  ; 
to  move  by  means  of  a  kedge. 

Keel,  n.  [A.-S.  ceol.}  1. 

Principal  timber  in  a 
ship,  extending  from 
stem  to  stern  at  the 
bottom.  2.  The  two 
lowest  petals  of  the 
corolla  of  a  papiliona-  ^eel  C2)« 
ceous  flower  inclosing  the  stamens 
and  pistil,  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  plow  with  a  keel ;  to  navigate.  2. 
To  turn  up  the  keel  ;  to  show  the 
bottom. 

Reel'-boat,  n.  A  large,  covered 
boat,  with  a  keel,  but  no  sails. 


Keel'ER,  n.  A  shallow  tub  for  va¬ 
rious  uses. 

Keel'haul,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
haul  under  the  keel  of  a  ship,  as  a 
punishment. 

Keel'SON  (kePsun),  n.  [From  keel.] 
A  piece  of  timber  laid  on  the  middle 
of  the  floor  timbers  over  the  keel. 

Keen,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S.  cine, 
cen.]  1.  Eager;  vehement.  2.  Sharp; 
having  a  fine  edge.  3.  Pierciug;  pen¬ 
etrating.  4.  Bitter ;  acrimonious. 
5.  Acute  of  mind. 

Keen'ly,  adv.  in  a  keen  manner ; 
sharply  ;  eagerly. 

Keen'ness  (109),  n.  Quality  of  being 
keen  ;  eagerness ;  sharpness. 

Keep,  v.  t.  [kept  ;  keeping.]  [A.- 

5.  cepan,  to  intercept.]  1.  To  cause 
to  remain  within  one’s  control.  2. 
To  maintain  unchanged.  3.  To  take 
care  of.  4.  To  conduct ;  to  manage. 

6.  To  entertain.  6.  To  have  and 
maintain,  as  an  assistant  or  a  serv¬ 
ant.  7.  To  adhere  to;  to  practice  or 
perform.  8.  To  remain  in  ;  hence,  to 
haunt ;  to  frequent.  9.  To  celebrate. 

Syn.  —  To  retain;  preserve. —  Keep  is 
the  generic  term,  and  is  often  used  where 
retain  or  preserve  would  too  much 
restrict  the  meaning;  as,  to  keep  silence, 
&c.  Retain  denotes  that  we  keep  or  hold 
things,  as  against  influences  which  might 
deprive  us  of  them,  or  reasons  which 
might  lead  us  to  give  them  up;  as,  to  re¬ 
tain  vivacity  in  old  age;  to  retain  coun¬ 
sel  in  a  lawsuit;  to  retain  one’s  servant 
after  a  reverse  of  fortune.  Preserve  de¬ 
notes  that  we  keep  a  thing  against  agen¬ 
cies  which  might  lead  to  its  being  de¬ 
stroyed  or  broken  in  upon ;  as,  to  preserve 
one’s  health  amid  many  exposures,  to 
preserve  appearances,  &c. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  remain  in  any  state  ; 

2.  To  last ;  to  endure.  3.  To  dwell. 

—  n.  The  strongest  and  securest 
part  of  a  castle  ;  the  donjon. 

Keep'er,  n.  One  who  keeps,  pre¬ 
serves,  or  guards  ;  one  who  remains. 

Keep'ing,  n.  1.  A  holding  ;  restraint ; 
custody.  2.  Maintenance  ;  support. 

3.  Just  proportion  ;  congruity. 

Keep'ing-room,  n.  A  common  par¬ 
lor  or  sitting-room. 

Keep'SAKE  ,  a.  A  token  of  friendship. 

Keeve,  n.  [A.-S.  cyf,  fr.  Lat.  cupa, 
tub,  cask.]  A  large  vessel  for  fer¬ 
menting  liquors.  —  v.  t.  To  set  in  a 
keeve  for  fermentation. 

KEG,  n.  [See  Cag.]  A  small  cask. 

Kelp,  n.  The  calcined  ashes  of  sea¬ 
weed,  or  the  sea-weed  itself. 

KElP'Ye,  1  n.  An  imaginary  spirit  of 

Kelp'y,  )  the  waters,  in  the  form 
of  a  horse.  [5coL] 

K£lt,  n.  Same  as  Celt. 

KEl'ter,  n.  [Written  also  kilter.] 
[Gael,  cealtair ,  clothes,  cause  or 
matter.]  Regular  order  or  condition. 

Ken,  V.  t.  [-NED  ;  -NING.]  [A.-S. 
cunnan ,  Goth,  kunnan,  kannjan.] 
1.  To  know ;  to  understand.  2.  To 


recognize ;  to  descry. —  n.  View ;  espe- 
daily,  reach  of  sight  or  knowledge. 

Ken'nel,  n.  [Fr.  c/ienil,  fr.  Lat.  ca¬ 
ms,  dog.]  1.  A  house  for  dogs.  2. 
A  pack  of  hounds.  3.  Hole  of  a  fox 
or  other  beast.  — v.  i.  [-ED,  -ING  ; 
or -LED, -LING,  137.]  To  lodge;  to 
lie  ;  —  as  a  dog  or  a  fox.  — v.  t.  To 
keep  or  confix  in  a  kennel. 

Ken'TLE,  n.  [Eng.  quintal.]  A  hun¬ 
dred  pounds  ;  a  quintal. 

Kent'ledge,  n.  [D.  kant,  edge, 
corner,  and  the  termination  ledge.] 
Pigs  of  iron  for  ballast  laid  on  the 
floor  of  a  ship. 

Kept,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Keep. 

KEr'chief,  n.  [0.  Fr.  couvrechief, 
couvrechef;  couvrir ,  to  cover,  and 
chief,  chef,  the  head.]  A  square  of 
fine  linen  used  by  women  to  cover 
the  head. 

K£rf  (14),  n.  [A.-S.  cyrf,  a  cutting 
off.]  The  notch  or  slit  made  in  wood 
by  cutting  or  sawing. 

KLR'MEg,  n.  [Ar.,  fr.  Skr.  krimidja, 
engendered  by  a  worm.]  The  dried 
bodies  of  a  species  of  insect;  a  red 
coloring  matter. 

Kermes  mineral,  a  brilliant  red  sul- 
phuret  of  mercury,  in  the  state  of  fine 
powder. 

Kern,  n.  1.  [Ir.  cearn,  a  man.]  An 
idle  person  or  vagabond.  2,  [A.-S. 
eweorn.]  A  hand-mill.  3.  That  part 
of  a  type  which  hangs  over  the  body. 

KER'NEL,  n.  [A.-S.  cyrnel,  a  little 
corn,  allied  to  Eng.  corn.]  1.  Any 
thing  included  in  a  shell,  husk,  or 
integument.  2.  A  nucleus  ;  central 
part  of_any  thing. 

KER'O-SENE,  n.  [Gr.  xrjpos,  wax,  with 
termination  ene,  as  in  camphene.] 
An  oil  from  bituminous  coal,  used 
for  illumination. 

IvER'gEY,  n.  [D.  karsai.]  A  coarse, 
woolen  cloth,  usually  ribbed. 

Ker'§ey-mere,  n.  A  thin  woolen 
cloth ,  woven  from  the  finest  wool ; 
cassimere. 

KETCH,  n.  [Fr  caiche,  quaiche,  D. 
£?is.]  A  two -mas ted  vessel  from  one 
hundred  to  two  hundred  and  fifty 
tons  burden.  [HP. 

KLtch'up,  n.  A  sauce.  SeeCATCH- 

Ket'tle,  m.  [A.-S.  celel,  cytel ;  Lat. 
catillus ,  dim.  of  catinus,  bowl.]  A 
metallic  vessel  for  heating  water,  &c. 

Ket'tle— drCm,  n.  A 
drum  made  of  a  cop¬ 
per  vessel,  usually 
hemispherical,  cov¬ 
ered  with  parchment. 

Key,  n.  [A.-S.  cag, 
edge.]  1.  That  which 
fastens,  as  a  piece  of  Kettle-drum. 
wood  in  the  frame  of 
a  building.  2.  An  instrument  which 
serves  to  shut  or  open  a  lock.  3.  An 
instrument  used  by  being  inserted 


A,  e,  l,  o, u,  y,  long ;  A,e.K,6,0.V,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask:  all,  wh^t;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n. 


KEYAGE 

and  turned.  4.  That  which  serves 
to  unlock  a  secret ;  a  solution  ;  an 
explanation.  5.  That  which  serves 
to  lock  up  and  make  fast.  6.  (Mus.) 
(a.)  A  lever  in  an  instrument  struck 
or  pressed  by  the  fingers  in  playing. 
(6.)  Key-note.  7.  [Fr.  quay,  quai, 
of  Celtic  origin.]  An  island  rising 
little  above  the  surface.  8.  A  quay. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  fasten 
with  keys. 

Key'age  (45),  n.  Money  paid  for  the 
use  of  a  key  or  quay. 

Key'-board,  n.  The  whole  range  of 
the  keys  of  an  organ  or  piano-forte. 

Keyed  (keed),  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
keys.  _2.  Set  to  a  key,  as  a  tune. 

Key'-hole,  n.  A  hole  in  a  door  or 
lock,  for  receiving  a  key. 

Ke  Y'-NOTE,  n.  The  first  tone  of  the 
scale  in  which  a  piece  is  written. 

Key'-STONE,  ii.  The  wedge-shaped 
stone  on  the  top  of  an  arch  which 
binds  the  work. 

Kuan  (kawn  or  kSn),  n.  [Turk.  Man.] 
A  prince  or  king ;  —  so  called  among 
the  Tartars,  &c. 

Khan,  n.  [Per.,  house,  teut,  inn.]  An 
Eastern  inn  or  caravansary. 

KIbe,  n.  [W.  cib,  a  vessel,  shell, 
husk.]  An  ulcerated  chilblain,  as  in 
the  heels. 

KICK,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [W.  ciciaw,  fr. 
cic,  foot.]  To  strike,  thrust,  or  hit 
violently  with  the  foot.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
practice  striking  with  the  foot.  2. 
To  thrust  out  the  foot  with  violence  ; 
to  manifest  opposition.  3.  To  recoil. 

—  n.  A  blow  with  the  foot  or  feet. 

KlD,  n.  [Icel.  kid/i,  0.  H.  Ger.  kiz , 

kizzi.]  1.  A  young  goat.  2.  A  bun¬ 
dle  of  furze. 

KId'nAp,  v.  t.  [-ED,  -ING  :  or  -PED, 
-PING,  137.]  [Prov.  Eng.  k  d,  child, 
and  nap ,  to  seize.]  To  steal  and  carry 
away  or  secrete,  as  a  human  being. 

Kid'nXp-ER,  I  n.  One  who  steals  a 

Kid'nap-per,  j  human  being. 

Kid'NEY,  n.  [Prob.  from  A.-S.  quidh , 
Goth,  qvithits,  belly,  womb,  and 
Eng.  nigh.]  1.  One  of  two  oblong, 
flattened  glands,  constituting  the  se¬ 
cretory  organs  of  the  urine.  2.  Hab¬ 
it  ;  disposition ;  sort ;  kind. 

KKl/der-kin,  n.  A  small  barrel. 

Kill,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
cwellen,  cwelian.  See  QUELL.]  To 
deprive  of  life,  in  any  manner  ;  to 
put  to  death. 

Syn.  —  To  murder;  assassinate  ;  slay. 
—  To  kill  docs  not  necessarily  mean  any 
more  than  to  deprive  of  life.  A  man  may 
kill  another  by  accident  or  in  self-de¬ 
fense,  without  the  imputation  of  guilt. 
To  murder  is  to  kill  with  malicious  fore¬ 
thought  and  intention.  To  assassinate 
is  to  murder  suddenly  and  by  stealth. 

KIll'er,  n.  One  who  kills. 

KIl'li-ki-nIck',  n.  See  KlNNI- 
KINIC. 

KIln  (kil),  n.  [A.-S.  cyln,  W.  cyl.]  1. 
A  large  stove  or  oven,  for  hardening, 
burning,  or  drying  any  thing.  2.  A 
pile  of  brick  for  burning. 

KIln'-dry  (kil'-),  v.  t.  [-DRIED  ; 
-drying.]  To  dry  in  a  kiln. 


241 

Kilt,  n.  [Ir.  cealt ,  clothes,  kilt.]  A 
kind  of  short  petticoat.  [Scotland.] 

Kim'bo,  a.  [Celt,  cam,  crooked,  and 
Eng.  bow,  to  bend.]  Crooked. 

KIn,  n.  [A.-S.  cyn,  cynd .]  1.  Rela¬ 
tionship  ;  consanguinity.  2.  Rela¬ 
tives  ;  kindred.  —  a.  Of  the  same 
nature  ;  kindred  ;  akin 

Kind  (72),  n.  1.  Race  ;  genus  ;  generic 
class.  2.  Sort ;  manner  ;  character. 
—  a.  [-ER;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  cynde, 
gecynde,  natural.  See  Kind  and 
KIN,  n.]  Disposed  to  do  good  to 
others. 

Syn.  —  Obliging;  benevolent;  benign; 
gracious;  generous;  indulgent;  humane. 

KlN'DER-GAR'TEN,  n.  [Ger.  kinder , 
children,  and  garten,  garden  ;  — 
children’s  garden.]  A  school  for 
young  children,  in  which  play  or 
active  exercise  is  combined  with 
study ,  and  especial  attention  is  paid 
to  object-teaching. 

Kin'dle  (kTn'dl),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Icel.  kinda,  to  kindle.]  1.  To  set 
on  fire  ;  to  light.  2.  To  exasperate  ; 
to  rouse  ;  to  provoke.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
take  fire.  2.  To  begin  to  be  excited. 

KIn'dler,  n.  One  that  kindles. 

Kin  dullness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
kindly  ;  benignity. 

KlND'LY,  a.  [-ER;  -EST,  142.]  1. 

Sympathetic  ;  congenial ;  hence,  be¬ 
nevolent  ;  gracious.  2.  Favorable  ; 
gentle. — adv.  With  good  will. 

Kind'ness,  ii.  1.  Good  will ;  benevo¬ 
lence.  2.  A  kind  act. 

KIN'dred,  n.  [0.  Eng.  kinrede,  from 
A.-S.  cynn,  offspring,  and  term,  rx- 
den,  orig.  a  state  or  condition.]  1. 
Consanguinity;  kin.  2.  Relatives  by 
blood.  —  a.  Related;  congenial. 

Kine,  n.;  pi.  of  Cow. 

KING,  n.  [A.-S.  cyng,  cynig.]  1.  A 
sovereign.  2.  Chief  piece  in  chess. 

King'dom,  n.  [Eng.  king,  and  the 
termination  dom.]  1.  Royal  author¬ 
ity.  2.  Territory  or  dominion  of  a 
king.  3.  An  extensive  scientific  di¬ 
vision  ;  a  department. 

King'fIsh-er,  n. 

A  bird  that  lives 
on  fish,  which  it 
takes  by  darting 
down  on  its  prey 
in  the  water. 

KlNG'LY,  a.  [-ER ; 

-EST,  142.]  1. 

Monarchical;  Kingfisher, 
royal.  2.  Relat¬ 
ing  to,  or  becoming,  a  king. 

Syn.  — Regal.  —  Kingly  is  Saxon,  and 
refers  especially  to  the  character  of  a 
king;  regal  is  Latin,  and  now  relates 
more  to  his  office. 

KIng'-post,  n.  A  beam  in  a  roof, 
rising  from  the  tie-beam  to  the  ridge. 

KlNG’g'  E'viL  (e'vl),  n.  A  disease  of 
the  scrofulous  kind,  which  was  for¬ 
merly  thought  to  be  healed  by  the 
touch  of  a  king. 

KInk,  n.  [D.  kink ,  a  bend.]  A  self- 
formed  twist  in  a  rope  or  thread.  — 
v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  twist  spon¬ 
taneously. 


KNAP 

Kin'ni-KI-nig',  n.  [Indian.]  Bark 
and  leaves  of  red  sumac  or  the  red 
willow,  prepared  for  smoking. 

KI'no,  n.  An  astringent  vegetable  ex¬ 
tract^ 

KlNg'FOLK  (-fok),  n.  Kindred;  per. 
sons  of  the  same  family. 

Kin'ship,  n.  Relationship;  consan. 
guinity. 

KiNg'MAN  (150),  n.  A  man  of  tho 
same  race  or  family. 

KINS'WOM-AN  (150),  n.  A  woman  of 
the  same  race  or  family  ;  a  female  re¬ 
lation. 

Kip'per,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  cure, 
as  fish,  by  means  of  salt  and  pepper, 
and  by  hanging  up.  —  n.  1.  A  salm¬ 
on  in  the  state  of  spawning.  2.  A 
salmon  split  open,  salted,  and  dried 
or  smoked. 

Kip'-skin,  n.  Leather  prepared  from 
the  skin  of  young  cattle. 

Kirk  (18),  n.  [A.-S.  circe.]  1.  A 
church.  [SfcoL]  2.  The  established 
church  in  Scotland. 

Kir'tle,  n.  [A.-S.  cyrtel.]  An  upper 
garment ;  a  short  jacket. 

Kiss,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
cyssan.]  To  salute  with  the  lips.  — 
n.  1.  A  salute  with  the  lips.  2.  A 
small  piece  of  confectionery. 

KIt,  n.  [D.  kit,  a  large  bottle.]  1.  A 
vessel  of  various  kinds  and  uses.  2. 
That  which  contains  a  necessary  out¬ 
fit  ;  hence,  a  whole  outfit.  3.  A 
small  violin. 

KItch'en  (58),  n.  [Lat.  coquina,  fr. 
coquere,  to  cook.]  A  room  or  place 
for  cooking. 

KItch'en-gar'djen  (-gar'dn),  n.  A 
garden  for  raising  vegetables  for  the 
table. 

Kite,  n. [A.-S.  cita, 
cyta  ]  1.  A  rapa¬ 
cious  bird  of  the 
hawk  kind.  2. 

A  light  wooden 
frame  covered 
with  paper,  for  Kite, 

flying.  — v.  i.  To 

raise  money,  or  sustain  one’s  credit, 
by  the  use  of  mercantile  paper  which 
is  fictitious. 

Kith,  n.  [A.-S.  cydh.]  Acquaint¬ 
ance. 

Kith  and  kin,  intimate  acquaintance 
and  relationship. 

KIt'ten,  n.  [Dim.  of  cat.]  A  young 
cat;  the  young  of  the  cat.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  bring  forth  young, 
as  a  cat. 

Knab  (nab),  v.  t.  [-bed  ;  -bing]  To 
seize  with  the  teeth  ;  to  lay  hold  of; 
to  nab.  [  Vulgar.] 

Knack  (nSk),  n.  1.  A  toy.  2.  Dexter¬ 
ity  ;  adroitness. 

Knag  (nag),  n.  [Ir.  cnag,  peg,  knob.] 
1.  A  knot  in  wood.  2.  A  peg.  3.  A 
shoot  of  a  deer]s  horn. 

Knag'gy  (nfig'gy),  a.  Knotty;  rough 
with  knots. 

Knap  (nap),  n.  [A.-S.  cndp.]  A  pro¬ 
tuberance  ;  a  knob  or  button.  —  v.  t. 
[-PED  ;  -PING.]  1.  To  bite  off.  2. 
To  snap. 

G,  hard ;  Ag;  EJIST;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  Bilent ;  u,  6,  soft;e, 

16 


KNAPSACK 

KnXp'sXck  (n&p'sitk),  n. 

[D.  knapzak ,  fr.  knavven .  MplwW 
to  eat.]  A  leather  bag,  THlW'Hr 
for  food  and  clothing,  IW  H 
borne  on  the  back  by  sol-  IglJUfp 

Knar  (narj,  I  n.  [0.  D.  Knapsack. 

KNARL  (narl),  )  knorre  ;Ger.  knorre , 
knorre.n.]  A  knot  in  wood. 

Knarlied  (narld),  a.  See  Gnarled. 

Knave  (nav),  n.  [A.-S.  cnafa,  a  boy, 
young  man,  servant,  rogue.]  1.  A 
dishonest  person  ;  a  rascal ;  a  villain. 
2.  A  playing-card  with  the  figure  of 
a  servant  or  soldier. 

Knav'er-y  (nav7er-y),  n.  Petty  vil¬ 
lainy  ;  fraud ;  trickery. 

KNAV'ISH  (navdsh),  a.  Like  a  knave ; 
villainous.  [honestly. 

Knav'ish-LY  (nav7ish-ly),  adv.  Dis- 

Knav'ish-ness  (navdsh-nes),  n. 
Quality  or  habit  of  knavery ;  dis¬ 
honesty. 

Knead  (need),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  cnedan.]  To  work  and  press 
into  a  mass,  as  bread  or  paste. 

Knee  (nee),  n.  [A.-S.  kned,  knedw.] 
1.  Joint  connecting  the  two  pi-inci- 
pal  parts  of  the  leg.  2.  A  piece  of 
timber  somewhat  in  the  shape  ot  the 
knee  when  bent. 

Knee'-deep  (nee7deep),  a.  Rising  or 
sunk  to  the  knees. 

Knee'-hIgh  (nee7hi),  a.  Reaching 
upward  to  the  knees. 

Kneel  (neel),  v.  i.  [knelt  or 
kneeled;  kneeling.]  To  bend 
the  knee  ;  to  fall  on  the  knees. 

Knee'-pan  (nee7-),  n.  A  flattened 
round  bone  on  the  front  of  the  knee- 
joint. 

Knell  (nel),  n.  [A.-S.  cnyll. ]  Stroke 
of  a  bell,  rung  at  a  funeral,  &c. ; 
hence,  a  death-signal.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  sound  as  a  knell. 

Knew  (nu),  imp.  of  Know. 

KnIck'knXck  (mk7n3k),  n.  A  trifle 
or  toy  ;  a  gewgaw. 

Knife  (nif),  n.  [A.-S.  cnif.]  An 
edged  instrument  for  cutting. 

Knight  (nit),  n  [A.-S.  cniht,cneoht.] 
1.  A  military  attendant.  2.  One  ad¬ 
mitted,  in  feudal  times,  to  a  certain 
military  rank.  3.  One  on  whom 
knighthood  is  conferred,  entitling 
him  to  be  addressed  as  Sir.  4.  A 
piece  used  in  chess. — v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  dub  or  create  a  knight. 

KnIght7-£r'RANT  (nit-),  n.  A  knight 
who  traveled  in  search  of  adventure. 

Knight7-£r'RANT-ry  (nit-),  n.  Prac¬ 
tice  of  wandering  iu  quest  of  adven¬ 
tures. 


L(el),  the  twelfth  letter  of  the  Eng¬ 
lish  alphabet,  has  only  one  sound, 
as  in  loll  See  Prin.  of  Pron .,  §79. 
Lof  a  house ,  a  wing,  or  part  attached 

X,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  Ion 


242 

KnIght'ho'od  (nit7-),  n.  Character, 
dignity,  or  condition  of  a  knight. 

Knight'i.Y  (nit715T),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  becoming,  a  knight  —  adv.  In  a 
manner  becoming  a  knight. 

Knit  (nit),  v.  t.  [knit  or  knitted  ; 
KNITTING.]  [A.-S.  cnytan,  cnyttan.] 

1.  To  form,  by  continued  interloop¬ 

ing  of  yarn  or  thread,  by  means  of 
needles.  2.  To  join  ;  to  unite  ;  to 
connect.  3.  To  draw  together  ;  to 
contract.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  unite  any 
thing  by  making  knots.  2.  To  be 
united  closely.  [knits. 

Knit'TER  (nlt7ter),  n.  One  who 

Knit'ting  (nlt7ting),  n.  The  work 
of  a  knitter. 

Knit7ting-nee7dle  (nlt7ting-),  n. 
A  long  needle  used  for  knitting. 

Knive§  (nlvz),  n. ;  pi.  of  Knife. 

KNOB  (nob),  n.  [A  modif  of  knop .] 
A  hard  protuberance  ;  a  bunch  ; 
a  round  ball  at  the  end  of  any  thing. 

Knob'bi-ness  (n5b7bl-),  n.  Quality 
of  having  knobs  or  protuberances. 

Knob'BY  (n6b7byT),  a.  Full  of  knobs. 

Knock  (nok),  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A  - 
S.  cnocian.]  1.  To  strike  with  some¬ 
thing  hard  or  heavy.  2.  To  clash. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  strike;  to  drive  against. 

2.  To  strike  for  admittance,  as  a 
door.  — n.  A  stroke  with  something 
thick  or  heavy  ;  a  rap. 

Knock'er  (nok7er),  n.  One  who 
knocks  ;  specifically ,  a  kind  of  ham¬ 
mer  to  rap  on  a  door. 

Knock7-kneed  (nok7need),  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  legs  bent  inward,  so  that  the 
knees  touch. 

Knoll  (nol),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
cnyllan ,  cnellan.  See  Knell.]  To 
ring,  as  a  bell ;  to  knell.  —  v.  i.  To 
sound,  as  a  bell ;  to  knell.  —  n.  [A.- 
S.  cnoll.]  A  little  round  hill  or  ele¬ 
vation  of  earth. 

Knop  (nop),  n.  [A.-S.  cnxp,  cnsepp.] 

1.  A  knob  ;  a  button.  2.  [  Arch.)  A 
bunch  of  flowers  or  leaves. 

Knot  (not),  n.  [A.-S.  cnot}  allied  to 
Lat.  nodus.]  1.  A  complication  of 
cords,  formed  by  tying  or  knitting. 

2.  Bond  of  union.  3.  A  difficulty  ;  a 
perplexity.  4.  Joint  of  a  plant.  5. 

( Naut . )  A  division  of  the  log-line, 
serving  to  measure  the  rate  of  the 
vessel's  motion. — v.  t.  [-ted; 
-ting.]  1.  To  form  a  knot.  2.  To 
unite  closely.  3.  To  entangle  ;  to  per¬ 
plex. —  v.i.  To  form  knots  or  joints. 

Knot'ted  (not7ted),  a.  Full  of  knots 

Knot'ti-ness  (not7tI-nes),  n.  1. 
Quality  of  being  knotty.  2.  Difficul¬ 
ty  of  solution ;  intricacy. 


L. 


to  the  main  building,  giving  the  build¬ 
ing  the  shape  of  the  letter  L. 

Lfr.interj.  [See  Lo.]  Look;  behold. 
LA'BEL,  n.  [Lat.  labellum,  dim.  of  la- 


L  ABEL 

Knot'ty  (not7-),  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.] 
1.  Having  many  knots.  2.  Hard ; 
rugged.  3.  Difficult ;  intricate. 

Knout  (nowt  or  nobt),  n.  [Russ. 
knut.]  An  instrument  of  punish¬ 
ment  in  Russia,  with  which  stripes 
are  inflicted  on  the  bareback.  —  v 
t._  To  punish  with  the  knout. 

Know  (no),  v.  t.  [knew;  known; 
knowing.]  [A.-S.  cnawan ,  allied 
to  Lat.  gnoscere ,  noscere.]  1.  To  per¬ 
ceive  or  apprehend  clearly.  2.  To 
possess  experience  of.  3.  To  recog¬ 
nize.  4.  To  countenance ;  to  ap¬ 
prove.  5.  To  have  sexual  commerce 
with.  — v.  i.  To  have  knowledge  ; 
to  possess  information. 

Know'a-ble  (no7a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  known. 

Knowing  (no7ing),  p.  a.  Skillful; 
well-informed  ;  intelligent. 

Know'ing-ly  (no7ing-ly),  adv.  In¬ 
telligently. 

Knowledge  (nol7ej,  39),  n.  [Know 
and  the  termination  ledge.]  1.  Act 
of  knowing.  2.  That  which  is 
known;  a  cognition.  3.  Learning; 
scholarship.  4.  Practical  skill.  5. 
Information ;  cognizance.  6.  Sexu- 
alintercourse. 

Known  (non),  p.p.  from  Know. 

Knuck'le  (ntik7l),  a.  [A.-S.  cnucl.] 
1.  Joint  of  a  finger.  2.  Knee-joint 
of  a  calf.  —  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
submit  in  contest. 

This  use  is  derived  from  the  old 
custom  of  striking  the  under  side  of  a 
table  when  defeated  in  argument. 

KnOrl  (nfirl),  n.  A  knot;  a  hard 
substance. 

KnBrl'y  (nurl7y),a.  [-er;  -est,  142* 
[Cf.  Gnarly.]  Full  of  knots  : 
hard. 

Ko'ran  (89),  n.  [See  Alcoran.] 
The  sacred  writings  of  the  Moham¬ 
medans. 

Kraal,  or  Kraal  (krai  or  krawl),  n. 
[D.]  A  collection  of  huts ;  sometimes 
a  single  hut.  [South  Africa.] 

Kra'ken.  n.  [0.  Swr.  hake ,  trunk  or 
stem  of  a  tree.]  A  fabled  sea  animal 
of  enormous  size. 

Kre'o-sote,  n.  See  Creosote. 

Ky'an-ize,  V.  t.  [-ED  :  -ING.]  [From 
Kyan,  the  inventor.]  To  render 
proof  against  decay,  as  wood,  by  the 
use  of  corrosive  sublimate,  &c. 

K£r7i-o-log'ic,  (  a.  [Gr.  Kvpio- 

K£r7I-o-lo6'1€-al,  )  Aoyi/cos,  speak¬ 
ing  or  describing  literally  or  proper¬ 
ly.]  Denoting  objects  by  means  of 
conventional  signs  or  alphabetical 
characters. 


brum ,  lip,  margin.]  A  slip  of  paper, 
&c.,  affixed  to  any  thing,  denoting 
its  contents,  ownership,  &c. — v.  t. 
(137).  To  affix  a  label  to. 


g;  X,£,L  6,  0,  ?,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHA.T  ;  Lre,  VEIL,  TlRSI ;  PIQUE,  firm;  s6n, 


LABIAL 

La'BI-AL,  a.  [Lat.  labium ,  lip.]  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  uttered  with,  the  lips. 

—  n.  A  letter  representing  a  sound 
formed  chiefly  with  the  lips. 

La'bi-o-dent'ae,  a.  [Lat.  labium , 
lip,  and  dens ,  tooth.]  Pronounced 
by  the  co-operation  of  the  lips  and 
teeth,  as  f  and  v. 

La'bor,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  Physical  toil ; 
bodily  exertion.  2.  Intellectual  ex¬ 
ertion.  3.  That  which  requires  hard 
work  for  its  accomplishment.  4. 
Pangs  and  efforts  of  childbirth. 

Syn.  —  Work  ;  toil;  task  ;  exertion  ; 
pains;  travail. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED;  -T\G.]  1.  To  work  ; 

to  toil.  2.  To  exert  one’s  powers  of 
mind.  3.  To  be  in  travail.  4.  To 
pitch  and  roll  heavily,  as  a  ship.  — 
v.  t.  To  work  at ;  to  form  with  toil, 
exertion,  or  care. 

Lab'o-RA-to-RV  (50),  n.  [Lat.  labo- 
rare,  to  labor.]  1.  A  place  for  oper¬ 
ations  and  experiments  in  chemistry, 
jjyrotechny,  &c.  2.  A  workshop. 

La'bored,  a.  Bearing  marks  of  con¬ 
straint  in  execution. 

LA'BOR-ER,  n.  One  who  labors  in  a 
toilsome  occupation. 

LA-BO'RI-OUS  (89),  a.  1.  Requiring 
or  employing  labor  ;  toilsome  ;  tire¬ 
some.  2.  Diligent ;  industrious. 

La-bo'ri-oDs-ly,  adv.  With  labor  or 
difficulty. 

La-bo'ri-oBs-ness,  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  laborious ;  toilsomeness.  2. 
Diligence  ;  assiduity. 

LXb'Y-RINTII,  n.  [Gr.  \apvpLV0o<;.] 

1.  A  place  full  of  winding  passages. 

2.  Any  thing  extremely  intricate. 

Syn. —  Maze.—  A  labyrinth  among  the 
ancients  was  a  building  constructed  with 
a  multitude  of  winding  passages,  so  that 
a  person  could  hardly  avoid  being  lost. 
Hence,  figuratively,  the  word  denotes 
any  thing  extremely  intricate,  as  the 
labyrinth  of  the  human  heart.  Maze  {lit., 
whirlpool)  denotes  the  perplexity  and 
confusion  in  which  the  mind  is  thrown 
by  unexpected  or  inexplicable  events; 
as,  a  maze  of  thought. 

LXb'y-RINTH'I-an,  a.  Winding  ;  in¬ 
tricate. 

LXb'y-rinth'ine,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  like,  a  labyrinth. 

Lae,  n.  1.  [Per.  Ink,  Skr.  lakscha.)  A 
resinous  substance  produced  by  an 
insect,  mainly  upon  the  banyan  tree. 
2.  [Hind,  laic,  la/ch,  laksh,  Skr.  lak- 
sha.}  One  hundred  thousand  ;  — as, 
a  lac  of  rupees.  [East  Indies .] 

Lac^e,  n.  [Lat.  laqueus,  noose.]  1. 
A  string  or  cord.  2.  A  fabric  of  fine 
threads  interwoven  in  a  net.  —  v.  t. 
[-E  D  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
lace  or  string.  2.  To  adorn  or  deck 
with  lace. 

LX^'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing] 
[Lat.  lacerare,  -ratum;  lacer,  man¬ 
gled.]  To  tear  ;  to  rend  ;  to  injure. 

LX9'ER-A'TlON,  n.  1.  Act  of  tearing. 
2.  Breach  made  by  tearing,  [erate. 

LX^'er-A'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  lac- 

LX^h'es,  n.  [0.  &  Norm.  Er.  lach- 
esse,  fr.  Lat.  laxus,  loose.]  [Law.) 
Negligence ;  remissness. 


243 

LXeh'RY'-MAL,  <z.  1.  Secreting  tears. 
2.  Pertaining  to,  or  conveying,  tears. 

LXeh'ry-ma-TO-ry,  n.  [Lat.  lacry- 
?na,atear.]  A  vessel  found  in  sep¬ 
ulchers  of  the  ancients,  supposed  to 
have  held  the  tears  of  a  deceased 
person’s  friends. 

LXch'ry-mose',  a.  Generating  or 
shedding  tears. 

Lading,  n.  1.  A  fastening  with  a 
string  or  chord  through  eyelet-holes. 
2.  A  chord  used  in  drawing  tight  or 
fastening. 

LXck,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  Sw. 
lacka,  to  fail,  lack.]  To  be  destitute 
of ;  to  be  in  need  of ;  to  want.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  be  in  want.  2.  To  be  wanting. 

—  n.  Want ;  failure.  —  n.  See  Lac. 

LXck'A-dai'sic-al,  I  a.  Affectedly 

LXck/a-dai'sy,  ’  j  pensive. 

LXck/A-DAY',  interj.  [Abbrev.  from 

alack-a-daij .]  Alas! — an  expres¬ 

sion  of  sorrow  and  regret. 

LXck'er,  n.  See  Lacquer. 

LXck'EY,  n.  [Goth,  laikan,  to  run, 
jump.]  An  attending  servant;  a 
footman.  —  v.  t.  To  attend  as  a 
lackey.  [or  brightness. 

LXck'eOs-ter,  a.  Wanting  luster 

La-con'ic,  a.  Expressing  much  in 
few  words. 

Syn.  —  Concise.  —  The  term  laconic 
is  derived  from  the  Lacones,  or  Spartans, 
who  affected  to  give  short,  pithy  answers. 
Laconic,  then,  implies  few  words;  con¬ 
cise ,  only  the  necessary  words.  A  work 
may  be  a  long  one,  and  yet  the  language 
be  concise  ;  a  reply  can  not  be  long  and 
yet  laconic.  Laconic  carries  with  it  the 
idea  of  incivility  or  affectation;  concise 
is  a  term  of  unmixed  praise. 

—  n.  1.  A  concise,  sententious  meth¬ 
od  of  speaking  ;  laconicism.  2.  A  con¬ 
cise  phrase  or  expression.  [cisely. 

La-con'I-€AE-ey,  adv.  Briefly  ;  con- 

La-c5n'i-9I§M,  )n.  1.  A  laconic 

LXc'o-nIsm"  J  style.  2.  A  brief, 
sententious  phrase. 

LXc'QUER  (lSk/er),n.  [See  LAC.]  A 
yellowish  varnish,  made  of  shell-lac 
and  alcohol.  —  v.t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
varnish  with  lacquer. 

Lac-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  giving  suck, 
or  time  of  suckling. 

LXe'TE-AL,  a.  [See  infra.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  milk ;  milky.  2.  Convey¬ 
ing  chyle.  —  n.  An  absorbent  ves¬ 
sel,  that  conveys  chyle  from  the  in¬ 
testines  to  the  thoracic  duct. 

LXc'te-AN,  )  a.  [Lat.  lacteus,  from 

LXc'te-ous,  (  lac,  milk.]  1.  Milky  ; 
consisting  of  milk.  2.  Conveying 
chyle. 

Lac-TES'CEN^e,  n.  1.  Tendency  to 
milk  ;  milkiuess.  2.  Milky  juice  of 
a  plant. 

LA€-TES'9ENT,  a.  [Lat.  lac.tescens, 
turning  to  milk.]  1.  Producing  milk 
or  white  juice.  2.  Abounding  with 
a  thick,  colored  juice. 

LXc'Tic,  a.  Pertaining  to  milk  ;  pro¬ 
cured  from  sour  milk. 

Lac-tom'e-ter,  n.  [Lat.  lac,  lactis, 
milk,  and  Gr.  perpov,  measure.]  1. 
An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
proportion  of  cream  in  milk.  2.  A  I 


LAKE 

kind  of  hydrometer  for  ascertaining 
the  specific  gravity  of  milk. 

LA-ctJS'TRAL,  )  a.  [Lat.  Incus ,  lake.] 

La-cus'trIne,  )  Pertaining  to  lakes 
or  swamps. 

Lad,  n.  [A.-S.  leod .]  A  young  man, 
or  boy  ;  a  stripling. 

LXd'der,  «.  [A.-S.  hlxdder.]  A 

frame  of  wood,  rope,  & c.  with  rounds 
forming  steps. 

Lade,  v.  t.  [imp.  laded  ;  p.  p. 
EADED  or  LADEN ;  p.  pr.  &  vb.  n. 
LADING.]  [A.-S.  hladan.  Cf.  Load.] 
1.  To  load  ;  to  freight.  2.  To  throw 
in  or  out  with  a  ladle. 

Lad'ing,  n.  That  which  lades;  a 
load  or  cargo;  freight;  burden. 

La'dle,  n.  [A.-S.  Iiladle,  fr.  hladan, 
to  load.]  1.  A  cup  with  a  long  han¬ 
dle.  2.  Float  of  a  mill-wheel.  3. 
An  instrument  for  drawing  the 
charge  of  a  cannon. 

La-drone',  n.  [Sp.,  fr.  Lat.  latro , 
servant,  robber.]  A  pirate;  hence, 
a  rascal. 

La'dy,  n.  [A.-S.  hlxfdige  ;  i.  e.  hlaf- 
iveardige,  bread-keeper.]  1.  A  woman 
of  social  distinction  or  position,  or 
of  gentle  or  refined  manners.  2.  A 
wife. 

Our  Lady,  the  Virgin  Mary. 

La'dy-day,  n.  Day  of  the  annunci¬ 
ation  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  March  25. 

La'dy-love,  n.  A  sweetheart. 

La'dy-ship,  n.  Rank  or  position  of  a 
lady  ;  — given  as  a  title. 

LXg,  a.  [Ir.  lag,  weak,  feeble,  faint. 
Cf.  Low.]  Slow;  tardy. — n.  1.  One 
who  lags.  2.  Fag-end  ;  rump  ;  low¬ 
est  class. — v.  i.  [-GED  ;  -GING.] 
To  walk  or  move  slowly  ;  to  stay  be¬ 
hind. 

Syn.  —  To  loiter;  linger;  saunter;  de¬ 
lay.  See  Loiter. 

La'ger-beer,  n.  [Ger.  lager,  bed, 
storehouse,  aud  bier,  beer.]  A  Ger¬ 
man  beer  ;  —  stored  for  some  months 
before  use. 

LXg'gard,  a.  [Eng.  lag.]  Sluggish; 
backward. — n.  One  who  lags;  a 
loiterer. 

LXg'ger,  n.  A  loiterer;  an  idler. 

LA-GOON',  n.  [Lat.  laguna,  from  Gr. 
Aaxo?,  hole,  pit.]  A  marsh,  shallow 
pond,  or  lake  ;  especially,  a  lake  in  a 
coral  island. 

LA'IC,  a.  [Gr.  Aaixos,  from  Aa<k,  the 
people.]  Belonging  to  a  layman  or 
the  laity.  —  n.  A  layman. 

La'IC-ae,  n.  Same  as  laic.  See  Laic. 

Laid,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Lanj. 

Laid  paper,  writing  paper  having  a 
ribbed  surface,  as  if  inlaid  with  lines. 

Lain,  p.  p.  of  Lie. 

LAlR,ra.  [Ger.  lager,  couch,  lair.]  1. 
Bed  or  couch  of  a  wild  beast.  2. 
Any  resting-place. 

LAird,  a.  [Contr.  from  A  -S.  hlaford. 
See  Lord.]  1.  A  lord.  [Scot.]  2. 
A  landholder  under  the  degree  of  a 
knight  or  squire.  [/Scot.] 

La'i-ty,  n.  [See  Lay,  a.]  The  peo¬ 
ple,  as  distinguished  from  the  clergy. 

I  LAKE,  n.  1.  [Lat.  lacus,  A.-S.  lac.]  A 

G,  hard;  Ag;  EXIST;  NasNG;  this 


6r,do,wplf,  too.took;  Brn,  rue,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent;  q,&,soft;  -e, 


LAKELET 


LANGUIDNESS 


large  collection  of  water  contained 
in  a  cavity  or  hollow.  2.  [See  LAC.] 
A  deep-red  coloring  matter. 

Lake'let,  re.  A  little  lake. 

La'ma,  re.  [Thibetan  llama,  chief, 
high  priest.]  A  superior  •,  the  name 
of  a  Buddhist  priest  in  Thibet, &c. 

Lamb  (ISm),  re.  [A.-S.]  The  young 
of  the  sheep  kind. 

Lamb  of  God  ( Sci-ipt .),  Jesus  Christ, 
who  was  typified  by  the  paschal  lamb. 

LXm'bent,«.  [Lat.  lambens,  licking.] 
1.  Playing  on  the  surface.  2.  Twink¬ 
ling  or  gleaming. 

LXmb'kin  (lihn'kin),  re.  A  small  lamb. 

LXmb's'-WOOL  (lXmz/-),  re.  1.  Wool 
of  lambs.  2.  [From  the  resemblance 
of  the  pulp  to  the  wool  of  a  lamb.] 
Ale  mixed  with  the  pulp  of  roasted 
apples. 

Lame,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S  .lam.] 
1.  Disabled  in  a  limb,  or  otherwise 
injured.  2.  Imperfect.  3.  Hobbling  ; 
not  smooth. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  lame ;  to  cripple ;  to  render 
imperfect  and  unsound. 

Lam'el-lar,  a.  [Lat.  lamella,  dim. 
of  lamina,  plate,  layer.]  Composed 
of,  or  disposed  in,  thin  plates,  lay¬ 
ers,  or  scales. 

Lam'el-late,  1  a.  Composed  of, 

Lam'el-la'ted,  j  or  covered  with, 
_thin  plates  or  scales. 

Lame'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  lame  or  dis¬ 
abled  manner.  2.  Weakly  ;  unstead¬ 
ily.  [lame. 

LAME'NESS,  n.  Condition  of  being 

La-mEnt',  v.  i.  [Lat.  lamentari.]  1. 
To  weep  ;  to  mourn.  2.  To  feel  deep 
sorrow. —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
mourn  for  ;  to  deplore  ;  to  bewail.  — 
n.  Grief  expressed  in  complaints  or 
cries ;  lamentation. 

LXm'ent-a-bi.e,  a.  1.  Fitted  to 
awaken  lament ;  pitiable.  2.  Miser¬ 
able  ;  pitiful ;  low. 

LXm'ENT-a-bly,  adv.  1.  With  sor¬ 
row.  2.  Pitifully  ;  despicably. 

LXm'en-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  bewail¬ 
ing  ;  expression  of  sorrow. 

LA-MENT'ER,  n.  One  who  laments. 

LlM'l-NA,n.  ;pl.  LAM'I-NJE.  [Lat.] 
1.  A  thin  plate  or  scale.  2.  (Anal.) 
A  bone,  or  part  of  a  bone,  resem¬ 
bling  a  thin  plate.  3.  (Bot.)  The 
blade  of  a  leaf. 

LXm'i-NA-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
formed  into  laminae.  [layers. 

LXm'i-NAR,  a.  Consisting  of  thin 

LXm'I-nate,  I  a.  Consisting  of 

LXm'i-na'ted,  I  plates,  scales,  or 
layers,  one  over  another. 

Lam'MAS,  n.  [A.-S.  hlammesse,  hlaf- 
msesse,  loaf-mass,  bread-feast.]  First 
day  of  August. 

LXm'mer-geir,  [  re.  [Ger.  lam- 

LXm'MER-GEY-'er,  )  mergeier ;  lam- 
mer,  lambs,  and  geier ,  vulture.]  A 
vulture  of  the  Eastern  hemisphere, 
having  the  neck  covered  with  feath¬ 
ers. 

LXmp,  m.  [Gr.  Xa/xnas,  torch,  from 
Xapneiv,  to  shine.]  A  vessel  for  the 
combustion  of  inflammable  liquids, 
for  producing  artificial  light. 


244 

LXmp'-blXck,  re.  A  fine  soot  from 
the  smoke  of  resinous  substances. 

Lam'pe_r-eel,k.  Same  as  Lamprey. 

Lam-poon',  re.  [0.  Fr.  lampon,  a 
drinking  song,  fr.  lampons,  let  us 
drink.]  A  personal  satire  in  writing. 

Syn.  —  Satire.  —  The  appropriate  ob¬ 
ject  of  satire  is  found  in  the  vices  and 
follies  of  the  times.  It  is  usually  general, 
and  designed  to  expose  and  reform.  A 
lampoon  is  a  bitter  personal  satire,  dicta¬ 
ted  by  malignant  feelings,  and  intended 
only  to  distress  and  degrade.  Most  of 
the  pieces  published  by  Pope  under  the 
name  of  satires  were  a  string  of  lam¬ 
poons. 

— v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  abuse  in 
written  satire. 

Syn.  —  To  libel;  defame;  slander. 

LAM-POON'er,  re?  Writer  of  a  lampoon. 

LXm'prey,  re.  [Lat.  lampetra ;  lam- 
bere,  to  lick,  and  petra,  rock.]  An 
eel-like  fish,  having  a  round,  suck¬ 
ing  mouth. 

LA'NA-RY,  re.  [Lat  lanaria ;  lana, 
wool.]  A  store-place  for  wool. 

La'nate,  la.  1.  Woolly.  2.  Cov- 

La'na-ted,  ]  ered  with  a  substance 
like  curled  hairs. 

LAn^e,  re.  [Lat.  lancea,  of 
Celtic  origin.]  1.  A  spear. 

2.  A  soldier  armed  with  a 
spear ;  a  lancer. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  1.  To  pierce  with 
a  lance.  2.  To  open  with  a 
lancet.  3.  To  throw,  as  a 
lance. 

LXn'£E-o-late,  )  a.  [Lat. 

LXn'ce-o-ea'ted,  )  lan¬ 
ce  olatus ;  lanceola ,  a  little  T 
lance.]  Oblong  and  gradu-  L,ances- 
ally  tapering  toward  the  outer  ex¬ 
tremity. 

Lan'CER,  re.  One  who  carries  a  lance. 

LXn'CET,  re.  [Dim.  of  lance.]  1.  A 
surgical  instrument,  sharp-pointed 
and  two-edged.  2.  A  high  and  nar¬ 
row  window. 

LANCH,r.«.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat.  lan- 
ceare ,  to  wield  the  lance.]  1.  To 
throw,  as  a  lance ;  to  dart.  2.  To 
pierce  with,  or  as  with,  a  lance. 

LXn'CI-NATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
lancinare,  -natum.]  To  tear ;  to 
lacerate. 

LXnd,  re.  [A.-S.]  1.  Earth,  or  the 
solid  matter  which  constitutes  the 
globe.  2.  Any  portion  of  the  solid 
surface  of  the  globe.  3.  Ground ; 
soil.—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  set 
on  shore ;  to  disembark.  —  v.  i.  To 
go  on  shore  ;  to  disembark. 

LXn'dam-mXn,  re.  [Ger.  landamt- 
mann ,  land -bailiff.]  A  chief  magis¬ 
trate  in  some  of  the  Swiss  cantons. 

LXn'dau,  n.  A  kind  of  coach  or 
carriage  whose  top  may  be  thrown 
back  ;  —  from  Landau,  in  Germany. 

LXnd'ed,  a.  1.  Having  an  estate  in 
land.  2.  Consisting  in  real  estate. 

LXnd'fall,  re.  1.  A  sudden  trans¬ 
ference  of  property  in  land  by  the 
death  of  its  owner.  2.  First  land 
discovered  after  a  voyage. 

LXnd'-for^e,  re.  A  military  force 
serving  on  land. 


LXnd'GRAVE,  re.  [Ger.  landgraf, 
land,  land,  and  graf ,  earl.]  A  Ger¬ 
man  nobleman  of  a  rank  correspond¬ 
ing  to  that  of  an  earl  in  England 

LXnd'-hold'er,  a.  A  holder  or  own¬ 
er  of  land. 

LXnd'ing,  re.  1.  Act  of,  or  place  for, 
going  or  setting  on  shore.  2.  Broad,, 
level  part  of  a  staircase. 

LXnd'la-dy,  re.  1.  A  woman  who 
has  tenants  holding  from  her.  2. 
Mistress  of  an  inn  or  lodging-house. 

LXnd'lock,  v.  t.  To  inclose  by  land. 

LXnd'lord,  re.  1.  An  owner  of  land 
or  houses  having  tenants  under  him. 
2.  Master  of  an  inn  or  lodging- 
house. 

Land'lub-ber,  re.  One  who  passes 
his  life  on  land  ;  —  so  called  by  sea¬ 
men  in  contempt. 

LXnd'man  (150),  re.  A  man  who  lives 
or  serves  on  land. 

LXnd'mark,  re.  1.  A  mark  to  desig¬ 
nate  the  boundary  of  land.  2.  Any 
elevated  object  on  land  serving  as  a 
guide  to  seamen. 

LXnd'-6f/fi\’E,  re.  A  government 
office  in  which  business  respecting 
the  public  land  is  transacted. 

LXnd'scape,  re.  [A.-S.  landscape; 
land ,  land,  and  scipe,  equiv.  to  Eng. 
ship.]  1.  A  portion  of  land  which 
the  eye  can  take  in  at  once.  2.  A 
picture  exhibiting  such  a  view. 

LXnd'-slide,  Ire.  A  portion  of  land 

LXnd'-slip,  j  sliding  down  from 
a  mountain. 

LXnds'man  (150),  re.  One  who  lives 
on  the  land  ;  —  opposed  to  seaman. 

LXnd'-tXx,  re.  A  tax  on  land  and 
buildings. 

Land'ward,  adv.  Toward  the  land. 

Lane,  re.  [D.  laan.]  1.  A  narrow  or 
private  passage.  2.  A  passage  be¬ 
tween  lines  of  people  on  each  side. 

LXn'grage,  I  re.  Shot  used  at  sea  for 

LXn;GREL,  (  tearing  sails  and  rig¬ 
ging.  It  consists  of  pieces  of  old  iron 
fastened  together. 

LXn'guage  (45),  re.  [L.  Lat.  langa - 
gium,  fr.  Lat.  lingua,  tongue.]  1. 
Human  speech.  2.  Expression  of 
ideas  by  signs,  writing, &c.  3.  Forms 
of  speech  peculiar  to  a  nation.  4. 
Ideas  associated  with  inanimate  ob¬ 
jects. 

Syn.  —  Speech  ;  tongue  ;  idiom  ;  dia¬ 
lect.  — Language  is  generic,  denoting  any 
mode  of  conveying  ideas,  as  the  language 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  &c  ;  speech  is  the 
language  of  articulate  sounds;  tongue  is 
the  Saxon  ter  for  the  language  of  a  par¬ 
ticular  people;  as,  the  English  tongue. 
Idiom  denotes  the  forms  of  construction 
peculiar  to  a  language;  dialects  are  va¬ 
rieties  of  expression  which  spring  up  in 
different  parts  of  a  country,  or  in  differ¬ 
ent  professions,  &c. 

LXn'gijid,  a.  [Lat.  lavguidns.]  1. 
Indisposed  to  exertion.  2.  Promot* 
ing  or  indicating  weakness. 

Syn.  —  Feeble  ;  weak;  faint  ;  weary. 

LXn'guid-ey,  adv.  Weakly  ;  feebly. 

LXn'guid-ness,  re.  1.  Weakness  from 
exhaustion  of  strength.  2.  Slug¬ 
gishness  ;  languor. 


X,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  E,I,  6,  tj ,  tf,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE ,  VEIL,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


LANGUISH 

LXn'guish,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  become  languid  or  weak.  2.  To 
suffer,  as  from  heat  or  drought.  3. 
To  grow  dull.  4.  To  look  with  soft- 
;  ness  or  tenderness. 

Syn. —  To  pine;  wither;  fade;  droop. 

LXn'GUISH-ment,  n.  1.  State  of  lan¬ 
guishing.  2.  Softness  of  mien. 

LXn'GUOR  (lang'gwur),  n.  [Lat.]  1. 
Lassitude  of  body.  2.  Dullness  of 
the  intellectual  faculty. 

Syn. —  Feebleness;  weakness;  faint¬ 
ness;  weariness;  heaviness;  lassitude. 

LXn'iard  (lun'yard),  n.  See  Lan¬ 
yard. 

i  La'ni-A-ry, a.  [Lat.  laniari us; lanius, 

butcher.]  Lacerating  or  tearing. 

La-nif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  lanifer ; 
lana,  wool,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Pro¬ 
ducing  wool. 

La-NIG'ER-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  lanifer; 

lana ,  wool,  and  gerere ,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  wool. 

Lank,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  lilanc.\ 

1.  Loose,  and  easily  yielding  to  press¬ 
ure.  2.  Weak  and  slender;  slim. 

LXnk'ness,  n.  Condition  of  being 
lank ;  flabbiness.  [slim. 

1  LXnk'y,  a.  Somewhat  lank ;  slender ; 

Lan'tern,  n.  [Lat.  lanterna .]  1. 
Something  inclosing  and  protecting 
a  light.  2.  A  little  dome  over  the 
roof  of  a  building  to  give  light. 

Dark  lantern,  a  lantern  which  may  be 
closed  so  as  to  conceal  the  light. 

La-nu'gi-nose',  )  a.  [Lat.  lanugi- 

La-nu'gi-nous,  ]  nosus ,  fr.  lana , 
wool.]  Covered  with  fine,  soft  hair  ; 
downy. 

Lan'YARD,  n.  [Fr.  lanicre,  thong.] 
A  short  piece  of  rope  or  line  for  fas¬ 
tening  something  in  ships. 

LXP,n.  [A.-S.  Iceppa,  lappa.]  1.  The 
loose  part  of  a  coat.  2.  Part  of  the 
;  clothing  that  lies  on  the  knees  when 

one  sits  down  ;  that  part  of  the  body 
thus  covered.  3.  That  part  of  one 
body  which  lies  upon  another ;  an 
edge;  a  border  or  hem.  —  v.  t. 
[-PED  ;  -ping.]  1.  To  bend  and  lay 
over  or  on.  2.  To  lick  up. — v.i.  1. 
To  be  spread  or  laid  on  or  over.  2. 
[A.-S.  lapian ,  lappian.\  To  drink  by 
licking.  [the  lap. 

Lap'-dog,  n.  A  small  dogfondled  in 

La-pel',  n.  [Eng.  lap.]  That  part  of 
a  coat  which  laps  over  the  facing. 

Lap'ful,  n.  As  much  as  the  lap  can 
contain. 

Lap'i-da-RY  (44),  n.  [Lat .  lapidarius, 
fr.  lapis,  stone.]  1.  An  artificer  who 
cuts  and  polishes  precious  stones. 

2.  A  dealer  in  precious  stones.  —  a. 
Relating  to  the  art  of  cutting  stones. 

Lap'i-des'<;jence,  n.  1.  A  harden- 
'  ing  into  a  stony  substance.  2.  A 

stony  concretion. 

LXp'i-des'cent, a.  [Lat.  lapidescens , 
becoming  stone.]  Growing  or  turn¬ 
ing  to  stone. 

L.Xp'I-dIf'IE,  }  a.  [Lat.  lapis,  la- 

!  Lap'I-DIF'IC-AL,  j  pidis,  stone,  and 

facere ,  to  make.]  Converting  into 
stone. 

245 

La-pid'i-fi-ca'tion,  n.  Operation 
of  converting  into  a  stony  substance. 

La-pid'i-fy,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
To  form  into  stone.  —  v.  i.  To  be¬ 
come  stone  or  stony. 

LXp'i-dIst,  n.  A  lapidary. 

Lap'per,  n.  1.  One  who  wraps  or 
folds.  2.  One  who  takes  up  with  his 
tongue. 

Lap'pet,  n.  [Dim.  of  Zap.]  Part  of  a 
garment  that  hangs  loose,  [falling. 

Laps'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  lapsing  or 

Lapse,  n.  [Lat.  lapsus .]  1.  A  glid¬ 
ing,  slipping,  or  gradual  falling.  2. 
An  error ;  a  failing  in  duty.  3. 
Omission  of  a  patron  to  present  a 
clerk  to  a  benefice  within  six  months 
after  it  becomes  void.  —  v.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  pass  slowly  or  silently. 
2.  To  commit  a  fault  by  inadvert¬ 
ence  or  mistake.  3.  To  pass  from 
one  proprietor  to  another,  by  the 
negligence  or  failure  of  some  one. 

Lap'sId-ed  (lop'sid-ed),  a.  Having 
one  side  heavier  than  the  other,  as  a 
ship. 

Lap'stone,  n.  A  stone  on  which 
shoemakers  beat  leather. 

LXp'-streak,  a.  Made  with  boards 
whose  edges  lap  one  over  another. 

Lar,  n.;  pi.  LA'  RE  if.  [Lat.]  A 
household  deity  among  the  ancient 
Romans. 

Lar'board  (-burd),  n.  [Lar  seems 
to  be  contracted  from  lower ,  i.  e., 
humbler  in  rank.]  Left-hand  side  of 
a  ship  facing  the  head  ;  port. 

LAR'9E-NY,  n.  [From  obs.  latrociny , 
from  Lat.  latro,  a  robber.]  Unlaw¬ 
ful  taking  of  things  with  intent  to 
deprive  the  owner  of  the  same  ;  theft. 

Larch,  n.  [Gr. 

erous  tree,  hav-  jSImt 

ing  deciduous  J||l|p|- 

Lard,  «.  [Lat.  lar- 
dum .]  The  fat 
of  swine. — v.  t. 

[-ED;  -ING.]  1. 

To  smear  or  mix 
with  lard ;  to 

grease.  2.  To  fat-  — 

ten  ;  to  enrich.  3.  Larch. 

To  interlard. 

Lard'er,  n.  A  room  where  meat, 
&c.,  is  kept ;  a  pantry. 

LA'  REif,  n.  pi.  See  LAr. 

Large, a.  [-er;-est.]  [Lat.  largus.\ 
Having  great  size;  specifically ,  (a.) 
XAide,  extensive,  broad.  ( b .)  Abun¬ 
dant;  plentiful;  numerous;  popu¬ 
lous.  (c.)  Bulky;  huge,  (d.)  Dif¬ 
fuse.  ( e .)  Liberal  ;  comprehensive. 

( f .)  Generous  ;  noble. 

Syn.  —  Big  ;  capacious  ;  ample  ;  co¬ 
pious;  diffusive. 

Large'LY,  adv.  In  a  large,  abun¬ 
dant,  or  copious  manner  ;  amply. 

Large'ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  large. 

Syn.  —  Bigness  ;  magnitude  :  bulk  ; 
greatness;  extent;  generosity;  liberality. 

Lar'gess,  n.  [Fr.  largesse,  fr.  large.] 
A  present ;  a  gift. 

LASTING 

Larghetto  (lar-get'to),  a.  [It., 
dim.  of  largo,  large.]  (Mus.)  Some¬ 
what  slowly. 

Lar' go, a.  [It., broad, large.]  (Mus.) 
Slowly. 

LXr'i-at,  n.  [Sp.  lariata.]  The  lasso. 

Lark,  n.  [A.-S.  lawerce ,  lawerc.]  1. 

A  small  singing-bird.  2.  A  frolic  ;  a 
jolly  time.  [Colloq.] — v.i.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  1.  To  catch  larks.  2.  To 
make  sport ;  to  frolic.  [  Colloq.] 

LXrk'spur,  n.  A  plant  with  showy 
flowers. 

LXr'rup,  v.  t.  To  beat  or  flog. 

Lar'um,  ii.  [Abbrev.  of  alarum.]  Any 
thing  used  forgiving  an  alarm. 

Lar'va,  n. ;  pi.  lar'VjE.  [Lat.  ghost, 
mask.]  An  insect  in  the  first  stage 
after  leaving  the  egg;  a  caterpillar, 
grub,  or  maggot.  [Larva. 

Larve,  n. ;  pi.  lXrves.  Same  as 

Lar'yn-ge'al,  or  La-r^n'ge-al,  ) 

Lar'yn-ge'an,  or  La-ryn'ge-an,  j 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  larynx. 

Lar'ynx,  n.  [Gr.  Aapvy£.]  Upper 
part  of  the  windpipe,  constituting 
the  organ  of  voice. 

Las'car,  or  Las-ear',  n.  [Hind. 
lashkar.]  A  native  sailor,  employed 
in  European  vessels.  [ East  Indies .] 

Las-9'iv'I-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  lascivia,  wan¬ 
tonness.]  1.  Loose;  lewd;  lustful. 

2.  Tending  to  produce  lewd  emotions. 

Las-civ'i-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  lasciv¬ 
ious  manner. 

LAS-9lv'i-ous-NESS,n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  lascivious. 

LXsH,  ii.  [Ger.  lasche,  latchet ;  Icel. 
laslca,  to  tear.]  1.  Thong  of  a  whip  ; 
a  cord.  2.  A  stroke  with  a  whip  or 
any  thing  similar.  3.  A  stroke  of 
satire.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
strike  with  a  lash  ;  to  scourge.  2- 
To  satirize.  3.  To  tie  or  bind  with  a 
cord.  —  v.  i.  To  ply  the  whip;  to 
make  a  severe  attack. 

Lass,  n.  [Contracted  for  laddess,  f. 
of  lad.]  A  young  woman;  a  girl. 

Las'si-tUde  (53),  n.  [Lat .  lassitudo, 
fr.  lassus,  faint.]  Languor  of  body 
or  mind  ;  weakness ;  weariness. 

LXs'so,  n. ;  pi.  LXs'sos.  [Sp.  lazo, 
fr.  Lat.  laqueus.]  A  rope  or  cord 
with  a  noose,  used  for  catching  wild 
horses,  &c. 

Last  (6),  a.  [Contr.  fr.  latest.]  1. 
Following  all  the  rest ;  final ;  hind¬ 
most.  2.  Next  before  the  present. 

3.  Utmost.  4.  Most  unlikely. — adv. 

1.  The  last  time.  2.  In  conclusion. 

3.  After  all  others. — v.i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  Ixstan,  to  perform, 
follow.]  1.  To  continue;  to  endure. 

2.  To  remain  unimpaired;  to  hold 
out. — n.  1.  [A.-S.  hlse.st ,  fr.  hla- 
dan,  to  lade.]  A  certain  weight  or 
measure,  generally  estimated  at  4000 
lbs.  2.  Burden  of  a  ship.  3.  [A.-S. 
last,  Ixst.  See  Last,  v.  i.]  A  mold 
made  of  wood,  on  which  shoes  are 
formed. 

Last'ing,  p.  a.  Of  long  continuance. 

•  Syn.  —  Durable  ;  permanent.  —  Last¬ 
ing  is  more  commonly  applied  to  things 
abstract,  which  from  their  very  nature 

OR,  do,  wpLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Brn, RUE, PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft ;  -e,G,  hard;  Ag;  EXIST;  NasNG;  this 

LASTINGLY 


246 


LAWLESSLY 


endure  ;  as,  a  lasting  remembrance,  ef¬ 
fect,  &'C.  Permanent  applies  chiefly  to 
things  established,  and  designed  to  re¬ 
main  unchanged;  as,  a  permanent  situa¬ 
tion,  a  permanent  change,  &c.  Durable 
is  applied  to  material  substances  or  fab¬ 
rics,  so  far  as  they  resist  agencies  which 
tend  to  destroy  them;  as,  a  durable  foun¬ 
dation,  &c. 

—  n.  A  species  of  very  durable 
woolen  stuff. 

Last'ing-ly,  adv.  Durably. 

LAst'ly,  adv.  1.  In  conclusion.  2. 
At  last ;  finally. 

Latch,  n.  [Cf.  Latchet.]  A  small 
catch  to  fasten  a  door.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  To  catch  or  fasten  by  means 
of  a  latch. 

Latch'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  latch.]  The 
string  that  fastens  a  shoe. 

Late,  a.  [ compare .  later,  or  lat¬ 
ter  ;  superl.  LATTER,  or  LAST.] 
[A.-S.  lat.]  1.  Coming  after  others ; 
slow;  tardy.  2.  Ear  advanced.  3. 
Deceased;  out  of  office.  4.  Recent. 

—  adv.  1.  After  the  usual  or  ap¬ 
pointed  time.  2.  Not  long  ago.  3. 
Ear  in  the  night,  day,  week,  &c. 

Late'LY,  adv.  Not  long  ago  ;  re¬ 
cently. 

LATE'NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  late 
or  tardy.  2.  Time  far  advanced. 

La'tent,  a.  [Lat.  latens ,  lying  hid.] 
Not  visible  or  apparent ;  hid  ;  con¬ 
cealed;  secret. 

Lat'er-AL,  a.  [Lat.  lateralis  ;  latns , 
side.]  Proceeding  from,  attached  to, 
or  directed  to,  the  side. 

Lat'er-al-ly,  adv.  1.  By  the  side; 
sidewise.  2.  In  the  direction  of  the 
side. 

Lath,  n. ;  pi.  lXths  (lathz).  [A.-S. 
lattu .]  A  narrow  slip  of  wood  to 
support  plastering,  &c. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  cover  or  line  with  laths. 

Lathe,  n.  [Allied  to  lath.]  A  ma¬ 
chine-tool  for  turning  or  shaping  ar¬ 
ticles. 

Lath'er  (99),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
form  a  foam  with  water  and  soap.  — 
v.  t.  To  spread  over  with  lather.  — 
n.  [A.-S.  kadhor ,  lead/uir,  niter.]  I. 
Foam  made  by  soap  and  water.  2. 
Eroth  from  profuse  sweat,  as  of  a 
horse.  [slender. 

LXth'y,  a.  Thin  as  a  lath  ;  long  and 

Lat'IN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Latins, 
a  people  in  Italy,  or  to  their  lan¬ 
guage  ;  Roman.  —  n.  The  language 
of  the  ancient  Romans. 

LXt'in-I§m,  n.  A  Latin  idiom. 

Lat'in-ist,  n.  One  skilled  in  Latin. 

La-tIn'i-ty,  n.  The  Latin  tongue, 
style,  or  idiom,  or  the  use  thereof. 

Lat'in-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed ;  -ing.]  To 
turn  or  translate  into  Latin. 

Lat'ish,  a.  Somewhat  late. 

Lat'i-tXt ,  n.  [Lat.,  he  lies  hid.] 
A  writ  by  which  a  person  was  sum¬ 
moned  into  the  King’s  Bench,  to  an¬ 
swer,  as  supposing  he  lay  concealed. 

Lat'1-TUDE  (53),  n.  [Lat .latitudo; 
latus,  broad.]  1.  Extent  from  side 
to  side  ;  breadth  ;  width.  2.  Room  ; 
space.  3.  Extent  of  signification,  ap¬ 
plication,  deviation,  &c.  4.  Angular 


distance  of  a  heavenly  body  from  the 
ecliptic.  5.  Distance  of  any  place 
from  the  equator. 

Lat'i-tud'i-nal,  a.  In  the  direc¬ 
tion  of  latitude. 

Lat'i-tud'i-na'ri-an,  a.  Lax  in  re¬ 
ligious  principles  or  views.  — n.  One 
who  indulges  freedom  in  thinking ; 
one  who  departs  from  strict  ortho¬ 
doxy. 

Lat'i-tud'i-na'ri-an-UJM,  n.  Free¬ 
dom  of  opinion  in  matters  pertain¬ 
ing  to  religious  belief. 

La'tri-A,  or  La-tri'a,  n.  [Gr.  A a- 
Tpet'a,  from  A arpeveiv,  to  serve.]  The 
highest  kind  of  worship,  or  that  paid 
to  God. 

Lat'ten,  n.  [It.  latta ,  tin-plate.] 
Sheet  tin ;  also,  iron  plate,  covered 
with  tin. 

Lat'ter,  a.  1.  More  late  or  recent. 
2.  Mentioned  the  last  of  two.  3. 
Modern.  4.  Last ;  latest  ;  final. 

Lat'ter-LY,  adv.  In  time  not  long 
past ;  lately. 

Lat'ti^e,  n.  [Fr.  lattis,  lath-work, 
fr.  latte,  lath.]  Net-work  made  by 
crossing  laths,  rods,  or  bars.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  form  into,  or  fur¬ 
nish  with,  a  lattice. 

Latjd,  n.  [Lat.  laus,  laudis.]  1. 
Praise;  commendation.  2.  Music  or 
singing  in  honor  of  any  one. —  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  praise  in  words 
alone,  or  with  words  and  singing. 

Laud'A-ble,  a.  Praiseworthy  ;  com¬ 
mendable.  [ness. 

Laud'a-ble-ness,  n.  Praiseworthi- 

Laud'a  bly,  adv.  In  a  manner  de¬ 
serving  praise. 

Lau'da-num,  n.  [Lat.  ladanum ,  a 
certain  resinous  juice.]  Tjncture  of 
opium.  [dation. 

Lau-da'tion,  n.  Praise ;  commen- 

Laud'a-to-ry,  a.  Containing  or  ex¬ 
pressing  praise.  —  n.  That  which 
contains  praise. 

Laugh  (laf),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
hleahhan.]  1.  To  express  merriment 
visibly  and  audibly.  2.  To  appear 
gay.  —  v.t.  1.  To  express  by  laugh¬ 
ing.  2.  To  ridicule. — n.  An  ex¬ 
pression  of  mirth  peculiar  to  the 
human  species. 

Laugh' A-ble  (laf'a-bl),  a.  Fitted  to 
excite  laughter. 

Syn.  —  Droll;  ludicrous; comical.  See 
Ludicrous. 

Laugh'a-bly  (laf'-),  adv.  In  a  man¬ 
ner  to  excite  laughter. 

Laugh'er  (laf'er),ji.  One  who  laughs. 

Laugh'ing-gas  (laf'ing-),  n.  Nitrous 
oxide ;  —  so  called  from  the  laughter 
it  often  produces  when  inhaled. 

Laugh'ing-stock  (laf'ing-),  n.  An 
object  of  ridicule. 

Laugh'ter  (liif'ter),  n.  A  peculiar 
movement  of  the  muscles  of  the  face, 
usually  attended  by  a  sonorous  and 
interrupted  expulsion  of  air. 

Launch  (66),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
Lanch.]  1.  To  cause  to  slide  from 
the  land  into  the  water.  2.  To  throw, 
as  a  spear.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  go  forth,  as 
a  ship  into  the  water.  2.  To  expati¬ 


ate  in  language.  —  n.  1.  The  slid¬ 
ing  of  a  ship  from  the  land  into  the 
water.  2.  Largest  boat  belonging  to 
a  ship. 

Laun'der-er  (lan'der-er),  n.  A  man 
who  follows  the  business  of  washing 
clothes.  [woman. 

Laun'dress  (liin'dres),  n.  A  washer- 

Laun'dry  (lan'dry),  n.  [0.  Eng.  lav- 
endry,  from  Lat.  lavare ,  to  wash.] 
A  place  where  clothes  are  washed. 

Lau'RE-ATE,  a.  [Lat.  laureatus ;  lau- 
rea ,  laurel- tree.]  Decked  or  invested 
with  laurel. 

Poet  laureate ,  an  officer  of  the  king’s 
household;  a  royal  poet.  [Eng.] 

Lau're-ate-ship,  n.  Office  of  a  lau- 
reate.  , 

Lau'rel,  n.  [Lat.  lavrus.]  An  ever¬ 
green  shrub,  having  aromatic  leaves. 
Academic  honors  were  formerly  indi¬ 
cated  by  a  crown  of  laurel. 

La'va,  or  La'ya,  n.  [It.,  fr.  lavare ,  to 
wash.]  Melted  rock  ejected  by  a  vol¬ 
cano. 

Lav'a-to-RY,  n.  [Lat.  lavalorium.] 
1.  A  place  for  washing.  2.  A  wash 
or  lotion  for  a  diseased  part. 

LAVE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  la¬ 
vare.]  To  wash;  to  bathe. — v.i. 
To  wash  one’s  self. 

Lav'en-der,  n.  [L.  Lat.  lavetidula.] 
An  aromatic  plant. 

La'ver,  ti.  [Lat.  lavare,  to  wash.]  A 
vessel  for  washing. 

Lav'ish,  n.  [Eng.  lave  ( obs .),  to  throw 
out,  from  Lat.  levare,  to  raise.]  1. 
Expending  or  bestowing  profusely  or 
excessively.  2.  Wild  ;  unrestrained. 

Syn.  —  Profuse  ;  prodigal  ;  wasteful; 
extravagant. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  expend 
with  profusion.  2.  To  expend  prod¬ 
igally  ;  to  squander.  [pense. 

La V'ISH-LY,  adv.  With  profuse  ex- 

Lav'ish-ment,  1  7i.  Profusion;  prodi- 

Lav'ish-ness,  )  gality. 

Law,  n.  [A.-S.  legu,  lag,  l ah ,  fr.  the 
root  of  lay.]  1.  A  rule  of  order  or 
conduct.  2.  The  appointed  rules  of 
a  community  or  state.  3.  (Nature.) 
The  regular  method  by  which  cer¬ 
tain  phenomena  or  effects  follow  cer¬ 
tain  conditions  or  causes,  &c. ;  hence, 
any  force,  tendency,  propension,  or 
instinct.  4.  Established  usage ;  a 
principle  or  maxim  of  science  or  art. 
5.  The  Jewish  or  Mosaic  code  ;  hence, 
the  Old  Testament.  6.  Litigation. 
7.  Legal  science  ;  jurisprudence. 

Syn.  —  Statute;  common  law;  regula¬ 
tion;  edict;  decree. 

Law'FUL,  a.  1.  Agreeable  to  law; 
conformable  to  law  ;  competent ;  le¬ 
gal.  2.  Constituted  by  law. 

Law'FUL -LY,  adv.  In  accordance 
with  law  ;  legally. 

Law'ful-ness,  7i.  Quality  of  being 
conformable  to  law  ;  legality. 

Law'giv-er,  7i.  One  who  makes  a 
law ;  a  legislator. 

Law'less,  a.  1.  Not  restrained  by 
law.  2.  Contrary  to,  or  unauthorized 
by,  law.  [manner. 

Law'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  lawless 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long  ;  A,E,I,  6,0,  Y ,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


LAWLESSNESS 

Law'less-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  lawless. 

Lawn,  n.  1.  [W.  llan,  an  open,  clear 
place.]  An  open  space  covered  with 
grass,  generally  in  front  of  or  around 
a  mansion.  2.  [Prom  Pr.  linon ,  lawn.] 
A  sort  of  fine  linen  or  cambric. 

Lawn'y,  a.  1.  Level,  as  a  plain;  like 
a  lawn.  2.  Made  of  lawn. 

Law'suit,/i.  A  process  in  law  to  re¬ 
cover  a  supposed  right ;  an  action. 

1  LAW'YER,n  One  versed  in  the  laws, 

or  a  practitioner  of  law. 

LXx,  a.  [-er;  -EST.]  [Lit  taxws.] 
1.  Not  tense ;  tiabby ;  soft.  2.  Of 
loose  texture.  3.  E  isy  or  iudulgent 
in  principle*  or  discipline.  4.  Hav¬ 
ing  too  frequent  discharges. 

LXx'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  loosening  the  intestines. — n.  A 
gentle  purgative. 

LXx'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  lax; 
slackness  ;  looseness  ;  openness. 

LXx'ness,  n.  Same  as  Laxity. 

LAY,  imp.  of  Lie. 

Lay, v.  t.  [laid;  laying.]  [A.-S.  lec- 
gan.]  1.  To  cause  to  lie  flat;  to  put 
down:  to  establish.  2.  To  place  in*or- 
der.  3-  To  prepare ;  to  make  ready. 
4.  To  spread  on  a  surface.  5-  To 
calm ;  to  allay.  6.  To  wager ;  to 
stake  ;  to  hazard.  7.  To  bring  forth, 
as  eggs.  8.  To  apply.  9.  To  impose, 
as  a  burden.  —  v  i.  To  bring  or 
produce  eggs.  —  n.  1.  A  stratum  ;  a 
layer.  2.  [A.-S.  ley ,  legh,  fr.  YV.  llais, 
sound,  voice.]  A  song.  3.  A  species  of 
narrative  poetry. — a.  [See  Laic.] 
Pertaining  to  the  laity  ;  not  clerical. 

Lay  figure,  a  figure  made  of  wood  or 
cork,  in  imitation  of  the  human  body, 
used  by  artists. 

Lay'E r  (4),  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  lays.  2.  That  which  is  laid ; 
as,  (a.)  A  stratum;  a  course,  as  of 
bricks,  &c.  (b.)  A  shoot  of  a  plant, 

laid  under  ground  for  growth. 

LAY'MAN  (15'J),  n.  One  of  the  people, 
in  distinction  from  the  clergy  ;  some¬ 
times.  a  man  who  does  not  belong  to 
one  of  the  other  learned  professions. 

LA'ZAR,n.  [Prom  Lazarus.  S on  Luke 
xvi.]  A  person  infected  with  a  pes¬ 
tilential  disease. 

Laz'a-ret',  In.  A  pest-house  for 

LXz'A-RET'TO,  )  diseased  persons. 

LA'ZAR-HOUSE .  n.  A  lazaretto  ;  also, 
a  hospital  for  quarantine. 

Laze,«.  i.  [See  LAZY.]  To  live  in 
idleness. 

LA'ZI-LY,  adv.  In  a  lazy  manner. 

La'ZI-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

1  being  lazy  ;  habitual  sloth. 

La'zy,  a.  [-er;  -EST,  142.]  [0  H. 
Ger.  laz,  weary,  lazy,  fr.  lazan ,  to 

i  leave,  cease.]  1.  Naturally  or  habit¬ 
ually  slothful.  2.  Moving  slowly ; 

;  sluggish. 

Syn.  —  Idle  ;  indolent;  slothful. 

Laz'za-ro'n!,  n.  pi.  [It.]  (Naples.) 
The  poor  who  live  by  begging,  or 
who  have  no  permanent  habitation. 

Lea,  n.  [A.-S.  leag,  leak.)  A  mea¬ 
dow  ;  a  field. 

247 

Leach,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See  in¬ 
fra.]  To  wash,  as  ashes,  by  causing 
water  to  pass  through  them. — v.  i. 
To  pass  through  by  percolation.  — 
n.  [A  -S.  leak.  See  Lye.]  Wood- 
ashes,  through  which  water  passes, 
and  thus  imbibes  the  alkali 

Lead  (led),  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  well- 

known  metal.  2.  An  article  made 
of  lead;  as,  (a.)  A  plummet.  ( b .) 
A  thin  plate  of  type-metal,  to  sepa¬ 
rate  lines  in  printing,  (c.)  A  small 
cylinder  of  plumbago  in  pencils  (d.) 
(pi.)  Sheets  of  lead  used  as  a  cover¬ 
ing  for  roofs  ;  hence,  a  roof  so  cov¬ 
ered.  —  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
cover  with  lead.  2.  To  widen,  as  the 
space  between  lines,  by  inserting 
leads. 

Lead,  v.  t.  [led;  leading.]  [A.- 
S.  laedan.  ]  1.  To  show  the  way  to  ; 

to  conduct  or  guide.  2.  To  guide  by 
the  hand,  as  a  child  or  animal.  3. 
To  govern.  4.  To  precede.  5.  To 
pass ;  to  spend.  6.  To  cause  to 
spend  — v.  i.  1.  To  go  before  and 
show  the  way.  2.  To  conduct.  3. 
To  put  forth,  or  exercise,  an  influ¬ 
ence. —  n  Precedence;  guidance. 

Le  ad'ed  (ledyed),  p.  a  1.  Pitted  with 
lead;  set  in  Lad.  2.  Separated  by 
leads,  as  the  lines  of  a  page. 

Lead'en  (led/n),  a.  1.  Made  of  lead. 
2.  Heavy  ;  dull. 

Lead'ek,  7i.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
leads  or  conducts  ;  a  guide  ;  a  con¬ 
ductor;  a  chief ;  the  principal  edito¬ 
rial  article  in  a  newspaper. 

Lead'er-ship,  n.  Command;  guid¬ 
ance  ;  lead. 

Lead'ing,  p.  a.  Chief ;  principal  ; 
most  influential. 

Lead'ING,  n.  Lead,  or  sheets  or  ar¬ 
ticles  of  lead  collectively. 

Lead'ing-strings,  n.  pi.  Strings 
by  which  children  are  supported 
when  beginning  to  walk. 

LLad'-pen'CIL,  n.  An  instrument 
for  drawing,  made  of  black  lead. 

Leaf  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  leaf,  Icel.  lavf, 
Goth,  laiifs.]  1.  One  of  the  princi¬ 
pal  parts  or  organs  of  vegetation.  2. 
Something  which  folds,  bends  over, 
or  otherwise  resembles  a  leaf ;  as,  (a.) 
A  part  of  a  book  containing  two 
pages,  (b.)  A  side,  or  part,  as  of  fold¬ 
ing-doors,  a  table,  &c.  (c.)  Avery 

thin  plate,  as  of  gold.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  shoot  out  leaves,  [liage. 

Leaf'age,  n.  Leaves  collectively  ;  fo- 

Leaf'-BRIDGE,  n.  A  drawbridge 

having  a  platform  on  each  side. 

LeAF'-bDd,  n.  Rudiment  of  a  young 
branch,  or  a  growing  point  covered 
with  rudimentary  leaves.  [leaves. 

Leaf'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  full  of 

Leaf'less,  a.  Destitute  of  leaves. 

Leaf'let,  n.  1.  A  little  leaf.  2. 
One  of  the  divisions  of  a  compound 
leaf.  [of  leaves. 

Leaf'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  Full 

League,  n.  [Lat.  ligare,  to  bind.] 
1.  A  combination  of  two  or  more 
parties  for  promoting  their  mutual 
interest ;  alliance  ;  coalition.  2.  A 

LEARNING 

national  compact.  3.  [Low  Lat.  lego, 
of  Celtic  origin.]  A  measure  of  dis 
tance,  equal  to  three  geographical 
miles. — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
unite  in  a  confederacy  ;  to  confed¬ 
erate.  [ate. 

Leag'uer  (leeg'er,)  n.  A  confeder- 

LEAK,  n.  1.  A  crack  or  hole,  that 
permits  a  fluid  to  enter  or  escape. 

2.  The  oozing  of  a  fluid  through  a 
crack,  or  hole.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 

[Icel.  Idea,  to  drop  ;  A.-S.  leccan,  to 
wet.]  To  let  any  liquor  in  or  out 
through  a  hole  or  crevice. 

Leak'age,  n.  1.  A  leaking;  quan¬ 
tity  that  enters  or  issues  by  leaking. 

2.  Allowance  for  the  leaking  of  casks, 

Leak/i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  leaky. 

LiiAK'Y,  a.  [-er;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Per¬ 
mitting  a  fluid  to  leak  in  or  out.  2. 

Apt  to  disclose  secrets  ;  tattling. 

Lean,  v.  i.  [LEANED,  sometimes 
LEANT,  LEANING.]  [A.-S.  hlinian, 
linian.]  1.  To  deviate  from  a  per¬ 
pendicular  position.  2.  To  incline 
in  opinion  or  desire.  3.  To  bend.  — 
v.  1.  To  cause  to  lean  ;  to  support  or 
rest.  —  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  Isene .] 

1.  Wanting  in  flesh.  2.  Deficient  in 
good  qualities ;  bare ;  barren.  3. 

Barren  of  thoughts. 

Syn.  —  Slender;  spare;  thin;  meager; 
lank;  gaunt;  jejune. 

—  n.  That  part  of  flesh  which  con¬ 
sists  of  muscle  alone. 

Lean'ness  (109),  n.  Condition  of 
being  lean  ;  hence,  poverty  ;  want. 

Lean'-to,  7i.  A  building  whose  raft¬ 
ers  lean  against  another  building 
or  against  a  wall. 

Leap,  v.  i.  [leaped, rarely  leapt  ; 
leaping.]  [A.-S.  hleapan .]  1.  To 
spring  from  the  ground ;  to  jump ; 
to  vault.  2.  To  make  a  sudden 
jump;  to  bound.  3.  To  manifest 
joy  or  vivacity. — v.  t.  1.  To  pass 
over  by  leaping.  2.  To  copulate 
with.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  leaping.  2. 

Space  passed  by  leaping. 

Leap-frog,  n.  A  play  among  boys. 

Leap'-year,  n.  Bissextile;  every 
fourth  year,  which  gives  to  February 

29  days. 

LLARN  (14),  V.  t.  [LEARNED,  Or 
LEARNT -/learning.]  [A.-S.  leor- 
nia7i,  liornian.]  1.  To  acquire  new 
ideas  from  or  concerning.  2.  To 
acquire  skill  in  any  thing. 

Syn.  —  To  teach  ;  instruct;  inform. — 

Learn  originally  had  the  sense  of  teach. 

This  usage  has  now  passed  away.  To 
learn  is  to  receive,  and  to  teach  is  to  give 
instruction.  He  who  is  taught  learns, 
not  he  who  teaches. 

—  r.  i.  1.  To  receive  information. 

2.  To  gain  or  receive  knowledge. 

LLarn'ed  (60),  a.  1.  Versed  in  litera¬ 
ture  and  science.  2.  Well  acquaint¬ 
ed  with  arts;  skillful.  3.  Containing 
or  exhibiting  learning. 

Learn'ed-LY,  adv.  With  learning. 

LEarn'er,  7i.  One  who  learns,  or  is 
disposed  to  learn. 

Learning  (lerndng),  n.  1.  Knowl¬ 
edge  received  by  instruction  o t 

OR,  do,  WQLF,  too,  TOOK;  Orn,  rue,  pull;  js,  /,  o,  silent :  £,  6,  soft ;  €,  G,  hard ;  A§;  ejcist;  n  as  NG  ;  this 

LEGITIMATE 


LEASE 

study.  2.  Knowledge  acquired  by 
experience  or  observation. 

Syn.  —  Literature  ;  erudition;  lore; 
scholarship-  science  ;  letters.  See  Lit- 
EKATUKlfi. 

Lease,  n.  1.  A  letting  of  lands  or 
tenements  to  another  for  hire.  2. 
Contract  for  such  letting.  3.  Any 
tenure  by  grant  or  permission.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Fr.  laisser ,  to 
leave,  transmit,  from  Lat.  laxare,  to 
loose.]  To  grant  temporary  posses¬ 
sion  of  to  another,  for  rent ;  to  let. 

Lease 'hold,  a.  Held  by  lease.  — n. 
_A  tenure  held  by  lease. 

Leash,  n.  [Lat.  laxa  (sc.  restis),  a 
rope  ]  1.  A  thong  of  leather,  or  long 
line.  2.  (Sporting.)  A  brace  and  a 
half ;  three  creatures.  3.  A  band  to 
tie  any  thing. 

Least,  a.  [A.-S.  last,  lasest ,  superl. 
of  lassa,  compar.  of  lytel,  little.]  1. 
Smallest ;  little  beyond  others.  2. 
Of  the  smallest  worth  or  importance. 

—  adv.  In  the  smallest  or  lowest 
degree. 

LLATH'ER,n.  [A.-S.  ledher.\  1.  Skin 
of  an  animal  dressed  for  use.  2. 
Dressed  hides  collectively. 

Leath'er-dress'er,  n.  One  who 
dresses  leather;  one  who  prepares 
hides  for  use.  [leather. 

Leath'ern,  a.  Made  or  consisting  of 

Leath'er-y,  a.  Resembling  leather  ; 
tough. 

Leave,  n.  [A.-S.  leaf.]  1.  Liberty 
granted ;  allowance.  2.  A  formal 
parting  of  friends  ;  farewell. 

Syn.  —  Liberty;  permission;  license. — 
Leave  denotes  that  he  who  obtains  it 
may  decide  whether  to  use  it  or  not;  lib¬ 
erty,  that  all  obstructions  in  the  way  of 
his  using  it  are  removed  and  set  aside. 
Permission  implies  a  formal  consent 
given  by  one  who  had  the  right  to  refuse 
it.  License  denotes  that  this  consent  ex¬ 
tends  to  a  mode  of  acting  for  which  spe¬ 
cial  permission  is  required. 

—  V.  t.  [LEFT  ;  LEAVING.]  1.  To 
depart  from.  2.  To  forsake  ;  to  aban¬ 
don  ;  to  relinquish.  3.  To  suffer  to 
remain.  4.  To  give  by  will;  to  be¬ 
queath.  5.  To  intrust.  6.  To  refer. 
7.  To  cease  from  ;  to  forbear. 

Syn.  —  To  quit;  commit;  give;  desist. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  cease;  to  desist.  2. 
[Eng.  leaf]  To  put  forth  leaves. 

Leav'en,  n.  [Fr.  levain,  fr.  lever ,  to 
raise.]  1.  A  mass  of  sour  dough  for 
producing  fermentation  in  a  larger 
quantity.  2.  Any  thing  which  makes 
a  general  change  in  the  mass.  —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  excite  fermenta¬ 
tion  in.  2.  To  taint;  to  imbue. 

Leav'en-ing,  n.  That  which  leav¬ 
ens  or  makes  light.  [offal. 

Leav'ings,  n.  pi.  Things  left ;  refuse  ; 

Lech'er,  n.  [0.  Fr.  lecherre ,  lecheur.] 
A  man  given  to  lewdness.  —  v.  i. 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  practice  lewdness  ; 
to  indulge  lust. 

LfiCH'ER-OflS,  a. 

Lech'er-oOs-ly 
lewdly. 

Lech'er-y, 

Lec'tion,  n. 

A.,  E,  I,  6,u,  y,lon 


248 

to  read.]  A  difference  in  copies  of  a 
manuscript  or  book. 

Leg'tion-A-ry,  n.  The  Roman  Cath¬ 
olic  service-book. 

Lect'ure  (lekt'ypr,  53),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
lectura ,  from  legere,  to  read.]  1.  A 
formal  discourse  on  any  subject.  2. 
A  formal  reproof. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  instruct  by  discourses. 
2.  To  instruct  authoritatively  ;  to  re¬ 
prove. —  v.  i.  1.  To  read  or  deliver 
a  formal  discourse.  2.  To  practice 
reading  lectures  for  instruction. 

Lect'ur-er,  n.  One  who  reads  or 
pronounces  lectures.  [urer. 

Lect'ure-ship,  v.  Office  of  a  lect- 

Lee'TURN,  n.  [Lat.  lertrinum ,  lert- 
rum,ir.  legere ,  to  read.]  A  reading- 
desk,  in  churches. 

Led,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Lead. 

Ledge,  n.  [A.-S.  biegan ,  liggan,  to 
lie.]  1.  A  shelf,  or  that  which  re¬ 
sembles  one.  2.  A  ridge  of  rocks 
near  the  surface  of  the  sea.  3.  A 
small  molding. 

Ledg'er,  n.  [A.-S.  leger,  a  lying 
down,  a  couch.]  A  book  in  which  a 
summary  of  accounts  is  laid  up  or 
preserved .  _  [line. 

Ledg'er-line,  n.  See  Leger- 

Lee,  n.  1.  (pi.  Lee§.)  [Lat.  levare, 
to  lift  up,  raise.]  Sediment,  dvegs. 
2.  [A.-S.  hleo,  hleow,  shelter,  refuge.] 
A  place  defended  from  the  wind ; 
hence,  side  toward  which  the  wind 
blows. — a.  Pertaining  to  the  side 
opposite  to  that  against  which  the 
wind  blows. 

Leech,  n.  [A.-S.  Itece,  le.ee,  physician, 
leech.]  1.  A  doctor  of  medicine ;  a 
physician.  2.  An  aquatic  sucking 
worm  ;  a  blood-sucker. —  v.  t.  1.  To 
heal.  2.  To  bleed  by  the  use  of  leeches. 

Leek,  ».  [A.-S.  leac..]  A  plant  hav¬ 

ing  succulent  and  edible  leaves. 

Leer,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  look 
obliquely.  —  n.  [A.-S.  hleor,  blear, 
cheek,  face.]  1.  An  oblique  view. 
2.  An  affected  cast  of  countenance. 

Lees,  n.  See  Lee. 

Lee'ward  (or  lu'ar-d),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  in  the  direction  of,  the  part 
toward  which  the  wind  blows. —  adv. 
Toward  the  lee. 

Lee'way,  n.  Lateral  movement  of  a 
ship  to  the  leeward  of  her  course. 

Left,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Leave.  — a. 
[Prob.  allied  to  O.  Sax.  I  f,  weak,  in¬ 
firm.]  On  the  side  of  the  part  opposed 
to  the  right  of  the  body.  — n.  1.  Side 
opposite  to  the  right.  2.  (Legisla¬ 
tive  Bodies.)  Left  side  of  the  speak¬ 
er’s  chair,  where  the  opposition  usu¬ 
ally  sits. 

Left'-hand'ed,  a.  Having  the  left 
hand  more  strong  and  dexterous 
than  the  right. 

Leg,  n.  [Icel.  leggr.]  1.  Limb  of  an 
animal  supporting  the  bod}'.  2. 
That  which  resembles  a  leg  in  form 
or  use. 

Leg'a-cy,  n.  [Lat.  legatnm ;  legare, 
to  bequeath  as  a  legacy.]  A  gift,  by 
will,  of  personal  property  ;  a  bequest. 

Le'gal,  a.  [Lat.  legalis ;  lex,  law.] 


1.  According  to,  or  relating  to,  law 

2.  Lawful, permitted  by  law.  3.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  the  Mosaic  dispensation. 

LE-GAL'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  legal ; 
conformity  to  law. 

LE'GAL-IZE  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING]  To 
make  lawful.  [lawfully. 

Le'gal-LY,  adv.  According  to  law  ; 

LEG'ATE.  n.  [Lat.  legatus,  fr.  legare, 
to  send  with  a  commission.]  An  em¬ 
bassador  or  envoy. 

Leg'a-tee',  n.  One  to  whom  a  leg¬ 
acy  is  bequeathed 

Leg'ate-ship,  n.  Office  of  a  legate. 

Leg'a-tine,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  legate. 

Le-ga'tion,  n.  1  The  sending  forth 
of  a  legate.  2.  An  envoy,  and  the 
persons  associated  with  him.  3.  Of¬ 
ficial  residence  of  a  diplomatic  min¬ 
ister  eta  foreign  court.  [a  legacy. 

LeG'  A-tor',  n  One  who  bequeathes 

LEG'-BAIL,  n.  FTight.  [Coltoq.] 

To  give  leg-bail,  to  escape  from  cus¬ 
tody  and  run  away. 

Le'gend.  or  Leg'end,  n.  [Fr. ;  Lat. 
legendus.  to  be  read,  fr.  legere ,  to 
read.]  1.  A  register  of  the  lives  of 
saints.  2.  Any  remarkable  story 
handed  down  from  earls  times ;  or, 
less  exactly,  any  story.  3.  A  motto 
inscribed. 

Leg'end-a-ry  (110),  a.  Consisting 
of  legends;  strange ;  fabulous. 

LEG'ER-DE-MAIN',  n.  [Fr.  leger , 
light,  nimble,  de,  of,  and  main, 
hand.]  A  trick  performed  with 
adroitness;  sleight  of  hand. 

Leg'er  Line.  (Mus.)  A  line  added 
above  or  below  the  staff  to  extend  its 
compass.  [in  composition. 

Legged  (60),  a.  Having  legs;  —  used 

Leg'gIN,  I  n.  A  cover  for  the 

LEG'GING, )  leg.  [being  legible. 

Leg 'l-BIL'I-TY, n.  Quality  orstateof 

Leg'i-ble,  a.  [Lat.  legibilis,  from 
legere,  to  read.]  Capable  of  being 
read,  discovered,  or  undex-stood. 

Leg'I-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  be  read. 

Le'GION  (le'jun),  n.  [Lat.  legio,  fr. 
legere,  to  collect.]  1.  (Rom.  Anliq.) 
A  body  of  infantry,  consisting  of 
from  three  to  five  thousand  men.  2. 
A  military  force.  3  A  multitude. 

Le'GION-a-RY,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
consisting  of,  a  legion,  or  legion*. 

Leg'is-late,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing  ]  [Lat. 
Lx,  legis,  law,  and  ferre,  laivm,  to 
bear,  propose.]  To  enact  laws. 

Leg'IS-LA'TION,  n.  Act  of  legislat¬ 
ing,  or  enacting  laws. 

Leg'is-la/tive,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
enactment  of  laws. 

Leg'is-la'tor,  n.  A  lawgiver;  one 
who  makes  laws  for  a  state. 

LLg'is-LAT'ure  (-lat'yqr,  53), n.  The 
body  of  men  in  a  state  that  make 
and  repeal  the  laws. 

Le-GIT'I-MA-CY,  n.  1.  Accordance 
with  law.  2.  Lawfulness  of  birth. 

3.  Genuineness,  or  reality.  4.  Log¬ 
ical  validity. 

Le-gIt'i-mate  (45).  a.  1.  Accordant 
with  law.  2.  Lawfully  begotten.  3. 
Genuine ;  real.  4.  Following  by 
logical  or  natural  sequence. 


Lustful;  lewd. 

,  adv.  Lustfully ; 

[lust. 

Free  indulgence  of 
[Lat.  lectio,  from  legere , 


g;  A ,  E,  I,  6,  U  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  what;  Lre,  veil,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  Flltr.:;  ccir, 


LEGITIMATE 

LE-6lTa  aiATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[L.  Lat.  legitimate ,  -matum,  fr.  Lat. 
lex ,  law  ]  1.  To  make  lawful ;  to 

legalize.  2.  To  render  legitimate. 

Le-git'i-mate-ly,  adv.  Lawfully; 
genuinely. 

LE-GlT'I-MA'TION,  n.  Act  of  render¬ 
ing  legitimate. 

Le-git'i-ma-tist,  n.  Same  as  Le¬ 
gitimist. 

Le-GIT'i-mIst,  n.  An  adherent  of 
divine  or  hereditary  rights. 

LEg'ume,  or  Le-gume',  n.  [Lat. 
legumen.]  1.  A  pod  splitting  into 
two  valves.  2.  pi.  Fruit  of  plants 
of  the  pea  kind  ;  pulse. 

Le-gO'mi-noDs,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of,  pulse. 

Leisure  (15/zhur),  n.  [Fr.  ;Lat.  licere, 
to  be  permitted.]  1.  Freedom  from 
occupation  or  business  ;  vacant  time. 

2.  Convenient  opportunity. 

Lei'sure-ly  (13'zhur-),  a.  Deliberate  ; 
slow. — arlv.  In  a  deliberate  man¬ 
ner  ;  slowly. 

Lem'ma,  n. ;  Lat.  pi.  lem'ma-ta  ; 
Etig.pl.  LEM'MAS  [Gr.  kr\ppa,  any 
thing  received,  an  assumption.]  An 
auxiliary  proposition  demonstrated 
for  use  in  the  demonstration  of  some 
other  proposition. 

Lem'O.v,  n.  [Turk,  litniin,  A r.  laim- 
ftn.]  1.  A  roundish  acid  fruit  re¬ 
sembling  the  orange.  2.  The  tree 
that  produces  lemons. 

Lem'on-ade',  n.  Lemon-juice  and 
water  sweetened. 

LEND,  V.  t.  [LENT  ;  LENDING.]  [A.- 
S.  Itenan.]  1.  To  grant  for  tempo¬ 
rary  use  ;  to  loan.  2.  To  afford  ;  to 
furnish.  3.  To  let  for  hire  or  com¬ 
pensation 

Lend'er,  n.  One  who  lends ;  espe¬ 
cially,  one  who  makes  a  business  of 
lending  money. 

Length,  n.  [A.-S.  lengdh,  fr.  lang, 
long.]  1.  Longest  measure  of  any  ob¬ 
ject.  2.  A  superficial  measure.  3.  A 
determined  portion  of  time  ;  long  con¬ 
tinuance.  4.  Detail  or  amplification. 

LENGTHEN,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  extend  in  length  ;  to  make  longer. 
2.  To  protract.  3.  To  draw  out  in 
pronunciation.  —  v.  i.  To  grow 
longer.  [of  the  length. 

Length'wise,  adv.  In  the  direction 

Length'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -est,142.]  Hav¬ 
ing  length  ;  very  long  ;  prolix. 

Le'NI-EN9E,  1  n.  Lenity;  clemen- 

Le'ni-en-^y,  /  cy. 

Le'NI-ent,  a.  [Lat.  leniens,  soften¬ 
ing,  fr.  lenis,  soft.]  1.  Softening; 
mitigating.  2.  Mild  ;  clement ;  mer¬ 
ciful. —  n.  That  which  assuages; 
an  emollient. 

Le'ni-ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  lenient 
manner. 

Len'I-TIVE,  a.  Softening  or  mitigat¬ 
ing  pain  ;  emollient.  —  n.  A  medi¬ 
cine  or  application  that  eases  pain. 

LEn'i-ty,  n.  [Lat .  lenitas ;  lenis,  soft, 
mild.]  Mildness  of  temper;  gentle¬ 
ness  of  treatment. 

Stn.  —  Gentleness:  kindness;  tender¬ 
ness  ;  softness  ;  humanity  ;  clemency. 


Lenses. 


249 

Lens,  n.  [Lat.  lens, 
lentil,  on  account 
of  the  resemblance 
of  shape.]  A  glass 
with  two  opposite 
regular  surfaces, 
used  for  magnifying 
objects,  or  other¬ 
wise  modifying  vis¬ 
ion. 

Lent,  n.  [A.-S.  leng- 
ten,  lencten,  peril .  fr. 
lencgan,  to  lengthen, 
because  at  tins  season  the  days 
lengthen.]  A  fast  of  forty  days,  be¬ 
ginning  with  Ash  Wednesday  and 
continuing  tin  Easter. 

Lent'en,  a.  Pertaining  to  Lent ; 
used  in  Lent ;  hence,  spare,  plain. 

Len-tIs'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  lenticularis. 
See  Lens.]  1.  Resembling  a  lentil 
in  size  or  form  2.  Having  the  form 
of  a  double  convex  lens. 

Len'til,  n.  [Lat.  lenticula ,  dim.  of 
lens,  lentil.]  A  leguminous  weed, 
the  seed  of  which  is  used  for  food. 

Le'o-nIne,  a.  [Lat.  leoninus ;  leo, 
lion  ]  Belonging  to,  or  like,  a  lion. 

LEop'ard  (lep7- 
ard),  n.  [Gr. 

A  edn-ap8os ,  from 
Aeaje,  lion,  and 
it dpSos,  pard.]  A 
carnivorous 
mammal  of  a  yel-  Leopard, 
low  color,  with  black  spots  along  the 
back  and  sides. 

Lep'er,  n.  [Gr.  AeVpa,  leprosy,  fr. 
Aerrpog,  scaly.]  A  person  affected 
with  leprosy'. 

Lep^o-RINE ,  or  LEp'o-rIne,  a.  [Lat. 
leporinus;  lepus ,  hare.]  Pertaining 
to,  or  like,  a  hare. 

LEp'ro-sy,  n.  [See  Leper.]  A  cu¬ 
taneous  disease  with  scaly  spots, 
usually  of  a  white  color. 

LEp'rous,  a.  Infected  with  leprosy. 

Le'SION,  n.  [Lat.  Ixsio,  fr.  Ixdere ,  to 
hurt.]  A  hurt ;  an  injury  ;  a  wound. 

LESS,  a.  [A.-S.  Idssa ,  m. ,  Isisse,  f.  and 
neut.,  for  I'dsra,  lasre.]  Smaller;  not 
so  great.  —  adv.  Not  so  much;  in 
a  smaller  degree.  —  n.  1.  A  smaller 
portion.  2.  The  inferior  or  younger. 

Les-see',  n.  One  to  whom  a  lease  is 
given. 

LEss'bn,  v.  t.  1.  To  make  less  or 
smaller  in  bulk,  size,  quantity,  num¬ 
ber,  & c.  2.  To  diminish  in  quality 
or  degree.  3.  To  reduce  in  dignity. 

Syn.  —  To  abate  ;  decrease  ;  lower  ; 
impair;  degrade. 

—  v.i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  become 
less;  to  be  diminished  ;  to  decrease. 

LEss'er,  a.  [A.-S.  Idssa,  lasse,  for 
Idsra,  lasre.  See  Less,  a.]  Less; 
smaller. 

LEs'son  (les'n),  ti.  [Fr.  legon,  Lat.  lec¬ 
tio.]  1.  Any  thing  read  or  recited  to  a 
teacher.  2.  That  which  is  learned. 

3.  A  portion  of  Scripture  read  in  di¬ 
vine  service.  4.  Reproof ;  rebuke. 

LEs'sor,  n.  One  who  leases. 

LEst,  conj.  [A.-S.  last,  leastly.  See 
Least.]  That  not;  for  fear  that. 


LEVEL 

LET ,V.t.  1.  [LET  ;  LETTING.]  [A.-S. 
Ixtun.]  To  give  leave;  to  withhold 
restraint ;  to  permit ;  to  allow  ;  to 
suffer.  2.  To  grant  use  for  a  com¬ 
pensation ;  to  lease.  3.  [A.-S.  letian, 
let  tan ,  fr.  lat,  late.]  To  retard  ;  to 
hinder.  —  n.  A  hindrance  ;  impedi- 
ment;  delay. 

Letch,  v.  t.  See  Leach. 

Le'TIIAL,  a.  [Lat.  lethalis;  lethum, 
death.]  Deadly  :  fatal. 

Le-thXr'gig,  la.  1.  Given  to 

Le-ThXr'gie-AL,  J  lethargy  ;  drow¬ 
sy.  2.  Pertaining  to  lethargy. 

LEtH'AR-GY,M.  [Gr.  Ai)0apyfa;  Ai?- 
Oapyo s,  forgetful.]  1.  Morbid  drow¬ 
siness.  2.  Dullness  ;  inaction. 

Le'the,  7i.  [Gr.  Arjdrj,  forgetfulness.] 
1.  (  Gr.  Myth.)  One  of  the  rivers  of 
hell,  which  caused  forgetfulness  to 
those  who  drank  of  it.  2.  Oblivion  ; 
a  draught  of  oblivion.  [ness. 

Le-tiie'AN,  a.  Inducing  forgetful- 

Le-thif'ER-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  lethifer; 
lethum,  death,  and  ferre,  to  bear.] 
Deadly  ;  bringing  destruction. 

LEt'TER,  7i.  [Lat.  liltera ,  litera.]  1. 
An  alphabetic  character.  2.  A  writ¬ 
ten  message ;  an  epistle.  3.  The 
literal  statement.  4.  A  printing 
type,  or  type  collectively.  5.  pi. 
Learning;  erudition.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  impress  or  form  letters  on. 

LEt'ter.ed,  a.  1.  Educated.  2.  Be¬ 
longing  to  learning.  3.  Furnished 
or  marked  with  letters. 

LEt'ter-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  impress¬ 
ing  letters.  2.  The  letters  impressed. 

LEt'ter-prEss,  n.  Print ;  reading 
matter,  in  distinction  from  plates  or 
engravings. 

LEt'tu^e  (let/tis),  n.  [Lat.  lactuca, 
fr.  lac,  milk,  on  account  of  its  milky 
juice.]  A  plant,  the  leaves  of  which 
are  used  as  salad. 

Le'vant,  a.  Eastern. 

Le-VANT',  n.  [Fr.  levant ,  from  lever, 
to  raise.]  The  countries  which  are 
washed  by  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

Le-vant'er,  n.  A  strong  easterly 
wind  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Le-vant'ine,  or  LEv'ant-ine,  a. 
Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  Le¬ 
vant. —  n.  1.  A  native  of  the  Le¬ 
vant.  2.  A  kind  of  silk  cloth. 

LEv'ee,  ti.  [Fr.  levee,  from  lever,  to 
raise.]  1.  A  morning  assembly  of 
visitors  ;  also,  a  miscellaneous  gath¬ 
ering  of  guests,  usually  in  the  even¬ 
ing.  2.  A  bank  along  a  river,  to 
prevent  inundation. 

LEv'EL,  a.  1.  Even  ;  flat.  2.  Hori¬ 
zontal  3.  Even  with  any  thing  else. 

4.  Equal  in  rank  or  degree.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING,  137.]  1. 
To  make  even.  2.  To  make  horizon¬ 
tal.  3.  To  reduce  or  bring  to  the 
same  height  with  something  else  ;  to 
lay  flat.  4.  To  reduce  to  equality  of 
condition.  5.  To  point,  in  taking 
aim. — n.  [A.-S.  Ixfel,  fr.  Lat.  li- 
bella,  dim.  of  libra,  balance,-  level.] 
1.  A  line  or  plane,  everywhere  par¬ 
allel  to  the  surface  of  still  water.  2. 


OR,  Do,  WOLF,  too,took;  Prn,  rue,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  €,  g,  hard;  A§  ;  exist  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


LEVELER 


200 


LIB  RATI  ON 


A  smooth  or  a  horizontal  line  or  sur¬ 
face.  3.  Equal  elevation  with  some¬ 
thing  else.  4.  Line  of  direction  in 
which  a  weapon  is  aimed.  5.  An  in¬ 
strument  by  which  to  find  a  hori¬ 
zontal  line.  6.  Rule  ;  plan ;  scheme 

Lev'el-ER,  In.  1.  One  who  levels.  2. 

Lev'el-ler,  )  One  who  would  destroy 
distinctions,  and  reduce  to  equality. 

Lev'el-ing,  I  n.  1.  Reduction  of 

Lev'el-LING,  j  uneven  surfaces  to  a 
level.  2.  Operation  of  ascertaining 
the  differences  of  level  between  differ¬ 
ent  points  of  the  earth’s  surface  in¬ 
cluded  in  a  survey. 

Le'ver,  or 

Lev'er,  n. 

[Fr.  levier,  fr. 
lever,  to  raise  ] 

A  bar  used  to 
exert  a  press¬ 
ure,  or  sustain 
a  weight,  at  one  point  of  its  length. 

Lev'er-age  (110),  n.  Mechanical 
advantage  gained  by  the  use  of  a 
lever. 

Le-vi'a-than,  n.  [Ileb.  livyathan.] 
A  large  sea-animal,  described  in  Job 
xli.  and  thought  to  be  the  whale. 

Lisv'l-GATE,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
levigate,  - gatum ;  levis,  smooth.]  1. 
To  grind  to  a  fine  powder.  2.  To 
polish.  [of  levigating. 

Lev'i-ga'tion,  n.  Act  or  operation 

Le'vite,  ft.  ( Jewish  Hist.)  One  of 
the  tribe  of  Levi  employed  in  duties 
connected  with  the  temple.  [vites. 

Le-VIT'ie-ALi,  a.  Relating  to  the  Le- 
Tevitical  degrees,  degrees  of  relation¬ 
ship  within  which  marriage  is  forbidden. 

LEV'I-TY,  ft.  [Lat.  levitas;  levis, 
light  in  weight.]  1.  Want  of  weight 
in  a  body  ;  lightness.  2.  Buoyancy  ; 
hence,  frivolity ;  vanity.  3.  Want 
of  seriousness. 

Syn.  —  Inconstancy;  thoughtlessness; 
unsteadiness  ;  inconsideration  ;  volatil¬ 
ity;  flightiness. —  Levity,  volatility ,  and 
flightiness  relate  to  outward  conduct. 
Levity  sp rings  from  a  lightness  of  mind 
which  produces  a  disregard  of  the  pro¬ 
prieties  of  time  and  place.  Volatility 
is  a  degree  of  levity  which  causes  the 
thoughts  to  fly  from  one  object  to  anoth¬ 
er,  without  resting  on  any  for  a  moment. 
Flightiness  is  volatility  carried  to  an  ex¬ 
treme  which  often  betrays  its  subject 
into  gross  impropriety  or  weakness. 

Lfiv'Y ,v.t.  [-ed  :  -ING,  142.]  [Fr. 
lever.)  1.  To  raise  ;  to  collect ;  — 
said  of  troops.  2.  To  raise  or  collect 
by  assessment.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  levy¬ 
ing  or  taking  by  authority  or  force 
for  public  service,  as  troops,  taxes, 
&c.  2.  That  which  is  levied.  3.  A 
small  coin,  or  its  value,  being  12£ 
cents.  [Local.  Amer.] 

LEWD(lud),  a.  [-er:-est.]  [A.-S. 
Isewed ,  lewd,  belonging  to  the  laity.] 
1.  Eager  for  sexual  indulgence.  2. 
Proceeding  from  unlawful  lust. 

_  Syn.  —  Lustful  ;  libidinous  ;  licen¬ 
tious  ;  profligate  ;  dissolute  ;  sensual  ; 
unchaste  ;  lascivious  ;  lecherous. 

Lewd'ly  (ludffy),  adv.  Lustfully. 

Lewd'ness  (lud'nes),  n.  Unlawful 
indulgence  of  lust ;  lasciviousness. 


Lew'is  (luffs),  I  «.  An 
Lew'is-son,  )  iron 
clamp  dove-tailed  into 
a  large  stone  to  lift  it 

by- 

LEX'ie-AL,«.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  a  lexicon,  or  to 
lexicography. 

LEXff-eOG'RA-PHER, 
ft.  [Gr.  Ae£iKoypa<f>os  ; 

\c^ik6v,  dictionary,  and  ypd<t>eu>,  to 
write.]  Author  or  compiler  of  a  dic¬ 
tionary. 

LEx'i-€o-graph'I€,  l  a.  Pertain- 
Lex'i-CO-GRAPH'IO-al,  j  ing  to  lex¬ 
icography. 

LEX'I-COG'RA  PHY,  n.  Art  of  com¬ 
posing  dictionaries. 

LexG-EOL'O-gy,  ft.  [Gr.  Ae£uc6s,  re¬ 
lating  to  words,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 
Science  of  the  derivation  and  signifi¬ 
cation  of  words. 

Lex'1-€ON,  ft.  [Gr.  A e£uc6v  (sc.  /3i/3Ai- 
ov),  fr.  Ae£i?,  speech.]  A  dictionary  ; 
a  word-book. 

Ley'den-jar  I  (lPdn-  or  la/dn-), 
Ley'djsn-phPal  )  h.  A  glass  jar 
used  to  accumulate  electricity  ;  —  in¬ 
vented  in  Ley  fen. 

LI'A-bIl'i-ty,  w.  1.  State  of  being 
liable  or  bound  ;  responsibility.  2. 
Tendency.  3.  pi.  That  which  one  is 
imder  obligation  to  pay  ;  debts. 
LI'a-ble,  a.  [From  Lat.  ligare.  to 
bind.]  1  Obliged  in  law  or  equity; 
answerable.  2.  Exposed  ;  —  used 
with  reference  to  evils. 

Syn. —  Subject. — Liable  denotes  some¬ 
thing  external  which  may  befall  us  ;  sub¬ 
ject  refers  to  evils  which  arise  chiefly 
from  internal  necessity,  and  are  likely  to 
do  so.  Hence  the  former  applies  more 
to  what  is  accidental,  the  latter  to  things 
from  which  we  often  or  inevitably  suffer. 

Liaison  (le'a  zong'),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
Lat.  ligare,  to  bind.]  A  secret,  illicit, 
intimacy  between  a  man  and  woman. 
LI'AR,  m.  [Eng.  lie.)  One  who  know¬ 
ingly  utters  falsehood;  one  who  lies. 
Ll-BA'TION,  m.  [Lat.  libatio ;  libare,  to 
pour  out  as  ail  offering.]  An  offer¬ 
ing  of  wine  in  honor  of  some  deity. 
LI'bel,  m.  [Lat.  libetlus ;  dim.  of  liber, 
a  book  ;  libel! us  famosus,  a,  defama¬ 
tory  book  or  pamphlet.]  1.  A  pub¬ 
lished  defamation.  2.  A  written 
declaration  by  a  plaintiff  of  his  cause 
of  action,  and  of  the  relief  he  seeks. 
—  V.  t.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING, 

137  ]  1  To  defame,  or  expose  to  pub¬ 
lic  contempt.  2.  To  proceed  against  by 
filing  a  libel,  as  against  a  ship  or 
goods. 

LI'bel-ANT,  ( n.  One  who  insti- 
Li'bel-lant,  )  tutes  a  suit  in  an  ec¬ 
clesiastical  or  admiralty  court. 
Li'bel-er,  (  n.  One  who  libels  or 
Li'bel-ler,  )  defames. 
Li'bei,-OUS,  (a.  Relating  to  a  libel 
Ll'BEL-LOfjs.  )  defunarorv 
Lib'er-AL,  a.  [Lat.  liberalis;  liber, 
free.]  1.  Bestowing  with  a  free 
hand.  2.  Not  narrow  or  contracted 
in  mind  ;  catholic.  3.  Bestowed 
with  a  free  hand  ;  not  confined  or  re¬ 
stricted.  4.  Not  bound  by  established 


tenets  in  politics  or  religion  •  evinc¬ 
ing,  or  caused  by,  such  a  spirit. 

Syn.  —  Generous.  —  Liberal  is  free¬ 
born,  and  generous  is  high-born.  The 
former  is  opposed  to  the  ordinary  feel¬ 
ings  of  a  servile  state,  and  implies  large¬ 
ness  of  spirit  in  giving,  judging,  acting, 
&c.  The  latter  expresses  that  nobleness 
of  soul  which  is  peculiarly  appropriate 
to  those  of  high  rank  —  a  spirit  that  goes 
out  of  self,  and  finds  its  enjoyment  in 
consulting  the  feelings  and  happiness  of 
others.  Generosity  is  measured  by  the 
extent  of  the  sacrifices  it  makes  ;  liberal¬ 
ity,  by  the  warmth  of  feeling  which  it 
manifests. 

— ft.  One  who  advocates  greater  free¬ 
dom,  especially  in  politics  or  religion. 

LlB'ER-AL-lgM,  ft.  Liberal  principles 

or  feelings. 

Lib'ER-al'i-TY,  ft.  1.  Munificence; 
bounty.  2.  A  donation  ;  a  gratuity. 
3.  Largeness  of  mind  ;  candor  ;  im¬ 
partiality  ._ 

LlB'ER-AL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  render  liberal ;  to  free  from  nar¬ 
row  views  or  prejudices. 

Lib'er-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  liberal  man¬ 
ner  :  generously  ;  freely. 

LlB'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
liberate,  -ration  ;  liber,  free.]  To  re¬ 
lease  from  restraint  or  bondage. 

LlB'ER- action,  ft.  Act  cf  delivering, 
or  state  of  being  delivered,  from  re¬ 
straint. 

Lib'er-a/tor,  ft.  One  who  liberates. 

LIb'er-tIne,  ft.  [Lat.  libertinus  ;  li¬ 
ber,  free.]  One  who  leads  a  disso¬ 
lute,  licentious  life;  a  rake;  a  deb¬ 
auchee. —  a.  Dissolute;  licentious. 

LIb'er-tin-Ism,  ft.  Conduct  of  a  lib¬ 
ertine  :  debauchery ;  licentiousness. 

Lib'er-ty,  ft.  [Lat.  libertas;  liber , 
free.]  1.  Ability  to  do  as  one  pleases  ; 
freedom  from  restraint.  2.  Per¬ 
mission  granted  ;  leave.  3.  Privilege  ; 
immunity.  4.  Place  within  which 
certain  privileges  are  enjoyed.  [  Eng.] 

Syn.  —  Freedom.  —  Liberty  and  free¬ 
dom,  though  often  interchanged,  are  dis¬ 
tinct  in  some  oftheir  applications.  Liberty 
has  reference  to  previous  restraint,  free¬ 
dom  to  the  simple,  spontaneous  exercise 
of  our  powers.  A  slave  is  set  at  liberty; 
his  master  had  always  been  in  a  state  of 
freedom.  A  prisoner  under  trial  may 
ask  liberty  (exemption  from  restraint) 
to  speak  his  sentiments  with  freedom 
(the  spontaneous  and  bold  utterance  of 
his  feelings). 

Li-BID'I-nous,  a.  [Lat.  libidinosus  ; 
libido,  pleasure,  lust.]  Eager  for 
sexual  indulgence. 

Syn. —  Lewd  ;  lustful  ;  lascivious  ;  li¬ 
centious  ;  lecherous. 

LI' BRA,  ft.  [Lat.]  The  balance ;  the 
seventh  :ign  in  the  zodiac. 

LI-BRA'RI-AN,  ft.  [Lat.  librarius, 
bookseller,  liber,  book.]  One  who 
has  the  care  of  a  library. 

LI'BRA-ry,  ji.  [Lat.  librarium,  book¬ 
case.]  1.  A  collection  of  books.  2. 
An  edifice  or  an  apartment  for  a  col¬ 
lection  of  books. 

LI'brate ,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
librare,  -bratum ;  libra,  a  balance.] 
To  poise  ;  to  balance.  —  v.  i.  To  os¬ 
cillate  ;  to  be  poised. 

Ll-BR action,  ft.  1.  Act  of  balancing  ; 


Lever. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  fi,  I,  6,  tj,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  pRE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 


LIB11AT0RY 

equipoise.  2.  ( Astron .)  A  real  or  ap¬ 
parent  libratory  motion ,  like  that  of 
?  balance. 

Li'BRA-TO-RY  (50),  ra.  Balancing  ; 
moving  like  a  balance. 

LI-BRET'TO,  11.  ;  pi.  LI-BRET'TOS. 
[It.]  A  book  containing  the  words 
of  an  opera,  or  the  words  themselves. 

Lice,  n.;  pi.  of  Louse. 

LV9  ENSE,  n.  [Lat.  licentia ,  fr.  licere, 
to  be  permitted.]  1.  Authority 
given  to  do  or  forbear  any  act.  2. 
Document  by  which  a  permission  is 
conferred.  3.  Excess  of  liberty  ;  ex¬ 
orbitant  freedom. —  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  1.  To  permit  by  grant  of  au¬ 
thority.  2.  To  tolerate ;  to  permit. 

Lj^en-see',  n.  One  to  whom  a  li¬ 
cense  is  given.  [mission. 

LI'^ens-er,  n.  One  who  grants  per- 

Li-cen'ti-ate  (95),  n.  One  who  has 
_a  license  to  exercise  a  profession. 

LI-^en'tious,  a.  1.  Using  license  ;  in¬ 
dulging  excessive  freedom.  2.  Unre¬ 
strained  by  law  or  morality ;  disso¬ 
lute. 

Ll-gEN'TIOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  licen¬ 
tious  manner :  dissolutely. 

Li-^en'tious-ness,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  licentious ;  dissoluteness. 

Li'chen  (lUlten  or  llclhen),  n.  [Gr. 
Aer^r.]  1.  A  cellular,  flowerless 
plant.  2.  A  cutaneous  eruption. 

Licit,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  lic- 
cian.]  1.  To  draw  the  tongue  over. 

2.  To  lop  ;  to  take  in  by  the  tongue. 

3.  To  flog;  to  beat;  to  whip. — n. 
1.  A  blow;  a  stroke.  (Colloq.)  2. 
A  place  where  salt  is  deposited  from 
springs,  resorted  to  by  animals. 

[ Western  States.] 

LIck'er-ish.  a.  [Cf.  Lecher.]  1. 
Dainty.  2.  Eager  to  swallow  or 
taste.  3.  Tempting  the  appetite. 

LIck/ing,  n.  A  flogging  or  castiga¬ 
tion.  [Low.]  [site.  [Loiv.] 

Li  OK'-SPIT'TLE,  n.  An  abject  para- 

Lfe'o-RI^E,  n.  [Gr.  y\vKvppi.£a  ;  y\v- 
/cv;,  sweet,  and  pt£a,  root.]  A  plant 
the  root  of  which  abounds  with  a 
sweet  juice,  from  which  a  dark-col¬ 
ored  extract  is  obtained. 

LIc'tor,  n.  [Lat.]  (Rom.  Antiq.)  An 
officer  who  bore  an  ax  and  fasces. 

LId,  n.  [A.-S.  /did,  hl'idan,  to  cover.] 
1.  A  cover  of  a  vessel  or  box.  2. 
Cover  of  the  eye  ;  eyelid. 

Lie,  n.  1.  An  intentional  violation  of 
truth.  2.  Any  thing  which  mis¬ 
leads  or  disappoints. 

Syn. —  Untruth;  falsehood. — A  man 
may  state  what  is  untrue  from  ignorance 
or  misconception;  but  to  say  he  lies  is 
to  charge  him  with  the  highest  dishonor. 
Hence,  the  word  untruth  is  sometimes 
used  as  a  softened  expression  when  we 
do  not  wish  to  make  the  charge  of  lying 
in  the  grossest  form. 

—  V.  i.  1.  [LIED  ;  LYING.]  [0. 
Eng.  lee ,  A.-S.  leogan.]  To  utter 
falsehood  with  an  intention  to  de¬ 
ceive.  2.  [lay;  lain;  lying.] 
l[A.-S.  licgan ,  ligean ,  liggan,  Goth. 
ligan,  Icel.  liggia.]  To  be  in  a  hori. 
zontal  position,  or  nearly  so.  3.  To 
be  situated.  4.  To  remain.  5.  To 


251 

belong  ;  to  consist.  6.  To  lodge ;  to 
sleep.  7.  To  be  capable  of  being 
maintained. 

Syn. —  To  lay. —  Lay  is  a  transitive 
verb,  and  has  for  its  preterit  laid ;  as,  he 
told  me  to  lay _  it  down,  and  I  laid  it 
clown.  Lie  is  intransitive,  and  has  for 
its  preterit  lay;  as,  he  told  me  to  lie 
down,  and  I  lay  down.  Some  persons 
blunder  by  using  laid  for  the  preterit  of 
lie  ;  as,  he  told  me  to  lie  down,  and  I  laid 
down.  So  persons  often  say,  the  ship 
laid  at  anchor;  they  laid  by  during  the 
storm  ;  the  book  laid  on  the  shelf,  &c. 
It  is  only  necessary  to  remember,  in  all 
such  cases,  that  laid  is  the  preterit  of  lay, 
and  not  of  lie. 

Lief,  adv.  [A.-S.  leof,  dear.  See 
Love.]  Gladly;  willingly;  freely; 
—  used  in  the  phrase,  “  had  as  lief.'1'1 

Liege,  a.  [Prob.  fr.  Ger.  ledig,  free 
from  bonds.]  1.  Bound  by  a  feudal 
tenure;  subject.  2.  Sovereign.  —  n. 
1.  One  who  owes  allegiance ;  a  vas¬ 
sal.  2.  A  lord  or  superior. 

Ll'EN  (13'en  or  IPen),  n.  [Lat.  liga- 
mtn;  ligare,  to  bind.]  A  legal 
claim  ;  a  charge  on  property  to  satis¬ 
fy  _some  debt. 

LlEU(lu),  it.  [Fr.,fr.  Lat.  locus,  place.] 
Room;  stead. 

LieD-ten'an-cy  (IQ-  or  lef-),  n.  Of¬ 
fice  or  commission  of  a  lieutenant. 

Lieu-ten'ant  (lu-  or  lef-),  n.  [Fr., 
fr.  lieu,  place,  and  tenant,  holding.] 
1.  An  officer  who  supplies  the  place 
of  a  superior  in  his  absence.  2.  (a.) 
A  commissioned  officer  in  the  army, 
next  below  a  captain,  (b.)  A  com¬ 
missioned  officer  in  the  navy,  next 
bejow  a  commander. 

Lieu-ten'ant-sihp  (lu-  or  lef-),  n. 
The  same  as  Lieutenancy. 

Lieve,  a.  Same  as  Lief. 

Life,?!.;  pi.  lives.  [A.-S.  lif.  See 
Live.]  1.  Animate  existence;  vi¬ 
tality.  2.  Present  state  of  existence. 
3.  Manner  of  living ;  conduct.  4. 
Animation  ;  vivacity.  5.  A  human 
being.  6.  Biographical  narration. 
7.  Happiness  in  the  favor  of  God. 

Life'-blood  (-blud),  n.  1.  The 
blood  necessary  to  life.  2.  That  which 
gives  strength  and  energy. 

Life'-BOAT,  it.  A  boat  constructed 
for  preserving  lives  iu  cases  of  ship¬ 
wreck  or  other  disaster. 

Life'-es-tate',  n.  An  estate  dur¬ 
ing  the  life  of  the  possessor. 

Life'-guard,  n.  A  body-guard. 

Life'less,  a.  1.  Dead ;  deprived  or 
destitute  of  life.  2.  Destitute  of 
power,  vigor,  or  spirit. 

Syn. —  Dead  ;  inanimate;  dull.  —  In 
a  moral  sense,  lifeless  denotes  a  want  of 
vital  energy  ;  inanimate ,  a  want  of  ex¬ 
pression  as  to  any  feeling  that  may  be 
possessed:  dull  impPes  a  torpor  of  soul 
which  checks  ell  mental  activity;  dead 
supposes  a  destitution  of  feeling. 

LIfe'less-LY,  adv.  In  a  lifeless 
manner. 

Life'-pre-serv'er,  n.  An  appara¬ 
tus  for  preserving  life  in  cases  of 
shipwreck. 

Life'-TIME,  n.  Duration  of  life. 

Lift,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  H. 
Ger.  luftan,  fr.  Goth,  luftus,  air.]  1. 


LIGHT-INFANTRY 

To  raise;  to  elevate.  2.  To  exalt; 
to  improve  in  estimation  or  rank. 
3.  To  elate.  4.  To  remove  by  steal¬ 
ing.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  try  to  raise  some¬ 
thing  heavy.  2.  To  rise;  to  seem  to 
rise. — n.  1.  Act  of  lifting.  2.  That 
which  is  to  be  lifted.  3.  Assistance 
in  lifting.  4.  An  elevator ;  a  lifter. 

LfG'A-ME NT,  n.  [Lat.  ligamentum  ; 
ligare,  to  bind.]  1.  Any  thing  that 
ties  or  unites ;  a  bond.  2.  A  strong 
substance,  serving  to  bind  one  bone 
to  another. 

Lig'a-ment'al,  )  a.  Of  the  nature 

Lig'A-ment'chjs,  )  of,  or  compos¬ 
ing,  a  ligament. 

LI-ga/tion,  n.  [Lat.  ligatio.]  1. 
Act  of  binding,  or  state  of  being 
bound.  2.  Bond ;  ligature. 

LIg'a-ture  (53),  n.  [Lat.  ligatura; 
ligare,  to  bind.]  1.  A  band  or  band¬ 
age.  2.  Act  of  binding.  3.  State  of 
being  bound.  4.  A  line  connecting 
notes.  5.  A  type  consisting  of  two 
or  more  letters  united. 

Light  (lit),  n.  [A.-S.  leoht,  lyht.]  1. 
That  agent  or  force  by  the  action  of 
which  objects  are  rendered  visible. 
2.  That  which  gives  light,  or  renders 
objects  distinct,  as  the  sun,  a  candle, 
&c.  3.  Enlightenment;  instruction; 
information.  4.  Point  of  view,  or 
position  in  which  any  thing  is  seen. 
5.  One  who  is  noteworthy.  —  a.  1. 
[-ER  ;  -EST.]  Not  dark  or  obscure ; 
bright.  2.  White  or  whitish.  3.  [A.- 
S.  liht,  leoht,  Wit.]  Having  little 
weight ;  not  heavy.  4.  Easy  to  be 
lifted  or  performed,  See.  5.  Active  ; 
nimble.  6.  Slight ;  trifling.  7-  Not 
violent;  moderate.  8.  Inconsiderate; 
volatile.  9.  Trifling ;  gay  ;  airy.  10. 
Wanton;  unchaste.  —  r.  t.  [-ED 
(sometimes,  but  less  properly,  lit)  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  set  fire  to;  to  kindle. 
2.  To  give  light  to.  2.  To  attend  or 
conduct  with  a  light.  —  v.  i.  [A.-S. 
lihtan,  to  raise,  lighten,  alihtan,  to 
leap  out.]  1.  To  happen  to  find  ;  to 
fall.  2.  To  stoop  from  flight.  3.  To 
alight. 

Light'en  (llt'n),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  burst  forth  or  dart,  as  light¬ 
ning;  to  flash.  2.  To  grow  lighter. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  make  light  or  clear  ; 
to  illuminate  ;  to  enlighten.  2.  To 
illuminate  with  knowledge.  3.  To  free 
from  trouble  and  fill  with  joy.  4.  [A.- 
S.  lihtan,  to  lift,  gelihtan,  to  allevi¬ 
ate.]  To  make  lighter,  or  less  heavy. 
5.  To  make  less  burdensome  or  afflict¬ 
ive.  6.  To  cheer ;  to  exhilarate. 

Light'ER  (lTUer),  1).  1.  One  who 

lights.  2.  A  large,  open  boat  or 
barge,  used  in  lightening  or  unload¬ 
ing  ships. 

Light'er-MAN  (lit-'-  150),  n.  A  man. 
who  manages  a  lighter;  a  boatman. 

LIght'-head'ed  (lit'-),  a.  1.  Dizzy; 
delirious.  2.  Thoughtless  ;  volatile. 

LIgiit'-house  (lit'-),  n.  A  tower 
with  a  powerful  light  at  top,  to  serve 
as  a  guide  to  mariners  at  night. 

Light'-in'fant-ry  ( lit/-),  n.  Troops 
trained  for  rapid  evolutions. 

G,  hard.;  A§  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS- 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  Orn, rue , pull ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  q,  6,  soft;  ■€, 


LIGHTLY 

LIght'ly  (lltfly),  adv.  1.  With  little 
weight.  2.  Without  deep  impression. 
3.  Without  reasou,  or  for  reasons  of 
little  weight.  4.  Nimbly;  with  agil¬ 
ity.  5-  With  levity  ;  without  heed. 

LlGHT'NESS  (HUnes),  n.  1.  Want  of 
weight.  2.  Inconstancy  ;  unsteadi¬ 
ness.  3.  Levity  ;  lewdness.  4.  Agil¬ 
ity  ;  nimbleness. 

Lightening  (limning),  n.  [For  light¬ 
ening ,  fr.  lighten.]  A  discharge  of 
atmospheric  electricity,  accompanied 
by  a  flash  of  light. 

LlGHTENlNG-ROD(lit/-),  n.  A  metallic, 
red  erected  to  protect  buildings  from 
lightning. 

Lights  (llts),  n.  pi.  [From  their  light- 
mss.]  Lungs  of  brute  animals. 

Light'some  (llt'sum),  a.  Luminous. 

Lig'ne-ous,  a.  [Lat.  ligneus,  from  lig¬ 
num,  wood.]  Made  of,  or  resembling, 
wood ;  woody. 

LYg'NI-form,  a.  [Lat.  lignum,  wood, 
and  forma ,  form.]  Resembling  wood. 

LIg'NI-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  lignum ,  wood,  smdfacere,  to 
make.]  To  change  into  wood.  —  v.  i. 
To  become  wood. 

Lig'nine,  n.  An  essential  constit¬ 
uent  of  the  woody  fiber  in  plants. 

LIg'nite,  n.  Mineral  coal  retaining 
the  texture  of  the  original  wood. 

LTg'num -  VP  tjh ,  n .  [Lat. ,  wood  of 
life.]  A  tree  and  its  very  hard  wood, 
which  is  used  for  various  purposes. 

Like,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  lie, 
gellc ,  fr.  lie,  body,  kind,  form.]  1. 
Equal  in  quantity,  quality,  or  degree. 
2.  Nearly  equal ;  similar.—  Had  like, 
had  nearly;  came  little  short  of. — 
n.  1.  A  counterpart ;  an  exact  copy. 
2.  A  liking;  inclination.  —  adv.  1. 
In  a  like  manner.  2.  In  a  manner 
becoming.  3.  Likely ;  probably.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -TNG.]  To  be  pleased 
with  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  to  enjoy. 
—  v.i.  1.  To  be  pleased;  to  choose. 
2.  To  come  near. 

Like'li-iiood,  n.  Appearance  of 
truth  or  reality  ;  probability . 

LlKE'LY,a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [That 
is,  like-like.]  1.  Worthy  of  belief ; 
probable.  2.  Having  or  giving  rea¬ 
son  to  expect.  3.  Of  honorable  or 
excellent  qualities. 

Lik'en,  v.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  To  rep¬ 
resent  as  similar  ;  to  compare. 

Like'ness,  a.  1.  State  of  being  like  ; 
resemblance.  2.  A  portrait  of  a  per¬ 
son  ;  a  copy  or  counterpart. 

Like'wise,  conj.  In  like  manner; 
also  ;  moreover ;  too. 

LIk'ing,  n.  1.  Inclination;  pleas¬ 
ure.  2.  Appetency. 

Li'lau,  n  [Turk,  leilak.]  A  well- 
known  flowering  shrub. 

Lil/i-pu'tian,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  imaginary  island  of  Liliput  de¬ 
scribed  by  Swift,  or  to  its  pigmy  in¬ 
habitants.  2.  Hence,  diminutive ; 

dwarfed.  [plant  and  its  flower. 

Lil'y,  n.  [Lat.  lilium.]  A  bulbous 

Limb  (lan).  n.  [A.-S.  lim.]  1.  An  ex¬ 
tremity  of  the  body.  2.  Branch  of 
a  tree.  3.  Any  thing  regarded  as  a 

252 

part  or  member  of  something  else. 
4.  Border  or  edge  of  the  disk  of  the 
sun  or  moon. 

Syn.  —  Member.  —  A  member  of  the 
body  is  any  part  capable  of  performing 
a  distinct  office,  as  the  eye,  ear,  &c.;  a 
limb  (as  shown  above)  is  one  of  the  ex¬ 
tremities  ;  hence  the  term  is  restricted 
to  the  legs  and  arms.  So,  in  reference  to 
public  bodies,  we  speak  of  their  members, 
though  an  attorney  is  sometimes  sport¬ 
ively  called  a  “  limb  of  the  law.” 

—  v.t.  1.  To  supply  with  limbs.  2. 
To  tear  olf  the  limbs  of. 

Lim'ber,  a.  [Eng.  limp,  a.]  Easily 
bent ;  flexible;  pliant.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  attach  to  a  limber.  —  n. 
Forward  part  of  a  — gv 

gun-carriage,  to 
which  the  horses 
are  attached.  \ 

Lim'bo,  n.  [Lat. 
hmbus  border,  Limber. 

edge.]  I.  (Scho¬ 
lastic  The.ol.)  A  region  bordering  on 
hell.  2.  Any  place  of  restraint  or 
confinement. 

Lime,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  llm.]  A  viscous 
substance  for  catching  birds.  2.  The 
white  substance  obtained  from  lime¬ 
stone,  &c.,  by  heat.  3.  The  linden- 
tree.  [See  Linden.]  4.  [Per.  lim'd.] 
A  fruit  allied  to  the  lemon.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  smear  with  a 
viscous  substance.  2.  To  entangle  ; 
to  insnare.  3.  To  manure  with  lime. 

4.  To  cement. 

Lime'kiln  (llnv'kil),  n.  A  kiln  in 
which  limestone  or  shells  are  burnt 
to  make  lime. 

Lime'stone,  n.  A  kind  of  stone 
from  which  lime  is  obtained. 

LlM'IT,  7i.  [Lat.  limes,  limitis.]  1. 
Bound,  border,  or  edge.  2.  A  dis¬ 
tinguishing  characteristic.  3.  A  de¬ 
terminate  quantity,  to  which  a  varia¬ 
ble  one  continually  approaches,  but 
can  never  go  beyond  it. 

Syn.  —  Bound  ary.  —  A  limit  is  a  pre¬ 
scribed  termination;  a  boundary  is  some¬ 
thing  which  binds  or  hems  us  in  .  “  Prov¬ 
idence,”  says  Johnson,  “has  fixed  the 
limits  of  human  enjoyment  by  immova¬ 
ble  boundaries." 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  set 
bounds  to.  2.  To  confine  within 
certain  bounds.  3.  To  define  exactly. 

LimHt-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
limited. 

Lim'it-a-ry,  a.  1.  Placed  at  the 
limit  or  boundary,  as  a  guard.  2. 
Confined  within  limits. 

LiMHt-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  bound¬ 
ing.  2.  Condition  of  being  limited. 
3.  Hence,  restraining  conditions  ;  de¬ 
fining  circumstances. 

Lim'it-ed,  a.  Narrow;  circumscribed. 

LIm'it-less,  a.  Having  no  limits  ; 
boundless. 

LImn  (lim),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; -ING.]  [Fr.  en- 
luminer,  to  illuminate.]  To  draw  or 
paint ;  especially,  to  paint  in  water- 
colors. 

Lim'ner,  n.  One  who  limns;  a  por¬ 
trait  or  miniature  painter. 

Limp,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Allied  to  A.- 

5.  lam,  lame.]  To  halt ;  to  walk 

LINIMENT 

lamely.  —  n.  A  halt;  act  of  limp¬ 
ing.  —  a.  Lacking  stiffness  ;  flexible. 

LlM'PET,  7l.  [Ur.  Aewds,  A,67rd8os.] 

A  certain  univalve  shell ;  also,  a  cer¬ 
tain  fresh-water  mollusk. 

Lim'pid,  a.  [Lat.  limpidus.]  Clear 
and  transparent,  or  nearly  so. 

Lim-pId'i-ty,  )  7i.  State  or  quality 

Lim'pid-ness,  j  of  being  limpid. 

L’jm'y,  a.  Covered  with,  containing, 
or  resembling,  lime. 

Lincii'pin,  n.  [A.-S.  hjnis ,  axle-tree.] 

A  pin  to  keep  a  wheel  from  sliding 
off  the  axle-tree. 

Lin'den,  7i.  [A.-S.  lind.]  1.  A  hand¬ 
some  tree,  common  in  Europe.  2.  In 
America,  the  bass-wood. 

Line,  n.  [Lat.  tinea ,  a  linen  thread, 
string,  line.]  1.  A  slender  cord.  2.  \ 

An  extended  stroke.  3.  Exterior 
limit  of  a  figure  ;  contour ;  outline. 

4.  A  row  ;  a  continued  series.  5.  A 
short  letter ;  a  note.  6.  Course  of 
conduct,  thought,  or  occupation.  7. 

An  established  arrangement  for  for¬ 
warding  merchandise.  8.  The  equa¬ 
tor.  9.  Regular  infantry  of  an  army. 

10.  Twelfth  of  an  inch.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ing.]  1.  To  mark  out  or  cover  with 
lines.  2.  To  cover  the  inside  of. 

L'in'e-age,  n.  [Lat.  Hr tea,  line.] 

Race  ;  progeny  ;  descendants. 

LTn'e-al  (124),  a.  [Lat.  linealis ;  linen, 
line.]  1.  Composed  of  lines.  2.  De¬ 
scending  in  a  direct  line  from  an  an¬ 
cestor;  hereditary. 

L1n'e-Al-ly,  adv.  In  a  direct  line. 

Lin'e-a-ment,  7i.  [Lat.  lint  amen¬ 
tum  ;  tinea ,  line.]  The  outline; 
feature;  form. 

LIn'E-AR,  a.  [Lat.  linearis.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  line  ;  consisting  of  lines ; 
in  a  straight  direction. 

Lin'en,  it.  [A.-S.  lln,  flax,  linen,  made 
of  flax.]  1.  Thread  or  cloth  made 
of  flax  or  hemp.  2.  Under-clothing. 

—  a.  Made  of,  or  resembling,  linen. 

Lin'er,  n.  A  vessel  belonging  to  a 
regular  line  of  packets. 

L)'ng,?i.  [From  A.-S.  lang,  long.]  A 
marine  fish,  something  like  the  ccd. 

Lin'ger,  V.  7.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
letigra,  compar.  of  lang,  long.]  1. 

To  delay  ;  to  loiter.  2.  To  be  in 
suspense ;  to  hesitate.  3.  To  remain 
long  in  any  state. 

Syn. —  To  lag;  saunter;  tarry;  stop. 

Lin'der-ing,  n.  Tardiness  ;  protrac¬ 
tion.  —  a.  Protracted. 

Lin'go,  n.  [Lat.  lingua,  tongue, 
speech.]  Language;  speech. 

LIn/gua-dent'al,  a.  [Lat.  lingua, 
tongue,  and  dens,  tooth.]  Formed 
by  the  tongue  and  the  teeth  or  gum. 

Lin'gual  (llng/gwal),  a.  [Lat.  lingua, 
tongue.]  Pertaining  to  the  tongue. 

Lin'GUIST  (llng/gwist),  n.  One  skilled 
in  languages. 

Lin-guistHU,  a.  Relating  to  linguis¬ 
tics,  or  to  the  affinities  oflanguages. 

Lin- GUIs  thus,  n.  sing.  The  science 
of  languages. 

LYn'i-ment,  n.  [Lat.  linimentum ; 
linire,  to  besmear.]  A  species  of  soft 
ointment. 

A,  E,  l,  o,  u,  y,  long;  A,  £,  i,  6,  is,  ¥,  short;  care,  far,  ask;  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  tIrm;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 

1 

LINING 

,  LINKING,  ft.  Inner  covering  of  any 

thing. 

Link,  ft.  [Icel.  hleckr ,  chain,  Ger. 
lenken,  to  bend.]  1.  A  single  ring 
of  a  chain.  2.  Any  thing  like  a  link. 
3.  Any  constituent  part  of  a  con¬ 
nected  series.  4.  Length  of  one 
joint  of  Gunter’s  chain,  being  7-92 
inches.  5.  [Allied  to  Gr.  Av^vos,  light, 
lamp.]  A  torch  made  of  tow  and 
pitch.  —  V-  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  1.  To 
complicate.  2.  To  connect  by  means 
of  something  intervening. 

LInk'boy,  n.  A  boy  who  carried  a 
link  or  torch  to  light  passengers. 

Lin-NjE'an,  1  a.  Relating  to  Linnae- 

LlN-NE'AN,  j  us,  the  celebrated  nat¬ 
uralist,  or  to  his  system  of  botany. 

LIn'net,  n.  [Lat.  linum,  flax,  on  the 
seeds  of  which  it  feeds.]  A  small 
European  singing-bird. 

Lin'seed,  ft.  [Eng.  line,  lint,  flax, 
and  seed.]  Flax-seed. 

L'in'sey-wool/sey,  n.  1.  Made  of 
linen  and  wool.  2.  Stuff  made  of 
linen  and  wool  mixed. 

LlN'STOGK,  n.  [Ger.  luntenstoclc.]  A 
staff  to  hold  a  lighted  match  in  fir¬ 
ing  cannon. 

Lint,  n.  [A.-S.  linet,  flax,  hemp.]  1. 
Flax.  2.  Linen  raveled,  or  scraped 
for  dressing  wounds  and  sores. 

LlN'TEL,  n.  [Lat.  lintellus,  from  Lat. 
limen,  threshold.]  A  horizontal 
piece  over  a  door,  window,  &c. 

LI'ON,  n.  [Gr.  AeW.] 

1.  A  carnivorous 
mammal  found  in 

Asia,  and  all  over 

An  object  of  inter- 

est  and  curiosity.  Lion. 

L I' ON-ESS,  ft.  A  female  lion. 

Ll'ON-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
treat  as  a  lion,  or  object  of  interest. 

LIP,  n.  [A.-S.  lippa,  allied  to  Lat. 
i  labium.]  1.  The  exterior  of  the 

mouth.  2.  The  edge  of  any  thing. 
—  v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -PING.]  To  touch 
with  the  lips  ;  hence,  to  kiss. 

LIp'O-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  AeiVeiv,  to  omit, 
and  ypappaL,  letter.]  A  writing  in 
which  a  particular  letter  is  wholly 
omitted. 

Ll-POTH'Y-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Xi.-no6vp.ioi.] 
A  fainting  ;  a  swoon. 

LIp'pi-TUDE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  lippitudo.] 
Soreness  of  eyes. 

Ll-QUA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  melting. 

2.  Capacity  of  being  melted.  3.  Pro¬ 
cess  of  separating  an  easily  fusible 
metal  from  one  less  fusible. 

LIq'ue-fag'tion,  n.  1.  Operation 
of  melting  or  dissolving,  &c.  2. 

State  of  being  melted. 

LIQ'UE-fPa-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  melted. 

LiQ'UE-FY  (-we-),  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING, 
142.]  [Lat.  liquefacere ;  liquere,  to 
be  liquid,  and  facere,  to  make.]  To 
melt ;  to  dissolve ;  to  melt  by  heat 
alone.  —  v.i.  To  become  liquid. 

Ll-QUfis'^EN-9  Y,  n.  Aptness  to  melt. 

LI-QUES'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  liquescens, 

253 

becoming  liquid.]  Tending  to  be¬ 
come  liquid. 

Liq'uid  (lik/wid),  a.  [Lat.  liquidus  ; 
liquere ,  to  be  fluid.]  1.  Having  liq¬ 
uidity.  2.  Flowing  smoothly  or 
easily.  3.  Pronounced  without  jar 
or  harshness.  —  n.  1.  A  fluid  not 
aeriform.  2.  A  letter  which  has  a 
smooth,  flowing  sound,  as  l,  m,  n,  r. 

LlQ'UI-DATE,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Low 
Lat.  liquidate ,  -datum.]  1.  To  make 
liquid.  2.  To  settle  ;  to  pay. 

I/IQ'UI-DA'TION,  n.  Act  of  liquidat¬ 
ing,  or  settling  and  adjusting  debts. 

Ll-QUID'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  liquid  ; 
fluidity;  agreeableness  of  sound. 

LIq'UOR  (llk'ur),  n.  [Lat.]  1.  Any 
liquid  substance.  2.  Alcoholic  or 
spirituous  fluid. 

Liq'uor-I^e  (llk'ur-),  n.  See  Licor¬ 
ice. 

Lisp ,v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  wlisp, 
stammering,  lisping.]  1.  To  give  s 
the  sound  of  tli.  2.  To  speak  imper¬ 
fectly.  —  v.  t.  To  pronounce  with  a 
lisp.  —  n.  Habit  or  act  of  lisping. 

List,  n.  [A.-S.  list,  0.  11.  Ger.  llsta.] 
1.  Outer  edge  or  selvage  of  cloth.  2. 
A  limit  or  boundary.  3.  A  roll  or 
catalogue,  that  is,  a  row  or  line.  4. 
(Arch.)  A  little  square  molding.  5. 
[L.  Lat.  licix,  fr.  Lat.  licium,  thread.] 
A  line  inclosing  a  field  of  combat. 
6.  An  inclination  to  one  side.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover  with  a 
list.  2.  To  enroll ;  to  enlist.  3.  To 
listen  to.  —  v.i.  1.  To  enlist.  2. 
[A.-S.  lystan,  lustan.  See  Lust.] 
To  lean  ;  hence,  to  desire.  3.  [See 
Listen.]  To  hearken  ;  to  listen. 

LIst'EN  (lis'n),  v.  i.  [-E D ;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  hlystan.]  1.  To  attend  closely 
so  as  to  hear ;  to  hearken.  2.  To 
obey.  [ens. 

List'jEN-er  (hs/n-),  n.  One  who  list- 

List'less,  a.  Not  listening  or  attend¬ 
ing  ;  indifferent  to  what  is  passing. 

LIst'less-ly,  adv.  Without  atten¬ 
tion  ;  heedlessly.  [what  is  passing. 

List'less-ness,  n.  Indifference  to 

LlT'A-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Airavei'a;  Airaveu- 
eiv,  to  pray.]  A  solemn  form  of  sup¬ 
plications  for  mercy  and  deliverance. 

LlT'ER-AE,  a.  [Lat.  literalis ;  litera , 
a  letter.]  1.  According  to  the  let¬ 
ter;  not  figurative.  2.  Following 
the  exact  words ;  not  free.  3.  Con¬ 
sisting  of,  or  expressed  by,  letters. 

Lit'er-al-I§M,  n.  A  mode  of  inter¬ 
preting  literally. 

Lit'er-al-ist,  n.  One  who  adheres 
to  the  letter  or  exact  word. 

LlT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.  1.  According  to 
the  primary  import.  2.  Word  by 
word. 

Lit'er-A-ry  (44),  a.  [Lat.  literarius.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  acquainted  with, 
literature. 

LIt'er-ate,  a.  Learned;  lettered. 

Lit' ER-Ar  Tf,n.  pi.  [Lat.]  Learned 
men  ;  men  of  erudition. 

LIT' ER-a’  TIM,  adv.  [Low  Lat.]  Let¬ 
ter  for  letter. 

LIt'er-a-ture  (53),  n.  [Lat.  litera- 
tura ;  litera,  a  letter.]  1.  Learning  ; 

LITTER 

acquaintance  with  letters  or  books. 

2.  Literary  productions  collectively. 

3.  Whitings  distinguished  for  beauty 
of  style  or  expression,  as  poetry,  es¬ 
says,  or  history. 

Syn.  —  Science;  learning  ;  erudition; 
belles-lettres.  See  Science. —  A  man 
of  literature  is  one  who  is  versed  in  the 
belles-lettres ;  a  man  of  learning  excels 
in  what  is  taught  in  the  schools,  and  has 
a  wide  extent  of  knowledge,  especially 
in  respect  to  the  past;  a  man  of  erudi- 
tionia  one  who  is  skilled  in  the  more  rec¬ 
ondite  branches  of  learned  inquiry. 

LlTH'AR&E,  n.  [Gr.  A<.0dpyvpo?j  Af- 
0os,  stone,  and  apyvpos,  silver.]  Pro¬ 
toxide  of  lead,  produced  by  exposing 
melted  lead  to  a  current  of  air. 

Lithe,  a.  [A.-S.  ltd  he.]  Pliant  ;  flexi¬ 
ble  ;  limber. 

Lithe'ness,  n.  State  of  being  lithe- 

Lithe 'SOME,  a.  Pliant;  limber. 

LlTH'IO,  a.  [Gr.  Aiducos  ;  Ai0os,  stone.] 
Relating  to  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 

LlTH'O-GRAPH,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ] 

[Gr.  Ai'0os,  stone,  and  ypatpeiv,  to 
write  ]  To  trace  on  stone,  and  trans¬ 
fer  to  paper  by  printing.  —  n.  A 
print  from  a  drawing  on  stone. 

Li-thog'ra-pher,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  lithography. 

LIth'o-graph'io,  )  a.  Relatingto 

Lith'o-grXph'I€-al,  j  lithography. 

LI-THOG'RA-PHY,  n.  Art  by  which 
prints  are  obtained  by  a  chemical 
process,  from  designs  made  on  stone. 

LI-thoe'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  Ai'0o?,  stone, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  1.  The  science 
which  treats  of  rocks.  2.  A  treatise 
on  stones  found  in  the  body. 

Li-  TH  6  T '  O-M  1st  ,  n.  One  who  cuts 
for  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 

LI-THOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  AtdoTopua  ; 

Aidos,  stone,  and  ropy],  a  cutting.] 
Operation,  art,  or  practice  of  cutting 
for  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 

LIth'o-trip'sy,  n.  [Gr.  Atdos,  stone, 
Tpii/ns,  a  rubbing.]  Operation  of  tri¬ 
turating  the  stone  in  the  bladder. 

Lf-THOT'RI-TY,  ft.  [Gr.  Ai'0os,  stone, 
and  Lat.  terere,  tritum,  to  grind.] 
Operation  of  breaking  a  stone  in  the 
bladder  into  small  pieces. 

LIt'i-gant,  a.  Disposed  to  litigate; 
engaged  in  a  lawsuit.  —  ft.  One  en¬ 
gaged  in  a  lawsuit. 

LIt'1-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
litigare,  -gatum;  lis,  contest,  and 
agere,  to  carry  on.]  To  contest  iu 
law.  —  v.  t.  To  carry  on  a  suit  by 
judicial  process. 

Lit'I-gA'tion,  ft.  A  suit  at  law. 

LI-tIg'ious  (-tij'us),  a.  Contentious; 
fond  of  litigation. 

Li-tIg'ioCs-ness  (-tij'us-),  n.  Dispo¬ 
sition  to  engage  in  lawsuits. 

LIt'MUS,  ft.  [H.  Ger.  lackmus;  lack, 
lacker,  and  mus,  pap.]  A  purple  d^e, 
which  turns  blue  with  alkalies  and 
red  with  acids. 

LIt'ter,  ft.  [Low.  Lat.  lectaria ;  Lat. 
lectus,  couch.]  1.  A  bed  that  may 
be  easily  carried  about.  2.  A  coarse 
bed  of  straw  or  hay  for  animals  ;  al¬ 
so,  a  covering  of  straw  for  plants.  3. 

A  confused  mass  of  objects  little  val- 

6r,  DO,  WQLF,TOO,  took;  Crn,  RUE,  pvll  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  p,  6,  soft;  €,5,  hard;  Ag  ;  exist;  as  ng;  this- 

LITTERATEUR 

ued  ;  rubbish.  4.  The  number  of  pigs 
or  kittens,  &c.,  bom  at  once.  —  v.  t. 
[■ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  put  into  a  disor¬ 
dered.  condition.  2.  To  give  birth  to. 

Litterateur  (le-ta/ra-tur'),  n. 
[Fr.]  A  literary  man. 

Lit'tle,  a.  [less;  least.]  [A.-S. 
lytel ,  litel.]  1.  Small  in  size  or  ex¬ 
tent  ;  diminutive.  2.  Brief ;  short. 
3.  Small  iu  quantity  or  amount.  4. 
insignificant ;  contemptible.  5. 

Slight  ;  inconsiderable.  — n.  A  small 
quantity,  amount,  or  space.  — adv. 
In  a  small  quantity  or  degree  ;  not 
much. 

Lit'tle-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  little. 

LlX'TO-RAL,  a.  [Lat.  littoralis,  fr.  lil- 
tus ,  the  sea-shore.]  Belonging  to  a 
shore,  as  of  the  sea. 

LI-tOr'gie,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Li-tur'gie-al,  )  liturgy. 

LlT'UR-GY,  n.  [Gr.  Xenovpyia.,  public 
worship  ;  Aeixos,  public,  and  epyeiu, 
to  work.]  Established  formulas  or 
entire  ritual  for  public  worship. 

LIVE  (liv),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
libban,  lifian.]  1.  To  have  life.  2. 
To  pass  one’s  life  or  time  as  to  hab¬ 
its  or  constitution.  3.  To  abide;  to 
reside.  4.  To  remain  ;  to  last.  5. 
To  feed ;  to  subsist.  6.  To  acquire 
a  livelihood. —  v.t.  1.  To  spend,  as 
one’s  life.  2.  To  act  habitually  in 
conformity  to. 

LIVE,  a.  1.  Having  life.  2.  Full  of 
earnestness  ;  active  ;  wide  awake.  3. 
Ignited. 

Live'li-hood,  n.  Means  of  living. 

Live'li-ness,  «.  State  of  being  lively. 

2.  Effervescence,  as  of  liquors. 

Syn.  —  Sprightliness;  gayety;  anima¬ 
tion  ;  vivacity;  smartness  ;  briskness  ; 
activity.  —  Liveliness  is  an  habitual  feel¬ 
ing  of  life  and  interest  ;  gayety  refers 
more  to  a  temporary  excitement  of  the 
animal  spirits  ;  animation  implies  a 
warmth  of  emotion  and  a  corresponding 
vividness  of  expressing  it,  awakened  by 
the  presence  of  something  which  strong¬ 
ly  affects  the  mind;  vivacity  is  a  feeling 
between  liveliness  and  animation,  hav¬ 
ing  the  permanency  of  the  one,  and,  to 
some  extent,  the  warmth  of  the  other. 

LIve'long,  a.  Long  in  passing. 

Live'ly,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Endowed  with  or  manifesting  life  ; 
living.  2.  Brisk  ;  vivacious  ;  active. 

3.  Gay  ;  animated.  4.  Representing 
life ;  life-like.  5.  Bright ;  vivid  ; 
glowing.  —  adv.  With  strong  re¬ 
semblance  of  life. 

LIv'er,  n.  1.  One  who  lives.  2.  A 
resident.  3.  An  eater  or  provider  of 
food,  &c.  4.  [A.-S.  lifer.]  The  larg¬ 
est  gland  of  the  body.  It  secretes 
the  bile. 

LIv'er-wort  (-wfirt),  n.  A  plant 
between  the  lichens  and  mosses, 
found  in  moist  places,  on  rocks,  &c. 

LIv'ER-y,  n.  [0.  Fr.  livree ,  a  thing 
delivered,  a  gift  of  clothes  :  lirrer ,  to 
deliver.]  1.  Act  of  delivering  pos¬ 
session  of  lands  or  tenements.  2. 
That  which  is  delivered  out  statedly 
or  formally,  as  clothing,  food,  See. ; 
esp.  the  peculiar  dress  of  the  serv- 

254 

ants  of  a  nobleman  or  gentleman ; 
also,  the  whole  body  of  those  wear¬ 
ing  such  a  dress. 

Liv'er-Y-man  (150),  n.  1.  One  who 
wears  a  livery.  2.  A  freeman  of  the 
city  in  London. 

LlvrER-Y-STA/BLE,  n.  A  stable  where 
horses  are  kept  for  hire,  and  where 
stabling  is  provided.  See  Livery, 
No.  2. 

Li'v'ID,  a.  [Lat.  lividus.]  Black  and 
blue ;  discolored,  as  flesh,  by  a  bruise. 
Liv'ing,  a.  1.  Having  life ;  active ; 
lively.  2.  Continually  flowing.  3. 
Solid  or  unquarried,  as  rock.  4. 
Producing  action  and  vigor.  —  n. 

1.  Means  of  subsistence  ;  livelihood. 

2.  Benefice  of  a  clergyman.  3.  One 
who  is  alive,  or  those  who  are  alive. 

Ll'VRE  (lFver  or  le'vr),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
French  money  equal  to  18^  cents  ;  — 
not  now  in  use. 

Lix-IV'i-AL,  a.  [Lat.  lixivius ;  lix , 
ashes,  lye.]  1.  Obtained  from,  or 
resembling  lye.  2.  Containing,  or 
having  the  qualities  of,  the  alkaline 
salts  from  the  ashes  of  wood. 
Lix-Iv'l-ATE,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
leach . 

LlX-Iv'I-ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  lye. 
Llx-Iv'l-tJM,  n.  [Lat.]  Water  im¬ 
pregnated  with 
alkaline  salts 

from  wood  ash- 

Liz'ard,  n.  [Lat. 
lacerta.]  A  four- 
footed  reptile, 
having  an  elon-  Lizard, 

gate,  round  body, 

a  very  long,  round  tail,  and  a  free 
tongue. 

LlamA  (la/ma  or  la/- 

ma),  n.  [Peruv.]  A  iunriii  P; 

ruminating  mam- 

mal  found  in  ' 

and  allied  to  the 
camel. 

Lo,  inter j.  [A.-S.  Llama. 

la.]  Look;  see;  behold. 

Load,  n.  [See  Lade.]  1.  A  burden  ; 
a  weight.  2.  Quantity  which  one 
can  carry  ;  contents  of  a  cart,  vessel, 
&c.  ;  hence,  a  heavy  burden.  3.  That 
which  oppresses  or  grieves  the  mind 
or  spirits. 

Syn. —  Burden;  lading;  weight;  cargo. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  lay  a 
burden  on  ;  to  lade  ;  to  freight.  2. 
To  encumber ;  to  bestow  in  abun¬ 
dance.  3.  To  charge,  as  a  gun. 

Load'stXr,  n.  [A.-S.  ladu,  lad , 
course,  a  leading.]  The  star  that 
leads ;  the  polestar.  [Written  also 
lodestar.] 

L5ad'stone,  n.  A  piece  of  magnetic 
iron  ore  possessing  polarity.  [Writ¬ 
ten  also  lodeslone.] 

Loaf  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  hlaf. ,  lb. f.]  A 
large  regularly-shaped  mass,  as  of 
bread  or  sugar.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  spend  time  in  idleness  ;  to  loiter. 

—  v.  t.  To  waste  lazily. 

LOAF'ER,  n.  [Ger.  Idufer ,  fr.  laufen, 

LOCATION 

lo/en ,  to  run.]  An  idle  man  ;  a  va¬ 
grant. 

Loam,  n.  [A.-S.  lam.]  A  rich  friable 
soil.  —  v.  t  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cover 
with  loam. 

Loam'y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  like, 
loam. 

Loan,  n.  [A.-S.  Ixn,  fr.  liken ,  to  lend.] 

1.  Act  of  lending.  2.  That  which  is 
lent.  3.  A  permission  to  use.  — v.  t. 

J-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  lend. 

Loath,  a.  [A.-S.  ladh,  hostile,  odi¬ 
ous.]  Unwilling ;  reluctant.  See 
Loth. 

Loathe,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
have  a  great  disgust  of  the  appetite 
for.  2.  To  dislike  greatly. 

Syn. —  To  abhor;  detest;  abominate. 

See  Detest. 

Loath'ful,  a.  1.  Full  of  loathing. 

2.  Exciting  loathing  ;  disgusting.  I 

Loath'ing,  n.  Extreme  disgust. 

Loathsome  (loth'sum),  a.  1.  Excit¬ 
ing  great  disgust.  2.  Exciting  ha¬ 
tred  or  abhorrence  ;  odious. 

Loath'some'ness,  n.  Quality  of  ex-  ■ 

citing  great  disgust  or  abhorrence. 

Loaves  (lovz),  n. ;  pi.  of  Loaf. 

Lob'BY,  n.  [Low  Lat.  lobia,  lobbia,  a 
covered  portico  ;  Ger.  laube,  arbor, 
bower.]  1.  An  inclosed  place  com-  : 

municating  with  an  apartment ;  also,  ' 

a  small  waiting-room.  2.  The  men 
who  frequent  such  a  place  in  a  hall 
of  legislation  for  the  sake  of  business 
with  the  legislators.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 

-ING,  142.]  To  solicit  members  of  a 
legislature  in  the  lobby  or  elsewhere,  ; 

with  a  view  to  influence  their  votes. 

Lobe,  n.  [Gr.  Ao/3os.]  Any  division 
of  a  somewhat  rounded  form. 

Lob  ed,  a.  Having  lobes. 

Lo-be'li-A,  n.  [From  Lobel,  botan¬ 
ist  to  James  I.]  A  plant  used  in 
medicine  as  an  emetic,  &c. 

Lob'lol-ly,  n.  Water-gruel,  or 

spoon-meat ;  —  so  called  by  seamen. 

Lob'lol-ly-boy,  n.  A  surgeon’s  at¬ 
tendant  on  shipboard. 

Lob'ster,  n.  [Prob.  corrupted  from 

Lat.  locusta ,  locusta  marina ,  a  ma¬ 
rine  shell-fish.]  A  large,  long-tailed 
crustacean,  used  for  food. 

Lob'ule,  n.  A  small  lobe. 

Lo'eal,  a.  [Lat.  localis ;  locus,  place.] 
Pertaining  or  confined  to  a  particu¬ 
lar  spot,  place,  or  district. 

Ld'GAL-i'sM,  n.  State  of  being  local. 

Lo-cal'i-ty,  n.  1.  Existence  in  a 
place.  2.  Position  ;  situation.  3. 
Limitation  to  a  place. 

Lo'eal-Ize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
fix  in,  or  assign  to,  a  definite  place. 

Lo'EAL-LY,  adv.  As  to  place. 

Lo'eate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
locare ,  -catum  ;  locus ,  place  ]  1.  To 
place  ;  to  set  in  a  particular  spot.  2. 

To  designate  the  place  of.  3.  To  se¬ 
lect  or  determine  the  bounds  of. 

Lo-ea'tion  (110),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
placing.  2.  Place  where  something  is 
located.  3.  A  tract  of  land  designated 
in  place.  4.  Identification  of  a  place 
or  site,  according  to  the  description 
given  in  a  plan,  map,  &c. 

X,  e,  I,  6,  0,  y ,long;  X,  £,I,  o,  0,  ¥,  short ;  cXre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  vglL,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 

LOCATIVE 

Lo'€A-tYve,  a.  (  Gram .)  Indicating 
place,  or  the  place  where,  or  wherein. 

Lo€H  (lok),  n.  [Gael.  See  Lake.]  A 
lake;  a  bay.  [Scot.] 

Lock,  n.  [A.-S.  loc ,  inclosure,  fasten¬ 
ing  of  a  door.]  1.  A  fastening,  as 
for  a  door,  a  lid,  &c.  2.  A  state  of 
being  fixed.  3.  A  place  which  is 
locked  up.  4.  Works  which  confine 
i  the  water  in  a  canal.  5.  Part  of  a 

fire-arm.  6.  A  tuft  of  hair;  a  flock. 
—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  fasten 
with  a  lock.  2.  To  fasten  so  as  to 
impede  motion.  3.  To  shut  up  or 
confine.  4.  To  close  fast.  5.  To  en¬ 
circle  or  inclose.  6.  To  furnish  with 
;  locks,  as  a  canal.  —  v.t.  1.  To  be¬ 

come  fast.  2.  To  unite  closely  by 
mutual  insertion. 

Lock'age,  n.  1.  Materials  for  locks 
in  a  canal.  2.  Toll  for  passing  locks. 
3.  Amount  of  elevation  and  descent 
made  by  locks. 

Locked'-jaw  (lokU-),  n.  A  violent 
contraction  of  the  muscles  of  the 
jaw,  suspending  its  motion. 

Lock/er,  n.  A  close  place,  that  may 
be  closed  with  a  lock. 

Lock'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  lock.]  1.  A  catch 
!  to  fasten  a  necklace,  &c.  2.  A  little 

gold  case  worn  as  an  ornament. 

Lock'-JAW,  n.  See  Locked-jaw. 

Lock'-smith,  n.  A  maker  or  mend¬ 
er  of  locks. 

Lock'-Op,  n.  A  place  where  arrested 
!  persons  are  temporarily  confined. 

|  LcFco-MO'TION,  n.  [Lat.  locus,  place, 

and  motio ,  motion.]  Act  or  power 
of  moving  from  place  to  place. 

LO'CO-MO'TIVE  (110),  a:  1.  Chang¬ 
ing  place,  or  able  to  change  place. 
2.  Occupied  in  producing  motion. 

Lo'eo-Md'TfVE,  1  n.  A 

j  L5/€0-m5'tive-Ln/4Yne,  J  wheel- 

carriage  supporting  and  driven  by  a 
steam-engine. 

L5'€Ust,  n.  [Lat. 

Locust-tree,  Locust.  > 

«.  A  large 

North  American  tree,  producing 
jvhite,  fragrant  flowers. 

Lode,  n.  [A.-S.  lad,  ladu,  course, 
Ixdan,  to  lead.]  1.  A  metallic  vein, 
or  any  regular  vein  or  course.  2.  A 
cut  or  reach  of  water. 

Lode'star,  n.  See  Loadstar. 

Lode'stone,  n.  See  Loadstone. 

Lod&E,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING]  [See  in¬ 
fra.]  1.  To  lay  or  deposit  for  keep¬ 
ing.  2.  To  throw  in ;  to  place.  3. 
To  fix  in  the  memory.  4.  To  furnish 
with  a  temporary  habitation ;  to 
harbor.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  reside  ;  to 
dwell.  2.  To  dwell  for  a  time.  —  n. 
[0.  H.  Ger.  lauba ,  N.  II.  Ger.  lanbe , 
arbor,  bower.]  1.  A  place  in  which 
one  may  find  shelter.  2.  House  of 
the  gate-keeper  on  a  gentleman’s  es¬ 
tate.  3.  A  secret  association  ;  also, 
the  place  in  which  they  assemble. 

255 

Lod&'er,  n.  One  who  lives  at  board, 
or  in  a  hired  room. 

Lodging,  n.  1.  A  place  of  rest  for 
a  night,  or  of  residence  for  a  time. 
2.  Harbor ;  cover. 

Lodgement  I  >139), n.  1.  Actoflodg- 

Lodge'MENT  ling,  or  state  of  being 
lodged.  2.  A  lodging-place  ;  room.  3. 
Occupation  and  intrenchment  of  a 
position,  by  a  besieging  party. 

Loft  (21),  n.  [Allied  to  lift.]  1.  Floor 
or  space  under  a  roof.  2.  A  gallery 
in  a  church,  hall,  &c.  3.  A  room 
placed  above  another. 

Loft'i-ly,  adv.  In  a  lofty  manner 
or  position. 

Loft'I-ness, n.  1.  Elevation;  height. 
2.  Grandeur  ;  sublimity.  3-  Haugh¬ 
tiness  ;  arrogance. 

Loft'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [A.-S. 
loftsn,  airy,  high.]  1.  Lifted  high 
up  ;  towering.  2.  Elevated  in  char¬ 
acter,  rank,  or  style.  3.  Character¬ 
ized  by  pride. 

Log,  n.  [Cf.  clog  and 

D.  log,  heavy.]  1.  A 

bulky  piece  or  stick  of  CTI 

wood.  2.  An  appa-|jj  ,=|||Si|)|ir’ 

ratus  for  measuring  T 

the  rate  of  a  ship’s  Lo^™.’ 

motion.  3.  The  record 

of  the  rate  of  a  ship’s  velocity. 

LdG'A-RlTHM,  n.  [Gr.  Aoyos,  word, 
account,  proportion,  and  aptO/aos, 
number.]  The  exponent  of  a  power 
to  which  another  given  invariable 
number  must  be  raised  in  order  to 
produce  that  given  number. 

LoG'A-RiTH'Mie,  1  a.  Pertaining 

Log'a-rith'mig-al,  J  to,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  logarithms. 

Log'-book,  n.  A  book  in  which  is 
entered  the  daily  progress  of  a  ship 
at  sea,  as  indicated  by  the  16g,  with 
notes  on  the  weather,  & c. 

Log'-cAb'in,  n.  A  log-house. 

Log'ger-hLad,  n.  [From  log  and 
head.]  1.  A  blockhead ;  a  dunce. 
2.  A  spherical  mass  of  iron  used  to 
heat  tar. 

To  be  at  loggerheads,  to  be  at  strife. 

LOG're,  n.  [Gr.  Aoyt/oj  (sc.  ) ; 

fr.  Aoyos,  speech,  reason.]  Science 
of  the  laws  according  to  which  the 
process  of  pure  thinking  should  be 
conducted. 

Log'1€-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  logic  ; 
used  in  logic.  2.  According  to  the 
rules  of  logic.  3.  Skilled  in  logic. 

Lo4'I€-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  logical 
manner.  [in  logic. 

Lo-gi'CIAN  (-jish,'an),  n.  One  skilled 

Log'— line,  n.  A  line  about  150  fath¬ 
oms  in  length,  used  for  ascertaining 
the  speed  of  a  vessel. 

Log'MAN  (150),  n.  One  who  cuts  and 
conveys  logs  to  a  mill.  [ Amer .] 

LO-GOM'A-CHY,  n.  [Gr.  Aoyofio.\ia, 
fr.  Aoyos,  word,  and  pa\ri,  fight.]  A 
war  of  words. 

Log'o-type,  n.  [Gr.  Aoyos,  word, 
and  TV7ros,  type.]  A  type,  containing 
two  or  more  letters  ;  as,  x, 

Log'-roll,  v.  i.  1.  To  assist  in  roll¬ 
ing  and  collecting  logs  for  burning. 

LONG-PRIMER 

2.  To  help  another  in  consideration 
of  help  from  him  in  return,  especially 
in  matters  of  legislative  action. 

Log'wood,  n.  [From  beiug  imported 
in  Zog-.s.]  The  heart-wood  of  a  South 
American  tree,  used  in  red  dyes. 

LOIN,  n.  [Lat.  lumbus  ]  1.  Part  of 

an  animal  just  above  the  hip-bone, 
on  either  side.  2.  pi.  A  correspond 
ing  part  of  the  human  body  ;  reins. 

Loi'ter,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  IL 

Ger.  lotar.]  To  be  slow  in  moving; 
to  be  dilatory. 

Syn.  —  To  linger;  lag;  saunter.  —  Loi¬ 
ter  and  lag  have  a  bad  sense,  denoting 
that  a  person  is  dilatory  through  lazi¬ 
ness,  or  remains  l>ehind  while  others  are 
advancing.  One  may  linger  or  lengthen 
out  his  time  or  stay  from  a  regret  to  leave 
scenes  which  had  been  dear  to  him.  To 
saunter  is  the  act  of  a  mere  idler,  who 
moves  about  carelessly  with  no  definite 
end  or  object. 

LOI'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  loiters. 

Loll,  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Icel.  lolla.] 

1.  To  act  lazily  ;  hence,  to  lie  at 
ease.  2.  To  hang  extended  from  the 
mouth,  as  the  tongue.  —  v.t.  To 
_thrust  out,  as  the  tongue. 

L5ne,  a.  [Abbrev.  fr.  alone..]  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  no  company  ;  solitary;  single.  2. 
Unmarried,  or  in  widowhood. 

Lone'li-ness,  n.  1.  Condition  of 
being  lonely.  2.  Love  of  retirement. 

Lone'ly,  a.  [-ER; -est,  142.]  1.  Se¬ 
questered  from  company  or  neigh¬ 
bors.  2.  Alone,  or  in  want  of  com¬ 
pany. 

Syn.  —  Solitary;  lone;  lonesome  ;  re¬ 
tired  ;  unfrequented  ;  secluded. 

L6ne's6me,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  1.  Se¬ 
cluded  from  society;  solitary.  2.^^ 
Depressed  by  solitude  ;  lonely. 

Long  (21),  a.  [-er;  -est  (82).]  [A.-S.] 

1.  Drawn  out  in  a  line  ;  protracted. 

2.  Extended  in  time.  3.  Far  away  ; 
distant.  4.  Dilatory.  5.  Continued 
through  a  considerable  time,  or  to  a 
great  length. —  adv.  1.  To  a  great 
extent  in  space  or  time.  2.  At  a  point 
of  duration  far  distant.  3.  Through 
the  wholeextent.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[A.-S.  langian ,  to  stretch  out  the 
mind  after,  to  crave.]  1.  To  desire 
earnestly.  2.  To  have  an  eager  or 
craving  appetite. 

Lon6e,  n.  [Abbreviated  from  al¬ 
longe.]  A  thrust.  See  Lunge. 

Lon-gev'i-ty,  n.  Length  or  dura¬ 
tion  of  life  ;  esp.,  great  length  of  life. 

Long'ing,  n.  Eager  desire  ;  craving. 

Long'ish,  a.  Somewhat  long. 

Lon'6i-tude  (63),  n.  [Lat.  longitu- 
do ,  fr.  longus,  long.]  1.  Length.  2. 
Portion  of  the  equator  between  the 
meridian  of  a  given  place,  and  the 
meridian  of  some  other  given  place. 

Lon'61-TUD'i-nal,  a.  1.  Relating  to 
longitude.  2.  Running  lengthwise. 

Lon'6i-tud'i-nal-ly,  adv.  In  the 
direction  of  length. 

Long'-mRasFure  (-mezh/ur),  n.  A 
measure  of  length. 

Long'-prIm/er,  n.  A  kind  of  type 
between  small  pica  and  bourgeois. 

tgjgT  This  type  is  long-primer. 

6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  E,  /,  o,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft ;  c,  g,  hard;  asj  ;  exist  ;  N  as  ng  ;  this. 

,'Vy- 


LONGSHORE-MAN 

Long'shore-man,  n.  [Abbrev.  fr. 
along  shore  man.]  A  laborer  em¬ 
ployed  about  the  wharves  of  a  sea¬ 
port  in  loading  vessels,  &c. 

Long'-sight'ED  (-sit'-),  a.  1.  Able  to 
see  to  a  great  distance  ;  hence,  saga¬ 
cious.  2.  Able  to  see  objects  distinct¬ 
ly  at  a  distance,  but  not  close  at  hand. 

Long'-sOf'fer-an^e,  n.  Forbear¬ 
ance  to  punish. 

Long'-sOf'fer-ing,  a.  Patient; 
not  easily  provoked.  —  n.  Long  en¬ 
durance  ;  patience  of  offense. 

LoNG'-WlND'ED,  a.  Tedious  in  argu¬ 
ment,  or  narration ;  prolix. 

Loo,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  Fr.  lot  (pronounced 
15),  lot,  prize.]  A  game  at  cards.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  beat  by 
winning  every  trick  in  the  game. 

Loof,  or  Loof,  n.  [Also  written  luff.] 
[Allied  to  A.-S.  lyft,  Goth,  luftus, 
the  air.]  After-part  of  a  ship’s  bow. 
Look  (27),  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 
ICcian]  1.  To  direct  the  eye  toward 
an  object.  2.  To  consider.  3.  To  wait 
for  expectantly.  4.  To  penetrate  ;  to 
solve.  5.  To  watch  ;  to  observe  nar¬ 
rowly  ;  to  scrutinize.  6.  To  seem  ;  to 
appear.  7.  To  face  ;  to  front.  —  v.t. 

1.  To  subdue  or  influence  by  looks 
or  presence.  2.  To  manifest  by  a  look. 

—  n.  1.  Cast  of  countenance;  aspect. 

2.  Act  of  looking.  3.  View  ;  watch. 

Lo'ok'ing-glass,  n.  A  glass  which 

reflects  images  ;  a  mirror. 

Look'out.  n.  1.  A  careful  looking 
for  any  object  or  event.  2.  Place 
from  which  observation  is  made.  3. 
One  engaged  in  watching. 

LOOM,  n.  [A.-S.  ICma.]  A  frame  or 
machine  in  which  a  weaver  forms 
cloth. — v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 
ledmian,  to  shine.]  To  appear  above 
the  surface,  or  to  appear  indistinctly 
and  larger  than  the  reality,  as  a  dis¬ 
tant  object. 

Loon,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  lun,  poor,  needy.] 
A  sorry  fellow  ;  a  rascal.  2.  [Icel. 
ICmr,  Ger.  lomme .]  A  swimming 
and  diving  bird,  of  the  arctic  regions. 

Loop,  n.  [Ir.  &  Gael,  lub ,  luba,  loop, 
noose,  fold.]  1.  A  doubling  of  a 
string.  2.  A  small,  narrow  opening. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  fasten  or 
ornament,  by  means  of  loops. 

Loop'-hole,  n.  1.  A  small  opening 
in  the  walls  of  a  fortification,  or  in 
the  bulk-head  of  a  ship.  2.  A  hole 
that  gives  the  means  of  escape. 

Loose,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
ISsan,  lysan.]  1.  To  untie  or  un¬ 
bind  ;  to  relieve.  2.  To  release  from 
any  thing  obligatory  ;  to  absolve.  3. 
To  relax  ;  to  loosen.  4.  To  undo ;  to 
unlock. — v.  i.  To  set  sail. — a. 
[-ER  ;  -EST.]  [Allied  to  lose.]  1. 
Unbound;  untied.  2.  Not  tighter 
close.  3.  Not  close  or  compact.  4. 
Not  concise  or  precise ;  vague.  5. 
Not  strict  or  rigid.  6.  Having  lax 
bowels.  7.  Dissolute  ;  unchaste. 

Loose'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  loose  man¬ 
ner  ;  not  firmly.  2.  Wantonly  ;  un- 
chastely  ;  negligently. 

Loos'jen,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 


256 

lesan ,  lysan.  See  Loose,  v.  t.]  To 
make  loose  ;  to  tree  from  restraint ; 
to  relax.  —  v.  i.  To  become  loose. 

Lojdse'ness,  n.  State  of  being  loose. 

LdOT,?i.  [Hind.]  Act  of  plundering 
in  a  conquered  city  ;  also,  plunder. 

Lop,  v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  [D.  lubben, 
to  cut,  geld.]  1.  To  cut  off,  as  the 
top  of  any  thing.  2.  To  cut  partly 
off  and  bend  down. —  n.  That  which 
is  cut  off,  as  from  trees. 

LOP'PER,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [0.  II. 
Ger.  liberen,  to  curdle.]  To  turn 
sourand  coagulate,  as  milk. 

Lop'sid-ed,  a.  Heavier  on  one  side 
than  the  other,  as  a  ship. 

Lo-qua'cious,  a.  [Lat.  loquax ,  lo- 
quacis,  fr.  loqui.,  to  speak.]  1.  Given 
to  continual  talking.  2.  Speaking ; 
noisy. 

Syn.—  See  Garrulous. 

Lo-QuA^'i-ty,  n.  Habit  or  practice 
of  talking  continually  or  excessively. 

Syn.  —  Talkativeness;  garrulity. 

Lord,  n.  [A.-S.  hlaford ,  laford,  i.  e., 
bread-keeper  ;  hlaf ,  bread,  loaf,  and 
weardian,  to  take  care  of.]  1.  A  mas¬ 
ter  ;  a  ruler  ;  a  governor.  2.  A  no¬ 
bleman  of  any  rank  above  that  of  a 
baronet ;  also  a  bishop,  if  a  member 
of  Parliament.  [Eng.]  3.  A  title  be¬ 
stowed  on  the  persons  above  named. 
4.  A  husband.  5.  The  Supreme  Being. 
—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  play  the 
lord ;  to  domineer. 

Lord'li-ness,  a.  1.  Dignity  ;  high 
station.  2.  Pride;  haughtiness. 

Lord'ling,  n.  A  little  or  petty  lord. 

Lord'ly,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Becoming  a  lord  ;  relating  to  a  lord. 
2.  Proud  ;  haughty  ;  imperious. 

Syn.  —  Overbearing;  tyrannical;  des¬ 
potic;  domineering;  arrogant;  insolent. 

Lord'siiip,  n.  1.  State  of  being  a 
lord  ;  hence,  a  title  applied  to  a  lord. 

2.  Territory  of  a  lord  ;  a  manor.  3. 
Dominion  ;  power ;  authority. 

Lore,  n.  [A.-S.  lar ;  Ixran ,  to  teach.] 
Knowledge  gained  from  reading  or 
study  ;  learning. 

Lorgnette  (lorn-ygV),  n.  [Fr.] 
An  opera-glass. 

Lor'i-cate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
loricare,  -catum ;  lorica ,  a  leather 
cuirass.]  1.  To  plate  over.  2.  To 
cover  with  a  fire-proof  coating,  as  a 
chemical  vessel. 

Lorn,  a.  [A.-S.  loren ,  p.  p.  of  leosan, 
to  lose.]  Forsaken  ;  lonely. 

LogE  (looz),  v.  t.  [lost  {  losing.] 
[A.-S.  leosan.]  1.  To  part  with  or  to 
be  deprived  of ;  to  forfeit.  2.  To 
throw  away  ;  to  waste  ;  to  squander. 

3.  To  miss,  so  as  not  to  be  able  to 
find.  4.  To  perplex  or  bewilder.  5. 
To  ruin  ;  to  destroy.  6.  To  fail  to 
obtain. —  v.  i.  1.  To  forfeit  any 
thing  in  contest.  2.  To  suffer  loss 
by  comparison. 

Lo§'er,  n.  One  who  loses. 

Loss  (21),  n.  [A.-S.  los.  See  Lose.] 
1.  Act  of  losing  ;  failure;  destruc¬ 
tion  ;  privation.  2.  State  of  having 
lost.  3.  That  which  is  lost ;  waste. 


LOVE 

Syn.  —  Detriment;  injury;  damage. 

Lost  (21),  a.  1.  Unintentionally  rid 
of;  missing.  2.  Forfeited.  3.  No 
longer  held  or  possessed.  4.  Thrown 
away  ;  wasted  ;  squandered.  5.  Be¬ 
wildered  ;  perplexed.  6.  Ruined  or 
destroyed.  7.  Hardened  beyond  re¬ 
covery.  8.  Not  visible. 

Lot,  n.  [A.-S.  /dot,  lot.]  1.  Chance; 
accident ;  hazard  ;  fortune.  2.  A 
contrivance  to  determine  a  question 
by  chance.  3.  That  which  falls  to 
one  by  chance.  4.  A  distinct  parcel ; 
a  separate  part.  6.  A  quantity  or 
large  number.  [Colloq.]  6.  Any 
distinct  portion  of  land.  [Amer.]  — 
v.  t.  [-TED  ; -TING.]  1.  To  allot;  to 
assign.  2.  To  separate  ;  to  assort. 

Loth, a.  [See  Loathe.]  1.  Hating; 
_detesting.  2.  Unwilling  ;  reluctant. 

Lo'TION,  n.  [Lat.  lotio ,  fr.  lavare,  lo- 
tu?n ,  to  wash.]  1.  A  washing,  es¬ 
pecially  of  the  skin.  2.  A  liquid 
preparation  for  the  skin. 

Lot'ter-y,  n.  [See  Lot.]  A  distri¬ 
bution  of  prizes  by  lot  or  chance. 

Lo'tus,  n.  [Lat.  lotus,  Gr.  Awro?.]  1. 
A  plant  of  several  genera.  2.  An  or¬ 
nament  in  the  form  of  the  Egyptian 
water-lily. 

Loud,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  hlhd.] 
1.  Making  a  great  sound.  2.  Clam¬ 
orous  ;  boisterous.  3.  Emphatical ; 
impre.-sive.  —  adv.  With  loudness  ; 
loudly.  [noisily. 

LoiiD'LY,  adv.  In  a  loud  manner; 

Loud'NESS,  n.  Great  sound  or  noise. 

Lougii  (lok),  n.  [Celt,  loch ,  llwch.] 
A  loch.  See  Loch. 

Louis-d'  or  (lcTo'c-dor'),  n.  [Fr.,  a 
Louis  of  gold.]  An  old  French  gold 
coin,  equal  to  about  $4.84. 

Lounge,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
longe ,  for  a  long  time  ;  hence,  0. 
Eng.  lungis ,  a  slow,  heavy  fellow.] 
1.  To  spend  time  lazily.  2.  To  re¬ 
cline  at  ease;  to  loll. — n.  1.  An 
idle  gait  or  stroll.  2.  Act  of  reclin. 
ing  at  ease.  3.  A  place  for  lounging. 

4.  A  sort  of  couch.  [loiters. 

Loun'ger,  n.  An  idler;  one  who 

Louse  (150),  n.  [A.-S.  /fts,fr.  Goth. 
liusan,  to  devour.]  A  parasitic  in¬ 
sect,  having  a  sucking  mouth. 

LoU2'Y,a.  Swarming  with  lice  ;  in¬ 
fested  with  lice. 

Lout,  n.  A  mean,  awkward  fellow. 

Lou'VER  I  (lcTo'ver),  n.  [Fr.  Vouvert , 

Lou'VRE  )  the  opening.]  An  open¬ 
ing  in  the  roof  of  ancient  buildings 
for  the  escape  of  smoke,  &c. 

Louver  window,  nn  opening  in  a  stee¬ 
ple,  crossed  by  a  scries  of  sloping  boards. 

Lov'a-BLE,  a.  Worthy  of  love  ;  ami¬ 
able. 

LOv'age,  n.  [From  Fr.  lic&che,  fr. 
Lat.  ligusticum,  a  plant  of  Liguria.] 
A  plant,  sometimes  used  in  medicine. 

Love  (IHv),  n.  [A.-S.  lufe,  lufu.]  1. 
Devotion  or  attachment  to  another, 
esp.,  to  one  of  the  opposite  sex  ;  af¬ 
fection.  2.  Courtship.  3.  Object  of 
affection.  4.  Benevolence ;  kindness1, 
charity.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
lujian.]  1.  To  be  pleased  or  delighted 


A,  E,  I,  5,  u,  Y , long ;  X,  E,I,o,t),  t , short ;  cAre,  fXr,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 


LOVE-FEAST  257 

with  ;  to  be  fond  of ;  to  like.  2.  To  law.]  1.  Faithful  to  the  sovereign 

have  benevolence  or  good-will  toward.  or  the  lawful  government.  2.  Faith- 

8.  To  deiight  in  with  pre-eminent  af-  ful  to  a  lover  or  friend, 

fection. — v.i.  To  delight;  to  take  Loy'al-Ist,  n.  One  who  is  loyal, 
pleasure  ;  to  be  in  love.  Loy'al-ly,  adv.  In  a  loyal  manner. 

LOVE'-FEAST,  n.  A  religious  festival  Loy'al-TY,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
of  the  Methodists,  &c.  being  loyal ;  fidelity  to  a  superior,  or 

Love'-KNOT  (ltlv'not),  n.  An  intri-  to  duty,  love,  & c. 

cate  kind  of  knot; — emblematical  Loz'enge,  n.  [P rob.  from 
of  love.  [ing  love.  Gr.  Ao£os,  oblique,  and 

XOVE'-LET'TER,  n.  A  letter  profess-  Lat.  angulus.]  1.  A  rhomb, 

LOVE'LI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  2.  A  small  cake  of  sugar,  enge  (l.). 

lovely  ;  amiableness.  [love.  & c.,  often  medicated. 

L6ve'-l6rn,  a.  Forsaken  by  one’s  Lub'ber,  n.  A  heavy,  clumsy  fellow  ; 
L6VE'LY,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  Fit-  a  clown.  [sy. 

ted  to  excite,  or  worthy  of,  love.  Lub'ber-ly,  a.  Like  a  lubber  ;  clum- 

Syn. —  Amiable;  pleasing;  charming;  Lu'BRI-€ANT,  n.  That  which  lubri- 
delectable;  delightful;  enchanting.  cates. 

Lov'ER,  re.  1.  One  who  loves.  2.  One  Lu'bri-gate,  v.  t.  [Lat.  lubricare, 
in  love  with  a  person  of  the  opposite  - caturn .]  To  make  smooth  or  slip- 

sex.  3.  One  who  likes.  [love.  pery.  [eating. 

Love '-sic  K,  a.  Languishing  with  Lu'bri-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  lubri- 
Lov'ING-KlND'NESS,  n.  Tender  re-  Lu-brkj'i-ty,  n.  1.  Slipperiness.  2. 

gard ;  mercy  ;  favor.  Aptness  to  glide  over  any  thing.  3. 

LOW  (15),  a.  [-ER;  -est.]  [Allied  to  Instability.  4.  Lasciviousness. 

lie.]  1.  Occupying  an  inferior  posi-  Lu'BRI-coDs,  a.  1.  Smooth;  slip- 
tion.  2.  Not  rising  to  the  usual  pery.  2.  Wavering, 

height.  3.  Deep.  4.  Below  the  usu-  Lucent,  a.  [Lat.  lucens ,  shining  ; 
al  rate,  amount,  or  value.  5.  De-  lux ,  light.]  Shining ;  bright, 

pressed  in  the  scale  of  sounds  ;  grave.  Lu'^ern,  n.  [Fr.  luzerne ,  of  Celtic 

6.  Not  very  distant  from  the  equator.  origin.]  A  leguminous  plant  culti- 

7.  Depressed  ;  dejected.  8.  Humble  vated  for  fodder. 

in  rank.  9.  Vulgar;  base;  dishon-  Lu-^er'nal,  a.  [Lat.  lucerna,  lamp.] 
orable.  10.  Feeble;  weak.  11.  Im-  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  lamp, 

poverished.  12.  Moderate;  reason-  Lu'i^ID,  a.  [Lat.  lucidus;  lux,  light.] 
able.  —  adv.  1.  In  a  low  position  or  1.  Shining;  bright.  2.  Clear  ;  trans¬ 
manner.  2.  Cheaply7.  3.  Humbly  ;  parent.  3.  Easily  understood, 

meanly.  4.  V\  ith  a  depressed  voice.  5.  Syn. — Luminous;  sane  ;  reasonable. 

In  a  state  of  subjection,  poverty,  or  See  Luminous. 

disgrace. — v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  Lu'^id-ness,  State  of  being  lucid. 

hlZwan.]  To  bellow  as  an  ox  or  cow.  LU'<;:i-fer,  n.  [Lat.,  light-bringing, 
LOW'ER,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Eng.  the  morning  star.]  1.  The  planet 

lower,  com  par.  of  low.]  1.  To  cause  Venus,  w.ieu  morning  star.  2.  Satan, 

to  descend  ;  to  let  down.  2.  To  bring  3.  A  match  tipped  with  a  combusti- 

down  ;  to  humble.  3.  To  reduce  in  ble  substance,  and  ignited  by  friction, 

value,  amount,  & c.  —  v.  i.  To  fall ;  Lu'^i-form,  a.  [Lat.  lux,  lucis ,  light, 
to  grow  less  ;  to  diminish.  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 

Low'er,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [N.  II.  of  light;  resembling  light. 

Ger.  lauern,  to  lurk.]  1.  To  be  LBck,  n.  [Icel.  luklca,  N.  II.  Ger. 
clouded;  to  threaten  a  storm.  2.  glUck.]  1.  That  which  happens  to  a 

To  look  sullen.  person  ;  chance ;  hap ;  fate  ;  fortune. 

Low'er-gase,  a.  (Print.)  Pertain-  2.  Good  fortune, 

ing  to  the  lower  case  ;  —  used  to  de-  Luck'i-ly,  adv.  By  good  fortune, 
note  the  small  letters  in  distinction  Luck'I-ness,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
from  capitals.  fortunate.  2-  A  favorable  issue  or 

Low'ER-MdsT,  a.  Lowest,  [gloomy.  event.  [fortunate. 

Low'er-y  (lou'er-JQ,  a.  Cloudy;  LOck'less,  a.  Without  luck;  un- 
Low'land,  n.  A  low  or  level  coun-  LOck'Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 

try.  [ly ;  humility.  Favored  by  luck  ;  fortunate.  2.  Pro- 

Low'LI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  low-  ducing  good  by  chance. 

Low'LY,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Syn.—  Successful ;  fortunate;  pros- 

Not  high  or  elevated.  2.  Mean  ;  low.  perous;  auspicious. 

3.  Humble.  4.  Meek;  free  from  Lu'€RA-tIve,  a.  [Lat.  lucrativus .] 
pride.  —  adv.  1.  Humbly  ;  meekly.  Gainful;  profitable. 

2.  Meanly.  [inglo.v.  Lu'gre  (lu'ker),  n.  [Lat.  lucrum.] 

Low'ness,  «.  State  or  quality  of  be-  Gain  in  money  or  goods  ;  profit. 
Low'-press'ure,  a.  Exerting  a  press-  Lu'gu-brate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
ure  of  less  than  fifty  pounds  to  the  [Lat.  lucubrare ,  -brat.um,  lux ,  light.] 

square  inch.  [pressed.  To  study  by  candle-light  or  a  lamp. 

Low'-spIr'it-ed,  a.  Dejected  ;  de-  Lu'gu-bra'tion,  n.  1.  Nocturnal 
Lox'o-drom'Igs,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  Ao£o?,  study.  2.  That  which  is  composed 
slanting,  and  Spo/uo?,  course.]  Art  by  night. 

or  method  of  oblique  sailing  by  the  Lu'gu-lent,  a.  [bat.  luculentus,  from 
rhumb  line.  fear, light.]  1.  Clear;  transparent.  2. 

Loy'AL,  a.  [Lat.  legalis ;  lex ,  legis,  Evident. 

LUMINOSITY 

Lu'di-croOs,  a.  [Lat.  ludricus  ;  ludus, 
play,  sport.]  Adapted  to  raise  laugh¬ 
ter,  without  scorn  or  contempt. 

Syn.  —  Laughable  ;  ridiculous.  —  We 
speak  of  a  thing  as  ludicrous  when  it 
tends  to  produce  laughter;  as  laughable 
when  the  impression  is  stronger,  result¬ 
ing  in  a  hearty  laugh;  as  ridiculous  when 
contempt  is  more  or  less  mingled  with 
the  merriment  created. 

Lu'di-orous-ly,  adv.  In  a  ludicrous 
manner. 

Lu'di-oroCjs-ness,  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  ludicrous. 

LBff,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [D.  loevenJ 

To  turn  the  head  of  a  ship  toward 
the  wind  ;  to  sail  nearer  the  wind.  — 
n.  [See  Loof.]  1.  Side  of  a  ship 
toward  the  wind.  2.  Act  of  sailing 
close  to  the  wind. 

LDg,  V.  t.  [-GED  ;  -GING.]  [A.-S.  luc- 
can,  to  pluck  out.]  1.  To  haul ;  to 
drag.  2.  To  convey  with  labor.  —  n. 

Any  thing  drawn  with  difficulty ; 
also,  the  effort  of  drawing  or  carry¬ 
ing  any  thing  heavy. 

LCg'gage,  n.  [From  lug.]  1.  A  trav¬ 
eler’s  trunks,  &c.  2.  Something  of 

more  weight  than  value. 

LDg'Ser,  n.  A  small  vessel  with  three 
masts  and  a  running  bowsprit. 

Lu-GU'BRI-oGs,  a.  [Lat.  lugubris.] 
Mournful ;  indicating  sorrow. 

Luke'warm,  a.  [A.-S.  wlscc,  warm, 
remiss.]  1.  Moderately  warm  ;  tepid. 

2.  Not  zealous  ;  indifferent.  [ence. 

Luke'warm-ly,  adv.  With  indiffer- 

Luke'warm-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

lukewarm ;  indifference. 

LOll ,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Ger.  lullen, 
to  cry  like  a  cat,  sing  badly.]  To 
soothe  to  sleep  ;  to  quiet.  — v.  i.  To 
become  gradually  calm  ;  to  subside. 

—  n.  1.  Power  of  soothing.  2.  A 
season  of  temporary  quiet  after  a 
storm. 

LtJLL'A-BY,  n.  [From  lull.]  A  song 
to  quiet  babes.  [bago. 

Lum-BA&'I-nous,  a.  Relating  to  lum- 

Lum-BA'GO,  n.  [0.  Lat.,  from  lum- 
bus,  loin.]  Rheumatic  pain  in  the 
loins  and  small  of  the  back. 

LtJM'BAR,  a.  [Lat.  Iambus,  loin.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  loins. 

LDm'BER,  n.  [Prob.  from  Lombard, 
the  Lombards  being  the  pawnbrokers 
of  the  middle  ages.]  1.  Any  thing 
useless  and  cumbrous ;  things  thrown 
aside  as  useless.  2.  Timber  sawed 
or  split  for  use.  [Amer.] — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  1.  To  heap  together  in  disor¬ 
der.  2.  To  fill  with  lumber. — v.i. 

1.  To  move  heavily.  2.  To  rumble. 

3.  To  cut  lumber  in  the  forest,  and 
prepare  it  for  market.  [Amer.] 

LOm-brig-al,  a.  [Lat.  lumbricus,  a 
worm.]  Resembling  a  worm. 

Lu'MI-NA-ry,  n.  [Lat.  laminar,  lumi- 
naris ,  a  light.]  1.  Any  orb  or  body 
that  gives  light.  2.  One  that  illus¬ 
trates  any  subject,  or  enlightens 
mankind. 

Lu/Ml-Ni'F'ER-ofJS,  a.  [Lat.  lumen , 
light,  and  ferre,  to  produce.]  Pro¬ 
ducing  light.  [luminous. 

Lu'mi-nos'i-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 

OR,DO,WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  pRN,  RUE,  PVLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent  ;  $,b,soft;  €,  g,  hard ;  As;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 

17 

LUMINOUS 


LYNCH-LAW 


Lu'MI-Not'S,  a.  [Lafc.  luminosus.]  1. 
Shining;  emitting  light.  2.  Bright. 
3.  Clear,  as  if  illuminated. 

Syn.  —  Lucid.  —  A  thing  is  lucid  when 
pervaded  by  light,  as  a  lucid  stream ;  it 
is  luminous  when  it  sends  forth  light  to 
surrounding  objects,  as,  a  luminous  body. 
Hence,  we  speak  of  an  argument  as  lu¬ 
cid,  when  it  is  remarkably  clear,  and  as 
luminous,  when  it  pours  upon  a  subject 
tire  mingled  light  of  reasoning  and  illus¬ 
tration  . 

Lu'MI-noGs-LY,  adv.  In  a  luminous 
manner.  [clearness. 

Lu'mi-noDs-ness,  n.  Brightness; 

LOmp,  n.  [Allied  to  clump.]  1.  A 
small  shapeless  mass  of  matter.  2. 
A  mass  of  things  thrown  together 
without  order  or  distinction. — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  throw  into  a 
mass.  2.  To  take  in  the  gross. 

LOmp'ish,  a.  1.  Bulky  ;  gross.  2. 
Dull ;  stupid.  [of  lumps. 

LOmp'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142. [  Full 

Lu'na-^y,  n.  [See  Lunatic.]  A  spe¬ 
cies  of  insanity,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  influenced  by  the  changes  of 
the  moon. 

Syn.—  Insanity;  derangement;  mania. 

Lu'nar,  a.  [Lat.  lunar  is ;  luna,  the 
moon.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  moon. 

2.  Resembling  the  moon ;  orbed. 

3.  Measured  by  the  revolutions  of 
the  moon. 

Lunar  caustic,  fused  nitrate  of  silver;  — 
so  named  because  silver  was  called  luna 
by  the  old  chemists.  —  Lunar  month,  the 
time  in  which  the  moon  completes  a  rev¬ 
olution  about  the  earth.  —  Lunar  year, 
the  period  of  twelve  lunar  months,  or 
354  days,  8  hours,  48  minutes,  and  34.28 
seconds. 

Lu'nate,  la.  Having  a  form  like 

Lu'na-te  d,  )  that  of  the  half-moon. 

Lu'NA-Ti’e,  a.  [Lat.  lunaticus ;  luna, 
the  moon.]  Affected  by  lunacy ; 
moon-struck;  insane.  —  n.  A  per- 
sonaffected  by  lunacy  ;  a  madman. 

Lu-na'tion,  n.  Time  from  one  new 
moon  to  the  next. 

Lunch  (66),  n.  [Prov.  Eng.,  a  large 
lump  of  bread,  nunc ,  a  thick  lump.] 

1.  A  slight  repast  between  breakfast 
and  dinner.  2.  A  place  for  taking 
a  luncheon. — v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  take  a  lunch. 

LOnch'eon  (ltinch'un),  n.  [From 
lunch.]  A  portion  of  food  taken  at 
any  time  except  at  a  regular  meal. 

Lu-nette',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  luna, 
the  moon.]  1.  A  detached  bastion. 

2.  An  aperture  for  admitting  light 
into  a  concave  ceiling. 

LONG,  n.  [A.-S.  lunge.]  One  of  the 
two  organs  of  respiration  in  an  air- 
breathing  animal. 

L0NGE,n.  A  sudden  push  or  thrust. 

Lu'NI-form,  a.  [Lat.  luna,  moon, 
and/orma,  shape.]  Resembling  the 
moon  in  shape. 

Lu'ni-so'lar,  a.  [Lat.  luna,  moon, 
and  sol,  sun.]  Resulting  from  the 
united  action  of  the  sun  and  moon. 

Lu'nu-LAR,  a.  Crescent-shaped. 

Lu'pIne,  n.  [From  Lat.  lupus,  wolf, 
because  it  eagerly  penetrates  into  the 
soil.]  A  leguminous  plant. 


258 

Lu'pu-lIne,  n.  [L.  Lat.  lupulus,  dim. 
of  Lat.  lupus ,  hops.]  Bitter  princi¬ 
ple  or  fine  yellow  powder  of  hops. 

LURCH,  n.  [W.  llerch,  a  frisking,  a 
lurking.]  A  sudden  roll  of  a  ship  to 
one  side. — v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  lie  in  ambush  ;  to  lurk.  2.  To 
roll  suddenly  to  one  side,  as  a  ship. 

LURE,  n.  [M.  H.  Ger.  luoder,  lure,  de¬ 
coy.]  1.  An  object  held  out  to  call 
a  hawk.  2.  Any  enticement. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -TNG.]  To  entice  ;  to  attract. 

Lu'rid  (89),  n.  [Lat.  luridus.]  Ghast¬ 
ly  pale ;  gloomy. 

Lf/RK,t.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [See  Lurch, 
n.]  1.  To  lie  hid;  to  lie  in  wait.  2. 
To  keep  out  of  sight. 

LCrr'ing-plage,  n.  A  place  in 
which  one  lurks. 

Lus'cious  (luslFus),  a.  [Prob.  a  cor¬ 
ruption  of  luxurious.]  1.  Sweet ;  de¬ 
licious.  2.  So  sweet  or  rich  as  to  cloy. 

Lus'CIoGs-ly  (lGslFus-),  adv.  In  a 
luscious  manner. 

Lush,  a.  [Prob.  an  abbrev.  of  lus¬ 
cious.]  Full  of  juice  or  succulence. 

LtJST,  n.  [A.-S. ;  Icel.  lidsta,  to  strike, 
beat.]  1.  Longing  desire.  2.  Car¬ 
nal  appetite;  concupiscence. — v.i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  desire  eagerly  ; 
to  long,  especially  for  the  gratifica¬ 
tion  of  carnal  appetite.  2.  To  have 
irregular  desires. 

Lus'ter,  )  n.  [Lat.  lustrum,  a  puri- 

LiJS'TRE,  )  ficatory  sacrifice,  fr.  lu- 
cere,  to  be  light,  to  shine.]  1.  Bril¬ 
liancy  ;  splendor ;  brightness.  2. 
Renown  ;  distinction.  3.  A  candle¬ 
stick  with  pendants  of  cut  glass. 

Lust'ful,  a.  1.  Having  lust.  2.  In¬ 
citing  to  lust.  [ner. 

LCst'fvl-ly,  adv.  In  a  lustful  man- 

LOst'ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
lustful. 

LtJs'TI-LY,  adv.  In  a  lusty  manner. 

Lus'ti-ness,  n.  State  of  being  lusty. 

Lus'tral,  a.  [See  Luster.]  Used 
in, or  pertaining  to,  purification. 

Lus-tra'tion,  n.  Act  of  purifying. 

LiJS'TRlNG,  n.  [Eng.  luster,  lustre. , 
q.  v.]  A  species  of  glossy  silk  cloth. 

LOs'troOs,  a.  Bright ;  shining. 

LCs'TRUM,  n.  [Lat.,  a  purification  of 
the  whole  Roman  people  once  in  five 
years  ]  The  space  of  five  years. 

LCs'TY,a.  [-ER;  -est,  142.]  [From 
lust.]  1.  Exhibiting  vigor  ;  able  of 
body.  2.  Bulky;  large. 

Lut'an-Ist,  n.  One  who  plays  on  the 
lute. 

Lu-TA^Rl-ous,  a.  [Lat.  lutarius ;  lu- 
tum,  mud.]  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the 
color  of,  mud. 

Lu-ta'tion,  n.  Act  or  method  of 
luting  vessels. 

Lute,  n.  1.  [Ar. 
aPild ;  a!,  the,  and 
’f id,  wood,  branch, 
s'aff,  lute.]  (Mus.) 

A  stringed  instru¬ 
ment  formerly 
much  in  use.  2. 

[Lat.  lutum,  mud.] 

A  composition  of 
clay  for  making  Lute. 


the  joints  air-tight  when  exposed  to 
heat.  — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  coat 
with  lute. 

LO'ther-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Luther, 
the  reformer.  —  n.  A  disciple  or  fol¬ 
lower  of  Luther. 

Lu'thern,  n.  [From  Lat.  lucerna, 
lamp.]  A  kind  of  window  in  the  roof 
_of  a  building  ;  a  dormer. 

Lut'[NG,«.  See  Lute. 

Lux'ate,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
luxare,  -atum ;  luxus,  dislocated.] 
To  put  out  of  joint ;  to  dislocate. 

Lux-a'TION,  n.  1.  Act  cf  luxating  or 
putting  out  of  joint.  2.  That  which 
is  luxated. 

Lux-u'ri-ance  ]  (lugz-  or  luks-),  n. 

Lux-u'ri-an-^y  j  State  of  being  lux¬ 
uriant  ;  rank  growth  ;  exuberance. 

Lux-u'ri-ANT  (lugz-  or  luks-),  a. 

1.  Exuberant  in  growth.  2.  Being 
in  great  abundance. 

Lux-u'ri-ant-ly  (lugz-  or  luks-), 
adv  Very  abundantly  ;  exuberantly. 

Lux-u'ri-ate  (lugz-  or  luks-),  v.  i. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  grow  exuberant¬ 
ly.  2.  To  feed  or  live  luxuriously.  3. 
To  jndulge  to  excess. 

Lux-U'ri-ous  (lugz-  or  luks-],  a.  1. 
Given  cr  administering  to  luxury. 

2.  Furnished  with  luxuries.  3.  Soft¬ 
ening  by  pleasure. 

Lux-u'ri-oOs-ly  (lugz  or  luks-),  adv. 
In  a  luxurious  manner. 

Lux-u'ri-ous-ness  (lugz-  or  luks-),  n. 
State  of  being  luxurious. 

Lipc/U-RY  (lalUshp-),  n.  [Lat.  luxuria.] 
1.  Excess  in  eating  or  drinking,  or  in 
costly  dress  and  equipage.  2.  Any 
thing  delightful  to  the  senses ;  a 
dainty. 

Syn.  —  Voluptuousness  ;  epicurism  ; 
effeminacy  ;  sensuality  ;  delicacy. 

Ly-CE'UM  (118),  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  Gr.  Xv- 
Keiov,  so  named  after  the  temple  of 
Apollo  Av/ceio?.]  1.  A  place  in 
Greece,  where  Aristotle  taught  phi¬ 
losophy.  2.  A  house  or  apartment 
appropriated  to  instruction  by  lec¬ 
tures  or  disquisitions.  3.  A  higher 
school  in  Europe.  4.  A  literary  as¬ 
sociation. 

Lyd'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  one  of  the 
ancient  Greek  modes  or  keys,  the 
music  in  which  was  of  a  soft,  pathet¬ 
ic  character. 

Lye,  n.  [A.-S.  leak,  Iseg.]  Water  im¬ 
pregnated  with  alkaline  salt  imbibed 
from  wood-ashes. 

Lymph,  n.  [Lat.  lympha.]  1.  A  pure, 
transparent  fluid.  2.  A  colorless 
fluid  in  animal  bodies. 

LVm-phXt'I€,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
containing,  or  conveying  lymph.  2. 
Frantic.  —  n.  A  vein-like  vessel  in 
vertebrate  animals,  containing  a 
transparent  fluid. 

lynch,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  inflict 
punishment  on  without  the  forms  of 
lawn  [ Amer .] 

LVnch'-law,  n.  [Said  to  be  derived 
fr.  a  Virginia  farmer,  named  Lynch.] 
The  practice  of  punishing  men  for 
crimes,  by  private  unauthorized  per¬ 
sons,  without  a  legal  trial. 


A,  e,  I,  o,u,  Y , long ;  X,  £,I,  6,  tr,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  wh^t  ;  £re,  VEIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  fIrm;  s6N, 


MAGI 


LYNX 

L?nx,  re.  fLat. 
lynx ,  Gr.  Avy£.] 

An  animal  of  sev¬ 
eral  species,  much 
resembling  the 
common  cat,  but 
having  longer 
ears  and  a  shorter  Lynx, 
tail.  It  prowls  about  at  night,  and 
is  commonly  thought  to  be  very 
sharp -sighted. 


259 

Lyre,  n.  [Lat.  lyra,  Gr.  Avpa.]  1. 
A  stringed  instrument  ^  * 

of  music ;  a  kind  of  >■ 

harp  much  used  by  the 
ancients  as  an  accom-  B  4 

paniment  to  poetry.  a 

2.  One  of  the  constel-  'A 
lations. 

Lyre'-bIrd,  n.  An  Aus-  'tMjyu 
tralian  bird.  The  male 
is  remarkable  for  hav-  Lyre. 


ing  his  sixteen  tail-feathers  arranged 
in  the  form  of  a  lyre. 

Lyr'ie,  I  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 

Lyr'ie-al,  )  lyre.  2.  Fitted  to  be 
sung  to  the  lyre;  hence, also,  appro¬ 
priate  for  song. 

Lyr'ie,  n.  1.  A  lyric  poem  ;  a  song.  2. 
A  verse  of  the  kind  usually  employed 
in  lyric  poetry  ;  —  chiefly  in  the  plu¬ 
ral.  [harp  or  lyre. 

Ly'rist,  n.  One  who  plays  on  the 


M. 


M(em),  is  the  thirteenth  letter  of 
the  English  alphabet,  and  rep¬ 
resents  a  labial  articulation.  See 
Prin.  of  Pron .,  §80. — (Print.)  A 
square  quadrat,  taken  as  the  unit 
of  measurement  in  ascertaining  the 
amount  of  type  in  any  work.  [Writ¬ 
ten  also  era.] 

Mae-Xd'am-Ize.  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[From  Mac  Adam,  theinventor.]  To 
cover,  as  a  road,  with  small,  broken 
stones.  _ 

Ma€/a-r5,nI,  re.  [Prov.  It.,  from  Gr. 
/xa/capta,  bliss,  also,  a  very  dainty 
food.]  1.  An  edible  paste,  made  into 
long,  slender  tubes.  2.  A  medley. 
3.  A  fop  ;  an  exquisite. 
M.ve'A-RON'ie,  a.  1.  Relating  to,  or 
like,  a  macaroni ;  empty  ;  trifling  ; 
vain ;  affected.  2.  Consisting  of  a 
medley  of  Latin  and  vernacular 
words. 

Ma-eaw',  n.  [The 
native  name.]  A 
tropical  American 
large  and  very 
showy  bird,  allied 
to  the  parrots. 

Mae'ea-boy,  re. 

[Called  after  a  dis¬ 
trict  in  the  Island 
of  Martinique.] 

Rose-flavored  snuff. 

Ma^e,  re.  1.  [0.  Fr.]  A  heavy  staff 
or  club.  2.  A  scepter.  3.  A  rod 
used  in  billiards.  .  4.  [Gr.  pubcep.] 
The  aromatic  second  coat  covering 
the  nutmeg. 

MXy'ER-ATE,r.  t.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  [Lat. 
macerare ,  - ratum ,  from  macer ,  lean.] 
To  soften  and  separate  by  steeping, 
or  by  digestion,  so  as  almost  to  dis¬ 
solve. 

M A (J/ER- ACTION,  re.  Act  of  softening 
and  almost_ dissolving  by  steeping. 
MaehG-a-vel/ian  (-vSPyan),  a.  Po¬ 
litically  cunning,  like  Machiavel ,  an 
Italian  writer ;  crafty. 
Maeh'1-a-vel/i-an-issm,  1  re.  Politi- 
MA€H'I-A-VEL-Ism,  j  cal  cun¬ 
ning  and  artifice. 

Maeh'i-nal  (m&k'-),  a.  [See  Ma¬ 
chine.^  Pertaining  to  machines. 
MXEH'I-nATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[See  Machine.]  To  form,  as  a  plot 
or  a  scheme. 


Mackerel. 


MXeh'T-na'tion,  re.  A  hostile  or 
treacherous  scheme  formed  with  de¬ 
liberation  and  cunning. 

MA-9HINE'  (-sheen''),  re.  [Lat.  machi- 
na,  machine,  device.]  1.  Any  body 
or  assemblage  of  bodies,  esp.  a  com¬ 
plex  construction,  used  to  transmit 
and  modify  force  and  motion  ;  an 
engine.  2.  Supernatural  agency  in 
a  poem. 

Ma-^hin'ER-Y  (ma-sheen'er-^),  re.  1. 
Machines  collectively.  2.  Working 
parts  of  a  machine.  3.  Means  and 
appliances  byr  which  any  thing  is 
kept  in  action.  4.  Extraordinary  or 
supernatural  agency  in  a  poem  or 
fictitious  work. 

Ma-Ch'in'ist  (ma-sheenffst),  re.  A  con¬ 
structor  of  machines  and  engines. 

Mack/er-el,  re. 

[0.  Fr.  maque- 
rel .]  A  marine 
fish,  spotted  with 
blue,  and  largely 
used  for  food. 

Mack/in-tosh,  re.  [From  theinvent¬ 
or.]  A  water-proof  outer  garment. 

Mack-le  (makfl),  re.  [Lat.  macula , 
a  spot,  stain.]  (Print.)  A  blur  caus¬ 
ing  a  part  of  the  impression  to  ap¬ 
pear  double. 

MXe'ro-eosm,  or  Ma'€RO-€6sm,«. 
[Gr.  /aa/cpos,  great,  and  Kotrpos,  the 
world.]  The  great  world ;  the  uni¬ 
verse; —  opposed  to  microcosm,  or 
the  little  world  constituted  by  man. 

MA-CROM'e-ter,  re.  [Gr.  p,a/cp6s, 
long,  and  /aerpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  measuring  inaccessible 
objects  by  means  of  two  reflectors 
on  a  common  sextant. 

MXo'  U-la  ,  re. ;  pi.  mXe'v-lje.  [Lat.] 
A  spot,  as  on  the  skin,  or  on  the  sun. 

MXe'U-LATE,  v.  t.  [Lat.  maculare, 
maculatum.  See  supra.]  To  spot ; 
to  stain  ;  to  blur. 

MXe'u-la'tion,  re.  The  act  of  spot¬ 
ting  ;  a  spot ;  a  blemish  ;  a  stain. 

Mad, a.  [-der;  -dest.]  [A.-S.  ge- 
msed ;  Goth,  gamaids,  weak,  brok¬ 
en.]  1.  Disordered  in  intellect ; 
crazy.  2.  Excited  with  passionate 
desire  or  with  wrath  ;  enraged.  3. 
Proceeding  from,  or  indicating,  mad¬ 
ness. —  v.  t.  [-DED  ;  -DING.]  To 
make  mad. 


Mad'am,  re.  The  same  as  Madame. 

Madame  (ma-d<im/),  re.;  pi.  mes- 
dames  (ma-d'.im/).  [Fr.  ma,  my, 
and  dame,  dame.]  A  form  of  address 
to  a  lady,  especially  an  elderly  or  a 
married  lady.  [son. 

Mad'cap,  re.  A  rash,  hot-headed  per- 

MXd'den,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  mad  ;  to  craze  ;  to  enrage.  — 
v.  i.  To  become  mad. 

MXd'der,  re.  [A.-S.  maddre .]  A  cer¬ 
tain  plant,  the  root  of  which  is  much 
used  in  dying  red. 

MXd'e-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  mad  ere,  to  be  wet,  and  facer e, 
to  make.]  To  make  wet ;  to  moisten. 

Ma-dei'ra  (-dS'-  or  -da'-),  re.  A  rich 
wine  made  in  Madeira. 

Mademoiselle  (mXd/mwa-zeP), 
re.  ;  pi.  MESDEMOISELLEs\ma.&^ 
mwa-zel').  [Fr.,  Irom  ma,  my,  and 
demoiselle,  young  lady.]  Young 
woman  ;  miss  ;  —  used  in  address. 

Mad'-house,  re.  A  house  where  in¬ 
sane  persons  are  confined. 

MAd'LY,  adv.  1.  In  a  mad  manner  ; 
rashly ;  wildly.  2.  With  extreme 
folly.  [person. 

Mad'MAN  (150),  re.  A  lunatic  or  crazy' 

Mad'ness,  re.  Condition  of  being 
mad  ;  disorder  of  intellect. 

Stn.  —  Insanity  ;  distraction  ;  delir¬ 
ium;  craziness;  lunacy;  rage;  fury. 

Ma-don'na,  re.  [It.,  my  lady.]  1. 
Madam  ;  my  lady.  2.  A  picture  of 
the  Virgin  Mary. 

Mad'ri-GAE,  re.  [Gr.  pavSpa,  stall, 
herd  of  cattle.]  A  little  amorous 
poem,  called  also  a  pastoral  poem. 

Mag'A-ZINE'  (mSg'a-zeen'),  re.  [Ar. 
makhzan ,  a  storehouse,  granary^  or 
cellar.]  1.  A  storehouse  ;  esp.  one  for 
military  stores.  2.  Place  where  the 
powder  is  kept  in  a  fortification  or 
ship.  3.  A  miscellaneous  pamphlet 
periodically  published. 

Mag'da-len,  re.  [From  Mary  Mag¬ 
dalene.  See  Luke  vii.  36.]  A  re¬ 
formed  prostitute. 

MXg'got,  re.  [Allied  to  A.-S.  ma'd- 
ha,  madhu,  earth-worm.]  1.  A  grub; 
a  worm.  2.  A  whim. 

Mag'got-y,  a.  1.  Full  of  maggots. 
2.  Capricious  ;  whimsical. 

Ma’gi,  re.  pi.  [Lat.,  pi.  of  Magus.] 
Holy  men  or  sages  of  the  East. 


OR,  do,wqlf,  TOO,  took  ;  Crn,  rue,  PijEL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent;  9, '6,  soft;  €,5,  hard;  A§;  EJIST  ;  N  as  ng;  this 


MAGIAN 


MAINTENANCE 


260 


MA'Gi-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Magi. 
—  n.  One  of  the  Magi. 

MX&'IG,  rt.  [Gr.  jtxayuoj  (sc.  TeVvTj). 
See  Magi.]  Science  or  practice  of 
evoking  spirits  or  educing  the  occult 
powers  of  nature,  and  performing 
things  wonderful  by  their  aid. 

Syn.  —  Sorcery  ;  witchcraft;  necro¬ 
mancy;  conjuration;  enchantment. 

MXg'IE,  (  a.  Relating  to  magic  ; 

Mag'I€-al,  J  done  by  enchantment. 

MXfi'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  the  arts  of 
magic. 

Ma-gI'CIAN  (-jish'an),  n.  One  skilled 
in  magic  ;  a  necromancer. 

Mag'is-te'ri-al,  a.  [bat.  magiste- 
rius  ;  magister,  master.]  Pertaining 
or  appropriate  to  a  master ;  authori¬ 
tative  ;  imperious. 

Syn.  —  Dogmatical  ;  arrogant.  —  One 
who  is  magisterial,  assumes  the  air  of  a 
master  toward  his  pupils  ;  one  who  is 
dogmatical  lays  down  his  positions  in  a 
tone  of  authority  or  dictation;  one  who 
is  arrogant  insults  others  by  an  undue 
assumption  of  superiority. 

MXg'is-te'ri-al-ly,  adv.  With  the 
air  of  a  master. 

MXG'is-TRA-gY,  n.  1.  Office  or  dig¬ 
nity  of  a  magistrate.  2.  Body  of 
magistrates. 

MXg'is-trate,  n.  [Lat.  magistra- 
tus ;  magister,  master,  chief.]  A 
person  clothed  with  power  as  a  pub¬ 
lic  civil  power. 

Mag'na  -Ciiar'ta  (k'dr'ta).  [Lat., 
great  charter.]  The  great  charter 
of  English  rights,  obtained  by  the 
barons  from  King  John,  A.  D.  1215. 

MXg'na-nim'i-ty,  n.  Greatness  of 
mind ;  elevation  or  dignity  of  soul. 

Syn.  —  Generosity.  —  In  generosity 
there  is  more  of  heart  ;  in  magnanimity 
more  of  soul.  The  former  is  the  virtue 
of  an  individual,  the  latter  of  one  who  is 
elevated  by  station  or  influence.  Mag¬ 
nanimity  is  shown  not  only  by  giving, 
but  by  enduring. 

Mag-nAn'i-moEs,  a.  [Lat.  magnan- 
imus  ;  magnus,  great,  and  animus , 
mind.]  1.  Great  of  mind ;  of  lofty 
spirit.  2.  Liberal  and  honorable. 
Mag-nXn'i-moits-ly,  adv.  In  a 
magnanimous  manner. 

MXg'nate,  n.  [From  Lat.  magnus , 
great.]  A  noble  or  grandee  ;  a  per¬ 
son  of  distinction. 

MAG-NE'gi-A  (-nS'zhi-a  or  -ne'zha),  n. 
[Gr.  Acdos  MayvTjSios,  the  magnet, 
also  a  mineral  that  looked  like  sil¬ 
ver.]  An  earth  ;  the  oxide  of  mag¬ 
nesium. 

Carbonate  of  magnesia,  a  white  pul¬ 
verulent  earth  used  as  a  mild  cathartic. 

MAG-NE'siAN,  a.  Pertaining  to, con¬ 
taining,  or  resembling,  magnesia. 

Mag-ne'jsi-um  (-zhi-hm),  n.  The  me¬ 
tallic  base  of  magnesia. 

MXg'NET,  n.  [Gr.  Aidos  MayvrjTr;?, 

i.  e.,  Magnesian  stone,  fr.  Magnesia, 
in  Thessaly.]  1.  The  loadstone  ;  an 
iron  ore,  which  attracts  iron,  and, 
when  freely  suspended,  points  to  the 
poles.^  2.  Magnetized  steel  or  iron. 

Mag-n£t'ie,  1  a.  Relating  to,  or 

Mag-net'ig-al,  |  possessing  the 
properties  of,  the  magnet. 


Mag-net'I€S,  n.  sing.  Science  of 

magnetism. 

MXg'net-Ism,  n.  1.  The  force  in  na¬ 
ture  which  gives  rise  to  the  phenom¬ 
ena  exhibited  by  the  loadstone,  &c. 

2.  Science  which  treats  of  magnetic 
phenomena.  3.  Power  of  attraction. 

Animal  magnetism.  See  Mesmerism. 

MXg'net-Ize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  communicate  magnetic  proper¬ 
ties  to.  2.  To  attract  as  if  by  a 
magnet.  —  v.  i.  To  acquire  mag¬ 
netic  properties. 

MXg'net-o-e-lee-TRW'i-ty,  n. 
Electricity  evolved  by  the  action  of 
magnets. 

MXg'NET-OM'E-TER,  rt.  [Gr.  payv-q- 
rrji,  magnet,  and  /xerpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  any  of 
the  terrestrial  magnetic  elements. 

Mag-Nif'ie,  I  a.  [Lat.  magniji- 

MAG-NiF'i-e-AL,  J  cus ;  magnus,  great, 
and  facere ,  to  make.]  Grand  ;  splen¬ 
did  ;  illustrious. 

Mag-nif' i-€AT,n.  [Lat.,  it  magni¬ 
fies.]  The  song  of  the  X'irgin  Mary, 
Luke  i.  46. 

Mag-nif'i-^en^e,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  magnificent ;  pomp. 

Mag-nif'i-^ent,  a.  1.  Grand  in  ap¬ 
pearance.  2.  Exhibiting  grandeur. 

Syn.—  Splendid;  pompous:  gorgeous; 
brilliant;  imposing. 

Mag-nif'i-^ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  mag¬ 
nificent  manner.  , 

MXg'ni-fi'er,  w.  1.  One  who  mag¬ 
nifies.  2.  An  optical  instrument, 
which  increases  the  apparent  magni¬ 
tude  of  bodies. 

MXg'ni-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  magnijirare ;  magnus,  great, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  1.  To  make 
great  or  greater.  2.  To  increase  the 
power  or  glory  of ;  to  sound  the 
praises  of. 

Syn.  —  To  enlarge;  amplify;  aug¬ 
ment;  exaggerate;  exalt;  extol;  praise. 

Mag-nIi/o-quen^e,  rt.  Bombast. 

Mag-nii/o-quent,  a.  [Lat.  mag¬ 
nus,  great,  and  loquens,  speaking.] 
Speakingjoftily ;  bombastic. 

MXg'NI-tude,  rt.  [Lat.  magniludo; 
magnus,  great.]  1.  Extent  of  di¬ 
mensions  ;  bulk ;  size.  2.  Greatness  ; 
grandeur.  3.  Importance. 

Mag-no'li-a,  n.  [Named  after  Pierre 
Magnol.]  A  tree  having  large  fra¬ 
grant  flowers,  found  in  the  southern 
States. 

MXg'pie,  rt.  [From  Mag,  or  Meg, 
equiv.  to  Margaret ,  and  pie.]  A 
noisy  bird,  allied  to  the  crow,  but 
smaller,  and  snowy  white  below. 

Ma-h5g'A-NY,  rt.  [The  native  South 
American  name.]  A  tree  of  tropical 
America  and  its  hard  reddish-brown 
wood. 

Ma-hom'ed-an,  )  n.  See  Moham- 

MA-HOM'ET-AN,  )  MEDAN. 

Maid,  n.  [A.-S.  magedh,  mdgdh, 
m'dgden.  mseden.]  1.  A  virgin ;  a 
maiden.  2.  A  female  servant. 

Maid'en  (mad'n),  n.  [See  supra.]  1. 
A  maid.  2.  An  instrument  for  be¬ 


heading  criminals. —  a.  1.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  a  young  unmarried  woman.  2. 
Fresh  ;  new  ;  pure ;  virgin 

Maid'en-hEad,  ( ri.  1.  State  of  be- 

Maid'en-hood,  j  ing  a  maid  ;  vir¬ 
ginity.  2.  Freshness  ;  purity. 

Maid'en-ly,  a.  Becoming  a  maid; 
gentle ;  modest. 

Maid'-serv'ant.  w.  a  female  set- 

Mai'HEM,w.  See  Maim.  [vant. 

Maid,  n.  [Lat.  macula ,  a  spot,  a 
mesh.]  1.  De¬ 
fensive  armor 
composed  of  steel 
rings  or  plates. 

2.  Armor ;  de¬ 
fensive  covering. 

3.  [0.  H.  Ger. 
malaha,  malha,  wallet.]  A  bag  for 
letters  and  papers.  4.  Contents  of 
such  a  bag.  5.  One  who,  or  the  car¬ 
riage  which,  conveys  the  mail. —  v.t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  put  a  coat  of 
mail  upon.  2.  To  prepare  for  trans¬ 
mission  by  the  mail ;  to  post. 

Mah/A-ble,  a.  Proper  to  be  admit¬ 
ted  into  the  mail. 

Mail'-goach,  rt.  A  coach  that  con¬ 
veys  the  public  mails. 

Maim,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
mahamiare ,  prob.  of  Celtic  origin.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  use  of  a  limb. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  necessary  part. 

Syn.— To  mutilate;  mangle;  crip¬ 
ple;  disable. 

—  rt.  1.  Privation  of  the  use  of  a 
limb.  2.  Any  mutilation  or  injury. 

MAIN,  rt.  [A.-S.  magen,  magn,  from 
magan,  to  be  able.  See  May.]  1. 
Strength  ;  force  ;  might.  2.  Chief 
or  principal  part;  specifically ,  (a.) 
The  ocean,  as  distinguished  from  a 
bay,  gulf,  &c.  (b.)  The  continent, 

as  distinguished  from  an  island.  ( c. .) 
A  principal  pipe  leading  from  a  reser¬ 
voir. —  a.  1.  Mighty  ;  powerful ;  vast. 
2.  Firstin  size,  rank,  importance,  &c. 

Syn.  — Principal;  chief ;  leading;  car¬ 
dinal;  capital. 

Main'-deck,  rt.  Deck  next  below 
the  spar  deck  in  frigates. 

Main'-lXnd,  rt.  The  continent ;  — 
opposed  to  island. 

Main'ly,  adv.  1.  Chiefly;  princi¬ 
pally.  2.  Greatly  ;  mightily. 

Main'mast,  w.  The  principal  mast 

in  a  vessel.  [a  ship. 

Main'sail,  rt.  The  principal  sail  in 

Matn'spring,  n.  The  moving  spring 
of  a  watch  or  clock ;  hence,  the 
most  powerful  motive. 

Main'-stay,  rt.  Main  support ;  prin¬ 
cipal  dependence. 

Main-tain',  v.  t.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  [Fr. 
maintenir ;  main,  hand,  and  tenir, 
to  hold.]  1.  To  hold  in  any  partic¬ 
ular  state  ;  to  keep  up.  2.  To  keep 
possession  of.  3.  To  continue.  4. 
To  bear  the  expense  of.  5.  To  sup¬ 
port  by  assertion  or  argument. 

Main-tAin'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  maintained. 

Main'te-nan^e,  rt.  1.  Sustenance 
support ;  defense.  2.  Means  o.  sus¬ 
tenance. 


a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y,  long ;  X,  E,l,  6,  tf,  ¥, short;  cAre,  fXr,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n; 


MAINTOP 


MALVERSATION 


Main'top,  n.  Top  of  the  mainmast 
of  a  ship  or  brig. 

Maize,  n.  [From  mahiz  or  mahis , 
the  native  name  in  Hayti.]  A  plant 
and  its  fruit, indigenous  to  America; 
Indian  corn. 

Ma-jes'tig,  a.  Possessing  or  exhibit¬ 
ing  majesty  ;  of  imposing  grandeur. 

Syn. —  August;  splendid;  grand;  sub¬ 
lime;  magnificent;  imperial;  regal;  roy¬ 
al;  pompous;  stately;  lofty;  dignified. 

blA-JES'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.  With  maj¬ 
esty. 

Maj'es-TY,  n.  [Lat.  majestas,  fr.  0. 
Lat.  majus ,  great.]  1.  Grandeur; 
exalted  dignity.  2.  Title  of  a  king  or 
queen  [in  this  sense  taking  a  pi.]. 

Ma'JOR,  a.  [Lat.  compar.  of  magnus, 
great.]  1.  Greater  in  number,  quan¬ 
tity,  or  extent.  2.  More  important. 

—  n.  1.  (Mil.)  An  officer  next  in 
rank  above  a  captain.  2.  A  person 
of  full  age.  3.  That  premise  which 
forms  the  predicate  of  the  conclu¬ 
sion  in  a  syllogism. 

Ma/jor-do,mo,  n.  [Lat.  major , 
greater,  and  domus,  house.]  A  stew¬ 
ard.  [AL. 

MaOor-gen'er-al,  n.  See  Gener- 

Ma-jor'i-ty,  n.  [L.  Lat.  majoritas .] 
1.  Rank  of  a  major.  2.  Condition  of 
being  of  age  to  manage  one’s  own 
concerns.  3.  More  than  half. 

Syn. — Plurality.  —  In  elections,  he 
has  a  plurality  who  has  more  votes  than 
any  other  candidate  ;  he  has  a  majority 
who  has  more  than  half  the  votes  given 
for  all  the  candidates. 

Make.d.  {.  [made  ;  making.]  [A. - 
S.  macian.]  1.  To  cause  to  exist  ; 
to  produce ;  to  frame ;  to  fashion  ; 
to  create  ;  hence,  to  construct ;  to 
effect ;  to  do  ;  to  gain.  2.  To  cause 
to  be  or  become.  3.  To  esteem,  or 
represent.  4.  To  require ;  to  com¬ 
pel.  5.  To  compose  ;  to  constitute ; 
to  form.  6.  To  reach  or  arrive  at. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  tend  ;  to  proceed  ;  to 
move.  2.  Hence,  to  contribute  ;  to 
have  effect.  3.  To  increase ;  to  ac¬ 
crue.  —  n.  Structure  ;  texture ;  con¬ 
struction  ;  shape  ;  form.  [tense. 

Make'-be-lie  ve',  n.  A  mere  pre- 

Mak'er,  n.  One  who  makes,  forms, 
shapes,  or  molds;  a  manufacturer; 
often,  specifically,  the  Creator. 

Make'-shift,  n.  A  temporary  ex¬ 
pedient. 

Make'-weight  (-wat),  n.  That 
which  is  thrown  into  a  scale  to  make 
weight. 

Mal'a-€H1TE  (49),  n.  [Gr.  paAdxq, 
a  mallow  ;  —  from  its  resembling  the 
green  color  of  the  leaf.]  Native  car¬ 
bonate  of  copper. 

MXrVA-COL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  paAaKos, 
soft,  and  Ao-yo?,  discourse.]  The 
science  which  relates  to  the  struct¬ 
ure  and  habits  of  mollusks. 

Mal/ad-min-is-tra'tion,  n.  Bad 
management  of  business. 
Mal/a-droit',  a.  [Fr.]  Clumsy ; 
awkward ;  unskillful. 

MXl/a-dy,  n.  [Fr.  maladie,  fr.  Lat. 
male  aptus,  ill-fitted,  i.  e.,  indis¬ 


261 

posed.]  1.  A  lingering  or  deep-seat¬ 
ed  disease  or  sickness.  2.  A  moral 
defect  or  disorder. 

Syn. —  Disorder;  distemper;  sickness, 
ailment;  disease;  illness.  See  Disease. 

Mal'A-pert',  a.  [0.  Fr.  ill,  bad,  and 
apert,  open,  intelligent.]  Saucy ; 
forward.  —  n.  A  pert,  saucy  person. 

MAL-AP/RO-P6sf  (mal-ap'ro-pS'),  adv. 
[Fr.  mal  d  propos .]  Unseasonably ; 
unsuitably. 

Ma-la'ri-a,  n.  [It.,  fr.  mala  aria, 
bad  air.]  Air  tainted  by  deleterious 
emanations  from  organic  matter. 

MA-LA'Rl-O&s,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
infected  by,  malaria. 

MAL-eoN'FOR-MA'TlON,  n.  Imper¬ 
fect  formation  ;  ill  form. 

MAL'eoN-TENT',  n.  A  discontented 
subject  of  government.  —  a.  Discon¬ 
tented  with  the  government 

Male,  a.  [Fr.  male,  fr.  Lat.  masculus, 
male,  masculine.]  Relating  to  the 
sex  that  begets  young;  masculine. 
—  n.  An  animal  of  the  male  sex. 

Mal'e-dig'TION,  n.  Denunciation 
of  evil ;  declaration  of  a  wish  of  evil. 

Syn.  —  Curse  ;  imprecation  ;  execra¬ 
tion. —  Malediction  is  the  most  general 
term,  denoting  bitter  reproach  or  wishes 
and  predictions  of  evil.  Curse  implies 
the  desire  or  threat  of  evil,  declared  upon 
oath  or  in  the  most  solemn  manner. 
Imprecation  is  literally  the  praying 
down  of  evil  upon  a  person.  Execration 
is  literally  a  putting  under  the  ban  of 
excommunication,  a  curse  which  ex¬ 
cludes  from  the  kingdom  of  God. 

Mal'e-fae'tor,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  male- 
facere,  to  do  evil.]  One  who  com¬ 
mits  a  crime. 

Ma-lev'O-LEN^E,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  malevolent.  See  Malice. 

Ma-lev'o-lent,  a.  [Lat.  malevo- 
lens  ;  male ,  ill,  and  volens,  disposed.] 
Wishing  evil ;  disposed  to  injure 
others. 

Syn.  —  Evil-minded;  resentful;  mali¬ 
cious;  malignant;  rancorous. 

Ma-lev'o-i,ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  ma¬ 
levolent  manner. 

MAL-FEA'gANCE,  n.  [Fr.  malfais- 
ance.  See  MALEFACTOR.]  Evil 
conduct ;  illegal  deed. 

MalTor-MA'tion,  n.  Irregular  for¬ 
mation  or  structure. 

Mal'KJE,  n.  [Lat.  malitia;  malus, 
bad,  ill.]  Unprovoked  malignity  or 
spite. 

Syn.  —  Malevolence  ;  malignity.  — 
There  is  the  same  difference  between 
malevolence  and  malice  as  between  wish¬ 
es  and  intentions.  A  malevolent  man  de¬ 
sires  to  see  others  unhappy,  and  rejoices 
when  they  are  so  ;  a  malicious  man  is 
habitually  bent  upon  injuring  others 
without  cause.  Malignity  goes  further; 
it  is  not  only  bent  on  evil,  but  loves  it 
for  its  own  sake. 

Ma-li'cious  (-lish'us),  a.  1.  Indulg¬ 
ing  or  exercising  malice.  2.  Pro¬ 
ceeding  from  hatred  or  malice. 

Ma-li'cious-ly  (-llslPus-), adv.  With 
malice,  enmity,  or  ill-will. 

Ma-lign'  (-lin/),  a.  [Lat.  malignus, 
for  maligenvs ,  of  a  bad  kind  or  na¬ 
ture.]  1.  Having  a  very  evil  dispo¬ 
sition  ;  malignant ;  malicious.  2. 


Unfavorable  ;  pernicious.  —  v.  t 
[-ED  ;  -ING:]  To  traduce  ;  to  vilify. 

Ma-lIg'NAN-^Y,  n.  1.  Extreme  ma¬ 
levolence  ;  malice.  2.  Virulence; 
tendency  to  mortification. 

Ma-lig'nant,  a.  [Lat.  malignans, 
doing  maliciously.]  1.  Disposed  to 
do  harm,  or  cause  distress.  2.  Per¬ 
nicious  ;  heinous.  3.  Tending  to 
produce  death. 

Syn.— Malicious  ;  malevolent;  bitter; 
rancorous:  spiteful;  resentful;  envious; 
malign.  See  Malicious. 

Ma-lig'nant-ly,  adv.  With  extreme 
malevolence. 

Ma-l’ign'er  (ma-luPer),  n.  One  who 
maligns ;  a  traducer  ;  a  defamer. 

Ma-lig'ni-ty,  n.  1.  Extreme  malev¬ 
olence  ;  virulent  enmity.  2.  Deadly 
quality^ 

Ma-lIn'ger,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
malingre ,  sickly,  weakly.]  To  feign 
illness  or  to  protract  disease,  in  order 
to  avoid  duty. 

Mal'i-§on  (-zn),  n.  [0.  Fr.,  contract¬ 
ed  fr.  malediction .]  Malediction. 

Mall  (mawl),  n.  [Lat.  malleus .]  A 
large  wooden  beetle ;  a  maul.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  beat  with  a  mall ; 
to  maul. 

Mall  (m&l),  n.  [Orig.  a  walk  where 
they  played  with  malls  and  balls.] 
A  level,  shaded  public  walk. 

Mal'lard,  n.  [Fr.  malart,  fr.  mhle, 
male,  and  the  termination  art ,  ard. ] 
The  common  duck  in  its  wild  state. 

Mal'le-a-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  malleable. 

Mal'le-A-ble,  a.  [From  Low  Lat. 
mallear e.]  Capable  of  being  drawn 
out  and  extended  by  beating. 

MAL'LE-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  malleare,  -atum ;  Lat.  malleus , 
a  hammer.]  To  draw  into  a  plate  or 
leaf  by  beating. 

Mal'le-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  beating 
into  a  plate  or  leaf. 

Mal'let,  n.  [Fr .maillet.  See  Mall.] 
A  wooden  hammer  for  driving  the 
chiseL 

Mal'LOW,  \  n.  [A.-S .mealwe,  main, 

Mal'lows,  )  from  Lat.  malva.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Malva. 

Malm'sey,  (manPzy),  n.  [0.  Eng. 
malvesie,  from  Malvasia,  in  the 
Morea.]  A  sort  of  grape;  also,  a 
kind  of  sweet  wine. 

MAL-PRAC'tI'CE  ,  n.  Professional  mis¬ 
conduct  of  a  physician. 

Malt,  n.  [A.-S.  meltan ,  to  melt, 
cook.]  Barley,  or  other  grain,  steeped 
in  water  till  it  germinates,  and  then 
dried  in  a  kiln.  It  is  used  in  brew¬ 
ing.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make 
into  malt.  —  v.  i.  To  become  malt. 

Malt'MAN  (149),  n.  A  man  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  malt. 

Mal-treat',  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
treat  ill ;  to  abuse.  [abuse. 

Mal-treat'MENT,  n.  Ill  treatment ; 

Malt'ster,  n.  A  maltman. 

MXlWer-sa'tion,  n.  [Lat.  male,  ill, 
and  versatio ,  from  versari ,  to  move 
about,  to  occupy  one’s  self.]  Cor¬ 
ruption  or  extortion  in  office. 


MAMALUKE 


MANKIND 


262 


MXm'A-LUKE,  1  n.  [Ar.  mamlilk,  a 

MXm'e-luke,  j  purchased  slave  or  a 
captive.]  One  of  the  former  mount¬ 
ed  soldiery  of  Egypt. 

MAM-mX',  n.  Mother  ;  —  a  word  of 
tenderness  and  familiarity,  used 
chiefly  by  young  children. 

MXm'MAL.m.  [Lat.  mammalis,  belong¬ 
ing  to  the  breast;  mamma,  breast.] 
An  animal  of  the  highest  class  of 
vertebrates,  characterized  by  the  fe¬ 
male  suckling  its  young. 

M-AM-ma' li-a,  n.  pi.  [See  supra.]  A 
class  of  animals,  comprehending  the 
mammals. 

MXm'MA-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
breasts  or  paps. 

MXm'MI-fEr,  n.  [Lat.  mamma ,  the 
breast,  and  fen-t,  to  bear.]  A  mam¬ 
mal. 

MAM-MlF'ER-oiHs,  a.  Having  breasts  ; 
nourishing  the  young  by  suckling. 

MXm'mil-la-RY,  a.  [Lat.  mammilla, 
dim.  of  mamma ,  breast,  pap.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  paps. 

MXm'MON,  n.  [Chald.  mammon, 
treasury.]  Riches ;  wealth ;  also,  the 
god  of  riches. 

MXm'MOTH,  n.  [Russ,  mamont ,  from 
Tartar  mamma,  the  earth,  because 
it  was  thought  that  this  animal 
worked  its  way  in  the  earth  like  a 
mole.]  An  extinct  elephant.  —  a. 
Very  large ;  gigantic. 

MXn,  71. ;  pi.  MEN.  [A.-S.  mann,  man  ; 
Skr.  mail,  to  think.]  1.  A  human 
being.  2.  An  adult  male  person.  3. 
The  human  race;  sometimes,  the 
male  part  of  the  race.  4.  One  of 
manly  strength  or  virtue.  5.  A  male 
attendant.  6.  A  husband.  7.  A 
piece  with  which  a  game  is  played.  — 
Man-of-rvar,  a  first-class  ship  of  war. 

—  v.t.  [-NED;  -NING.]  1.  To  sup¬ 
ply  with  men.  2.  To  furnish  with 
strength  for  action  ;  to  fortify. 

MXn'A-€LE,  n.  [Lat.  manicula ;  ma- 
nus,  hand.]  A  handcuff  ;  a  shackle. 

—  v.t.  [-ED ;  -1NG.]  To  put  hand¬ 
cuffs  on  ;  to  shackle. 

MXn'age,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [From 
Lat.  mansio,  habitation.]  1.  To  have 
under  control  and  direction.  2.  To 
guide  by  careful  or  delicate  treat¬ 
ment.  3.  To  train,  as  a  horse.  —  v.  i. 
To  conduct  affairs. 

MXn'age-a-blEjO,  1.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  managed.  2.  Easily  made  sub¬ 
servient  to  one’s  views  or  designs. 

MXn'AGE-ment,  n.  1.  Act  or  man¬ 
ner  of  treating,  directing,  or  carry¬ 
ing  on.  2.  Cunning  practice.  3. 
Board  of  managers. 

AIXn'A-ger,  n.  1.  One  who  manages  ; 
a  conductor  or  director.  2.  A  good 
economist. 

MXnch'i-neel/  (mSntclP-),  n.  [From 
Lat.  malum  Matianum ,  a  kind  of 
apple,  because  its  fruit  resembles  an 
apple.]  A  poisonous  tree  of  the 
YVest  Indies. 

Man-DA'mus,  n.  [Lat.,  we  com¬ 
mand.]  A  writ  from  asuperior  court, 
commanding  the  performance  of 
some  specified  duty. 


MXn/da-rin',  n.  [Skr.  inantrin,  a 
counselor.]  A  Chinese  public  oflicer. 

MXn'da-ta-ry,  n.  [Lat.  mandata- 
rius ;  mandatinn ,  a  charge.]  One  to 
whom  a  command  or  charge  is  given. 

Man'date,  n.  An  official  or  author¬ 
itative  command.  [command. 

MXn'DA-to-ry  (50),  a.  Containing  a 

Man'di-ble,  71.  [Lat.  mandibulum ; 
mandere,  to  chew.]  The  lower  jaw 
of  vertebrates  ;  — also  applied  to  des¬ 
ignate  both  jaws  of  birds,  and  the 
upper  pair  in  invertebrates. 

Man-dib'u-lar,  a.  Belonging  to  the 
jaw,  or  mandible. 

MXn'DRAKE,  71.  [Gr.  pavSpayopas.] 
A  low  plant,  having  a  fleshy  root, 
often  forked. 

Man’drel,  n.  [Gr.  pavSpa,  an  in¬ 
closed  space.]  1.  A  bar  of  metal  in¬ 
serted  in  the  work  to  hold  it  as  in  a 
lathe.  2.  The  spindle  which  carries 
the  center-chuck  of  a  lathe. 

Mane,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  7nana.\  The 
long  hair  on  the  neck  of  some  quad¬ 
rupeds. 

Ma-NEGE'  (ma-nazlp),  a.  [Fr.  manege, 
fr.  L.  Lat.  7nanagium,  management.] 
1.  Art  of  horsemanship,  or  of  train¬ 
ing  horses.  2.  A  school  for  teach¬ 
ing  horsemanship,  &c. 

Ma'nes,  7i.  pi.  [Lat.,  fr.  0.  Lat.  ma- 
nus ,  good.]  {Rom.  Myth.)  Souls  of 
the  departed. 

Ma-neu'ver,  I  n.  [Fr.  manceuv^e, 

Ma-nceu'vre,  )  L.  Lat.  ma7iopera, 
lit.  hand- work.]  1.  An  evolution,  or 
change  of  position,  among  troops  or 
ships.  2.  Adroit  proceeding  ;  strata¬ 
gem.  —  r.  i.  [-ED  ;  -1NG.J  1.  To  make 
an  evolution.  2.  To  manage  with 
address.  —  v.  t.  To  change  the  posi¬ 
tions  of,  as  troops  or  ships. 

Ma-neu'ver-er,  )  n.  One  who  ma- 

Ma-nceu'vrer,  )  neuvers. 

MXn'ful,  a.  Showing  manliness,  or 
manly  spirit.  [ner. 

MXn'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manful  man- 

MXn/GA-nese',  7i.  [Corrupt,  fr.  Lat. 
magnes,  magnet,  because  of  its  re¬ 
semblance  to  the  magnet.]  A  very 
hard  metal  of  a  dusky  white  color. 

Mange,  n.  [Fr.  manger,  to  eat.]  The 
itch  in  cattle,  dogs,  &c. 

MXN'G-EL-wuR'Zi'L  (mSng/gl-wffr'- 
zl),  n.  [From  Ger.  mangold ,  beet, 
mangold  wtirzel,  beet-root.]  A  plant 
of  the  ordinary  beet  kind. 

Manager,  n.  [Fr.  matigeoire ,  from 
manger,  to  eat.]  A  trough  or  box  in 
which  fodder  is  put  for  cattle. 

Man'gi-ness,  71.  Condition  of  being 
mangy  ;  scabbiness. 

MXn'gle,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
be-mancian,  to  maim.]  1.  To  hack, 
as  flesh  ;  to  lacerate  ;  to  mutilate.  2. 
To  take  by  piecemeal.  3.  To  smooth 
with  a  mangle,  as  linen. — n.  [Gr. 

pdyyavov ,  axis  of  a  pulley.]  A  roll¬ 
ing-press  for  smoothing  linen. 

MXn'go,  n.  [Malay.  7nangga.]  1.  The 
fruit  of  a  tree,  of  the  East  Indies, 
often  pickled.  2.  A  green  musk- 
melon  pickled. 

MXn'grove,  n.  [Malay,  manggi- 


manggi .]  A  tropical  tree,  forming 
dense  forests. 

MAN'GY,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  In¬ 
fected  with  the  mange ;  scabby. 

Man'hood,  7i.  [Eng.  ma7\,  and  suffix 
hood.)  1.  State  of  being  man.  2. 
Manly  quality  ;  courage  ;  resolution. 

Ma'ni-a,  7i.  [Gr.  pavia.]  1.  Violent 
derangement  of  mind  ;  madness.  2. 
Excessive  or  unreasonable  desire. 

Ma'ni-Xg,  a.  Raving  with  madness  ; 
mad.  —  7i.  One  raving  with  mad¬ 
ness  ;  a  madman.  [ness. 

Ma-ni'ag-al,  a.  Affected  with  mad- 

MXn'i-ghe'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Manichees. 

MXn'i-€HE'AN,  )  n.  A  follower  of 

MXn'i-chee,  )  Manes,  a  Persian, 
who  held  that  there  are  tw  o  supreme 
principles  —  light ,  author  of  all  good, 
and  darkness,  author  of  all  evil. 

MXn'I-fest,  a.  [Lat.  ma7iifestus.] 
Clearly  visible  to  the  eye ;  obvious  to 
the  understanding. 

Syn.  —  Clear;  evident;  plain;  obvious. 
—  What  is  clear  can  be  seen  in  all  its 
bearings;  what  is  plain  can  be  seen  by 
any  man  without  study  or  reflection; 
what  is  obvious  lies  directly  in  our  way, 
and  must  be  seen  by  every  one;  what  is 
evident,  is  seen  forciby,  and  leaves  no 
hesitation  on  the  mind;  what  is  manifest 
is  evident  in  every  high  decree,  striking 
upon  the  mind  at  once  with  overpower¬ 
ing  conviction. 

—  7i.  An  invoice  of  a  ship’s  cargo,  to 
be  exhibited  at  the  custom-house.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  show  plainly. 
2.  To  exhibit  prepared  invoices  of,  at 
the  custom-house. 

MXn'i-fes-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  man¬ 
ifesting  or  disclosing ;  exhibition  ; 
display;  revelation.  [dently. 

Man'I-FEST-ly,  adv.  Clearly;  evi- 

MXn'i-fes'to,  n. ;  pi.  mXn'i-fes'- 
toe§.  A  public  declaration,  usually 
of  a  sovereign  or  ruler,  showing  his 
intentions. 

Man'I-fold,  a.  [Eng.  many  and 
fold.]  1.  Various  in  kind  or  qual¬ 
ity  ;  numerous.  2.  Exhibited  at  di¬ 
vers  times  or  in  various  ways. 

MXn'I-kIn,  7i.  [Eng.  man  and  dim. 
suffix  kin.]  An  artificial  preparation 
exhibiting  the  different  parts  of  the 
human  body. 

MA'ni-oc,  n.  [Braz.  7nandioca.]  1.  The 
plant  from  which  cassava  and  tapioca 
are  prepared.  2.  The  cassava  itself. 

Man'i-ple,  n.  [Lat.  manipulus, 
maniplus,  a  handful.]  1.  A  hand¬ 
ful.  2.  A  small  band  of  soldiers.  3. 
A  kind  of  scarf  worn  by  Roman 
Catholic  priests. 

Ma-nip'u-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
maniple,  or  company. 

Ma-nip'u-late,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[L.  Lat.  manipulare ,  - latum ,  to  lead 
by  the  hand.]  To  treat,  work,  or  op¬ 
erate  with  the  hands. 

Ma-nip'u-LA'TION,  ti.  Act  of  manip¬ 
ulating  ;  use  of  the  hands  in  an  ar¬ 
tistic  or  skillful  manner,  [nipulates. 

Ma-nip'TJ-EA'tor,  n.  One  who  ma- 

Man-kTnd'  (72),  n.  1.  The  human 
race  ;  man.  2.  Men  as  distinguished 
from  women. 


MANLINESS 


263 


MARINE 


MXn'li-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
manly. 

MXn'ly,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  [From 
man  and  ly.]  Having  qualities  be¬ 
coming  a  man  ;  firm  ;  brave  ;  un¬ 
daunted  ;  dignified ;  noble  ;  stately. 

S v x .  —  Manful.  — Manful  refers  to  vig¬ 
or  and  resolution  as  attributes  of  our 
race,  and  is  opposed  to  weak  or  coward¬ 
ly;  manly  has  reference  to  maturity  of 
years  or  elevation  of  spirit,  and  is  op¬ 
posed  to  puerile  or  mean.  Hence  we 
speak  of  a  man  ful  endurance  of  evil,  and 
of  manly  conduct  or  deportment. 

MXn'-mid'wTfe,  n.  A  man  who 
practices  obstetrics. 

MXn'na,  n.  [Heb.  man ,  gift,  manan , 
to  bestow.]  1.  A  substance  miracu¬ 
lously  furnished  as  food  for  the  Is¬ 
raelites  in  the  wilderness.  2.  A  sweet¬ 
ish  secretion  from  many  trees. 

MXn'ner,  n.  [Lat.  manarius,  from 
manus,  the  hand.]  1.  Mode  of  r.c- 
tion.  2.  Characteristic  mode  of  act¬ 
ing  ;  habitual  style  ;  behavior ;  de¬ 
portment ;  habit.  3.  Certain  degree 
or  measure.  4.  Sort ;  kind  ;  style. 

Svn.  —  See  Method. 

MXn'ner-Ism,  n.  Adherence  to  a  pe¬ 
culiar  style  or  manner,  [mannerism. 

MXn'ner-ist,  n.  One  addicted  to 

MXn'NER-LY,  a.  Showing  good  man¬ 
ners  ;  civil ;  respectful.  [line. 

MXn'nish,  a.  Like  a  man  ;  mascu- 

Ma-n<hu'vre,  n.  See  Maneuver. 

MXn'-of-war',  n.  A  government 
vessel  employed  in  war. 

MXn'OR,  n.  [0.  Fr.  manoir ,  maner , 
habitation,  fr.  Lat.  manrre,  to  stay, 
dwell.]  The  land  belonging  to  a  lord 
or  nobleman. 

MXn'or-house,  n.  The  house  be¬ 
longing  to  a  manor.  [a  manor. 

Ma-no'ri-ae  J89),  a.  Pertaining  to 

MXn'sard-roof,  n.  [So  called  from 
its  inventor.]  A  kind  of  roof  formed 
with  an  upper  and  under  set  of  raf¬ 
ters.  See  Roof. 

MXnse,  n.  [Low  Lat.  mansa.  Cf. 
Mansion.]  1.  A  house  ;  especially, 
a  p  irsonage-house.  2.  A  farm. 

MXn'sion,  n.  [Lat.  mansio ,  a  re¬ 
maining,  a  dwelling,  from  manere , 
mansurn ,  to  stay,  dwell.]  A  house  ; 
esp.,  one  of  some  size  or  pretension. 

MXn'slaugh-ter  (-slaw-ter),  n.  The 
unlawful  killing  of  a  man  without 
malice. 

MXn'tel  (maWtl),  n.  The  work,  or  a 
narrow  shelf,  over  the  fire-place. 

MXn'tee-ET,  n.  [Fr.  mantelet ,  dim. 
of  0.  Fr.  mantel.  See  Mantle.]  A 
small  cloak  worn  by  women. 

MXn't  el-piece,  \ 

M Xn'tel-siie’lf,  (  n.  See  Mantel. 

Man'tel-tree,  ) 

Man-til'la,  n.  [See  Mantle]  A 
ladv’s  cloak  of  silk  or  velvet. 

M.Xn'tle  (man'tl),  n.  [Lat.  mantel- 
lum,  mantelum.]  1.  A  loose  gar¬ 
ment  to  be  worn  over  others  ;  hence, 
a  concealing  envelope.  2.  A  mantel. 
[See Mantel.]  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  cover  or  envelop ;  to  cloak  ;  to 
hide.  —  v -  ?.  1.  To  rise  and  spread  ; 


to  expand.  2.  To  become  covered 
on  the  surface. 

n.  A  mantel.  See 
Mantel. 

MXn'TU-a  (man'tu-a  or  mXn/tu),  n. 
[Either  fr.  Fr.  manteau,  or  fr.  Man¬ 
tua.  in  Italy.  See  Mantle.]  A 
woman’s  gown  or  dress. 

MXn'tua-MAKTr  (man'tu-mak/er), 
n.  A  ladies’  dressmaker. 

MXn'u-AL  ,  a.  [Lat.  manualis ;  manus , 
the  hand.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  per¬ 
formed  by,  the  hand.  2.  Used  or 
made  by  hand.  —  n.  1.  A  small 
book,  such  as  may  be  conveniently 
handled.  2.  Service-book  of  the  Ro¬ 
man  Catholic  church.  3.  Key-board 
of  an  organ  or  harmonium. 

MXn'u-fXc'to-ry,  n.  [Lat.  manus , 
the  hand,  and  factorium,  a  place 
where  something  is  made,  from  fac¬ 
tor ,  a  maker,  from  facere,  factum,  to 
make.]  A  house  or  place  where  any 
thing  is  manufactured  ;  a  factory. 

MXn'u-fact'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat.  ma¬ 
nus,  the  hand,  and  factura,  a  mak¬ 
ing.]  1.  Operation  cf  making  any 
wares,  by  the  hands,  by  art,  or  ma¬ 
chinery.  2.  Any  thing  made  from 
raw  materials.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING]. 
1.  To  make  or  fabricate  from  raw 
materials.  2.  To  work  into  suitable 
forms  for  use.  [manufactures. 

MXn'U-fXct'UR-ER,  n.  One  who 

MXnW-mis'sion  (-nnsh'un),  n.  Act 
of  manumitting 

MXn'u-mit'  (110),  V.  t.  [-TED  ; 
-TTNG.]  [La1,  manumittcre  ;  manus, 
the  hand,  and  mittere,  to  send  off.] 
To  relea.se  from  slavery. 

Ma-nure',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Contr. 
fr.  manoeuvre.]  To  enrich  by  appli¬ 
cation  of  a  fertilizing  substance.  — 
n.  Any  fertilizing  substance. 

MXn'u-S€RIPT,  a.  Written  with  the 
hand  ;  not  printed.  —  n.  [Lat.  ma¬ 
nus,  the  hand,  and  scribere,  scrip- 
turn,  to  write.]  A  book  or  paper 
written  with  the  hand. 

Man'y  (men'y),  a.  [more  ;  MOST.] 
[A.-S.  manig,  menig.]  Comprising 
a  great  number  of  individuals. 

Srx. —  Numerous  ;  frequent  ;  mani¬ 
fold;  various;  divers;  sundry. 

—  n.  A  great  number  ;  a  crowd. 

Map,  n.  [Lat.  mappa ,  napkin,  signal- 
cloth.]  A  delineation  of  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  or  of  any  part  of  it ;  a 
chart.  — v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  To 
delineate,  as  the  figure  of  any  por¬ 
tion  of  land.  [species. 

Ma'ple  ,  n.  A  genus  of  tree  of  several 

Mar,  v.  t.  [-red  ;  -ring.]  [A.-S. 
merran,  to  obstruct,  dissipate.]  1. 
To  injure  by  making  defective ;  to 
damage ;  to  hurt.  2.  To  impair  the 
good  looks  of ;  to  disfigure.  —  n.  A 
blemish  made  by  bruising,  scratch¬ 
ing,  &c. ;  an  injury. 

MXr'a-nXth'a,  or  Mar-a-na'tha, 

j  n.  [Syriac.]  The  Lord  comes,  or 
has  come,  —  a  word  used  in  anathe¬ 
matizing  persons. 

MAr' as-chi’no  (-k5/no),  n.  [It., 


MXn'tle-pie^e,  . 
Man'tle-shelf,  i 
MXn'tle-tree,  7 


mamsca,  a  sour  cherry.]  A  delicate 
spirit  distilled  from  cherries. 

MA-RA>f  MUS,  n.  [Gr.  juapaerjuds.] 
A  wasting  of  flesh  without  apparent 
disease ;  atrophy. 

Ma-raud',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr.  ma¬ 
rauder,  fr.  marau 7,  rascal,  Lat.  male 
ruptus,  badly  broken,  debauched.] 
To  rove  in  quest  of  plunder. 

Ma-raud'er,  n.  A  rover  in  quest 
of  booty  or  plunder. 

Mar'ble,  n.  [Gr.  ju.dpp.apos,  fr.  pap- 
paipeiv,  to  sparkle  ]  1.  Calcareous 
stone,  of  a  compact  texture.  2.  A 
thing  made  of,  or  resembling,  mar¬ 
ble  ;  esp.,  a  little  ball  used  as  a  play¬ 
thing  by  children.  —  v.t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  stain  or  vein  like  marble. 

Marc,  n.  [Fr.]  Refuse  matter  from 
the  pressure  of  grapes,  &c. 

Mar-CES'CENT,  a.  [Lat.  marcescens, 
withering.]  Drooping;  fading. 

March,  n.  1.  [Fr.  ;  Lat.  Martius,  be¬ 
longing  to  Mars,  the  god  of  war.] 
Third  month  of  the  year.  2.  Mili¬ 
tary  progress.  3.  Measured  and  reg¬ 
ular  advance,  as  of  soldiers.  4.  A 
piece  of  music  to  march  by.  5.  Dis¬ 
tance  passed  over.  6.  [A.-S.  mearc, 
mark,  boundary  ;  allied  to  Lat.  mar- 
go,  margin.  See  Mark.]  Frontier 
of  a  territory  ;  a  confine.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Orig.,  to  go  to  the 
boundary  to  defend  it.  See  March, 
n.]  1.  To  move,  by  steps  and  in  or¬ 

der,  as  soldiers.  2.  To  walk  in  a  de¬ 
liberate  or  stately  manner. — v.  t. 
To  cause  to  move  in  military  array. 

Mar'^iiion-ess  (-shun-1,  n.  [L.  Lat. 
marchionissa,  fr.  marchio,  marquis.] 
Wife  or  widow  of  a  marquis. 

Mar'CID,  a.  [Lat.  marcidus.]  Pin¬ 
ing  ;  wasted  away  ;  lean. 

Mak-CID'i-ty,  n.  Great  leanness. 

Mare,  n.  [A.-S.  mere,  from  mear, 
mearli ,  horse.]  Female  of  the  horse. 

Mare's  nest,  any  thing  very  absurd  or 
ludicrous,  or  a  hoax. 

Mare'sciial  (marshal),  n.  [0.  Fr.] 
A  marshal. 

Marge,  n.  A  margin. 

Mar'GIN,  n.  [Lat.  margo,  marginis.] 
1.  Border ;  edge ;  verge.  2.  The 
part  of  a  page  at  the  edge  left  un¬ 
covered  in  writing  or  printing.  3. 
Difference  between  the  price  and  sale 
of  an  article,  or  between  actual  and 
estimated  cost. — v.  t.  [-El);  -ING.] 
1.  To  furnish  with  a  margin  ;  to  bor¬ 
der  ;  to  leave  room  to  be  filled  up  by 
anticipated  profits.  2.  To  enter  in 
the  margin  of  a  page. 

Mar'GIN-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
margin.  2.  Inserted  in  the  margin. 

Mar'grave,  n.  [Ger.  markgraf  i.  c., 
lord  chief  justice  of  the  march.  Sco 
March.]  A  German  nobleman  of 
a  rank  equivalent  to  that  of  an  En¬ 
glish  marquis.  [grave. 

Mar'gra-vine,  n.  Wife  of  a  mar- 

Mar'i-gold,  n.  [From  Mary  and 
gold.]  A  plant  with  a  yellow  flower. 

MA-rine',  a.  [Lat.  marinus  ;  mare, 
the  sea.]  Pertaining  to  the  sea,  or 
to  naval  affairs  ;  naval ;  nautical.  — 


OR, do,  WOLF,  Too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  q,G,soft ;  -e,G,  hard;  As;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


MARINER 

n.  1.  A  soldier  serving  on  ship¬ 
board.  2.  Naval  economy  ;  the  col¬ 
lective  shipping  of  a  country. 

Mak'I-ner,  n.  A  seaman  or  sailor. 

Ma/RI-ol'A-try,  n.  [Gr.  Mapi'a,  Ma¬ 
ry,  and  Aarpei'a,  worship.]  Worship 
of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

MXr'I-tal,  a.  [Lat.  maritalis ;  ma- 
ritus,  a  married  man.]  Pertaining 
to  a  husband. 

MXr'I-TIME,  a.  [Lat.  maritimus  ; 
mare,  the  sea.]  1.  Bordering  on,  or 
connected  with,  the  sea.  2.  Relat¬ 
ing  to  navigation. 

Syn.  —  Marine.  —  Maritime  denotes 
primarily,  “  bordering  on  the  sea,”  as  a 
maritime  town,  coast,  nation,  &c.,  and 
secondarily,  “belonging  to  those  who 
border  on  the  sea,”  as  maritime  laws, 
rights,  pursuits,  &e.  Marine  denotes, 
primarily,  “  of  or  pertaining  to  the  sea,” 
as  a  marine  shell,  marine  productions, 
&c.;  and  secondarily,  “transacted  at 
sea,”  as  marine  service;  or  “  doing  duty 
on  the  sea,”  as  marine  forces,  &c. 

Mar'JO-RAM,  n.  [L.  Lat.  majoraca, 
fr.  Gr.  d,udpax or.]  A  plant  of  sev¬ 
eral  species,  one  of  which  is  very 
aromatic  and  fragrant. 

Mark,  n.  [A.-S.  mearc .]  1.  A  line, 
point,  or  figure,  made  on  any  thing  ; 
a  trace.  2.  A  significative  token.  3. 
Distinguished  pre-eminence.  4.  A 
character  made,  instead  of  signature, 
by  one  who  can  not  write.  5.  A  thing 
aimed  at.  6.  A  characteristic  or  es¬ 
sential  attribute. 

Syn.  — Impress;  impression  ;  stamp  ; 
vestige;  characteristic;  token;  badge. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  make 
a  visible  sign  upon.  2.  To  give  at¬ 
tention  to  ;  to  remark.  —  v.  i.  To 
take  particular  notice  ;  to  note. 

Mark'ER,  n.  One  who  marks. 

Mar'KET,  n.  [Lat.  mercatus ;  merx, 
mercis,  merchandise.]  1.  A  public 
place  where  provisions  or  cattle  are 
exposed  to  sale.  2.  A  town,  region, 
&c.,  where  there  is  a  demand  for  an 
article  ;  hence,  demand  and  sale,  or 
exchange. — v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
buy  or  seil ;  to  make  bargains. 

Mar'ket-a-ble  ,  a.  Fit  to  be  offered 
for  sale  ;  salable.  [well. 

Marks'MAN  (149),  n.  One  who  shoots 

Marl,  n.  [L.  Lat.  margila ,  IV.  marl.] 
A  mixed  earthy  substance,  consisting 
of  carbonate  of  lime,  clay,  and  sili- 
cious  sand. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
overspread  or  manure  with  marl. 

Marl-A'CEoEjs,  a.  Resembling  marl, 
or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

Mar'LINE,  n.  [Of  uncertain  deriva¬ 
tion.]  A  small  line  composed  of  two 
strands,  a  little  twisted,  used  for 
winding  round  cables,  &c. — v.  t.  To 
Avind  marline  around. 

Mar'lIne-spike,  n.  A  tool  to 
separate  the  strands  of 
rope,  in  splicing. 

Marl'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.] 
Consisting  of,  or  resembling, 
or  abounding  with,  marl. 

Mar'ma-lade,  n.  [Gr.  /ueAi- 
p.y\ov,  a  sweet  apple  ;  /ae'A.i, 
honey,  prj\ov,  apple.]  A 


Mar¬ 

line- 

spikes. 


264 

pastry  preserve  made  of  the  pulp  of 
any  of  the  firmer  fruits,  as  the 
quince,  pear,  &c. 

Mar-mo're-AL  I  (124),  a.  [Lat.  mar- 

MAR-MO'RE-AN  )  tnoreus ;  marmor, 
marble.]  Of,  or  like,  marble. 

MXr'MO-set7,  n.  [Fr.  marmouset,  an 
ugly  little  boy.]  A  small  monkey, 
much  resembling  a  squirrel. 

Mar'MOT,  n.  [Lat.  mus  montanus , 
i.  e.,  mountain-mouse.]  A  rodent, 
of  about  the  size  of  the  rabbit. 

Ma-roon',  n.  [From  Sp.  cimarron, 
wild,  unruly.]  A  fugitive  slave  liv¬ 
ing  on  the  mountains  in  the  West 
Indies. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  put 
ashore  on  a  desolate  isle,  for  some 
crime. — a.  [Fr.  marron,  chestnut- 
colored.]  Brownish-crimson. — n.  A 
brownish-crimson  or  claret  color. 

Mar'plot,  n.  One  who  officiously 
interferes,  and  so  mars  or  defeats  a 
design. 

Marque  (mark),  n.  [Sec  Mark.]  A 
license  to  pass  the  limits  of  a  juris¬ 
diction,  and  make  reprisals. 

Letters  of  marque,  a  license  to  make 
reprisals  at  sea  on  the  subjects  of  another 
government. 

Mar-QUEE'  (-ko7),  n.  A  large  field- 
tent. 

Mar'quess  (-kwess),  n.  S«e  Marquis. 

Mar'QUET-ry  (-ket-),  n.  [Fr.  mar- 
queterie,  fr.  marque,  mark,  sign.] 
Work  inlaid  with  different  pieces  of 
colored  wood,  shells,  &c. 

MAR'QUIS  (-kwis),  n.  [Fr. ,  fr.  Ger. 
mark,  bound,  inarch.]  A  nobleman, 
of  a  rank  next  below  that  of  duke. 

Mar'QUIS-ATE,  n.  Dignity  or  lord- 
ship  of  a  marquis. 

Mar'riage  (mar'rij),  n.  Act  of  mar¬ 
rying,  or  state  of  being  married. 

Syn.  —  Matrimony;  wedlock.  —  Mar- 
riageis  properly  the  act  which  unites  the 
two  parties,  and  matrimony  the  state  in¬ 
to  which  they  enter.  Marriage  is,  how¬ 
ever,  often  used  for  the  state  as  well  as 
the  act. 

Mar'riage-A-ble  (-rij-),  a.  Of  an 
age  suitable  for  marriage. 

Mar'RIED,  a.  Formed  by  marriage  ; 
conjugal;  connubial. 

Mar'r5w,  n.  [A.-S.  mearg ,  mearh.) 

1.  A  soft  substance  in  the  cavities 
of  bones.  2.  Essence  ;  best  part. 

Mar'ROW-bone,  n.  1.  A  bone  con¬ 
taining  marrow.  2.  pi.  [ Marybones , 
in  allusion  to  the  genuflections  made 
to  the  Virgin  Mary.]  The  knees. 

Mar'row-fat,  n.  A  rich  kind  of  pea. 

Mar'ROW-y,  a.  Full  of  marrow. 

MXr'ry,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
maritare ;  maritus,  husband.]  1. 
To  unite  in  matrimony.  2.  To  give 
away  as  wife.  3.  To  take  for  hus¬ 
band  or  wife.  — v.  i.  To  enter  into 
the  conjugal  state. 

Mars,  n.  1.  (Myth.)  The  god  of  war. 

2.  One  of  the  planets. 

Marsh,  n.  [A.-S.  mersc,  fr.  mere, 
mare,  sea,  lake.]  Low  land,  often 
covered  with  water  ;  fen  ;  morass. 

Marshal,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  marah- 
scalc ;  marah,  horse,  and  scale,  serv¬ 
ant.]  An  officer  of  high  rank, 


MARTYROLOGY 

charged  with  the  arrangement  of 
ceremonies,  the  conduct  of  opera¬ 
tions,  &c.  ;  specifically ,  (a.)  (France.) 
The  highest  military  officer,  (b.)  A 
kind  of  sheriff,  whose  duty  it  is  to 
execute  the  process  of  the  courts  of 
the  United  States. — v.  t.  [-ED, 
-ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING,  139.]  1.  Tc 

dispose  in  order ;  to  arrange  suitably. 
2.  To  lead  as  a  harbinger. 

Mar'shal-shIP,  n.  Office  of  a  mar¬ 
shal.  _  [mon  in  marshes. 

Marsii'-mal'low,  n.  A  plant  com- 

Marsii'y,  a.  Resembling,  or  pertain¬ 
ing  to,  a  marsh  ;  boggy  ;  fenny. 

Mar-SU'PI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  papcrunior , 
pouch,  bag.]  Having,  or  pertaining 
to,  a  pouch  for  carrying  the  imma¬ 
ture  young,  or  to  animals  so  fur¬ 
nished.  —  n.  One  of  the  marsupial 
animals. 

MAR-su'Pl-ATE,  a.  Related  to  the 
marsupial  animals  ;  furnished  with 
a  pouch  for  the  young. 

Mart,  ».  [Contracted  from  market .] 
A  market. 

Mar-TEL'lo  Tow'er.  [It.  martello, 
hammer.]  A  round  tower  on  the 
sea-coast,  with  a  gun  on  the  sum¬ 
mit. 

Mar'ten  (58),  n.  1.  See  Martin. 
2.  [A.-S.  meardh.]  A  carnivorous 
animal  allied  to  the  weasel. 

Mar'tial  (marshal),  a.  [Lat.  mar- 
tialis ;  Mars,  god  of  war.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  war  ;  military.  2.  Given 
to  war  ;  brave.  3.  Belonging  to  war 
or  to  an  army  and  navy. 

Martial  law,  an  arbitrary  kind  of  law, 
extending  to  matters  of  civil  as  well  as 
of  criminal  jurisdiction.  It  is  quite  dis¬ 
tinct  from  military  law. 

Syn. — Warlike.  — Martial  refers  more 
to  war  in  action,  its  array,  its  attendants, 
&c.,as,  martial  music,  a  martial  appear¬ 
ance,  martial  array,  courts-wi w/i'oZ,  &c. 
Warlike  describes  the  feeling  or  temper 
which  leads  to  war,  and  the  adjuncts 
connected  with  it,  as,  a.  warlike  nation, 
ivarlike  preparations,  a  warlike  attitude 
of  things,  &c. 

Mar'TIN,  n.  A  bird  of  the  swallow 
kind. 

Mar'TIN-Et',  n.  [From  an  officer  of 
that  name  in  the  Fr.  army  under 
Louis  XIV.]  A  strict  disciplinarian. 

Mar'tin-gal,  )  n.  [Fr.  martin- 

E,  ) 


Mar'tin-gale,  )  gale,  It.  martin- 
gala ,  a  sort  of  hose.]  A  strap  pass¬ 
ing  between  a  horse's  fore  legs,  and 
ending  in  two  rings,  through  which 
the  reins  pass.  [Nov.  11. 

Mar'tin-mas,  n.  Feast  of  St.  Martin. 

Mar'tyr,  n.  [Lat.  martyr,  Gr.  pap- 
rvp,  a  witness  who  testifies  with  his 
blood.]  1.  One  who  suffers  death  for 
the  truth  of  the  gospel.  2.  One  who 
sacrifices  his  life,  or  whatever  is  of 
great  value  to  him,  for  the  sake  of 
any  cause.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  put  to  death  for  adhering  to  what 
one  believes  to  be  the  truth.  2.  To 
torment ;  to  torture. 

Mar'tyr-dom,  n.  Condition  or  death 
of  a  martyr.  [of  martyrs. 

Mar/tyr-ol'o-6Ist,  n.  An  historian 

Mar'tyr-ol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  pdprvp, 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  V,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  all,  wiiat;  Ere,  VgIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 


MARVEL 


265 


MATERIAL 


martyr,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  his¬ 
tory  of  martyrs,  with  their  suffer¬ 
ings  ;  a  register  of  martyrs. 

Mar'vee,  n.  [Lat.  mirabilia,  won¬ 
derful  things.]  That  which  arrests 
the  attention,  and  causes  surprise. 

Syn.  —  Wonder;  admiration;  aston¬ 
ishment;  miracle;  prodigy. 

—  V.  i.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LE  D,  -LING, 
137.]  To  be  struck  with  astonishment. 

Mar'vel-ous,  la.  1.  Exciting  won- 

Mar'vel-j.ous,  j  der  or  surpri-e; 
prodigious.  2.  Surpassing  belief. 

Syn.  —  Wonderful  ;  astonishing;  sur¬ 
prising;  incredible.  —  We  speak  of  a 
thing  as  wonderful  when  it  awakens  our 
surprise  and  admiration;  as  marvelous 
when  it  is  so  much  out  of  the  ordinary 
course  of  things  as  to  seem  nearly  or 
quite  incredible.  The  victories  of  Napo¬ 
leon  were  wonderful ;  the  sleight-of-hand 
tricks  which  are  sometimes  exhibited  are 
»e  marvelous  that  they  would  appear  in¬ 
credible  if  not  publicly  performed. 

Mar'VEE-OUS-ly,  )  adv.  Inamar- 

MAR'VEL-LOi)s-LY,  i  velous  manner. 

Mis'EU-LiNE,  a.  [Lat.  masculinus ; 
masculus,  male,  manly.]  1.  Of  the 
male  sex.  2.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a  man  ;  not  feminine  or  effemi¬ 
nate.  3.  Having  inflections  pertain¬ 
ing  especially  to  male  beings. 

MXsh,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Ger. 
meiscken,  maischen.]  To  crush  by 
beating  or  pressure.  — n.  1.  A  mix¬ 
ture  of  ingredients,  beaten  together 
promiscuously.  2.  (Brewing.)  A 
mixture  of  ground  malt  and  warm 
water. 

Mask,  n.  [Ar.  maskharat.  buffoon, 
pleasantry,  any  thing  ridiculous.]  1. 
A  cover  or  disguise  for  the  "ace.  2. 
A  pretext  or  subterfuge.  A  fes¬ 
tive  entertainment  in  which  all  wear 
masks.  4.  A  kind  of  dramatic  per¬ 
formance  in  which  the  actors  are 
masked. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1. 
To  conceal  with  a  mask.  2.  To  dis¬ 
guise  ;  to  hide. — v.  i.  1.  To  revel. 
2.  To  be  disguised  in  any  way. 

Mask'er,  n.  One  who  wears  a  mask. 

MA'SON  (ma/sn),  n.  [From  Lat.  ma- 
ceria,  wall.]  1.  A  man  who  lays 
bricks  and  stones  in  structures  of 
any  kind.  2.  A  Freemason. 

MA-SON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Free¬ 
masons. 

Ma'son-ry,  n.  1.  Art,  occupation,  or 
work,  of  a  mason.  2.  The  craft  or 
mysteries  of  Freemasons. 

Masque  (mask),  n.  A  mask  ;  a  mas¬ 
querade. 

Mas'quer-Ade'  (mSs'ker-ad'),  n. 
[See  Mask.]  1.  A  festive  assembly 
of  persons  wearing  masks.  2.  In¬ 
tentional  disguise.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  assemble  in  masks.  2. 
To  go  in  disguise. 

Mass,  n.  [Lat.  massa  ;  Ger  masse, 
allied  to  Gr.  /ud£a,  a  barley-cake.]  1. 
A  great  quantity  collected  ;  a  heap  ; 
an  assemblage.  2.  Bulk ;  magni¬ 
tude.  3.  Principal  part ;  main  body. 
4.  Quantity  of  matter  which  a  body 
contains.  5.  [L.  Lat.  t nissa,  fr.  Lat. 
miltere,  to  dismiss,  because  it  was 


celebrated  after  the  catechumens 
were  dismissed.]  The  communion 
service  in  Roman  Catholic  churches. 

The  masses ,  people  in  general. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  form  into 
a  mass  ;  to  assemble. 

MAs'sa-ere  (-ker),  n.  [Prov.  Ger. 
metzgern ,  to  kill  cattle.]  Cold¬ 
blooded  destruction  of  life. 

Syn.  —  Butchery  ;  carnage.  — Massa¬ 
cre  denoted  originally  the  killing  of  vic¬ 
tims  for  sacrifice,  and  now  denotes  the 
promiscuous  slaughter  of  many  without 
restraint  or  remorse.  Butcher //  refers  to 
cold-blooded  cruelty  in  slaughtering,  as 
if  brute  beasts.  Carnage  refers  to  the 
heaped-up  bodies  of  the  slain. 

— v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  murder 
with  circumstances  of  cruelty ;  to 
butcher ;  to  slaughter. 

MAss'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  massy. 

Mass'!  VE,  a.  Forming  a  mass; 
weighty  :  heavy  ;  massy,  [massive. 

MASS'lVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 

MAss'-meet'ing,  n.  A  large  assem¬ 
bly  to  be  addressed  on  some  public 
occasion.  [ Amer .] 

Mass'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  Con¬ 
sisting  of  a  mass  ;  weighty  ;  ponder¬ 
ous  ;  bulky  aud  heavy. 

Mast,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  mast.)  An  upright 
pole  or  timber  in  a  boat  or  vessel,  to 
sustain  the  sails,  riggiug,  &c.  2.  [A.- 
S.  mast ,  fr.  Goth,  m.atan,  to  nourish. 
Cf.  Meat.]  Fruit  of  the  oak,  beech, 
&c. ;  nuts;  acorns.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  furnish  with  a  mast  or 
masts.  [or  masts. 

Mast'ed,  a.  Furnished  with  a  mast 

Mas'ter,  n.  [Lat.  magister.]  1.  A 
superior ;  a  chief ;  —  used  as  a  title 
of  respectful  address  ;  also  applied 
familiarly  to  an  inferior  or  a  boy.  2. 
A  ruler,  governor,  director,  manager, 
or  possessor,  specifically ,  (a.)  A 
teacher;  an  instructor.  (6.)  An  offi¬ 
cer  on  a  ship  of  war,  who  takes  rank 
immediately  after  the  lieutenants.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  p.  pr.  &  v b.  n.  mas¬ 
tering.]  1.  To  become  the  mas¬ 
ter  of ;  to  conquer.  2.  To  become 
an  adept  in. 

Mas'ter-key,  n.  A  key  that  opens 
many  locks ;  hence,  a  clew  to  lead 
out  of  many  difficulties. 

Mas'ter-ly,  a.  1.  Indicating  thor¬ 
ough  knowledge  or  superior  skill.  2. 
Imperious.  [formance. 

MAs'ter-pieoe,  n.  A  capital  per- 

MAs'ter-stroke,  n.  Capital  per¬ 
formance  ;  a  masterly  achievement. 

MAs'ter-y,  n.  1.  Act  of  mastering. 
2.  Supremacy.  3.  Superiority  in 
competition  ;  pre-eminence.  4.  Vic¬ 
tory  in  war.  5.  Eminent  skill. 

Mas'TIG,  n.  [Gr.  /aacrTix?},  from  pa- 
cracrdaa,  to  chew,  because  used  for 
chewing.]  1.  A  low,  shrubby  tree, 
producing  a  valuable  resin.  2.  The 
resin  itself.  3.  A  kind  of  cement  for 
plastering  walls,  & c. 

Mas'ti-eate, r.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
maslicare,  - catum .]  To  grind  with 

the  teeth  ;  to  chew. 

MXs'Tl-EA'TION,  n.  Act  of  masti¬ 
cating  or  chewing. 


Mas'ti-ea-to-ry 
(50),  a.  Adapted 
to  perform  the 
office  of  chewing 
food. —  n.  A  sub¬ 
stance  to  .  be 
chewed. 

MAs'tiff.  n. ;  pi.  mAs'tiffs. 
Lat.  mastivus.] 
variety  of  dog. 

Mas'to-don,  n. 

[Gr.  p.a<7Tds,  the 
breast  of  awom- 
and  odovs. 


Mastiff. 

[Low 
A  large  and  strong 


an. 


oSovto s,  a  tooth  ; 
—  from  conical 
projections  on 
its  molar  teeth.] 


Mastodon. 


An  extinct  mammal  resembling  the 
elephant,  but  larger. 

MAS'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  jaaoroeiSvys  ;  paa- 
tos,  breast  of  a  woman,  and  elAos, 
form,  shape.]  Resembling  the  nip¬ 
ple  or  breast. 

Mas'tur-ba'tion,  n.  [Lat.  manus, 
hand,  and  stuprare ,  to  defile.]  Self¬ 
pollution. 

Mat,  n.  [Lat.  rnatta,  a  rush  mat.]  1. 
A  texture  of  rushes  or  husks,  & c.,  to 
be  laid  on  a  floor.  2.  Any  similar 
fabric  ;  any  thing  growing  thickly.  — 
v.t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  1.  To  cover, with 
mats.  2.  To  interweave  like  a  mat. 

Mat'a-dore',  n.  [Sp.  matador ,  a 
murderer,  fr.  Lat.  mactare,  to  kill.] 

1.  One  of  the  three  principal  cards  in 
omber  and  quadrille.  2.  A  man  ap¬ 
pointed  to  kill  the  bull  in  bull-fights. 

Match,  n.  1.  [From  Lat.  myxus,  Gr. 
pvf-a,  a  lamp-nozzle.]  A  combusti¬ 
ble  substance  for  lighting  a  fire,  &c. 

2.  [A.-S.  maca.  See  Make.]  An 
equal ;  a  mate  ;  a  companion.  3.  A 
bringing  together  of  two  parties  for 
a  union,  a  trial  of  skill  or  force,  or  a 
contest ;  specifically ,  a  marriage.  4- 
A  candidate  for  matrimony. —  v.  t 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  be  a  match  for  ; 
to  rival  successfully.  2.  To  bring  a 
match,  or  equal,  against.  3.  To 
make  equal  or  proportionate.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  be  united  in  marriage.  2.  To 
tally ;  to  correspond. 

MATCH'EESS,  a.  Having  fto  equal. 

Match'lock,  n.  The  lock  of  a  mus¬ 
ket  fired  by  a  match ;  hence,  the 
musket  itself. 

Match'-mak/er,  n.  One  who  con¬ 
trives  a  union  by  marriage. 

Mate,  n.  [Icel.  viati.]  1.  Compan¬ 
ion.  2.  A  husband  or  wife.  3.  Sec¬ 
ond  officer  in  a  merchant-vessel.  4- 
A  suitable  companion;  a  match.  — - 
v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  match; 
to  marry.  2.  To  compete  with. 

Mate'less,  a.  Having  no  mate. 

Ma-te'ri-AL  (89),  a.  1.  Consisting 
of  matter;  physical.  2  Pertaining 
to,  or  affecting,  the  physical  nature. 

3.  Of  solid  or  weighty  character;  of 
consequence.  4.  Pertaining  to  the 
matter,  as  opposed  to  the  form,  of  a 
thing. 

Syn.  —  Corporeal;  bodily;  important; 
weighty;  momentous;  essential. 


OR,  DO,WQLF,  too.took;  URN,  RUE ,  PUEL  ;  E ,  I,  O ,  silent ;  q,(i,soft;  €,  G,  hard;  A§;  EXIST;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 


MATERIALISM 

—  n.  The  substance  or  matter  of 
which  any  thing  is  made. 

Ma-te'ri-al-I£M.  n.  The  doctrine 
of  the  materialists. 

Ma-te'RI-AL-ist,  n.  One  who  main¬ 
tains  that  the  soul  is  the  result  of  a 
particular  organization  of  matter. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist'tc,  I  a.  Per- 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist'ic-al,  (  taining 
to  materialism  or  materialists. 

Ma-te'ri-al'i-ty,  n.  1.  Material 
existence.  2.  Importance. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  reduce  to  a  state  of  matter  ;  to 
regard  as  matter.  2.  To  occupy  with 
material  interests  solely. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ly,  adv.  1.  In  the  state 
of  matter.  2.  In  its  essence.  3.  In 
au  important  manner  or  degree. 

Ma-te'ri-A  Med'i-ca.  [Lat.]  1. 
All  substances  used  as  curative 
agents  in  medicine.  2.  That  branch 
of  medical  science  which  treats  of 
the  nature  and  properties  of  the  sub¬ 
stances  used  for  the  cure  of  diseases. 

Materiel  (ma-ta're-el'),  n.  [Fr. 
See  Matter.]  That  in  a  complex 
system  which  constitutes  the  mate¬ 
rials ,  or  instruments  employed. 

MA-TER'NAL,  a.  [Lat.  maternus ;  ma¬ 
ter ,  mother.]  Pertaining  to,  or  be¬ 
coming,  a  mother  ;  motherly. 

Ma-ter'ni-ty,  n.  State  or  relation 
of  a  mother. 

MatiUE-MAT'IC,  1  a.  [Gr.fj.a6y]- 

Math'E-MAT'IC-AL,  j  /aarucos,  be¬ 
longing  to  learning,  esp.  to  mathe¬ 
matics,  fr.  fiavOave iv,  to  learu.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  mathematics.  2.  Theo¬ 
retically  precise. 

Math'e-mat'ic-AG-LY,  adv.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  laws  of  mathematics. 

MXth'e-ma-tI'cian  (-tish'an),  n. 
One  versed  in  mathematics. 

MateFe-MAT'IGS,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  pa6- 
TjjuaTi/oj  (sc.  evricrT^/xT)),  science.]  That 
science,  or  class  of  sciences,  which 
treats  of  quantities  or  magnitudes. 

Mat'IN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  used  in, 
the  morning. —  n.  [Lat.  matutinum , 
the  morning.]  1.  Morning  worship 
or  service.  2.  Time  of  morning  service. 

Ma  TlNfcp  (mat'e-na'),  n.  [Fr. ,  fr.  ma¬ 
tin.  See  Matin.]  A  musical  enter¬ 
tainment  in  the  early  part  of  the  day. 

Mat'rass,  n.  [0.  Fr.  matras,  large 
arrow  ;  — from  its  narrow,  long  neck.] 
A  chemical  vessel  formerly  in  use. 

Ma'tri^e,  or  Mat'ri^e.  n.  Same  as 
Matrix.  [matricide. 

Mat'ri-i^Fdal,  a.  Pertaining  to 

Mat'RI-^ide  ,  n.  [Lat.  matricidium 
and  matrieida ;  mater,  mother,  and 
czedere,  to  slay.]  The  killing  or  the 
killer  of  a  mother. 

Ma-tric'u-late,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  malricula ,  a  public  register.] 
To  admit  to  membership,  especially 
in  a  college  or  university. 

Ma-trIe'u-LA'tion,  n.  Act  of  reg¬ 
istering  a  name,  and  admitting  to 
membership. 

Mat'ri-mo'ni-al,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  derived  from,  marriage. 

Mat'ri-mo-ny,  n.  [Lat.  matrimo- 


266 

nium;  mater,  mother.]  Union  of  man 
and  woman  as  husband  and  wife. 

Syn.—  See  Markiage. 

Ma'trix,  n. ;  pi.  mat'ri-^es.  [Lat., 
fr.  mater,  mother.]  1.  The  womb. 
2.  A  mold.  3.  The  earthy  sub¬ 
stance  in  which  ores  or  crystalline 
minerals  are  found.  4.  {Dyeing.) 
The  five  simple  colors,  black,  white, 
blue,  red,  and  yellow. 

Ma'tron,  n.  [Lat.  matrona;  mater, 
mother.]  1.  An  elderly  woman  ;  the 
female  head  of  a  household.  2.  A 
nurse  in  a  hospital. 

Mat'ron-AGE,  n.  State  of  a  matron. 

Mat'ron-al,  or  Ma/tron-AL,  a.  Re¬ 
lating  to  a  matron  ;  grave ;  motherly. 

Ma'tron-LY,  a.  Like,  or  befitting,  a 
matron  ;  grave  ;  sedate. 

Mat'ter.  n.  [Lat.  materia,  in.  mater, 
mother.]  1.  That  of  which  all  exist¬ 
ent  bodies  are  composed  ;  body  ;  sub¬ 
stance.  2.  Material ;  also,  material  or 
substantial  part  of  any  thing.  3. 
That  with  regard  to  which  any  thiDg 
takes  place.  4.  Concern  ;  affair ;  busi¬ 
ness.  5.  Importance  ;  moment.  6.  In¬ 
definite  amount,  qua/utity,  or  portion. 
7.  Pus.  8.  That  which  is  permanent; 

—  opposed  to  form. —  v.i.  [-E D  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  be  of  importance.  2. 
To  form  pus  ;  to  maturate. 

Mat'ter-of-fact'  ( -ov-),  a.  Ad¬ 
hering  to  facts ;  not  imaginative. 

Mat'ting,  n.  I.  Mats  collectively. 
2.  Materials  for  mats. 

Mat'TOCK,  n.  [A.-S. 
mattoc.]  A  kind  of 
pick-ax,  having  the 
iron  ends  broad  in¬ 
stead  of  pointed. 

Mat' TRESS,  n.  [Ar.  Mattock. 
mathrah,  something 
thrown  under,  fr.  tharaha,  to  throw.] 
A  bed  stuffed  and  quilted. 

Mat'u-rate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
maturare , -atum ;  maturus,  ripe.]  1. 
To  bring  to  ripeness  or  maturity.  2. 
To  promote  the  perfect  suppuration 
of.  —  v.  i.  To  suppurate  perfectly. 

Mat'u-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Process  of 
coming  to  maturity.  2.  Suppuration. 

Mat'u-ra/tive,  a.  1.  Ripening.  2. 
Conducing  to  perfect  suppuration. 

Ma-ture',  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat. 
maturus.]  1.  Brought  to  complete¬ 
ness  or  perfection  of  growth.  2. 
Completely  worked  out.  3.  Come 
to  suppuration. 

Syn.  —  Ripe.  —  Both  mature  and  ripe 
describe  . fullness  of  growth.  Mature 
brings  to  view  the  process  ;  ripe  indicates 
the  result.  We  speak  of  a  thing  as  ma¬ 
ture  when  thinking  of  the  successive 
stages  through  which  it  has  passed  ;  as 
ripe,  when  our  attention  is  directed  to 
its  ends  or  uses. 

—  v.  t.  [-El) ;  -ING.]  1.  To  bring  to 
perfection ;  to  ripen.  2.  To  make 
fit  or  ready  for  a  special  use.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  become  ripe  or  perfect.  2.  To 
become  due,  as  a  note. 

Ma-ture'ly,  adv.  In  a  mature  man¬ 
ner  ;  with  ripeness  ;  completely. 

Mat'u-rEs'cent,  a.  [Lat.  matures- 
cens .]  Approaching  to  maturity. 


MAY-FLOWER 

Ma-tv'ri-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  being  ma¬ 
ture  ;  ripeness.  2.  Termination  o# 
the  period  a  note  has  to  run. 

MATT-Ti'NAL,a.  [Lat.  matutinalis .] 
Pertaining  to  the  morning  ;  early. 

Maud'lin,  a.  [Contr.  fr.  Magdalen, 
who  is  painted  with  eyes  swelled  and 
red  with  weeping.]  1.  Drunk  ;  fud¬ 
dled.  2.  Sickly  sentimental. 

Mau'ger,  (  prep.  [0.  Fr.  maugre, 

Mau'gre  (•)  Lat.  male  gratum ,  some¬ 
thing  not  agreeable.]  In  spite  of; 
notwithstanding. 

Maul,  n.  [See  Mall.]  A  heavy 
wooden  hammer.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  beat  with  a  heavy  stick. 

Maul'-stick,  n.  [Ger.  maler-stock  ; 
maler,  a  painter,  and  stock,  stick.] 
The  stick  used  by  painters  to  keep 
the  hand  steady. 

Maund,  or  Maund,  1  v.  i.  [Pi. 

Maund'er,  or  Maund'er,  J  men- 
dier,  to  beg.]  To  mutter  ;  to  mur¬ 
mur  ;  to  beg 

Maun'dy-ThPrs'day,  n.  [0.  Eng. 
maund,  a  basket,  because  on  that 
day  alms  were  given  by  the  king  from 
baskets  to  poor  persons.]  The  Thurs¬ 
day  next  before  Good  F’riday. 

Mau'so-le'an,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
mausoleum. 

Mau'so-le'um  (124),  n.  [Lat.  Mau¬ 
soleum,  fr.  the  stately  tomb  of  Mau 
solus,  king  of  Caria.]  A  magnificent 
tomb  or  sepulchral  monument. 

Maw,  n.  [A.-S.  maga.]  The  stomach 
of  a  beast,  or,  in  contempt,  of  a  man. 

Mawk'ish,  a.  [See  Maggot.]  Apt 
to  cause  satiety  or  loathing. 

Maw'-worm  (-wurm),  n.  An  intes¬ 
tinal  worm. 

Max'il-lar,  la.  [Lat.  maxillaris  ; 

Max'il-la-ry,  )  maxilla, jawbone.] 
Pertaining  to  the  upper  jaw. 

Max'im,  n.  [Lat.  maxima  (sc.  senten - 
tia),  greatest  or  most  important  sen¬ 
timent.]  A  condensed  proposition 
of  important  practical  truth. 

Syn.— Axiom  ;  aphorism  ;  apothegm; 
adage;  proverb;  saying. 

Max'i-mvm,  n.  ;  pi.  MAX'I-MA. 
[Lat.,  from  maximus,  the  greatest.] 
The  greatest  quantity  or  value  at¬ 
tainable  in  a  given  case. 

May,  v.  [imp.  might.]  [A.-S.  ma- 
gan,  to  be  able.]  An  auxiliary  verb 
expressing,  (a.)  Ability  or  competen¬ 
cy.  (b.)  Moral  power,  liberty ,  or  per¬ 
mission.  (c.)  Contingency  or  liability. 
( d. )  Modesty ,  courtesy ,  or  concession. 
(e.)  Desire  or  wish.  —  n.  1.  [A.-S. 
mag.]  Early  part  of  life.  2.  Flowers 
of  the  hawthorn  ;  —  because  they 
bloom  in  tbe  last  of  May,  old  style. 
3.  [Named  for  the  goddess  Maia .] 
Fifth  month  of  the  year. —  v.  i.  To 
gather  flowers  on  May  morning. 

May'-ap'ple,  n.  The  fruit  of  the 
mandrake,  a  drastic  American  plant. 

May'-bCg,  n.  A  kind  of  beetle;  a 
cockchafer. 

May'-day,  n.  The  first  day  of  May. 

May'-flow'er,  n.  A  flower  that  ap¬ 
pears  in  May  ;  in  Eng.  the  hawthorn  ; 
in  New  Eng. ,  the  trailing  arbutus. 


A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  Y,long;  A ,  E ,  I,  6,  0,$,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm:  pique,  firm;  son. 

i 


MEDICINE 


MAYHEM 

May'hem,  n.  (Law.)  The  maiming 
of  a  person  by  depriving  him  of  the 
use  of  any  of  his  members  which  are 
necessary  for  defense. 

May'or  ( colloq .  mar),  n.  [Lat.  major , 
greater,  higher.]  Chief  magistrate 
of  a  city  or  borough. 

May'or-al-ty  (colloq.  mar'al-ty),  n. 
Office  of  a  mayor. 

May'OR-ess  (colloq.  mfuVes),  n.  Wife 
of  a  mayor.  [in  May. 

May'-pole,  n.  A  pole  to  dance  round 

May'-queen,  n.  A  young  woman 
crowned  with  flowers  as  queen  at 
the  celebration  of  May-day. 

Maze,  n.  [A.-S.  md.se ,  whirl  pool,  gulf.] 

1.  A  confusing  network  of  paths  or 
passages.  2.  Confusion  of  thought. 
—  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  To  confound 
with  intricacy  ;  to  bewilder. 

Ma'ZY,  a.  Perplexed  with  turns  and 
windings  ;  intricate  ;  perplexing. 

Me,  pron.  pers.  [A.-S.,  allied  to  Lat. 
me,  Gr.  pe,  Skr.  ma .]  Objective  case 
of  i. 

Mead,  n.  [A.-S.  medu,  medo,  allied 
to  Skr  madhu ,  honey.]  A  drink 
made  of  honey  and  water  ;  also,  of  a 
sirup  of  sarsaparilla  and  water. 

Mead,_  I  n.  [A.-S.  msed,  rnddu, 

Mead'ow,  )  meadv.\  A  tract  of 
low  or  level  grass  land. 

Mead'ow-y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of,  meadow. 

Mea'ger,  I  a.  [A.-S.  mdger,  Lat.  ma- 

Mea'gre,  )  cer.]  1.  Having  little 
flesh  ;  thin  ;  lean.  2.  Defective  in 
quantity,  or  poor  in  quality. 

Mea^ger-ly,  1  adv.  In  a  meager 

Mea'GRE-ly,  )  manner  ;  poorly. 

Mea'ger-ness,  ]  n.  Quality  of  being 

Mea'GRE-ness,  )  meager;  leanness; 
poorness;  barrenness;  scantiness. 

Meal,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  mxel.]  A  portion 
of  food  taken  at  one  time  ;  a  repast. 

2.  [A.-S.  melu ,  from  Goth,  malan ,  to 
grind  in  a  mill.]  Flour,  especially  of 
a  coarser  kind,  as  of  maize. 

Meal'-tIme,  n.  Usual  time  of  eat¬ 
ing  meals.  [mealy. 

Meal'I-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Meal'Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  qualities  of  meal ;  soft ; 
smooth.  2.  Like  meal ;  dry  and  fri¬ 
able.  3.  Covered  with  meal,  or  with 
something  like  it. 

Meal'y-mouthed,  a.  Unwilling  to 
tell  the  truth  in  plain  language. 

Mean,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  man, 
mxne ,  gemxne ,  allied  to  Lat.  com¬ 
munis. ]  1.  Destitute  of  distinction. 

2.  Wanting  dignity  of  mind.  3.  Of 
little  value  or  account. 

Syn. —  Base;  ignoble;  abject;  vile. 
[Lat.  medianus ,  fr.  medius,  middle.] 
4.  Middle ;  intervening.  5.  Interme¬ 
diate  in  excellence  of  any  kind ;  aver¬ 
age.  —  n.  1.  Middle  point,  place,  rate, 
or  degree  ;  medium.  2.  A  quantity  ; 
having  an  intermediate  value  be¬ 
tween  several  others  ;  average.  3. 
Intermediate  agency  or  measure  ;  in¬ 
strument.  [See  Means.]  4.  /^.Re¬ 
sources  ;  property,  revenue,  & c. — 
V.t.  [MEANT  ;  MEANING.]  [A.-S. 


267 

mxnan .]  1.  To  hare  in  view ;  to  in¬ 
tend.  2.  To  purpose;  to  design.  3. 
To  signify  ;  to  denote. 

Me-an'der,  n.  [From  Mxander ,  a 
river  in  Phrygia,  proverbial  for  its 
windings.]  1.  A  winding  course.  2. 
An  intricate  or  tortuous  movement. 

—  v.i.  [-ed;  -1NG.]  To  wind  or 
turn  in  a  course  or  passage.  —  v.  t. 
To  wind,  turn,  or  flow  round. 

Meaning,  n.  1.  That  which  is 
meant;  intent;  purpose;  aim.  2. 
Signification ;  sense. 

Mean'ly,  adv.  In  a  mean  manner  ; 
dishonorably  and  unworthily. 

Mean'ness  (109),  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  mean  ;  poorness  ;  lowness  ;  hu¬ 
mility  ;  baseness ;  sordidness. 

Means,  n.  pi.  but  usually  employed 
with  a  singular  attribute  or  predi¬ 
cate.  See  Mean,  n.,  3. 

Meant  (ment),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Mean. 

Meantime,  i  adv.  In  the  inter- 

Mean'while,  )  vening  time. 

Mea'sLjE^  (me'zlz),  n.  pi.  [D.  maze- 
len,  Ger.  masern,  pi.,  fr.  mase,  masel , 
maser,  a  speck,  spot.]  A  contagious 
febrile  and  eruptive  disorder. 

Mea'§ly  (me/zly),  a.  Infected  with 
measles. 

Mea§'ur-a-ble  (meztUyiir-),  a.  1. 
Capable  of  being  measured.  2.  Mod¬ 
erate. 

MEAs'UR-A-BLY^mezh'yijr-),  adv.  To 
a  limited  extent ;  moderately. 

Me  ASSURE  (mezh/y;;r),  n.  [Lat.  men- 
sura,  fr.  metiri ,  to  measure.]  1.  Di¬ 
mensions  reckoned  according  to 
some  standard.  2.  Limit ;  allotted 
share.  3.  Moderation;  due  restraint. 
4.  A  rule  by  which  any  thing  is  ad¬ 
justed  or  judged.  5.  An  instrument 
to  measure  size  or  quantity.  6.  A 
stated  or  limited  quantity  or  amount. 
7.  Undefined  quantity  or  degree.  8. 
Regulated  division  or  movement ;  as, 
(a.)  A  grave,  solemn  style  of  dance. 
(b.)  That  division  of  the  time  by 
which  music  is  regulated,  (c.)  Me¬ 
ter;  rhythm.  9.  An  act  or  proceed¬ 
ing  designed  for  the  accomplishment 
of  an  object.  10.  pi.  Beds  or  strata. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  1.  To  take  the 
dimensions  of;  hence,  to  estimate. 
2.  To  pass  through  or  over.  3.  To 
adjust ;  to  proportion.  4.  To  allot 
by  measure.  — v.  i.  To  have  a  cer¬ 
tain  length,  breadth, or  thickness. 

Measure-less  (mezlPyjir-),  a.  With¬ 
out  measure  ;  boundless  ;  endless. 

Meas'ure-ment  (mezlPyjjr-ment), 
n.  1.  Act  of  measuring ;  mensura¬ 
tion.  2.  The  area.  [measures. 

MEAS'UR-ER  (mCzh/y]jr-),  n.  O ne  w ho 

Meat,  n.  [A.-S.  miite,  mete.]  1.  Food 
in  general.  2.  The  flesh  of  animals 
used  as  food. 

Me-€Han'I€,  n.  A  workman  or  labor¬ 
er  other  than  agricultural. 

Syn. —  Artificer;  artisan;  operative. 

ME-CHAN'ie,  (  a.  [Lat.  mechani- 

Me-GHAN'ID-AL,  j  cus,  fr.  Gr.  py\xa- 
i /rj,  a  machine.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
mechanics,  mechanism,  or  machine¬ 
ry.  2.  Done  as  if  by  a  machine.  3. 


Relating  to  those  who  live  by  hand 
labor.  4.  Made  by  mechanical  means. 

Me-€HAN'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  me¬ 
chanical  manner. 

MEgh'a-nI'cian  (-nlslPan),  n.  One 
skilled  in  mechanics. 

Me-€HAN'I€S,  n.  sing.  That  science 
which  treats  of  the  action  of  force! 
on  bodies. 

M  E  C I P  A  -  NI 2  M ,  n.  Construction  of  r 
machine  ;  parts  of  a  machine. 

Megh'a-nist,  n.  A  maker  of  ma¬ 
chines  ;  one  skilled  in  mechanics. 

Med'AL,  7i.  [From  Lat.  metallu?n, 
metal.]  A  coin  intended  as  a  me¬ 
mento  of  any  event  or  person,  [als. 

Med'al-ist,  In.  One  skilled  in 

Med'al-list,  )  medals. 

Me-dall'ION,  n.  A  large  antique 
medal,  or  any  thing  resembling  one. 

MED'DLE,f.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [D. 
middelen,  to  mediate,  from  middel, 
means.]  To  interpose  officiously. 

Med'dler,  n.  One  who  meddles. 

Med'dle-some,  a.  Given  to  med¬ 
dling  ;  officious. 

Me'di-jE'val  (110),  a.  [Lat.  medi¬ 
us,  middle,  and  scvum ,  age.]  Relat¬ 
ing  to  the  middle  ages. 

Me'di-al  (110),  a.  [Lat.  medialis ; 
medius,  middle.]  Pertaining  to  an 
avei-age ;  mean. 

Me'di-an,  a.  [Lat.  medianus.]  Run¬ 
ning  through  the  middle. 

Me'di-ate,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To 
interpose  between  parties,  as  the 
equal  friend  of  each.  —  v.  t.  To  ef¬ 
fect  by  mediation. 

Me'di-ate,  a.  [Lat.  mediare,  -atus, 
to  halve.]  1.  Middle;  intervening. 
2.  Acting  by  means.  [cause. 

Me'dj-ate-ly,  adv.  By  a  secondary 

Me'di-a'tion,  7i.  1.  Act  of  mediat¬ 

ing  ;  interposition;  intervention.  2. 
Agency  between  parties  at  variance, 
with  a  view  to  reconcile  them. 

Me'di-a'tor,  n.  One  who  mediates 
or  interposes  to  reconcile.  Christ  is 
called  the  Mediator. 

Syn. — Intercessor;  advocate;  propiti¬ 
ator;  interceder;  arbitrator;  umpire. 

Me/di-a-to,ri-AL,  a.  Belonging  to 
a  mediator.  [mediator. 

Me'di-a'tor-shIp,  n.  Office  of  a 

Med'i-ca-ele,  a.  [Lat.  medicabilis ; 
medicari,  to  heal.]  Capable  <5f  being 
cured. 

Med'1€-AL,  a.  [Lat.  medicus,  fr.  me - 
deri,  to  heal.]  1.  Pertaining  to  med¬ 
icine  or  medical  science.  2.  Tending 
to  cure ;  medicinal. 

Med'1-ga-ment,  7i.  [Lat.  medica- 
me7itum.]  A  healing  application. 

MEd'i-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  1. 

To  tincture  with  any  thing  medici¬ 
nal.  2.  To  heal ;  to  cure. 

MedG-GA'tton,  n.  Act  of  medicating. 

Me  Wi-  ga/tive  ,  a.  Tending  to  cure. 

ME-dI^'I-NAL,  a.  Having  the  prop¬ 
erty  of  healing  or  of  mitigating  dis¬ 
ease. 

Me-dIc'i-nal-ly,  adv.  With  me¬ 
dicinal  qualities. 

Med'i-^Ine  (colloq.  med'sin  or  med'- 
sn),  n.  [Lat.  medicinus,  medical.] 

U,  hard;  A§ ;  ejcist  ;  N  as  ng;  this 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  Orn,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G ,soft;  €, 


MEDIEVAL 


MEMORY 


268 


1.  Any  substance  administered  in 
the  treatment  of  disease.  2.  The 
science  which  relates  to  the  cure  or 
alleviation  of  disease. 

Me'di-e'val,  a.  See  MedIjEVAl. 

Me'DI-O'CRE  (-ker),  a.  [Lat.  medio- 
cris ;  medius,  middle.]  0/ a  middle 
quality ;  indifferent. 

Me'di-oc'ri-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
mediocre ;  moderate  degree. 

M£d'i-tate,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  meditari ,  - tatus .]  To  dwell  on 
any  thing  in  thought. 

Syn. —  To  contemplate;  to  intend;  to 
muse;  to  think;  to  cogitate;  to  study. 

—  v.t.  To  plan  ;  to  contrive. 

MedO-ta/tion,  n.  Close  or  contin¬ 
ued  thought;  contemplation. 

Med'I-ta/tive,  a.  Addicted  to  med¬ 
itation. 

Med'i-ter-ra'ne-an  (124),  a.  [Lat. 
mediterraneus ;  medius ,  middle,  and 
terra ,  land.]  Inclosed  with  land,  or 
nearly  so. 

Me'di-um,  n. ;  Lat.  pi.  me'di-a ,  Eng. 
pi.  me'di-um§.  [Lat.,  the  middle.] 
1.  Intervening  body  or  quantity ; 
specifically ,  (a.)  Middle  place  or  de¬ 
gree ;  mean.  ( b .)  The  mean  or  mid¬ 
dle  term  of  a  syllogism.  2.  Instru¬ 
mentality  of  communication ;  agen¬ 
cy  of  transmission. 

Med'ley,  n.  [0  Fr.  meslec,  medlee, 
mellee ,  fr.  L.  Lat.  misculare,  to  mix.] 

1.  A  mixture  ;  a  jumble.  2.  A  musi¬ 
cal  miscellany. 

Me-DUL'lar,  1  a.  [Lat.  medulla- 

MiJD'UL-LA-RY,  )  ris ;  medulla ,  mar¬ 
row.]  Consisting  of,  or  resembling, 
marrow.  [recompense. 

Meed,  n.  [A.-S.  med.}  Reward; 

Meek,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Icel  .miukr, 
mild,  soft.]  1.  Not  easily  provoked 
or  irritated.  2.  Submissive  to  the 
divine  will. 

Syn.  —  Gentle  ;  mild  ;  soft ;  yielding; 
pacific;  humble.  See  Gentle. 

Meek'ly,  adv.  In  a  meek  manner  ; 
mildly ;  gently.  [tleness. 

Meek'ness,  n.  Forbearance;  gen- 

Meer'SCHAUM  (meer'shawm),  n. 
[Ger.,  lit.  sea-foam.]  1.  A  fine  white 
clay,  which  when  first  taken  out, 
makes  lather  like  soap.  2.  A  tobac¬ 
co-pipe  made  of  this  mineral,  or  of 
some  substance  resembling  it. 

Meet,  v.  t.  [met  ;  meeting.]  [A.- 
S.  metan.]  1.  To  come  in  contact 
with;  to  fall  in  with.  2.  To  en¬ 
counter.  3.  To  light  on;  to  find. — 
v.  i.  To  come  together ;  to  assem¬ 
ble  ;  to  converge.  —  a.  [A.-S.  gemet , 
with  prefix  ge,  from  metan,  to  meet, 
find.]  Adapted;  fit;  suitable. 

Meet'ing,  n.  1.  A  coming  together. 

2.  A  congregation ;  a  collection  of 
people.  3.  A  religious  assembly. 

Syn.  —  Conference  ;  company  ;  audi¬ 
tory ;  junction;  confluence. 

Meet'ing-house,  n.  A  place  of 
worship  ;  in  Eng.,  one  for  dissenters. 

Meet'ly,  adv.  Fitly  ;  suitably. 

Meet'ness,  n.  Fitness;  propriety. 

Meg'a-LO-SAURL  )  n.  [Gr.  peya<;, 

MLg'A-LO-SAU'RUS,  J  peydkr],  great, 


and  cravpos ,  lizard.]  A  gigantic  sau¬ 
rian  or  lizard,  now  extinct. 

Meg'a-the'ri-um,  n.  [Gr.  pey a?, 
great,  6r\pLov,  beast.]  An  extinct  and 
gigantic  quadruped  allied  to  the  sloth . 

ME'GRIM,  7i.  [Fr.  migraine ,  for  hemi- 
craine ,  Gr.  ipiupavia,  ypi,  half,  and 
Kpaviov.  skull.]  1.  A  vehement  pain 
in  one  side  of  the  head.  2.  A  whim  ; 
a  freak.  [ancholy. 

Mel'an-chol'IC,  a.  Depressed  ;  mel- 

Mel'AN-€HOL-Y,  7).  [Gv.  pekayxokia, 
fr.  p.e'Aas,  black,  and  xoAj],  bile.]  A 
gloomy  state  of  n.ind ;  depression  or 
dejection  of  spirits.  —  a.  1.  Depressed 
in  spirits.  2.  Causing  dejection. 

Syn.  —  Gloopiy;  sad  ;  dispirited;  un¬ 
happy;  disconsolate;  doleful. 

Melange  (ma-longzhQ,  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 
mbler,  to  mix.]  A  mixture;  medley. 

Melee  (ma-lu/),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  mbler, 
to  mix.]  A  hand-to-hand  conflict. 

Mei/ior-ate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  meliorare,  -ratum;  melior ,  bet¬ 
ter.]  To  make  better ;  to  improve. 
—  v.  i.  To  grow  better. 

Mel/ior-a'tion,  n.  '  Act  of  melior¬ 
ating  ;  improvement. 

Mel-lif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  mcllifer  ; 
mel,  mellis ,  honey,  and  ferre ,  to 
bear.]  Producing  honey. 

Mel-lIf'eu-ENCE,  n.  A  sweet, 
smooth  flow.  [lifluous. 

Mel-lif'lu-ent,  a.  Smooth;  mel- 

Mel-lIf'lu-ous,  a.  [Lat.  mellfiu- 
us ;  mel,  honey,  and  flu.ere,  to  flow.] 
Flowing  as  with  honey  ;  smooth ; 
sweetly  flowing. 

Mel'l5w,  a.  [-ER ;  -est.]  [Of. 
A.-S.  milisc,  milsc,  sweet,  ripe.]  1. 
Soft ;  not  hard,  harsh,  tough,  or  un¬ 
yielding.  2.  Well-matured  ;  genial ; 
jovial.  3.  Slightly  intoxicating.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  mel¬ 
low  ;  to  soften  by  ripeness  or  age.  — 
v.  i.  To  become  soft  or  ripened. 

Mel'low-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
mellow. 

MEL'O-eo-TON'  1  (-tcToW),  n.  [Sp. 

Mel'o-eo-toon'  j  melocoton ;  Lat. 
malum  cotonium,  or  cotoneum,  or 
Cydonium,  a  quince  or  quince-ap¬ 
ple.^  A  quince ;  also,  a  large  peach. 

Me-lo'de-on,  n.  [Gr.  pi Aos,  a  song, 
and  olSetW,  odeou.]  1.  A  reed  in¬ 
strument,  furnished  with  a  key¬ 
board,  and  bellows.  2.  A  music  hall. 

Me-lo'di-ous  (77),  a.  Containing 
melody  ;  agreeable  to  the  ears. 

Me-lo'di-oOs-ly,  adv.  Musically. 

Mel'o-dYst,  n.  A  composer  or  singer 
of  melodies. 

MEl'o-dIze,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  melodious. 

MLl/O-DRA/MA,  n.  [Gr.  pikos,  song, 
S papa,  drama.]  A  dramatic  perform¬ 
ance  in  which  songs  are  intermixed, 
and  startling  effects  are  sought. 

MLl'o-dra-mat'ic,  a.  Pertaining 
to  melodrama ;  done  for  effect  merely. 

M£l'o-drame,  n.  Same  as  Melo¬ 
drama. 

Mel'o-dy,  n.  [Gr.  peko>8(a,  a  sing¬ 
ing,  a  choral  song,  fr.  pekos,  song, 
tune,  and  ojSrf,  aoiir),  song.]  1.  A 


rh_,  thmical  succession  of  single  tones, 
so  related  as  to  form  a  musical  whole. 
2.  Air  or  tune  of  a  musical  piece. 
See  Harmony. 

M£l'ON,  n.  [Lat.  melo,  for  melcpepo , 
an  apple-shaped  melon.]  Aeucurbi- 
taceous  plant  and  its  edible  fruit. 

Melt,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
meltan.\  1.  To  make  liquid  by  heat. 
2.  To  soften  by  kindly  influence. 

Syn.  —  To  liquefy  ;  dissolve  ;  fuse; 
thaw;  mollify;  soften;  subdue. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  become  liquid  ;  to  dis¬ 
solve.  2.  To  be  softened  to  love, 
pity,  or  tenderness,  &c. 

Mem'ber,  n.  [Lat.  membntm .]  1.  A 
vital  organ  of  an  animal  body ;  a 
limb.  2.  A  part  of  a  whole  ;  an  in¬ 
dependent  constituent  of  a  body. 

Mem'ber-ship,  n.  State  of  being  a 
member. 

Mem'brane  ,  n.  [Lat.  membrana,  fr. 
Lat.  membrum ,  member.]  A  thin, 
extended  tissue  covering  some  part 
of  the  body. 

Mem'bra-na/ceous,  1  a.  Belonging 

Mem-bra'ne-ous,  }  to,  or  like, 
a  membrane ;  consisting  of  mem¬ 
branes. 

Mem'bra-nif'er-oOs,  a.  [Lat. 
membrana,  membrane,  and  ferre,  to 
bear.]  Producing  membranes. 

Mem'bra-nous,  a.  Relating  to,  con¬ 
sisting  of,  or  like,  membranes. 

Me-men'to,  n.;  pi.  me-men'tos. 
[Lat.,  remember.]  A  hint  to  awaken 
memory ;  a  souvenir. 

Mem'oir  (mem'wor  or  me/mwor),  n. 
[Lat.  memoria,  memory.]  1.  A 
memorial  account ;  a  kind  of  famil¬ 
iar  history.  2.  A  biography.  3.  Jour¬ 
nals  and  proceedings  of  a  society. 

Mem' o-ra-bil' i-a,  n.  pi.  [Lat.,fr. 
memorabilis,  memorable.]  Things 
worthy  of  remembrance  or  record. 

Mem'O-RA-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  memorabi¬ 
lis,  fr.  memorare,  to  bring  to  remem¬ 
brance.]  Worthy  to  be  remembered. 

Syn.  —  Illustrious;  celebrated;  distin¬ 
guished;  remarkable;  famous. 

MLm'o-ra-bly,  adv.  In  a  memora¬ 
ble  manner. 

MLm'o-ran'dum,  n. ;  Eng.pl.  m£m'- 
O-RAN'DUMS,  Lat.  pi.  MEM1 0- 
ran'da.  [Lat.]  A  record  of  some¬ 
thing  which  it  is  desired  to  remem¬ 
ber.  _ 

Me-mo'ri-al,  ?i.  1.  Preservative  of 
memory.  2.  Contained  in  memory. 

—  a.  1.  Any  thing  intended  to  pre¬ 

serve  the  memory  of  a  person,  an 
occurrence,  &c.  2.  A  written  repre¬ 

sentation  of  facts. 

Me-mo'ri-al-ist,  ti.  One  who  writes 
or  presents  amemorial. 

Me-mo'ri-al-Ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.J 
To  petition  by  memorial. 

MEM'O-RIZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  cause  to  be  remembered  ;  esp.,  to 
record.  2.  To  commit  to  memory. 

MLm'o-ry,  n.  [Lat.  memoria,  from 
memor,  mindful.]  1.  Faculty  of  the 
mind  by  which  it  retains  the  knowl¬ 
edge  of  previous  thoughts  or  events. 
2.  Time  within  which  past  events 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,long;  a,  £,1,6,0,  Y,  short ;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  son, 


MEN 


269 


MERRIMENT 


tan  be  remembered.  3.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  remembered. 

Syn.  —  Remembrance  ;  recollection  ; 
reminiscence.  —  Memory  is  generic,  de¬ 
noting  the  power  by  which  we  reproduce 
past  impressions.  Remembrance  is  an 
exercise  of  that  power  when  things  oc¬ 
cur  spontaneously  to  our  thoughts.  In 
recollection ,  we  make  a  distinct  effort  to 
collect  again ,  or  call  back,  what  we  know 
has  been  formerly  in  the  mind.  Remin¬ 
iscence  is  intermediate  between  remem¬ 
brance  and  recollection ,  being  a  con¬ 
scious  process  of  recalling  past  occur¬ 
rences,  nut  without  that  distinct  refer¬ 
ence  to  particular  things  which  charac¬ 
terizes  recollection. 

MEN,  n. ;  pi.  of  Man. 

M£n'A<?E,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
threaten.  —  n.  [From  Lat.  mina- 
cix ,  for  minx.]  Show  of  a  disposi¬ 
tion  or  intention  to  inflict  an  evil ;  a 
threat. 

Men-Xg'e-rie  (men-Xzthe-r?7),  n.  [Fr. 
menagerie.]  1.  A  place  where  ani¬ 
mals  are  kept  and  trained.  2.  An 
exhibition  of  wild  or  exotic  animals. 

Mend,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Abbrev. 
fr.  amend.]  1.  To  repair.  2.  To 
alter  for  the  better  ;  to  set  right.  3. 
To  quicken.  4.  To  help  ;  to  further. 
—  v.  U  To  become  improved. 

Men-da'CIoOs,  a.  [Lat.  mendax, 
mendacis.]  Lying ;  false. 
Men-dX^'i-ty,  n.  1.  A  habit  of  ly¬ 
ing.  2.  A  falsehood  ;  a  lie. 

MEn'di-can-^  Y,  n.  Beggary. 

MEn'DI-GANT,  a.  [Lat.  mendicans, 
begging.]  1.  Begging;  poor.  2. 
Practicing  beggary.  —  n.  A  beggar. 

MEN-Diy'i-TY,  n.  State  of  begging  ; 
life  of_a  beggar. 

Men-ha'den,  n.  A  salt-water  fish. 

Me'NI-al,  a.  [0.  Fr.  meignial,  from 
meignee ,  maisnie ,  family,  house¬ 
hold.]  1.  Performing  servile  offices. 
2.  Servile;  low;  mean.  —  n.  1.  A 
domestic  servant.  2.  One  of  a  ser¬ 
vile  disposition. 

Me-nIs'GUS,  n.  [Gr.  /a^vi'cr/cos,  dim. 
of  /arjvTj,  moon.]  A  lens  convex  on 
one  side  and  concave  on  the  other. 

Men'I-VER,  n.  [0.  Fr.  menuver ,  a 
grayish  fur,  from  menu,  small,  and 
vair,  a  kind  of  fur.]  A  small  ani¬ 
mal  in  Russia,  or  its  fine  white  fur. 

MEn'sal,  a.  [Lat.  mentis ,  month.] 
monthly. 

Men's  Eg,  n.  pi.  [Lat.,  months.]  A 
periodic  flow  of  blood  from  the  mu¬ 
cous  coat  of  the  uterus. 

MEn'stru-al,  a.  Recurring  once  a 
month;  monthly. 

MEn'stru-ant,  a.  Subject  to  month¬ 
ly  flowing._ 

MEn'stru-ate,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  discharge  the  menses. 

Men'STRU-A'TION,  n.  1.  Discharge 
of  the  menses.  2.  State  or  the  pe¬ 
riod  of  menstruating. 

MJSN'STRU-otJS,  a.  [Lat.  menstruus, 
fr.  mensis,  month.]  Having  or  per¬ 
taining  to  the  monthly  flow. 

MEN'RTRU-tm,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  men'- 
STRU-OM5  ;  Lat.  pi.  MEN'STRU-A. 
[See  supra.]  Any  fluid  which  dis¬ 
solves  a  solid  body  ;  a  solvent. 


Men'KU-ra-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  mensurable. 

Men'su-ra-ble  (-shy-),  a.  [Lat. 
mensurabilis,  fr.  mensurare,  to  meas¬ 
ure.]  Capable  of  being  measured. 

Men'su-ra'tion  (-shu-),  n.  Act, 
process,  or  art,  of  measuring. 

Men'tal,  a.  [Lat.  mentalis ,  from 
mens,  the  mind.]  Pertaining  to  the 
mind  ;  intellectual.  [tellectually. 

Men'TAL-LY,  adv.  In  the  mind  :  in- 

Men'tion,  n.  [Lat.  mentio ,  from 
meminisse,  to  remember.]  A  cur¬ 
sory  speaking  of  any  thing.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  direct  attention  to 
by  a  simple  reference  ;  to  name. 

MEn'tion-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  mentioned. 

MEn'tor,  n.  [From  Mentor,  coun¬ 
selor  of  Telemachus.]  A  wise  and 
faithful  counsellor. 

Me-phit'ig,  la.  [Lat.  mephiti- 

Me-phit'ig-al,  )  cws.]  Offensive 
to  the  smell  ;  foul ;  noxious. 

Me-phI'tis,  In.  [Lat.  mephitis.] 

MEph'i-tism,  I  Offensive  or  nox¬ 
ious  exhalations  from  decomposing 
substances. 

Mer'GAN-tIle,  a.  [Lat.  mercans, 
mercantis ,  trafficking.]  Pertaining 
to  merchants,  or  their  business. 

Syn.  —  Commercial.  —  Commercial  is 
the  wider  term,  being  sometimes  used  to 
embrace  mercantile.  In  their  stricter 
use,  commercial  relates  to  the  shipping, 
freighting,  forwarding,  and  other  busi¬ 
ness  connected  with  the  commerce  of  a 
country  (whether  external  or  internal), 
that  is,  the  exchange  of  commodities; 
while  mercantile  applies  to  the  sale  of 
merchandise  and  goods  when  brought 
to  market. 

Mer'£E-na-ry  (44),  a.  [Lat.  merce- 
narius;  merces ,  wages.]  1.  Serving 
for  pay.  2.  Moved  by  considera¬ 
tions  of  profit. 

Syn.  —  Paid;  hired  ;  hireling  ;  venal; 
sordid;  selfish. 

—  n.  A  hireling  ;  especially,  a  sol¬ 
dier  hired  into  foreign  service. 

Merger,  n.  [Lat.  merx,  mercis, 
merchandise.]  One  who  deals  in 
silks  and  woolen  cloths.  [mercers. 

Merger- y,  n.  Trade  or  goods  of 

Mer'chan-dI§e,  n.  [See  Mer¬ 
chant.]  1.  Trade  ;  traffic  ;  com¬ 
merce.  2.  Wares;  goods;  commod¬ 
ities. —  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  trade; 
to  carry  on  commerce. 

Merchant,  n.  [Lat.  mercans,  p. 
pr.  of  mercari,  to  trade.]  One  who 
carries  on  trade,  especially  on  a  large 
scale  ;  a  trader.  —  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  employed  in,  trade. 

Mer'CHANT-A-ble,  a.  Fit  for  mar¬ 
ket,  or  to  be  bought  and  sold. 

Mer'chant-man  (150),  n.  A  trad¬ 
ing  vessel. 

MER'yi-FyL, a.  1.  Having  or  exer¬ 
cising  mercy.  2.  Unwilling  to  give 
pain.  [manner. 

MER'yi  FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  merciful 

MEr'^i-fvl-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  merciful ;  readiness  to  forgive. 

MER'yi-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  mercy. 

MEr'^i-less-LY,  adv.  In  a  merci¬ 
less  manner. 


Mer-GU'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Active;  spright- 
ly  ;  full  of  vigor.  2.  Pertaining  to, 
containing,  or  consisting  of,  mercury. 

MER-CTpRI-AL-IZE ,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  affect  with  mercury  ;  to  expose  to 
the  vapor  of  mercury. 

Mer'cu-ry,  n.  [Lat.  Mercurius .]  1. 
(Rom.  Myth.)  The  messenger  and 
interpreter  of  the  gods.  2.  A  silvery 
metal,  liquid  at  common  tempera¬ 
tures  ;  quicksilver.  3.  A  prepara¬ 
tion  of  mercury,  used  in  medicine. 
4.  One  of  the  planets.  5.  A  messen¬ 
ger;  also,  a  newspaper.  6.  A  plant 
of  several  kinds. 

M£r'£Y,  n.  [Lat.  merces,  mercedis, 
pay,  reward,  L.  Lat.  pity.]  1.  Dis¬ 
position  to  overlook  injuries,  or  to 
treat  an  offender  better  than  he  de¬ 
serves.  2.  Act  or  exercise  of  mercy. 

Syn.  —  Clemency;  tenderness  ;  pity  ; 
compassion.  See  Grace. 

Mer'cy-seat,  n.  The  covering  of 
the  ark,  among  the  Jews. 

Mere,  «.  [-est.]  [A.-S.  mxre,  Lat 
merus.]  1.  Pure ;  absolute.  2.  Only 
this,  and  nothing  else  ;  simple.  —  n 
[A.-S.  mere ,  metre.]  1.  A  pool  or 
lake.  2.  [A.-S.  mxre.]  A  boundary . 

Mere'ly,  adv.  1.  Purely  ;  absolute¬ 
ly  ;  utterly.  2.  Simply ;  barely ; 
solely. 

MEr'e-trPcioEs  (-trlsh'us),  a.  [Lat- 
meretricius  ;  meretrix,  a  prostitute.] 
Resembling  the  arts  of  a  harlot ; 
tawdry ;  showy  ;  gaudy. 

MerGe  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
mergere .]  To  immerse ;  to  sink.  — 
v.  i.  To  be  sunk  or  swallowed  up. 

Me-rid'i-an  (77),  n.  1.  Noon.  2. 
The  highest  point,  as  of  success ; 
culmination.  3.  A  great  circle  of 
the  sphere  passing  through  the  poles 
of  the  heavens  and  the  zenith  of  the 
spectator.  4.  A  great  circle  on  the 
earth ,  passing  through  the  poles  and 
any  given  place.  — a.  [Lat.  meridi- 
anus ;  meridies,  noon.]  Pertaining 
to  mid-day,  or  to  the  highest  point. 

Me-RID'i-on-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
meridian. 

Me-ri'no  (-r5'-),n.  [Sp.  merino,  mov¬ 
ing  from  pasture  to  pasture.]  1.  A 
variety  of  sheep  of  very-  fine  wool. 
2.  A  thin  fabric,  of  merino  wool. 

Mer'it,  n.  [Lat.  meritum.]  1.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  deserving  well  or  ill ;  desert. 
2.  Excellence  entitling  to  honor  or 
reward ;  worth.  3.  Reward  deserved. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  earn  ;  tc  be 
entitled  to  ;  to  deserve. 

Mer'I-to'RI-oOs,  a.  Deserving  of  re¬ 
ward  or  honor  ;  valuable. 

MEr'LON,  n.  [Lat.  mams ,  for  murus, 
wall,  dim.  marulus.]  Part  of  a  par¬ 
apet  lying  between  two  embrasures. 

Mer'MAID,  n.  [Fr.  mer,  Lat.  mare, 
the  sea,  and  Eng.  maid.]  A  fabled 
sea  animal,  the  upper  part  like  that 
of  a  woman,  and  the  lower  like  a  fish. 

Mer'MAN  (150),  n.  A  fabled  sea-man, 
with  the  tail  of  a  fish  instead  of  legs. 

Mer'RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  merry  manner. 

M£R'Rl-MENT,n.  Gayety,  with  laugh¬ 
ter  or  noise  ;  noisy  sport. 

G,  hard ;  A§ ;  EJIST  ;  5f  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  Crn, rue , pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ,  y,  6,  soft;  c, 


MERRY 

M£R'RY,a.  [-ER ;  -E ST,  142.]  [A.-S. 
rnerk ,  mirig.]  1.  Brisk ;  lively.  2. 

.  Noisily  gay.  3.  Causing  laughter  or 
mirth. 

Syn.  —  Blithe;  lively;  sprightly;  viva¬ 
cious;  joyous;  mirthful;  jocund. 

MEr'ry-Xn'drew,  n.  [From  An¬ 
drew  Borde,  a  physician  in  the  time 
of  Henry  VIII.]  A  buffoon  ;  a  zany. 

Mer'RV-MAK'ING,  n.  A  meeting  for 
mirth. 

MEr'ry-thougiit  (-thawt),  n.  The 
forked  bone  of  a  fowl’s  breast ;  a 
wish-bone. 

ME-SEEM§',t\  [-ed.]  It  seems 

to  me.  [the  mesentery. 

MEs'en-tEr'IG,  a.  Pertaining  to 

MEs'en-tEr'y,  or  MEs'en-tE'ry, 
n.  [Gr.  fj.ecrevTept.ov ;  peo-os,  middle, 
and  evrepov,  intestine.]  A  membrane 
which  keeps  the  intestines,  &c.,  in  a 
proper  position. 

MEsh,  n.  [A.-S.  masc.]  Space  in¬ 
closed  between  the  knots  of  a  net. 
v.t.  [  ed;  -ing.]  To  catch  in  a 
mesh . 

Merlin,  n.  The  same  as  marlin. 
SeeMASLlN.  [merism. 

MEg-MER'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  mes- 

Me jPMER-XSM,  n.  [From  Mesmer , 
who  first  brought  it  into  notice.] 
Art  of  inducing  an  abnormal  state 
of  the  nervous  system. 

MEg'MER-iZE,  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
bring  into  a  state  of  mesmeric  sleep. 

MEg'MER-iz'ER,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  mesmerism. 

Mesne  (meen),  a.  [Norm.  Fr.,  mid¬ 
dle.  Cf.  Mean,  a.]  (Law.)  Middle; 
intervening. 

Mess,  n.  [A.-S.  mese,  myse,  Goth. 
mes ,  a  table,  mats ,  food.]  1.  A  dish, 
or  quantity  of  food.  2.  A  number 
of  persons  who  eat  together.  3.  A 
medley  ;  a  mixed  mass. —  v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  eat  in  company.  —  v.t. 
To  supply  with  a  mess. 

Miss'SAGE,  n.  [L.  Lat.  messagium, 
fr.  Lat.  mittere,  to  send.]  1.  A  no¬ 
tice  or  communication  from  one  per¬ 
son  to  another.  2.  An  official  com¬ 
munication  delivered  by  a  messenger. 

MEs'sen-gep  n.  [0.  Eng.  messa- 
ger.]  One  who  bears  a  message. 

Syn.  —  Carrier  ;  courier  ;  harbinger. 

Mes-sT'ah,  n.  [Heb.  m&s/dah,  anoint¬ 
ed.]  Christ,  the  anointed;  the  Sa¬ 
vior. 

Mes-si'AH-shIp,  n.  Character,  or  of¬ 
fice  of  the  Savior. 

MEs'si-Xn'I€,  a.  Relating  to  the 
Messiah. 

Mes-si'as,  n.  The  Messiah. 

Mes'sieurs  (mesh'yerz),  n.  pi. 
[Fr. ;  pi.  of  monsieur .]  Sirs,  gen¬ 
tlemen  ;  —  abbrev.  to  Messrs.,  and 
used  as  the  pi.  of  Mr. 

MEss'mate,  n.  One  who  eats  ordi¬ 
narily  at  the  same  table. 

Mfis'sUA&E  (mSs'swej),  n.  [Low  Lat. 
messuagium,  mansi  onatic.um ,  from 
Lat.  mansio ,  a  dwelling.]  A  dwell¬ 
ing-house,  with  the  adjacent  build¬ 
ings  and  lands. 

270 

Mes-TEE',  n.  Offspring  of  a  white 
person  and  a  quadroon. 

Mes-ti'zo,  n.  [Sp. ,  fr.  Lat.  mixtus , 
mixed.]  Child  of  a  Spaniard  or  cre¬ 
ole  and  a  native  Indian. 

MEt,  imp.  &  p.p.  of  Meet. 

MEt'A-CAR'PUS,  n.  [Gr.  peraKapneov ; 
pera,  beyond,  between,  and  Kapnos, 
wrist.]  Part  of  the  hand  between 
the  wrist  and  the  fingers. 

Met'AL  (met'al  or  met'l),  n.  [Lat. 
metallum,  Gr.  jaeraAAov.]  A  sub¬ 
stance  having  a  peculiar  luster,  a 
good  conductor  of  heat  and  electric¬ 
ity,  and  usually  solid  at  ordinary 
temperatures. 

Me-tal'LI€,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  metal. 

MEt'al-lif'er-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  metal- 
lier ;  metallum .  metal,  and  ferre ,  to 
bear.]  Producing  metals. 

Me-tXl'li-form.  a.  Having  the 
form  of  metals  ;  like  metal. 

Met'AL-LINE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of,  metal. 

Met'al-list,  n\  A  worker,  or  one 
skilled,  in  metals. 

MEt'AL-LIZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
give  its  proper  metallic  properties  to. 

MEt'AL-LOID,  n.  [Gr.  peraXXov, 
metal,  and  elfios,  form.]  The  metal¬ 
lic  base  of  a  fixed  alkali,  or  alkaline 
earth.  —  a.  Like  metal. 

MEt'al-lOr'gig,  1  a.  Pertain- 

MEt'AL-lOr'GIG-al,  j  ing  to  met¬ 
allurgy.  [metallurgy. 

MET'AL-LfrR^TST,  n.  One  skilled  in 

Met'AL-lDr'GY,  n.  [Gr.  peraXXovp- 
yos,  working  metals  ;  peraXXov,  met¬ 
al,  and  epyeiv,  to  work.]  Operation 
of  obtaining  metals  from  their  ores. 

MET'A-MOR'PHI€,a.  [See  METAMOR¬ 
PHOSIS.]  1.  Changeable ;  variable. 
2.  Pertaining  to  changes  which  min¬ 
erals  or  rocks  may  have  undergone 
since  their  deposition. 

MEt'a-mor'phism,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  metamorpliic. 

MET'A-MOR'PHOSE,?'.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  change  into  a  different  form  ;  to 
transform. — n.  Same  as  META¬ 
MORPHOSIS. 

MEt'a-mor'pho-sIs,  n.  ;  pi.  mEt'a- 

MOR'PHO-SE§.  [Gr.  perap6p<\>u><ri<;  ; 
pera,  beyond,  over,  and  pop^y, 
form.]  Change  of  form  or  shape  ; 
transformation. 

MEt'A-PHOR,  n.  [Gr.  peTa<f>opd,  fr 
peraipepeiv,  to  carry  over,  to  trans¬ 
fer.]  A  word  expressing  similitude 
without  the  signs  of  comparison. 

MEt'a-phor'I€,  1  a.  Pertaining 

MEt'a-phor'I€-al,  j  to,  or  com¬ 
prising,  a  metaphor;  figurative. 

MEt'a-ph6r'I€-al-ly,  ado.  Not 
literally  ;  figuratively. 

MET'A-PHRAgE,  n.  [Gr.  perd<f>pa<ri.s ; 
perd,  beyond,  and  <j)paai<;,  a  speak¬ 
ing.]  A  literal  or  verbal  translation. 

MEt'A-phrXst'I€,  1  a.  Close,  or 

M£t'a-phrXst'I€-al,  J  literal,  in 
translation. 

MET'A-Pn5g'I€,  1  a.  Pertaining 

MEt'a-ph5§'I€-al,  f  to,  or  accord¬ 
ing  to,  metaphysics. 

METHOD 

MEt'a-phy-sI'cian  (-zlsh'an),  n. 

One  who  is  versed  in  metaphysics. 

MET'A-PHYg'IGS,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  /xerd  i 

t<x  (frvaLKa,  after  physics  ;  —  so  called 
by  Aristotle,  who  considered  physics 
to  be  the  first  in  the  order  of  studies, 
and  the  science  of  mind  to  be  the 
second.]  1.  Science  of  being,  as  such  ; 
philosophy  in  general.  2.  Scientific  ! 

knowledge  of  mental  phenomena; 
mental  philosophy.  ; 

MEt'A-PLXsM,  n.  [Gr.  peranXaiTpoi ; 
perarrXdcrcreiv,  to  transform.]  A 
change  in  a  word  by  augmentation, 
diminution,  or  insertion,  of  a  sylla¬ 
ble  or  letter. 

MEt'A-TAR'sus,  n.  [Gr.  pera,  be¬ 
yond,  after,  and  rapoo<;,  flat  of  the 
foot.]  Part  of  the  foot  between  the 
ankle  and  the  toes. 

ME-TXtH'E-SJS,  n.;  pi.  ME-TXTH'E. 

SEg.  [Gr.  peraOe cris,  fr.  peranOevai, 
to  transpose.]  Transposition  of  the 
letters  or  syllables  of  a  word. 

Mete,  v.  t.  ‘[-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  me- 
tan .]  To  measure.  —  n.  Measure  ; 
limit ;  boundary  ;  —  chiefly  in  the  pi. 

Me-tEmp'sy-€HO'sis,  n.  [Gr.  pe- 
repifjvxoxri-1; ;  perd,  beyond,  over,  ev, 
in,  and  if/ vxv ,  life,  soul.]  The  pass-  ! 

ing  of  the  soul  after  death  into  some 
other  body  ;  transmigration. 

Me'te-or,  n.  [Gr.  perempa,  things  in 
the  air ;  perd,  beyond,  and  ec opa, 
a’uopa,  a  being  suspended  in  the  air.] 

1.  Any  phenomenon.  2.  A  transient 
fiery  or  luminous  body,  seen  in  the 
atmosphere. 

Me'te-or'ig,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
proceeding  from,  a  meteor. 

Me'te-or-Ite  (49),  n.  A  meteorolite. 

Me'te-or'o-lite  (49),  n.  [Gr.  pe- 
reoipos,  high  in  air,  and  At'Oos,  stone.] 

A  meteoric  stone  ;  an  aerolite.  1 

Me'te-or'o-log'ig,  )  a.  Relat-  5 

Me/te-6r''o-log,I€-al,  }  ing  to 

the  atmosphere  and  its  phenomena. 

Me'te-or-ol'o-gIst,  n.  One  skilled 
in  meteorology. 

Me/TE-or-6l'o-6y,  n.  [Gr.  peremp- 
oXoyia  ;  perempa,  meteor,  and  Ao-yov, 
discourse.]  Science  which  treats  of 
the  atmosphere  and  its  phenomena. 

Me'ter,  n.  [Eng.  mete.]  One  who, 
or  that  which,  metes  or  measures; 
specifically,  (a.)  An  instrument  for  1 

measuring  the  consumption  of  gas. 

(b.)  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
consumption  of  water,  (c.)  A  licensed 
measurer  of  coals  before  they  are  de¬ 
livered  out  for  sale. 

Me'ter,  1  n.  [Lat.  metrum,  fr.  the 

Me'tre,)  root  met  in  metiri,  to 

measure.]  Rhythmical  arrangement 
of  syllables  into  verses,  stanzas,  &c.  ; 
rhythm  ;  measure  ;  verse. 

Me-thEg'lin,  n.  [W.  meddyglyn; 
medd ,  mead,  and  llyn,  liquor,  juice.] 

A  liquor  made  of  honey  and  water 
boiled  and  fermented. 

Me-thInks',  v.  impers.  [ME- 

thought.]  It  seems  to  me ;  1 
think.  [Rare,  except  in  poetry .] 

METH'OD,  n.  [Gr.  pe6o8e s ;  perd, 
after,  oSos,  way.]  1.  Regular  mode 

A,  E,  1,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  X,£,  I,  6,0,5,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask;  ALL,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 

METHODIC 


MIGRATORY 


or  manner  of  doing  any  thing.  2.  Or¬ 
derly  arrangement  or  classification. 

Syn.  —  Mode;  manner.  —Method  im¬ 
plies  arrangement;  mode,  mere  action  or 
existence.  An  instructor  may  adopt  a 
good  method  of  teaching  to  write;  the 
scholar  may  acquire  a  bad  mode  of  hold¬ 
ing  his  pen;  the  manner  in  which  he  is 
corrected  will  greatly  affect  his  success 
or  failure. 

Me-thod'I€,  )  a.  Arranged  in 

kE-THOD'ie-AL,  J  convenient  or¬ 
der  ;  regular. 

Me-thod'ic-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  me¬ 
thodical  manner. 

Meth'od-Ism,  n.  Doctrines  and  wor¬ 
ship  of  the  Methodists. 

Meth'od-ist,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Christians,  founded  by  John  Wesley. 

Meth'od-Ist'IG,  a.  Resembling  the 
Methodists,  or  partaking  of  their 
strictness. 

Meth'od-Ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  arrange  in  a  convenient  manner. 

Me-thouuht'  (me-thawt/),  imp.  of 
Me  thinks. 

MEt'o-n^m'ie,  )  a.  Used  by  way 

MLt'o-nym'ig-al,  J  of  metonymy. 

Me-ton'y-my,  or  MEt'o-n^m'y,  n. 
[Gr.  fj.eToivvfj.lo. ;  per  a,  indicating 
change,  and  ovopa,  name.]  A  trope 
in  which  one  word  is  put  for  another, 
as  table  for  provisions. 

MET'O-PE,  n.  [Gr.  /aeToinj ;  pera,  with, 
between,  and  cun),  hole,  open  space.] 
The  space  between  the  triglyphs  of 
the  Doric  frieze. 

Me'tbe,?i.  See  Meter,  [volumes. 

Met'RIE,  a.  Noting  a  measurement  of 

Met'RI€-AL,  a.  [Gr.  perpoKos,  from 
perpov,  measure.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
measure.  2.  Consisting  of  verses 
poetically  measured.  3.  Employed 
in,  or  obtained  by,  measurement. 

MET'Rie  S?s'te"m.  See  Metric  Sys¬ 
tem,  p.  534. 

Me-trop'o-lis,  n.  [Gr.  prfTponoXLs  ; 
pr)Tr)p,  mother,  and  7toAis,  city.]  The 
mother  city  ;  the  chief  city. 

Met'ro-p5l'I-tan,  a.  Belonging  to 
a  metropolis. — n.  1.  The  bishop 
who  presides  over  the  other  bishops 
of  a  province.  2.  [Lat.  Church.)  An 
archbishop. 

Met'tle  (inet/tl),  n.  [Eng.  metal , 
used  in  a  tropical  sense.]  1.  Ele¬ 
ment  ;  material.  2.  Constitutional 
ardor. 

Met'tled,  a.  High-spirited;  full  of 
fire  or  vigor. 

Met'tle-sqme  (met'tl-sum),  a.  Full 
of  spirit;  easily  excited  ;  fiery. 

Met'tle-some-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  mettlesome. 

Mew,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  mxw.]  A  sea- 
fowl  ;  a  gull.  2.  [Fr.  mue,  change 
of  feathers,  scales,  &c.,  time  when, 
or  place  where,  the  change  occurs, 
fr.  muer,  Lat.  mutare ,  to  change.] 
A  cage  for  hawks  while  mewing ; 
hence,  a  place  of  confinement.  3. 
A  stable.  4.  The  cry  of  a  cat. 
—  v.t.  [-ed;-ing.]  1.  [From  Lat. 
mutare ,  to  change.]  To  shed  or 
cast ;  to  molt  its  feathers.  2.  To 
shut  up;  to  confine. —  v.i.  1.  To 


271 

cast  the  feathers ;  to  molt.  2.  [An 
onomatopoeia.]  To  cry  as  a  cat. 

Mewl,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  miau- 
ler .]  To  cry  from  uneasiness,  as  a 
child  ;  to  squall. 

MEWg,  n.;  pi.  MEWs'Eg.  1.  sing. 
An  inclosed  space ;  an  inclosure.  2. 
pi.  See  Mew. 

MLz'zo-tint  1  (m&Fzo-  or  ml'-z'- 

Mez'zo-tIn'to  (  zo-),  n.  [It.,  fr. 

mezzo ,  half,  and  tinto,  tint.]  A  man¬ 
ner  of  engraving  on  copper,  in  imita¬ 
tion  of  painting  in  India  ink. 

Mi'asm,  n.  Same  as  Miasma. 

Mi-Xs'mA,  n.  ;  pi.  mi-X§'ma-tA.  [Gr. 
plaa-pa,  defilement.]  Infection  float¬ 
ing  in  the  air  ;  deadly  exhalation. 

Ml-Xg'MAL,  a.  Containing  miasma ; 
miasmatic. 

Mi'a§-mXt'I€,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 

MPAg-MXT'IC-AL,  )  or  partaking  of 
the  qualities  of,  miasma. 

Ml'cA,  n.  [Lat.  mica ,  crumb,  parti¬ 
cle.]  A  mineral  capable  of  being 
cleaved  into  plates  of  extreme  thin¬ 
ness.  [like,  mica. 

Ml-€A'CEOt)s,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

Ml£E ,  n. ;  pi.  of  Mouse. 

Mich'aLl-mas  (146),  n.  Feast  of  St. 
Michael,  celebrated  September  29th. 

MiCK'LE  (mlk'l),  a.  [A.-S.  micel,my- 
cel.  Cf.  Much.]  Much  ;  great. 

MI'-eRO-eogM,  n.  [Gr.  poKpoKoapos ; 
piKpos,  little,  and  Koapos,  the  world.] 
1.  A  little  world.  2.  Hence,  man,  as 
an  epitome  of  the  universe. 

MPcRO-Cog'MIC,  I  a.  Relating  to 

MI'€RO-€o§'MIC-al,  )  the  micro¬ 
cosm. 

MI-grog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  pucpos, 
little,  and  ypd<fieiv,  to  describe.]  De¬ 
scription  of  microscopic  objects. 

MI-crom'e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  puepos, 
small,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  to  measure  very  small  dis¬ 
tances. 

MI'cro-phone,  n.  [Gr.  piicpos,  small, 
and  (jxowri ,  sound.]  An  instrument 
for  intensifying  feeble  sounds. 

Mi'CRO-scOPE,  n.  [Gr.  paxpos,  small, 

< TKoneiv ,  to  view.]  An  optical  instru¬ 
ment  for  viewing  minute  objects 

Mi'cro-scop'ic,  [  a.  Pertaining 

MPcro-scop'ic-al,  )  to  the  micro¬ 
scope  ;  very  minute. 

MI-€r6s'€0-py,  n.  Use  of  the  micro¬ 
scope. 

MId?  a.  [midst  or  midmost.]  [A.-S. 
midd ,  Goth,  midja,  allied  to  Lat. 
rnedius.]  Middle  ;  intervening. 

MlD'DAY,  a.  Pertaining  to  noon  ;  me¬ 
ridional  .  —  n.  Noon . 

MId'dle  (midMlbfl.  [A.-S.  See  Mid  ] 
1.  Equally  distant  from  the  ex¬ 
tremes  ;  mean  ;  mid.  2.  Intermedi¬ 
ate  ;  intervening.  —  n.  Point  equal¬ 
ly  distant  from  the  extremities; 
midst;  central  portion. 

Syn.  —  See  Midst. 

MLd'dle-a6ed  (-ajd,  60),  a.  Being 
midway  between  youth  and  age. 

MId'dle-mXn  (150),  n.  An  agent 
between  two  parties  ;  a  broker. 

MId'dle-most,  a.  In,  or  nearest  to, 
the  middle. 


MId'dling,  a.  Of  middle  rank  or 
quality  ;  moderate  ;  ordinary. 

Midge,  n.  [A.-S.  mygge)  mycg.)  A 
very  delicate  fly. 

MId'land,  a.  1.  Being  in  the  interior 
country.  2.  Surrounded  by  the  land. 

MlD'NIGHT  (-nit),  n.  Twelve  o’clock 
at  night.  —  a.  Being  in  the  middle 
of  the  night ;  hence,  very  dark. 

MId'rib,  n.  A  continuation  of  tho 
petiole,  extending  from  the  base  to 
the  apex  of  the  laminae  of  a  leaf. 

Mid'riff,  n.  [A.-S.  midhrif;  midd , 
mid ,  middle,  and  hr  if,  bowels.]  The 
diaphragm. 

MId'ship-man  (150),  n.  A  naval  cadet 
in  a  ship  of  war.  [ship. 

MlD'SHIPS,  adv.  In  the  middle  of  a 

Midst,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  middesl,  superl. 
of  mid.]  Interior  or  central  part; 
the  middle. 

Syn.  — Middle. — Midst  is  the  super¬ 
lative  of  mid  (middle), denoting  the  very 
center,  and  hence  implies  surrounded 
by,  involved  in,  in  the  thickest  of ;  as,  in 
the  midst  of  a  forest.  Middle  has  no 
such  intensive  sense,  and  is  often  applied 
to  extent  in  only  one  direction  ;  as,  the 
middle  of  the  street,  &c.  Midst  is  very 
frequently  used  abstractly  or  figurative¬ 
ly ;  as,  in  the  midst  of  afflictions  ;  middle 
is  never  thus  used  with  propriety.  We 
cannot  say  in  the  middle  of  my  contem¬ 
plations  on  that  subject,  but  in  the 
midst. 

— adv.  In  the  middle.  [stice. 

Mid'sDm-mer,  n.  The  summer  sob 

Mid' WAY,  n.  The  middle  of  the  way 
—  a  dv .  Hal  f- way . 

MId'wIfe  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  mid,  with 
and  wif,  woman.]  A  woman  that 
assists  in  childbirth. 

Mid'wife-ry,  or  MId'wIfe-ry,  n. 
Art  or  practice  of  assisting  women  in 
childbirth  ;  obstetrics. 

MId'win-ter,  n.  The  middle  of  win¬ 
ter  ;  also,  the  middle  of  severe  winter 
weather,  —  usually,  much  later. 

MIEN,  n.  [Fr.  mine.]  External  ap¬ 
pearance  :  carriage ;  bearing. 

MIff,  n.  [Prov.  Ger.  muff,  sulkiness.] 
A  slight  degree  of  resentment. 

Might  (mlt),  imp.  of  May.  —n.  [A.- 
S.  meaht,  miht.  See  May.]  Force 
or  power  of  any  kind,  whether  of 
body  or  mind. 

Might'i-l Y  (mlt'I-ly),  adv.  1.  Pow¬ 
erfully.  2.  Greatly  ;  very  much. 

Might'i-ness  (mlt'i-nes),  n.  1.  Pow¬ 
er  ;  greatness.  2.  Excellence  ;  —  used 
as  a  title  of  dignity. 

MIght'y  (mlt/ji),  a.  1.  Possessing 
might ;  forcible  ;  strong.  2.  Very 
great ;  remarkable  for  size,  effect,  or 
qualities.  3.  Very  excellent ;  great; 
fine.  [  Collorj.]  —  adv.  In  a  great 
degree;  very.  [Colloq.] 

MlGN'ON-ETTE'(mln'yon-St')n.  [Fr ; 
dim.  of  tnignon,  darling.]  An  an: 
nual  flowering  plant. 

Mi'grate,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
migrare,  -gratum.]  To  change  one’s 
place  of  residence  ;  to  pass  to  anoth¬ 
er  climate,  as  birds. 

MI-gra'tion,  n.  Act  of  migrating. 

Mi'gra-to-ry  (50),  a.  Removing 
from  one  state  or  country  to  another. 


MILAGE 


M'l'aGf.,  n.  Same  as  Mileage. 

Milch  (66),  a.  [See  Milk.]  Giving 
milk;  —  applied  only  to  beasts. 

Mild,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.]  1. 
Gentle  in  temper  or  disposition.  2. 
Not  showing  severity  or  harshuess. 
3.  Not  acrid,  pungent,  or  corrosive, 
&c.  4.  Not  violent  or  intense. 

MIL 'DEW  (miPdu),  n.  [A.-S  .mildeaw.] 
A  thin,  whitish  coating,  consisting 
of  minute  fungi. — v.t.  [-ed;-ing.] 
To  taint  with  mildew.  —  v.  i.  To  be¬ 
come  tainted  with  mildew,  [gently. 

Mild'ly,  adv.  In  a  mild  manner  ; 

MlLD'NESS,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
mild  ;  tenderness.  2.  Temperate¬ 
ness  ;  pleasant  condition. 

Mile,  n.  [Lat.  millia ,  pi.  of  mille,  a 
thousand  (paces).]  A  measure  of 
distance,  being  equivalent  to  320 
rods,  or  5280  feet.  • 

MIle'a&e,  n.  An  allowance  for  trav¬ 
eling,  as  so  much  by  the  mile. 

MJle'-POST,  I  n.  A  post  or  stone  to 

Mile'-stone,  )  mark  the  distance 
of  a  mile. 

MIl'ia-ry  (mTPya-ry),  a.  [Lat.  mil- 
iarius;  milium,  millet.]  Resembling 
millet  seeds. 

MIl'i-tant,  a.  [Lat.  militant,  fight¬ 
ing.]  Engaged  in  warfare ;  serving  as 
a  soldier.  [manner. 

MIl'i-ta-ri-ly,  adv.  In  a  military 

MIl'I-ta-ry,  a.  [Lat.  militaris ; 
miles,  soldier.]  1.  Pertaining  to  sol¬ 
diers,  to  arms,  or  to  war.  2.  AVarlike ; 
becoming  a  soldier.  —  n.  Soldiery; 
militia  ;  the  army. 

MIl'i-tate,  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
stand  opposed ;  to  contend. 

MI-lI'TIA  (rm-lish/a),  n  [Lat.,  from 
miles,  soldier.]  Body  of  soldiers  en¬ 
rolled  for  discipline,  but  engaged  in 
actual  service  only  in  emergencies. 

MI-lPtia-man  (ml-llsh'a-,  l),n.  One 
who  belongs  to  the  militia. 

Milk,  a.  [A.-S.  miluc,  mile.]  1.  A 
white  fluid  secreted  by  female  mam¬ 
mals  for  the  nourishment  of  their 
young.  2.  White  juice  of  certain 
plants.—t'.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
draw  milk  from.  2.  To  draw  from 
the  breasts.  3.  To  supply  with  milk. 

MIlk'er,  n.  One  who  milks;  also, 
one  who  gives  milk.  [of  milk. 

MIlk'i-ness,  n.  Qualities  like  those 

MIlk'MAID,  n.  A  woman  that  milks 
or  is  employed  in  the  dairy. 

Milk/sop,  n.  A  soft,  effeminate  man. 

MlLK'TOOTH  (150),  n.  1.  The  fore 
tooth  of  a  foal.  2.  One  of  the  first 
set  of  teeth  of  a  child. 

MIlk'y,  a.  Relating  to,  made  of,  or 
resembling,  milk. 

Milky  way  (Astron.),  a  broad,  irregu¬ 
lar,  luminous  zone  in  the  heavens,  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  the  blended  light  of  innu¬ 
merable  fixed  stars;  the  galaxy. 

MILL,  n.  1.  [Lat.  mille,  a  thousand.] 
An  imaginary  money,  the  tenth  of  a 
cent,  or  the  thousandth  of  a  dollar. 
2.  [  17.  S'.]  [A.-S.  mylen.]  An  en¬ 
gine  or  machine  for  grinding  any 
substance.  3.  A  machine. 


272 

includes  various  other  machines  or  com¬ 
binations  of  machines,  for  transform¬ 
ing  some  raw  material  by  mechanical 
processes  into  a  state  or  condition  for  use. 

4.  The  building  where  grinding  or 
some  manufacture  is  carried  on.  5. 
A  pugilistic  encounter.  [  Cant.]  —  v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  grind  ;  to  com¬ 
minute.  2.  To  shape  or  finish  by 
passing  through  a  machine.  3.  To 
full,  as  cloth.  4.  To  beat  severely 
with  the  fists,  as  if  in  a  fulling-mill. 

Mill'-dXm,  n.  A  dam  to  raise  run¬ 
ning  water  to  a  height  sufficient  to 
turn  a  mill-wheel. 

MIl'le-na'ri-an,  a.  Consisting  of  a 
thousand  years ;  pertaining  to  the 
millennium. — n.  One  who  believes 
in  a  millennium. 

MIl'LE-NA-RY,  n.  [Lat .  mittenarius ; 
mille,  a  thousand.]  The  space  of  a 
thousand  years.  [millenium. 

MlL-LEN'NI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

Mil-len'ni-al-ist,  n.  One  who  be¬ 
lieves  that  Christ  will  reign  person¬ 
ally  on  earth  a  thousand  years. 

Mil-len'ni-um,  n.  [Lat.  mille,  a 
thousand,  and  annus,  a  year.]  The 
thousand  years,  during  which  period 
Satan  will  be  bound,  and  holiness 
become  triumphant  throughout  the 
world.  See  Rev.  xx. 

Mil'le-pore,  n.  [Lat.  mille,  a  thou¬ 
sand,  porus ,  pore.]  A  species  of  coral, 
with  very  minute  cells  on  the  surface. 

Mill'er,  n.  1.  One  who  attends  a 
grist-mill.  2.  A  moth. 

Mil-les'i-mal,  a.  [Lat.  millesimius.] 
Thousandth. 

MIl'let,  n.  [Lat.  milium.]  1.  An 
endogenous  plant,  and  its  grain.  2. 
A  hardy  grass. 

MlL'LI-NER,  n.  [Orig.  a  Milaner,  or 
inhabitant  of  Milan.]  One  who 
makes  and  sells  head-dresses,  bon¬ 
nets,  &c.,  for  women. 

MIl'LI-ner'y,  n.  The  articles  made 
or  sold  by  milliners. 

MIll'ion  (mIPyun),  n.  [L.  Lat.  mill- 
io,  fr.  Lat.  mille,  a  thousand.]  The 
number  of  ten  hundred  thousand  ; 
1,000,000. 

MIll'ion-Aire',  n.  One  whose  wealth 
is  counted  by  millions  ;  a  very  rich 
person.  [a  million. 

MIll'ionth,  a.  Constituting  one  of 

MIll'-ra^e,  n.  A  canal  to  convey 
water  to  a  mill-wheel. 

MIll'stone,  n.  A  stone  used  for 
grinding  grain. 

MIll'-TAIL,  n.  The  current  of  water 
flowing  from  a  water-wheel. 

MIlt,  n.  [A.-S.  milte.]  1.  The  spleen. 
2.  [See  Milk.]  The  spermatic  glands, 
or  the  sperm  of  the  male  fish. 

Mime,  n.  [Lat.  mimus.]  1.  A  kind 
of  farce,  among  the  ancients.  2.  An 
actor  in  such  representations. 

Mi-met'I€,  I  a.  Apt  to  imitate  ; 

MI-MET 'IG-AL,  (  given  to  aping  or 
mimicry  ;  imitative. 

MIm'I€,  )  a.  [Gr.  /xt/ouxo?,  fr.  /ui- 

MIm'I€-AL,  |  /xeurdcu,  to  imitate.] 
1.  Inclined  to  imitate  ;  imitative.  2. 
Formed  in  imitation. 


MINGLE 

MIm'IG,  n.  1.  One  who  mimics.  2. 
A  mean  or  servile  imitator.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING,  135.]  To  imitate  for 
sport ;  to  ridicule  by  imitation. 

Syn.  —  To  ape  ;  counterfeit ;  mock. 

MIm'ick-ER,  n.  One  who  mimics. 

MIm'ic-ry,  n.  Act  of  one  who  mimics. 

M!n'a-RET,  n.  [Ar.  manarat,  lamp, 
lantern,  turret.]  A  slender,  lofty 
turret  on  Mohammedan  mosques. 

Min'A-to-ry  (50),  a.  [Lat.  minato- 
rius.]  Threatening;  menacing. 

MlN£E,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
minsian,  fr.  minn,  minor,  weak.]  1. 
To  cut  into  very  small  pieces ;  to 
hash.  2.  To  clip,  as  words,  or  ex¬ 
pressions.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  walk  with 
short  steps,  or  affected  nicety.  2.  To 
speak  softly,  or  with  affected  nicety. 

MIn^e'-pTe,  n.  A  pie  made  with 
minced  meat,  &c.  [manner. 

MIn'^ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  mincing 

Mind,  n.  [A.-S.  mynd.]  1.  The  in¬ 
tellectual  faculty  in  man  ;  the  under¬ 
standing  ;  also,  the  spiritual  nature  ; 
the  soul.  2.  Opinion;  sentiment; 
judgment.  3.  Choice  ;  inclination  ; 
desire.  4.  Memory  ;  remembrance. 

—  v.  t.-  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  attend  to; 
to  fix  the  thoughts  on. 

Syn.  —  Tonotice;  mark;  note;  regard; 
observe;  obey. 

—  v.  i.  To  be  inclined,  or  disposed 
to  incline. 

MInd'ed,  a.  Disposed;  inclined. 

Mind'ful,  a.  Attentive;  observant. 

Mind'fi/l-ly,  adv.  Attentively. 

Mine,  a.  [A.-S.  min.]  Belonging  to 
me;  my.  —  n.  [See  infra. ]  1.  A 

subterranean  cavity  or  passage  ;  esp. 
one  from  which  minerals  are  dug. 
2.  A  source  of  wealth  or  other  good. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  dig  a  mine.  2.  To 
form  a  burrow  or  lodge  in  the  earth. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  minare, 
to  drive.]  To  dig  away  the  founda¬ 
tion  of;  to  sap;  to  undermine;  to 
ruin  or  destroy  slowly. 

Min'er,  n.  One  who  mines  ;  a  digger 
of  mines. 

MIn'er-al,  n.  [L.  Lat.  mmerale.  See 
Mine,  n.]  Any  inorganic  substance 
having  a  definite  chemical  composi¬ 
tion.  —  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  minerals.  2.  Impregnated 
with  minerals.  [minerals. 

MlN'ER-AL-i'sTi  n.  One  versed  in 

MIn'er-al-i-za'tion,  n.  Process  of 
mineralizing. 

MIn'er-al-Ize,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  mineral ;  to  communicate 
the  properties  of  a  mineral  to.  — v.  i. 
To  go  on  an  excursion  for  minerals. 

MIn'er-al-IZ'er,  n.  A  substance 
which  mineralizes  another,  or  com¬ 
bines  with  it  in  an  ore. 

MIn'er-al-o6'I€-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  mineralogy.  [mineralogy. 

MIn'er-Xl^o-GIst,  n.  One  versed  in 

Min'er-Xl'O-Gy,  n.  [From  mineral, 
and  Gr.  Aoyos,  discourse.]  The  sci¬ 
ence  of  mineral  substances. 

MIn'e-ver,  n.  See  Meniver. 

MIn'gle,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
mengan.]  To  unite  in  one  body  ;  to 


i®"  In  modern  usage,  the  term  mill 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,  Y,  long ;  X,E,I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  fXr,  Ask,  £.ll,  WH^t  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6n, 


MINIATURE 


MISCARRY 


blend ;  to  mix.  —  v.  i.  To  be  mixed  ; 
to  be  united. 

M1n'I-a-ture  (mm'i-at-yijr  or  min'- 
it-yyr,  53),  n.  [From  Lat.  miniare, 
to  tinge  with  vermilion.]  A  painting 
on  a  reduced  scale  ;  hence,  greatly 
diminished  style  or  form. — a.  On  a 
small  scale. 

MIn'i-kIn,  a.  Small;  diminutive. — 
n.  [Dim.  of  minion.]  A  darling. 

MlN'IM,  n.  [Lat.  minimus,  the  least, 
smallest.]  1.  Any  thing  very  minute. 
2.  A  single  drop.  3.  A  half  note, 
equal  to  two  quarter  notes. 

MIN'InVIIZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
reduce  to  the  smallest  part  or  pro¬ 
portion  possible. 

MJn’I-mum,  n. ;  pi.  m/n't-ma.  [Lat. 
See  supra.]  Least  quantity  assigna¬ 
ble  in  a  given  case  ;  hence,  a  tribe. 

Min'ion  (-yun),  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  minni, 
minnia ,  affection.]  1.  A  favorite  ; 
particularly  one  who  gains  favors  by 
mean  adulation.  2.  A  small  kind  of 
printing  type. 

This  type  is  minion. 

MlN'IS-TER,  n.  [Lat.,fr.  minus ,  less.] 
1.  A  servant ;  a  subordinate.  2.  One 
to  whom  is  intrusted  the  direction 
of  affairs  of  state.  3.  Representative 
of  a  government  at  a  foreign  court. 
4.  One  who  serves  at  the  altar  ;  pas¬ 
tor  of  a  church. —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  furnish  ;  to  afford  ;  to  supply. 

MInOs-te'ri-al  (89),  a.  1.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  ministry,  and  executive  offi¬ 
cers.  2.  Pertaining  to  a  minister. 

Syn.  —  Official;  clerical;  priestly;  sa¬ 
cerdotal;  ecclesiastical. 

Min'is-trant,  a.  Performing  service 
as  a  minister. 

MIN'Ts-tra'tion,  n.  1.  Ministry  ; 
agency.  2.  Ecclesiastical  function. 

Min'is-try,  n.  [See  Minister.]  1. 
Act  of  ministering  ;  ministration ; 
agency.  2.  Office  or  duties  of  a  min¬ 
ister.  8.  A  body  of  ministers  ;  the 
clergy  ;  ministers  of  state. 

MlN'I-VER,  n.  Same  as  MENEVER. 

Mink,  n.  A  carnivorous  quadruped 
of  the  weasel  tribe. 

Min[ne-sIng'er,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger. 
minni,  love,  singen,  to  sing.]  One 
of  a  class  of  German  poets  and  musi¬ 
cians  of  the  12th and  14th  centuries. 

MlN'NOW  (mlnffio),  n.  [Prob.  fromFr. 
menu,  little,  small.]  A  very  small 
fresh-water  fish. 

MI'NOR,a.  [Lat.]  1.  Inferior  in  bulk, 
degree,  importance,  &c. ;  less  ;  small¬ 
er.  2.  Lower  by  a  semitone. — n.  1. 
A  person  of  either  sex  under  age.  2. 
(Logic.)  The  minor  term,  that  is,  the 
subject  of  the  conclusion;  also,  the 
minor  premise.  3.  A  Minorite. 

Mi'nor-Ite,  n.  A  Franciscan  friar. 

MI-nor'i-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  being  a 
minor.  2.  The  smaller  number. 

MIn'O-TAUR,  n.  [Gr.  Mm oravpos,  fr. 
MiVo>5,  Minos,  and  raupo?,  a  bull.] 
A  fabled  monster,  half  man  and  half 
bull. 

MIn'ster,  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  Lat.  monas- 
terium .1  A  church  to  which  a  mon¬ 


273 

astery  is  or  has  been  attach  jd  ;  some¬ 
times,  a  cathedral  church. 

Min'strel,  n.  [L.  Lat.  ministerialis, 
servant,  workman.  See  Ministry.] 
A  bard  ;  a  singer  and  a  harper. 

MIn'strel -sy,  n.  1.  A  collective 
body  of  minstrels.  2.  A  collective 
body  of  songs. 

Mint,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  mynet,  coin,  Lat. 
moneta,  from  Moneta,  a  surname  of 
Juno,  in  whose  templeat  Rome  mon¬ 
ey  was  coined.]  The  place  where 
money  is  coined.  2.  [A.-S.  minte,  fr. 
Lat.  mentha.]  An  aromatic  plant 
of  various  species.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  make  by  stamping,  as 
money  ;  to  coin.  2.  To  invent ;  to 
forge  ;  to  fabricate  ;  to  fashion. 

MlNT'AGE,  n.  1.  That  which  is  coined. 
2.  Duty  paid  to  the  mint  for  coining. 

Min'u-end,  7i.  [Lat.  minuendus ,  to 
be  diminished.]  A  number  from 
which  another  is  to  be  subtracted. 

Min'U-Et,  7i.  [Fr.  77ze.7iu.et ,  fr.  menu, 
small,  on  account  of  the  small  steps.] 
A  slow,  graceful  dance. 

Mi'nus,  a.  [Lat.]  Less  ;  also,  requir¬ 
ing  to  be  subtracted. 

Mi-nute',  a.  [Lat.  minutus,  p.  p.  of 
minuere ,  to  lessen.]  1.  Very  small ; 
slight.  2.  Attentive  to  small  things. 

Syn.  —  Little  ;  diminutive  ;  circum¬ 
stantial  ;  particular.  A  circumstantial 
account  embraces  all  the  leading  events; 
a  particular  account  goes  further,  and 
includes  each  event  and  movement, 
though  of  but  little  importance  ;  a  mi¬ 
nute  account  goes  further  still,  and  omits 
nothing  as  to  person,  time,  place,  ad¬ 
juncts,  &c. 

Min'ute  (min'it),  n.  [Lat.  minutum, 
i.  e. ,  a  small  portion.  See  supra.]  1. 
Sixty  seconds.  2.  Sixtieth  part  of  a 
degree.  3.  A  note  or  memorandum 
in  writing. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  a  note  of ;  to  jot  down. 
MIn'ute-book  (min'it-,  27),  n.  A 
book  of  short  hints. 

Min'ute-gOn  (min'it-),  n.  A  gun 
discharged  every  minute,  as  a  signal. 

Min-ute-hXnd  (mln'it-),  n.  The hand 
that  points  to  the  minutes  on  a  clock 
or  watch. 

MI-nute'ly,  adv.  In  a  minute  man¬ 
ner  ;  exactly.  [minute. 

MIn'ute-ly  (mm'it-ly),  adv.  Every 

Min'ute-mXn  (min'it-,  150),  n.  A 
man  ready  to  march  at  a  moment’s 
notice. 

MI-nute'ness,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  minute.  2.  Critical  exactness. 

Mt-NV'Tl-rE  (-nu'shl-,  95),  n.  pi. 
[Lat.]  Minute  particulars. 

MInx,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  miniken.]  A 
pert,  wanton  girl. 

Mir' A  €LE  (nur'a-kl),  n.  [Lat.  mir- 
aculum ;  mirari,  to  wonder.]  1.  A 
wonder  or  wonderful  thing.  2.  A 
supernatural  event 

MI-rXg'u-lous,  a.  1.  Performed  su- 
pernaturally.  2.  Extraordinarily 
wonderful. 

MI-rXg'u-loOs-LY,  adv.  In  a  mi¬ 
raculous  manner ;  wonderfully. 

MT-rXge'  (mT-razh'),  n.  [Fr.  se  mirer, 
to  reflect.]  An  optical  illusion  caus¬ 


ing  remote  objects  to  be  seen  double, 
or  to  appear  as  if  suspended  iu  tne 
air. 

MIRE,  n.  [A.-S.  myre.]  Earth  wet 
and  soft;  deep  mud. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  plunge  and  fix  in  mire 
2.  To  soil  with  mud. 

Mir'i-ness,  7i.  State  of  being  miry. 

MIrk'y,  a.  See  Murky. 

Mir'ror,  n.  [Fr.  7niroir.]  1.  A  look¬ 
ing-glass.  2.  A  pattern  ;  an  exem¬ 
plar. —  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  Tore- 
fleet,  as  in  a  mirror. 

MIrth,  n.  [A.-S.  mirdh.  See  Merry.] 
High  excitement  of  pleasurable  feel¬ 
ings  in  company  ;  noisy  gavety. 

Syn. —  Merriment;  joyousness;  glad¬ 
ness;  fun;  frolic  ;  glee;  hilarity;  festiv¬ 
ity;  jollity.  See  Gladness. 

MlRTH'FUL,  a.  Full  of  mirth  ;  merry. 

MiRTH'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  mirthful 
manner. 

Mirth'ful-NESS,  n.  State  of  mirth. 

MIrth'less,  a.  Without  mirth. 

MlR'Y,  a.  Full  of,  or  consisting  of, 
mire. 

Mis-XE'yEP-TA'TlON,  n.  Under¬ 
standing  in  a  wrong  sense.  [dent. 

MIs^d-vent'Ore,  n.  Unlucky  acci- 

Mis'AL-lege'  (-al-lej'),  v.  t.  To  state 
erroneously. 

MlS'AL-LI'ANyE,  n.  Improper  asso¬ 
ciation  ;  a  degrading  connection  by 
marriage. 

MlS'AN-THROPE,  |  n.  [Gr.  puerdv- 

MIS-Xn'THRO-PIST,  |  OpcoiTOS  ;  pu- 
cretv,  to  hate,  and  dvOpu>~os,  a  man.] 
A  hater  of  mankind. 

Mis'an-throp'IE,  )  a.  Hating 

Mis'AN-THROF're-AL,  )  mankind. 

Mis-Xn'thro-py,  n.  Hatred  or  dis¬ 
like  to  mankind.  [plication. 

Mis-Xp'PLI-ca'tion,  n.  A  wrong  ap- 

Mis'ap-ply',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.] 
To  apply  wrongly. 

MlS-XP'PRE-HEND',  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  take  in  a  wrong  sense. 

Mis-Xp'pre-hen'sion,  n.  A  wrong 
apprehension  of  one’s  meaning  or  of 
a  fact. 

Syn.  —  Misconception  ;  misunder¬ 
standing;  mistake. 

MiVap-pro'PRI-a'tion,  n.  Wrong 
appropriation.  [ill. 

Mis'be-gOme'  (-kfim'),  v.  t.  To  suit 

Mis'be-got'ten,  p.  a.  Unlawfully 
or  irregularly  begotten. 

Mis'be-have',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
behave  ill  or  improperly. 

Mis'be-HAV'ior,  n.  Improper,  or  un¬ 
civil  behavior ;  ill-conduct. 

Mis'be-lief',  n.  Erroneous  belief. 

Mis'be-liev'er,  n.  One  who  holds 
a  false  belief. 

Mis-eXl'gu-late,  V.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  calculate  erroneously. 

Mis-gXl'gu-la'tion,  n.  Erroneous 
calculation . 

MlS-GALL'  (mis-kawF),  v.  t.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  To  call  by  a  wrong  name. 

Mis-gXr'riage  (mis-kar'rij,  45),  n. 
1.  Unfortunate  event  of  an  under¬ 
taking  ;  failure.  2.  Improper  behav¬ 
ior.  3.  Premature  birth. 

Mis-gXr'ry,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  Tcfo,  TO”ok  ;  Drn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag  ;  EJCIST  ;  5f  as  NG  ;  THIS. 

18 


MISCEGENATION 


MISPRONOUNCE 


274 


1.  To  fail  of  the  intended  effect.  2. 
To  fail  to  reach  its  destination.  3. 
To  bring  forth  young  before  the 
proper  time. 

MIs^e-ge-na'TION,  n.  [Lat.  mis- 
cere ,  to  mix,  and  genere ,  to  beget.] 
Amalgamation  of  races. 

Mis^el-la'ne-oDs,  a.  [Lat.  mis- 
cellaneus,  from  miscellus,  mixed.] 
Mixed  ;  consisting  of  several  kinds. 

Mis'<?el-la-ny(  44),  n.  1.  A  mixt¬ 
ure  ;  a  medley.  2.  A  collection  of 
compositions  on  various  subjects. 

Mis-chAn^e',  n.  Ill  fortune. 

S YU.  —  Calamity ;  misfortune;  misad¬ 
venture;  mishap;  infelicity;  disaster. 

MIS-CHXrGe',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
mistake  in  charging,  as  an  account. 
—  n.  A  mistake  in  charging. 

MlS'CHlEF,  n.  [0.  Fr.  meschef;  mes , 
and  chef ,  properly,  ill  end.]  1.  Evil 
produced  or  effected  ;  often,  trivial 
evil  or  vexation.  2.  Cause  of  trouble 
or  vexation. 

Syn. —  Damage;  harm.  —  Damage  is 
an  injury  which  diminishes  the  value  of 
a  thing;  harm  is  an  injury  which  causes 
trouble  or  inconvenience  ;  mischief  is  an 
injury  which  disturbs  the  order  and  con¬ 
sistency  of  things.  We  often  suffer  dam¬ 
age  or  harm  from  accident,  or  from  the 
course  of  Providence,  but  mischief  al¬ 
ways  springs  from  the  perversity  or 
folly  of  man. 

MIs'ciiIef-mak'er,  n.  One  who 
makes  mischief. 

Mis'chiev-ous,  a.  1.  Making  mis¬ 
chief.  2.  Inclined  to  do  harm. 

MIs'chiev-oOs-ly,  aclv.  In  a  mis¬ 
chievous  manner. 

Mis'chiev-oCs-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  mischievous. 

MlS-CHOOgE',  V.  t.  [-CHOSE  ;  -CHOS¬ 
EN  ;  -CHOOSING.]  To  choose  wrong¬ 
ly.  _  [tion. 

MiS'Ql-TA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  quota- 

MIS-91TE',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
cite  erroneously. 

Mis-CLAIM',  n.  A  mistaken  claim. 

Mis-cSmCpu-ta'tion,  n.  Erroneous 
computation. 

MiVcon-^EIT',  n.  Misconception. 

Mis'con-^eive',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  conceive  or  interpret 
wrongly. 

Syn.  —  To  misapprehend  ;  misunder¬ 
stand;  misjudge;  mistake.' 

MIs'con-^ep'tion,  n.  Erroneous 
conception  ;  wrong  notion  or  under¬ 
standing  of  a  thing. 

MlS-CON'DUCT,  n.  Wrong  conduct ; 
ill-behavior. 

Mis'gon-dOgt',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  conduct  amiss  ;  to  mismanage 

MIVcon-ject'ure  (53),  ft.  A  wrong 
conjecture.  —  v.  t.  or  i.  To  guess 
wrongly.  [terpretation. 

MIs'con-strOc'tion,  ti.  Wrong  in- 

MIS-CON'STRIJE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  interpret  erroneously. 

Mls-COUNT',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  mistake  in  counting. — n.  An 
erroneous  counting. 

Mfs'€RE-ANT,  n.  [0.  Fr.  mescrdant , 
lit.,  wrongly  believing.]  1.  An  infi¬ 
del  ;  a  misbeliever.  2.  A  vile  wretch. 


Mis-date',  ti.  A  wrong  date.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  date  erroneously. 

Mis-deeiV,  n.  An  evil  deed;  a  wick¬ 
ed  action. 

Mis-deem',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
judge  erroneously  ;  to  misjudge. 

MIs'DE-MEAN',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
behave  ill. 

MIs'de-mean'or,  ti.  1.  Ill  behav¬ 
ior.  2.  Any  crime  less  than  a  felony. 

Syn. —  Misdeed;  misconduct;  misbe¬ 
havior;  fault;  trespass;  transgression. 

MYs'DI-rEcT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  give  a  wrong  direction  to.  2.  To 
direct  to  a  wrong  person  or  place. 

MIs'dI-rLg'TION,  ti.  Act  of  direct¬ 
ing  wrongly. 

MlS-DO',  V.  t.  [-DID  ;  -DONE  ;  -DO¬ 
ING.]  To  do  wrongly 

Mis-do'er  (-ddVer),  n.  One  who 
misdoes  ;  a  wrong-doer. 

Mis-do'ing  (-dcTofing),  n.  A  wrong 
done  ;  a  fault  or  crime  ;  an  offense. 

Mis'em-ploy',  v. t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
employ  to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad 
purpose.  [ment. 

MTs'em-ploy'ment,  ti.  Ill  employ- 

Mis-en'try,  ti.  An  erroneous  entry 
or  charge. 

Mi'ser,  ti.  [Lat.  miser,  wretched.] 
An  extremely  covetous  person ;  a 
niggard. 

Mlg'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  7vi serabili s ; 
miser ,  wretched.]  1.  Yery  unhappy  ; 
wretched.  2.  Causing  misery.  3. 
Worthless;  despicable. 

Syn.  —  Abject ;  forlorn  ;  pitiable. 

MiVer-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  miserable 
manner. 

Mig' E-RE'RE,  7i.  [Lat.,  have  mer¬ 
cy.]  The  51st  psalm,  which  com¬ 
mences  with  this  word. 

Ml'gER-LY,  a.  Yery  covetous. 

Mlg'ER-Y,  ti.  [Lat.  7niseria,  from  mi¬ 
ser,  wretched.]  1.  Great  unhappi¬ 
ness  ;  extreme  pain  of  body  or  mind. 
2.  Natural  evils  which  are  the  cause 
of  misery. 

Syn. —  Wretchedness  ;  anguish  ;  dis¬ 
tress;  calamity;  misfortune. 

Mis-fea'sance,  n.  [0.  Fr.  mes, 
wrong,  and  faisance,  deed.]  ( Law.) 
A  trespass  ;  a  wrong  done. 

Mis-fort'une,  7i.  Ill  fortune;  ill 
luck  ;  an  evil  accident. 

Mis-GIVE',  V.  t.  [-GAVE  ;  -GIVEN  ; 
-giving.]  To  fill  with  doubt  and 
apprehension.  [dence ;  distrust. 

Mis-gYv'ing,  ti.  A  failing  of  confi- 

MIS-GOT'TjEN,  a.  Unjustly  obtained. 

Mis-gov'ern,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
govern  ill. 

Mis-g6v'ern-ment,  n.  1.  Ill  ad¬ 
ministration  of  public  or  private 
affairs.  2.  Irregularity  ;  disorder. 

Mis-guid'an^e,  n.  Wrong  direction 
or  guidance. 

Mis-guIde'  (72),  tv  t.  [-E d  ;  -ing.] 
To  direct  ill ;  to  lead  into  error. 

Mis-hXp',  ti.  Ill  chance;  evil  acci¬ 
dent  ;  ill  luck. 

Mis'im-prove',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  use  for  a  bad  purpose  ;  to  abuse  ; 
to  misuse.  [employment. 

MIsGm-prove'ment,  7i.  Ill  use  or 


Mis'in-form',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
give  erroneous  information  to. 

Mis-In'for-MA'TION,  7i.  Wrong  in¬ 
formation  . 

MlS'IN-TfiR'PRET,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  interpret  erroneously  ;  to  under¬ 
stand  or  to  explain  amiss. 
MIs/1n-ter/pre-ta,tion,  n.  A  mis¬ 
taken  interpretation. 

Mis-j0d6e',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
mistake  in  judging  of. — v.i.  To 
err  in  judgment ;  to  form  false  opin¬ 
ions  or  notions. 

Mis-judg'ment,  ti.  A  wrong  or  un¬ 
just  determination. 

Mis-lay',  v.  t.  [-laid;  -laying.]  1. 
To  lay  in  a  wrong  place.  2.  To  lay 
in  a  place  not  recollected  ;  to  lose. 

M'iVle  (mfz/l),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[From  7nist ;  prop,  mistle.]  To  rain 
in  very  fine  drops,  like  a  thick  mist. 
—  n.  A  fine  rain  ;  a  thick  mist. 

MlS-LEAD',  V.  t.  [-LED  ;  -LEAD¬ 
ING.]  To  lead  astray  ;  to  deceive. 

Syn.  —  To  delude.  —  To  mislead  is  to 
lead  astray  in  any  manner:  to  delude  is 
to  do  it  by  exciting  the  imagination. 
The  former  docs  not  of  necessity  imply 
any  bad  design;  but  the  latter  always 
supposes  more  or  less  of  conscious  in¬ 
tention. 

MI§'l.e-t5e,  n.  See  Mistletoe. 

M'ig'LY  (mizGy),  a.  Raining  in  very 
small  drops. 

Mis-man'age,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To 
behave  or  manage  ill.  —  v.  t.  To 
manage  ill ;  to  administer  improp¬ 
erly. 

Mis-mXn'age-ment,  ti.  Ill  or  im¬ 
proper  management. 

Mis-mXn'a-ger,  7i.  One  who  man¬ 
ages  ill. 

MIs-mXtch',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
match  unsuitably. 

Mis-name',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
call  by  the  wrong  name. 

Mis-no'MER,  7\.  [0.  Fr.  mes,  amiss, 

wrong,  and  nommer,  to  name.]  1. 
A  misnaming.  2.  A  wrong  or  inap¬ 
plicable  name  or  title. 

Mi'-SOG'A-MIST,  n.  [Gr.  fxio’oyapo1;  ; 
pureiv,  to  hate,  and  ya/uos,  marriage.] 
A  hater  of  marriage. 

Mi-sog'A-MY,  7i.  Hatred  of  marriage. 

Mi-SOG'Y-nIst,  7i.  [Gr.  p.icroyvcrjs  ; 
fjucreiv,  to  hate,  and  y wrj,  woman.] 
A  woman-hater.  [sex. 

MI-sog'y-ny,  7i.  Hatred  of  the  female 

Mis'per-suade'  (-swadQ,  v.  t.  To 
persuade  amiss. 

MIsWer-sua'sion  (-swa'zhun),  ti.  A 
false  persuasion. 

Mis-p'I€K'JEL  (-pTk'l),  71.  [Ger.]  Ar¬ 
senica]  iron  pyrites. 

Mis-PLAtjE',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
put  in  a  wrong  place. 

Mis-print',  V.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  To 
mistake  in  printing ;  to  print  wrong. 
—  n.  A  mistake  or  error  in  printing. 

Mis-prIs'ion  (mis-prlzh'un), ».  [Low 
Lat.  misprisio,  Fr.  mepris, contempt. | 
Neglect;  contempt;  as,misprisio7i  of 
treason  or  felony,  a  neglect  of  trea¬ 
son  or  felony,  by  not  revealing  it, 
when  one  has  a  bare  knowledge  of  it. 
MIs'pro-noun^e',  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ing.] 


MISPRONUNCIATION 

To  pronounce  erroneously.  — v.  i. 
To  pronounce  incorrectly. 

Mis'pro-nOn'ci-a'tion  ( -shl-a/- 

shun),  n.  Wrong  or  improper  pro¬ 
nunciation.  [quotation. 

MlS'QUO-TA'TION,  n.  An  erroneous 

MlS-QUOTE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
quote  erroneously.  [cital. 

Mis're-^it'AL,  n.  An  inaccurate  re- 

MIs're-mEm'ber,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  mistake  in  remembering. 

MIs'RE-PORT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
report  erroneously.  —  n.  An  errone¬ 
ous  report. 

MiS-RLP'RE-SENT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  represent  falsely  or  incorrectly. 

Mis-REp/RE-gENT-A'TlON,  n.  False 
or  erroneous  representation ;  an  in¬ 
correct  account. 

Mis-rule',  n.  1.  Disorder ;  confusion ; 
tumult  from  insubordination.  2. 
Unjust  domination. 

MISS,  n  1.  [Contr.  from  mistress.] 
Young  woman  or  girl;  — a  title  of 
address  to  an  unmarried  woman.  2. 
Loss  ;  want ;  felt  absence.  3.  Mis¬ 
take;  error.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  missian.]  1.  To  fail  of  bitting 
or  reaching,  or  finding.  2.  To  do 
without ;  to  forego.  3.  To  omit ;  to 
pass  by.  4.  To  feel  the  want  of. — 
v.  i.  1.  To  fail  to  hit.  2.  Not  to 
succeed.  3.  To  mistake. 

Mis'SAi. ,  n.  [L  Lat.  missale ,  from 
missa,  mass.  See  Mass.]  The  Ro¬ 
man  Catholic  mass-book. 

Mis-send',  v.  1.  To  send  amiss. 

Mis-shape',  v.  t.  [-eg  (p.  p.  also 
-EN);  -ING.]  To  shape  ill;  to  deform. 

MlS'SILE,  a.  [Lat.  missilis, fr.  mittere, 
missum,  to  send,  throw.]  Capable 
of  being  thrown. — n.  A  weapon 
thrown,  or  intended  to  be  thrown. 

Mis'sion  (mTsh'un),  n.  [Lat.  missio , 
fr.  mittere ,  to  send.]  1.  A  sending, 
or  being  sent ;  commission.  2.  Duty 
on  which  one  is  sent.  3.  Persons 
sent ;  delegation.  4.  A  station  of 
missionaries. 

Mis'sion- a-ry  (mlsh'un-),  n.  One 
sent ;  — especially  to  propagate  relig¬ 
ion.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  missions. 

Mis'sIve,  a.  [Lat.  mittere ,  missum, 

\  to  send.]  1.  Intended  to  be  sent.  2. 

Intended  to  be  thrown  or  hurled.  — 
n.  That  which  is  sent ;  a  message. 

Mis-sp£ll',  v.  t.  [-ED  (or  mis¬ 
spelt);  -ING.]  To  spell  wrong;  to 
write  or  utter  with  wrong  letters. 

Mis-spjsnd',  v.  t.  [-spent;  -spend¬ 
ing.]  To  spend  amiss  ;  to  squander. 

Mis-state',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
state  wronglv  ;  to  falsify. 

Mis-state'ment,  n.  An  incorrect 
statement.  [step. 

Mis-step'  (109),  n.  A  wrong  or  false 

MIst,  n.  [A.-S.  mist,  Icel.  mislr.]  1. 
Fog.  2.  Coarse,  watery  vapor,  ap¬ 
proaching  the  form  of  rain.  3.  Any 
thing  which  dimsor  darkens. — v.  t. 
To  cloud  :  to  cover  with  mist.  —  v.  i. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  To  rain  in  very  fine 
drops.  [taken. 

Mis -tak'a-ble  ,  a.  Liable  to  be  mis- 
Mis-take', v.  t.  [-took;  -taken; 

275 

-TAKING.]  1.  To  take  wrongly  ;  to 
misunderstand.  2.  To  substitute 
erroneously,  as  a  thought  or  thing. 

—  v.i.  To  err  in  opinion  or  judg¬ 
ment. —  n  1.  A  taking  or  appre¬ 
hending  wrongly.  2.  A  fault  in  opin¬ 
ion,  judgment,  or  conduct. 

MlS-TAK'£N  (-tak'n),  p.  a.  1.  Guilty 
of  a  mistake  ;  in  error.  2.  Errone¬ 
ous  ;  incorrect ;  wrong. 

Mis-teacii',  v.  t.  [-taught; 
-teaching.]  To  teach  wrongly. 

Mis-tell',  v.  t.  [-told;  -tell¬ 
ing.]  To  tell  erroneously. 

Mis'ter,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  Lat.  magister.] 
Sir ;  master ;  —  abbreviated  Mr. 

Mis-time',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
time  wrongly ;  not  to  adapt  to  the 
time.  —  v.  i.  To  neglect  the  proper 
time. 

Mist'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  misty. 

MIs'tle  (niTy/l),  v.  i.  [Eng.  mist.] 
To  fall  in  very  fine  drops,  as  rain. 

Mis'TLE-TOE  (miz'l-),  n.  [A.-S.  mis- 
telta.]  A  parasitic  evergreen  plant, 
bearing  a  glutinous  fruit. 

Mis'trans-late',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  translate  erroneously. 

Mis'trans-la'tion,  ii.  An  erroneous 
translation. 

Mis'tress,  n.  [0.  Eng.  maistress. 
See  Master.]  1.  The  female  head 
of  a  family,  a  school,  & c.  2.  A 
woman  well  skilled  in  any  thing.  3. 
A  sweetheart.  4.  A  paramour.  5. 
Madam  ;  —  a  title  of  address,  now 
superseded  by  the  abbreviated  form 
Missis,  written  Mrs. 

Mts-trust',  n.  Want  of  confidence. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  regard 
with  jealousy  or  suspicion  ;  to  sus¬ 
pect ;  to  doubt.  2.  To  surmise. 

Mis-trust'ful,  a.  Suspicious  ;  want¬ 
ing  confidence.  [tune  wrong. 

Mis-tune',  r.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 

Mist'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Over¬ 
spread  with  mist.  2.  Obscured  as  if 
by  mist. 

Mis-On'der-stXnd',  v.  t.  [-stood; 
-standing.]  To  misconceive;  to 
take  in  a  wrong  sense. 

Mis-un'der-stXnd'ing,  n.  1.  Mis¬ 
take  of  meaning  ;  error  ;  misconcep¬ 
tion.  2.  Disagreement;  difference; 
slight  quarrel. 

Mis-us'age,  n.  Ill  usage  ;  abuse. 

Mis-use',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
treat  or  use  improperl}7.  2.  To  treat 
ill. 

Mis-use',  n.  1.  Wrong  application  or 
use ;  misapplication.  2.  Morally 
wrong  use ;  abuse. 

MlTE,n.  [A.-S.  mite.]  1.  Anything 
very  small.  2  A  minute  spider.  3. 
The  smallest  coin  of  the  Hebrews. 

MI'ter,  In.  [Gr.  pra 

MI'TRE.)  piT pa, 
head-band.]  1. 

A  head  covering, 
worn  by  bishops, 
cardinals,  &c.  2.  Vfajpyr 

The  joint  formed 
by  the  ends  of 

two  pieces,  each  _  ^5 

cut  off  at  an  an-  Miter, 

MOAT 

gle  of  45°.—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
meet  and  match  together,  as  two 
pieces  of  molding,  each  cut  at  an 
angle  of  45°. —  v.  t.  1.  To  adorn 
with  a  miter.  2.  To  unite  at  an  angle 
of  45°.  [alleviated. 

Mit'i-ga-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Mit'I-GANT.  a.  Tending  to  mitigate. 

MIt'I-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
mitignre ,  -gatum,  from  mitis ,  mild] 

1.  To  alleviate,  as  suffering.  2.  To 
soften  in  severity  or  harshness.  3. 

To  reduce  in  amount,  as  a  penalty. 

Syn.  —  To  assunge.  —  He  who  miti¬ 
gates  relaxes  in  lespeet  to  harshness;  he 
who  assuages  actively  lessens  the  pain 
of  others.  We  mitigate  by  being  less  se¬ 
vere  ;  we  assuage  by  being  positively 
kind.  A  judge  mitigates  a  sentence; 
friends  assuage  our  afflictions. 

MiT'I-GA'TIONjn.  Act  of  mitigating, 
or  state  of  being  mitigated. 

Syn.  —  Alleviation;  abatement;  relief. 

MlT'l-GA'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  miti¬ 
gate.  _  [which,  mitigates. 

MlT'l-GA'TOR,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

Mitrailleuse  (me'tra'yuhz'),  n. 

[Fr.,  from  mitraiUer,  to  fire  grape- 
shot.]  A  machine-gun  for  rapid 
firing. 

Mi'tre,  n.  &  v.  See  Miter. 

Mitt,  n.  [Abbrev.  from  mitten.]  A 
mitten  ;  also,  a  thin,  fingerless  cover 
for  the  wrist  and  hand. 

Mit'ten  (58),  n.  [Ir.  &  Gael,  mtitan, 
from  math,  the  hand.]  A  cover  for 
the  hand,  without  fingers. 

Mi t’ ti-mus,  n.  [Lat.,  we  send.]  A 
warrant  of  commitment  to  prison. 

Mix,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  mis- 
can.]  1.  To  unite  ;  to  blend.  2.  To 
join  ;  to  associate.  3.  To  produce 
by  stirring  ingredients  together ;  to 
mingle.  —  v.i.  1.  To  become  blend¬ 
ed.  2.  To  be  joined  ;  to  associate. 

Mix'ti-lin'e-al,  )  a.  [Lat.  mixtus , 

Mix'TI-LIN'E-AR,  )  mixed,  and  Eng. 
lineal,  linear.]  Containing,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  straight  and  curved  lines. 

Mixt'ure ,  n.  [Lat.  mixtvra;  mis- 
cere,  mixtum,  to  mix.]  1.  Art  of 
mixing,  or  state  of  being  mixed.  2. 

That  which  is  mixed.  3.  An  ingre¬ 
dient  entering  into  a  mixed  mass. 

Syn.  —  Union  ;  association  ;  admixt¬ 
ure;  intermixture;  medley. 

Miz'ZEN  (miz'zn),  a.  [It.  mezzana, 
fr.  mezzo,  middle.]  Nearest  the 
stern.  —  n.  The  hindmost  of  the 
fore  and  aft  sails  of  a  vessel. 

MlZ'ZLE,  r.  i.  See  Misle. 

Mne-MJN'IU  1  (ne-),  a.  [Gr.  jjivtj- 

MNE-MON'I€-AL  )  povuc o?,  fr.  fivrf- 
fx-rj,  memory.]  Assisting  the  memory. 

Mne-mon'ics  (ne-),  n.  sing.  A  sys¬ 
tem  of  rules  to  assist  the  memory. 

Moan,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
msenan.]  To  bewail  ;  to  lament.  — 
v.  i.  To  make  a  low,  dull  sound  of 
grief  or  pain.  —  v.  1.  A  low,  dull 
sound,  as  of  grief. 

Moat,  n.  [0  Fr.  mote,  hill,  dike, 
bank  ]  A  deep  trench  round  the 
rampart  of  a  castle  or  other  fortified 
place  ;  a  ditch . 

OR,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft ;  €,  G,  hard ;  as;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 

MOB 


MOLESTATION 


276 


Mob,  n.  [Lat.  mobile  vulgus,  the  mov¬ 
able  common  people.]  A  disorderly 
and  tumultuous  crowd. 

Syn.—  Populace.—  Populace  signifies 
the  lower  orders  of  the  people  taken  col¬ 
lectively ;  a  mob  is  a  riotous  assembly  of 
persons.  A  mob  may  be  gathered  and 
dispersed  in  an  hour;  the  populace  is  a 
permanent  portion  of  society. 

—  v.  t.  [-bed;  -bing.]  To  attack 
in  a  disorderly  crowd. 

Mob'-€AP,»i.  A  head-dress,  tying  un¬ 
der  the  chin  by  a  very  broad  band. 

Mo 'BILE,  a.  [Lat.  mobilis,  fr.  movere, 
to  move.]  Capable  of  being  excited. 

Mo-BIL'I-TY,  n.  1.  Susceptibility  of 
being  moved.  2.  Activity.  3.  Fickle¬ 
ness. 

Mob'i-lize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
call  into  active  service,  as  troops. 

Mob-og'ra-^y,  n.  [Eng.  mob ,  and 
Gr.  Kpareiv,  to  rule.]  Rule  of  the  mob. 

Mo€'€A-sjn,  n.  [Indian.]  1.  A  shoe 
of  soft  leather,  without  a  sole.  2.  A 
poisonous  water  serpent. 

Mock,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Gr.  juio- 
Kav.]  1.  To  imitate  in  contempt  or 
derision.  2.  To  treat  with  scorn.  3. 
To  disappoint  the  hopes  of. 

Sy'n. —  To  deride  ;  ridicule  ;  jeer. 

—  v.  i.  To  make  sport  in  contempt 
or  in  jest.  — n.  Ridicule  ;  derision  ; 
mockery.  —  a.  Imitating  reality, 
but  not  real ;  f  ilse. 

Mock'er,  n.  One  who  mocks. 

Mock'er-y,  n.  1.  Act  of  mocking  or 
deriding.  2.  Derision ;  ridicule.  3. 
Subject  of  laughter  ;  sport.  4.  Vain 
imitation  or  effort. 

Mock'ing-bIrd,  n.  A  singing-bird 
that  imitates  the  notes  of  other  birds 

Mo'dal,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  mode  or 
mood ;  consisting  in  mode  or  form 
only. 

Mo-dal'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
modal,  or  being  in  form  only. 

Mode  ,  n.  [Lat.  modus ,  measure,  man¬ 
ner.]  1.  Manner  of  existing.  2. 
Prevailing  popular  custom.  3.  Va¬ 
riety  ;  gradation ;  degree.  4.  Con¬ 
dition,  or  state  of  being.  5.  A  dif¬ 
ference  of  form  in  the  inflection  of  a 
verb;  mood.  6.  (Mus.)  Arrange¬ 
ment  of  the  intervals  in  a  scale. 


Syn.  —  Method;  manner;  fornix  fash¬ 
ion;  way;  style. 

Mod'el  (61),  n.  [Lat.  modulus ,  dim. 
of  modus.  See  supra.]  1.  Stand¬ 
ard.  2.  Pattern  ;  example.  3.  Some¬ 
thing  to  be  copied.  4.  A  represen¬ 
tation;  a  fac-simile. — v.  t.  [-ED, 
-ING;  or -LED, -LING,  137.]  To  plan 
or  form  after  a  pattern. 

I  »•  °“«  who  models. 

1  n.  Act  or  art  of  mak- 
,  }  ing  a  model  from 
which  a  work  of  art  is  to  be  executed. 

Mod'er-ATE  (45),  a.  Kept  within 
due  bounds. 

M5d'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
mod  (rare ;  -ratum,  fr.  modus.  See 
Mode.]  To  restrain  from  excess; 
to  keep  within  bounds  ;  to  allay  ;  to 
repress  ;  to  temper  ;  to  qualifys*. — 


1*16 

MOD'EL-ING, 

Mod'el-ling 


v.  i.  To  become  less  violent,  severe, 
rigorous,  or  intense. 

Mod'er-ate-ly,  adv.  In  a  moder¬ 
ate  manner  or  degree. 

Mod'er-A'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  mod¬ 
erating.  2.  State  of  being  moder¬ 
ate  ;  freedom  from  excess.  3.  Calm¬ 
ness  of  mind  ;  equanimity. 

Mod'er-A'tor,  n.  1.  One  who  mod¬ 
erates  or  restrains.  2.  One  who  pre¬ 
sides  over  a  meeting. 

Mod'ern,  a.  [Lat.  modernus ;  modo , 
just  now.]  Relating  to  the  present 
time,  or  time  not  long  past. 

Si'N.  —  Recent;  new;  novel;  late. — 
Modern  is  opposed  to  ancient;  recent ,  to 
what  lias  been  past  for  no  considerable 
length  of  time;  a*,  modern  civilization, 
improvements,  &c.;  recent  advices,  in¬ 
telligence,  &c. 

—  n.  A  person  of  modern  times. 

MoD'ERN-i'gM,  n.  Modern  practice; 
a  thing  of  recent  date. 

MoD'ERN-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
cause  to  conform  to  recent  or  pres¬ 
ent  usage  or  taste. 

Mod'est,  a.  [Lat.  modestus,  fr.  mo¬ 
dus,  measure.]  1.  Restrained  with¬ 
in  limits  of  propriety.  2.  Free  from 
familiarity  or  indecency.  3.  Evincing 
modesty  in  the  actor  or  author. 

Syn. —Reserved;  unobtrusive;  bash¬ 
ful;  shy;  chaste. 

Mod'est-ly,  adv.  In  a  modest 

manner. 

Mod'EST-Y,  n.  1.  Absence  of  self- 
confidence,  arrogance,  and  presump¬ 
tion.  2.  Purity  of  manners. 

Mod’ i~euM,  n.  [Lat.]  A  small  quan¬ 
tity.  _  [being  modified. 

Mod'i-ei'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of 

Mod'i-fi-ea'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  mod¬ 
ifying.  2.  Particular  form  or  man¬ 
ner. 

Mod'I-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  modijicare,  fr.  modus ,  meas¬ 
ure,  and  facere,  to  make.]  To  change 
the  form  or  external  qualities  of ;  to 
vary.  [fashionable. 

Mod'isti,  a.  According  to  the  mode  ; 

Mod'ist,  n.  One  who  follows  the 
mode. 

Mod'u-late  (77),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  modulari ;  -la tus,  fr.  modulus , 
a  small  measure,  melody.]  To  vary 
or  inflect  in  a  natural,  customary,  or 
musical  manner. 

Mod'U-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  modu¬ 
lating.  2.  Sound  modulated  ;  mel¬ 
ody.  3.  (Mus.)  A  change  or  pass¬ 
ing  from  one  key  to  another. 

Mod'ule,  n.  [Lat.  modulus.]  A 
model  or  representation  [lian  race. 

Mo-gCl',  n.  A  person  of  the  Mongo- 
Great  Mogul,  the  former  emperor  of 
Delhi. 

Mo'hAir,  n.  [Prob.  of  oriental  ori¬ 
gin.]  The  long,  silky  hair  of  the 
Angora  goat,  or  the  fabric  made 
from  it. 

Mo-hXm'MED-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to 
Mohammed  or  his  religion.  —  n.  A 
follower  of  Mohammed. 

Mo-hXm'med-an-ism,  1  n.  The  re- 

Mo-hXm'med-Ism,"  }  ligion  or 
doctrines  of  Mohammed;  Islamism. 


Moi'dore,  n.  [From  Pg.  moeda 
d'ouro,  lit.  coin  of  gold.]  A  gold 
coin  of  Portugal,  valued  at  about  $6. 

Moi'e-ty  (or  maw'e-ty),  n.  [Fr.  mot¬ 
tle,  Lat.  medietas.]  A  half. 

Moil,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  moliri, 
to  struggle.]  To  work  with  painful 
effort ;  to  toil ;  to  drudge. 

Moist,  a.  [0.  Fr.  moiste,  prob.  from 
Lat.  humectvs.]  Moderately  wet; 
damp ;  humid. 

Moist'-EN  (mois'n),!).  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  damp ;  to  wet  slightly. 

Moist'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  moist. 

Moist'ure,  n.  1.  Moderate  wetness. 
2.  That  which  moistens. 

Mo'LAR,  n.  A  grinding  or  a  double 
tooth.  —  a.  [Lat.  molaris,  fr.  mola , 
mill.]  Having  power  to  grind. 

Mo-lAs'ses,  n.  sing.  [Fr.  melasse, 
fr.  Lat.  mellaceus,  honey-like.]  The 
syrup  which  drains  from  sugar  in 
manufacturing  it. 

Mold,  In.  1.  [A.-S.  molde.]  Fine, 

Mould,}  soft  earth.  2.  Matter  of 
which  any  thing  is  formed.  3.  A 
substance  like  down  on  bodies  that 
lie  long  in  the  damp.  4.  [Lat.  mod¬ 
ulus.  See  Model.]  Matrix.  5. 
Any  thing  to  regulate  the  size,  form, 
&c.  6.  Oast;  form;  shape. — v.t. 

[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  cause  to  con¬ 
tract  mold.  2.  To  cover  with  mold 
or  soil.  3.  To  shape  ;  to  model ;  to 
fashion.  — v.  i.  To  gather  mold. 

Mold'a-ble,  )  a.  Capable  of  being 

Mould'a-ble,  }  molded  or  formed. 

Mold'er,  )  n.  Or.e  who,  or  that 

Mould'er,}  which,  molds.  —  v.i. 
[See  Mold.]  1.  To  turn  to  dust; 
to  crumble  ;  to  perish.  2.  To  waste 
away. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  Toturn 
to  dust ;  to  waste. 

Mold'i-ness,  In.  State  of  being 

Mould'i-ness,  }  moldy. 

Mold'ing,  )  n.  1.  Any  thing  cast. 

Moulding,  }  2.  A  projection  be¬ 

yond  a  wall,  column,  &c. 

Mold'y,  la.  [-er;  -est,  142.] 

Mould'y,  }  Over-grown  or  filled 
with  mold. 

Mole,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  m&l.]  A  small 
permanent  protuberance  on  the 
body.  2.  [Lat.  mola.]  A  mass  of 
fleshy  matter  in  the  uterus.  3.  [Lat. 
moles.]  A  massive  work  of  stones 
to  defend  a  port  from  the  violence 
of  the  sea.  4.  [From  its  burrowing 
into  the  mold,  or  ground.]  A  small, 
insect-eating  mammal,  with  minute 
eyes  and  very  soft  fur. 

Mo-lEg'u-lar,  a.  Belonging  to,  or 
consisting  of,  molecules. 

Mol'e-eule,  n.  [Dim.  of  Lat.  moles, 
a  mass.]  One  of  the  invisible  par¬ 
ticles  supposed  to  constitute  matter. 

Mole'-hi'll,  n.  A  little  elevation 
thrown  up  by  moles  under  ground. 

Mo-lest',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
molestare,  fr.  molestus,  troublesome.] 
To  trouble  ;  to  render  uneasy. 

Syn. —  To  disturb;  incommode;  in¬ 
convenience;  annoy;  vex;  tease. 

Moi/es-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  molest¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  molested. 


MOLLIENT 


MONOPTOTE 


Mol'li-ent  (or  moPyent),  a.  [Lat. 
molliens _.]  Assuaging  ;  emollient. 

Mol'li-fPa-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  mollified. 

Mol'li-fi-ea'tion,  n.  Act  of  molli¬ 
fying  ;  mitigation. 

Mol'li-fy,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  mollificare ;  mollis ,  soft,  and 
facere,  to  make.]  1.  To  make  soft. 
2.  To  assuage,  as  pain.  3.  To  ap¬ 
pease  ;  to  pacify. 

Mol-i.Os'ean,  n.  A  mollusk. 

Mol-lOs'€AN,  la.  Relating  to,  or  re- 

Mol-lus'eoPs,  j  sembling,  mollusks. 

MSl'LUSK,  n.  [Lat.  molluscus,  soft.] 
An  invertebrate  animal,  having  a 
soft,  fleshy  body. 

Molt  (20),  1  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  Prov. 

Moult,  j  Ger.  mutern ,  mutern , 
Fr.  inner.  See  Mew.]  To  shed  or 
cast  the  hair,  feathers,  skin.  & c. 

Molt'en  (molt'n,  20),  p.  a.  Melted. 

Mo-LYB'date,  n.  A  compound  of 
molybdic  acid  with  a  base. 

Moi/YB-DE'NA,  n.  [Gr.  pohvfi Sauva, 
fr.  pokv\ 3Sos,  lead.]  An  ore  of  a  dark 
lead  color  ;  sulphuret  of  molybde¬ 
num  . 

Mo-LYB'de-NoUs,  a.  Pertaining  to 
molybdena. 

Mol'yb-de'num,  it.  [See  Molyb¬ 
dena.]  A  rare  metal. 

Mo'ment,  ii.  [Lat.  momentum.]  1. 
A  minute  portion  of  time  ;  an  in¬ 
stant.  2.  Impulsive  power ;  mo¬ 
mentum.  3.  Importance  in  influ¬ 
ence  or  effect.  4.  Essential  element. 

Syn.  —  Instant.  —  A  moment  allows  of 
a  beyrinning  and  end:  an  instant  is  indi¬ 
visible.  The  latter,  therefore,  expresses 
more  brevity  and  urgency  than  the  for¬ 
mer.  “Do  it  this  instant ”  requires  the 
utmost  haste;  “Doit  this  moment  ”  ad¬ 
mits  of  no  hesitation  or  delay. 

Mo'ment-a-ri-ly,  adv.  Every  mo¬ 
ment. 

Mo'ment-a-RY  (44),  a.  Done  in  a 
moment :  continuing  only  a  moment. 

Mo'ment -ly,  adv.  1.  For  a  moment. 
2.  Every  moment. 

Mo-ment'ows,  a.  Of  moment ;  im¬ 
portant. 

Mo-ment'oCs-ness,  ii.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  of  great  importance. 

Mo-men'tum,  n. ;  La',  pi.  mo-men’- 
TA  ;  Eng.  pi.  MO-MEN'TUMS.  [Lat.] 
1.  The  quantity  of  motion  in  amov¬ 
ing  body  ;  velocity  ;  impetus.  2.  Es¬ 
sential  or  constituent  element. 

Mon'a-chal,  a.  [Gr.  pova\os,  a 
monk.]  Pertaining  to  monks  or  a 
monastic  life. 

Mon'a-ehism,  n.  System  and  influ¬ 
ences  of  a  monastic  life. 

Mon'ad,  n.  [Gr.  povas,  povaSos,  uni¬ 
ty,  unit.]  An  ultimate  atom,  or 
simple,  unextended  point. 

Mo-nAd'ig,  la.  Relating  to  mo- 

Mo-nad'ig-al,  |  nads;  having  the 
nature  of  a  monad. 

Mon'ARUH,  ii.  [Gr.  povapxos  !  povos, 
alone,  and  dp^eiv,  to  rule.]  A  sole 
ruler  ;  an  autocrat  ;  a  sovereign  ;  an 
emperor,  king,  prince,  or  chief. 

MO-nargh'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
monarch  ;  sovereign ;  regal. 


277 

Mo-NAR€H'l-AL,  )  a.  1.  Vested  in 

Mo-nXreh'IC,  y  a  single  ruler. 

Mo-nar€H'ic-al,  )  2.  Pertaining  to 

monarchy  or  a  monarch. 

Mon'ar€H-Ism,  n.  Principles  of 
monarchy  ;  preference  of  monarchy. 

Mon'AR€H-Ist,  n.  An  advocate  of 
monarchy. 

Mon'arch-y,  n.  1.  A  government  in 
which  the  supreme  power  is  in  the 
hands  of  a  monarch.  2.  Territory 
ruled  over  by  a  monarch. 

Mon'as-te'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  monastery. 

Mon'AS-TER'Y  ( colloq .  mon/as-tr5! ), 
n.  [Gr.  povaarripiov ,  fr.  povaarrip, 
a  solitary,  a  monk.]  A  house  of  re¬ 
ligious  retirement  for  monks. 

Mo-NAS'Tl-e,  n.  A  monk. 

Mo-nas'tie,  la.  1.  Pertaining  to 

Mo-NAS'Tre-AL, j  monasteries,  or 
to  monks  and  nuns.  2.  Secluded 
from  temporal  concerns. 

Mo-nas'ti-^Ism,  ii.  Monkish  life. 

Mon'day,  n.  fA.-S.  mdnanddg ,  day  of 
the  moon.]  Second  day  of  the  week. 

Mon'e-ta-ry  (mhu'e-ter-y),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  money  ;  pecuniary. 

MoN'EY  (mhn'y,  148),  n.  [0.  Fr. 
moneie,  Lat.  moneta.  See  Mint.] 
1.  Coin;  cash.  2.  Any  currency 
employed  in  buying  and  selling. 

Mon'ey-bro'ker,  n.  A  broker  who 
deals  in  money. 

Mon'eyed  (mun'id),  a.  1.  Rich  in 
money.  2.  Consisting  in  money. 

Mon'ey-er,  «.  An  authorized  man¬ 
ufacturer  of  coin.  [ey. 

Mon'ey-less,  a.  Destitute  of  mon- 

Mon'ey-or'der,  n.  An  order  for  a 
sum  of  money  deposited  at  one  post- 
office,  on  some  other  office  where  the 
payment  is  to  be  made. 

Mon'ger  (mdng'ger),  ii.  [A.-S.  man- 
gere,  fr.  mangian,  to  trade.]  A  trad¬ 
er  ;  a  dealer. 

Mon'grel  (mfing'grel),  a.  [See  Min¬ 
gle.]  Of  a.  mixed  breed;  hybrid. 
—  n.  An  animal  of  a  mixed  breed. 

Mo-nPtion  (-nish'un),  n.  [Lat.  mo- 
nitio;  m  on  ere,  to  warn.]  1.  Admo¬ 
nition  ;  warning.  2.  Information  ; 
notice.  [tion ;  admonitory. 

Mon'i-tive,  a.  Conveying  admoni- 

Mon'i-tor,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  One  who 
admonishes.  2.  A  pupil  selected  to 
look  to  the  scholars  in  the  absence 
of  an  instructor,  or  to  instruct  a  di¬ 
vision  or  class.  3.  A  kind  of  turret- 
ed  iron-clad  war-vessel. 

MoNd-TO'Rl-AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
a  monitor.  2.  Conducted,  taught, 
or  communicated  by  monitors. 

Mon'i-to-RY,  a.  Giving  admonition. 

monk  (rnunk),  n.  [Gr.  povagos,  from 
povos,  alone.]  One  of  a  religious 
community  inhabiting  a  monastery. 

Monk'er-Y,  n.  Monastic  life. 

Monk'ey  (munk'y,  148),  n.  [Cf.  0. 
It.  monicchio,  a  little  ape.]  1.  A  four- 
footed  mammal  with  a  prehensile 
tail ;  esp.,  a  long-tailed  individual  of 
this  sort.  2.  Weight  of  a  pile-driver. 

Monk'ey-jXck'et,  n.  A  long,  tail¬ 
less,  close-fitting  jacket. 


Monk'ey-wrencii  (-r6nch),  n.  A 
wrench  or  spanner  having  a  movable 
jaw.  [to  monks. 

Monk'ish,  a.  Likeamonk;  relating 

Mon'o-ehro-mXt'IE,  a.  Consisting 
of  one  color. 

Mon'o-ehrome,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  single, 
and  xpejp-a,  color.]  A  painting  with 
a  single  color. 

Mo-NO€'u-LAR,  I  a.  [Gr.  povos,  sin- 

Mo-noe'U-lous,  (  gle,  and  Lat.  oc- 
vlus ,  eye.]  1.  Having  one  eye  only. 

2.  Adapted  to  be  used  with  only  one 
eye. 

Mon'o-dist,  n.  One  who  writes  a 
monody. 

Mon'o-dy,  n.  [Gr.  pova>8la,  fr.  povos, 
single,  and  t£8ri,  song.]  A  mourn¬ 
ful  poem,  by  a  single  mourner. 

Mo-nog'a-mIst,  ii.  One  who  disal¬ 
lows  second  marriages. 

Mo-No G'A-MY,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  single, 
and  yapos,  marriage.]  A  marriage 
to  one  wife  only. 

Mon'o-GrXm,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  single, 
and  ypappa,  letter.]  A  character 
or  cipher  composed  of  two  or  more 
letters  interwoven. 

M5n'o-graph,  ii.  [Gr.  povos,  single, 
ypa(f>rj,&  writing.]  A  written  account 
of  a  single  thing,  or  class  of  things. 

Mon'o-grXph'ie,  la.  Pertain- 

Mon'o-grXph'ie-al,  j  ing  to  a 
monograph. 

Mo-nog'ra-phy,  n.  1.  An  outline 
drawing;  a  sketch.  2.  A  monograph. 

Mon'o-lIth,  n.  [Gr.  povohiOos ;  po¬ 
vos,  single,  and  \l0os,  stone.]  A  col¬ 
umn  consisting  of  a  single  stone. 

Mon'o-logue,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  alone, 
and  \6yos,  speech.]  A  soliloquy. 

Mon'o-ma'ni-A,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  sin¬ 
gle,  pavia,  madness.]  Derangement 
of  a  single  faculty  of  the  mind ,  or  with 
regard  to  a  particular  subject  only. 

Mon'o-ma'ni-Xe,  n.  A  person  affect¬ 
ed  by  monomania.  —  a.  Affected 
with  monomania. 

Mo-no'mi-al,  n.  [Gr.  povos,  alone, 
and  vopr),  distribution.]  A  single  al¬ 
gebraic  expression. 

Mon'O-pet'A-loOs,  a.  [Gr.  povos, 
alone,  and  ireraXov,  flower-leaf.] 
Having  only  one  petal,  or  the  corol¬ 
la  in  one  piece. 

Mon'OPH-thong  (moWof-thong  or 
mo-nop'thong),  n.  [Gr.  povos,  alone, 
and  4>6oyyos,  sound.]  A  single  un¬ 
compounded  vowel  sound. 

Mon'oph-thSn'gal  (-of-  or  -op-),  a. 
Consisting  of  a  monophthong. 

Mo-nop'o-list,  )  n.  One  wh? 

Mo-nop'o-liz'er,  j  monopolizes. 

Mo-nop'o-lIze,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  purchase  or  obtain  possession 
of  the  whole  of.  2.  To  obtain  by 
any  means  the  exclusive  right  of, 
esp.  the  right  of  trading  to  any  place. 

3.  To  engross  or  obtain  the  whole  of. 

Mo-nop'o-ly,  n.  [Gr.  povond)\i.ov ; 

povos,  alone,  and  mohelv,  to  sell.] 
Sole  permission  and  power  of  dealing 
in  any  goods,  or  with  a  particular 
country  or  place. 

Mon'op-tote,  or  Mo-nop'tote,  n. 

_ _ 1 _ 1 

G,  hard;  A§;  EJIST;  N  as  NG ;  this. 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too.  took  ;  Prn. rue,  pull  ;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  E, 


MONOSTICH 


MORE 


278 


[Gr.  /xov67ttwtos.]  A  noun  having 
only  one  case. 

Mon'o-stich  (-stlk),  n.  [Gr.  p ovocr- 
nxov ;  /aovos,  single,  and  crrtyos , 
verse.]  A  composition  consisting  of 
one  verse  only. 

Mon'o-syl-Lab'ic,  a.  Consisting  of 
one  syllable,  or  of  words  of  one  sylla¬ 
ble. 

Mon'o-syl'la-ble,  n.  [Gr.  juoro- 
cniAAa/3os  ;  /ubvos,  single,  cruAAa/3??, 
syllable.]  A  word  of  one  syllable. 

SIon'0-the'i§m,  n.  [Gr.  pov 09,  alone, 
only,  and  @eos,  God.]  Doctrine  that 
there  is  but  one  God. 

Mon'o-the'ist,  n.  One  who  believes 
there  is  but.  one  God. 

Mok'o-tone,  n.  [See  Monotony.] 
A  single  unvaried  tone  or  sound. 

Mo-not'o-nous,  a.  Uttered  in  one 
unvarying  tone  ;  continued  with  dull 
uniformity. 

Mo-NOT'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  /xoFOToet'a,from 
jaoros,  alone,  single,  and  tows,  tone.] 
Absence  of  variety,  as  in  speaking  or 
singing. 

Monsieur  (ino-seer'  or  mos-yflr'), 

•  n. ;  pi.  messieurs  (mes-seer'). 
[Fr.  mon ,  myr,  and  sieur,  lord.]  1. 
Sir,  or  mister.  2.  A  Frenchman  ;  — 
in  contempt. 

Mon-soon',  n.  [Ar.  mausim,  a  time, 
a  season.]  A  periodical  wind  in  the 
Indian  Ocean. 

Mon'ste  R,  u.  [Lat.  monstrum ,  from 
monstrare ,  to  show,  point  out.] 
Something  of  unnatural  size,  shape, 
or  quality  ;  a  prodigy. 

Mon-stros'i-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  monstrous.  2.  An  unnatural 
production. 

Mon'stroOs,  a.  1.  Deviating  great¬ 
ly  from  the  natural  form  ;  abnormal. 
2.  Enormous  ;  extraordinary  ;  mar¬ 
velous.  3.  Horrible ;  dreadful. 

Mon'stroijs-ly,  adv.  1.  Shocking¬ 
ly  ;  terribly.  2.  To  a  great  degree. 

Mon-tan'ic,  a.  [Lat.  mons,  mantis , 
mountain.]  Pertaining  to,  or  consist¬ 
ing  in,  mountains. 

Month  (munth),  n.  [A.-S.  monadh, 
mdndh,  fr.  mCna,  the  moon.]  One 
of  the  twelve  portions  into  which  the 
year  is  divided. 

Month'ly  (mflnth'ly),  a.  1.  Con¬ 
tinued  a  mouth,  or  performed  in  a 
month.  2.  Happening  once  a  month. 
—  n.  A  publication  appearing  once 
a  month.  —  ado.  Once  a  month. 

M5n'U-ment,  n.  [Lat.  monumentum, 
from  monere ,  to  remind.]  1.  Any 
thing  intended  to  remind  or  give  no¬ 
tice.  2.  A  building,  pillar,  stone,  or 
the  like,  erected  to  preserve  the  re¬ 
membrance  of  a  person  or  thing. 

Syn.  —  Memorial  ;  remembrance  ; 
cenotaph;  tomb. 

Mon'u-ment'ae,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to,  or  inscribed  on,  a  monument.  2. 
Memorial. 

MoOD,n.  1.  [Lat.  modus.]  Manner; 
style;  mode;  logical  form;  musical 
style  ;  grammatical  form  ;  manner  of 
action  or  being.  2.  [A.-S.  mod.] 
Temper  or  temporary  state  of  mind. 


Mood'I-ly,  adv.  In  a  moody  man¬ 
ner.  [moody. 

Mood'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Mood'y,  a.  [-er ;  -est,142.]  [A.-S. 
mudig.]  1.  Indulging  moods,  or 
varying  and  capricious  frame  of  mind. 
2.  Out  of  humor;  peevish;  angry. 

Syn.  —  Gloomy.  —  Moody  agrees  with 
gloomy  in  being  an  unhappy  state,  but 
differs  from  it  in  expressing  a  wide  range 
of  fitful  emotions,  such  as  discontent, 
ill-humor,  peevishness,  anger,  &c. 

Moon,  n.  [A.-S.  mbna ,  allied  to  Gr. 
prjrr).]  1.  The  earth's  satellite.  2. 
Any  secondary  planet  or  satellite.  3. 
A  month  ;  a  complete  revolution  of 
the  moon.  [the  moon. 

Moon'beam,  n.  A  ray  of  light  from 

Moon'-eyed  (-id),  a.  1.  Havingeyes 
affected  by  the  moon.  2.  Purblind. 

Moon'light  (-lit),  n.  The  light  af¬ 
forded  by  the  moon.  —  a.  illumi¬ 
nated  by  the  moon. 

Moon'shine,  n.  1.  Light  of  the 
moon.  2.  Show  without  substance. 

Moon'-struck,  a.  Affected  by  the 
moon  ;  lunatic. 

Mo’on'y,  a.  1.  Relating  to,  or  like, 
the  moon.  2.  Bearing  a  crescent. 

Moor,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  mOr,  waste  land.] 
An  extensive  waste  covered  with 
heath ;  a  heath ;  a  fen.  2.  [Gr. 
Mavpos.J  A  native  of  the  northern 
coast  of  Africa.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  merran,  to  hinder.]  To  secure, 
as  a  ship,  by  cables  and  anchors. 

Moor' AGE,  n.  A  place  for  mooring. 

Moor'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  securing  a 
ship,  by  means  of  anchors,  &c.  2. 

That  which  serves  to  confine  a  ship 
to  a  place.  3.  pi  Place  or  condition 
of  a  ship  thus  confined. 

MoOR'lsH,a.  1.  Marshy;  fenny.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  Moors. 

Moor'-land,  n.  1.  A  marsh.  2.  A 
cold,  hilly,  boggy  land. 

Moose,  n.  [In¬ 
dian.]  An  animal 
of  the  deer  kind. 

The  males  have 
antlers. 

Moose '-deer,  n. 

The  elk.  See  Elk. 

Moot,  v.  t.  [-ed; 

-ING.1  [A.-S.  mo¬ 
tion,  to  dispute,  Moose, 

fr.  mot,  a  meeting.]  To  debate  ;  to 
discuss,  esp.  in  a  mock  court.  —  v.  i. 
To  argue  or  plead  on  a  supposed 
cause.  —  a.  Undecided;  debatable. 

—  n.  A  discussion  or  debate. 

Mo"ot'— CASE ,  n.  A  case,  or  question, 

to  be  debated.  [mooted. 

MOjOT'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Moot'-court,  n.  A  court  for  the 
purpose  of  arguing  or  trying  feigned 
cases.  [case. 

Moot'-point,  n.  Same  as  Moot- 

Mop,  n .  [W.  mop,  mopa.]  An  in¬ 

strument  made  of  cloth,  &c.  with  a 
handle,  —  used  for  washing  floors. 

—  v.  t.  [-PED ;  -PING.]  To  wipe 
with  a_mop. 

Mop'-board,  n.  A  narrow  board 
nailed  against  the  wall  of  a  room 

I  next  to  the  floor. 


Mope,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  D. 
moppen ,  to  pout.j  To  be  very  stu¬ 
pid  ;  to  be  dull. — v.  t.  To  make 
spiritless  or  stupid.  —  n.  A  dull, 
stupid  person. 

Mop'ish.  a.  Dull  ;  spiritless  ;  dejected. 

Mop'ish-ness,  71.  Dullness  ;  stupid¬ 
ity  ;  dejection. 

Mop'pet,  n.  [Eng.  mop.]  A  rag 
baby  ;  also,  in  fondness,  a  little  girl. 

Mop'sey,  n.  1.  A  moppet.  2.  A 
slatternly  woman. 

Mo-raine',  71.  [Fr.]  A  line  of  rocks 
and  gravel  along  the  sides  of  gla¬ 
ciers. 

M6r'al,«.  [Lat.  moralis;  m os,  mo- 
ris,  manner,  habit.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  those  intentions  and  actions  of 
which  right  and  wrong  are  predica¬ 
ted.  2.  Conformed  to  rules  of  right ; 
virtuous.  3.  Subject  to  the  moral 
law.  4.  Probable. — n.  1.  Man¬ 
ners;  conduct;  behavior;  —  usually 
in  the  pi.  2.  Meaning  or  significance 
of  a  fable,  &c. 

Mor'AL-ist,  7i.  One  who  teaches  or 
practices  morality. 

Mo-ral'i-ty,  7i.  1.  Conformity  to 

the  true  moral  standard  or  rule.  2. 
Doctriue  or  system  of  moral  duties  ; 
ethics.  3.  Practice  of  the  moral  and 
social  d_uties. 

M6r'AL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
apply  to  a  moral  purpose  ;  to  explain 
in  a  moial  sense.  —  v.  i.  To  make 
moral  reflections. 

Mor'al-iz'er,  n.  One  who  moralizes. 

Mor'al-LY,  adv.  I.  In  a  moral  sense. 
2.  Virtuously ;  honestly.  3.  Prob¬ 
ably. 

Mo-rass',  n.  [0.  Ger.  morasz.]  A 
tract  of  soft,  wet  ground  ;  a  marsh. 

Mo-ra'vi-an,  7i.  One  of  a  religious 
sect  called  the  United  Brethren. 

Mor'bid,  a.  [Lat.  7norbidtis,  fr.  mor¬ 
bus,  disease.]  Not  sound  and  health¬ 
ful. 

Syn.  —  Diseased;  sickly;  sick. — Mor¬ 
bid  is  sometimes  used  interchangeably 
with  diseased,  but  is  commonly  applied, 
in  a  somewhat  technical  6ense,  to  cases 
of  a  prolonged  nature;  as,  a  morbid  con¬ 
dition  of  tiie  nervous  system,  a  morbid 
sensibility,  &c. 

Mor'bid-ly,  adv.  In  a  morbid  or 
diseased  manner. 

MOR-BIF'l€,  1  a.  [Lat.  morbvs, 

Mor-bif'ic-al,  \  disease,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  Tending  to  produce  disease- 

Mor-bose',  a.  Unsound;  unhealthy. 

Morceau  (mor-so'),  n.  [Fr.  ;  Lat. 
morsus,  a  bite.]  A  bit ;  a  morsel. 

Mor-da'cioCs,  a.  [Lat.  mordax, 
mordacis,  fr.  mordere,  to  bite.]  1. 
Given  to  biting.  2.  Sarcastic  ;  se¬ 
vere.  [quality. 

Mor-da^'i-ty,  v.  Biting  or  sarcastic 

Mor'dant,  a.  [Fr.,  p.  pr.  of  mordre, 
to  bite.]  1.  Biting ;  caustic.  2. 
Serving  to  fix  colors.  —  n.  Any  sub¬ 
stance  serving  to  give  fixity  to  dyes. 

More,  n.  Greater  quantity,  amount, 
or  number. —  a.,  comp.  [A.-S.  mb.ru.] 
Greater  in  any  way  ;  superior. —  adv. 
1.  In  a  greater  quantity  or  degree; 
rather.  2.  In  addition ;  further. 


A,  E,  I,  5,  fj,  Y,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  ERE,  VEIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  fIrm  ;  SON, 


MOREEN 


MOTION 


Mo-reen',  n.  [Cf.  Mohair.]  A 
stoutwoolen  stuff. 

More-o'ver,  adv.  Beyond  what  has 
been  said  ;  further  ;  also  ;  likewise. 

Syn.  —  Besides. 

Mo-RESQUE'  (-reskO,  n.  [Fr.,  from  It. 
Moro ,  a  Moor.]  A  species  of  orna¬ 
mentation  used  by  the  Moors  to  en¬ 
rich  flat  surfaces  ;  aiahesque. 

Mor'ga-nat'ig,  a.  [From  L.  Lat. 
morganatica,  a  morning  gift,  dowry 
paid  on  the  morning  before  or  after 
marriage.]  Pertaining  to  a  marriage 
between  a  man  of  superior  and  a 
woman  of  inferior  rank,  in  which 
neither  the  latter  nor  her  children 
can  enjoy  the  rank  or  inherit  the 
possessions  of  her  husband. 

Mor'i-bOnd,  a.  [Lat.  moribundus ; 
morin,  to  die.]  At  the  point  of 
death  ;  d} ing. 

Mo'RI-on,  n.  [Fr.]  An  open  helmet 
without  visor  or  beaver. 

Mor'MON,  n.  One  of  a  sect  in  the 
United  States,  followers  of  one  Jo¬ 
seph  Smith,  who  claim  to  have  found 
an  addition  to  the  Bible,  called  the 
Book  of  Mormon.  [Mormons. 

Mor'mon-ism,  n.  Doctrine  of  the 

Mor'MON-ite,  n.  A  Mormon. 

Morn,  n.  [A.-S.  morn,  morgen .]  1. 
Morning.  2.  Following  day  ;  morrow. 

Morn'ing,  n.  1.  Early  part  of  the 
day.  2.  First  or  early  part. — a. 
Pertaining  to,  or  being  in,  the  early 
part  of  the  day. 

Morn'ing-glo'ry,  n.  A  climbing 
plant,  having  funnel-shaped  flowers. 

Mo-RO€'CO,  n.  A  fine  kind  of  leather, 
from  goatskin,  tanned  with  sumach; 
—  first  prepared  by  the  Moors. 

Mo-rose',  a.  [Lat.  morosus,  fr.  mos , 
manner,  habit  ]  Of  a  sour  temper. 

Syn. —  Sullen;  gruff;  severe;  austere; 
gloomy  ;  splenetic  ;  crabbed  ;  crusty  ; 
churlish;  surly. 

Mo-rose'ly,  adv.  Sourly  ;  with  sul¬ 
len  austerity. 

Mo-rose'ness,  n.  Sourness  of  tem¬ 
per  :  sullenness. 

Mor'phi-A,  I  n.  [Gr.  Moptfrevs,  god 

Mor'piune,  )  of  dreams  or  sleep.] 
A  vegetable  alkaloid  from  opium. 

Mor/ris,  n.  [Fr.  moresque .]  1.  A 

Moorish  dance,  usually  performed 
with  castanets,  by  a  single  person.  2. 
A  game  played  on  a  board  by  two 
persons,  with  nine  pieces  each. 

Mor'row,  n.  [O.  Eug.  morive,  mor- 
wening.  See  Morn  ]  1.  Morning. 

2.  The  next  following  day.  3  The 
day  following  the  present;  to-mor¬ 
row.  [rus. 

Morse,  n.  [Lapp,  morsk.]  The  wal- 

Mor'sel,  n.  [0.  Fr.  morsel.  See 
Morceau.]  1.  A  bite ;  a  mouth¬ 
ful.  2.  A  small  quantity ;  a  frag¬ 
ment. 

Mort,  n.  [Fr.  mort ,  death.]  A  noteor 
tune  sounded  at  the  death  of  game. 

Mor'tal,  a.  [Lat.  mortalis;  mors , 
death.]  1.  Subject  to  death.  2. 
Causing  death.  3.  Affecting  as  if 
with  power  to  kill  ;  extreme.  4.  Hu¬ 
man. —  n.  A  human  being;  man. 


279 


Mor-tXe'i-ty  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  mortal.  2.  Death  ;  destruction. 

3.  Whole  number  of  deaths  in  a 
given  time  or  community.  4.  The 
human  race. 

Mor'tal-ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  mortal 
manner;  irrecoverably.  2.  In  the 
highest  possible  degree. 

Mor'tar.  n.  1. 

[Lat.  mortarium.] 

A  vessel  in  which 
substances  are 
pounded.  2.  A 
short  piece  of  ord-  Mortar, 
nance,  for  throwing  bombs,  shells, 
& c.  3.  [Lat.  mortarium.]  A  mixt¬ 
ure  of  lime  and  sand  with  water, 
used  as  a  cement. 

Mortgage  (mor'gej),  n.  [Fr.  mort¬ 
gage  ;  mort ,  dead,  and  gage,  pledge.] 
1.  A  conveyance  of  property,  on 
condition,  as  security  for  the  pay¬ 
ment  of  a  debt,  and  to  become  void 
upon  payment.  2.  State  of  being 
pledged. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  1. 
To  grant  or  convey,  as  property,  for 
the  security  of  a  debt.  2.  To  pledge. 

MortVga-gee'  (mor'ga-jee'),  n.  One 
to  whom  a  mortgage  is  given. 

Mort'gage-or' (mor'rej-or'),  1  n. 

Mort'ga-ger  (moUga-jer),  )  One 
who  conveys  property  conditionally 
as  security  firr  debt. 

Mor'ti-fi-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
mortifying,  or  the  condition  of  being 
mortified.  2.  That  which  mortifies. 

Mor'ti-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat .  mort  if  care ;  mors,  death,  and 
facer e ,  to  make.]  1.  To  destroy  the 
organic  texture  and  vital  functions 
of.  2.  To  deaden  by  religious  dis¬ 
cipline,  as  the  carnal  affections  ;  to 
abase.  3.  To  vex,  chagrin,  or  hu¬ 
miliate. —  v.  i.  1.  To  lose  vitality, 
as  flesh.  2.  To  practice  penance 
from  religious  motives.  3.  To  be 
subdued. 

Mor'tIse  (mor'tis),  n.  [Fr. 
mortaise.]  A  cavity  cut 
to  receive  a  tenon.  —  a.  t. 

[-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  make 
a.  mortise  in.  2.  To  join 
by  a  tenon  and  mortise. 

Mort'MAINjJi.  [Fr.  mort, 
morte ,  dead,  and  main, 
hand.]  Possession  of  lands 
or  tenements  in  dead  Mortise 
hands,  or  hands  that  can  and  Tenon, 
not  alienate. 

Mo'rt'u-a-RY,  a.  [Lat.  mortuarius ; 
mortuus,  dead.]  Belonging  to  buri¬ 
als. —  n.  A  customary  gift  to  the 
minister  of  a  parish  on  the  death  of 
a  parishioner. 

Mo-sA'ie,  n.  [Late  Gr.  povcraiKov ,  fr. 
Movcreios,  belonging  to  the  Muses.] 
Inlaid  work  of  pieces  of  colored  stone, 
& c.,  to  imitate  painting.  —  a.  1. 
Yariegated ;  tessellated;  also,  com¬ 
posed  of  various  materials.  2.  Per¬ 
taining  to  Moses. 

Moslem,  n.  [Ar.,  a  true  believer, 
fr.  salama ,  to  submit  to  God.]  An 
orthodox  Mohammedan. 

MdsQUE  (mosk),  n.  [Ar.  masjid,  fr. 


sajada,  to  bow,  adore.]  A  Moham¬ 
medan  place  of  worship. 

Mos-qui'to  (mus-ke'to)  n. ;  pi.  mos- 
QUl'TOEg.  [Sp.,  from  Lat.  mu*ca, 
fly.]  A  small  blood-sucking  insect. 

Moss  (21),  n.  1.  [A.-S.  meos,  Icel. 
mosi,  allied  to  Lat.  muscus .]  A 

cryptogamous  plant  of  a  cellular 
structure,  with  leaves  and  a  distinct 
root.  2.  [0.  H.  Ger.  mos.]  A  bog. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING  ]  To  cover  with 

moss.  [grown  with  moss. 

Moss'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  over- 

Moss'-troop'er,  n.  [From  moss ,  a 
bog,  and  trooper.]  A  marauder  of 
the  border  country  between  England 
and  Scotland.  [with  moss. 

Moss'y,  a.  [-er;-est.]  Overgrown 

Most  (20),  a. ;  superl.  of  More.  [A.-S. 
msest.]  Consisting  of  the  greatest 
number  or  quantity  ;  greatest. 

gQf  Most  is  used  as  a  noun,  the  words 
part,  quantity,  &e.,  being  omitted. 

—  adv.  In  the  greatest  degree. 

Most'ly,  adv.  For  the  greatest  part ; 

chiefly  ;  in  the  main. 

Mote,  n.  [A.-S.  mot.]  A  small  par¬ 
ticle  ;  a  spot.  —  v.  Old  form  of  Must. 

Mo-TETf,  v.  [It.  mottetlo,  dim.  of 
motto,  word,  device.]  A  musical 
composition  adapted  to  sacred  words. 

Moth  (21),  n. ;  pi.  Moths.  [A.-S. 
modhdhe.]  A  lepidopteruus  insect  of 
nocturnal  habits.  [does  cloth. 

Moth'-eat,  v.  t.  To  eat,  as  a  moth 

Moth'er  (muth'er),  n.  1.  [A.-S. 

mCdor.]  A  female  parent ;  esp.  one 
of  the  human  race.  2.  Source  of 
birth  or  origin.  3.  [Allied  to  mud.] 
A  thick,  slimy  substance  in  vinegar. 

—  a.  Received  by  birth  ;  native ;  nat¬ 
ural. —  v.i.  To  become  concreted, 
as  the  thick  matter  of  liquors. 

Moth'er-Ho'od,  n.  State  of  being 
a  mother. 

Moth'er-IN-lawG  n.  Mother  of 
one’s  husband  or  wife.  [mother. 

Moth'er-less,  a.  Destitute  of  a 

Moth'er-ly  (muttPer-ly),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  becoming,  a  mother  ; 
tender ;  parental. 

Syn.  —  Maternal.  —  Motherly,  being 
Saxon,  is  the  more  familiar  word  of  the 
two  when  both  have  the  same  meaning. 
Besides  this,  maternal  is  confined  to  the 
feelings  of  a  mother  toward  her  oivn 
children,  whereas  mo therly ;  (mother-like) 
has  a  secondary  sense,  as  in  the  expres¬ 
sion  motherly  care,  &e.,  denoting  a  care 
like  that  of  a  mother  for  her  offspring. 

Moth'er-of-pearl/,  n.  Thehard, 
brilliant  lining  of  several  kinds  of 
shells  ;  nacre.  [mon  sense. 

Moth'er— wit,  n.  Native  wit ;  com- 

Motii'y, a.  [-ER ;  -est,  142.]  Full 
of  moths  ;  eaten  by  moths. 

Mo'tion,  n.  [Lat  motio,fr.movere, 
motum,  to  move.]  1.  Actorprocesc 
of  changing  place.  2.  Manner  of 
moving  ;  gait.  3.  Power  of  moving. 

4.  Movement  of  the  mind,  will,  or 
passions.  5.  A  proposition  made  in 
a  deliberative  assembly.  —  v.  i. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  make  a  signif¬ 
icant  movement  or  gesture.  2.  To 
offer  a  proposition. 


OR  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  ORN,  RUE,  PULL  ; 


E,  I,  o,  silent ;  G,  soft;  «,  G,  hard;  As  ; 


exist  ;  N  as  NG ;  th;s. 


MOTIONLESS 


MULCH 


Mo'TION-less,  a.  Being  at  rest. 

Mo'tive,  a.  [Lat.  movere,  motion,  to 
move.]  Having  power  to  move,  or 
tending  to  move.  —  n.  That  which 
incites  to  action  ;  any  thing  moving 
the  will. 

Syn. —  Incentive;  inducement;  rea- 
*on. —  Motive  is  the  word  ordinarily 
used  in  speaking  of  that  which  deter¬ 
mines  the  choice.  We  call  it  an  induce¬ 
ment  when  it  is  attractive  in  its  nature, 
leading  us  forward  by  an  appeal  to  our 
natural  desires  for  good.  We  call  it  a 
reason  when  it  is  more  immediately  ad¬ 
dressed  to  the  intellect  in  the  form  of 
argument. 

Mo-tiv'i-ty,  n.  Power  of  producing 
motion. 

Mot'LEY,  a.  [W.  mudl'nv ,  a  chang¬ 
ing  color.]  1.  Variegated  in  color ; 
dappled.  2.  Heterogeneously  made 
up. 

Mo'tor,  n.  [Lat.,  from  movere,  to 
move.]  A  source  or  originator  of 
mechanical  power,  &c. 

Mot'tle,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 
motley .]  To  mark  with  spots  of  dif¬ 
ferent  color. 

Mot'to,  n.;  pi.  mot'toes.  [It.] 
An  apposite  sentence  or  phrase  pre¬ 
fixed  to  an  essay,  poem,  &c. 

Mould,  Mould'er,  Mould'y,  &c. 
See  Mold,  Molder,  Moldy,  &c. 

Moult,  v.  &  n.  See  Molt. 

Mound,  n.  [A.-S.  mund,  protection.] 
An  artificial  hill;  a  raised  bank;  a 
rampart. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
fortify  with  a  mound. 

Mount,  n.  [A.-S.  mont,  Lat.  mons.~\ 
A  mass  of  earth  or  rock,  rising  above 
the  surrounding  land  ;  a  mountain. 
—  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  rise  on 
high ;  to  go  up.  2.  To  get  on  horse¬ 
back.  3.  To  amount. — v.t.  1.  To 
get  upon ;  to  ascend;  to  climb.  2. 
To  put  on  horseback.  3.  To  put  on 
any  thing  that  sustains  and  fits  for 
use ;  also,  to  prepare  for  being  worn. 

Mount'aIn  (42), a.  [Lat.  mons.mon- 
t/s.]  A  large  mass  of  earth  and  rock, 
rising  above  the  common  level.  —  a. 
Pertainiug  to  a  mountain ;  vast ; 
huge. 

Mount'ain-eer',  n.  An  inhabitant 
of  a  mountain.  [tains. 

Mount'ain-oOs,  a.  Full  of  mouu- 

Mount'e-bank,  n.  [It.  montimban- 
co ;  montare,  to  mount,  in,  in,  on, 
and  banco,  bench.]  1.  An  itinerant 
quack-doctor.  2.  Any  boastful  and 
false  pretender  ;  a  charlatan. 

Mounting,  n.  1.  Act  of  preparing 
for  use,  or  embellishing.  2.  That  by 
which  any  thing  is  prepared  for  use, 
or  set  off;  embellishment. 

Mourn,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
murnan.]  To  express  grief  or  sor¬ 
row. —  v.  t.  1.  To  grieve  for.  2.  To 
utter  in  a  sorrowful  manner. 

Syn.  —  To  lament  ;  bewail  ;  deplore. 

Mourn'er,  n.  One  who  mourns. 

MouRN'FUL,ffl.  1.  Full  of  sorrow; 
expressing,  or  intended  to  express, 
sorrow.  2.  Causing  sorrow. 

_  Syn.  —  Sorrowful;  sad;  doleful;  afflic¬ 
tive;  grievous;  calamitous. 


280 

MdURN'FyL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
expressive  of  sorrow. 

Mourn'ful-ness,  n.  Sorrow ;  grief. 

Mourn'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  sorrowing. 
2.  Dress  worn  by  mourners. 

Mouse  (150),  n.  [A.-S.  mbs,  pi.  mys, 
Skr.  miishikd,  fr.  mush,  to  steal.]  A 
well-known  small  quadruped. 

Mouse  (91),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
catch  mice. 

Moug'ER,  n.  A  cat  that  catches  mice. 

Mouse'-trap,  n.  A  trap  for  catch¬ 
ing  mice. 

Mo  us-  tap  he',  n.  See  Mustache  . 

Mouth,  n. ;  pi.  Mouth§.  [A.-S. 
mildh.]  1.  Aperture  between  the  lips, 
or  the  cavity  within  them.  2.  Any 
opening ;  orifice  ;  aperture.  3.  A  prin¬ 
cipal  speaker.  4.  A  wry  face;  a 
grimace. 

Mouth,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
chew ;  to  devour.  2.  To  utter  with 
a  voice  affectedly  big  or  swelling.  — 
v.  i.  To  vociferate  ;  to  rant. 

Mouth-ful  (155),  n.  As  much  as  the 
mouth  contains  at  once. 

Mouth'-piece,  n.  1.  Piece  of  a  wind 
instrument  to  which  the  mouth  is  ap¬ 
plied.  2.  One  who  speaks  for  another. 

Mov'A-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
moved  ;  susceptible  of  motion  ;  not 
fixed.  2.  Changing  from  one  time 
to  another.  —  n.  An  Article  of  goods ; 
generally,  in  the  pi.,  goods  ;  wares. 

Move  (mdov),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  movere.]  1.  To  alter  the  posi¬ 
tion  of;  to  set  in  motion.  2.  To  affect, 
as  the  mind,  will,  or  passions.  3.  To 
excite  to  tenderness  or  compassion. 
4.  To  offer  publicly  for  consideration 
and  determination.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
change  place  ;  to  go,  in  any  manner. 
2.  To  change  residence.  3.  To  bring 
forward  a  motion.  —  n.  Act  of  mov¬ 
ing  ;  a  movement. 

Movement,  n.  1.  Act  of  moving; 
change  of  place.  2.  Mental  action  ; 
emotion.  3.  Manner  of  moving.  4. 
That  which  imparts  motion. 

Mov'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Changing  place  or 
posture  ;  causing  motion.  2.  Touch¬ 
ing  ;  pathetic. 

Mow  (mou),  n.  [ k.-S.muiva .]  A  pile 
of  hay  in  a  barn.  — v.  t.  To  pile  and 
stow  away  in  a  barn. 

Mow  (mo),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ed  or  -N  ; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  mawan.]  1.  To  cut 
with  a  scythe.  2.  To  cut  the  grass, 
from.  3.  To  cut  down  indiscriminate¬ 
ly.  —  v.  i.  To  cut  grass. 

Mow'er  (mo'er),  n.  One  who  mows. 

Mox'A,  n.  [Prob.  an  oriental  word.] 
A  soft,  woolly  substance  burnt  on 
the  skin  to  produce  an  ulcer. 

Much,  «.  [more;  most.]  [0.  Eng. 
moche,  A.-S.  mucel,  mycel.  See 
Mickle.]  Great  in  quantity  ;  long 
induration;  abundant. — n.  1.  A 
great  quantity.  2.  A  thing  uncom¬ 
mon  or  wonderful.  —  adv.  1.  To  a. 
great  degree ;  greatly.  2.  Often,  or 
long. 

Mu'yiD,  a.  [Lat.  mucidus.]  Musty; 
slimy. 

Mu'CI-lage,  n.  [Lat.  muccilago,  fr. 


mucus,  slime.]  1.  One  of  the  prox¬ 
imate  elements  of  vegetables.  2.  An 
aqueous  solution  of  gum. 

Mu'yi-LAG'l-NoOs,  a.  1.  Moist,  soft, 
and  slimy.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or  se¬ 
creting,  mucilage. 

Muck,  n.  [A.-S.  mix,  meox.]  1. 
Dung  in  a  moist  state.  2.  Decaying 
vegetable  matter.  3.  Something 
mean  or  filthy.  — v.  t.  To  manure 
with  muck. 

Muck'— worm  (-warm),  n.  1.  A  worm 
that  lives  in  muck.  2.  A  miser. 

Mu'cous,  a.  [Lat.  mucosus.]  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  like,  mucus  ;  slimy. 

Mu'cro-nate,  la.  [Lat.  mucrona- 

Mu'cro-na'ted,  )  tus,  fr.  mucro,  a 
sharp  point.]  Terminating  abrupt¬ 
ly,  or  in  short,  spinous  processes. 

Mu'cu-lent,  a.  [Lat.  muculentus.] 
Slimy  ;  moist  and  viscous. 

Mu'cus,  n.  [Lat.]  A  viscid  fluid  se¬ 
creted  by  the  mucous  membrane. 

MUD,  n.  [L.  Ger.  mudde. ]  Earth  wet, 
soft,  and  adhesive.  —  v.  t.  To  make 
foul  with  dirt ;  to  muddy.  [ner. 

Mud'di-ly,  adv.  In  a  muddy  man- 

Mud'di-ness,  n.  Condition  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  muddy. 

Mud'dle,  n.  A  state  of  being  tur¬ 
bid  ;  hence,  intellectual  dullness. — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  make  tur¬ 
bid,  or  muddy.  2.  To  stupefy. 

Mud'dy,  a.  [-ER;  -est,  142.] "[From 
mud.]  1.  Besmeared  with  mud.  2. 
Containing,  or  consisting  of,  mud. 
3.  Dull ;  stupid.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  sAl  with  mud  ;  to  dirty. 

Mud'-sill,  ii  .  Lowest  sill  of  a  struct¬ 
ure,  usually  imbedded  in  the  soil. 

Mu-ez'zin,  n.  [Ar. ,  from  azzana,  to 
inform.]  A  Mohammedan  crier  of 
the  hour  of  prayer. 

Muff,  n.  [Icel.  muffa.]  A  warm 
cover  for  receiving  the  hands. 

Muf'fin,  n.  [From  Eng.  muff.]  A 
light,  spongy  cake. 

Muf'fle,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Prov. 
Ger.  mvffeln,  fr.  muff,  muff.]  1.  To 
wrap  up  in  something  that  conceals. 
2.  To  wrap  with  something  that 
dulls  or  renders  sound  inaudible.  — 
n.  [L.  Lat.  muffula,  muff,  fr.  the 
resemblance  of  its  form.]  A  vessel 
for  purifying  gold  and  silver. 

Mujf'fler,  n.  A  wrapper  for  the  face, 
head,  or  r.eck. 

M uf' ri  (147),  n.  [Ar.]  An  official 
expounder  of  Mohammedan  law  in 
Turkey. 

MOg,  n.  [Ir.  mugan.]  A  kind  of  cup. 

Mug'gy,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [Icel. 
mugga,  mist.]  Moist  or  damp  and 
close. 

Mu-lat'to,  n. ;  pi.  mu-lXt'toe§. 
[Sp.  mulato,  from  Lat.  inulus,  mule.] 
Offspring  of  a  negress  by  a  whiteman, 
or  of  a  white  woman  by  a  negro. 

MTjL'BER-ftY,  n.  [A  -S.  mur,  murbe. 
rie,  from  Lat.  rnorum,  mulberry.] 
Berry  or  fruit  of  a  tree ;  also,  the  tree 
itself. 

Mulch  (66),  n.  [Allied  to  mull.] 
Half-rotten  straw,  &c.,  strown  over 
the  roots  of  plants  to  protect  from 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  ¥,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  son. 


MULCT 


281 


MUSEUM 


heat  or  cold. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
To  protect  with  mulch. 

MDl€T,  n.  [Lat .  mulcta.]  A  fine;  a 
pecuniary  penalty. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.J  To  punish  by  a  fine  ;  to  fine. 

Mule,  n.  [Lat.  mulus,  A.-S.  mill.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  a  mongrel  breed. 

2.  A  plant  of  a  mongrel  kind  ;  a  hy¬ 
brid.  [mules. 

Mu'le-teer',  n.  One  who  drives 

Mul'ish,  a.  Like  a  mule  ;  sullen. 

Mull,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Either 
from  Lat.  mollire,  to  soften,  or  from 
W.  mwll,  warm,  or  allied  to  Goth. 
milith,  honey.]  1.  To  heat,  sweeten, 
and  enrich  with  spices.  2.  To  dispir¬ 
it  or  deaden. —  n.  [Perh.  contr.  fr. 
mossul,  muslin.]  A  thin,  soft  kind 
of  muslin. 

MiJL'LElN,  1  n.  [Fr.  molene,  fr.  mol , 

Mul'LEN,  )  soft.]  A  plant  growing 
in  roads,  & c. 

MAll'er,  n.  [Cf.  Lat.  molere,  to 
grind.]  A  stone  to  grind  pigments. 

MfJL'LET,  n.  [Lat.  mullus.]  A  fish 
which  roots  in  the  sand  like  a  hog. 

MtJLL'lON,  n.  [Perh.  fr.  Fr.  mouler , 
to  mold.]  A  slender  bar  between  the 
lights  of  windows,  screens,  & c. 

Mult-An'gu-lar,  a.  [Lat.  multus , 
many,  and  angulus,  angle.]  Having 
many  angles;  polygonal. 

MiJL'Tl-FA'Rl-otJS,  a.  [Lat.  multifa- 
rius ;  multus ,  much,  many.]  Having 
multiplicity  ;  of  various  kinds. 

M&l'ti-fa'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  With 
great  multiplicity  and  diversity. 

MfJL'Tl-FOLD,  a.  [Lat  multus,  many, 
and  Eng  .fold.]  Manifold. 

Mul'TI-form,  a.  [Lat.  multiformis ; 
multus,  much,  many,  and  forma, 
shape.]  Having  many  forms,  shapes, 
or  appearances. 

MfiL'Ti-FORM'i-TY,  n.  Diversity  of 
forms  or  appearances. 

Mul'TI-lat'er-al,  a.  [Lat..  mull  us , 
much,  many,  and  latus,  lateris,  side.] 
Having  many  sides. 

Mul-til'o-quen^e,  n.  [Lat.  multus , 
much,  many,  and  loquens,  speaking.] 
Use  of  many  words. 

Mul-tip'a-rous,  a.  [Lat.  multus , 
much,  many,  and  parere ,  to  bear.] 
Producing  many  at  a  birth. 

Mul-TIP'AR-TITE,  a.  [Lat.  multipar- 
titus ;  multus,  much,  many,  and  par- 
titus,  divided.]  Divided  into  many 
parts. 

Mul'ti-ple,  n.  [L.  Lat.  multiplus .] 
A  quantity  containing  another  a  cer¬ 
tain  number  of  times  without  a  re¬ 
mainder.  _ 

Mul'ti-pli'a-ble,  la.  Capable  of 

Mul'ti-pli-ga-ble,  )  being  multi¬ 
plied. 

Mul'ti-pli-gand',  n.  [Lat.  multi- 
plicandus,  to  be  multiplied.]  The 
number  to  be  multiplied  by  another. 

Mijl'ti-pli-gate,  or  Mul-tip'li- 
•GATE,  a.  Consisting  of  many  ;  mul¬ 
tifold. 

MIjl'TI-pli-GA'tion,  n.  Act  of  mul¬ 
tiplying  ;  incjeasing  number. 

Mul'ti-pli-ga'tor,  n.  The  number 
by  which  another  is  multiplied. 


MOl'ti-pli^'i-ty,  n.  A  state  of  being 
multiple,  manifold,  or  various. 

!  MOl'ti-plI'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  multiplies. 

Mul'ti-ply  (54),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing, 
142.]  [Lat.  multiplex ;  multus,  much, 
and  plicare,  to  fold.]  1.  To  increase 
in  number.  2.  To  add  to  itself  any 
given  number  as  many  times  as  there 
are  units  in  any  other  given  num¬ 
ber.  —  v.  i.  To  become  numerous. 

Mul'ti-tude  (63),  n.  [Lat.  multitu- 
do  ;  multus,  much,  many.]  1  State 
of  being  many.  2.  A  great  number 
of  individuals. 

MOl'ti-tu'di-na-ry,  (  a.  Consist- 

Mul'ti-tu'di-nous,  )  ingofamul- 
titude  ;  manifold. 

Mul'ti-valve,  n.  A  mollusk  which 
has  a  shell  of  many  valves. 
Mul'ti-valve,  la.  [Lat .mul- 

MOl'ti-valv'u-lar,  j  tus,  much, 
many,  and  valva,  valve.]  Having 
many  valves. 

Mum,  a.  [Cf.  Mumble.]  Silent  ;  not 
speaking.  —  inter j.  Be  silent ;  hush. 
—  n.  [From  Chr.  Mumme,  who  first 
brewed  it.]  A  sort  of  strong  beer. 

Mum'ble,  v.  i.  or  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[D.  mompelen,  mommelen.  Cf. 
Mump.]  1.  To  speak  with  the  lips 
closed  ;  to  mutter.  2.  To  eat  with 
the  lips  closed. 

MOm'bler,  n.  One  who  mumbles. 

MGmm,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [N.  II. 
Ger.  rnummen.]  To  sport  in  a  mask 
or  disguise  ;  to  mask. 

MOm'mer,  n.  A  masker  ;  a  buffoon. 

Mum'MER-y,  n.  1.  Masking  ;  diver¬ 
sion  ;  buffoonery.  2.  Farcical  show. 

Mum'mi-FI-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  mak¬ 
ing  into  a  mummy. 

Mum'mi-fy,  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING,  142.] 
[Eng.  mummy ,  and  Lat.  facere,  to 
make.]  To  embalm  as  a  mummy. 

MOm'MY,  n.  [Per.  mtimiya,  fr.  mum , 
mom ,  wax.]  A  dead  body  embalmed 
and  dried,  or  otherwise  preserved. 

Mump,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Icel. 
mumpa,  to  take  into  the  mouth.]  1. 
To  nibble.  2.  To  talk  imperfectly. 

M&mp'er,  n.  A  beggar. 

Mump'ish,  a.  Dull;  sullen;  sour. 

MlTMPS,  n.  pi.  [Prov.  Eng.  mump,  to 
be  sulky.]  A  peculiar  inflammation 
of  the  parotid  glands. 

Munch,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
manger ,  to  eat.]  To  chew  without 
opening  the  mouth. 

Mun'dane,  a.  [Lat.  mundanus ;  fr. 
mundus,  the  world.]  Belonging  to 
the  world  ;  worldly. 

MBn'di-fi-ga'tion,  n.  [Lat.  mundi- 
Jicare,  to  make  clean.]  Act  of  cleans¬ 
ing  from  dross,  &c. 

MOn'go,  n.  A  fibrous  material  ob¬ 
tained  by  deviling  fine  woolen  rags. 

Mu-nIc'i-pal,  a.  [Lat  municipalis ; 
municipium,  a  free  town.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  corporation  or  city.  2. 
Pertaining  to  a  state,  kingdom,  or 
nation.  [district. 

;  Mu-nI'9'I-pXl'I-TY,  n.  A  municipal 

!  Mu-NIF'i-CEN^E,  n.  Quality  of  being 

|  munificent ;  great  liberality. 


MU-NIF'I-^ENT,  a.  [Lat.  munificus, 
munus ,  gift,  and  facere,  to  make.] 
Very  liberal  in  giving  or  bestowing. 

Syn.  —  Beneficent;  bounteous;  boun¬ 
tiful;  liberal;  generous. 

Mu'ni-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  munimentum; 
munire,  to  fortify.]  1.  A  place  or 

•  means  of  defense.  2.  A  record  ;  title- 
deeds. 

Mu-ni'tion  (-nish'un),  n.  [Lat.  mu- 
nitio ;  munire,  to  fortify.]  Materi¬ 
als  used  in  war  ;  military  stores. 

Mu'ral,  a.  [Lat.  muralis;  murus, 
wall  ]  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

Mur'der,  n.  [A.-S.  mordhur,  allied 
to  Lat.  mors,  death.]  Act  of  killing 
a  human  being  with  malice  afore¬ 
thought.  • — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  kill  with  premeditated  malice.  2. 
To  put  an  end  to.  [der. 

MOr'der-ER,  n.  One  guilty  of  nmr- 

Mur'der-ess,  n.  A  woman  who  com¬ 
mits  murder. 

MOr'der-ous,  a.  1.  Guilty  of,  con¬ 
sisting  in,  or  accompanied  with,  mur¬ 
der.  2.  Premeditating  murder. 

Mur'der-ous-LY,  adv.  In  a  mur¬ 
derous  manner. 

Mu'ri-ate,  n.  [From  Lat.  muria.'\ 
A  compound  formed  by  the  union  of 
muriatic  acid  with  a  base. 

Mu'ri-at'ig,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  ob¬ 
tained  from,  sea-salt. 

Murk'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [A.-S. 
my  re.]  Dark  ;  obscure  ;  gloom}'. 

MOr'mur,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  low,  con¬ 
fused,  and  indistinct  sound.  2.  A 
half-suppressed  complaint.  —  v.  i. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  make  a  low, 
continued  noise,  like  the  hum  of 
bees,  or  a  stream  of  water.  2.  To 
utter  complaints  in  a  low,  half-artic¬ 
ulated  voice ;  to  grumble. 

MOr'mur-eu,  n.  One  who  murmurs. 

Mur'raIn  (42),  n.  [Lat.  mori,  to  die.] 
An  infectious  disease  among  cattle. 

Mus'€a-dIne  (or  -din),  n.  [Ar.  mus¬ 
ical,  nutmeg,  fr.  musk ,  misk,  musk.] 
1.  A  rich,  spicy  grape,  or  a  wine 
made  from  it.  2.  A  fragrant  pear. 

Mus'c(:le  (mfls'sl),  n.  [Lat.  musculus, 
dim.  of  mus,  a  mouse.]  1.  A  fleshy 
organ  of  motion  in  animal  bodies.  2. 
A  bivalvular  shell-fish. 

Mus'GO- VA'DO,  a.  [Sp.  mascabado, 
fr.  mascabar ,  to  lessen,  impair.]  Re¬ 
lating  to  unrefined  or  raw  sugar. 

Mus'€U-lar,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
muscle,  or  constituting  a  muscle  or 
muscles.  2.  Well  furnished  with 
muscles  ;  brawny  ;  powerful. 

Mffs'GU-LAR'l-TY,  7i.  State  of  being 
muscular. 

MugE,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  II.  Ger. 
mozon ,  muozon,  to  be  idle.]  1.  To 
think  closely,  or  in  silence.  2.  To 
be  absent-minded. 

Syn.  —  To  ponder  ;  consider  ;  medi¬ 
tate;  ruminate. 

—  v.  t.  To  think  on  ;  to  meditate 
on. — 71.  1.  Deep  thought;  hence, 

sometimes,  absence  of  mind.  2.  [Gr. 
ixovaa.]  One  of  the  nine  goddesses 
who  presided  over  the  liberal  arts. 

Mu-se'UM  (124),  n.  [Lat.  museum ,  Gr. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  toTok  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9 ,  G,  soft ;  -e,  o,  hard ;  as;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this 


MUSH 


282 


MYSTERIOUS 


povcreiov,  temple  of  the  Muses.]  A  col¬ 
lection  of  curiosities,  or  works  of  art. 

Miish,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  muos,  muas, 
pap.]  Indian  meal  boiled  in  water. 

MDsh'room,  n.  [Fr.  mousseron,  fr. 
mousse,  moss,  because  it  grows  in 
it.]  1.  One  of  a  large  class  of  crypto- 
gamic  plants,  esp.  such  species  as 
are  used  as  food.  2.  An  upstart. 

IlU'Sie,  n.  [Gr.  fiovcTLicr),  (sc.  rexup), 
any  art  over  which  the  Muses  pre¬ 
sided,  esp.  music.]  1.  A  succession 
of  sounds  so  modulated  as  to  please 
the  ear.  2.  Science  of  harmonical 
sounds.  3.  Art  of  combining  sounds 
in  a  manner  to  please  the  ear. 

xtfU'si€-AL,  a.  1.  Relating  to  music. 
2.  Producing  music.  3.  Pleasing  to 
the  ear  ;  melodious  ;  harmonious. 

Mu'si€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  musical 
manner.  [in  music. 

Mu-gPciAN  (-zislPan),  n.  One  skilled 

Musk,  n.  [Ar.  musk,  misk,  fr.  Skr. 
mushka,  testicle.]  A  strong-scented 
substance  from  a  bag  behind  the  na¬ 
vel  of  a  kind  of  deer. 

Mus'ket,  n.  [L.  Lat.  musc.Iu.ta,  mus- 
chetta.]  A  kind  of  fire-arm. 

Mus'ket-eer',  n.  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  musket- 

MiJS'KET-ooN',  n.  A  short  musket. 

Mus'ket-ry,  «.  Muskets  in  general 
or  collectively.  [musky. 

Musk'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Musk'-mel'on,  n.  A  species  of  mel¬ 
on  of  a  musky  fragrance. 

MilsK'-ox,  n.  A 
bovine  ruminant 
inhabiting  the 
country  about 
Hudson’s  Bay. 

MOsk'-rat,  n.  A 
rodent  animal, 
allied  to  the  bea¬ 
ver,  but  about  Musk-ox. 
the  size  of  a  cat, 
having  a  strong,  musky  smell. 

MDsk'y,  a.  Having  the  odor  of  musk  ; 
fragrant. 

Mus'lin,  n.  [From  Mossoul,  where  it 
was  first  manufactured.]  A  thin  cot¬ 
ton  cloth  of  any  kind;  especially,  a 
kind  of  cotton  gauze. 

Muslin  de  lame  [Fr. mousselinc delaine, 
woolen  muslin],  a  woolen  fabric  of  light 
texture,  also,  a  fabric  of  cotton  and  wool. 

Mus'QUASH,  n.  [Indian.]  Same  as 
Musk-rat.  [Quito. 

Mus-qui'to  (-ke'to),  n.  See  Mos- 

MB.s'role,  n.  [Fr.  muserolle,  from 
museau,  a  muzzle.]  The  nose-band 
of  a  bridle. 

Muss,  n.  [0.  Fr.  mousche.]  A  con¬ 
fused  struggle. 

Mus'sel,  n.  [Written  also  muscle .] 
A  marine  bivalve  shell-fish. 

M&s'sul-man  (150),  n.  [Ar.  mos- 
leixmna ,  pi.  of  moslem,  muslim.  See 
Moslem.]  A  follower  of  Moham¬ 
med  ;  a  Moslem. 

MOs'sul-manQsh,  a.  Mohammedan. 

MItst,  v.  i.  or  auxiliary.  [0.  Sax. 
moste.]  1.  To  be  obliged.  2.  To  be 
necessary  or  essential. — n.  [Lat. 
mustum  (sc.  vinum) ;  mustus,  new, 


fresh.]  New  wine  unfermented. — 
v.  i.  [Cf.  MOIST.]  To  grow  moldy 
and  sour. 

MOs-TAgHE'(-tash') ;  pi.  mus-tX<;:h'- 
E§.  [Gr.  /u.v<rra£,  upper  lip.]  That 
part  of  the  beard  growing  on  the 
upper  lip.  [prairies. 

MOs'TANG,  n.  The  wild  horse  of  the 

Mus'TARD,  n.  [From  Lat .  mu  stum, 
must,  because  mixed  with  it  ]  A 
plant  and  its  pungent  seeds. 

Mus-tee',  n.  [Cf  Mestizo.]  Child 
of  a  white  person  and  a  quadroon. 

MtJS'TER,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -1NG.]  [Lat. 
monstrare,  to  show.]  1.  To  assem¬ 
ble  for  parade,  inspection,  &c.  2. 
To  get  together.  —  v.  i.  To  come  to¬ 
gether  as  parts  of  a  force  or  body.  — 
n.  1.  An  assembling  of  troops.  2. 
Assemblage  and  display  ;  gathering. 

Mus'TER-ROLL,  n.  A  register  of 
troops.  [musty. 

MustG-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Must'Y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  1. 

Moldy  ;  sour ;  fetid.  2.  Spoiled  by 
age.  [inconstancy. 

MfKTA-BlL'I-TY,  n.  Changes bleness  ; 

MO'ta-ble,  a.  [Lat.  mutabilis ;  mu- 
tare,  to  change.]  1.  Subject  to 
change.  2.  Inconstant. 

Syn.  —  Changeable  ;  unstable  ;  un¬ 
steady  ;  unsettled  ;  wavering  ;  variable  ; 
irresolute;  fickle. 

Mu'ta-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  mutable ;  mutability. 

Mu-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  process  of 
changing.  2.  Change  ;  alteration. 

Mute,  a.  [Lat.  mutus.]  1.  Uttering 
no  sound.  2.  Incapable  of  speaking. 
3.  Unpronounced;  also,  produced  by 
complete  closure  of  the  mouth-or¬ 
gans. 

Syn.  —  Silent;  dumb.  —  One  is  silent 
who  does  not  speak;  one  is  dumb  who  can 
not,  for  want  of  the  proper  organs,  as  a 
child  born  dumb,  a  dumb  beast,  &c.:  one 
is  mute  who  is  held  back  from  speaking 
by  some  special  cause,  as,  he  was  mute 
through  fear,  mute  astonishment,  &c. 

—  n.  1.  One  who  is  silent  or  speech¬ 
less,  from  whatever  cause  ;  specifical¬ 
ly,  a  dumb  attendant  of  a  seraglio. 
2.  A  silent  letter.  3.  An  element 
of  speech  formed  by  a  complete  clos¬ 
ure  of  the  mouth-organs  ;  as  p,b,t. 

—  v.  i.  [Fr.  mutir.]  To  eject  the 
contents  of  the  bowels,  as  birds. 

Mute'ly,  ad v.  Without  uttering 
words  or  sounds.  [ing  ;  silence. 

Mute'NESS,  n.  Forbearance  of  speak- 

Mu'ti-late,  V.  t..  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat. 
mutilare,  -latum,  from  mutilus, 
maimed.]  1.  To  cut  off  a  limb  or  es¬ 
sential  part  of ;  to  maim  ;  to  cripple. 
2.  To  deform  in  any  way. 

Mu'ti-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  mutilating, 
or  state  of  being  mutilated. 

Mu'ti-l A/tor,  n.  One  who  mutilates. 

Mu'ti-neer',  n.  One  guilty  of  mu¬ 
tiny.  [turbulent. 

Mu'ti-noOs,  a.  Disposed  to  mutiny ; 

Mu'Tl-NY,  n.  [From  L.  Lat.  movila, 
fr.  movere,  to  move.]  Insurrection 
against  constituted  authority,  esp. 
military  or  naval  authority.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED;  -ing,  142  ]  To  rise  against 


lawful  authority,  especially  in  mili¬ 
tary  and  naval  service. 

MCt'ter,d.  i.  or  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
muttire.)  To  speak  low  and  indis¬ 
tinctly  ;  to  grumble ;  to  murmur. 

MOt'ton  (mut'tn),  n.  [Fr.  moulon, 
fr.  Lat.  mutilus ,  mutilated.]  Flesh 
of  sheep,  raw  or  dressed. 

Mut't  on-ciiop,  ii.  A  rib  of  mutton 
for  broiling,  having  the  bone  chopped 
at  the  small  end. 

Mut'u-al,  a.  [Lat.  mutuus,  fr.  mu- 
tare,  to  change  ]  Reciprocally  act¬ 
ing,  related,  or  given  and  received. 

Syn.  —  Reciprocal  :  common. — Com¬ 
mon  is  applied  to  that  which  belongs 
alike,  or  in  common,  to  the  parties  con¬ 
cerned;  as,  our  common  country,  a  com¬ 
mon  friend.  Mutual  implies  an  inter¬ 
change  of  the  thing  spoken  of  between 
the  parties;  as,  wu/twid friendship.  Hence, 
to  speak  of  “a  mutual  friend  ”  (as  if  a 
friend  could  be  interchanged),  Is  a  gross 
error;  while  it  is  proper  to  speak  of  hav¬ 
ing  a  mutual  desire  to  promote  the  inter¬ 
ests  of  a  common  friend. 

Mut'u-al'I-TYjM.  Reciprocation;  in¬ 
terchange.  [ner, 

Mut'U-al-ly,  aclv.  In  a  mutual  man- 

Mut'ULE,  n.  [Lat.  mu- 
lulus  ]  A  projecting 
block,  worked  under 
the  corona  of  the  Doric  Mutule. 
cornice,  in  the  same  situation  as  the 
modillion  of  the  Corinthian  order. 

Muz'zle,  n  [L.  Lat.  mvsellus.]  1. 
Mouth  and  nose  of  an  animal.  2. 
Mouth  of  a  thing.  3.  A  fastening 
for  the  mouth  to  stop  biting.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  bind  the  mouth  of 
so  as  to  prevent  biting  or  eating. 

My  (35),  a.  [See  Mine.]  Belonging 
to  me. 

Myn-heer',  n.  [D.,  my  lord  or  mas¬ 
ter.]  Sir ;  Mr.  ;  — among  the  Dutch  ; 
hence,  a  Dutchman. 

My-ol'o-gy,  ii.  [Gr.  pv<;,  muscle, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  description 
of  the  muscles. 

My'ope,  ii.  [Gr.  fxvdnfj :  pveiu,  to  shut 
the  eyes.]  A  short-sighted  person. 

My'O-py,  n.  Short-sightedness. 

MYR'l-AD,  n.  [Gr.  pctipids,  fivpidSos, 
fr.  junpio?,  numberless.]  1.  Number 
of  ten  thousand.  2.  An  immense 
number. 

Myr'I-a-pod,  n.  [Gr.  ycvpioi,  ten 
thousand,  and  7rofis,  7ro56s,  foot.] 
An  air-breathing,  verr  orm  ani¬ 
mal,  having  many  jointed  legs. 

MyrG-o-ra'ma,  or  Myr'i-o-ra'ma, 
n.  [Gr.  pLvpios,  numberless,  and 
o papa,  a  sight.]  A  picture  made  up 
of  several  smaller  pictures,  which 
admit  of  very  many  combinations. 

Myr'mi-bon  finer/-),  n.  [Gr.  Mvp/xi- 
Sores,  pi.]  A  soldier  of  a  rough  or 
desperate  character. 

Myrrh  (mer),  n.  [Lat.  myrrha,  Ileb. 
mar,  fr.  mar,  bitter.]  A  transparent 
aromatic  gum-resin. 

Myr'tle  (mer/tl),  n.  [Gr.  /aupro?, 
fr.  Per.  mfird.]  A  genus  of  plants 
of  several  species.  [emphasis. 

My-s£lf',  pron.  I  or  me  ;  —  used  for 

Mys-te'ri-o&s,  a.  Difficult  or  im¬ 
possible  to  understand. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  A,  k,  I,  6,  0,  ?,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  SON, 


MYSTERIOUSLY 


NASTINESS 


Mys-te'ri-oDs-LY,  adv.  In  a  mys¬ 
terious  manner. 

Mys'ter-Y,  n.  [Gr.  ju.vo'T^pioi',  from 
pvetv,  to  shut  the  e^es.]  1.  A  pro¬ 
found  secret ;  that  which  is  beyond 
human  comprehension  until  ex¬ 
plained.  2.  A  trade ;  any  mechan¬ 
ical  occupation.  3.  A  kind  of  rude 
religious  drama.  [ticism. 

Mys'tie,  n.  One  who  holds  to  mys- 
Mys'tic,  1  a.  [See  supra.]  1.  Re- 
Mys'TI€-al,  )  mote  from  human 
comprehension  ;  obscure.  2.  Involv¬ 
ing  some  secret  meaning ;  allegorical. 


(en)  is  the  fourteenth  letter  of  the 
English  alphabet,  and  the 
eleventh  consonant.  See  Prin.  of 
Pron.,  §§  81-83. 

Nab,  v.  t.  [-bed  ;  -bing.]  [Ger. 
knappen.]  To  catch  suddenly. 

Na'bob,  n.  [Hind,  nawwab,  fr.  Ar. 
naba,  to  take  one’s  turn.]  1.  A  dep¬ 
uty  or  viceroy  in  India.  2.  A  very 
rich  man. 

Na'gre  (na/ker),  n.  [Sp.  nacar ,  fr. 
Ar.  nakir ,  hollowed.]  Mother-of- 
pearl.  [nacre. 

Na'€RE-ous,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  like, 

Na'dir,  n.  [Ar.  nadir,  opposite.] 
That  point  of  the  heavens  directly 
opposite  to  the  zenith. 

NAG,  n.  [D.  negge,  allied  to  A.-S. 
hnsegan ,  to  neigh.]  A  pony  ;  any 
horse. 

Na'iad  (na'yad),  v.  [Gr.  vcud?,  fr.  vd- 
etv,  to  flow.]  A  female  deity,  fabled 
to  preside  over  rivers  and  springs. 

Nail,  n.  [A.-S.  ndgel.]  1.  Horny  scale 
at  the  end  of  the  fingers  and  toes. 
2.  Claw  or  talon  of  a  bird,  & c.  3-  A 
metal  pin  to  fasten  boards,  &o.  4. 

Two  inches  and  a  quarter.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  fasten  with  a 
nail  or  nails.  2.  To  fix;  to  catch. 

Nail'er-y,  n.  A  manufactory  where 
nails  are  made. 

Naive  (naMv'),  a.  [Fr.  naif,  naive, 
fr.  Lat.  nativus,  natural.]  Having 
native  or  unaffected  simplicity  ;  in¬ 
genuous.  [tive  simplicity. 

Naivet±  (na/ev'tl'),  n.  [Fr.]  Na- 

Na'ked  (60),  a.  [A.-S.  naced.]  1. 
Having  no  clothes  on  ;  uncovered  ; 
bare;  nude.  2.  Open  to  view.  3. 
Without  addition,  exaggeration,  ex¬ 
cuses,  &c.  4.  Destitute,  unaided. 
5.  Mere ;  simple. 

Na'ked-ly,  adv.  In  a  naked  man¬ 
ner  ;  barely.  [naked. 

Na'ked-ness,  n.  Condition  of  being 

NXm'by-pam'by,  a.  [From  Ambrose 
Phillips,  an  English  poet..]  AFeakly 
and  affectedly  sentimental. 

Name,ji.  [A.-S.  nama.]  1.  Title  by 
which  any  person  or  thing  is  known. 
2.  Reputation  ;  exalted  reputation. 


283 

M^s'tig-al-ly, atfu.  With  a  secret 
meaning. 

MJs'ti-^Ism,  n.  1.  Obscurity  of  doc¬ 
trine.  2.  Doctrine  of  the  Mystics, 
who  maintain  that  they  have  direct 
intercourse  with  the  divine  Spirit. 

Mys'ti-fi-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  in¬ 
volving  in  mystery. 

M^S'TI-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Gr.  /aucTTTjs,  and  Lat.  facer e,  to 
make.]  To  involve  iu  mystery  ;  to 
perplex  purposely. 

Myth,  n.  [Gr.  juudos.]  A  fabulous 
statement  or  narrative. 


N. 


tion ;  epithet.  —  Name  is  generic,  denot¬ 
ing  that  combination  of  sounds  or  letters 
by  which  a  person  or  tiling  is  known 
and  distinguished.  Appellation  denotes, 
properly,  a  descriptive  term,  used  by  way 
of  marking  some  individual  peculiarity 
or  characteristic;  as,  Charles  the  Bold. 
A  title  is  a  term  employed  to  point  out 
one’s  rank,  office,  &c.;  as,  the  Duke  of 
Bedford.  Denomination  is  to  particular 
bodies  what  appellation  is  to  individ¬ 
uals;  thus,  the  church  of  Christ  is  di¬ 
vided  into  different  denominations,  as. 
Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  &c. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  Togivean 
appellation  to.  2.  To  mention  by 
name.  3.  To  designate. 

Syn.— To  denominate;  style;  term. 

Name'less,  a.  Without  a  name. 

Name'ly,  adv.  To  wit ;  that  is  to  say. 

Name'sake,  n.  One  that  has  the 
same  name  as  another. 

Nan-keen',  n.  [Originally  manufact¬ 
ured  at  Nankin.]  A  species  of  stout 
yellowish  cotton  cloth. 

NXp,  v.  i.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  [A.-S. 
hnappian.]  To  have  a  short  sleep  ; 
to  doze.  —  n.  [A.-S .  hnoppa.]  Whol¬ 
ly  surface,  as  of  felt,  &c. 

Nape,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  cndp,  a  top.] 
Back  part  of  the  neck. 

Naph'thA  (nSp'tha  or  nXf'tha),  n. 
[Syr.  naphtha,  Ar.  nqfth,  fr.  nafa- 
tha,  to  boil.]  A  volatile,  bituminous 
liquid,  very  inflammable,  occurring 
in  nature ;  rock-oil. 

Nap'KIN,  n.  [Dim.  of  Fr.  nappe,  a 
table-cloth,  fr.  Lat.  mappa,  napkin.] 
A  cloth  for  wiping  the  mouth. 

Nap'pi-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
nappy. 

NXp'py,  a.  [From  nap.]  1.  Inclined 
to  sleep  ;  sleepy.  2.  Tending  to 
cause  sleepiness.  3.  Downy  ;  shaggy. 

NAR-€OT'I€,  la.  [Gr.  vapianTt- 

NAR-GOT'I-e-AL,  )  (cos,  fr.  vapicovv, 
to  benumb.]  1.  Producing  sleep.  2. 
Producing  stupor  and  convulsions. 

Nar-€OT'I€,  n.  A  medicine  which 
relieves  pain,  and  produces  sleep, 
and  sometimes  stupor,  or  even  death. 

Nar'go-tine  ,  n.  An  alkaloid  ob¬ 
tained  from  opium. 

Nard,  n.  [Gr.  vapSo s,  fr.  Skr.  nalada, 
fr.  nala,  perfume,  and  da,  giving.] 


M5th'ic,  1  a.  Relating  to  myths; 

Myth'ie-al,  )  described  in  a  myth; 
of  the  nature  of  a  myth  ;  fabulous  ; 
imaginary. 

MYTH'o-LOG'ie,  la.  Relating  to 

Myth'o-LOG'I€-AL,  )  mythology; 
fabulous. 

M¥-thol'o-&Ist,  n.  One  versed  in 
mythology. 

M\-Th6l'0-6y,  n.  [Gr.  p.v0oAoyia; 
juvdos,  fable,  and  \oyo s,  discourse.] 
1.  The  science  that  treats  of  myths  ; 
a  treatise  on  myths,  2.  A  eollect- 
ive  body  of  myths. 


An  aromatic  plant,  or  an  unguent 
prepared  from  the  plant. 

Nar-rate',  or  Nar'rate,  v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat .  narrare ,  narra- 
tum.]_  To  tell,  rehearse,  or  recite. 

Nar-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  relating 
the  particulars  of  an  event ;  recital ; 
rehearsal.  2.  That  which  is  related. 

Nar'ra-tive,  a.  1.  Giving  a  partic¬ 
ular  account.  2.  Inclined  to  relate 
stories. —  n.  The  recital  of  a  story. 

Nar-ra'tor,  n.  One  who  narrates. 

Nar'row,  a.  [-Ell;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
nearu, ,  nearo.]  1.  Of  little  breadth. 

2.  Of  little  extent ;  circumscribed. 

3.  Contracted  in  mind,  disposition, 

views,  feelings,  &c.  4.  Within  a 

small  distance  ;  near;  hence,  involv¬ 
ing  serious  exposure.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  lessen  the  breadth  of. 
2.  To  make  less  liberal ;  to  limit.  — 
v.  ?.  To  become  less  broad. 

Nar'row-ly,  adv.  With  little 
breadth ;  closely  ;  carefully  ;  barely ; 
merely.  _  [mean-spirited. 

Nar'row-mind'ed,  a.  Illiberal; 

Nar'row-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
narrow  ;  penuriousness  ;  illiberality. 

Nar'rovvs,  n.  pi.  A  narrow  passage 
through  a  mountain,  or  a  narrow 
channel  between  one  body  of  water 
and  another  ;  a  strait. 

Nar'WAL,  1  n. 

Nar'whal,  )  [Icel. 
nahvalr ,  fr.  Icel. 
hcalr,  Eng.  whale , 
and  Icel,  nar,  net,  corpse,  on  account 
of  its  whitish  skin.]  A  cetaceous 
mammal.  The  male  has  a  long, 
twisted  tusk,  projecting  from  the 
upper  jaw. 

Na'sal,  a.  [Lat.  nasus,  the  nose.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  spoken  through, 
the  nose.  —  n.  An  element  ary  sound 
uttered  through  the  nose,  or  through 
both  the  nose  and  mouth. 

Na-sXl'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  nasal. 

Nascent,  a.  [Lat.  nascens.]  Begin¬ 
ning  to  exist  or  to  grow. 

Nas'ti-ly,  adv.  Filthily;  dirtily. 

Nas'ti-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
nasty  ;  extreme  filthiness  ;  obscenity. 


Syn. —  Appellation  ;  title  ;  denomina- 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  to’ok;  Orn,  rue  ,  pyLL, ;  E,  I,  o,  silent  ]  q ,  G,  soft ;  €,  G,  hard ;  A£  ;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


NASTURTIUM  284 


NEBULA 


Nas-tur/tium,  n.  [Lat.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  with  yellow  flowers. 

Nas'TY,  a.  [-ER  ; -est,  142.]  [Prob. 
allied  to  Ger.  nasz,  wet.]  1.  Offen¬ 
sively  filthy.  2.  Indeceut;  indeli¬ 
cate  ;  obscene. 

Syn.  —  Wet;  filthy;  foul;  dirty. — Any 
thing  nasty  is  wet  or  damp,  and  disgusts 
by  its  stickiness  or  odor.  Not  so  with 
filthy  and  .foul,  which  imply  only  that  a 
thing  is  filled  or  covered  with  offensive 
matter,  as  filthy  clothing,  foul  vapors, 
& c.  The  English  have  a  peculiar  use  of 
this  word,  calling  a  rain  in  fine  drops  a 
nasty  rain,  a  day  of  such  rain  a  nasty 
day,  a  sky  which  portends  it  a  naJ,y  skjq 
thus  retaining  the  original  sense  of  wet 
as  the  leading  idea, 

Na'tal,  a.  [Lat.  natalis,  from  nalus, 
p.  p.  of  nasci,  to  be  born.]  Relating 
to  one's  birth. 

Na'TANT,  a.  [Lat.  natans,  swimming.] 
Floating  on  the  surface  of  water,  as 
the  leaf  of  an  aquatic  plant. 

Na'ta-to-ry,  a.  [Lat.  natatorius  ; 
nature ,  to  swim.]  Enabling  to  swim. 

Na/tion,  n.  [Lat.  natio.]  A  body  of 
people  under  the  same  government, 
and  generally  of  the  same  origin  and 
language. 

Syn.  —  See  People. 

Na/tion-al  (n&slPun-),  a.  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  a  nation  ;  public ;  general. 
2.  Attached  to  one’s  own  country. 

Na/tion-al-I§m  (naslp'un-),  a.  State 
ofvbeing  national. 

Na/tion-al'i-TY  (naslVun-),  n.  1. 
Quality  of  being  national.  2.  Na¬ 
tional  character.  3  A  race  or  peo¬ 
ple  ;  a  nation. 

Na'tion-al-Ize  (naslPun-),  v.  t. 
[-EI) ;  -ING.]  To  make  national. 

Na'tion-AL-ly  (naslFun-),  adv.  In 
a  national  manner. 

Na'tIve,  a.  [Lat.  nativus  ;  nasci ,  na- 
tus,  to  be  born.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
one’s  birth.  2.  Born  with  one ;  indig¬ 
enous.  3.  Produced  by  nature  ;  un- 
artificial. 

Syn.  —  Natural ;  natal.  —  Natural  re¬ 
fers  to  the  nature  of  a  thing.;  native  to 
one’s  birth  or  origin,  as  a  native  coun¬ 
try,  language,  &c. ;  natal  to  the  circum¬ 
stances  of  one’s  birth,  as  a  natal  day  or 
star.  Native  talent  is  that  which  is  in¬ 
born;  natural  talent  is  that  which  springs 
from  the  structure  of  the  mind. 

—  n.  One  born  in  a  place  or  country. 

NA-TIV'I-TY,  n.  1.  Birth.  2.  Time, 
place,  or  circumstances  of  birth. 

Nat'ty,  a.  [Allied  to  neat.]  Neat; 
fine  ;  spruce. 

Nat'u-ral  (66),  a.  [See  Nature.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  constitution  of  a 
thing.  2.  Conformed  to  the  order 
or  laws  of  nature  ;  regular.  3.  Hav¬ 
ing  to  do  with  the  existing  system  of 
things.  4.  Conformed  to  truth  or 
reality.  5.  Illegitimate.  6.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  animal  nature  merely.  7. 
Pertaining  to  a  key  which  has  nei¬ 
ther  a  flat  nor  a  sharp  for  its  signa¬ 
ture. —  n.  1.  An  idiot.  2.  (Mas.) 
A  character  [thus,  fc*]  used  to  re¬ 
move  the  effect  of  a  preceding  sharp 
or  flat. 

Nat'u-ral-Ysm,  n.  1.  Mere  state  of 


nature.  2.  Denial  of  a  supernatural 
agency  in  the  miracles  and  revela¬ 
tions  of  God. 

Nat'u-ral-Yst,  n.  One  who  studies 
natural  history  or  physics. 

Nat'u-ral-i-zA'tion,  n.  Invest¬ 
ment  of  an  alien  with  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  a  citizen. 

NXt'U-RAL-IZE,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 

1.  To  make  natural  or  easy  and  fa¬ 
miliar.  2.  To  confer  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  a  citizen  on.  3.  To  ac¬ 
custom  ;  to  habituate. 

Nat'u-ral-ly,  adv.  1.  According  to 
nature.  2.  Without  art  or  affecta¬ 
tion.  [natural. 

Nat'U-RAL-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Nat'up.e  (53),  n.  [Lat.  natura;  nalus, 
born.]  1.  Native  character.  2.  Kind; 
sort ;  species.  3.  Established  course 
of  things.  4.  The  creation  ;  the  uni¬ 
verse.  5.  The  agencies  which  carry 
on  the  processes  of  the  creation.  6. 
Adherence  to  what  is  natural.  7. 
Nakedness. 

Naught  (nawt,  75),  n.  [A.-S.  nauht, 
fr.  ne,  not,  and  auht,  aught.]  Noth¬ 
ing.  —  adv.  In  no  degree.  —  a.  1. 
Worthless;  bad.  2.  Vile  ;  naughty. 

Naught'I-ly  (nawtT-ly),  adv.  In  a 
naughty  manner  ;  wickedly  ;  cor¬ 
ruptly. 

Naught'i-ness  (nawtG-)  n.  Quality 
of  being  naughty. 

Naught'y  (nawt'y)  a.  [-er;  -est, 
i42.]  1.  Corrupt;  wicked.  [06s.j 

2.  Mischievous. 

NAU'SE-A  (naw/she-a),  n.  [Lat.,  from 
Gr.  paws,  ship.]  Seasickness,  or  any 
similar  sickness ;  qualm. 

Nau'se-ate  (-she-),  v.  i.  To  become 
squeamish;  to  feel  disgust. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  affect  with  nausea. 

Nau'seous  (naw'shus),  a.  Causing, 
or  fitted  to  cause,  nausea,  [manner. 

Nau'seous-ey,  adv.  In  a  loathsome 

Nau'seous-ness,  n.  Loathsomeness. 

NaU'TIG-AL,  a.  [Gr.  vavriKo^,  from 
vans,  ship.]  Pertaining  to  seamen, 
or  to  navigation. 

Syn. — Naval;  marine;  maritime.  See 
Naval. 


Nau'TI-lus,  n.  [Gr. 
pcumAos,  a  seaman.] 
A  small  cephalopo- 
dous  mollusk,  having 
the  mouth  surround¬ 
ed  by  numerous  small 
tentacles. 

Na'val,  a.  [Lat.  nava- 
lis  ;  navis,  ship,  Gr. 
pans.]  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  ships. 


Nautilus. 


Syn. —  Nautical;  marine;  maritime. — 
Naval  is  applied  to  ships  or  a  navy  ;  nau¬ 
tical,  to  seamen  and  the  art  of  naviga¬ 
tion.  Hence,  we  speak  of  a  naval,  as 
opposed  to  a  military,  engagement;  na¬ 
val  equipments  or  stores,  a  naval  tri¬ 
umph,  a  naval  officer,  &c.,  and  of  nauti¬ 
cal  pursuits  or  instruction,  &c. 


Nave,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  nqfu.]  The  bub 
or  centre  piece  of  timber  or  part  of  a 
wheel.  2.  [From  Lat.  navis,  ship.] 
Middle  or  body  of  a  church. 

Na'VBE  (na'vl),  n.  [A.-S.  nafola,  na- 


fela.  Cf.  supra.]  A  depression  in 
the  center  of  the  abdomen. 

NA-vie'U-LAR,  a.  1  Relating  to  small 
ships  o!r  boats.  2.  Shaped  like  a 
boat.  [being  navigable. 

Nav'i-ga-bil'i-ty,  n.  Condition  of 

Nav'i-ga-ble,  a.  Admitting  of  be¬ 
ing  navigated. 

Nav'I-GA-ble -ness,  n.  Navigability. 

Nav'i-gAte,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
navigare ,  -gatvm  ;  navis,  ship,  and 
agere,  to  move.]  To  go  in  a  vessel  or 
ship  ;  to  sail.  — v.  t.  1.  To  pass  over 
in  ships.  2.  To  steer. 

NavG-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  navi¬ 
gating.  2.  Method  of  determining  a 
ship’s  position,  course,  & c.  3.  Ves¬ 
sels  ;  shipping. 

Nav'i-GA'tor,  n.  One  who  is  skill- 
fid  in  the  art  of  navigation. 

Nav'vy,  7i.  [From  navigator.]  A  la¬ 
borer  on  canals,  docks,  or  railroads. 

Na'vy,  7i.  [Lat.  navis,  ship.]  1.  A 
fleet  of  ships.  2.  Ships  of  war,  col¬ 
lectively.  3.  Officers  and  men  of  the 
war- vessels  of  a  nation. 

Nay,  adv.  [A.-S.  n&.]  1.  No.  2.  Not 
only  so.  —  n.  Denial ;  refusal. 

Naz/a-iiene',  7i.  An  inhabitant  of 
Nazareth  ;  one  of  the  early  converts 
to  Christianity. 

Naz'a-RITE,  n.  A  Jew  bound  by  a 
vow  to  extraordinary  devotion  and 
purity  of  life. 

Neap,  n.  [Cf.  Neb.]  1.  Tongue  or 
pole  of  a  cart,  &c.  2.  A  prop  for 
the  front  of  a  cart,  & c.  —  a.  [A.-S. 
7icp,  7ieap.  Cf.  A.-S.  hnipan  ,hnipian, 
to  cast  down,  fall.]  Low. 

Ne^A-POL'I-TAN,  a.  [Gr.  NediroAis, 
(i.  e.,  New-town),  Naples.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  Naples. 

Near,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S.  neara, 
eompar.  of  7iea.li,  nigh.]  1.  Not  far 
distant,  in  place,  time,  or  degree : 
closely  connected.  2  Next  to  the 
driver  of  a  team.  3.  Immediate  ;  di¬ 
rect.  4.  Parsimonious.  —  adv.  1. 
At  a  little  distance  only.  2.  Almost. 
—  v.t.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  To  approach; 
to  come  nearer.  —  v.  i.  To  draw 
near.  — prep.  Close  by  ;  not  far  from. 

Near'ly,  adv.  1.  At  no  great  dis¬ 
tance.  2.  Closely.  3.  Intimately. 
4.  Almost. 

Near'ness,  n.  1.  Closeness.  2.  Close 
alliance  by  blood.  3.  Intimacy. 

Near'-sight'ed  (-sTtQ,  a.  Seeing  at 
small  distance  only. 

Neat,  n.  [A.-S.  neat.]  Cattle  of  the 
bovine  genus,  as  bulls,  oxen,  and 
cows.  —  a.  1.  Belonging  to  the  bo¬ 
vine  genus.  2.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat. 
nitidus.]  Free  from  that  which  soils 
or  defiles  ;  clean.  3.  Pleasing  with 
simplicity.  4.  Good  in  its  kind.  5. 
Adroit.  6.  "With  all  deductions  made; 
net.  [care  of  cattle. 

Neat'-herd,  n.  One  who  has  the 

Neat'ly,  adv.  With  neatness. 

Neat'ness,  n.  State  of  being  neat. 

NfiB,  v.  [A.-S.  nehb,  bead,  face  ;  I cel. 
nebbi,  beak  :  nose.]  The  nose:  snout; 
beak  of  a  bird  ;  nib,  as  of  a  pen. 

Neb'u-LA,  n.  ;  pi.  NEB'u-LiE.  [Lat. 


a,  e,  l,  o,  u,  y,  long;  a,  e,  l,  6,  u,  V,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask;  all,  what;  Rre,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  son. 


1 

NEBULAR  285 

mist,  clout?.]  A  faint,  misty  appear-  of  urgent  want.  2.  Poverty  ;  in  di- 

ance  among  the  stars,  composed  of  gence. 

innumerable  stars.  Syn. —  Necessity. — Necessity  is  strong- 

Neb'U-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  nebulae.  er  than  need;  it  places  its  under  positive 

Neb'U-LOS'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  compulsion.  We  are  frequently  under 

nebulous  N  nehnhi  th,e.  f‘ccssity  of  going  without  that  of 

ousA  .  .  .  [a  nebula.  which  we  stand  very  greatly  in  weed. 

Neb'u-loOs,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like  r  .  ,  . 

N£^:'es-SA-ri-LY,  adv.  By  necessity  ;  t'1213  >  _iNG.]  To  be  in  want 

unavoidably.  of;  to  lack. — v.  i.  To  be  wanted  ; 

Ne9'es-sa-ry  (44),  a.  [Lat.  necessa-  to  be  necessary. 
riits,  from  necesst ,  unavoidable  ]  1.  Need  ful,  a.  1.  Needy.  2.  Requisite. 
Such  as  must  be  ;  inevitable.  2.  Req-  Need  fvl-ly,  adv.  Necessarily, 
uisite ;  essential.  3.  Involuntary.  Need  i-ly,  adv.  In  a  needy  condi- 
—  n.  1.  A  thing  indispensable; —  tmn  or  manner.  [digence. 

chiefly  in  the  pi.  2.  A  privy.  SEE,D  I_NESS,  n\  ^ant ;  poverty  ;  m- 

Ne-cEs'si-ta'ri-an,  n.  One  who  ^EE  !?LE>  ”\  IA-S.  nsedl,  nidi;  0. 
maintains  the  doctrine  of  philo-  II.  Ger.  najan,  to  sew.]  1.  A  small 

sophical  necessity  in  human  voli-  instrument  ot  steel -  used  in  sew- 

tions  and  all  events.  ]ng.  A  magnetized  bar  of  steel 

Ne-oes'si-TATE,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  ln  a  compass,  placed  so  as  to  turn 

[Lat.  necessitate,  necessitatum,  to  freely  toward  the  magnetic  poles  of 

force.]  1.  To  make  necessary  or  in-  the  earth.  3.  A  pointed  crystal,  &c. 

dispensable.  2.  To  force ;  to  compel.  Nee  dle-ful  (1o5),  n.  As  much 
Ne-ces'si-toi/s,  a.  Very  needy  or  in-  thread  as  is  put  at  once  into  a 
digent.  needle. 

Ne-ues'31-TY,  n.  [Lat.  necessitas.  See  Nee'DLE-GUN,  n.  A  fire-arm  loaded 
Necessary.]  1.  Quality  of  being  at  the  breech,  and  exploded  by  means 

necessary.  2.  Indigence;  want.  3.  of  a  slender  pin,  or  needle. 

That  which  is  necessary;  —  chiefly  Needless,  a.  1.  Having  no  need, 
in  the  pi.  4.  Irresistible  force  ;  fate.  Unnecessary. 

Neck,  n.  [A.-S.  hnecca.]  1.  Part  of  Need'less-ly  atfn Unnecessarily, 
an  animal’s  body,  connecting  the  Nee  dle  wom  an  (150),  n.  A  seam- 
head  and  the  trunk.  2.  Any  part  XT  stress.  .... 

corresponding  to  a  neck  ;  especially,  NEEDg,  adv.  [Orig. ^genitive  of  need, 
a  narrow  connecting  tract  of  land.  used  as  an  adv.]  Necessarily. 

Neck'cloth,  n.  A  piece  of  cloth  Need  y,  a.  [-er;  -est,142]  Indi- 
worn  on  the  neck.  gent ;  necessitous.  [never 

N£ck'er-chief,  n.  [For  neck-lcer-  N£  er  (narb  adv.  A  contraction  of 
chief  146.]  A  kerchief  to  be  worn  Ne-FA  ri-ous,  a.  [Lat.  nefanus ; 
around  the  neck  nefas,  impious.]  Wicked  in  the  ex- 

!  Necklace  (45),  n.  A  string  of  beads,  treme  I  atrociously  villainous. 

&c.,  worn  upon  the  neck.  Syn.—  See  Iniquitous. 

N£ck'-tIe,  n.  A  neck -kerchief.  Ne-fa'r l-OUS-LY,  adv .  With  extreme 

Nec/RO-LoG,I€,  )  a.  Relating  to  wickedness. 

Nec'ro-log'IC-AL,  )  an  account  Ne-ga'tion,  n.  [Lat.  negatio ;  ne- 
of  deaths.  gare,  to  say  no.]  1.  Act  of  denying ; 

NE-€ROL'o-GY,n.  [Gr.  ve«po s,  dead,  denial.  2.  Statement  of  what  a  thing 

and  Aovos,  discourse.]  A  register  of  is  not,  or  has  not,  &c. 

deaths.  N£g'A-tIve,  a.  1.  Implying  denial 

NSg'ro-mXn^er,  n.  One  who  prac-  or  absence.  2.  Haying  the  power  of 

tices  necromancy  :  a  sorcerer.  stopping  or  restraining. — n.  1.  A 

Ne€'ro-mXn'9Y,  n.  [Gr.  veKpopav-  proposition  by  which  something  is 

reta  ;  veitpo s,  a  dead  body,  and  pav-  denied  or  forbidden.  2.  A  word  that 

t eCa,  divination.]  Art  of  revealing  denies.  3.  Veto.  4.  A  photograph- 

future  events  by  means  of  a  pretend-  ic  picture  upon  glass  which  reverses 

ed  communication  with  the  dead;  the  natural  lights  and  shades,  —v.  t. 

conjuration.  ["ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  disprove.  2.  To 

N£€'RO-mXn'tig,  )  a.  Pertaining  refuse  to  enact  or  sanction. 

!  NE€'ro-M.Xn'TI€-al,  )  to,  or  per-  N£g'A-tIve-ly,  adv.  In  a  negative 

formed  by,  necromancy.  manner  or  form . 

NE-GROP'O-Lls,  n.  [Gr.  ve/cpdiroAiS ;  Neg-legt',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
ve/epos,  dead,  and  ttoAis,  city.]  A  negligere,  neglectum ;  nee,  not,  and 

city  of  the  dead  ;  a  cemetery.  legere,  to  gather.]  1.  To  suffer  to 

NE€'tar,«.  [Gr.  veVrap.]  The  drink  pass  unimproved,  unheeded,  undone, 

of  the  gods  ;  hence,  any  delicious  &c.  i  to  omit.  2.  To  slight, 

beverage.  Syn.  — To  overlook;  disregard;  dises- 

i  Neg-ta're-AL,  )  a.  Relating  to,  con-  teem;  contemn. 

NE€-ta're-an,  [  sisting  of,  or  re-  —n.  1.  Omission  of  proper  atten- 

Neg-ta're-o&s,  )  sembling,  nectar.  tion.  2.  State  of  being  disregarded. 

N£€'TAR-Ine,  n.  A  kind  of  peach.  Syn.  —  Negligence  ;  inattention  ;  dis- 

N£€'TAR-ot)s,  a.  Sweet  as  nectar;  regard;  disesteem;  slight;  indifference. 

nectareous.  NEG-Lfi€T'FVL,  a.  1.  Heedless  ;  care- 

Nec'TA-ry,  n.  [From  nectar.]  The  less ;  inattentive.  2.  Treating  with 

honey-gland  of  a  flower.  slight.  [lectful  manner. 

Need,??.  [A.-S .  nead,  nid.]  1.  State  Neg-l£gt'FVL-LY,  adv.  In  a  neg- 

NEOLOGISTICAL 

NEg'li-Gen^e,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  negligent ;  habitual  neglect.  2. 

A  negligent  act. 

Syn.  —  Neglect.  —  Negligence  is  the 
habit,  and  neglect  the  act  of  leaving 
things  undone.  The  one  naturally  leads 
to  the  other.  Negligent  men  o.r%  neglect¬ 
ful  of  their  duties. 

Neg'li-6ent,  a.  [Lat.  negligens , 
neglecting.]  Apt  to  neglect;  cus¬ 
tomarily  neglectful. 

Neg'li-gent-LY,  adv.  In  a  negli¬ 
gent  manner. 

Ne-go'ti-a-bil'i-ty  (-go'shi-),  n. 
Quality  of  being  negotiable. 

Ne-go'ti-a-ble  (-go^sM-),  a.  Capa¬ 
ble  of  being  negotiated. 

Ne-go'ti-ate  (-g5/shi-,  95),  v.  i. 

[Lat.  negotiari,  -atus;  negotiant , 
business.]  1.  To  transact  business. 

2.  To  treat  with  respecting  peace  or 
commerce. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 

To  settle  by  dealing  and  manage¬ 
ment.  2.  To  sell ;  to  pass. 

Ne-go'ti-a'tion  (-shT-a'shun),  n. 

Act  of  negotiating  ;  transaction  of 
business.  [who  negotiates. 

Ne-go'ti-a/tor  (-shl-a'tor),  «.  One 

Ne'gress,  n.  A  black  woman  ;  a  fe¬ 
male  negro. 

Ne'gro,  n.;  pi.  ne'gr5es.  [Sp., 
fr.  Lat.  niger,  black.]  A  black  man  ; 
an  African  by  birth,  or  the  descend¬ 
ant  of  one. 

Ne'gus,  n.  A  liquor  made  of  wine, 
water,  sugar,  nutmeg,  and  lemon- 
juice  ;  —  named  from  Col.  Negus. 

Neigh  (na),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
hnsegan.]  To  cry  as  a  horse.  —  n. 

The  natural  cry  of  a  horse. 

Neigh'bor  (na'bur),  n.  [A.-S.  neah- 
bhr ;  neah,  nigh,  and  gebiXr,  a  dwell¬ 
er.]  1.  A  person  who  lives  near  one. 

2.  One  of  the  human  race  ;  a  fellow¬ 
being.  —  a.  Near  to  another  ;  ad¬ 
joining;  next. —  v  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

To  adjoin  ;  to  be  near  to. 

Neigh'bor-hood  (na'bur-),  n.  1. 
Quality  of  being  a  neighbor.  2.  An 
adjoining  district  or  its  inhabitants. 

Syn.  —Vicinity.  —  These  words  differ 
in  degree.  Vicinity  does  not  denote  so 
close  a  connection  as  neighborhood.  A 
neighborhood  is  a  more  immediate  vi¬ 
cinity. 

Neigii'BOR-ing  (na/bur-ing),  a.  Liv¬ 
ing  or  being  near. 

Neigh'bor-ly  (na/bur-).  a.  1.  So¬ 
cial;  friendly.  2.  Cultivating  fa¬ 
miliar  intercourse. 

NePTHER  (neither  or  nPther.  The 
former  mode  is  preferable,  and  more 
usual),  pron.  or  pronominal  adjec¬ 
tive.  [A.-S.  n&dher.]  Not  either; 
not  the  one  or  the  other.  —  conj. 

Not  either.  [ology. 

Ni^o-LO&'IG-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ne- 

Ne-6l'o-6I§m,  n.  1.  Introduction 
of  new  words  or  new  doctrines.  2. 

A  new  word,  expression,  or  doctrine. 

Ne-ol'0-6Ist,  n.  One  who  holds 
doctrines  subversive  of  supernatural 
religion. 

NE-OL'o-GTsT'ie,  )  a.  Pertaining 

Ne-ol/o-^IstOc-al,  }  to  neology  ; 
neological. 

or,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOtiK;  Prn, RUE,  PVLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  <j,  G,  soft;  €,g,  hard;  Ag;  E£1ST;  jf  as  NG;  this. 

NEOLOGY 


NICKNAME 


286 


Ne-ol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  ve'o s,  new,  and 
A o-yos,  word,  discourse.]  1.  Intro¬ 
duction  of  new  words.  2.  New  doc¬ 
trines,  especially  in  theology. 

Ne'O-PHYTE,  v.  [Gr.  ved^'vro?,  lit. 
newly  planted.]  1.  A  new  convert. 
2.  A  novice  ;  a  tyro. 

NE'O-TER'IU,  )  a.  [Gr.  vecorepi- 

Ne'o-TER'IU-AL,  J  /cos  ]  Recent  in 
origin. 

NE-PEN'THE,  1  n.  [Gr.  jnprevflvjs,  re- 

NE-pen'thes,  )  moving  all  sorrow.] 
A  drug  used  by  the  ancients  to  re¬ 
lieve  pain. 

Neph'ew  (nef'yp,  85),  n.  [A.-S.  nefa , 
allied  to  Lat.  nepos .]  Son  of  a 

brother  or  sister. 

©3“  The  English  pronounce  this  word 
nev'i/u. 

Ne-PHRIT'IG,  1  a.  [Gr.  vefypLTucos  ] 

Ne-PHR1T'I€-AL,  J  ve^pos,  kidney.] 
Pertaining  to  the  kidneys. 

Ne-PHRIT'I€,  n.  A  medicine  for  cur¬ 
ing  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 

Nep'o-tIsm  (110),  n.  [Lat.  nepos , 
nephew.]  Favoritism  to  nephews 
and  other  relations. 

Nept'une  (30),  n.  1.  The  god  of  the 
sea.  2.  A  large  planet  distant  fi’om 
the  sun  about  2,850,000,000  miles. 

Nep-tu'ni-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
ocean. 

Nep-tu'ni-an,  1  n.  One  who  holds 

Nept'u-nist,  )  that  the  solid  parts 
of  the  globe  were  formed  from  aque¬ 
ous  solution. 

Ne're-id  n.  (Myth.)  A  sea-nymph. 

Nerve  (14),  n.  [Lat.  nervus,  Gr. 
vevpov.]  1.  Physical  force  or  steadi¬ 
ness  ;  also,  self-command.  2.  One 
of  the  bundles  of  fibres  which  estab¬ 
lish  a  communication  between  the 
parts  of  the  body  and  the  brain. — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  give  strength 
or  vigor  to. 

Nerve 'less,  a.  Destitute  of  strength  ; 
wanting  vigor. 

Nerv'ine,  a.  Quieting  nervous  ex¬ 
citement.  —  n.  A  medicine  that  acts 
upon  the  nerves. 

Nerv'OUS,  a.  1.  Possessing  nerve  ; 
strong  ;  vigorous.  2.  Possessing  or 
manifesting  mental  vigor.  3.  Relat¬ 
ing  to,  or  seated  in,  the  nerves.  4. 
Having  weak  nerves  ;  easily  agitated. 

N£r v'OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  nervous 
manner. 

Nerv'oDs-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
nervous. 

Nfis'CIEN^E  (nesh'ens.  95),  n.  [Lat. 
nescientia ;  ne,  not,  and  scien-s,  know¬ 
ing.]  Want  of  knowledge  ;  ignorance. 

Nest,r.  [A. -8.]  1.  Retreat  of  a  bird 
for  laying  eggs.  2.  Place  where  the 
eggs  of  other  animals  are  laid.  3.  A 
snug  abode.  4.  A  collection  of  boxes, 
cases,  or  the  like,  of  graduated  size. 

Nest'-egg,  n.  An  egg  left  in  the 
nest,  to  prevent  the  hen  from  for¬ 
saking  it. 

Nest'le  (ngs'l),  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

1.  To  lie  close  and  snug,  as  a  bird. 

2.  To  move  about  in  one’s  seat.  — 
v.  t.  1.  To  house.  2.  To  cherish. 

NEst'ling  (nes'ling),  n.  A  young 


bird  in  the  nest,  or  just  taken  from 
the  nest. 

NET,n.  [A.-S.  nett.]  1.  An  instru¬ 
ment  of  mesh-work  for  catching 
game.  2.  A  cunning  device ;  a 
snare.  —  v.  t.  [-ted;  -ting]  1. 
To  make  into  net- work.  2.  To  take 
in  a  net.  3.  To  produce  as  clear 
profit. — v.  i.  To  form  net-work.  — 
a.  [Cf.  Neat.]  Clear  of  all  charges 
and  deductions,  &c. 

NETH'ER,  a._  [A.-S .  nidhera.)  Lower. 

Neth'er-most,  a.  Lowest. 

Net'ting,  n.  A  piece  of  net-work. 

Net'tle  (net'tl),  n.  [A.-S.  netele .] 
A  plant  covered  with  minute  sharp 
and  brittle  hairs  containing  a  poison. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  fret  or 

sting  ;  to  irritate  or  vex.  [ease. 

Net'tle— rash,  n.  An  eruptive  dis- 

NLt'-WORK  (-wurk),  n.  A  fabric  of 
threads,  crossing  each  other  at  cer¬ 
tain  intervals. 

Neu-rXl'GT-A.  n.  [Gr.  vevpov,  nerve, 
and  aAyos,  pain.]  A  painful  disease 
which  seems  to  be  seated  in  a  nerve. 

Neu-rXl'GI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  neu¬ 
ralgia. 

Neu-ROL'o-GY,  n.  [Gr.  vevpov,  nerve, 
and  Xoyo?,  discourse.]  Doctrine  of 
the  nerves. 

Neu-ROT'IE,  a.  [Gr.  vevpov,  nerve.] 
1.  Relating  to,  or  seated  in,  the 
nerves.  2.  Useful  in  disorders  of 
the  nerves. 

Neu'ter,  a.  [Lat.]  1.  Of  neither 
side;  neutral.  2.  (Gram.)  (a.)  Of 
neither  gender,  (b  )  Neither  active 
nor  passive.  —  n.  1.  One  who  takes 
no  part  in  a  contest ;  a  neutral.  2. 
The  working  bee. 

NetI'tral,  a.  1.  Not  engaged  on 
either  side.  2.  Of  medium  quality. 

—  n.  One  that  takes  no  part  in  a 
contest  between  others.  [neutral. 

Neu'trXl'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 

Neu'tral-i-za'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
neutralizing.  2.  State  of  being  neu¬ 
tralized. 

NEU'TRAL-IzE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  render  neutral.  2.  To  destroy 
the  effect  or  peculiar  properties  of. 

Neu'tral-iz'er,  a.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  neutralizes. 

Neu'tral-ly,  adv.  In  a  neutral 
manner  ;  indifferently. 

Nev'er,  adv.  [A.-S.  nxfre;  ne. ,  not, 
and  sefre ,  ever.]  1.  Not  ever;  not 
at  any  time.  2.  In  nodegree.  3.  Not. 

NEv'er-the-lEss',  adv.  Not  the 
less  ;  notwithstanding. 

New  (nu),  a.  [-ER ;  -EST.]  [A.-S. 
niwe,  neowe.]  1.  Of  late  origin.  2. 
Recently  invented,  discovered,  or  es¬ 
tablished  as  true.  3.  Starting  anew. 
4.  Unaccustomed ;  unfamiliar.  5. 
Fresh  from  anv  thing. 

Syn.—  Seq  Novel. 

Ne  W'EL,  n.  [Lat.  nucalis,  like  a  nut.] 
The  upright  post  about  which  the 
steps  of  a  circular  staircase  wind. 

New-fXn'gled  (nu-fSng'gld),  a. 
New-made  :  novel. 

New-fXsh'ioned  (nu-fSsh'und),  a. 
Lately  come  into  fashion. 


New'ly,  adv.  Freshly;  recently. 

New-mod'el,  v.  t.  To  give  a  new 
form  to.  [being  new. 

New'ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

News,  v.  [From  new;  pi.  in  form, 
but  united  with  a  verb  in  the  sing.] 
Recent  account ;  fresh  information. 

Syn.  —  Tidings  ;  intelligence;  infor¬ 
mation;  advice.  See  Tidings. 

News'pa-per  (nuz'-),  n.  A  public 
print  that  circulates  news,  advertise¬ 
ments,  &c. 

Newt  (nut),  n.  [0.  Eng.  ewt,  evet. 
See  Eft.]  A  small  lizard. 

Next,  a. ;  svperl.  of  nigh.  [A.-S., 
nfrxtu,  nyxta ,  n&sta,  nyhsta.]  Near¬ 
est  in  place,  time,  degree,  quality,  or 
relation.  —  adv  At  the  time  or  turn 
immediately  succeeding. 

NIb,  n.  [See  Neb.]  Something  small 
and  pointed,  as  the  bill  of  a  bird,  or 
the  point  of  a  pen. — v.  t.  To  fur¬ 
nish  with  a  nib. 

NlB'BLE,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 

nib. ]  To  eat  slowly  or  in  small  bits. 

—  v.  i.  To  bite  a  little  at  a  time.  — 
n.  A  little  bite,  or  seizing  to  bite. 

NlB'BLE R,  n .  One  that  nibbles. 

NI^E,  a.  [-ER  ; -EST.]  [Lat .  nescius, 
ignorant,  A.-S.  hnesre ,  nesc ,  soft,  ten¬ 
der.]  1.  Pleasing  to  the  senses.  2. 
XVrought  or  made  by  a  skillful  work¬ 
man  ;  refined.  3.  Showing  delicacy 
or  refinement.  4.  Hard  to  please  or 
satisfy.  5.  Scrupulously  cautious. 

Syn. — Pleasing.—  Nice  implies  a  union 
of  delicacy  and  exactness.  In  nice  food, 
cookery,  taste,  Ac.,  delicacy  .predomi¬ 
nates  ;  in  nice  discrimination,  manage¬ 
ment, workman  ship,  a  nice  point  to  man¬ 
age,  &c.,  exactness  predominates.  Of  late 
a  new  sense  has  been  introduced,  which 
excludes  them  both,  namely,  pleasing; 
as,  a  nice  girl,  a  nice  excursion,  &c. 

NI^E'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  nice  manner  ; 
delicately  ;  accurately  ;  exactly.  2. 
Well :  cleverly. 

NI'^ieNE,  or  NI-^ENE',  a.  Relating 
to  Nice,  in  Asia  Minor,  where  the 
Nicene  creed  was  composed,  A.D.  325. 

NIce'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  nice. 

Nl£'E-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being  nice; 
delicacy  ;  daintiness.  2.  A  delicacy  ; 

—  especially  in  the  plural. 

Niche  (nlch),  n.  [It.  nicchia,  fr.  ntc- 
ehio,  shell-fish.]  A  recess  within  the 
thickness  of  a  wall,  for  a  statue,  &c. 

NICK,  n.  1.  [A  modif.  of  nock.]  A  notch 
cut  into  something  ;  hence,  a  score 
for  an  account.  2.  [Icel.  hnickia , 
to  seize  and  carry  off.]  A  hit  ;  the 
exact  point  of  time.  —  v.t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  cut  in  nicks  or  notches ; 
to  notch.  2.  To  suit  or  fit  into,  as 
one  notch  into  another.  3.  To  hit; 
to  strike  at  the  precise  point  or  time. 
4.  Hence,  to  cozen  ;  to  defeat. 

NlCK'EL,  n.  [Ger.  nickel ,  fr.  kvpfer- 

nic. kel,  copper  nickel,  copper  of  Nick 
or  Nicholas.)  A  grayish-white  met-1 
al  used  in  various  alloys. 

NIck'nXck,  n.  [See  Knickknack.7 
A  small  thing  ;  a  trifle  ;  —  chiefly  in 
the  plural. 

NIck'name,  n.  [Perh.  fr.  O.  Eng. 
neke-name,  eke-name,  surname.]  A 


NICOTIAN 

name  given  in  contempt  or  familiar¬ 
ity. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.  ]  To  give 
a  name  of  reproach  or  familiarity  to. 

Nl-€0'TIAN,  a.  [Fr.  lAicot,  who  in¬ 
troduced  it  into  France.]  Pertaining 
to,  or  denoting,  tobacco. 

Nle'TATE,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -IN6.]  [Lat. 
nictare ,  -tatum.]  To  wink. 

Nl€-TA'TlON,  n.  Act  of  winking. 

Nfe'Ti-TATE,  v.  i.  [See  Nictate.] 
To  wink. 

NlGTl-TA'TlON,  n.  Act  of  winking 

NID'1-FI-€ATE,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  n  d  ficare,  -catum ;  nidus,  nest, 
and  facer  e,  to  make.]  To  make  a 
r  est. 

NTd'i-fi-ca'tion,  n.  Act  of  building 
a  nest,  and  hatching  and  feeding  of 
young._  [ing  in  the  nest. 

NlD'u-LA'TlON,  n.  Time  of  remain- 

NPdus,  n.  [Lat.]  A  nest. 

Nie^e,  n.  [Lat.  neptis,  a  grand¬ 
daughter.]  Daughter  of  a  brother 
or  sister. 

NIg'gard,  n.  [Icel.  hnoggr,  econom¬ 
ical.]  A  person  meanly  close  and 
covetous  ;  a  miser.  —  n.  Meanly  cov¬ 
etous  ;  miserly.  [niggardly. 

NIg'gard-li-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 

Nig'gard-ly,  a.  Meanly  covetous  ; 
sordidly  parsimonious. 

Nig'ger,  n.  A  negro  ;  — in  derision. 

Nigh  (nl),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
neah,  nek.]  1.  Not  distant;  near. 
2.  Closely  allied.  —  adv. 
uation  near.  2.  Almost 
prep.  Near  to. 

Night  (nit),  n.  [A.-S.  neaht,  niht , 
alliea  to  Lat.  nox.]  1.  Time  from 
sunset  to  sunrise.  2.  In  figurative 
uses,  (a.)  Obscurity,  (b. )  Ignorance, 
(c.)  Adversity,  (d. )  Death. 

Night'-cap  (nit''-),  n.  A  cap  worn  iu 
bed.  [day;  evening. 

NIgiit'-fall  (nTt/-),  n.  Close  of  the 

NIght'-gown  (nit-'-),  n.  A  loose 
gown  used  for  undress. 

Night'in-gale  (nlt'in-gal,  45),  n. 
[A.-S.  ni/itegale,  f 
niht ,  night,  and  ga- 
lan ,  to  sing.]  A  % 
small  bird  that  sings  S 
sweetly  at  night. 

NIght'ly  (nlt'ly),  a. 

Done  by  night  or'  _ 
every  night. — adv.  = 

1.  By  night ;  in  the 
night.  2.  Every  Nightinj 
night. 

NIght'mAre  (nit'-),  n.  [See  Mare.] 
A  sensation  in  sleep  as  of  a  weight  on 
the  chest. 

NIght'-soil  (nit'-),  n.  The  contents 
of  privies,  carried  away  by  night. 

NIght'walk-er  (nlt'wawk-er),  n.  1. 
One  who  walks  iu  his  sleep.  2.  A 
prostitute. 

NlGHT'-WATCH  (nlt'wotch),  n.  1. 
A  period  in  the  night.  2.  A  guard 
to  afford  protection  in  the  night. 

NI-Gr£s'9ENT,  a.  [Lat.  nigrescens .] 
Changing  to  a  black  color. 

Ni'hil-Ism,  n.  [Lat.  nihil,  nihilum , 
nothing.]  1.  Nothingness.  2.  Doc¬ 
trine  that  nothing  can  be  known. 


1.  In  a  sit- 
;  nearly. — 


;ale. 


287 

NT-hIl/i-ty,  n.  Nothingness  ;  a  state 
of  being  nothing. 

Nill,  v.  i.  To  be  unwilling. 

NIm'ble,  a.  '  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
nemol ,  numol,  capable,  catching.] 
Light  and  quick  in  motion. 

Syn.  —  Agile;  quick;  active;  brisk. 

NIm'ble-ness,  n.  Quickness  ;  celer¬ 
ity  ;  speed ;  agility. 

Nlfti'BLY,  adv.  With  agility. 

Nim/bus,  n.  [Lat.]  I.  A  circle  of 
rays  around  the  heads  of  saints, 
&c. ;  a  halo.  2.  A  rain-cloud. 

Nin'GOM-POOP,  n.  [A  corruption  of 
Lat.  non  compos.]  A  silly  fool. 

Nine,  a.  &  n.  [A.-S.  nigon ,  nigan .] 
One  more  than  eight. 

NIne'FEN^E  (152),  n.  A  silver  coin  of 
the  value  of  nine  pence,  or,  in  New 
England,  12  J  cents. 

Nine'— pin§,  n.  A  play  with  nine 
pins,  at  which  a  ball  is  rolled. 

Nineteen,  a.  &  n.  Nine  and  ten. 

Nineteenth,  a.  &  n.  Noting  nine¬ 
teen  . 

NIne'ti-eth,  a.  &  n.  Ordinal  of 
ninety. 

Ninety,  a.  &  n.  Nine  times  ten. 

Nin'ny,  jn.  [Cf.  It.  ninno,  ninna ,  a 
baby.]  A  fool ;  a  simpleton. 

Ninth,  a.  Ordinal  of  nine. 

Nip,  n.  t.  [-ped;  -ping.]  [A.-S .  hni- 
pan,  to  bend  or  cast  down.]  1.  To  in¬ 
close  and  compress  tightly  ;  to  pinch. 
2.  To  remove  by  pinching,  biting, 
&c.  3.  To  blast,  as  by  frost.  —  n.  1. 
A  seizing  or  closing  in  upon  ;  a  pinch. 
2.  A  cutting  off  the  end.  3.  Destruc¬ 
tion  by  frost. 

Nip'per§,  n.  pi. 

Smail  pincers  for 
holding,  break¬ 
ing,  or  cutting. 

Nip'ple,  n.  [Al¬ 
lied  to  nibble.]  1.  A  teat;  a  pap.  2. 
Any  small  projection  in  which  there 
is  an  orifice. 

NI'SAN,  n.  [Heb.  nlshn.]  A  month 
of  the  Jewish  calendar, answering  to 
the  month  of  April. 

NPsi  PrPus.  [Lat.,  unless  before.] 
A  term  of  court,  held  generally  by  a 
single  judge,  with  a  jury. 

NlT,  a.  [A.-S.  hnitu.]  Egg  of  a  louse, 
or  other  small  insect. 

NiTer,  I  n.  [Gr.  vlvpov.]  A  white, 

NiTre,)  crystalline  salt;  nitrate 
of  potassa ;  salt-peter. 

NiTrate  (45),  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  nitric  acid  with  a  base. 

NITrig,  a.  Containing  nitrogen. 

NiTri-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  nitrum ,  niter,  and  facere ,  to 
make.]  To  convert  into  niter. 

NiTro-gen,  n.  [Gr.  virpov,  and 
yereiv,  yeveaOaL,  to  produce.]  A  gas¬ 
eous  element,  without  taste,  odor,  or 
color,  forming  nearly  four  fifths  of 
common  air. 

Ni-trog'e-noDs,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  containing,  nitrogen. 

NlTRO-GL\r9'ER-lNE,  n.  (Chem.) 
A  powerful  explosive  compound 
formed  of  nitric  and  sulphuric 
acids  mixed  with  glycerine. 


Nippers. 


NODULE 

NITROUS,  1  a.  Pertaining  to,  contain- 

NiTry,  j  ing,  or  resembling  niter 

NITTY,  a.  Abounding  with  nits. 

Niv'E-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  niveus.]  Snowy  ; 
resembling  snow. 

No,  adv.  [A.-S.  ti&.]  Nay  ; — a  word 
of  denial  or  refusal.  —  a.  Not  any  ; 
notone;  none. — n.  (pi.  noe§.)  1 
A  denial.  2.  A  negative  vote. 

No-bil'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  nobilitas.]  1. 
Quality  of  being  noble  ;  as,  («.] 
Dignity  ;  elevation  ;  superiority  of 
mind,  (b.)  Noble  birth  ;  distinction 
by  rank.  2.  The  peerage. 

No'ble,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [Lat  no- 
bilis  ;  noscere,  to  know.]  1.  Possess¬ 
ing  eminence,  elevation,  or  dignity, 
&e.  2.  Grand;  magnificent;  splendid. 
3.  Of  aristocratic  or  patrician  family. 

Syx.  —  Honorable;  elevated;  exalted; 
illustrious;  renowned;  generous;  free. 

—  n.  1.  A  nobleman;  a  peer.  2. 
An  old  English  gold  coin,  worth 
about  $1.61. 

No'ble-man  (150),  n.  One  of  the 
nobility ;  a  peer. 

No'ble -ness,  n.  Nobility;  elevation 
of  mind  or  of  station . 

No-blEss',  or  No'bless,  I  n.  [See 

No-blesse',  or  No'blesse,  j  No¬ 
ble.]  The  nobility. 

No'bly,  adv.  1.  Of  noble  extraction. 
2.  With  greatness  of  soul.  3.  Mag¬ 
nificently. 

No'b5d-y,  n.  No  person ;  no  one. 

N5'£ENT,  a.  [Lat.  nocens,  hurting.] 
Doing  hurt ;  hurtful ;  mischievous. 

NOG-TXM'BU-LlsT,  n.  [Lat.  nox, 
noctis,  night,  and  ambulare,  to  walk.] 
One  who  walks  in  his  sleep. 

NOG-TIV'A-GANT,  a.  [Lat.  nox,  noc¬ 
tis,  night,  and  vagans,  wandering.] 
Wandering  in  the  night. 

Nog'turn,  n.  [Lat.  nocturnus,  be¬ 
longing  to  the  night.]  An  act  of  re¬ 
ligious  service  by  night. 

Nog-tOr'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
done  or  occurring  at,  night. 

Nod,  v.  i.  [Prob.  allied  to  Lat.  nu- 
tare.]  1.  To  bend  the  upper  part, 
with  a  quick  motion.  2.  To  make  a 
slight  bow.  3.  To  be  drowsy.  —  v.  t. 
[-DED ;  -ding.]  1.  To  incline  or 
bend,  as  the  head.  2.  To  signify  by 
a  nod.  —  n.  1.  A  bending  forward 
of  the  top  of  any  thing.  2.  A  quick, 
downward  or  forward  bow. 

Nod'al,  a.  Relating  to  a  node. 

Nod'dle,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  nod,  as  it  is 
the  nodding  part  of  the  body.]  The 
head ;  —  used  jocosely. 

Nod'dy,  n.  [Prob.  from  nod.]  A.. 
simpleton ;  a  fool. 

Node,  n.  [Lat.  nodus. 

1.  A  knot ;  a  knob 
One  of  the  two  points 
where  the  orbit  of  a 


^•vQy 


Node. 


planet  intersects  the  ecliptic. 
Joint  of  a  stem.  4.  The  oval  figure 
formed  by  the  folding  of  a  curve 
upon  itself. 

No-dose',  a.  Having  knots  or  swell  • 
ing  joints.  [a  nodulo, 

Nod'u-lar,  a.  Being  in  the  form  of 
Nod'ule  (77),  n.  [Lat.  nodulus,  dim. 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  TO~ok;  Drn,  rjje,  pvll  ;  E,  I,  o, silent;  9,4,  soft;  €,a,hard;  Ag;  eicist;  if  as  ng;  this 


NOGGIN 

of  nodus,  knot.]  A  rounded  mass 
of  irregular  shape.  [wooden  cup. 

Nog'gin,  n.  [Ir.  noigin .]  A  small 

Noise,  n.  [0.  Fr.  noise,  strife,  noise, 
from  Lat.  noxa,  hurt,  injury.]  1. 
Sound  of  any  kind.  2.  Over-loud, 
confused,  or  senseless  sound.  3.  Fre¬ 
quent  talk.  —  v.  i.  To  sound  loud. 

v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  spread  by 
rumor  or  report. 

Noise'less,  a.  Making  no  noise. 

Noig'I-LY,  acic.  With  noise  or  clamor. 

Noig'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  noisy. 

Noi'sOme  (noi'sum),  a.  [Lat.  noxa, 
injurious,  and  the  Eng.  termination 
some.]  1.  Injurious  to  health  ;  un¬ 
wholesome.  2.  Offensive  to  the  smell 
or  other  senses. 

Syx. —  Noxious.  —  A  thing  which  is 
noxious  inflicts  evil  directly,  as  a  noxious 
plant,  noxious  practices,  &c. ;  a  thing 
which  is  noisome  operates  with  a  remoter 
influence,  as  noisome  vapors,  a  noisome 
pestilence,  & c  ,  and  has  the  additional 
sense  of  disgusting. 

Noi's6me-ly  (noksum-),  adv.  With 
a  fetid  stench. 

Noi'sOme-jvess,  n.  Unwholesome¬ 
ness  ;  offensiveness  to  the  smell. 

Noig'Y,  a.  [-er  ;  -EST,  142.]  Mak¬ 
ing  a  noise  ;  clamorous  ;  boisterous. 

Nol'le  Pros'e-qui.  [Lat.,  to  be 
unwilling  to  prosecute.]  A  formal 
discontinuance  of  a  prosecution. 

N&M'AD,  n.  [Gr.  vo/u.as,  vo/udfios,  pas¬ 
turing,  roaming;  vopos,  a  pasture.] 
One  of  a  tribe  that  wanders  from 
place  to  place  for  game  or  pasture. 

No-mX»'I€,  a,  Wandering;  moving 
from  place  to  place. 

NOm'bles  (num'blz),  n.  pi.  [Fr.,  fr. 
Lat.  lumbulus ,  dim.  of  lumbus,  a 
loin.]  Entrails  of  a  deer. 

No'men-gla'tor,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  no¬ 
men ,  name,  and  r.alare ,  to  call.]  One 
who  gives  names  to  things. 

NcVmen-glat'ure  (53),  n.  System 
of  technical  names  in  any  branch  of 
science  ;  terminology. 

Nom'I-nal,  a.  [Lat.  nominalis  ;  no¬ 
men,  a  name.]  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
name.  2.  Existing  in  name  only. 

Nom'i-nal-I§m,  n.  Principles  of  the 
nominalists. 

Nom'i-NAL-Ist,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of 
philosophers  who  held  that  general 
conceptions  exist  in  name  only. 

Nom/I-NAL-LY,  adv.  In  name  only. 

Nom'i-nate,!).  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
nominare,  -natum.]  1.  To  name. 
2.  To  appoint ;  also,  to  propose  by 
name,  as  a  candidate. 

Nom'i-na'tion,  n.  Act  or  power 
of  nominating ;  state  of  being  nom¬ 
inated. 

Nom'I-NA-tIve,  a.  Naming;  desig¬ 
nating  ;  —  said  of  the  first  case  of  a 
noun.  —  n.  Case  in  which  the  sub¬ 
ject  of  a  verb  stands.  [nates. 

Nom'i-na'tor,  n.  One  who  nomi- 

N&MG-nee',  n.  One  who  has  been 
proposed  for  an  office. 

Non'age,  n.  [Prefix  non,  not,  and 
age.]  Time  of  life  before  one  be¬ 
comes  of  age ;  minority. 

Non'a-ge-na'ri-an,  n.  [Lat.  nona- 

288 

genarius ;  nonageni,  ninety  each.] 
One  who  is  ninety  years  old. 

Non'a-gon,  n.  [Lat.  nonus ,  the  ninth, 
and  Gr.  yoivia,  angle.]  A  polygon 
having  nine  sides  and  nine  angles. 

Non'-at-tend'an^e,  «.  A  failure 
to  attend. 

Non^e,  n.  [A  corruption  of  then 
once.]  The  present  occasion. 

Nonchalance  (nong'sha'longss'), 
n.  [Fr.]  Indifference ;  coolness. 

Nonchalant  (nong'sha'long'),  a. 
[Fr.]  Indifferent ;  careless  ;  cool. 

Non-€OM-mis'sion.ed  ( -mislUund), 
a.  Not  having  a  commission. 

Non-commissioned  officer  {Mil.  Sf  Na¬ 
val ),  an  officer  of  a  grade  below  a  war¬ 
rant  officer,  as  a  corporal,  a  gunner’s 
mate,  &c. 

Non'-gom-mIt'tal,  n.  A  state  of 
not  being  pledged  to  any  course. 

Non  CNjmpos,  )  [Lat.] 

Non  Com'pos  Men' tis.  j  Notof 
sound  mind ;  hence,  an  idiot ;  a  lu¬ 
natic. 

No^-eoN-fOR',  ®.  i.  To  dissent  or 
refuse  to  concur.  [to  concur. 

Non/-€ON-eCr,ren9E,  n.  A  refusal 

Non'-€ON-du€T'or,  n.  A  substance 
which  transmits  another  substance 
or  fluid  with  difficulty  or  not  at  all. 

Non'-gon-form'ist,  n.  One  who 
does  not  conform  to  an  established 
church. 

Non'-gon-form'i-ty,  n.  Neglectof 
conformity  ;  in  England,  refusal  to 
unite  with  the  established  church. 

Non'-gon-tent',  n.  (British  House 
of  Lords.)  One  who  gives  a  negative 
vote. 

Non'de-SGRIpt,  a.  [Lat.  non ,  not, 
and  descriptus ,  described.]  Not  hith¬ 
erto  described ;  novel;  odd. — n.  A 
thing  not  yet  described  ;  something 
abnormal. 

None  (ntin  or  non,  20),  a.  &  pron. 
[A. -8.  nan ;  ne,  not,  and  6w,one  ]  1. 
No  one  ;  not  any  thing  ;  —  frequent¬ 
ly  used  as  a  pi.  2.  No;  not  any. 

Non-En'tI-ty,  n.  1.  Non-existence. 
2.  A  thing  not  existing. 

None§,  h.  pi.  [Lat.  nonte ;  nonus, 
the  ninth.]  (  Roman  Calendar.)  The 
5th  day  of  January,  February,  April, 
June,  August,  September,  Novem¬ 
ber,  and  December,  and  the  7th  of 
the  other  months. 

Non'-es-sen'tial,  n.  A  thing  not 
essential.  [its  equal. 

N6ne's0ch,  n.  A  thing  that  has  not 

N6n'-ex-Ist'eN9E,  n.  Absence  of 
existence;  nonentity. 

Non'-ful-fIll'ment,  n.  Neglect  or 
failure  to  fulfill. 

No-nill'ion  (-nlPyun),  n.  [Lat.  no¬ 
nus,  ninth,  and  Eng.  million .]  Ac¬ 
cording  to  the  Fr.  notation,  a  thou¬ 
sand  octillions;  according  to  the 
Eng.  notation,  a  million  octillions. 

Non-ju'ror,  or  Non'-ju-ror,  n. 
One  who  refused  to  swear  allegiance 
to  William  and  Mary ;  a  Jacobite. 

Non'-ob-§£rv'AN9E,  n.  Neglect 
or  failure  to  observe. 

Non^pa-reil'  (-pa-reP), a.  [Fr.,from 

NORMAL 

non,  not,  and  pareil,  equal.]  Hav¬ 
ing  no  equal ;  peerless.  —  n.  1.  j 

SomethiDg  of  unequaled  excellence. 

2.  A  printing  type  like  that  here 
used.  [ment. 

Non-pay'ment,  n.  Neglect  of  pay- 

Non'PLUS,  n.  [Lat.  non,  not,  and 
plus,  more.]  Insuperable  difficulty  ; 
puzzle.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
puzzle  ;  to  confound. 

NoN-REg'i-DENCE,  n.  Neglect  of  re¬ 
siding  at  the  place  where  one  is  sta¬ 
tioned. 

Non-res'i-dent,  a.  Not  residing  in 
a  particular  place. —  n .  One  who  does 
not  reside  in  a  particular  place  ;  es¬ 
pecially,  a  clergy  man  who  lives  away 
from  his  cure. 

Non'-re-sIst'an^'E,  n.  Passive  obe-  ; 

dience. 

Non'-re-sist'ant,  a.  Making  no  re¬ 
sistance.  —  n.  One  who  maintains 
that  no  resistance  should  be  made 
to  constituted  authority. 

Non'sense,  n.  1.  That  which  has 
no  sense.  2.  Trifles  ;  things  of  no 
importance. 

Non-sens'ig-al,  a.  Unmeaning; 
foolish.  [meaning. 

Non-sens'ig-al-ly,  adv.  Without 

Non  SBq'ui-tur  (s6k'wi-).  [Lat., 
it  does  not  follow.]  An  inference 
not  following  from  the  premises. 

Non'suit,  n.  A  neglect  or  failure  by  ! 

the  plaintiff  to  follow  up  his  suit.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  adjudge  or 
record,  as  having  dropped  his  suit. 

NoN-ug'ER,  n.  1.  Failure  to  use.  2. 
Neglect  or  omission  to  use  an  ease¬ 
ment  or  other  right. 

Noo'dle,  n.  [Cf.  Noddle  and  Nod¬ 
dy.]  A  simpleton. 

Nook  (27),  n.  [Of.  0.  Eng.  nock,  a 
notch.]  A  corner  ;  a  recess  ;  a  se¬ 
cluded  retreat. 

Noon,  n.  [Lat.  nona  (sc.  hora),  the 
ninth  hour(i.  e.,  3  o'clock,  P.  M.), 
which  was  the  dinner-hour  among 
the  Romans  ]  The  middle  of  the 
day  ;  twelve  o’clock. 

Noon'DAY,  n.  Midday  ;  twelve  o’clock 
in  the  day.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  mid¬ 
day.  [noon.  | 

Noon'ing,  n.  Repose,  or  a  repast,  at  j 

No'on'tIde,  n.  Midday  ;  noon. —  a.  j 

Pertaining  to  noon. 

Noose  (or  nobz),  n.  [Cf.  Ir.  nas,  band 
or  tie.]  A  running  knot,  which  binds 
the  closer  the  more  it  is  drawn. 

Noo§e,v. /.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  tie 
or  catch  in  a  noose.  [dian  fig. 

No'pal,  n.  [Mexican  nopalli .]  In- 

Nor,  conj.  [Contr.  fr.  A.  S.  nhdhor. 

See  Or.]  A  negative  connective  or 
particle,  following  neither  or  not. 

Nor'mal,  a.  [Lat .  normalis ;  norma,  . 

rule,  pattern.]  According  to  an  es¬ 
tablished  rule,  or  principle ;  con- 
formed  to  a  type  or  regular  form.  i 

Normal  school,  one  whose  methods  of 
instruction  are  designed  to  serve  as  a 
model  for  imitation.  1 

Syn.  —  Regular  s  ordinary.  —  Regular 
and  ordinary  are  popular  terms  of  well- 
known  signification  •,  normal  has  now  a  ! 

more  specific  sense,  arising  out  of  its  use 

A,  e,  I,  6,  0,  y, long ;  X,e,I,  6,  D,  1?,  short;  cAre,  fXr,  Ask,  l,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 

NORMAN 


in  science.  A  thing  is  normal ,  or  in  its 
normal  state,  when  strictly  conformed  to 
those  principles  of  its  constitution  which 
make  it  what  it  is.  It  is  abnormal  when 
jt  departs  from  those  principles. 

Nor'MAN,  n.  A  native  of  Normandy. 
—  a.  Pertaining  to  Normandy,  or  to 
the  Normans. 

Norse,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Scan¬ 
dinavia.  —  n.  [Icel.  Norvegr ,  Nor¬ 
way.]  Language  of  ancient  Scandi¬ 
navia. 

Norse'man  (150),  n.  An  inhabitant 
of  ancient  Scandinavia. 

NORTH,  n.  [A.-S.  nordh.\  Direction 
opposite  to  the  south. — a.  Lying 
toward,  or  situated  at,  the  north. 

North-east',  n.  A  point  between, 
and  equally  distant  from,  the  north 
and  east.  — a.  Pertaining  to,  or  pro¬ 
ceeding  from,  the  north-east. 

North-east'er-ly,  a.  Toward,  or 
from,  the  north-east. 

North-east'ern,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  being  in,  the  north-east. 

NORTH'ER,  n.  A  wind  or  gale  from 
the  north. 

NORTH'ER-LY,  a.  1.  Being  toward 
the  north ;  northern.  2.  From  the 
north.  —  adv.  1.  Toward  or  from 
the  north.  2.  In  a  northern  direc¬ 
tion. 

North'ern,  a.  Being  in,  or  near  to, 
or  toward,  the  north. 

N6rth'ern-er,  n.  A  native  or  resi¬ 
dent  in  the  north. 

North'ing,  n.  Distance  northward 
from  any  point  of  departure. 

North'man  (150),  n.  One  of  the  in¬ 
habitants  of  the  north  of  Europe. 

North'ward,  a.  Being  toward  the 
north  ;  northern. 

North'ward,  1  adv.  Toward  the 

North'ward^,  J  north  ;  in  a  north¬ 
erly  direction. 

North-wLst',  n.  Point  between, 
and  equally  distant  from,  the  north 
and  west.  —  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  be¬ 
ing  in  the  direction  of,  or  being  in, 
the  north-west.  2.  Proceeding  from 
the  north-west. 

Nokth-west'er-ly,  a.  Toward,  or 
from,  the  north-west. 

North-west'ern,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  being  in,  the  north-west. 

NOR-we'GT-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Nor¬ 
way.  —  n.  A  native  of  Norway. 

NogE,  n.  [A.-S.  no.su,  nasu.]  1.  The 
prominent  part  of  the  face,  which  is 
the  organ  of  smell.  2.  Power  of 
smelling;  scent.  3.  A  projecting 
vent;  a  nozzle. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  smell ;  to  scent.  2.  To  oppose 
to  the  face.  —  v.  i.  To  pry  officiously 
into  what  does  not  concern  one. 

Nose'gay,  n.  A  bunch  of  flowers  ; 
a  boquet. 

Nos'O-log'iu-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
nosology.  [in  nosology. 

No-sol'o-gYst,  n.  One  who  is  versed 

N0-S0L'0-4y,  n.  [Gr.  voo-o s,  disease, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  1.  A  system¬ 
atic  classification  of  diseases.  2.  That 
branch  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  classification  of  diseases. 

Nos'TRIL,  n.  [0.  Eng.  nosethril,  A.- 


289 

S.  nasthyrl,  fr.  nosu,  nose,  and  thyrl , 
a  hole.]  One  of  the  two  channels 
through  the  nose. 

Nos'trum,  n.  [Lat.,  ours,  our  own.] 
A  quack  or  patent  medicine. 

Not,  adv.  [Contr.  from  naught.]  A 
word  that  expresses  negation,  denial, 
or  refusal. 

Not'a-bYl'I-TY,«.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  notable.  2.  A  notable  person  or 
thing. 

Not'A-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  notabilis ;  no- 
tare ,  to  mark.]  1.  Plain  ;  evident. 
2.  Worthy  of  notice  ;  noticed  or  dis¬ 
tinguished.  —  n.  A  person  of  dis¬ 
tinction. 

Not'a-ble,  a.  Distinguished  for  good 
management ;  actively  industrious. 

NOT'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  notable  man¬ 
ner  ;  memorably. 

Not'A-bly,  adv.  With  bustling  ac¬ 
tivity.  [done  by,  a  notary. 

No-ta'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

No'ta-ry,  n.  [Lat.  notarius ;  nota, 
mark,  letter.]  A  public  officer  who 
attests  deeds  and  other  writings. 

NO-TA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  notatio.]  Act, 
practice,  or  method  of  recording  any 
thing,  esp.  numbers  or  quantities, 
by  marks,  figures,  or  characters. 

Notch,  n.  [0.  Eng.  nock.]  1.  A 
nick  ;  an  indentation.  2.  A  deep, 
narrow  pass  or  defile.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  cut  in  small  hollow's. 

Note,  n.  [Lat.  nota;  noscere  ,notum , 
to  know.]  1.  A  mark  or  token  ;  a 
visible  sign.  2.  A  mark,  or  sign,  to 
call  attention,  to  point  out  some¬ 
thing,  & c.  3.  A  memorandum  ;  a 
minute.  4.  pi.  A  writing  intended 
to  be  spoken  from.  5.  An  annota¬ 
tion  ;  a  comment.  6.  A  short  letter. 
7-  A  paper  acknowledging  a  debt,  and 
promising  payment.  8.  A  musical 
sound,  or  a  character  representing  it. 
9.  Observation  ;  notice.  10.  Repu¬ 
tation;  distinction. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  observe  ;  to  heed.  2. 
To  record  in  writing.  3.  To  denote. 

Note'-book,  n.  A  book  in  which 
memorandums  or  notes  are  written. 

NOT'ED,  a.  Well  known  by  reputation. 

Not'ed-LY,  adv.  With  observation. 

Note'wor-thy  (-wur'thy),  a.  Wor¬ 
thy  of  observation  or  notice. 

NOTH'ING  (nuth'ing  or  noth'ing),  n. 
[No  and  thing.]  1.  Not  any  thing  ; 
no  thing.  2.  Non-existence ;  non¬ 
entity.  3.  A  trifle.  —  adv.  In  no 
degree;  not  at  all. 

NOTH'ING-NESS  (nuth'ing-  or  noth'- 
ing-),  n.  1.  Non-existence.  2.  A 
thing  of  no  value. 

No'tYce,  n.  [Lat.  notitia;  noscere, 
notum,  to  know.]  1.  Act  of  noting 
or  observing.  2.  Intelligence  ;  in¬ 
timation.  3.  A  writing  containing 
information.  4.  Respectful  treat¬ 
ment.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
pay  attention  to.  2.  To  remark  up¬ 
on  ;  to  make  observations  on.  3.  To 
treat  with  attention  and  civilities. 

Syn.  —  To  perceive;  see;  note;  heed. 

No'tY<;:e-a-ble,  a.  Capableof  being 
observed ;  worthy  of  observation. 


NOVITIaTE 

NO'TI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  noti¬ 
fying.  2.  Notice  given.  3.  An  ad¬ 
vertisement,  citation,  &c. 

No'Tl-FY,v.  t.  [-E D ;  -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
notijicare;  notus,  known,  and facere, 
to  make.]  1.  To  declare  ;  to  publish. 
2.  To  give  notice  to. 

NO'TION,  n.  [Lat.  notio.]  1.  Any 
mental  apprehension  ;  idea ;  concep¬ 
tion.  2.  Judgment;  opinion.  3.  A 
small  article  ;  —  chiefly  in  the  pi. 

No'tion-al,  a.  1.  Existing  in  idea 
only  ;  visionary  ;  imaginary.  2.  Given 
to  visionary  expectations. 

No'tion-al-ly,  adv.  In  conception  ; 
not  in  reality. 

No'to-ri'e-ty,  n.  1.  Condition  of 
being  notorious.  2.  Knowledge  by 
people  in  general. 

No-to'ri-ous,  a.  [Lat.  notorius;  no- 
tare ,  to  mark.]  Generally  known  and 
talked  of, — usually,  to  disadvantage. 

N o-TO'Ri-otis-LY,  adv.  In  a  noto¬ 
rious  manner  ;  publicly  ;  openly. 

No-t5'ri-ous-ness,  n.  Notoriety. 

Not' WITH-STAND'ING,  prep.  With¬ 
out  opposition  from ;  in  spite  of. 

CST*  Commonly  classed  us  an  adv.  or 
con.j.,  but  really  the  p.  pr.  of  withstand, 
with  not  prefixed. 

Nought  (nawt),  n.  See  Naught. 

Noun,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  from  Lat.  nomen, 
name.]  The  name  of  a  creature  or 
thing,  existing  in  fact  or  in  thought. 

Nour'ish  (nQr'ish),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

1.  To  feed  and  cause  to  grow.  2.  To 
encourage.  3.  To  comfort. 

Nour'ish-er  (nur'ish-er),  n.  One 
who,  or  that  which,  nourishes. 

Nour'ish-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  nour¬ 
ishing,  or  state  of  being  nourished. 

2.  That  which  serves  to  nourish. 

Syx. — Nutriment;  food;  sustenance. 

Nov'el,  a.  [Lat.  novellas,  dim.  of 
novus,  new.]  Of  recent  origin  or  in¬ 
troduction  ;  hence,  unusual ;  strange. 

Syn.  —  Newr.  —  Every  thing  at  its  first 
occurrence  is  new  ;  a  thing  is  novel  when 
it  is  so  much  out  of  the  ordinary  course 
of  things  as  to  strike  us  with  surprise. 
We  have  daily  new  inventions,  but  a 
novel  one  supposes  some  very  peculiar 
means  of  attaining  its  end. 

—  n.  A  fictitious  tale  in  prose. 

Nov'el-ette',  n.  [Fr.]  A  small 
novel.  [or  of  novels. 

Nov'el-ist,  n.  A  writer  of  a  novel, 

Nov'EL-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
novel  ;  newness ;  recentness.  2.  A 
new  or  strange  thing. 

No-vem'ber,  n.  [Lat.,  from  novem , 
nine,  it  being  the  ninth  month  of 
the  old  Roman  year.]  The  eleventh 
month  of  the  year. 

Nov'e-na-ry  (110),  a.  [Lat.  novena- 
rius ;  novem ,  nine.]  Pertaining  to 
the  number  nine. 

No-v£n'ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  novennis,  of 
nine  years  ;  novem,  nine,  and  annus, 
year  ]  Done  every  ninth  year. 

Nov'Y^E,  n.  [Lat.  novicius,novitius , 
new  ;  novus,  new.]  1.  A  beginner. 
2.  One  newly  received  into  a  church. 

No-vY'TI-ate  (-vish'I-,  95),  n.  1. 
State  of  being  a  novice.  2.  A  pro¬ 
bationer  ;  a  novice. 

G,  hard;  Ag ;  E}CIST  ;  hf  as  NG ;  THIS 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pvll;  e,i, 

19 


C/  j  si  lent )  y  j 


NOW 


290 


NUZZLE 


Now,  adv.  [A.-S.  nft.]  1.  At  the 
present  time.  2.  Things  being  as 
they  are. 

Now  and  then ,  occasionally;  atintervals. 

Now'A-DAY'g,  adv.  At  the  present 
period. 

No' WAY,  )  adv.  In  no  manner  or 

No'WAYg,  )  degree;  not  at  all. 

No'where,  adv.  Not  in  any  place 
or  state. 

No'wi§e  ,  adv.  Not  in  any  manner. 

Nox'ious  (n5k'shus),  a.  [Lat.  noxi- 
us;  noxa,  harm.]  Productive  of  in¬ 
jury  or  evil  consequences  ;  baneful. 

Syn. — Hurtful;  injurious;  pernicious. 

Nox'ious-LY  (uok'shus-),  adv.  Ilurt- 
fully  ;  perniciously. 

Nox'ioOs-NESS  (nok'shus-),  n.  Ilurt- 
fulness  ;  perniciousness.  [cordial. 

No'yau  (no'yo),  n.  [Fr.]  A  rich 

Noz'zle  (noz'zl),  n.  [From  nose.] 
Nose  ;  snout ;  any  projecting  vent. 

Nu 'OLE -ATE,  v.  t.  [Lat.  nucle are, 
- atum .]  To  gather,  as  about  a  nu¬ 
cleus. 

Nu-€RE'l-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  nudeus, 
and.  forma.]  Formed  like  a  kernel. 

Nu'cle-us,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  nu'ele-us- 
ES ,  Lat.  pi.  NU'€LE-I.  [Lat.,  fr. 
nux,  nucis,  nut.]  1.  A  kernel ; 
hence,  a  central  mass  or  point  about 
wnich  matter  is  gathered.  2.  Cen¬ 
tral  part  of  the  body  of  a  comet. 

Nu-da'tion,  n.  [Lat.  nudatio ;  nudus , 
naked.]  Act  of  making  bare. 

Nude,  a.  [Lat.  nudus.]  1.  Bare; 
naked.  2.  Of  no  force  ;  void. 

NDdge,  v.  t.  [Cf.  Prov.  Germ.  Icnvt- 
sc/ien,  to  squeeze,  pinch.]  To  touch 
gently,  as  with  the  elbow,  in  order 
to  call  attention  or  convey  intima¬ 
tion. —  n.  A  gentle  push,  as  with 
the  elbow. 

Nu'di-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  or  condition 
of  being  nude  ;  nakedness.  2.  Na¬ 
ked  part ;  undraped  portion. 

Nu'ga-to-ry  (50),  a.  [Lat.  nugato- 
rius ;  nugee,  jests,  trifles.]  Trifling; 
vain;  futile. 

NCg'geT,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  nigot ,  an  old 
inversion  of  ingot.]  A  lump,  espe¬ 
cially  of  a  precious  metal. 

Nui'san^e  (nu'sans),  n.  [0.  Eng.  noy- 
sanr.e,  fr.  Lat.  nocere.]  That  which 
annoys  or  gives  trouble  and  vexation. 

Null,  a.  [Lat.  nullus,  not  any;  ne, 
not,  and  ullus ,  any.]  Of  no  legal 
force  ;  invalid  ;  void  ;  nugatory. 

N0l'li-fi-€A'tion,  n.  Act  of  nul¬ 
lifying  ;  a  rendering  void  and  of  no 
legal  effect. 

NOl'li-fi'ER,  n.  One  who  nullifies, 
or  holds  to  a  right  of  doing  so. 

Nt}l'li-fy,  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  nullifcare ;  nullus,  none,  and 
facer e,  to  make.]  To  make  void  ;  to 
render  invalid. 

N0l'li-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
null  or  void.  2.  Any  thing  void,  or 
of  no  efficacy. 

Numb  (nthn),  a.  [0.  Eng.  num,  dull, 
stupid  ;  A.-S.  numen,  taken,  seized.] 
Enfeebled  in,  or  destitute  of,  the 
power  of  sensation  and  motion. 


Syn.  —Torpid;  paralyzed;  benumbed. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To  make  tor¬ 
pid  ;  to  benumb. 

Num'BER,  n.  [Lat.  numerus.]  1.  A 
single  unit,  or  two  or  more  units.  2. 
A  multitude.  3.  Numerousness.  4. 
Poetry  ;  verse.  5.  Distinction  of  ob¬ 
jects,  as  one,  or  more  than  one.  6. 
Numerical  value. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING .] 

1.  To  ascertain  the  units  of.  2.  To 
reckon  as  one  of  a  multitude.  3.  To 
amount  to. 

Syn. —  To  count ;  enumerate  ;  calcu¬ 
late;  tell. 

NOm'ber-less,  a.  Not  admitting  of 
being  counted ;  innumerable. 

NtJM'BERg,  n.  Fourth  book  of  the 
Pentateuch. 

Numb'ness  (nQm'-),  n.  Condition  of 
being  numb.  [numbered. 

Nu'mer-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Nu'MER-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  ex¬ 
pressing,  number.  — n.  A  figure  or 
character  used  to  express  a  number. 

Nu'mer-al-ly,  adv.  According  to 
number.  [tain  number. 

Nu'MER'A_RY)  Belonging  to  a  cer- 

Nu'mer-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  numerare,  -atum.]  To  divide 
off  and  read  according  to  the  rules 
of  numeration. 

Nu'mer-a'tion,  n.  1.  Act  or  art  of 
numbering.  2.  Act  or  art  of  reading 
numbers,  esp.  by  the  Arabic  method. 

Nu'MER-A'TOR,  n.  The  term  in  a 
fraction  which  shows  how  many 
parts  are  taken  ;  the  number  above 
the  line  in  a  vulgar  fraction. 

NU-MER'IC,  la.  BeUnging  to 

Nu-MER'IC-AL,  )  number;  expressed 
by  number. 

Nu-mEr'I€-al-ly,  adv.  With  re¬ 
spect  to  numbers. 

Nu'mer-oOs,  a.  1.  Being  many.  2. 
Rhythmical ;  musical. 

Nu'mer-ous-ly,  adv.  In  or  with 
great  number. 

Nu'Mig-MAT're,  1  a.  [Lat.  nu- 

Nu'mi§-mat'I€-AL,  j  misma,  a  coin.] 
Pertaining  to  coins  or  medals. 

Nu'Mlg-M  AT'IFS,  n.  sing.  Science  of 
coins  and  medals. 

Num'MA-RY,  I  a.  Lat.  nummulari- 

NOm'mu-lar,  )  vs;  nummus,  a  coin.] 
Pertaining  to  coin  or  money. 

NfJM'SKiJLL  (146),  n.  [From  numb  and 
skull.]  A  dunce  ;  a  dolt.  • 

NBn,  n.  [Coptic  nane,  nanu,  good, 
beautiful.]  A  woman  devoted  to  a 
religious  life,  who  lives  in  a  cloister. 

Nun'CI-O  (nun'shi-o,  95),  n.  [Lat. 
nuncius,  messenger.]  An  embassador 
from  the  pope  to  an  emperor  or  king. 

Nun-€U'pa-tive  or  Nun'eu-pa'- 
TIVE ,  a.  [From  Lat.  nuncupare,  to 
dedicate.]  1.  Publicly  declaratory. 

2.  Oral ;  not  written. 

NUN-€U'PA-TO-RY  or  NEn'€U-PA- 

TO-RY,  a.  Same  as  NUNCUPATIVE. 

NOn'di-nal,  a.  [Lat.  nundinalis,  fr. 
nundinx,  market-day.]  Pertaining 
to  a  fair,  or  to  a  market-day. 

N0n'ner-y,  n.  A  cloister  in  which 
nuns  reside. 

Syn.  —  See  Cloister. 


NtJP'TIAL,  a.  [L .  nuptialis ;  nubere , 
to  marry7.]  1.  Pertaining  to  mar¬ 
riage  ;  done  at  a  wedding.  2  Con¬ 
stituting  marriage. — n.  pi.  Mar¬ 
riage  ;  wedding. 

Nurse,  n.  [A.-S.  norice,  rr.  Lat.  nu- 
trix,  nurse.]  One  who  tends  a  child, 
or  the  sick  ;  one  who  suckles  an  in¬ 
fant  not  her  own. — v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  nourish;  to  foster;  to 
suckle  ;  to  tend,  as  a  sick  person. 

N0rs'er-y,  n.  1.  An  apartment  ap-* 
propriatedto  the  care  of  children.  2. 
A  plantation  of  young  trees.  3.  That 
which  forms  and  educates. 

NOrs'ling,  n.  [From  nurte  and  ter¬ 
mination  ling.]  One  who  is  nursed. 

NOrt'ure  (53),  n.  [0.  Eng.  nouriture. 
See  Nourish.]  1.  Act  of  nourish¬ 
ing  ;  education  ;  instruction.  2. 
Food;  diet. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1. 
To  feed.  2.  To  bring  or  train  up. 

Syn.— To  nourish;  cherish;  educate; 
tend .  —  Nourish  denotes  to  supply  with 
food,  or  cause  to  grow  ;  as,  to  nourish  a 
plant,  to  nourish  rebellion.  To  nurture 
is  to  train  up  with  a  fostering  care,  like 
that  of  a  mother ;  as,  to  nurture  into 
strength,  to  nurture  in  sound  principles. 
To  cherish  is  to  hold  and  treat  as  dear  ; 
as,  to  cherish  hopes  or  affections. 

NOt,  n.  [A.-S.  hnutu ,  hnut.]  1.  Fruit 
consisting  of  a  shell  and  ker-  , 
nel.  2.  A  small  block  con-  mQ\ 
taining  a  concave  screw.  —  mUBW 
V.  i.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  To  Nut. 
gather  nuts. 

Nu'tant,  a.  [Lat.  nutans.]  Nodding. 

NU-TA'tion,  n.  [Lat.  nutntio ,  a  nod¬ 
ding  ]  A  vibratory  motion  of  the 
earth’s  axis. 

Nut'-crack'er,  n.  An  instrument 
for  cracking  nuts.  [the  oak. 

Nut'-gall,  n.  An  excrescence  of 

NBt'meg,  n.  [L.  Lat.  nux  mvscata, 
from  Lat.  muscus,  musk.]  The  aro¬ 
matic  kernel  of  the  fruit  of  an  East 
Indian  tree. 

Nu'tri-A,  n.  [Sp.  nutria,  lutria,  lutra, 
otter,  fr.  Lat.  lutra.]  Fur  of  a  rodent 
quadruped  resembling  the  beaver. 

Nu'tri-ment,  n.  [Lat.  nutrimen- 
tum.]  1.  That  which  nourishes; 
food  ;  aliment.  2.  That  which  pro¬ 
motes  enlargement  or  improvement. 

Nu'TRI-MENT'al,  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  food;  alimental. 

Nu-TRI'TION  (-trlsh'un),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
nutritio.]  1.  Act  or  process  of  pro¬ 
moting  the  growth.  2,  That  which 
nourishes ;  nutriment. 

Nu-trK'tioDs  (-trish'us),  a.  Nour¬ 
ishing  ;  promoting  growth. 

Nu'tri-tive,  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  nourishing. 

Nu'tri-tTve-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  nutritive. 

NCt'shell,  n.  Shell  in  which  tho 
kernel  of  a  nut  is  inclosed. 

Ntfx  vom'i-ea.  [N.  Lat.,  fr.  nux.  a 
nut,  and  vomicus,  from  vomere,  to 
vomit.]  The  poisonous  seed  of  an 
East  Indian  tree. 

NGz'zle,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  [Prob. 
a  corruption  of  nestle.]  To  nestle. — 
v.  i.  [From  nozzle.]  1.  To  work 


a,  e,  I,  5,  u,  y , long ;  X,  £,  i,  6,  t),  short ;  cAre,  fXr,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  son, 


I 


NYMPH 


with  the  nose.  2.  To  hide  the  head 
in  the  mother’s  bosom  ;  to  nestle. 

Nymph,  n.  [Gr.  v-vp^Tq.]  1.  A  god¬ 
dess  of  the  mountains,  forests,  mead¬ 
ows,  or  waters.  2.  A  lovely  girl. 


291 

N5mph,  )  n.  [See  supra.]  An  in- 
Nym'pha,  (  sect  in  the  pupa  state  ; 
a  chrysalis. 

Nymph'al,  a.  Relating  to  nymphs; 
nymphean. 


OBLITERATE 

Nymph-e'an,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
appropriate  to,  nymphs  ;  inhabited 
by  nymphs. 

N5mph'-LIKE,  1  a.  Resembling  orbe- 
Nymph'ly,  J  coming  to  nymphs 


0(5),  is  the  fifteenth  letter,  and  the 
fourth  vowel,  in  the  alphabet. 
See  Prin.  of  From.  §§  19-25,  50,  51. 
—  interj.  An  exclamation  used  in 
calling  or  addressing  a  person  ;  — 
also  as  expressive  of  pain,  grief,  sur¬ 
prise,  desire,  &c. 

Oaf,  n.  [0.  Eng.  auf,aulf  A.-S.  self. 
See  El,f.]  1.  A  changeling;  a  fool¬ 
ish  child  left  by  fairies  in  place  of 
another.  2.  A  blockhead. 

Oaf'ish,  a.  Like  an  oaf ;  stupid ;  dull. 
Oak, n.  [A.-S.  dc.j  A  valuable  tree, 
_  or  its  wood. 

Oak'-ap'ple,  ti.  A  spongy  excres- 
_  cence  on  oak  leaves.  &c. 

Oak'en  (58),  a.  Made  of  oak. 
Oak'ring,  n.  A  young  oak. 

(JAK'UM,  n.  [A.-S.  acurnba,  cumba, 
tow.]  Old  ropes  untwisted  and  pulled 
into  loose  hemp. 

Oar,  n.  [A.-S.  dr .]  An  instrument 
for  rowing  boats.  — v.  i.  To  row.  — 
_  v.  t.  To  impel  by  rowing. 
Oars'MAN  (150),  n.  One  who  rows. 
Oar' Y ,  a.  Having  the  form  or  use  of 
_  an  oar. 

O'A-sxs,  or  0-a'sis,  n.,-  pi.  o'a-ses, 
or  o-A'SEg.  [Lat.  oasis,  Copt,  otiahe, 
on.ahsoi.]  A  fertile  place  in  a  deseyt. 
Oast,  n.  [Cf.  Gael,  dth .]  A  kiln  to 
_  dry  hops  or  malt. 

Oat,  n . ;  chiefly  in  pi.  [A.-S.  ata,  ate.] 
A  well-known  plant  and  its  seed. 
Oat'an  (ot'n),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
_  oats.  2.  Made  of  oat-meal. 

Oat-h,  n.,  pi.  Oaths.  [A.-S  add.]  A 
solemn  or  a  blasphemous  affirmation , 
with  an  appeal  to  God  for  its  truth. 
Oat'-meae,  n.  Meal  made  of  oats. 
Ob'du-ra-^y,  or  Ob-du'ra-9y,  n. 

Invincible  hardness  of  heart. 
Ob'du-rate,  or  Ob-du'rate  (117), 
a.  [Lat .  ob'furatus.]  1.  Harsh;  rug¬ 
ged.  2.  Hardened  in  feelings. 

Syn.  —  Hardened;  callous.  —  Callous 
denotes  a  deadening  of  the  sensibilities; 
as,  a  callous  conscience.  Hardened  im¬ 
plies  a  general  and  settled  disregard  for 
the  claims  of  interest,  duty,  and  sympa¬ 
thy;  as,  hardened  in  vice.  Obdurate 
rises  still  higher,  and  implies  an  active 
resistance  of  the  heart  and  will  against 
the  pleadings  of  compassion  and  hu¬ 
manity. 

Ob'du-rate-ly,  or  Ob-du'rate-ly, 
_  adv.  With  obstinate  impenitence. 
O'BE-AH,  ti.  A  species  of  negro  witch¬ 
craft.  [what  is  required. 

O-BE'DI-EN^E,  v.  Compliance  with 
O-BE'pi-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  obediens,  obey¬ 
ing.]  Submissive  to  authority  ;  will¬ 
ing  to  obey. 


O-BE'DI-ENT-LY,  adv.  In  an  obe¬ 
dient  manner. 

O-BEI'SAN^E,  or  O-BEI'SAN^E,  71.  A 
bow  ;  a  courtesy. 

O-BEI'SANT,  or  O-BEI'SANT,  a.  [Fr. 
obdissant,  obeying.]  Reverent ;  sub¬ 
missive. 

OB'E-LISK,  71.  [Gr.  o/3e-  A 
Autkos,  dim.  of  6/3eAov, 
a  spit.]  1.  A  four-sided 
pillar.  2.  A  reference- 
mark  [thus,  f],  called  ^I| 
also  a  dagger.  W  ||| 

O-bese',  a.  [Lat.  obesus,  JbjJiL 
fr.  prefix  oh,  and  edere , 
esum ,  to  eat.]  Excess- 
ively  corpulent ;  fat.  ~ " 

O-BESE'NESS,  )  n.  Ex-  Obelisk. 

0-besM-ty,  )  cessive  fatness. 

0-BEY'  (o-ba/),  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  obedire.]  1.  To  comply  with 
the  orders  of.  2.  To  yield  to  the 
impulse,  power,  or  operation  of. 

Ob-fijs'€ATE,u.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
obfuscare,  -catvm  ;  prefix  ob  and  fus- 
care ,  to  make  dark.]  To  darken  ;  to 
obscure  ;  to  confuse.  [confusing. 

Ob'fus-ea'tion,  n.  A  darkening  or 

O'BIT,  or  OB'IT,  n.  [Lat.  obitus.]  1. 
Death.  2.  Funeral  solemnities. 

O-BIT'U-AR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  days 
of  funeral  solemnities. 

O-BIT'U-A-RY  (44),  a.  Relating  to  the 
decease  of  a  person.  — n.  A  brief  bi¬ 
ographical  notice  of  the  death  of  a 
person. 

5b'JE€T,  v.  1.  That  with  which  the 
mind  is  occupied  in  the  act  of  know¬ 
ing.  2.  End  ;  aim  ;  motive  ;  final 
cause.  8.  That  toward  which  an 
activity  is  directed. 

Ob-jegt',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
objicere ,  -jectum  ;  prefix  ob  and  ja- 
cere,  to  throw.]  To  present  or  offer 
in  opposition. — v.  i.  To  make  op¬ 
position  in  words  or  argument. 

Ob-JE€'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  objecting. 

2.  Adverse  reason  or  argument. 
Ob-je€'tion-a-ble,  a.  Justly  liable 
to  objections. 

Ob-jegt'ive,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  an 
object.  2.  Outward  ;  external ;  ex¬ 
trinsic.  3.  Designating  the  case  which 
follows  a  transitive  verb  or  a  preposi¬ 
tion. 

Syn.  —  Subjective.  —  Objective  is  ap¬ 
plied  to  things  which  are  exterior  to  the 
mind,  and  objects  of  its  attention;  sub¬ 
jective,  to  the  operations  of  the  mind 
itself.  Hence,  an  objective  motive  is 
some  outward  thing  awakening  desire;  a 
subjective  motive  is  some  internal  feel¬ 
ing  or  propensity. 


—  n.  1.  The  objective  case.  2.  Ob- 
ject-glass  of  a  microscope. 

Ob-jegt'ive-ry,  adv.  1.  In  an  ob¬ 
jective  manner.  2.  In  the  state  of 
an  object. 

0B-JE€TfOR,  n.  One  who  objects. 

OB-JOr'GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  objurgare ,  -gatimi  ;  prefix  ob 
and  jurgare,  to  quarrel.]  To  chide. 

Ob'jur-ga'tion,  n.  Reproof;  chid- 
ing._ 

Ob-late',  a.  [Lat.  offerre ,  oblatu.s,  to 
bring  forward.]  Flattened  at  the  poles. 

Ob-la'tion,  ti.  [Lat.  oblatio .]  An 
offering  ;  a  sacrifice. 

Ob'li-gate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
obligare,  -gatum ;  prefix  ob  and  li¬ 
gate,  to  bind.]  1.  To  bring  under 
obligation.  2.  To  bind  to  an  act  of 

^  duty  or  courtesy. 

OB'li-ga'tion,  7i.  1.  Binding  power 
of  a  vow,  promise,  oath,  or  law,  &c. 
2.  Any  act  by  which  one  becomes 
bound  to  do  something  to  or  for  an¬ 
other,  or  to  forbear  something.  3. 
A  bond  with  a  condition  annexed. 

OB'Ll-GA-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Binding  in 
law  or  conscience. 

O-BLIGE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
constrain  by  physical,  moral,  or  le¬ 
gal  force.  2.  To  do  a  favor  to ;  to 
accommodate. 

OB/Ll-fiEE',  n.  The  one  to  whom 
another  is  bound. 

O-blPging,  a.  Having  the  disposi¬ 
tion  to  oblige. 

SYrr.—  Civil;  complaisant;  courteous; 
kind. —  One  is  kind  who  desires  to  see 
others  happy;  one  is  complaisant  who 
endeavors  to  make  them  so  in  social  in¬ 
tercourse  by  attentions  calculated  to 
please;  one  who  is  obliging  performs 
some  actual  service,  or  has  the  disposi¬ 
tion  to  do  so. 

O-BLI'GING-LY,  adv.  With  civility. 

Ob'LI-gor',  ji.  One  who  binds  him¬ 
self,  or  gives  his  bond  to  another. 

Ob-RIQUE'  (ob-leek'  or  ob-lllt'),  a. 
[Lat.  obliquus.]  1.  Not  perpendicu¬ 
lar  ;  slanting.  2.  Indirect;  obscure: 
underhand. 

Oblique  case  (Gram.),  any  case  except 
the  nominative. 

OB-LIQUE'LY  (ob-leels/-  or  ob-llk'-), 
adv.  Not  directly. 

Ob-lique'ness  (ob-leek'-  or  ob-lik'-), 
n.  Obliquity. 

OB-LIQ'UI-TY  (-lik'wi-),  n.  1.  Devia¬ 
tion  from  a  right  line.  2.  Deviation 
from  moral  rectitude. 

Ob-lit'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ei>;  -TNG.] 
[Lat.  obliterare,  -ratum ;  prefix  ob 
and  litera,  letter.]  1.  To  erase  or 


OR,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  4,  soft ;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this 


/ 


OBLITERATION 

blot  out ;  to  efface.  2.  To  destroy 
by  time.  [extinction. 

Ob-LIT'er-A'TION, n.  Act  of  effacing ; 

Ob-liv'i-on,  n.  [Lat.  oblivio .]  1. 

Forgetfulness.  2.  An  amnesty,  or 
general  pardon. 

Ob-li'v'i-ous,  a.  1.  Causing  forget¬ 
fulness.  2.  Forgetful. 

Cb'long,  a.  [Lat.  oblongus ;  ob, 
against,  and  longus,  long.]  Longer 

*  than  broad.  — n.  A  figure  which  is 
longer  than  it  is  broad. 

Ob'long-ly,  adv.  In  an  oblong  form. 

t)B'LO-QUY,  n.  [Lat.  cbloquium ;  ob- 
loqui,  to  speak  against.]  Censorious 
speech ;  reproachful  language. 

Syn.—  Censure  ;  contumely  ;  calum¬ 
ny;  slander;  detraction. 

0b-nox'IOUS  (-nok'shus),  a.  [Lat. 
obnoxius.]  1.  Reprehensible  ;  blame¬ 
worthy.  2.  Odious ;  hateful.  3. 
Liable  ;  exposed. 

Ob-nox'ious-ly  (-nok'shus-),  adv 
In  an  obnoxious  manner. 

O'bo-e ,  n.  [It.  See  Hautboy.]  A 
wind  instrument  sounded  by  means 
of  a  reed ;  a  hautboy. 

0B'OLE,n.  A  -weight of  10 or  12 grains. 

OB'o-Ltls,  n.  [Gr.  o/3oAos.]  An  an¬ 
cient  silver  coin  worth  about  3  cents. 

Ob-o'vate,  a.  [Lat.  ob  and  ovatus , 
egg-shaped.]  Ovate  with  the  narrow 
end  downward. 

OB-S^ENE',  a.  [Lat.  obscenns.]  1. 
Grossly  indelicate  and  disgusting. 

2.  Inauspicious.  [A  Latinism.] 
Syn.—  Impure;  immodest;  indecent. 

Ob-scene'ly,  adv.  Impurely  ;  un- 
chastely. 

Ob-s^en'i-ty,  n.  The  quality  of 
presenting  what  is  offensive  to  chas¬ 
tity  or  purity  of  mind. 

Ob'sgu-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  ob¬ 
scuring.  2.  State  of  being  obscured. 

Ob-sgure',  a.  [-ER ;  -est.]  [Lat. 
obscurus .]  1.  Imperfectly  illumi¬ 

nated.  2.  Remote  from  observation. 

3.  Unknown ;  humble.  4.  Not  easily 
understood. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
To  render  obscure ;  to  darken ;  to 
make  less  intelligible,  [ly  ;  darkly. 

Ob-sgure'ly ,adv.  Imperfectly  ;  dim- 

Ob-sgu'ri-ty,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  obscure;  unintelligibleness. 
Syn. —  See  Darkness. 

OB'SE-GRATE ,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
obsecrare,  -cratum ;  pref.  ob  and  sa- 
crare,  to  declare  sacred.]  To  beseech. 

Ob-SE'QUI-oBs,  a.  [Lat.  obsequiosus.] 
Servilely  or  meanly  condescending  ; 
compliant  to  excess. 

Syn.  —  Yielding:  attentive.— In  many 
cases,  a  man  may  be  attentive  or  yielding 
in  a  high  degree  without  any  sacrifice  of 
his  dignity;  but  he  who  is  obsequious 
seeks  to  curry  favor  by  excessive  and 
mean  compliance  for  some  selfish  end. 

OB-SE'QUI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  prompt 
compliance. 

Ob-se'qui-ous-ness,  n.  Ready  obe¬ 
dience  ;  servile  submission. 

<3b'se-quy,  n.  ;  pi.  ob'se-quIe§. 
[Lat.  obsequium,  compliance.]  A 
funeral  rite  or  solemnity  ;  —  chiefly 
in  the  plural. 


292 

Ob-§erv'a-ble,  a.  Worthy  or  ca¬ 
pable  of  being  observed  ;  remark¬ 
able.  [able  manner. 

Ob-serv'a-bly,  adv.  In  an  observ- 

Ob-serv'AN^E,  n  1.  Act  of  observ¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  is  to  be  observed  ; 
rule  of  practice.  3.  Performance  of 
religious  ceremonies,  &c. 

Syn.  —  Observation.  — Observance  and 
observation  branch  out  from  two  distinct 
senses  of  observe.  1.  To  observe  means 
to  keep  strictly ;  as,  to  observe  the  Sab¬ 
bath;  and  hence,  observance  denotes  the 
keeping  of  a  rule  or  law  with  strictness; 
os,  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath,  &c.  2. 
To  observe  means  to  consider  attentively, 
or  remark;  and  hence,  observation  de¬ 
notes  either  the  act  of  observing ,  or 
some  remark  made  as  the  result  thereof. 

OB-gERV'ANT,  a.  1.  Taking  notice; 
attentively  viewing.  2.  Adhering  in 
practice. 

OB' gER-v  A'TION,  ii.  1.  Act  or  power 
of  observing.  2.  That  which  is  ob¬ 
served.  3.  A  remark.  4.  Observ¬ 
ance.  5.  Act  of  noting  some  fact  or 
occurrence  in  nature. 

Syn.—  See  Observance. 

Ob-s£rv'a-to-ry  (50),  n.  1.  A  place 
from  which  a  view  may  be  observed. 
2.  A  place  for  making  astronomical 
or  other  observations. 

Ob-s£rvE'  (-zerv/,  14),  v.t.  [-E D  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  observare  ;  prefix  ob 
and  .servare,  to  preserve,  heed.]  1.  To 
pay  attention  to.  2.  To  regard  with 
religious  care ;  to  celebrate.  3.  To 
utter  as  a  remark.  4.  To  comply 
with;  to  obey.  —  v.i.  1.  To  take 
notice.  2.  To  make  a  remark. 

Ob-§£rv'ER,  n.  One  who  observes. 

OB-gERV'lNG,  a.  Giving  particular 
attention. 

Ob-ses'sion  (-sesh'un),  n.  [Lat.  ob- 
sessio.]  A  besieging.  [glass. 

Ob-sId'i-an,  n.  A  kind  of  volcanic 

Ob-sid'i-o-nal,  a.  fLat.  obsidiona- 
lis ;  obsidio,  a  siege.]  Pertaining  to 
a  siege.  [coming  obsolete. 

Ob/so-lEs'^en^e,  n.  State  of  be- 

OB'SO-LES'CENT,  a.  [Lat.  obsoles¬ 
cense  Going  out  of  use. 

5b'SO-LETE,  a.  [Lat.  obsoletus.]  No 
longer  common  ;  disused,  [obsolete. 

Ob'so-lete'ness,  n.  State  of  being 

(JB'STA-GLE,  n.  [Lat.  obslar.ulum ,  fr. 
obstare ,  to  stand  before  or  against  ] 
Any  thing  that  hinders  progress  ;  ob¬ 
struction. 

Ob-STET'RIG,  )  a.  [Lat.  obstetri- 

OB-STET'RIG-AL,  j  cius ;  obstetrix, 
obstetri.cis,  a  midwife.]  Pertaining  to 
midwifery.  [midwifery. 

Ob-stet'rics,  n.  sing.  Science  of 

OB'sti-NA-£Y,  n.  1.  Unyielding  fixed¬ 
ness  in  opinion  or  resolution.  2.  Fix¬ 
edness  that  will  not  yield  to  appli¬ 
cation  or  that  yields  with  difficulty. 

Syn.  —  Pertinacity.  —  Pertinacity  de¬ 
notes  great  firmness  in  holding  on  to  a 
thing  ;  as,  pertinacity  of  opinion,  &c. 
Obstinacy  is  great  firmness  in  holding 
out  against  persuasion,  attack,  &c.;  as, 
obstinacy  of  will.  The  former  consists 
in  adherence,  the  latter  in  resistance. 

<3b'sti-nate,  a.  [Lat.  obslinatus.] 
1.  Pertinaciously  adhering  to  an 


OBVERSE 

opinion  or  purpose.  2.  Not  easily 

^  subdued  or  removed. 

OB'sti-nate-ly,  ad v.  Stubbornly. 

OB'STI-PA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  obstipare, 
to  lean  to  one  side.]  A  stopping  up, 
as  of  a  passage. 

Ob-strep'er-oDs,  a.  [Lat.  obstrep- 
erus .]  Loud;  clamorous;  noisy. 

Ob-strep'er-ous-ly,  adv.  With 
tumultuous  noise. 

0B-STRI€'TION,  n.  [Lat.  obstrivgere. 
strictum,  to  bind  to  or  about.]  Ob¬ 
ligation  ;  bond. 

Ob-strOct',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
obstrnere,  obstruction ,  fr.  oband  stru* 
ere ,  to  pile  up.]  1.  To  stop  up  or 
close,  as  a  passage.  2.  To  hinder 
from  passing.  3.  To  render  slow. 

Syn.— To  bar;  stop;  check;  inter¬ 
rupt;  impede;  retard. 

Ob-strOg'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  ob¬ 
structing,  or  state  of  being  obstruct¬ 
ed.  2.  That  which  obstructs. 

Syn.  —  Obstacle.  —  Obstacle  is  strong¬ 
er  than  obstn/ction  ;  the  latter  serves  to 
impede  or  hinder;  the  former  acts  with 
direct  resistance.  We  remove  obstmc- 
tions ;  we  surmount  obstacles. 

Ob-strugt'ive,  a.  Hindering;  caus¬ 
ing  impediment. 

Ob'stru-ent,  a.  Blocking  up  ;  hin¬ 
dering.  —  n.  [Lat.  obstruens,  ob¬ 
structing.]  Any  thing  that  obstructs 
a  passage. 

Ob  tain',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
oblinere ;  prefix  ob  and  tenere,  to 
hold.]  To  get  hold  of  by  effort ;  to 
gain  possession  of ;  to  win  ;,  to  earn. 

Sy'N.  —  To  attain  ;  procure  ;  acquire. 

—  v.  i.  To  become  prevalent  or  gen¬ 
eral.  [obtained- 

Ob-tain'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Ob-test',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
obtestari ;  prefix,  ob  and  testari,  to 
witness.]  1.  To  call  to  witness.  2. 
To  beseech. 

OB'TES-TA'TION,  n.  Supplication. 

Ob-trude',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
oblrudere  ;  prefix  ob  and  trudere,  to 
thrust.]  To  thruster  force  in  or  upon. 

Syn.  —  To  intrude.  —  To  intrude  is  to 
thrust  one’s  self  into  a  place,  society,  &c., 
without  right,  or  uninvited  ;  to  obtrude 
is  to  force  one’s  self,  remarks,  opinions, 
&c.,  upon  persons  with  whom  one  has 
no  such  intimacy  as  to  justify  such  bold¬ 
ness. 

—  v.  i.  To  enter  without  right. 

Ob-trud'er,  n.  One  who  obtrudes. 

0B-TRU'glON  (-zhun),  n.  A  thrusting 

upon  others  by  force  or  unsolicited. 

Ob-tru'sIve,  a.  Disposed  to  obtrude. 

OB-TUSE',a.  [-ER;  -EST.]  [Lat.  ob- 
tusus.]  1.  Not  pointed  or  acute;  ap¬ 
plied  to  angles  greater  than  a  right 
angle.  2.  Not  having  acute  sensibil¬ 
ity.  3.  Not  sharp  or  shrill.  [ner. 

Ob-tuse'ly,  adv.  In  an  obtuse  man- 

Ob-tuse'ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  obtuse. 

Ob-v£rse'  (14),  a.  [Lat.  obversvs. 
See  Obvert,]  Having  the  base 
narrower  than  the  top,  as  a  leaf. 

Ob'verse,  n.  The  face  of  a  coin, 
having  the  principal  image  or  in¬ 
scription  upen  it. 


A,  £,  I,  o,  u,  Y, long ;  S,  £,  I,  6,  t),  5,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm-  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6N, 


OBVERT 

Ob  VERT',  V.t.  [-EB  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
obvertere;  prefix  ob  and  vertere ,  to 
turn.l  To  turn  toward  or  downward. 
Ob'vi-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -IN6.]  [Lat. 
ofrviare,  -atum ;  ob,  against,  and  vi- 
are ,  to  go.]  To  prevent  by  intercep¬ 
tion  ;  to  jjlear  the  way  of. 
(Wvi-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  obviating. 
(3b'vi-ous,  a.  Easily  discovered,  seen, 
or  understood. 

Syn.  —  See  Manifest. 

Or'vi-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
that  is  obvious. 

Og-ga'sion,  n.  [Lat .  occasio  ;  prefix 
ob,  and  cadere,  to  fall.]  1.  An  oc¬ 
currence,  casualty,  or  incident.  2. 
A  favorable  opportunity.  3.  Acci¬ 
dental  cause.  4.  Incidental  need  ; 
requirement. 

Syn. —  See  Opportunity. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  give  oc¬ 
casion  to  ;  to  cause  incidentally. 
Oc-GA'glON-AL,  a.  1.  Occurring  at 
times,  but  not  regular  or  systematic  ; 
casual ;  incidental.  2.  Produced  or 
i  made  on  some  special  event. 

0c-CA'§ION-AL-LY,  adv.  On  occa¬ 
sion  ;  at  times. 

ijG'91-DENT,  n.  [Lat.  occidens  ;  occi- 
dere,  to  fall  or  go  down.]  The  west. 
OC'CI-dent'al,  a.  Western. 
Og-cip'I-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
^  back  part  of  the  head. 

Oc'91-PUT,  n.  [Lat., fr.  prefix  ob  and 
caput,  head.]  Part  of  the  skull  form¬ 
ing  the  hind  part  of  the  head. 
Og-CLU'sion,  n.  [From  Lat.  occlusus, 
to  shut  up.]  Act  of  shutting  up; 

I  state  of  being  shut  up. 

06-ciJLT',  a.  [Lat.  occultus ,  covered 
up.]  Hidden  from  the  eye  or  under¬ 
standing;  invisible;  secret;  un¬ 
known. 

Og'CUL-ta'TION,  n.  Thehiding  of  a 
heavenly  body  from  sight  by  the  in¬ 
tervention  of  some  other  heavenly 
^  body. 

t)€'€U-PAN-9Y,  n.  Act  of  taking  or 
^  holding  possession.  [occupies. 

Oc'GU-pant,  n.  [See  infra.]  One  who 
OC'gu-pa'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  occupy¬ 
ing.  2.  State  of  being  occupied.  3. 
The  principal  business  of  one’s  life. 

;  Oc'GU-PY  (54),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 

[Lat.  occupare,  fr.  ob  and  capere,  to 
take.]  1.  To  take  or  hold  in  posses¬ 
sion.  2.  To  cover  or  fill.  3.  To  em- 
!  ploy;  to  use.  4.  To  busy;  —  re- 

i  tlexively.  5.  To  follow  as  a  busi¬ 

ness.  —  v.  i.  To  follow  business  ;  to 
negotiate. 

Og-gOr',  V.  i.  [-RED  ;  -RING.]  [Lat. 
occurrere  ;  ob,  against,  and  currere,  to 
run.]  1.  To  be  found  here  and 
!  there ;  to  appear.  2.  To  meet  or 

come  to  the  mind. 

Oe-euR'REN9E,  n.  Any  incident  or 
_  accidental  event ;  any  single  event. 
O'CEAN  (o/shun),  n.  [Gr.  duceavo;.] 
The  vast  body  of  water  surrounding 
the  land  or  one  of  the  smaller  bodies 
_  into  which  it  is  divided. 

;  O'ce-an'ig  (-she-),  a.  Relating  to  the 

ocean . 

293 

O'CHER  1  (o'ker),  n.  [Gr.  wypa,  from 
O'GHRE  J  toxpos,  pale,  pale  yellow.] 

A  variety  of  fine  clay  containing  iron. 
O'cher- oils,  1  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
O'ghre-ous,  j  like,  ocher. 
O'CHER-Y,  1  a.  Relating  to,  contain- 
O'chrey,  j  ing,  or  like,  ocher. 

OG'TA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  OKTa-  , - - 

•ytovov,  eight-cornered.]  A  /  \ 

plane  figure  of  eight  sides 
and  eight  angles.  1  J 

Og-tag'o-nal,  a.  Hav-  \  / 

ing  eight  sides  and  eight  0cta„ou 
angles. 

OG'ta-he'dral,  a.  Having  eight 
^  equal  faces. 

OG'TA-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  oktol eSpov, 

lateral  trian-  Octahedron, 

gles. 

Oc-TAN'GU-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  octangulus ; 
octo,  eight,  and  angulus,  angle.] 
Having  eight  angles. 

OG'TAVE,  n.  [Lat.  octavus,  eighth.] 
1.  Eighth  day  after  a  church  festi¬ 
val.  2.  ( Mus.)  (a. )  The  eighth  tone 
in  the  scale,  (b.)  The  scale  itself. 
Og-ta'vo,  n.  ;  pi.  og-ta'vo§.  [See 
supra.]  1.  A  book  composed  of 
sheets  each  folded  so  as  to  make 
eight  leaves.  2.  Size  of  a  book  thus 
composed. 

Oc-TEN'NI-AL,  a.  [Lat.  octennis ; 

octo,  eight,  and  annus,  year.]  1. 
Happening  every  eighth  year.  2. 
Lasting  eight  years. 

OG-TO'BER,  ji.  [Lat.,  fr.  octo ,  eight, 
the  eighth  month  of  the  old  Roman 
^  year.]  The  tenth  month. 
OG'TO-DE9'I-MO,  n. ;  pi.  OC/TO- 
DE9'l-MO§.  [Lat.  octodecim,  eight¬ 
een.]  A  book  composed  of  sheets, 
each  folded  to  make  eighteen  leaves. 
OG'TO-GE-NA'RI-AN,  7i.  A  person 
eighty  years  old. 

Oc-tog'e-na-ry,  or  og'to-ge-na- 
RY,  a.  [Lat.  octogenarius.]  Of  eighty 
years  of  age. 

OG'TO-ROON',  n.  [Lat.  octo,  eight.] 
The  offspring  of  a  quadroon  and  a 
white  person. 

OG-'to-syl-lab'ig,  1  a.  [Lat.  oc- 

(JG'TO-SYL-LAB'IG-AL,  [  tOSljllabllS  ; 
Og'to-syl'la-ble,  )  octo,  eight, 
and  syllaba,  syllable.]  Consisting 
^  of  eight  syllables,  [eight  syllables. 
OG/TO-SYL'LA-BLE ,  n.  A  word  Of 
OC'TU-PLE,  a.  [Gr.  okto/ttAous  ;  o/crco, 
eight,  and  oorAous,  single.]  Eight- 
w  fold. 

OC'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  ocularis,  ociilus, 
eye.]  Depending  on,  or  perceived 
by,  the  eye.  [diseases  of  the  eyes. 

OG'U-list,  n.  One  skilled  in  treating 
ODD,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST\]  [W.  od.]  1. 
Not  paired  with  another;  alone.  2. 
Left  over  ;  remaining  ;  hence,  insig¬ 
nificant.  3.  Not  divisible  by  two 
without  a  remainder.  4.  Peculiar ; 
unique.  5.  Unsuitable  or  inappropri¬ 
ate. 

OFFEND 

Syn.  —  Quaint;  unmatched;  unusuak 
strange;  queer;  droll;  comical. 

OD d'-fel'low,  n.  A  member  of  a 
certain  secret  society. 

C)DD'I-TY,  n.  1.  Singularity ;  queer¬ 
ness.  2.  One  who,  or  that  which,  is 

v  odd. 

Odu'ly,  adv.  Unevenly  ;  strangely. 

ODD'ness,  n.  State  of  being  odd. 

ODD§,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  [See  Odd,  a.]  1. 
Difference ;  inequality  ;  superiority. 

2.  Variance;  disagreement. 

Ode,  n.  [Gr.  c JSij,  fr.  deiSeiv,  to  sing.] 

A  poem,  proper  to  be  sung  ;  a  lyric 
poem. 

0-DE'ON,  n.  [Gr.  oJSeZov.]  A  hall  or 
chamber  for  musical  or  dramatic  per¬ 
formances. 

O'Dl-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  odiosus ;  odium , 
hatred.]  1.  Deserving  hatred.  2. 
Causing  disgust.  3.  Causing  hate. 

4.  Exposed  to  hatred. 

O'di-ous-ly,  adv.  Hatefully. 

O'di-ous-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
odious ;  hatefulness. 

O'Di-tJM,  71.  [Lat.,  from  odi,  to  hate.] 

1.  Hatred ;  dislike.  2  Quality  that 
provokes  hatred  ;  offensiveness. 

Syn. —  Hatred.  — Hatred  is  a  thing  we 
exercise;  odium  is  a  thing  we  endure;  in 
this  sense,  the  former  is  active  and  the 
latter  passive.  We  speak  of  having  a 
hatred  for  a  man,  but  not  of  having  an 
odium  toward  him.  A  tyrant  incurs  the 
hatred  of  all  good  men,  and,  by  his  ac¬ 
tions,  brings  upon  himself  the  public 
odium. 

O-dGm'e-ter,  «.  [Gr.  680s,  way,  and 
perpov,  measure.]  An  instrument 
to  measure  distance  in  traveling. 

O' DON-TAL'GI-A,  n.  [Gr.  oSovTaA- 
yia. ;  o8ous,  oSovrov,  tooth,  and  aA- 
yo?,pain.]  Toothache. 

O'DON-TAL'GIG,  or  OD/ON-TAL'GIG 
(110),  a.  Relating  to  the  toothache. 

0'DON-TOL'O-GY,  or  OD'ON-TOL'O- 
GY,  n.  [Gr.  oSou's,  oSorros,  a  tooth, 
and  Aoyov,  discourse.]  That  branch 
of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  teeth. 

O'DOR,  71.  [Lat.]  Any  smell;  scent. 

0'DOR-IF'ER-OIJS.  a.  [Lat.  odorifer  ; 
odor,  odor,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Giv¬ 
ing  scent;  fragrant;  usually,  sweet 
of  scent. 

O'dor-ous,  a.  [Lat.  odor  us.]  ^Hav¬ 
ing  a  sweet  odor  ;  fragrant.  > 

(Eg'u-mLn'ig-al,  n.  See  Ecumen¬ 
ical.  [Over. 

O’ER,  prep.  Sc  adv.  A  contraction  for 
(E-soph'a-gDs,  n.  See  Esophagus. 

OF  (oy),  prep.  [A.-S.]  From ;  proceed^ 
ing  from  ;  belonging  to  ;  concerning. 

UFF,  a.  Most  distant.  —  adv.  [From 
of.]  From  ;  away  from. — prep.  Not 
on.  —  inter  j .  Away;  begone; — a 
command  to  depart. 

OF'FAL,  n.  [From  off  and  fall.]  1. 
Waste  meat ;  parts  rejected  as  unfit 
for  use.  2.  Carrion.  3.  Refuse  ;  rub¬ 
bish. 

OF-FEN9E',  n.  See  Offense. 

Of-fend',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
offend  ere,  offensum  ;  prefix  ob,  and 
fend  ere,  to  thrust.]  1.  To  displease  ; 
to  make  angry.  2.  To  pain  ;  to  an¬ 
noy.  3.  To  hinder  in  obedience. — 

6r,  do,  wolf,  too, took;  Orn, rue, pvll ;  e,  i.  0, silent ;  9, 6,  soft;  g,  g ,hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 

OFFENDER 

v.  i  1  To  commit  a  crime.  2.  To 
cause  dislike  or  anger. 

Of-fend'er,  n.  One  who  offends. 

Of-fense'  l(156),n.  1.  Actofoffend- 

Of-fence'  (  ing.  2.  An  open  violation 
of  law.’  3-  That  which  offends.  4. 
State  of  being  offended. 

Of-fen'sIve,  a.  1.  Causing  displeas¬ 
ure  or  anger.  2.  Giving  pain  or  un¬ 
pleasant  sensations.  3.  Used  in  at¬ 
tack.  4.  Making  the  first  attack. 

Syn.  —  Displeasing;  disagreeable;  as¬ 
sailant;  invading. 

—  n.  State  or  posture  of  one  who 
makes  attack.  [si ve  manner. 

OF-FEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  offen- 

Of-fen'sIve-ness,  n.  Quality  or 
condition  of  being  offensive. 

Of'fer,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  of- 
ferre ;  prefix  ob  and  ferre,  to  bring.] 

1.  To  present  for  acceptance  or  re¬ 
jection.  2.  To  make  a  proposal  to. 

3.  To  attempt  ;  to  undertake.  4.  To 
present  in  prayer.  5  To  bid,  as  a 
price.  —  v  .  i.  1.  To  present  itself. 

2.  To  declare  a  willingness.  3.  To 
make  an  attempt.  — n.  That  which 

^  is  offered  ;  a  proposal. 

OF'FER-ING,  n.  That  which  is  offered. 

Of'fer-to-ry,  n.  1.  An  anthem 
chanted,  during  the  offering  of  the 
mass.  2.  Verses  of  Scripture,  read 
while  alms  are  collecting. 

Off'-Hand,  a.  &  adv.  Without  study 
or  preparation. 

Qf'fi£E,  n.  [Lat.  offcium.]  1.  Du¬ 
ty  ;  esp.  customary  duty.  2.  A  spe¬ 
cial  duty,  trust,  or  charge,  conferred 
for  a  public  purpose.  3.  That  which 
is  performed  by  a  particular  thing. 

4.  Place  in  which  officers  transact 
business.  5.  pi.  Apartments  in 
which  domestics  discharge  their  sev¬ 
eral  duties.  6.  (Eccl.)  The  service  ap¬ 
pointed  for  a  particular  occasion. 

Of'FI-^er,  n.  One  who  holds  an  of¬ 
fice  ;  a  magistrate.  —  v.  t.  To  fur¬ 
nish  with  officers. 

Of-fI'cial  (-fish'al),  a.  [See  Office .] 
Pertaining  to,  or  derived  from,  the 
proper  office,  officer,  or  authority.  — 
n.  An  officer. 

Of-fi'cial-ly  (-fish'al-),  adv.  By 
the  proper  officer  or  authority. 

Of-fi'ci-ate  (-fish'!-),  v.  i.‘  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  perform  the  duties  of  an 
office. 

Of-fI^'I-nae,  or  Of'fi-cI'nal,  a. 
[Lat.  offcina. ,  a  workshop.]  1.  Used 
in  a  shop,  or  belonging  to  it.  2.  Ap¬ 
proved  by  a  college  of  medicine. 

Of-fi'cioDs  (-fish'us),  a.  [See  Of¬ 
fice.]  1.  Excessively  forward  in 
kindness.  2.  Intermeddling  in  af¬ 
fairs  in  which  one  has  no  concern. 

Syn.  —  Impertinent;  meddlesome. 

OF-F  Pc  I  o  tjs-L  Y  (-fTsh'us-ly),  adv.  In 
an  officious  manner. 

Of-fi'cio&s-ness  (-fish'us-),  n. 
Kindness ;  undue  forwardness. 

Off'ING,  n.  [From  off.']  The  sea  at 
a  good  distance  from  the  shore,  or 

^  where  there  is  deep  water,  [matter. 

(JFF'seoUR-ING,  n.  Refuse  ;  rejected 

Off'set,  n.  1.  A  sprout  or  a  shoot. 


294 

2.  A  short  distance  measured  at  right 
angles  from  a  line  actually  run.  3. 
A  sum,  account,  or  value  set  off 
against  another  ;  a  set-off. 

Off-set',  or  off'set,  v.  t.  [-set  ; 

-SETTING.]  To  place  over  against; 
^  to  balance.  [off  or  separates. 

OFF'shoot,  n.  That  which  shoots 
UFF'sprTng,  n.  A  child  or  children  ; 

descendants ;  posterity. 

OFT  (21),  adv.  [A.-S.]  Often. 
OFT'-EN  (5f'n,  21,  58),  adv.  [-ER ; 
^ -EST.]  Frequently;  many  times. 
OFT'EN-TlME§  (of'n-),  adv.  Fre- 
quently  ;  often  ;  many  times. 
Oft'times.  adv.  F’requer 
O-gee'  (o-jtP),  n-  A  moldy 
_  ing,  somewhat  like  an  S* 

O'GLE  (5'gl),  V.  t.  [-E D  ; 

-ING.]  [Fr. ;  Lat.  ocvlus , 
the  eye.]  To  view  with 
side  glances.  —  n.  A  side 
_  glance  or  look. 

O'GLE  R,  n.  One  who  ogles. 

O'GRE  (o'ger),  n.  [Fr.,  hell,  fr.  Lat. 

Orcus.]  An  imaginary  monster,  who 
_  lived  on  human  beings. 

O'gress,  n.  A  female  ogre. 

Oh,  inter j.  An  exclamation  expressing 
various  emotions. 

OIL,  n.  [Lat.  oleum.]  An  unctuous 
substance,  animal  or  vegetable.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  smear  or  anoint 
with  oil. 

Oil'— cloth  ,  n.  Cloth  oiled  or  painted 
for  covering  floors,  &c. 

OlL'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  oily. 
OlL'Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1.  Con¬ 
sisting  of,  or  containing,  oil ;  unctu¬ 
ous.  2.  Like  oil.  3.  Fatty  ;  greasy. 
Oint'ment,  n.  That  wThich  serves  to 
_  anoint ;  an  unguent. 

O'ker,  n.  See  Ociier. 

O'krA,  )  n.  A  plant,  whose  pods  are 
O'kro,  j  used  for  soups  or  pickles. 
Old,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  aid ,  eald , 
fr.  Goth,  alan,  to  grow  up.]  1.  Ad¬ 
vanced  far  in  years  or  life.  2.  Not 
new  or  fresh.  3.  Formerly  existing. 
4.  Skilled ;  experienced.  5.  Long  ex¬ 
isting;  hence,  worn  out ;  decayed.  6. 
_  Aged ;  antiquated ;  hence,  bad  ;  mean. 
Old'fn  (old'n),  a.  Old;  ancient. 
Old'-fashGon-ED,  a.  Formed  ac¬ 
cording  to  obsolete  fashion  orcustom. 
Old'ish,  a.  Somewhat  old. 
Old'ness,  n.  State  of  being  old. 
O'le-ag'i-noOs,  a.  [Lat.  oleaginus ; 
_  olea,  olive.]  Oily  ;  unctuous 
O'LE-Xn'der,  n.  [L.  Lat.  lorandrum, 
corrupted,  from  Gr.  poBobevSpov,  lit., 
rose-tree  ]  A  beautiful  evergreen 
flowering  shrub. 

O'LE-AS'TER,  n.  [Lat.  olea,  olive- 
_  tree.]  A  shrub  resembling  the  olive. 
O'LE-fPant,  a.  [Lat.  oleum,  oil,  and 
facere,  to  make.]  Forming  or  pro- 
_  ducing  oil  ;  —  applied  to  a  gas. 
O'LE-O-MAR'G^A-RINE,  n.  [Lat.  oleum, 
oil,  and  Eng.  i margarine ,  the  pearly 
solid  portion  of  oils  and  fats.]  Ar¬ 
tificial  butter  made  chiefly  from  an¬ 
imal  fat. 

0l-fac'TO-ry,  a.  [Lat.  olfacere, 
-factum,  from  olere,  to  smell.]  Per- 


OMNIPARITY 

taining  to,  or  having  the  sense  of. 
smelling.  — n.  An  organ  of  smelling. 
O-LiB'A-NUM,  n.  [L.  Lat.,  from  Ar. 
luban,  frankincense,  with  the  Ar.  ar¬ 
ticle  al,  the,  changed  into  ol,  o.]  An 
inspissated  aromatic  sap. 

of  ap  oligarchy. 

a.  Pertaining 
to  oligarchy. 

[Gr.  bXiyapxLa  ; 
oAtyos,  few,  and  apxeiv,  to  rule.] 
_  Government  by  a  few  persons. 
O'LI-O,  or  Oi-'IO,  7i.  [Sp.  olla,  a  dish 
of  boiled  or  stewed  meat.]  1.  A  dish 
of  stewed  meat.  2.  A  medley.  3. 
^  A  collection  of  various  pieces. 
Ql'i-va'ceols,  a.  Of  the  color  of 
the  olive;  olive-green. 

OL'IVE,  7i.  [Lat.  oliva.] 

1.  A  tree  cultivated  in 
the  south  of  Europe, 
and  its  fruit.  It  is 
the  emblem  of  peace. 

2.  A  color  composed  of 
_  violet  and  green. 

OL'LA-P  O-DRl/DA,  71. 

[Sp.,  lit.  a  rotten  pot. 

See  Olio.]  l.Amixt- 
ure  of  all  kinds  of  1  live-tree, 
meat  chopped  fine  and  stewed  with 
vegetables.  [Apain.]  2.  Any  incon¬ 
gruous  mixture.  [years. 

O-lym'pi-ad,  7i.  A  period  of  four 
O-lym'pi-an,  [  a.  Pertaining  to 
O-LYM'PIG,  j  Olympus  ;  also,  to 
Olympia  in  Greece,  and  to  the 
w  games  there  celebrated. 

OM'ber,  I  7i.  [Fr.  ombre,  fr.  Lat.  ho- 
OM'BRE,  j  mo,  man.]  A  gameat  cards, 
usually  played  by  three  persons. 
O-me'ga,  or  O-meg'A,  7i.  [Gr.  to 
peya,  great  or  long  o.]  The  last 
^  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet. 
OM'E-LET  ( colloq .  om'let),  n.  [Fr. 

077ielette ;  anifs  meles,  mixed  eggs.] 
^  A  fritter  made  chiefly  of  eggs. 
O'MEN,  7i.  [Lat.]  Sign  of  some  fu¬ 
ture  event ;  a  prognostic  ;  a  presage. 
O-men'TUM,  7i.  [Lat.]  A  membrana- 
ceous  covering  of  the  bowels  ;  caul. 
OM'I-NOUS,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  an 
omen.  2.  Containing  an  omen  ;  aus- 
^  picious ;  also,  inauspicious. 
OM'i-NOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  ominous 
manner. 

O-mIs'sion  (-mlsh'un),  n.  [Lat.  omis- 
s/o.]  1.  Neglect  or  failure  to  do  some¬ 
thing  required.  2.  That  which  is 
omitted. 

O-MIT',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  omit- 
tere,  omissum.]  1.  To  leave  out ;  to 
drop.  2.  To  neglect. 

OM'NI-BUS,  7i.  [Lat.,  for  all.]  A  large 
four-wheeled  carriage,  for  carrying 
many  people. 

OM/Nl-FA'Rl-ous,  a.  [Lat.  omTiifari- 
us ;  omTiis,  all.]  Of  all  varieties, 
forms,  or  kinds. 

OM-NlF'ie,  a.  [Lat.  om77is ,  all,  and 
facere ,  to  make.]  All-creating. 
Qm'NI-form,  a.  [Lat.  omntformis ; 
omnis,  all,  and  forma ,  form.]  Hav¬ 
ing  every  form. 

Om'ni-par'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  omnis, 


A,  £,  I,  6,  u,  y,  long;  A,  e,  1, 6,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ire,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrmj  s6n, 


tly  ;  often. 


Ogee. 


OL'I-GARCH,  7i.  One 
Ol'I  GARUH'AL,  I 
OL'I-GAR€H'I€,  [  ' 

Ol'i-garuh'iu-al,  ) 

OL'I-GARCH' Y,  71. 


OPPORTUNITY 

brought  about  by  a  definite  plan.  4. 
Action  of  the  hand,  or  with  instru¬ 
ments,  on  the  human  body. 

Syn.  —  Agency;  work;  process;  effort. 
OP'ER-A-TIVE,  n.  1.  Having  the  pow¬ 
er  of  acting.  2.  Efficient  in  work ; 
efficacious.  —  a.  A  laboring  man. 
OP'er-a/tor,  n.  One  who  operates. 
OP'ER-OSE'  (125),  a.  [Lat.  operosus  ; 
^  opus,  work.]  Laborious  ;  tedious. 
OPH'i-gleide,  n.  [Gr.  6 a  ser¬ 
pent,  and  /cAeis,  a  key.]  A  large 
brass  wind  instrument. 

0-phid'I-an.  n.  [Gr.  b<f>i Siov,  dim.  of 
o<f>is,  serpent.]  An  animal  of  the 
_  group  of  snakes. 

0/PHI-ol,o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  6<jn<;,  serpent, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  That  part  of 
natural  history  which  treats  of  ser¬ 
pents.  [OPHTHALMif. 

Oph-thal'MI-a  (of-  or  op-),  n.  See 
Oph-THAL/mi€  (of-  or  op-),  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  eye. 

Oph'thal-my  (of/-  orop/-),  n.  [Gr. 

b(l)6 aXp la ,  fr.  o</j0aA/xo? ,  the  eye.]  An 
_  inflammation  of  the  coats  of  the  eye. 
0'Pl-ATE,  n.  [See  Opium.]  Any  medi¬ 
cine  that  contains  opium  ;  a  nar¬ 
cotic. —  a.  1.  Inducing  sleep.  2. 
Hence,  causing  rest  or  inaction. 

Syn.  —  Soporific;  somniferous. 
O-PINE',  V.  i.  [-E D ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

opinari.]  To  think;  to  suppose. 
O-PIN'ION  (-yun),  n.  [Lat.  opinio.] 
1.  A  conviction  of  the  truth  of  some 
statement  founded  on  a  low  degree 
of  probable  evidence.  2.  Formal  de¬ 
cision  of  a  judge,  &c. 

Syn. —  Notion;  persuasion;  idea;  view; 
estimate. 

O-PIN 'ION- A'TED,  a.  Obstinate  in 
opinion. 

0-PIN'ION-A-TIVE,  a.  Unduly  at¬ 
tached  to  one’s  own  opinions. 
0-PIN'ION-IST,  n.  One  unduly  at- 
_  tached  to  his  own  opinions. 

O'PI-UM,  n.  [Lat.]  Inspissated  juice 
_  of  the  poppy. 

O/PO-DEL'DOG,  n.  [An  unmeaning 
word.]  A  saponaceous  camphorated 
liniment. 

O-pos'sum,  n.  [Indian.] 

A  marsupial  quadru- 
ped  found  in  America. 

Op-po'nent,  a.  [Lat. 
opponens,  opposing.] 

1.  Adverse ;  antago¬ 
nistic.  2.  Situated  in 
front;  opposite. — n.  Opossum. 
One  who  opposes,  es¬ 
pecially  in  a  disputation,  or  other 
verbal  controversy. 

OP/POR-TUNE'  (53),  a.  [Lat.  oppor~ 
tunus ,  lit.  at  or  before  the  port.] 
Recurring  or  furnished  at  a  needed 
or  suitable  occasion. 

Syn.  —  Timely  ;  seasonable  ;  well- 
timed. 

f)p/poR-TUNE'LY,  adv.  Seasonably. 
Op/poR-TUNE 'NESS  (109),  n.  Quality 
or  condition  of  being  opportune. 
OP/POR-TU'NI-T Y,  n.  Fit  or  conve¬ 
nient  time. 

Syn. — Occasion;  convenience;  oc¬ 
currence.  —  An  occasion  is  that  which 


OMNIPOTENCE 

all,  and  paritas ,  equality.]  General 
equality. 

Om-nip'O-tence,  n.  State  of  being 
omnipotent ;  hence,  one  who  is  om¬ 
nipotent. 

Om-NIP'o-TENT,  a.  [Lat.  omnipo- 
tens ;  omnis ,  all,  and  poiens ,  potent.] 
Possessing  unlimited  power;  all- 
powerful. 

Cm/ni-pres'en^e,  n.  Presence  in 
every  place  at  the  same  time. 

Cm/ni-pre^'ent,  a.  [Lat.  omnis,  all, 
and  prxsens,  present.]  Present  in  all 
places  at  the  same  time. 

OM-NIS'CIENCE  (-nish'ens),  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  omniscient. 

Om-NIS'cient  (-nlsh/ent),  a.  [Lat. 
omnis,  all,  and  sciens,  knowing.] 
Having  knowledge  of  all  things. 

Syn.  —  All-knowing  ;  all-discerning; 
all-searching;  all-seeing;  all-beliolding. 

Om'NI-Pm,  n.  [Lat.,  of  all.]  Average 
value  of  the  different  stocks  in  which 
a  loan  to  government  is  funded. 

Om-niv'o-rous,  a.  [Lat.  omnivorus  •, 
omnis,  all,  and  vorare,  to  devour.] 
Eating  every  thing  indiscriminately. 

On  ,  prep.  [A.-S.]  1.  In  contact  with 

the  upper  part  of  a  thing,  and  sup¬ 
ported  by  it.  2.  To  the  upper  sur¬ 
face  of.  3.  Upon ;  by  means  of ; 
with.  4.  Besides.  5.  At  or  near.  6. 
In  dependence  upon.  7.  At  the  time 
of.  8.  To  the  account  of.  9.  Inconse¬ 
quence  of.  10.  In  relation  to.  — adv. 
1.  Forward.  2.  In  succession.  3.  With¬ 
out  interruption.  4.  With  adherence. 

O'NAN-ISM,  n.  Self-pollution. 

On^e  (wunss),  adv.  [0.  Eng.  ones,  fr. 
one.]  1.  On  one  occasion.  2.  Former¬ 
ly  ;  in  time  past. 

One  (wtin),  a.  [A.-S.  &n,  ain.]  1. 
Single  ;  individual.  2.  Denoting  a 
person  indefinitely.  3.  Pointing  out 
a  contrast.  4.  Undivided ;  united. 
5.  The  same  ;  a  common. 

0-NEI/RO-€RIT'I€,  1  a.  [Gr.  ouei- 

0-NEPRO-GRIT'ie-AL,  |  po/cpirucos, 
fr.  oveipoq,  dream,  and  /cpiri-Kos,  crit¬ 
ical.]  Pertaining  to  the  interpreta¬ 
tion  of  dreams. 

One'ness  (wfln'nes,  109),  n.  Single¬ 
ness  ;  individuality ;  unity. 

5n'er-a-ry,  a.  [Lat.  onerarius ;  onus, 
oneris,  load.]  Fitted  or  intended  for 
burdens.  [densome ;  oppressive. 

(3n'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  onerosus.]  Bur- 

One'-sTd/ed  (wan'-),  a.  Limited  to 

.  one  side  ;  partial ;  unfair. 

On'ion  (dn/yun),  n.  [Lat.  unio,  a 
kind  of  single  onion,  fr.  unus,  one.] 
A  plant,  and  its  edible  bulbous  root. 

On'ly  (20),  a.  [0.  Eng.  onely ,  i.  e., 
one-like  ]  1.  One  alone  ;  single.  2. 
Alone  in  its  class.  3.  Pre-eminent. 
—  adv.  Solely;  singly;  merely. 

On/o-mat'o-pce'ia  (-pS'ya),  n.  [Gr. 

ovopaTonoua.,  fr.  ovopa,  ovo  paros ,  a 
name,  and  77-oieZv,  to  make.]  Corre¬ 
spondence  of  the  sound  of  a  word  to 
the  thing  signified. 

On'set,  n.  [From  on  and  set.]  A 
violent  attack  ;  esp.,  the  assault  of  a 

w  body  of  troops  on  an  enemy  or  a  fort. 

ONSLAUGHT  (on'slawt),  n.  [A.-S. 


295 

onslagan,  to  strike  or  dash  against.] 
Attack;  onset;  assault. 
ON-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ovra,  things 
which  exist,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 
Science  which  explains  the  nature 
_&nd  relations  of  all  beings,  as  such. 
O'NUS,  n.  [Lat.]  The  burden. 
ON'WARD,  a.  1.  Advanced  ;  advancing. 

2.  Increased;  improved,  —adv.  For- 
_  ward  ;  progressively  ;  in  advance. 
O'NYX,  a.  [Gr.  ovv£,  lit.,  a  finger-nail.] 
Chalcedony  consisting  of  parallel  lay¬ 
ers  of  different  shades. 

Ooze,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  flow 
gently;  to  percolate.  —  n.  [A.-S. 
wos,  juice,  ooze,  broth.]  1.  Soft 
mud  or  slime.  2.  Soft  flow  ;  spring. 
Ooz'Y,  a.  Miry  ;  soft  and  muddy. 
O-PA^'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  opaque  ; 

want  of  transparency. 

O-pake',  a.  See  Opaque. 

O'pal,  n.  [Lat.  opalus,  fr.  Skr.  upula, 
a  stone.]  A  silicious  mineral  of 
_  changeable  colors. 

O'pal-es'^en^e,  n.  A  milky reflec- 
_  tion  from  the  interior  of  a  mineral. 
O/PAL-ES'CENT,  a.  Reflecting  a  milky 
.or  pearly  light.  [opal. 

O'PAL-INE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like, 
O-PAQUE'  (-pak/),  a.  [Lat.  opacus.] 
Impervious  to  light ;  not  transpa¬ 
rent.  [being  opaque. 

O-PAQUE 'ness  (-pak/-),  n.  Quality  of 
Ope,  v.  t.  &  i.  To  open.  [Poet.] 
O'PEN  (o/pn,  20),  a.  [A.-S.]  1.  Not 
shut  up ;  not  closed.  2.  Not  pri¬ 
vate  ;  public.  3.  Expanded.  4.  With¬ 
out  reserve.  5.  Not  concealed  or 
secret.  6.  Not  frozen  up  ;  not  cold 
or  frosty.  7.  Not  settled  or  adjusted. 
8.  Not  deaf ;  listening.  9.  Spoken 
without  closing  the  mouth.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  make  open  ;  to 
unclose  ;  to  unlock.  2.  To  bring  to 
view  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  explain  ;  to  dis¬ 
close.  3.  To  speak  without  reserve. 
4.  To  begin;  to  commence.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  unclose.  2.  To  begin  to  ap¬ 
pear.  3.  To  commence  ;  to  begin. 
O'PEN-HAND'ED,  a.  Generous  ;  lib- 
_  eral.  [generous. 

O'pen-heArt/ed,  a.  Candid ;  frank ; 
0'PEN-iNG(o/pn-ing),  n.  1.  A  breach  ; 

an  aperture.  2.  Beginning ;  com- 
_  mencement. 

O'PEN-L Y  (o'pn-ly),  adv.  1.  Public- 
ly  ;  without  secrecy.  2.  Plainly. 
OP'er-A,  n.  [Lat.  opera,  pains,  work.] 
A  musical  drama  consisting  of  airs, 
choruses,  recitations,  & c. 
OP'ER-ATE,t).  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
operari,  - ratus ,  from  opus,  work.]  1. 
To  exert  power  or  strength.  2.  To 
produce  an  appropriate  physical  ef¬ 
fect.  3.  To  exert  an  influence.  4. 
To  perform  some  manual  act  upon  a 
human  body. — v.t.  1.  To  cause; 
to  occasion.  2.  To  put  into  or  to  cou- 
tinue  in  operation. 

Tip/ER-AT'IG,  1  a.  Pertaining  to, 
(jp/ER-AT'ic-AL,  (  or  appropriate  to, 
the  opera. 

OP/ER-A'TION,  «.  1.  Act  or  process 

of  operating  ;  exertion  of  power.  2. 
Method  of  working.  3.  An  effect 


G,  hard;  A§;  ejcist;  N  as  NG ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  PyLL. ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  9,G ,soft;€, 


OPPOSE 


ORDERLY 


296 


falls  in  our  way,  or  presents  itself  in  the 
course  of  events;  an  opportunity  is  a  con¬ 
venience  or  fitness  of  time,  place,  &c., 
for  the  doing  of  a  thing.  Hence,  oppor¬ 
tunities  often  spring  out  of  occasions. 
We  muy  have  occasion  to  meet  a  person 
frequently  without  getting  an  opportu¬ 
nity  to  converse  with  him. 

Op-po£E',  v.  t.  [-ed ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
opponere ,  oppositum,  fr.  ob,  against, 
and  ponere ,  to  put.]  1.  To  set  op¬ 
posite.  2.  To  put  in  opposition,  with 
a  view  to  hinder  or  defeat,  &c.  3. 
To  resist.  4.  To  compete  with. 

Syn. —  To  combat;  withstand;  con¬ 
travene;  check;  obstruct. 

Op-pos'er,  n.  One  who  opposes. 

OP'po-site,  a.  [Lat.  oppositns.]  1. 
Situated  in  front ;  hieing.  2.  Hos¬ 
tile  ;  adverse.  3.  Inconsistent. — n. 

1.  One  who  opposes.  2.  That  which 
is  contrary. 

Op'po-sIte-ly  (-zit-),  adv.  1.  In  a 
situation  to  face  each  other.  2.  Ad¬ 
versely. 

OP'PO-si'TlON  (-zish'un),  n.  1.  Situ¬ 
ation  so  as  to  front  something  else. 

2.  Act  of  opposing ;  resistance.  3. 
That  which  opposes ;  an  obstacle.  4. 
The  party  that  opposes  the  existing 
administration.  5.  Situation  of  two 
heavenly  bodies  180°  apart. 

OP'po-sT'TION-ist  (-zish'un-),  n.  One 
of  an  opposing  party. 

Op-posH-tive,  a.  Capable  of  being 
put  in  opposition. 

Op-press',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
opprimere,  oppression ;  prefix  ob, 
against,  and  premere ,  to  press.]  1. 
To  press  or  treat  severely,  cruelly,  or 
unjustly.  2.  To  si  tor  lie  heavy  on. 

Op-PRES'sion  (-presh'un ),  n.  1.  Act 
of  oppressing.  2.  State  of  being  op¬ 
pressed.  3.  That  which  oppresses. 
4.  A  sense  of  heaviness  or  weight. 

Op-PRESS'xve,  a.  1.  Unreasonably 
burdensome.  2.  Proceeding  from  a 
design  to  oppress.  3.  Overwhelming. 

Syn.— Cruel;  severe;  tyrannical. 

Op-pr£ss'xve-ly,  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  oppress.  [being  oppressive. 

Op-press'ive-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

Op-PRESS'or,  n.  One  who  oppresses. 

Op-PRO'bri-ous,  a.  1.  Reproachful 
and  contemptuous  ;  scurrilous.  2. 
Rendered  hateful. 

Op-pro'eri-ous-ly,  adv.  In  an  op- 
probious  manner. 

Op-PRO'bri-um,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  pref.  ob 
a; nd  probrum ,  reproach.]  Reproach 
mingled  with  contempt  or  disdain. 

Op-pugn'  (-pun'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  oppugnare,  fr.  ob,  against,  and 
pugnare,  to  fight.]  To  fight  against. 

Op-PUG'nan-9Y,  n.  Act  of  oppugn¬ 
ing:  opposition;  resistance,  [poses. 

Op-pugn'er  (-pun'),  n.  One  who  op- 

Op'ta-tive,  a.  [Lat .  optativus.]  Ex¬ 
pressing  desire  or  wish. 

Op'Tie,  n.  An  e3re. 

OP'tig,  I  a.  [Gr.  07rTt/cd? ,  fr.  the 

Op'tig-AL,  (  root  ott,  to  see.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  sight,  or  the  organ  of 
sight.  2.  Relating  to  optics. 

Op-tx'cian  (-tlsh'an),  n.  One  who 
deals  in  optical  instruments. 

A,  E,  I,  5,  0,  Y,  Ion 


Op'TIUS,  n.  sing.  Science  which  treats 
of  the  nature  and  properties  of  light. 

Op'ti-ma-CY,  h.  Nobility  ;  peerage. 

OP'TI-MATE,  n.  [Lat.  optimas ,  opti¬ 
ma  tis,  fr.  optimus ,  the  best.]  A  no¬ 
bleman  ;  a  chief  man. 

OP'TI-ME,  n.  [Lat.  optimus,  the  best.] 
One  who  stands  in  the  second  rank  , 
of  honors,  in  Cambridge.  Eng. 

OP'TI-MXsM,  n.  [Lat.  optimus,  the  I 
best.]  The  doctrine  that  everything 

w  is  for  the  best. 

OP'TI-MIST,  n.  One  who  holds  that 

w  all  events  are  ordered  for  the  best. 

OP'tion,  n.  [Lat.  optio,  from  optare, 
to  choose.]  Power,  or  right  of  choice, 
or  exercise  of  the  power  ;  election  ; 
preference. 

Syn. —  Choice. — Wo  speak  of  option 
in  respect  to  freedom  or  opportunity  of 
choosing,  while  choice  is  an  act  of  the  will 
itself.  We  leave  a  thing  to  a  man’s  op¬ 
tion,  anil  he  makes  his  choice. 

OP'tion-al,  a.  Left  to  one’s  choice; 
depending  on  choice. 

OP'u-LEN(!E,  n.  Wealth;  riches. 

OP'U-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  opulentus ,  from 
ops ,  opis,  power,  wealth.]  Wealthy  ; 
rich ;  affluent. 

Or,  conj.  [Contr.  fr.  A.-S.  hdlier,  ctdh- 
or,  one  of  two.]  A  connective  that 
marks  an  alternative. 

OR'A-GLE,  n.  [Lat.  oraculum ,  from 
orare,  to  speak.]  1.  Answer  of  a  pa¬ 
gan  god,  to  an  inquiry;  also,  the 
deity  who  was  supposed  to  give  the 
answ'er,  and  also  the  place  where  it 
was  given.  2.  An  angel ;  a  prophet ; 
hence,  also,  an)r  very  wise  person.  3. 
A  wise  sentence  or  decision. 

O-RAG'U-LAR,  a.  1.  Uttering  oracles. 
2.  Resembling  an  oracle  ;  authorita¬ 
tive  ;  ambiguous. 

O'RAL  (87),  a.  [Lat.  os,  oris,  the 
mouth.]  Pertaining  to  the  mouth  ; 

_  spoken,  not  written. 

O'RAL-LY,  adv.  By  mouth. 

Or'ange  (or'enj),  n. 

[Ar.  &  Per.  narandj 
or  narang.]  A  tree, 
and  its  yellow  fruit. 

OR'ANGE-ADE'  (or'- 
enj-),  n.  A  drink 
made  of  orange-juice. 

OR'AN-GER-Y,  n.  A 
plantation  of  orange-  . 

trees.  0ranSe- 

O-RANG'-ou-tang',  n.  [Malayan, 
orang  titan,  i.  e., 
man  of  the  woods.] 

A  large  monkey,  in 
many  respects  close¬ 
ly  resembling  man. 

O-RA'tion,  n.  [Lat. 
oratio,  fr.  orare ,  to 
speak,  pray.]  An 
elaborate  discourse, 
delivered  in  public. 

Syn. —  Harangue; 
address;  speech;  dis¬ 
course. 

OR'A-TOR,  n.  1.  One 
who  delivers  an  o- 
ration.  2.  One  dis-  Orang-outang, 
tinguished  for  eloquent  speech. 


OR'A-TO'RI-AL,  la.  Belonging  or 
OR'A-TOR'ie-AL,  j  pertaining  to  an 
orator,  or  to  oratory  ;  oratorical. 

Syn.  —  Rhetorical;  eloquent;  flowery. 
OR'A-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  rhe¬ 
torical  manner. 

OR'A-TO'Rl-O,  n.  [It.,  from  Lat.  ora- 
torius, belonging  to  praying.]  A  kind 
of  sacred  drama  set  to  music. 
OR'A-TO-RY,  n.  [Lat.  oratoria  (sc. 
ars),  the  oratorical  art.]  1.  Art  of 
effective  public  speaking.  2.  A  chapel 
^  for  private  devotions.  [sphere. 

Orb,  n.  [Lat.  or  bis.]  A  round  body  ;  a 
Orbed  (orbd),  a.  Having  the  form 
of  an  orb  ;  round  :  circular. 
Or-bIc'U -EAR,  a.  [Lat.  orbicularis ;  or- 
bis,  orb.]  Having  the  form  of  an  orb. 

Syn.  — Round;  circular;  orbicular; 
spherical;  globular. 

Or-bYg'u-LATE,  a.  Being  in  the  form 
of  an  orb. 

ORB'IT,  n.  [Lat.  orbita,  a  track  made 
by  a  wheel,  circuit.]  1.  The  path 
described  by  a  heavenly  body.  2. 
Cavity  in  which  the  eye  is  situated. 
ORB'it-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  orbit. 
OR'CIIARD,  it.  [A.-S.  ortgeard ,  wyrt- 
geard,  i.  c.,  wortyard.]  An  inclosure 
for,  or  an  assemblage  of,  fruit  trees. 
OR'ciiard-ist,  n.  One  who  cultivates 
orchards. 

OR'ghes-tra ,  or  Or-uhes'tra,  n. 
[Gr.  opxrio-Tpa,  orig.  the  place  for  the 
chorus  of  dancers.]  1.  Space  in  a 
theatre  for  the  musicians.  2.  A  band 
of  instrumental  musicians. 
OR'ciies-tral  (or'kes-tral),  a.  Per- 
^  taining  to  an  orchestra,  [ing  plant. 
OR'Giils  (or'kis),  n.  [Lat.]  A  flower- 
Or-dain',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  or- 
dinare,  fr.  ordo,  order.]  1.  To  regu¬ 
late  ;  to  establish.  2.  To  appoint ;  to 
^decree.  3.  To  set  apart  for  an  office. 
OR'de-al,  n.  [A.-S.  or  dal ,  ordsel,  a 
judgment,  just  judgment.]  1.  An 
ancient  form  of  trial  to  determine 
guilt  or  innocence.  2.  Severe  scru¬ 
tiny. 

OR'der,  n.  [Lat.  ordo.]  1.  Regular 
or  methodical  arrangement.  2. 
Proper  condition  ;  normal  state.  3. 
Customary  mode  of  procedui’e.  4. 
Regular  government :  general  tran¬ 
quillity.  5.  A  regulation  ;  a  stand¬ 
ing  rule.  6.  Injunction  ;  command. 
7.  A  direction,  in  writing,  to  pay 
money.  8.  A  number  of  things  or 
persons  arranged  in  a  fixed  or  suita¬ 
ble  place  or  position.  9.  Rank  of 
deacon,  priest,  or  bishop:  —  often  in 
the  pi.  10.  A  method  of  construct¬ 
ing  and  ornamenting  the  columns  of 
an  edifice.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
put  in  order  ;  to  systematize.  2.  To 
manage;  to  conduct.  3.  To  command. 

Syn.  —  To  regulate  ;  adjust;  direct. 

—  v.  i.  To  give  command  or  direc- 
tion. 

OR'der -less,  a.  Without  order  or 
^  regularity  :  disorderly. 

|  OR'der-lt-ness,  v.  Regularity. 

|  OR'der-ly,  a.  1.  Methodical;  reg- 
I  ular;  systematic.  2.  Observant  of 


g;  A,  E,  i,  o,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  Lre,  v^il,  tLrm;  pique,  firm;  s6n 


ORDINAL 


297 


ORTHOEPICAL 


order  ;  quiet ;  peaceable.  3.  Well- 
regulated.  4.  Being  on  duty. — adv. 
According  to  due  order. --n.  A  non¬ 
commissioned  officer  who  attends  a 
superior  officer. 

OR/di-nal,  a.  [Lat.  ordinal  is  ;  ordo , 
ordinis ,  order.]  Indicating  the  es¬ 
tablished  order. —  n.  3.  A  number 
noting  order.  2.  A  book  containing 
a  service  for  the  ordination  of  dea- 
s  cons,  &c. 

Gr'di-nance,  n.  [See  Ordain.]  1. 
An  ordaining  by  authority  ;  appoint¬ 
ment.  2.  A  rule  established  by  au- 
^  thority.  3.  An  established  rite. 
OR'di-NA-ri-ly,  adv.  According  to 
established  rules  ;  hence,  usually. 
Cr'DI-NA-RY  (44),  a.  [Lat.  ordfna- 
rius .]  1.  According  to  established 

order.  2.  Of  common  rank.  3.  Com¬ 
mon  ;  usual.  4.  Plain  ;  not  handsome. 

Syn.  —  Normal  ;  common  ;  usual ; 
customary.  —  A  tiling  is  common  in 
which  many  persons  share  or  partake; 
as,  a  common  practice.  A  thing  is  ordi¬ 
nary  when  it  is  apt  to  come  round  in  the 
orderly  or  regular  succession  of  events; 
as,  the  ordinary  course. 

—  n.  1.  A  judicial  officer.  2.  A 
dining-room  where  there  is  a  fixed 
price  ;  also,  the  meal  at  such  a  din¬ 
ing-room.  3.  A  place  where  ships 
are  in  actual  service,  but  laid  up  un¬ 
der  the  charge  of  officers.  4.  A  por- 
A  tion  of  an  escutcheon  between  lines. 
OR'di-nate,  a.  [Lat.  ordinatus .] 

Regular  ;  methodical.  —  n.  Distance 
of  any  point  in  a  curve  measured  on 
a  line  called  the  axis  of  ordinates , 
from  another  line  called  the  axis  of 
abscissas. 

OR'DI-NA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  ordinatio.] 

1.  Act  of  ordaining.  2.  State  of 
^  being  ordained  or  appointed. 
Grd'nan^e,  n.  [From  ordinance .] 

^  Heavy  weapons  of  warfare  ;  artillery. 
OR'DON-NANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  [Fine  Arts.) 
a  Disposition  of  the  parts. 

ORD'ure,  n.  [From  Lat.  horridus , 
horrid.]  Dung;  excrements. 

Ore,  n.  [A.-S.  Or,  Ore.]  Compound 
of  a  metal  and  some  other  substance 
_  by  which  its  properties  are  disguised. 
O'RE-ad  (87),  n.  [Gr.  ’Opeidg,  fr.  opo?, 
A  mountain.]  A  mountain  nymph. 
OR'GAN,  n.  [Gr.  opyavov.]  1.  An  in¬ 
strument  of  action  or  motion.  2.  A 
medium  of  communication.  3.  (Mas.) 
An  instrument  filled  with  wind  from 
^  a  bellows,  and  played  upon  by  keys. 
Or'gan-DIE,  1  n.  A  light  muslin  or 
OR'GAN-dS,  )  cotton  fabric. 
OR-GAN'ie,  )  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
Or-gan'IC-al,  )  or  consisting  of, 
organs,  or  containing  them.  2.  Pro¬ 
duced  by  the  organs.  3.  Instru- 
A  mental. 

OR'GAN-tgM,  n.  An  organic  struct- 
^  ure ;  an  organized  being.  [organ. 
OR'GAN-lST,  n.  One  who  plays  on  the 
Or'gan-i-za'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  or¬ 
ganizing.  2.  State  of  being  organ¬ 
ized  ;  the  relations  included  in  such 
^  a  state.  3.  An  organism. 
OR'GAN-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  furnish  with  organs.  2.  To  ar¬ 


range  or  constitute  in  parts,  each 
^  having  a  special  function.  [stands. 
Gr'gan-loft,  n.  Loft  where  an  organ 
OR'GAN-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  opya- 
vov,  an  organ,  and  ypafyeiv,  to  de¬ 
scribe.]  A  description  of  the  organs 
of  plants  or  animals. 

Or'gan-zine/  (110),  n.  Silk  of  very 
A  fine  texture,  twisted  like  a  rope. 
OR'GASM,  n.  [Gr.  opya<rp.6g,  fr.  opyqu, 
to  swell.]  Immoderate  excitement. 
Orgeat  (or'zhat  or  or'zha),  n.  [Fr.  ; 

orge,  barley.]  A  liquor  extracted 
^  from  barley  and  sweet  almonds. 
OR'GlEg  (or'jiz),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  opyia.] 
Drunken  revelry  ;  nocturnal  carou- 
_  sals. 

O'RI-EL,  n.  [L.  Lat.  oriolum,  portico, 
hall.]  A  large  bay  or  recessed  win- 
_  dow. 

O'RI-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  oriens.]  1.  Rising, 
as  the  sun.  2.  Eastern.  3.  Bright; 
_  shining,  i—  n.  The  East. 
O'RI-ENT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  pro¬ 
ceeding  from,  or  situated  in,  the  east. 
_  — n.  A  native  of  the  East. 
0/Rl-ENT,AL-isM,  n.  Any  system  or 
_  doctrine  peculiar  to  orientalists. 
O'RI-ent'al-Ist,  n.  1.  An  inhabi¬ 
tant  of  the  East.  2.  One  versed  in 
w  eastern  literature. 

OR'l-Fl^E,  n.  [Lat.  ori'licium ;  os, 
oris,  a  mouth,  and  facere,  to  make.] 
w  Mouth  of  a  tube,  & c. 

OR'I-Gi'N,  n.  [Lat.  origo ,  originis,  fr. 
oriri,  to  rise.]  1.  Beginning  of  any 
thing.  2.  That  from  which  any 
thing  primarily  proceeds. 

Syn.  —  Source.  —  Origin  denotes  the 
rise  or  commencement  of  a  thing;  source 
presents  itself  under  the  image  of  a  foun¬ 
tain  flowing  forth  in  a  continuous  stream 
of  influences.  The  origin  of  moral  evil 
has  been  much  disputed,  but  no  one  can 
doubt  that  it  is  the  source  of  most  of  the 
calamities  of  our  race. 

O-RIG'I-NAL,  n.  1.  Origin;  source. 

2.  The  first  of  its  class ;  archetype. 

3.  The  precise  language  employed  by 
a  writer.  4.  A  person  of  marked 
peculiarity.  [  Colloq.]  5.  Also,  one 
who  has  new  and  striking  ideas. —  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  origin.  2.  Pre¬ 
ceding  all  others.  3.  Not  translated. 

4.  Having  the  power  to  suggest  new 
thoughts  or  combinations  of  thought. 

Syn. —  First:  primitive;  pristine;  in¬ 
ventive;  peculiar. 

O-RIGG-n  al/1-ty ,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  original.  [first. 

O-RIG'I-NAL-LY,  adv.  Primarily  ;  at 
O-RIG'I-NATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
give  an  origin  to  ;  to  bring  into  exist¬ 
ence.  — v.  i.  To  begin  to  exist  or  act. 
0-rIg'I-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Abringingor 
coming  into  existence.  2.  Mode  of 
production.  [nates. 

0-RiG,[-NA/TOR,  n.  One  who  origi- 
O'RI-OLE,  n.  [0.  Fr.  oriol,  from  Lat. 
aureolus,  golden.]  A  bird  of  several 
species,  allied  to  the  thrushes. 
0-RI'ON,  n.  A  large  and  bright  con¬ 
stellation. 

ORd-SON,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  orare, 
to  pray.]  A  prayer  or  supplication. 
OR'LOP,  n.  [D.  overloop,  upper  deck, 


from  overloopen,  to  run  over.]  The 
^  deck  on  which  the  cables  are  stowed. 
OR'MO-LU',  n.  [Fr.  or  moulu,  fr.  or, 
gold,  and  moulu,  ground.]  A  va- 
^  riety  of  brass  made  to  resemble  gold. 
OR'NA-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  ornamenlum ; 
ornare,  to  adorn.]  Embellishment; 
decoration.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  beautiful  or  furnish  with 
embellishments. 

Syn.  — To  adorn  ;  embellish  ;  deck? 
decorate;  beautify.  See  Adokn. 

Or'na-ment'al,  a.  Serving  to  or- 
A  nament ;  embellishing. 
OR'NA-MEN-TA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of 
ornamenting,  or  state  of  being  orna- 
A  mented.  2.  That  which  ornaments. 
OR'NATE,  h.  [Lat.  ornatus.]  Adorned; 
^  decorated.  [ner. 

OR'nate-ly,  adv.  In  an  ornate  man- 
Or-nIth'igh-nite  (49),  n.  [Gr.  op- 
vi?,  opvido?,  bird,  and  ix^os,  track.] 
The  foot-mark  of  a  bird,  occurring 
^  in  strata  of  stone. 
f)R'Nl-THO-LOG'I€,  )  a.  Pertain- 
OR'NI-TIIO-LOGde-AL,  )  ing  to  or- 
A  nithology.  [in  ornithology. 

OR'NI-THOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  skilled 
6r'ni-thoi/o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  opvt?,  op- 
vido?,  bird,  and  Aoyog,  discourse.] 
That  branch  of  natural  science  which 
treats  of  the  form,  structure,  and 
habits  of  birds. 

O-ROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  6 pog,  mountain, 
and  Aoyo?,  discourse.]  Science  or 
_  description  of  mountains. 
O'ro-ti/nd'  (110),  a.  [Lat.  os,  oris , 
mouth,  and  rotundus,  round.]  Char¬ 
acterized  by  fullness,  clearness, 
^  strength,  and  smoothness. 
OR'phan,  n.  [Gr.  op^avo?.]  A  child 
bereaved  of  both  father  and  mother. 
or'phan-age,  (  n.  State  of  being  an 
OR'phan-Ism,  orphan. 
Or-phe'an,  or  Or'phe-an  (124),  a. 
Pertaining  to  Orpheus,  a  poet,  who  is 
said  to  have  moved  inanimate  bodies 
^  by  the  music  of  his  lyre. 

OK'PHie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Orpheus. 
OR'pi-ment,  n.  [Lat.  auripigmen- 
tum;  aurum,  gold,  and  pigmentum, 
pigment.]  Trisulphide  of  arsenic, 
occurring  in  crystals  of  a  lemon- 
yellow  color. 

OR^RE-RY,  n.  [Named  in  compliment 
to  the  Earl  of  Orrery.]  An  appara¬ 
tus  to  illustrate  the  relative  size, 
orbits,  &c.,  of  the  planets. 

OR'RIS,  n.  [ t’rob .  corrupted  fr.  Iris.] 
^  A  plant ;  flower-de-luce. 
Or'tho-dox,  a.  [Gr.  opdoSofo?  ;  op- 
0b?,  right,  and  Sofa,  opinion.]  3. 
Sound  in  the  Christian  faith  ;  —  op¬ 
posed  to  heretical.  2.  According  with 
the  doctrines  of  Scripture. 
OR'tiio-doxTy,  adv.  With  sound- 
^  ness  of  faith. 

UR'tho-dox'Y,  n.  1.  Soundness  of 
faith.  2.  Consonance  to  genuine 
a  scriptural  doctrines. 

0r/t  iio-drom/ics,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  op- 
OoSpoi ao?,  running  straight  forward. j 
Art  of  sailing  in  a  direct  course. 
Or'tho-ep'IC,  la.  Pertaining  to 
Gr'tho-Bp'ie-AL, )  orthoepy. 

G,  hard;  Ag;  EJIST  ;  N  as  NG;  this 


OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  to~ok  ;  Drn,  RiJE,  PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  £,  G,  soft;  €, 


ORTHOEPIST 


OUTGENERAL 


Dr'thO-e-pist,  n.  One  skilled  in  or- 
thoepy. 

6r'THO-E-PY,  n.  [Gr.  opOoerreia. ;  op- 
005,  right,  and  eVos,  a  word.]  A  cor¬ 
rect  pronunciation  of  words. 
Or-thog'ra-pher,  n.  One  who 
^  spells  words  correctly, 
f B'THO-GRSPH'ie,  [  a.  Pertain- 
C.^THO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j  ing  to  or¬ 
thography. 

Sr'tho-graph'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In 
an  orthographical  manner. 
OR-THOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  opOoypa- 
<f>ia ;  op0o5,  right,  and  -ypa^eiv,  to 
write.]  1.  The  writing  of  words 
with  the  proper  letters  ;  spelling.  2. 
The  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of 
this  subject.  3.  Delineation  of  an 
object  by  lines  and  angles  corre¬ 
sponding  to  those  of  the  object. 
Or-thop'e-dy,  n.  [Gr.  6p0os, 
straight,  and  wals,  waiSos,  child.] 
Art  of  curing  the  deformities  of  chii 
dren. 

Or-thop'ter-ous,  a.  [Gr.  dp0oy, 
straight,  and  nrepou,  feather,  wing.] 
Having  wing-covers  of  a  uniform 
texture,  that  generally  overlap  at  the 
top  w’hen  shut. 

Cr'TIVE,  a.  [Lat.  ortivus ,  fr.  oriri , 
ortus,  to  rise.]  Relating  to  the  rising, 
^  as  of  a  star ;  eastern. 

Or'to-lan,  n.  [Lat.  horiulanus ,  fr. 
hortulus,  dim.  of  hortus ,  garden.]  A 
small  singing  bird,  with  black  wings. 
5s'9lE-LATE,i\  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
oscillare ,  -latum;  oscillum,  a  swing.] 
To  move  backward  and  forward  ;  to 
vibrate  ;  to  swing  ;  to  sway. 
OS'CIL-LA'TION,  n.  Vibration. 
6s'cil-la-to-ry,  a.  Moving  like  a 
pendulum.  [drowsiness. 

Os'^l-TAN-^Y,  n.  Act  of  gaping; 
Os'91-TANT,  a.  [Lat.  oscitans,  p.  pr. 

of  oscitare ,  to  yawn.]  1.  Yawning; 
w  gaping.  2.  Sleepy  ;  drowsy. 
Os^i-ta/tion,  n.  Act  of  yawning 
from  sleepiness. 

OS'€U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.] 
1.  To  kiss.  2.  (  Geom.)  To  touch,  as 
two  curves. 

(JS'eu-LA'TlON,  n.  [Lat.  oscular), 
- latum ,  to  kiss,  fr.  osculum,  a  little 
mouth,  a  kiss.]  1.  Act  of  kissing.  2. 
Contact  of  one  curve  with  another. 
5s'gu-la-to-ry  (50),  a.  1.  Of,  or 
pertaining  to,  kissing.  2.  Capable 
_  of  osculation. 

O'slER  (5'zher),  n.  [Gr.  otcrov, otcrva.] 
A  species  of  willow',  or  a  twig  of  it ;  — 
used  in  making  baskets. 
Og'NA-BURG,  n.  A  coarse  linen,  orig¬ 
inally  from  Osnaburg,  in  Germany. 
5s'se-let,  n.  [Fr.  osselet,  lit.  a  lit¬ 
tle  bone.]  A  hard  substance  on  the 
inside  of  a  horse’s  knee. 

Ds'se-oDs  (colloq.  osh'us),  a.  [Lat. 
osseus,  fr.  os,ossis ,  bone.]  Composed, 
of,  or  resembling,  bone  ;  bony. 
fts'SI-€LE,  n.  [Lat.  ossiculum .]  A 
small  bone. 

Os-sif'er-oDs,  a.  [Lat.  os,  ossis,  bone, 
and  ferre ,  to  bear.]  Containing  or 
yielding  bone. 

Os-sif'io,  a.  [Lat.  os,  ossis,  a  bone, 


298 


and  facer  e,  to  make.]  Having  power 
to  ossify. 

5s'si-fi-€A'tion,  n.  Change  into  a 
bony  substance. 

OS'SI-FY,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
os,  ossis,  bone,  and  facere,  to  make.] 
To  change  from  a  soft  animal  sub¬ 
stance  into  bone.  —  v.  i.  To  become 
bone  or  bony. 

Os-siv'o-roBs,  a.  [Lat.  o.s,  ossis, 
bone,  and  voraie,  to  devour.]  Feed¬ 
ing  on  bones. 

OS'su-A-RY  (-shp-a-,  95),  n.  [Lat.  os- 
suarium  ;  os,  ossis,  bone.]  A  place 
where  the  bones  of  the  dead  are  de¬ 
posited. 

Os-ten'si-ble,  a.  [Lat.  ostendere, 
-tentum,  to  show.]  Shown,  declared, 
or  avow'ed  ;  apparent. 

Os-ten'si-bly,  adv.  In  an  ostensi¬ 
ble  manner.  [ing. 

Os-ten'sive,  a.  Showing;  exhibit- 

Os'te  n-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  making 
an  ambitious  display ;  pretentious 
parade. 


Syn.  —  Parade;  pomp;  pompousness; 
vaunting  ;  boasting.  See  Parade. 
OS'TEN-TA'TIOUS,  a.  1.  Fond  of  ex¬ 
cessive  or  offensive  display.  2.  Pre¬ 
tentious^  [vain  nl;play. 

OS'TEN-TA'TIOUS-LY,  adv.  With 
OS'TE-ol'o-ger,  In.  One  who  de- 
OS'TE-OL'O-GIST,  J  scribes  the  bones 
of  animals. 


OS'TE-OL'O-GY',  n.  [Gr.  octtcof, bone, 
and  \6yos,  discourse.]  That  part  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  the  bones. 
(JST'LER,  n.  The  sameas Hostler. 
OS'TRA-£ISM,  11.  [Gr.  ocTTpa/aeTjads; 
fr.  barpaicov,  a  tile,  a  voting  tablet.] 
Banishment ;  expulsion  ;  separation. 
OS'tra-^ize,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To 
exile  ;  to  banish  ;  to  exclude  from  co- 
w  ciety  ;  to  put  under  ban. 

Os'trich,  n.  [Fr. 
autruche,  fr.  Lat. 
avis  struthio ; 
struthio,  an  os¬ 
trich.]  A  large 
bird,  having  long 
legs  and  short 
wings.  It  is  re¬ 
markable  for  its 
w  speed. 

OT'A-GOUS'TIO,  a. 

[Gr.  ou5,  wtos,  an 
ear,  and  olkovcttl-  Ostrich. 

K05,  belonging  to  hearing.]  Assisting 
the  sense  of  hearing. 

Oth'er  (hth'er)  pron.  &  a.  [A.-S. 

odder.]  1.  Additional ;  'second  of 
.  two.  2.  Not  this,  but  the  contrary. 
Oth'er-wi§e,  adv.  In  a  different 
w  manner ;  in  different  respects. 
(JT'tar,  n.  [See  Attar.]  A  highly 
fragrant  oil  obtained  from  the  rose. 
Ot'ter,  n.  [A.-S. 
otor,  oter.]  An 
amphibious  car¬ 
nivorous  animal 
w  of  several  species. 

OT'TO,  n.  Same  as 
Ottar. 

OT'TO-MAN,  a.  [From 
Othoman  or  Othman .] 


Otter. 

the  Sultan 
Pertaining 


to  Turkey.  —  n.  (150)  1.  A  Turk. 
2.  A  stuffed  seat  without  a  back. 

OUCH,  n.  [L.  Lat.  nusca,  nochia, 
clasp,  necklace.]  A  bezel,  or  socket, 

^  in  which  a  gem  is  set. 

OUGHT  (awt),  n.  See  AUGHT.  —  v. 
imperfect.  [Orig.  the  preterit  tense 
of  the  verb  to  owe.  It  is  used  in  all 
persons,  both  in  the  present  and  past 
tenses.]  Is  fit,  proper,  or  necessary  ; 

—  used  impersonally. 

Syn.  —  Should.  —  Both  ought  and 
should  imply  obligation,  but  ought  is  the 
stronger.  Should  denotes  an  obligation 
of  propriety,  expediency,  & c.  :  ought  de¬ 
notes  an  obligation  of  duty.  We  should 
be  neat  in  our  persons  :  we  should  avoid 
giving  offense.  We  ought  to  speak  truth; 
we  ought  to  obey  the  laws. 

0UN<^E,  n.  [Lat.  uncia,  a  twelfth  of  a 
pound  and  of  a  foot.]  1.  The  twelfth 
part  of  a  pound  troy,  and  the  six¬ 
teenth  of  a  pound  avoirdupois.  2.  A 
carnivorous  animal. 

Our,  possessive  pron.  [A.-S.  fire,  fr. 
ms.]  Pertaining  to  us.  See  I. 

«23“  When  the  noun  is  not  expressed, 
ours  (not  our)  is  used. 

Our-self'  (149),  pron.  1.  We;  ua; 

—  by  way  of  emphasis,  chiefly  in  the 
pi.  2.  Myself;  used  reciprocally, 
chiefly  in  the  regal  or  formal  style, 
and  generally  in  the  singular. 

Oust  (owst),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  oster.]  1.  To  take  away.  2.  To 
eject;  to  turn  out.  [ejection. 

Oust'er  (owst'er),  n.  Dispossession  ; 

Out,  adv.  [A.-S.  fu.]  Without;  on 
the  outside ;  not  within  ;  on  the  ex¬ 
terior,  or  beyond  the  limits  of  any 
inclosed  place  or  given  line  ;  —  op¬ 
posed  to  in  or  within;  used  in  a 
variety  of  special  senses.  —  inter  j- 
Aw'ay  ;  off ;  begone. 

0UT-A~€T',  v.  t.  To  do  or  go  beyond. 

Out-bid',  v.  t.  To  bid  more  than. 

Out'bound,  a.  Destined  to  a  distant 
country  or  port.  [eruption. 

Out'break,  n.  A  bursting  forth; 

Out'-build'ing,  ii.  A  building  sep¬ 
arate  from  the  main  building ;  an 
outhouse. 

Out'burst,  n.  A  bursting  out. 

Out'cast,  n.  One  who  is  cast  out; 
an  exile  ;  a  vagabond. 

Out'GOME,  n.  Issue;  result. 

OUT'GROP,  n.  The  coming  out  of  a 
stratum  to  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

Out-crop',  v.  i.  To  come  out  to  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  as  strata. 

OUT'CRY,  ii.  1.  A  loud  cry  ;  a  cry  of 
distress.  2.  Noisy  opposition. 

0bT-DO',  V.  t.  [-DID  ;  -DONE  ;  -DO¬ 
ING.]^  To  excel ;  to  surpass. 

Out-doors',  adv.  Abroad ;  out  of 
the  house. 

Out'er,  a.  [ compar .  of  out.]  Being 
on  the  outside  ;  external. 

OUT'ER-MOST,  a.  [svperl.,fr.  outer.] 
Being  on  the  extreme  external  part. 

Out-fa^e',  v.  t.  To  look  out  of  coun¬ 
tenance. 

Out'fit,  n.  A  fitting  out,  as  of  a 
ship  for  a  voyage  ;  hence,  an  allow¬ 
ance  for  paying  special  expenses. 

Out-g£n'er-al,  v.  t.  To  gain  ad- 


OUTGO 

vantage  over  by  superior  military 
skill,  &c. 

i)UT-GO',  V.  t.  [-WENT  ;  -GONE  ; 

-GOING.]  1.  To  go  faster  than.  2. 
To  surpass ;  to  excel.  3.  To  circum¬ 
vent. 

Out'GO,  n.  Outlay  ;  expenditure. 

Out'go-ing,  n.  1.  Act  or  state  of 
going  out.  2.  Expense ;  outlay.  3. 
Limit :  border  ;  eud. 

OUT-GROW',t'./.  [-GREW;  -GROWN; 
-GROWING.]  1.  To  surpass  iu 
growth.  2.  To  become  too  large,  or 
too  old  for  use  or  exhibition. 

OUT'GROWTU,  n.  That  which  has 
grown  out  from  any  thing  ;  result. 

OUT'GUARD,  n.  A  guard  at  a  distance 
from  the  main  body  of  an  army. 

Out-HLr'OD,  v.  t.  To  surpass  iu  vi¬ 
olence  or  cruelty. 

Out'-house,  n.  A  small  building  a 
little  way  from  the  main  house. 

Out-lXnd'ish,  a.  Not  according  with 
usage ;  strange  ;  rude  ;  barbarous. 

Out-last',  v.  1.  To  last  longer  than. 

Out'law,  n.  One  excluded  from  the 
benefit  of  the  law.  —  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  deprive  of  the  benefit  and 
protection  of  law. 

Out'law-ry,  n.  Act  of  putting  a 
man  out,  of  the  protection  of  law. 

OUT'LAY,  71.  1.  A  laying  out  or  ex¬ 

pending.  2.  That  which  is  laid  out. 

Out'let.  n.  Place  or  means  by  which 
any  thing  is  let  out ;  exit. 

Out'line,  7i.  1.  Exterior  line  of  a 

figure ;  contour.  2.  A  sketch  ;  de¬ 
lineation  of  a  figure  without  shad¬ 
ing.  3.  A  preliminary  or  general  in¬ 
dication. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
draw  in  outline  ;  to  sketch. 

OUT-LIVE',  v.  t.  To  live  longer  than  ; 
to  survive. 

Out'lo'ok,  n.  1.  Act  of  looking  out, 
or  place  from  which  one  looks  out. 
2.  Prospect ;  sight ;  view. 

Out'LY-ing,  a.  1.  Being  at  a  dis¬ 
tance  from  the  main  body  or  design. 
2.  Being  on  the  exterior  or  frontier. 

OUT-MARCH',  v.  t.  To  march  faster 
than ;  to  march  so  as  to  leave  be¬ 
hind. 

Out-meas'ure  (-mgzh'ur),  v.  t.  To 
exceed  in  measure  or  extent. 

Out-num'ber,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in 
number. 

OUT'-OF-THE-WAY'.a.  Different  or 
remote  from  the  ordinary  way  ;  un¬ 
common  ;  unusual ;  singular. 

Out'post,  71.  1.  A  station  at  a  dis¬ 
tance  from  the  main  body  of  an 
army.  2.  Troops  at  such  a  station. 

Out-pour',  v.  t.  To  pour  out;  to 
!  send  forth  in  a  stream. 

OUT'RAGE  (126),  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[See  the  n.]  To  treat  with  violence 
and  wrong.  —  n.  [L.  Lat.  ultragium, 
from  Lat.  ultra ,  beyond.]  Injurious 
!  violence  ;  gross  injury. 

Syn. —  Affront;  insult;  abuse. 

Out-ra'geoOs,  a.  Involving  or  per¬ 
forming  an  outrage  ;  exceeding  all 
bounds. 

5  Syn.  —  Violent ;  furious  ;  exorbitant. 

299 

Out-ra'geoGs-ly,  adv.  In  an  out¬ 
rageous  manner. 

Out-ride',  v.  t.  To  ride  faster  than. 

—  v.  i.  To  travel  about. 

Out'ri  d-er,  n.  A  servant  on  horse¬ 
back  who  attends  a  carriage. 

OUT'RIG-GER,  «.  A  projecting  spar  or 
piece  for  extending  ropes  or  sails,  &c. 

Out'right  (out'rlt),  adv.  1.  Imme¬ 
diately  ;  at  once;  instantly.  2.  Com¬ 
pletely  ;  utterly. 

Out-run',  v.  t.  [-ran  ;  -run  ;  -run¬ 
ning.]  1.  To  exceed  in  running.  2. 
To  exceed  in  degree,  quality,  &c. 

OUT-SELL',  V.  t.  [-SOLD;  -SELL¬ 
ING.]  To  exceed  in  amount  of  sales 
or  in  prices.  [ning. 

Out'set,  7i.  First  attempt  or  begin- 

Out'side ,  71.  1.  External  part;  exte¬ 

rior.  2.  Furthest  limit ;  the  utmost. 
3.  One  who,  or  that  which,  is  with¬ 
out.  —  a.  On  the  outside ;  external. 

Out'sId-er,  ti.  One  not  belonging  to 
the  concern,  party ,  & c.,  spoken  of. 

Out'skirt,  ti.  Border;  suburb. 

Out-spread',  v.  t.  To  extend ;  to 
spread. 

Out-stand',  v.  i.  [-stood  ;  -stand¬ 
ing.]  1.  To  project  outward.  2. 
To  remain  unpaid,  as  a  debt,  &c. 

Out-str£tch',  v.  t.  To  stretch  or 
spread  out ;  to  expand. 

Out-strip',  v.  t.  To  outrun  ;  to  ad¬ 
vance  beyond. 

Out-talk'  (-tawlU),  v.  t.  To  over¬ 
power  by  talking. 

Out-VIE',  v.  t.  To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

Out-vote',  v.  t.  To  exceed  in  the 
number  of  votes  given. 

Out- walk'  (-wawk),  v.  t.  To  walk 
faster  than  ;  to  leave  behind  in  walk¬ 
ing. 

Out'wall,  n.  Exterior  wall. 

OUT'ward,  a.  1.  Forming  the  su¬ 
perficial  part ;  exterior.  2.  Extrin¬ 
sic  ;  adventitious.  3.  Tending  to 
the  exterior  part. 

Syn.  —  Outer;  visible;  external ;  for¬ 
eign;  public;  carnal;  corporeal. 

—  adv.  1.  To  the  outer  parts.  2. 
To  some  foreign  region. 

Out'ward-ly,  adv  Externally. 

Out'wards, adv.  See  Outward. 

Out-watch'  (-wotch'),  v.  t.  To  sur¬ 
pass  in  watching. 

Out-wear',  v.  t.  [-wore  ;  -worn  ; 
-WEARING.]  To  wear  longer  than. 

OUT-WEIGH'  (-wa/),  v.  t.  To  exceed 
in  weight  or  in  importance. 

OUT-WIT',  v.  t.  To  surpass  in  design 
pr  cunning  ;  to  overreach. 

Out'work  (-work),  ti.  A  part  of  a 

_  fortress  without  the  principal  wall. 

0'VAL,a.  [Lat.  ovum,  egg.] 

1.  Resembling  the  lcngi-  /  \ 

tudinal  section  of  an  egg.  /  \ 

2.  Elliptical.  —  ti.  A  body/  \ 

in  the  shape  of  an  egg,  orl  i 

of  an  ellipse.  V  J 

0-  VA'RI-  I'M.  71.  ;  pi.  O-  VAf- 

R I- A .  [Lat.]  An  ovary.  Oval. 

O'VA-RY,  ti.  [From  Lat.  ovum,  egg. 

1.  That  part  of  the  pistil  which  con¬ 
tains  the  seed.  2.  Organ  of  a  female 
animal  in  which  the  eggs  are  formed. 

OVERCOME 

O'vate,  a.  Egg-shaped,  with  th 
lower  extremities  broadest. 

O-VA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  ovatio,  fr.  ovare , 
to  exult.]  1.  (Rom.  Antiq.)  A  lesser 
triumph  allowed  to  a  commander. 

.  2.  An  expression  of  popular  homage. 

Ov'£N,  ti.  [A.-S.  ofen.}  An  arched 
_  place,  for  baking,  heating,  &c. 

O'VER ,prep.  [A.-S.  oftr.\  1.  Across; 
from  side  to  side.  2.  Above,  in  place. 

3.  Above,  denoting  superiority  in  ex¬ 
cellence,  &c.  4.  Upon  the  surface; 

through  the  whole  extent.  5.  Dur¬ 
ing  the  whole  time. 

Syn. —  Under.  —  It  has  always  been 

English  usage  to  say  “  under  one’s  sig¬ 
nature,1’  as  we  say  “  under  one’s  hand,” 
u  under  one’s  seal.”  Some,  in  this  coun¬ 
try,  have  imagined  ‘•‘•over  one’s  signa¬ 
ture”  to  be  more  correct,  not  considering 
that  the  reference  is  to  the  paper  con¬ 
taining  the  instrument  or  mass  of 
thought  to  be  verified.  This  is  under 
the  hand  in  signing,  as  it  is  under  the 
seal  when  affixed,  though,  in  either  case, 
the  written  words  may  be  above.  Thus 
the  three  phrases  all  stand  on  the  same 
footing,  and  if  one  is  changed,  all  must 
be  changed. 

—  adv.  1.  From  side  to  side.  2. 

On  the  opposite  side.  3.  From  one 
to  another  by  passing.  4.  From  one 
country  to  another,  by  passing.  5. 

Above  the  top.  6.  More  than  the 
quantity  assigned.  7.  Throughout. 

_ — a.  Upper;  covering. 

O'ver-Xct',  v.  t.  To  act  or  perform 
to  excess.  — v.  i.  To  act  more  than 
_  is  necessary. 

O'VER-ALLg,  ti.  pi.  A  kind  of  loose 
trowsers  worn  over  others. 

O'VER-awe',  v.  t.  To  restrain  by  awe. 
0/VER-BAL'AN9E,  v.  t.  To  exceed  in 
weight  or  value. 

0'VER-BAL/AN9E  (119),  71.  Excess 
of  weight  or  value. 

O'VER-BeAr',  V.  t.  [-BORE  ;  -BORNE  ; 
-bearing.]  To  bear  down  ;  to  re¬ 
press  ;  to  subdue. 

Over-beAr'ING,  p.  a.  Haughty  and 
dogmatical ;  tending  to  repress  by 
insolence  or  effrontery. 

O'VER-BID',  V.  7.  [-BADE  ;  -BID  Or 

-bidden  ;  -bidding.]  To  offer 
_  more  than  an  equivalent. 

O'VER -BOARD'',  adv.  Out  of  a  ship 
or  from  on  board. 

O'ver-bOr'den  (-bur'dn),  v.  t.  To  • 
load  with  too  great  weight. 

0/VER-CAST',  v.  t.  [-cast;  -cast¬ 
ing.]  1.  To  cloud;  to  darken.  2. 

To  rate  too  high.  3.  To  sew  over 
and  over. 

0/ver-chAr6e',  v.  t.  1.  To  load 
with  too  heavy  a  charge  ;  to  burden. 

2.  To  make  too  great  a  charge  of,  or 
against. 

O'VER-CHAR&E',  ti.  1.  An  excessive 
load.  2.  A  charge  of  more  than  is 
just.  [clouds. 

0'VER-CLOUD',  v.  t.  To  cover  with 
O'VER-COAT,  ti.  A  coat  worn  over 
the  other  clothing. 

0'VER-COME'  (-khm'),  V.  t.  [-CAME  ; 

-COME  ;  -COMING-]  To  get  the  bet¬ 
ter  of. 

Syn.  —  To  conquer.  —  To  overcome  is 

!  OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  took;  Orn,  RUE,  PtyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,6,  soft;  c,  G,  hard;  A£  ;  ejist;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 

OVERDO 


OVULE 


to  gain  the  superiority  or  mastery  in  any 
trial  of  strength;  to  conquer  is  to  over¬ 
power  and  bring  under  our  control. 

—  v.  x.  To  gain  the  superiority. 
0'VER-DO',  V.  t.  [-DID  ;  -BONE  ; 
-DOING.]  1.  To  do  too  much.  2. 
To  harass ;  to  fatigue.  3.  To  cook 
too  much.  — v.  i.  To  labor  too  hard. 
0'VER-DOSE',  n.  Too  great  a  dose. 
O'VER-DRAW',  V.  t.  [-DREW; 

-drawn";  -drawing.]  To  draw 
_  upon  for  a  sum  beyond  one’s  credit. 
O'ver-drTve',  v.  t.  &  x.  To  drive 
too  hard  or  beyond  strength. 
O'VER-DUE',  a.  Past  the  time  of 
_  payment. 

O'VER-FEED',  V.  t.  [-FED;  -FEED- 
_  ING.]  To  feed  to  excess. 
O'VER-flow',  v.  t.  To  flow  over  ;  to 
inundate  ;  to  overwhelm.  — v.  i.  1. 
_  To  run  over.  2  To  be  abundant. 
O'VER-flow'  (119),  n.  An  inunda- 
_  tion  ;  also,  superabundance. 
O'ver-flow'ing,  n.  Exuberance ; 
copiousness. 

0'VER-GROW',  V.  t.  [-GREW  ; 
-GROWN  ;  -GROWING.]  1.  To  cover 
with  herbage.  2.  To  grow  beyoud. 

• —  v.  x.  To  grow  beyond  the  fit  or 
_  natural  size. 

Over-hang',  v.  t.  [-hung  ;  -hang- 
_  ING.]  To  hang  or  project  over. 
O'VER-HAUL',  v.  t.  1.  To  examine 
thoroughly  with  a  view  to  repairs. 
2.  To  gain  upon  in  a  chase  ;  to  over- 
_  take. 

O'VER-head',  ad v.  Aloft ;  above. 
O'VER-HE  AR',  v.  t.  [-HEARD  ;  -HEAR- 
_  ING.]  To  hear  by  accident. 
Over-joy',  v.  t.  To  make  excess- 
_  ively  joyful. 

O'ver-land',  a.  Made  or  performed 
_  on  or  across  the  land. 

Over-lay',  v.  t.  [-laid  ;  -lay¬ 
ing.]  .To  lay  over;  to  spread  over  ; 
_  to  cover  completely. 

O'ver-lEap',  v.  t.  To  leap  over. 
O'ver-lEath'er,  n.  Upper-leather 
_  of  a  shoe. 

O'ver-lie',  V.  t.  [-lay;  -lain; 
_  -LYING.]  To  lie  over  or  upon.  [ily. 
Over-load'^  v.  t.  To  load  too  heav- 
0'VER-LOOK',  v.  t.  To  look  over  or 
beyond  as  from  an  elevated  position  ; 
specifically ,  (a.)  To  inspect;  hence, 
to  review,  (b.)  To  neglect;  to  pass 
by.  (c.)  To  excuse  ;  to  pardon,  (d.) 
To  look  over  the  shoulder  of. 
O'ver-mas'ter,  v.  t.  To  overpower  ; 
_  to  subdue. 

Over-match',  v.  t.  To  be  too  pow- 
_  erful  for ;  to  conquer ;  to  subdue. 
O'ver-maxciF,  n.  One  superior  in 
_  power ;  'one  able  to  overcome. 

O'ver -much',  adv.  In  too  great  a 

_  degree.  —  n.  More  than  sufficient. 
O'VE R-NIGHT'  (-nit'),  n.  The  night 
following  yesterday.  — adv.  During 
the  night  previous  ;  last  night. 
O'VER-PAY',  V.  t.  [-PAID;  -PAYING.] 
To  pay  too  much  or  more  than  is  due. 
O'ver-plOs,  n.  [over  and  Lat.  plus.] 
more.]  That  which  remains  after  a 
supply  ;  surplus. 

0'ver-poi§e',  v.  t.  To  out-weigh. 


300 

0'VER-POW'ER,  v.  t.  1.  To  affect 
with  a  power  that  cannot  be  borne. 

_  2.  To  vanquish  by  force,  [overwhelm. 
O'ver -press',  v.  t.  To  crush  ;  to 
O' ver -prize',  v.  t.  To  prize  at  too 
_  high  a  rate.  [ly. 

O'ver-rate',  v.  t.  To  rate  too  high- 
O'ver-reach',  v.  t.  1.  To  reach  or 
extend  beyond.  2.  To  get  the  better 
_  of ;  to  cheat. 

O'VER-RIDE',  V.  t.  [-RODE  ;  -RID¬ 
DEN,  -RODE,  or  -RID  ;  -RIDING.]  1. 
To  rile  beyond  the  strength  of  the 
horse.  2.  To  ride  too  far,  or  beyond. 
_  3.  To  set  aside  or  annul. 
O'ver-rule',  v.  t.  1.  To  influence  or 
control  by  predominant  power.  2. 
To  set  aside,  reject,  annul,  or  rule 
against. 

O'ver-rijl'ing,  p.  a.  Exerting  su¬ 
perior  and  controlling  power. 

Syn. —  Prevailing;  predominant;  prev¬ 
alent. 

O'VER-rOn',  V.  t.  [-RAN  ;  -RUN  ;  -RUN¬ 
NING.]  1.  To  run  or  spread  over; 
to  grow  all  over.  2.  To  overcome  by 
an  iuvasion.  3.  To  subdue;  to  op- 
press.  4.  To  change  the  arrangement 
of,  as  of  type,  and  carry  those  of  one 
line  into  another.  —  v.  x.  1.  To  run 
over;  to  overflow.  2.  [Print.)  To 
extend  beyond  its  due  or  desired 
length. 

O'VER-SEE',  v.  t.  [-saw;  -seen; 

-SEEING.]  To  superintend  ;  to  over- 
_  look.  [supervisor. 

O'ver-seer',  n.  A  superintendent ;  a 
O'VER-SET',  V.  t.  or  i.  [-SET  ;  -SET¬ 
TING.]  To  turn  on  the  side,  or  bot- 
_  tom  upward.  [shade. 

O'ver-shade',  v.  t.  To  cover  with 
O'VER-shad'ow,  v.  t.  1.  To  throw 
a  shadow  over  ;  to  overshade.  2.  To 
_  shelter  ;  to  protect. 

O' ver-shoe  (-shoo),  n.  A  water- 
_  proof  shoe,  worn  over  another. 
0/VER-SHOOT','l\  t.  [-SHOT  ;  -SHOOT¬ 
ING.]  1.  To  shoot  beyond,  as  a 
mark.  2.  To  pass  swiftly  over. 

Overshot  wheel,  one  which  is  turned  by 
water  which  shoots  over,  or  Hows  upon 
the  top  of  it. 

O'ver-sTgiit  (o'ver-slt),  n.  1.  Watch¬ 
ful  care.  2.  An  overlooking ;  omis¬ 
sion.  [or  by. 

O'VER -SLEEP',  v.  t.  To  sleep  beyond 
Over-spread',  v.  t.  [-spread; 

-SPREADING.]  1.  To  spread,  or 
_  to  cover  over.  2.  To  scatter  over. 
O'VER-state',  v.  t.  To  state  in  too 
strong  terms  ;  to  exaggerate. 
O'ver-step',  v.  t.  To  step  over  or 
_  beyond. 

O'VE  r-str AIN',  v.  i.  To  strain  to  ex- 
_  cess ;  to  make  too  violent  efforts. 
O'VERT,  a.  [0.  Fr.  overt ,  p.  p.  of 
ovrir ,  to  open.]  1.  Open  to  view ; 
public;  apparent.  2.  (Law.)  Not 
_  covert ;  open  ;  manifest. 
O'VER-TAKE',  V.  t.  [-TOOK  ;  -TAK¬ 
EN  ;  -TAKING.]  1.  To  come  up 
with  ;  to  catch.  2.  To  come  upon 
by  surprise.  [heavy  a  task  on. 

O'VER-TASK',  v.  t.  To  impose  too 
0'VER-THROW',  V.  t.  [-THREW; 


-THROWN;  -THROWING.]  1.  Tfl 
throw  over  ;  to  turn  upside  down.  2. 
To  ruin  ;  to  defeat  utterly. 

Syn.  —  See  Demolish. 
O'ver-throw'  (119),  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  overturned. 

Syn.—  Subversion;  ruin;  destruction; 
defeat;  downfall. 

O'vert-ly,  adv.  Publicly  ;  openly- 
O'ver-top',  v.  t.  To  exceed  in 
_  height ;  to  transcend  ;  to  excel. 

O've R -trade',  v.  i.  To  purchase 
_  goods  beyond  the  means  of  payment. 
O' vert-ure  (53),  n.  [0.  Fr.  See 
Overt.]  1.  A  proposal;  an  offer. 
2.  A  topic  or  resolution  proposed  for 
consideration  by  a  proper  person  or 
committee.  3.  (Mxts.)  An  introduc¬ 
tory  composition,  for  a  full  instru- 
_  mental  band. 

O'ver-tiIrn',  v.  t.  1.  To  turn  or 
throw  from  a  foundation.  2.  To 
ruin  ;  to  destroy7. 

Syn.  —  Sec  Demolish. 
O'ver-tOrn'  (119),  n  State  of  being 
_  overturned  :  overthrow. 

O'VER  -val'UE  ,  v.  t.  To  value  ex¬ 
cessively  . 

O'ver-ween',  v.  i .  [See  Ween.]  1. 
To  be  too  favorable  or  flattering  in 
one’s  judgment.  2.  To  be  arrogant 
_  in  one’s  claims. 

O'VER- WEIGH'  (-wa'),  v.  t.  To  exceed 
_  in  weight ;  to  outweigh. 

O'VER- WEIGHT'  (-wat'),  n.  1.  Weight 
above  what  is  required.  2.  Prepon- 
_  derance. 

O'VER -WHELM',  v.  t.  1.  To  over¬ 
spread  and  crush.  2.  To  immerse 
_  and  bear  down. 

O'VEH-WHELM'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a 
_  manner  to  overwhelm. 

O'VER -WORK'  (-wurk'),  V.  X.  &  t. 
[-WORKED,  or  -WROUGHT  ; 
-working.]  To  work  beyond  the 
strength  ;  to  tire. 

0-Vl€'u-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  ovum ,  an  egg.] 
_  Pertaining  to  an  egg. 

O'vi-duut,  n.  [Lat.  ovum ,  egg,  and 
ductus ,  duct.]  A  passage  for  the  egg 
_  from  the  ovary7. 

O'VI-form,  a.  [Lat.  ovum,  egg,  and 
forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of 
_  an  egg. 

O'VINE,  a.  [Lat.  oviiius  ;  avis,  sheep.] 
Pertaining  I  o,  or  consisting  of,  sheep. 
0-viP'A-ROfis,  a.  [Lat.  oviparus ; 
ovum,  egg,  and  pnrere,  to  bring 
forth.]  Producing  eggs,  from  which 
_  young  are  hatched. 

O' vi-po-ri'tion  (-po-zlsh'un),  n. 
[Lat.  ovum ,  an  egg,  and  ponere,  posi- 
tum,  to  lay.]  The  laying  of  eggs, 
_  especially  by  insects. 

O'vi-sag,  n.  [Lat.  ovum,  egg,  and 
sneexis,  a  sack.]  The  cavity  in  an 
ovary  which  contains  the  egg. 
O'void,  I  a.  [Lat.  ovum, 
0-void'al,  )  egg,  and  Gr. 
elfios,  shape.]  Having  the 
shape  of  an  egg. 

0'VO-LO,  xx.  [Lat.  ovum ,  an 
egg.]  A  round  molding, 
the  quarter  of  a  circle. 

O'VULE,  11.  [Dim.  of  Lat.  Ovoid. 


A,  E,  l,  o,u,  Y,  long;  A,  5,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask;  all,  W'HAT;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  SON, 


OVUM 

ovum ,  an  egg.]  Rudimentary  state 

-  of  a  seed. 

O'VUM,  n.  ;  pi.  o’  rX.  [Lat.]  An  egg. 

Owe  (o),  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 

agan,  to  have  or  possess.]  1.  To  be 
obliged  or  bound  to  pay.  2.  To  be 
obliged  to  ascribe  to.  —  v.  i.  To  be 
due  to ;  to  be  the  result  of. 

OWL,  n.  [A.-S.  hie.] 

A  well-known  noc¬ 
turnal  carnivorous 
bird. 

OWL'ER,  n.  One  who 
conveys  contraband 
goods. 

Owl'et,  n.  [Dim.  of 
owl.]  A  little  owl ; 
also,  an  owl.  Owl. 

Owl'ING,  n.  The  offense  of  trans¬ 
porting  wool  or  sheep  out  of  England 
contrary  to  the  statute. 

OwL'lSH,  a.  Resembling  an  owl. 

Own,  a.  [0.  Eng.  owen,  A.-S.  agen , 
p.  pr.  of  agan,  to  possess.]  Relong¬ 
ing  to;  peculiar.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
1.  To  have  a  legal  or  rightful  title 
to.  2.  To  acknowledge  the  possession 
of.  3.  To  avow  as  one’s  own. 

Syn.  —  To  have;  possess;  recognize; 
confess. 

Own'er,  n.  A  rightful  proprietor. 

Own'er-ship,  n.  State  of  being  an 
owner ;  proprietorship. 


301 

OX,  n. ;  pi.  ox'bn  (tiks'n).  [A.-S.  oxa, 
ohsa.)  A  castrated  male  of  the  bo- 

w  vine  genus  of  quadrupeds. 

Ox-Xl'ic,  a.  [Or.  o£ aAts,  a  sort  of 
sorrel,  from 6£u's,  sharp.]  Pertaining 
to  sorrel. 

t)X'I-DATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
convert  into  an  oxide,  as  metals,  &c. 

Ox'i-da'tion,  n.  Operation  of  con¬ 
verting  into  an  oxide. 

Ox'ide,  n.  [See  p.  xx,  §  161.]  A  com¬ 
pound  of  oxygen  and  a  base  desti¬ 
tute  of  acid  and  salifying  proper¬ 
ties. 

B5/~  This  word  has  been  variously  writ¬ 
ten  oxide ,  oxyd,  oxyde,  and  oxid.  It  was 
at  first  spelled  oxide ,  the  first  syllable  of 
Fr.  ox y gene,  being  prefixed  to  the  last 
syllable  of  acide,  to  denote  a  substance, 
not  acid,  formed  by  the  combination  of 
some  simple  body  with  oxygen. 

Ox'id-Tze,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
convert  into  an  oxide ;  to  oxidate. 

OX'Y-GEN,  n.  [Gr.  o£u?,  sharp,  acid, 
and  yeveiv,  to  generate; — as  it  was 
orig.  supposed  to  be  an  essential  part 
of  every  acid.]  A  gaseous  element, 
which  forms  about  22  per  cent,  of  the 
atmosphere.  By  composition  with 
hydrogen,  it  forms  water. 

5x'y-gen-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  cause  to  combine  with  oxygen. 

Ox'  Y-GEN-A'TION,  ii.  Act  or  process 
of  combining  with  oxygen. 


FAD 

OX'Y-GEN-IZE,  V.  t.  [-EDJ  -ING.] 
To  convert  into  an  oxide. 

Ox-YTG'EN-oOs,  a.  Pertaining  to  ox- 

v ygen. 

OX/y-iiy'dro-6en,  a.  Relating  to  a 
combination  of  oxygen  and  hydro- 

w  gen. 

OX'Y-MEL,  n.  [Gr.  o£v>eAi,-  o£v?, 
acid,  and  /ue'Ai,  honey.]  A  mixture 
of  vinegar  and  honey. 

OX'Y-TONE,  a.  [Gr.  o^urovos ;  6£v<r, 
sharp,  and  tovos,  tone.]  Having  an 
acute  sound.  — n.  1.  An  acute  sound. 
2.  (  Gr.  Gram.)  A  word  having  the 
acute  accent  on  the  last  syllable. 

O'YER,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.,  hearing.]  The 

_  hearing,  as  of  a  deed,  bond,  &c. 

O'yez  (o'yes),  inter j.  [0.  Fr.  oyez , 
hear  ye.]  Hear ;  attend  ;  —  a  term 
used  by  criers  of  courts  to  secure 
silence  and  attention  before  making 
a  proclamation. 

OYS'TER,  n.  [Lat.  ostrea,  Gr.  ocrrpeov, 
allied  to  otrre'o v,  bone.]  A  mollusk 
having  a  bivalve  shell,  much  used  for 
food. 

Oys'TER-PlXnt,  n.  A  plant,  the 
root  of  which,  when  cooked,  resem¬ 
bles  the  oyster  in  taste  ;  salsify. 

0'ZONE,  n.  [Gr.  o<feiv,  to  smell,  be¬ 
cause  it  is  attended  by  a  peculiar 
smell.]  Oxygen  in  an  active  or  elec¬ 
tro-negative  state. 


P(pe)  is  the  twelfth  consonant,  and 
the  sixteenth  letter  of  the  alpha¬ 
bet.  See  Prin.  of  Pron.  §§  84,  85. 
PXb'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  pabularis.]  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  affording,  food. 
Pab'u-lOm,  n.  [Lat.,  fr  pnscere ,  to 
feed.]  1.  Food.  2.  Fuel. 

PA9E,  n.  [Lat.  passus ,  orig.  a  stretch¬ 
ing  out  of  the  feet  in  walking.]  1. 
A  step  ;  esp.,  the  space  between  the 
two  feet  in  walking,  about  feet.  2. 
Manner  of  walking  ;  gait.  3.  A  mode 
of  stepping  among  horses,  in  which 
the  legs  on  the  same  side  are  lifted 
together. — v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  go  ;  to  walk.  2.  To  walk  slowly. 
3.  To  move  by  lifting  the  legs  on  the 
same  side  together,  as  a  horse ;  to 
amble.  — v.  t.  1.  To  walk  over  with 
measured  steps.  2.  To  measure  by 
paces. 

PaNjer,  n.  One  who,  or  a  horse  that, 
paces. 

PA-9HA',  or  PX'^ha,  n.  [Fr.]  See 
Pasha.  [shalic. 

PA-9HA'Ll€(-shaw'-),  w.  Same  as  Pa- 
PXCH'Y-DERM,  11.  [Gr.  naxvbeppo^, 
thick-skinned.]  A  non  ruminant 
hoofed  animal,  having  a  thick  skin, 
as  the  elephant,  &c. 
PXch'y-derm'a-toOs,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  pachyderm. 

Pa-^Tf'IC,  a.  [Lat.  pacificus ;  pax, 
pads,  peace,  and  facere,  to  make.] 


1.  Suited  to  make  peace.  2.  Charac¬ 
terized  by  peace. 

Pa-^if't-ca'tion,  or  PX^'i-fi-ca'- 
TION,  11.  Act  of  pacifying;  reduc¬ 
tion  to  a  peaceful  state. 

PA-^IF'I-CA'TOR,  or  PX^'I-FI-CA'- 
TOR,  11.  A  peace-maker. 

PA-giF'i-GA-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Tending 
to  make  peace. 

PX^'I-fI'ER,  n.  One  who  pacifies. 

PX9G-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  padficare.  See  Pacific.]  1. 
To  appease,  as  wrath  or  any  violent 
passion.  2.  To  restore  peace  to. 

PXck,  n.  [Cf.  Bag.]  1.  A  bundle  or 
bale.  2.  A  number  of  connected  or 
similar  things  ;  as,  (a.)  A  set  of  play¬ 
ing  cards.  ( b .)  A  number  of  dogs 
kept  for  hunting.  3.  A  large  area  of 
floating  pieces  of  ice  driven  together. 
—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  make 
up  into  a  bundle.  2.  To  fill  or  load. 
3.  To  bring  together  unfairly,  so  as 
to  attain  some  unjust  end.  4.  To 
send  off;  to  dispatch.  —  v.i.  1.  To 
form  things  into  packs.  2.  To  admit 
of  stowage.  3.  To  unite  in  bad  meas¬ 
ures.  4.  To  depart  in  haste. 

PXck'age,  n  1.  A  bundle;  a  pack¬ 
et ;  a  bale.  2.  A  charge  for  packing 
goods. 

PXcK'ET.n.  [See  Pack.]  1.  A  small 
pack.  2.  A  vessel  for  conveying  dis¬ 
patches  and  passengers  or  goods.  — 


v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  ply  in  a  pack¬ 
et. 

PXCK'ET-SHlP,  n.  A  ship  that  sails 
regularly  between  distant  countries 
for  the  conveyance  of  dispatches, 
letters,  passengers,  &c. 

PXck'-horse,  n.  A  horse  to  carry 
packs  or  burdens. 

PXck'-man  (150),  n.  A  peddler. 

PXck'-sXd'dle,  n.  A  saddle  on 
which  packs  are  borne. 

PXck'-staff,  n.  A  staff  on  which  a 
traveler  supports  his  pack,  [parcels.  * 

PXck'-thread,  n.  Twine  to  tie  up 

PXck'wXx,  n.  A  large  tendon  in  the 
neck  of  an  animal. 

PXct,  n.  [Lat.  pactum .]  An  agree¬ 
ment  ;  a  compact ;  a  covenant. 

PXc'tion-AL,  a.  By  way  of  agree¬ 
ment. 

Pac-t'PtioDs  (-tish'us),  a.  [See 

Pact.]  Settled  by  agreement. 

PXd,  n.  [A.-S.  pad,  p'adh.  See 

Path.]  1  A  foot-path.  2.  An 
easy-paced  horse.  3.  A  highway¬ 
man.  4.  [Prob.  allied  to  Eng.  wad.] 
Any  thing  flattened  or  laid  flat.  6. 

A  package  of  blotting  paper.  6.  A 
soft,  stuffed  saddle,  cushion,  or  bol¬ 
ster.  —  V.t.  [-DED  ;  -DING.]  1.  To 
travel  ;  to  tread.  2.  To  tread  or 
ii-eat  smooth  or  level.  3.  To  stuff 
with  padding.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  travel 
slowly.  2.  To  rob  on  foot. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Orn,  RUE ,  pyLL  ;  E,I,  O  .silent ;  9,G  ,soft;  € ,  G ,  hard ;  A§;  EXIST;  3  as  NG;  this 


PADDING 

PXd'DING,  n.  1.  Act  of  making  a 
pad.  2.  Material  with  which  a  sad¬ 
dle,  &c.,  is  stuffed. 

PXd'dle,  v.  i.  [Dim.  of  pad,  to  go.] 
1.  To  beat  water  with  the  hands  or 
feet.  2.  To  propel  a  boat  with  a 
paddle. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
propel  by  an  oar  or  paddle.  —  n.  [See 
supra.]  1.  A  sort  of  short  oar.  2. 
Blade  of  an  oar  cr  weapon.  3.  One 
of  the  broad  boards  at  the  circum¬ 
ference  of  a  water-wheel. 

PXd'ule-wheel,  n.  A  water-wheel 
used  in  propelling  steamboats. 

Pad'dock,  n.  1.  [Augm.  of  A.-S. 
padde ,  frog,  toad.]  A  large  toad  or 

frog.  2.  [Corrupt,  fr.  parrock.]  A 
small  inclosure  under  pasture. 

PXd'dy,  n.  [From  St.  Patrick ,  the 
tutelar  saint  of  Ireland.]  An  Irish¬ 
man  ;  —  in  joke  or  contempt. 

PXd'lSck,  n.  [Prob.  because  it  was 
originally  a  lock  for  a  gate  opening  to 
a  pad  or  path.]  A  lock  having  a  sem¬ 
icircular  link  jointed  at  one  end.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  fasten  w.th 
a  padlock  ;  to  shut;  to  confine. 

PXd'u-a-soyQot-  pAd'u-soi),  n.  [Prob. 
from  Padua,  in  Italy,  and  Fr.  soic, 
silk.]  A  kind  of  silk  stuff. 

Pas'AN,  n.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  nacav,  a 
hymn,  orig.  in  honor  of  Haiav,  or 
Apollo.]  A  loud  and  joyous  song; 
a  song  of  triumph. 

P^e'o-ny,  n.  See  Peony. 

Pa'GAN,  n.  [Lat.  paganus ,  a  coun¬ 

tryman,  villager.]  One  who  wor¬ 
ships  false  gods. 

Syn.  —  Gentile  ;  heathen  ;  idolater.  — 
—  Gentile  was  applied  to  the  other  na¬ 
tions  of  the  earth  as  opposed  to  the  Jews. 
Pagan  was  the  name  given  to  idolaters 
in  the  early  Christian  church,  because 
the  villagers,  being  most  remote  from  the 
centers  of  instruction,  remained  for  a 
long  time  unconverted.  Heathen  has 
the  same  origin.  Pagan  is  now  more 
properly  applied  tc  rude  and  uncivilized 
idolaters,  while  heathen  embraces  all 
who  practice  idolatry. 

—  a.  Pertaining  to  the  worship  or 
worshipers  of  false  gods  ;  heathen  ; 
heathenish. 

Pa/g  AN-lgM,  n.  Heathenism. 

Pa'gan  ize,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
render  pagan  or  heathenish. 

PAGE,  n.  1.  [L.  Lat.  pagius,  fr.  Gr. 
naiSiov,  dim.  of  nais,  a  boy,  servant.] 
A  youthful  attendant  on  a  great 
person,  or  a  legislative  body.  2.  A 
contrivance  to  hold  up  the  skirt  of  a 
lady’s  dress.  3.  [Lat.  pagina,  from 
Lat.  pagere,  to  fasten,  compose.] 
One  side  of  a  leaf.  — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  number  the  pages  of. 

PXG'eant  (paj/ant  or  pa'jant),  n. 
[Prob.  fr.  A.-S.  pxceand,  deceiving, 
as  by  false  appearances.]  1.  Some¬ 
thing  showy,  without  stability.  2. 
A  spectacle  or  pompous  exhibition. 

PXg'EANT-ry  (pilj'ant-  or  pa'jant-), 
n.  Pompous  exhibition  or  specta¬ 
cle  ;  show. 

P.\6'i-nal,  a.  [See  Page.]  Consist- 
jng  of  pages. 

Pa'ging,  «.  The  markingof  the  pages 
of  a  book. 


Pagoda. 


302 

1  Pa-GO'da,  n.  [Hind. 
butkadah,  a  house 
of  idols.]  An  East¬ 
ern  temple  in 
which  idols  are 
worshiped. 

Pail,  n.  [L.  Ger. 
balje,D.  balie.]  An 
open  vessel  for  wa¬ 
ter,  miik,  &c. 

Pain,  n.  [Lat.  pse- 
na,  Gr.  noivrj.]  I.  Punishment  suf¬ 
fered  or  denounced.  2.  Sensation  of 
uneasiness  ;  bodily  distress  ;  suffer¬ 
ing.  3.  Mental  distress.  4.  Labor ; 
toilsome  effort ;  chiefly  in  the  plural. 

©S’"  Pains,  as  used  in  this  sense,  al¬ 
though  really  in  the  plural,  is  commonly 
used  as  a  singular  noun. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  afflict  or 
render  uneasy  in  body  or  mind. 

Syn.  —  To  trouble;  distress;  torment. 

P AIN'FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  pain;  occa¬ 

sioning  distress.  2.  Requiring  labor ; 
difficult.  [ner. 

Pain'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  painful  man- 

Pain'ful-ness,  n.  Uneasiness  or 
distress. 

PAI'NIM  (pateim),  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  pay- 
nim ,  fr.  Lat.  paganus.  See  PAGAN.] 
A  pagan  ;  an  infidel. 

Pain'less,  a.  Free  from  pain  or 
trouble.  [n.  4. 

PAlNg.  n.  Care  ;  trouble.  See  PAIN, 

PAlNg'TAK-lNG,  a.  Sparing  no  pains. 

—  n.  Careful  and  conscientious  ex¬ 
ertion. 

Paint,  n.  1.  Coloring  matter  used  in 
painting ;  pigment.  2.  A  cosmetic.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Fr.  peindre , 
peint,  fr.  Lat.  pingere,  pictum.]  1. 
To  apply  paint  to  ;  to  color.  2.  To 
represent  by  means  of  colors.  3.  To 
describe  vividly  ;  to  delineate. 

Syn. —  To  color;  picture;  portray. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  practice  painting.  2. 
To  color  one's  face. 

Paint'er,  n.  1.  One  whose  occupa¬ 
tion  is  to  paint.  2.  [Cf.  Ir.  painteir, 
a  net,  snare,  painte ,  a  lace,  cord.]  A 
rope  to  fasten  a  boat. 

PAINT'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  laying  on 
colors.  2.  Art  of  representing  ob¬ 
jects  by  means  of  colors ;  also,  vivid 
description.  3.  A  painted  picture. 

PAIR  (4),  n.  [Lat.  par ,  from  par,  a., 
equal.]  Two  things  of  a  kind,  simi¬ 
lar  in  form,  suited  to  each  other,  or 
used  together ;  a  couple ;  a  brace. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  Tobe  joined 
in  pairs  ;  to  couple.  2.  To  suit. 

To  pair  ojT,  to  make  an  arrangement 
with  one  of  an  opposite  opinion  by 
which  votes,  &c.,  of  Doth  are  withheld. 

PXl'a^e,  n.  [Lat.  palatium,  fr.  Pala- 
tium ,  a  hill  in  Rome,  on  which  Au¬ 
gustus  had  his  residence.]  A  mag¬ 
nificent  house  for  an  emperor,  a 
king,  &c. 

PXl'a-din,  n.  [L.  Lat .palatinus ;  pal¬ 
atium,  palace.]  An  eminent  knight. 

PXl'an-keen'  j  (-ken''),  n.  [Javan. 

PXl'AN-quin'  )  palangki,  Hind. 
phlki.]  A  covered  carriage  used  in 
the  East,  borne  on  men's  shoulders. 


PALINDROME 

PXLf A-TA-BLE ,  a.  Agreeable  to  the 
palate  or  taste  ;  savory. 

PXl'A-tal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  ut¬ 
tered  by  the  aid  of,  the  palate.  —  n. 
A  letter  pronounced  by  the  aid  of 
the  palate. 

Palmate ,  n.  [Lat .palatum.]  1.  The 
roof  of  the  mouth.  2.  Relish  ;  taste. 
3.  Mental  relish. 

Pa-la'tial,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  be¬ 
coming,  a  palace.  [atine. 

Pa-lXt'I-nate,  v.  Province  of  a  pal- 

PXl'A-tTne,  a.  1.  [Lat.  palatinus ,  fr. 
palatium,  palace.]  Pertaining  to  a 
palace,  or  to  a  high  officer  of  a  palace. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  palate.  —  n.  A 
count  possessing  royal  jurisdiction. 

Pa-la'ver,  n.  [Sp.  palabra,  a  word, 
from  Gr.  napa^oXrj,  a  comparison,  a 
parable.]  1.  Idle  talk  ;  flattery.  2. 
A  conference.  —  v.  t.  or  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  use  idle,  deceitful  talk. 

Pale,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [Fr.  pale, 
Lat.  pallidu.s.]  Not  ruddy  or  fresh 
of  color  ;  dusky  white.  — v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To.  turn  pale. — n  [A.-S., 
fr.  Lat.  pa/ws.]  1.  A  pointed  stake  ; 
a  picket.  2.  An  inclosing  boundary  ; 
a  fence.  3.  An  inclosure  ;  a  limited 
territory.  4.  One  of  the  greater  or¬ 
dinaries. —  v.  t.  To  inclose  with 
pales  or  stakes.  [freshly. 

Pale'ly  (109),  adv.  Wanly  ;  not 

PALE'NESS,  v.  Quality  or  state  of  be- 
jng  pale  ;  defect  of  color  ;  wanness. 

PA'LE-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  TraAaios, 
ancient,  and  ypd</>eiv,  to  write.]  1. 
An  ancient  manner  of  writing.  2. 
The  deciphering  of  ancient  docu¬ 
ments.  [with  paleology. 

PA'le-ol'o-Gist,  n.  One  conversant 

Pa'le-ol'o-GY,  n.  [Gr.  TraAaios,  an¬ 
cient,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  dis¬ 
course  or  treatise  on  antiquities. 

PA'LE-ON-TOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  TraAaios, 
ancient,  ovra,  beings,  and  Aoyos,  dis¬ 
course.]  The  science  of  fossil  or¬ 
ganic  remains. 

PA-LES'TRA,  n.  [Gr.  naXaiaipa,  from 
naXaieiv,  to  wrestle.]  (Antiq.)  (a.) 
A  wrestling.  ( b .)  Place  of  wrestling. 

Pa-les'tri-an,  I  a.  Relating  to  the 

PA-LES'TRIC,  j  exercise  of  wrest¬ 
ling. 

PXl'ette,  n.  [Fr.] 

A  thin  oval  tablet, 
on  which  a  paint¬ 
er  mixes  his  pig¬ 
ments. 

PAL'FREY  (pawF- 
fr5T),  n.  [Lat .  par- 
aver edits,  a  horse 
for  extraordinary  occasions,  from  Gr. 
napa,  along,  beside,  and  Lat.  veredus, 
a  post-horse.]  1.  A  saddle-horse  for 
the  road.  2.  A  small  horse  for  ladies. 

PA-lIl'O  6Y,  n.  [Gr.  TraAiAAoyia; 
naAiv,  again,  and  Aoyos,  speech.] 
Repetition  of  a  word,  &c.,  for  greater 
energy. 

PXL'IMP-SEST  (84),  m.  [Gr.  7toAi>i//t)- 
<r tos,  scratched  or  scraped  again.]  A 
manuscript  written  upon  twice,  the 
first  writing  having  been  erased. 

PXL'IN-DROME ,  n.  [Gr.  naX.iv8pop.os, 


Palette. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  \ ,  long ;  X,£,l,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  fXr,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  TERM ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6n, 


PALING 


PANIC 


* 


running  back  again.]  A  word,  verse, 
or  sentence,  that  is  the  same  when 
read  backward  or  forward. 

Pal'ing,  n.  Pales  in  general ;  a  fence 
of  pales. 

PXl'I-sade',  «.  [L.  Lat.  palissata ; 

Lat.  palus,  a  stake,  pale.]  A  strong, 
sharp  stake,  one  end  of  which  is  set 
firmly  in  the  ground  ;  also,  a  fence 
formed  of  such  stakes. 

PAI/ISH,  a.  Somewhat  pale. 

PALL  (pawl),  n.  [Lat.  pallium.]  1. 
A  cloak  ;  a  mantle.  2.  A  consecrated 
vestment  in  the  form  of  a  scarf.  8. 
A  large,  black  cloth  thrown  over  a 
coffin.  —  v.  t.  To  cloak  ;  to  cover  or 
invest.  —  v.i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
pale ,  palle,  pale,  wan.]  To  become 
vapid  or  insipid. 

Pal-la'di-Om,  n.  [Lat.  ;  Gr.  IlaAAd- 
Siov,  fr.  IlaAAds,  Pallas.]  1.  A  statue 
of  Pallas,  on  the  preservation  of 
which  depended  the  safety  of  Troy. 
2.  Something  that  affords  effectual 
defense.  3.  A  certain  metal. 

PAL'LET,  n.  [Dim.  of  Lat.  pain,  a 
shovel  ]  1.  A  palette.  2.  A  wooden 
instrument  used  by  potters,  &c.  3. 
A  lever  connected  with  the  pendulum 
of  a  clock,  or  the  balance  of  a  watch, 
&c.  4.  [From  Lat.  palea,  chaff.]  A 
small,  rude  bed. 

PXL'LI-ATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  palliare,  -atum,  to  clothe,  cover  ; 
pallium ,  a  cloak,  mantle.]  To  cover 
with  excuse  ;  to  soften  by  favorable 
representations. 

Syn. —  To  extenuate. —We  extenuate 
a  crime  when  we  endeavor  to  show  that 
it  is  less  than  has  been  supposed;  we  pal¬ 
liate  a  crime  when  we  endeavor  to  cover 
or  conceal  its  enormity,  at  least  in  part. 

PXl'LI-A'TION,  n.  Concealment  or 
extenuation  of  the  most  flagrant  cir¬ 
cumstances  of  an  offense. 

PXl'li-a-tIve,  a.  1.  Serving  to  ex¬ 
tenuate  ;  palliating.  2.  Relieving,  as 
pain. — n.  That  which  extenuates. 

PXl'lid,  a.  [Lat.  pallidas.]  Pale  ; 
wan.  [ness. 

PXl'lid-ness,  n.  Paleness;  wan- 

PALL-MALL'  (pcl-mek).  n.  [0.  Fr. 
palemail,  from  It.  palla,  a  ball,  and 
mail ,  fr.  Lat.  malleus ,  a  mallet.]  An 
old  game  in  which  a  ball  was  driven 
with  a  mallet  through  an  arch. 

PXl'lor,  n.  [Lat  ]  Paleness. 

PALM  (pam),  n.  [Lat.  palma,  Gr. 
waAd/ar) . ]  1.  Inner  part  of  the  hand. 
2.  A  hand’s  breadth;  a  measure  of 
length  equal  to  4  or  sometimes  to  3 
inches.  3.  Broad  part  of  the  horns 
of  a  deer.  4.  An  instrument  to  force 
a  needle  through  canvas.  5.  A  per¬ 
ennial  endogenous  tree.  6.  A  token 
of  success  or  triumph.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING. J  1.  To  conceal  in  the  hand. 
2.  To  impose  by  fraud. 

PXl'mar,  la.  [Lat.  palmaris,  from 

PXl'ma-ry,  )  palma ,  palm  of  the 
hand.]  Having  the  breadth  of  a  palm. 

PXl'ma-ry,  a.  Worthy  of  the  palm  ; 
palmy  ;  chief. 

PXl'mate,  la.  [Lat.  palmatus,  fr. 

PXl'ma-ted,  )  palma ,  palm  of  the 


303 

\ 

hand.]  Having  the  shape  of  the 
hand,  with  the  fingers  spread. 

PXlm'er  (piim'er),  n.  One  who  bore 
a  branch  of  palm  in  token  of  having 
visited  the  Holy  Land. 

Pal-met'to,  n.  [Dim. 
of  Lat.  palma,  a 
palm.]  A  species  of 
palm-tree. 

Pal-mif'er-oOs,  a. 

[Lat.  palmifer ;  pal¬ 
ma ,  a  palm,  and  fer- 
re ,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
palms. 

PXl'MI-PED,  a.  [Lat. 
palmipes,  - pedis , 

broad-footed  ;  palma ,  Palmetto, 

palm  of  the  hand, 
and  pes,  a  foot.]  Web-footed. 

PXl'mis-ter,  n.  [Lat.  palma,  palm 
of  the  hand.]  One  who  practices 
palmistry. 

Pal'mis-try,  n.  [See  supra.]  Art  of 
telling  fortunes  by  the  lines  in  the 
palm  of  the  hand. 

PXlm'-SOn'day  (piim'sun'dy),  n.  The 
Suuday  next  before  Easter.  See  Mat¬ 
thew,  xxi.  8. 

Palm'y  (pam'Jt),  a.  Worthy  of  the 
palm  ;  flourishing  ;  prosperous. 

PXl'pa-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
palpable. 

PXl'pa-ble,  a.  [Lat.  palpabilis,  fr. 
palpare,  to  stroke.]  1.  Capable  of 
being  felt.  2.  Plain  ;  obvious. 

PXl/PA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  palpable.  [ner ;  plainly. 

PXl'PA-bly,  ad v.  In  a  palpable  mnn- 

Pal-pa'tion,  n.  [See  Palpable.] 
Act  of  touching  or  feeling. 

PXl'PE-bral,  a.  [Lat.  palpebralis ; 
palpebra ,  an  eyelid.]  Pertaining  to 
the  eyebrow.  [brows. 

Pal'pe-broOs,  a.  Having  large  eye- 

PXl'pi-tate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
palpitare ,  -latum,  intensive  form  of 
palpare.  See  PALPABLE.]  To  beat 
rapidly  and  excitedly,  as  the  heart  ; 
to  throb  ;  to  flutter. 

PXl'pi-ta'tion,  n.  A  violent,  irreg¬ 
ular  beating  of  the  heart. 

PALS'GRAVE  (pawlz/-)n.  [Ger .  pfalz- 
graf,  from  pfalz,  palace,  and  graf,  a 
count.]  A  count  who  has  the  super¬ 
intendence  of  the  king’s  palace. 

PALg'GRA-viNE',  n.  Consort  of  a 
palsgrave.  [paralytic. 

PAL'gl-e-AL,  a.  Affected  with  palsy  ; 

PAL'§IED  (pawPzid),  p.  a.  Affected 
with  palsy. 

PAL'§Y,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  paralysis.]  Par¬ 
alysis.  —  v.i.  [-ED  ; -ING,  142.]  To 
paralyze. 

PAL'TER,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [See 
Paltry.]  To  act  insincerely  ;  to 
trifle  ;  to  haggle.  [try. 

Pal'tri-ness,  n.  State  of  being  pai- 

Pal'try,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [L. 

Ger.  pallrig,  ragged.]  Destitute  of 
worth  ;  characterized  by  meanness. 

Syn.  —  See  Contemptible; 

Pa-lIPdal,  a.  [Lat.  palus ,  paludis, 
a  marsh.]  Pertaining  to  marshes; 
marshy. 

Pal'y,  a.  [From  pale,  a.]  Pale.  [Poet.] 


PXm'per,  v.  t.  [-ed  .  -ING.]  [0.  Fr. 
pamprer,  to  cover  with  vine-leaves; 
hence,  to  nurse  into  luxuriant 
growth.]  To  feed  to  the  full ;  to  glut. 

PXm'PIILET,  n.  [0.  Fr.  palme ,  palm 
of  the  hand,  and fueillet,a  leaf;  or 
from  Lat,  pagina  Jilala,  a  threaded 
page.]  A  sheet,  or  a  few  sheets,  of 
paper,  stitched  together,  but  not 
bound.  [pamphlets. 

PXm'phlet-eer',  n.  A  writer  of 

PXn,  n.  [A.-S.  panne.]  1.  A  shallow, 
open  dish  or  vessel.  2.  Part  of  a 
flint-lock  to  hold  the  priming.  3. 
Hard  stratum  of  earth  below  the  soil. 

PX^A-IJE'A,  n.  [Gr.  7rardxeia ;  nava- 
kt)<;,  all -healing.]  A  remedy  for  all 
diseases. 

Pa-na'da,  1  n.  [Lat.  panis,  bread.] 

Pa-nade',  (  Bread  boiled  in  water 

Pa-NA'do,  )  and  sweetened. 

PXn'eake,  n.  A  thin  cake  fried  in  a 
pan  or  baked  on  a  griddle. 

PXn'gre-as,  or  PXn'€RE-as,  n.  [Gr. 
ndy/cpea?  ;  nav,  all,  and  /cpe'as,  flesh.] 
A  gland  in  the  abdomen,  beneath 
the  stomach  ;  the  sweetbread. 

PXn'ere-Xt'IO,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
pancreas.  [ing  to  Pan. 

Pan-de'an,  a.  [From  Pan.]  Relat- 

PXn'degt,  n.  [Gr.  iravbeicTri s,  all¬ 
receiving,  all-containing.]  1.  A  trea¬ 
tise  containing  the  whole  of  any 
science.  2.  pi.  The  digested  code  of 
Roman  civil  law  of  Justinian. 

PXN'DE-MO'NI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  iras,  nav, 
all,  and  ficupuov,  demon.]  Council- 
chamber  of  demons  or  evil  spirits. 

PXn'der,  n.  [From  Pandarus,  who 
procured  for  Troilus  the  love  of  Chry- 
sei's.]  1.  A  pimp ;  a  procurer.  2. 
A  minister  to  the  evil  passions  of  an¬ 
other. —  v.  t.  [-el;  -ing.]  To  pro¬ 
cure  the  gratification  of  the  lust  of. 
—  v.  i.  To  minister  to  the  lusts  or 
passions  of  others. 

Pan-dore',  or  PXn'd6re,ti.  [See 
Bandore.]  An  instrument  of  mu¬ 
sic  of  the  lute  kind. 

Pane,  m.  [Lat.  pannus,  a  cloth,  fil¬ 
let.]  1.  Distinct  patch  or  compart¬ 
ment.  2.  Square  plate  of  glass. 

PXN/E-drI?R,I€,  n.  [Gr.  TravTjyvpiKos, 
sc.  Aoyos.]  An  oration  in  praise  of 
some  person  or  achievement ;  en¬ 
comium  ;  eulogy. 

Syn.  —  See  Eulogy. 

PXN/E-G\rR,I€,  1  a.  Containing 

PXn'E-gyr'I€-al,  )  praise;  enco¬ 
miastic.  [To  praise  highly. 

PXn'e-6y-rize,  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.] 

PXn'el,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  dim.  of  pan, 
skirt,  side.  See  Pane.]  1.  A  com¬ 
partment,  as  in  doors,  &c.  2.  A 
thin  board  on  which  a  picture  io 
painted.  3.  A  schedule  of  the  namea 
of  persons  summoned  as  jurors; 
hence,  the  wholejury.  —  v.  t.  [-ED, 
-ING;  or  -LED,  -LING,  137.]  To 
form  with  panels. 

PXng,  n  [Cf.  A.-S.  pyngan,  to  prick.] 
A  momentary  and  violent  pain. 

PXN'IE,  a.  [Gr.  navucos,  belonging  to 
Pan,  because  a  sudden  fright  was 
ascribed  to  Pan.]  Extreme,  sudden, 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent;  q,(Sc,soft;  €,  g,  hard ;  Ag;  EjciST;  N  as  NG;  this. 


PANIC-GRASS 

and  causeless  ;  —  said  of  fright.  —  n. 
A  sudden  fright  without  real  or 
sufficient  cause. 

PXn'iu-grass,  n.  A  plant ;  oatmeal. 

PXn'I-€LE,  n.  [Lat.  panicula ,  a  tuft 
on  plants.]  A  form  of  inflorescence, 
as  in  oats. 

PAN-NADE',  n.  [0.  Fr.,  fr.  pannader , 
to  prance.]  The  curvet  of  a  horse. 

PXn'nier.  (pSn'yer  or  pXn'ni-er),  n. 
[Lat.  panarium ,  a  bread  basket.]  A 
wicker-basket  for  carrying  fruit,  &c., 
on  a  horse. 

PXN'O-PLY,  n.  [Gr.  navonkia;  nas, 
nav,  all,  and  onkov,  tool,  arms.]  A 
full  suit  of  defensive  armor. 

PXn'o-rX'mA,  or  PXn'o-ra'mA,  n. 
[Gr.  7ras,  7 rav,  all.  and  6 papa,  a  view.] 
1.  A  complete  view.  2.  A  picture 
unrolled  and  made  to  pass  contin¬ 
uously  before  the  spectator. 

PXn'O-rXm'IU,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 

PXn'o-rXm'iu-AL,  j  or  resembling, 
a  panorama. 

PXn'§Y,  n.  [Fr.  pensde,  thought, 
pansy.]  A  plant  and  flower;  the 
garden  violet. 

PAnt,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  TV. 
pantu,  to  depress,  pant,  a  depres¬ 
sion.]  1.  To  breathe  quickly ;  to 
gasp.  2.  To  be  overpowered  with 
eagerness  or  longing.  3.  To  throb, 
as  the  heart,  in  terror,  &c.  —  n.  1. 
A  quick  breathing.  2.  A  violent 
palpitation. 

PXn'TA-lets',  n.  pi.  [Dim.  of  panta¬ 
loons.]  Loose  drawers  worn  by  chil¬ 
dren  and  women  ;  or  the  lower  part 
of  such  a  garment,  often  made  in 
separate  pieces. 

PXn'ta-loons',  n.  pi.  [From  It.  Pan- 
talone ,  a  masked  character  in  the 
Italian  comedy,  who  wore  breeches 
and  stockings  that  were  all  of  one 
piece.]  Long,  loose  coverings  for  tho 
legs  reaching  from  the  waist  to  the 
heel ;  trousers. 

PXn'THE-Y§M,  n.  [Gr.  was,  nav,  all, 
and  0eds,  god.]  The  doctrine  that 
the  universe  is  God.  [pautheism. 

PXn'the-Yst,  n  One  who  holds  to 

PXn'the-Yst'ig,  1  a.  Pertaining 

PXn'the-ist'I€-al,  j  to,  or  found¬ 
ed  in,  pantheism. 

Pan-the'on,  or  PXn'the-on,  n. 
[Gr.  ira.v9ei.ov,  also  navQeov,  fr.  was, 
nav,  all,  and  0eos,  a  god.]  A  temple 
dedicated  to  all  the  gods. 

ored  variety  of  Panther, 

the  leopard.  2.  The  American  tiger, 
a  feline  mammal  of  several  species. 

Pan-to'fle  (-tdVfl),  n.  [Upper  Ger. 
band-tafel ,  a  wooden  sol e(tafel)  with 
a  leather  string  (band)  to  put  the 
foot  through.]  A  slipper  for  the  foot. 

PXn'TO-GRAPTI,  m.  [Gr.  was,wavrds, 
all,  and  ypa<f>eiv,  to  write.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  copying  on  the  same, 
or  a  different  scale. 

PXN-TO-MJME,  n.  [Gr.  wavTOfii|UOs, 

804 

lit.  all-imitating.]  1.  One  who  acts 
his  part  by  mute  gesticulation.  2. 
A  theatrical  entertainment  given  in 
dumb  show. 

PXn'to-mim'iu,  1  a.  Representing 

PXn'to-mim'ig-al,  J  characters  and 
actions  by  dumb  show. 

PXn'try,  n.  [From  Lat.  pants,  bread.] 
An  apartment  in  which  provisions 
are  kept. 

PXp,  n.  1.  [Cf.  Lat.  papilla.]  A  nip¬ 
ple  ;  a  teat.  2.  [D.  pap,  Lat.  papa, 
pappa.]  Soft  food  for  infants  ;  hence, 
nourishment;  support.  [children. 

Pa-pa',  n.  Father ;  —  a  word  used  by 
PA'PA-^Y,  n.  [L.  Lat.  papatia,  from 
Lat.  papa,  a  father,  a  bishop,  the 
pope.]  Office  of  the  pope ;  papal 
authority  or  jurisdiction.  [ish. 

Pa'pal,  a.  Relating  to  the  pope  ;  pop- 
Pa'pal-ize,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  conform  to  popery. 
PA-pXv'ER-oPs,  a.  [Lat.  papavereus ; 
papaver,  the  poppy.]  Resembling 
the  poppy. 

Pa-paw',  n.  [Malay,  phpaya.]  A  tree 
and  its  fruit,  of  warm  countries. 
PA'PER,  n.  [From  papyrus.  See  PA¬ 
PYRUS.]  1.  A  substance  to  be  writ¬ 
ten  or  printed  on,  to  be  used  in  wrap¬ 
ping,  &c.  2.  A  single  sheet  or  piece 
of  such  substance.  3.  A  printed  or 
written  instrument.  4.  A  newspa¬ 
per;  a  journal.  5.  Notes;  bills  of 
exchange.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  cover  with  paper.  2.  To  inclose 
in  paper. 

Pa'PER-hXng'INGS,  n.  pi.  Paper 
ornamented  with  figures  for  covering 
walls.  [pap. 

Pa-pes'^ent,  a.  Containing,  or  like, 
Papier-ma  Cllk  (pap'ya-ma'shti), 
n.  [Fr. ;  lit.,  chewed  or  mashed  pa¬ 
per.]  A  hard  substance  made  of  a 
pulp  from  rags  or  paper. 
Pa-pil'io-na'ceoOs,  a.  [Lat.  pa- 
pilio,  a  butterfly.]  Resembling  the 
butterfly. 

Pa-pIl'lA,  n.  ;  pi.  pa-pil'lje. 
[Lat.]  A  minute  elevation  of  the 
surface  of  the  skin  or  tongue,  See. 
PXp'il-la-ry.  1  a.  Pertaining 

PXp'IL-lose'  (125),  )  to,  or  resem¬ 
bling,  the  nipples  or  the  papillae. 
PXp'IL-LOTE,  n.  [Fr.,  either  fr.  pa¬ 
pier,  paper,  or  fr.  papillon,  butterfly, 
on  account  of  their  resemblance  to  a 
butterfly.]  A  paper  on  which  ladies 
roll  up  their  hair. 

Pa'pist,  n.  [See  POPE.]  A  Roman 
Catholic;  —  an  opprobrious  term. 
Pa-pIst'IG,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

Pa-pYst'ig  al,  J  popery  ;  popish. 
PA'pist-ry,  n.  Popery. 

Papoose',  In.  An  Indian  babe  or 
Pap-poose',  j  young  child. 

Pap  pose',  1  a.  [Lat.  pappus,  a  woolly 
PXp'POUS,  f  or  hairy  seed.]  Downy, 
as  the  seeds  of  certain  plants. 
Pa-py'rus,  n. ;  pi.  pa-py'ri.  [Lat. ; 
Gr.  wawvpos.]  A  reed  from  which 
the  ancients  made  a  sort  of  paper. 
Par,  n.  [Lat.  par,  equal.]  1.  State 
of  equality ;  value  expressed  in  the 
words  of  any  certificate  of  value.  2. 

PARAFFINE 

Equality  of  condition  or  circum¬ 
stances. 

PXr'A-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  napafiokr),  a  com¬ 
parison.]  An  allegory  from  which  a  j 

moral  is  drawn. 

Pa-rXb'o-la,  n.  ;  pi.  PA-  A 
rXb'o-lA§.  [N.  Lat.;—  \  j 

because  its  axis  is  parallel  /  m 
to  the  side  of  the  cone.  See 
supra.]  The  section  of  a 
cone  made  by  cutting  it  j 

with  a  plane  parallel  to  one  Parabo- 
of  its  sides.  la. 

PXr'a-bol'iu,  la.  1.  Expressed 

PXr'a-bol'ic-al,  j  by  parable.  2. 

Having  the  form  or  nature  of  a  par¬ 
abola. 

Pa-rab'o-LOID,  n.  [Gr.  napa^okp, 
parabola,  and  elSos,  form.]  The  solid 
generated  by  the  rotation  of  a  para¬ 
bola  about  its  axis. 

PXR'A-<jEN'TRI€,  1  a.  [Gr.  napd, 

PXr'a-£en'tri€-al,  f  beside,  be¬ 
yond,  and  Kevrpov,  center.]  Deviat¬ 

ing  from  circularity. 

P a-rXgh'ro-nism,  n.  [Gr.  napd,  be¬ 
yond,  and  xpovos,  time.]  An  error 
in  chronology,  by  which  a  date  is 
made  later  than  it  really  was. 

PXR'A-CHUTE  (-Shyt, 

110),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
parer ,  to  ward  off,  otPwIWPto 
and  chute,  a  fall.]  A  If// 

contrivance  some-  \\j // 

what  like  an  um-  _  \j/// _ 

brella,  to  prevent  a  Ifo? 

too  rapid  descent 
from  a  balloon. 

PXr'a-ulete , n.  [Gr.  Parachute. 

napaKXpTOS,  fr.  nap- 
aKakeiv,to  exhort, encourage.]  The 
Comforter  or  Intercessor  ;  — applied 
to  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Pa-rade',  n.  [Lat.  parare,  paratum, 
to  provide.]  1.  Pompous  exhibition. 

2.  Military  display  ;  also,  the  place 
where  such  display  is  held. 

Syn.  —  Ostentation. —  Parade  is  a 
pompous  exhibition  of  things  for  the 
purpose  of  display ;  ostentation  now  gen¬ 
erally  indicates  a  parade  of  virtues  or 
other  qualities  for  which  one  expects  to 
bo  honored. 

—  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  show 
off.  2.  To  assemble  and  array  in 
military  order. 

PXr'a-dYgm  (-dim),  n.  [Gr.  napd-  j 

beiypa,  fr.  napabeiKvvvai,  to  set  Up  j 

as  an  example.]  An  example  of  a  i 

word,  as  a  verb,  noun.  &c.,  conju¬ 
gated,  declined,  compared,  &c. 

PXr'A-DISE,  n.  [Gr.  wapaSeicros,  fr. 

Skr.  paradesa ,  a  foreign  land,  the 
most  beautiful  land.]  1.  The  gar¬ 
den  of  Eden.  2.  A  place  of  bliss.  3. 
Heaven. 

PXr'A-ui-sI'au-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
paradise,  or  to  a  place  of  felicity. 

PXr'A-DOX,m.  [Gr.  napa8o£ov  ;  napd, 
beside,  contrary  to,  and  6o£a,  opin¬ 
ion.]  A  proposition  seemingly  ab¬ 
surd,  yet  true  in  fact. 

PXr'a-dox'ig-al,  a.  Having  the  na¬ 
ture  of  a  paradox,  [doxical  manner. 

PXr'A-dox'IG-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  para- 

PXr'AF-fYne,  n.  [Lat.  parum ,  too 

A,  e,  I,  5,0,  y,  long ;  X,  e,  Y,  5,  0,  short;  c Are  ,  far,  Ask,  all,  what-,  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n,  ; 

PARAGOGE  305 


PARIAN 


little,  and  affinis ,  akin.]  A  white, 
translucent  substance  used  for  mak¬ 
ing  candles.  It  has  its  name  from  its 
resistance  to  chemical  action. 

Par' A-GO'GE ,  n.  [Gr.  rrapayinyrj ,  fr. 
rrapdyew,  to  protract.]  Addition  of 
a  letter  or  syllable  to  the  end  of  a 
word. 

PXr'A-GOG'I€,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 

PXr'a-gog'IG-AL,  )  or  constituting, 


1  a.  Pertaining 
j,  i  to  the  paral- 


a  paragoge. 

PXr'a-gon,  n.  [Sp.  paragon,  from 
para  con ,  in  comparison  with.]  A 
model  or  pattern  by  way  of  distinc¬ 
tion,  implying  supei’ior  excellence. 

PXR'A-GRXPH,  Tl.  [Gr.  rrapaypacfros, 
(sc.  ypap.p.ri),  a  stroke  drawn  in  the 
margin.]  1.  A  character  [IT],  used 
as  a  reference,  or  to  mark  a  division. 
2.  A  portion  of  a  writing  relating  to 
a  particular  point.  3.  A  notice  or 
brief  remark,  as  in  a  newspaper. 

PXr'A-graph'ig,  a.  Consisting  of 
paragraphs. 

PXr'al-l  Xg'tig, 

Par/  al-l  Xg'tie- al  , 
lax  of  a  heavenly  body. 

PXr'AL-LAX,  n.  [Gr.  TrapaAAa|is,  fr. 
rrapaWdercrci.v ,  to  alter  a  little.]  Dif¬ 
ference  between  the  position  of  a 
body  as  seen  from  the  earth’s  sur¬ 
face,  and  its  position  as  seen  from 
some  other  conventional  point. 

PXr'AL-LEL,  a.  [Gr.  7rapaAAT)Aos  ; 

7r apa,  beside,  - 

and  aAArjAam,  of  ~ 

one  another.]  Parallel  lines. 

1.  Equally  distant  in  all  parts.  2. 
Having  the  same  direction  or  tenden¬ 
cy.  3.  Continuing  a  resemblance 
through  many  particulars. — n.  1. 
A  line  equidistant  in  all  its  parts 
from  another.  2.  A  circle  on  a  globe, 
marking  latitude.  3.  Resemblance  ; 
likeness.  4.  A  comparison  made.  5. 
Counterpart.  6.  A  wide  trench  be¬ 
tween  batteries  and  approaches.  7. 
A  sign  of  reference  (thus,  ||).  — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ing,  137.]  1.  To  cause  to 

be  parallel.  2.  To  resemble  in  all 
essential  points. 

PXR'AL-LEL-lgM,  «.  State  of  being 
parallel;  comparison;  resemblance. 

PAR'AL-LEL'O-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  rrapak- 
kr\k6ypap.p.ov ,  fr. 

7rapaAAr)Ao?,  paral¬ 
lel,  and  ypap.pi j,  a 
stroke,  line.]  A  _  „  , 

right-lined  quadri-  Parallelogram. 

lateral  figure,  whose  opposite  sides 
are  parallel. 

PXR'AL-LfiL'O-PI'PED, 

».  [Gr.  rrapakkpkerrl- 
7reSov,  fr.  rrapdkkyko<;, 
parallel,  and  errlneSov, 
a  plane  surface.]  A  reg¬ 
ular  solid,  the  faces  of 


7 


Parallelo- 

piped. 


which  are  six  parallelograms. 

PXr'al-lEl'o-pip'e-don  (110),  n.  A 
parallelopiped. 

PA-rXl'0-gI§M,  n.  [Gr.  7rapaAoyi<r- 
jaos;  7rapaAoyi'£e<70cu,  to  reason  false¬ 
ly.]  A  reasoning  which  is  false  in 
point  of  form. 

Pa-rXl'o-6y,  n.  False  reasoning. 


PA-RAL'Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  rrapakvais  ; 
rrapakvet.v,  to  loosen,  disable  at  the 
side.]  Loss  of  voluntary  motion, 
with  or  without  that  of  sensation,  in 
any  part  of  the  body  ;  palsy. 

PXR'A-LYT're,  a.  Affected  with  pa¬ 
ralysis.  —  n.  One  who  has  the  palsy. 

PXr'A-LYZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
affect  with  paralysis  ;  to  palsy. 

PXR'A-MOUNT  (liO),  a.  [0.  Fr.  para- 
mont,  above,  fr.  par,  through,  thor¬ 
oughly,  and  amont,  upward.]  Supe¬ 
rior  to  all  others  ;  of  highest  rank. 

Syn. —  Principal;  pre-eminent;  chief. 
—  n.  Highest  in  rank  or  order ;  chief. 

PXr'A-MOUR,  n.  [Fr  .par  amour,  i.  e., 
by  or  with  love.]  A  lover  of  either 
sex;  a  wooer  or  a  mistress; — in  a 
bad  sense. 

PXr'a-NYMPH,  n.  [Gr.  rrapdwp.<^o<; ; 
rrapd,  beside,  and  vvix<\>y),  a  bride.]  A 
bri deman  or  bridemaid. 

PXr'A-PET,  n.  [It.  parapetto,  from 
parare ,  to  ward  off,  and  petto ,  the 
breast.]  A  wall  or  rampart  for  de¬ 
fense  ;  a  breast-work. 

PXr'a-piier-nA'li-A,  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
napa<j>epva  ;  rrapd,  beyond,  and  4>ep- 
vr],  dowry.]  1.  Goods  of  a  wife  be¬ 
yond  her  dowry.  2.  Ornaments ; 
trappings._ 

PXr'A-PHRAsE,  n.  [Gr.  rrapd<})pacn<;, 
from  rrapd,  beside,  and  (frpd^eiv ,  to 
speak.]  A  re-statement  of  a  text,  or 
passage  in  other  words.  —  v.t.  [-E  D  ; 
-ING.]  To  explain,  interpret,  or 
translate  with  latitude.  — v.  i.  To 
interpret  or  explain  amply. 

PXr'A-phrXst,  n.  One  who  para¬ 
phrases. 

PXr'a-phrXst'ic,  )  a.  Not  verb- 

PXr'a-piirXst'ig-al,  (  al  or  liter¬ 
al ;  diffuse;  free. 

PAr'A-PLE'GI-a,  1  n.  [Ionic Gr. 7r<xp- 

PXr'A-PLE'GY,  j  aTrAr/yia.]  Pal¬ 
sy  of  the  lower  half  of  the  body. 

PXr'a-quet'  (-ket'),  n.  A  small  spe¬ 
cies  of  parrot. 

Par' a-se-le'jve,  n.;  pi.  pAr'a - 

SE-ltP NAZ.  [Gr.  rrapd,  beside,  and 
o-eApvY),  moon.]  A  luminous  circle 
encompassiug  the  moon. 

PXr'A-SITE,  n.  [Gr.  rrapdcriros,  lit., 
eatiug  beside,  or  at  the  table  of,  an¬ 
other.]  1.  A  hanger-on  ;  a  depend¬ 
ent  companion  and  flatterer.  2.  A 
plant  or  animal  that  grows  and  lives 
on  another. 

PXr'a-sIt'ig,  1  a.  Of  the  nature 

PXR'A-siT'fe-AL,  )  of  a  parasite; 
fawning ;  wheedling. 

PXr'a-sol'  (110),  n.  [Fr. ,  fr.  parer, 
to  ward  off,  and  Lat.  sol,  the  sun.] 
A  small  umbrella  to  defend  the  face 
from  the  sun.  [sol. 

PXr'a-SOL-ETTE',  n.  A  small  para- 

Par'boil,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Prob. 
from  Eng.  part  and  boil.]  To  cook 
partially  by  boiling. 

PARCEL  ( colloq .  p'Xr'sl),  n.  [Fr.  par- 
celle,  dim.  of  part,  a  part.]  1.  Any 
mass  or  quantity.  2.  A  bundle  ;  a 
package.  3.  (Law.)  A  part;  a  por¬ 
tion. —  v.t.  [-ED,  -ING;  or -LED, 
-LING,  137.]  To  distribute  by  parts. 


PAr'ce-na-ry,  n.  Coheirship. 

Par'oe-ner,  n.  [Norm.  &  0.  Fr. 
pargonnier ,  fr.  parzon,  pargun,  por¬ 
tion.]  A  co-heir;  a  joint-heir. 

Parch,  v.  t.  [-ed:  -ing.]  [Perh. 
fr.  Lat.  perarescere,  to  grow  very  dry.] 
To  burn  the  surface  of ;  to  scorch. 

—  v.  i.  To  be  scorched. 

PXRCII'MENT,rc.  [Gr.  rrepyappvYj ,  fr. 

nepya/aevos,  of  Pergamus,  where  it 
was  invented.]  Skin  of  a  sheep  or 
goat  prepared  for  writing  on. 

Pard,  n.  [Gr.  irapSos.]  The  leopard; 
any  spotted  beast. 

Par'd  on,  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
perdonare,  from  Lat.  per,  through, 
thoroughly,  and  donare,  to  give.]  1. 
To  refrain  from  exacting  as  a  penal¬ 
ty.  2.  To  suffer  to  pass  without 
punishment. 

Syn. —  To  forgive  ;  absolve  ;  excuse  ; 
remit;  acquit. 

—  n.  1.  Remission  of  a  penalty.  2. 
Release  of  an  offense. 

Syn.—  See  Forgiveness. 

Par'd  on-a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of 
pardon ;  excusable. 

Par'd  ON-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  ad¬ 
mit  of  pardon. 

Par'don-er,  n.  One  who  forgives. 

pare  (4),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
Lat.  parare ,  to  prepare.]  1.  To  cut 
or  shave  off  the  surface  of.  2.  To  di¬ 
minish  by  little  and  little. 

PXR'E-GOR'IC,  a.  [Gr.  rrappyopiKOS  ; 
rrappyopclv,  to  console.]  Mitigating; 
assuaging  pain.  —  n.  A  medicine 
that  mitigates  pain  ;  an  anodyne. 

PAr'ENT  (improperly  pron.  pa/ rent), 
n.  [Lat.  parens ,  parentis,  for  pari- 
ens,  begetting.]  1.  A  father  or  moth¬ 
er.  2.  That  which  produces. 

Syn.  —  Cause;  source  ;  origin  ;  produ¬ 
cer;  creator. 

PAr'ent-aGe,  n.  Extraction;  stock. 

PA-RENT'AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  be¬ 
coming,  parents  ;  tender ;  affectionate. 

Pa-ren'tiie-sYs,  n. ;  pi.  pa-ren'- 

THE-SES.  [Gr.  rrapevOeau; ,  fr.  rrapev- 
nOevai,  to  insert.]  1.  A  word  or  sen¬ 
tence,  in  the  midst  of  another,  in¬ 
closed  within  curved  lines  or  dashes. 
2.  Sign  of  a  parenthesis,  thus  (  ). 

PXr'en-thet'ig,  )  a.  1.  Pertain- 

PXr'EN-TIIET'I€-AL,  )  ing  to  a  pa¬ 
renthesis.  2.  Using  or  containing 
parentheses. 

PXr'Get,  n.  [Lat.  paries,  parietis,  a 
wall.]  Plaster  for  covering  the  walls, 
ceilings,  &c. —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  plaster,  as  walls. 

PAR-HE'LI-ON  (or  par-hel'yun),  n. ; 
pi.  par-he'LI-A  (or  par-hol'ya). 
[Gr.  rraprjk<.ov ;  rrapd,  beside,  and 
r]A io?,  the  sun.]_  A  mock  sun. 

PX'RI-AH,  or  Pa'ri-aii,  n.  [Hind. 
pahariya ,  a  mountaineer,  as  the 
primitive  inhabitants,  vanquished 
and  degraded,  were  driven  into  the 
mountains.]  One  belonging  to  the 
lowest  class  in  parts  of  India  ;  hence, 
an  outcast. 

PA'RI-an  (89),  n.  1.  A  native  of  Pa¬ 
ros.  2.  A  fine  quality  of  porcelain 
clay,  resembling  Parian  marble. 


OR,  do,  wpLF,TOO,  TObK;  Prn,RUE,PVLL;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  p,  6,  soft ;  «,  6,  hard ;  As;  exist;  n  as  NG;  this. 

20 


PARIETAL 

pA-Rl'E-TAL,  a.  [Lat.  parietalis  ;  pa¬ 
ries ,  a  wall.]  1.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 
2.  Pertaining  to  buildings  or  the 
care  of  them. 

PAr'ing,  n.  That  which  is  pared  off. 

PARISH,  n.  [Lat.  parochia ,  Gr.  n a- 
poucla,  fr.  napa ,  beside,  and  oIko?,  a 
house.]  1.  Precinct  of  a  secular 
priest  or  ecclesiastical  society.  2. 
Any  religious  society.  [Airier.]  — a. 
Relating  to  a  parish. 

Pa-rish'ion-er,  ii.  One  who  belongs 
to  a  parish. 

PXr'I-syl-lXb'IC,  [  a.  [Lat.  par, 

PXr'I-SYL-lXb'IC-AL,  ]  pan's ,  equal, 
and  syllaba,  syllable.]  Having  the 
same  number  of  syllables. 

PXr'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  paritas.]  Equal¬ 
ity  or  equivalence  ;  close  corre¬ 
spondence  ;  analogy. 

Park,?i.  [A.-S.  pearruc,  from  Goth. 
bairgan,  to  save,  keep.]  1.  A  tract 
of  ground  for  the  preservation  of 
game,  or  for  walking,  riding,  &c.  2. 
A  group  of  cannon  or  of  wagons. — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  inclose  in  a 
park. 

Par'lanee,  n.  [0.  Tv.  parlance,  ft. 
parler,  to  speak.]  Discourse;  talk; 
phrase. 

PXr'ley,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  [Fr. 
parler,  fr.  parabola,  a  comparison,  L. 
Lat.,  a  sentence,  a  word.  See  Par¬ 
able.]  To  confer  with  another; 
specifically ,  with  an  enemy.  —  n. 
Mutual  discourse;  specifically ,  a  con¬ 
ference  between  antagonists. 

PXr'LIA-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  parlement , 
fr.  parler.  See  supra.]  The  legis¬ 
lative  assembly  of  the  United  King¬ 
dom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or 
of  some  of  the  dependencies  of  the 
British  crown. 

PXr'lIa-ment-a'ri-an,  n.  One  who 
adhered  to  the  parliament  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I. 

PXr'lia-ment'a-ry,  a.  1.  Foi tam¬ 
ing  to,  or  done  by,  parliament.  2. 
According  to  the  usage  of  legislative 
bodies. 

PXr'lor,  n.  [Fr.  parloir,  fr.  parler, 
to  speak.]  A  room  for  society  and 
conversation,  or  for  family  use. 

Pa-ro'€HI-al,  a.  [Lat.  parochia. 
See  PARISH.]  Belonging  to  a  parish. 

Par'o-dist,  n.  One  who  writes  a 
parody. 

PXr'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  naparSCa  ;  napa, 
beside,  and  wSy,  a  song.]  A  bur¬ 
lesque  poetical  composition,  in  which 
what  is  written  on  one  subject  is 
applied  to  another.  —  v.t.  [-ed; 

-ING,  142.]  To  burlesque  in  verse. 

Pa-ROL',  1  n.  [Fr .parole.  See  Pa R- 

PA-ROLE'  )  LEY.]  1.  Oral  decla¬ 
ration.  2.  Word  of  honor  ;  plighted 
faith.  3  A  bind  of  countersign.  — 
a.  Oral ;  not  written. 

PAR' o-NO-MA'gl-A  (-ma'zhi-A),  n. 
[Gr.  napovopacrla ;  napovopa^eiv,  to 
form  a  word  by  a  slight  change.]  A 
play  upon  words;  punning. 

PXr'o-nym,  1  n.  A  paronymous 

PXR'o-NtfME,  I  word. 

PA-RON'Y-MO0s,  a.  [Gr.  napibvvp.o<;  ; 

306 

napa,  near,  and  ovopa,  a  name.] 
Having  a  similar  sound,  but  of  dif¬ 
ferent  spelling  and  meaning. 

PXr'o-quLt  (11  ),  ??.  [See  Parrot.] 
A  small  bird,  allied  to  the  macaw. 

PA-ROT'ID,  n.  [Gr.  napuiris,  -tlSos, 
fr.  napa ,  near,  and  ois,  toros,  the 
ear.]  The  salivary  gland  nearest  the 
ear.  — a.  Pertaining  to  the  parotid. 

PXr'ox-YSM,  n.  [Gr.  napo£vap.os, 
ft.  napogvveiv,  to  irritate.]  1.  The 
fit  or  exacerbation  of  a  disease  that 
has  decided  remissions.  2.  Any  sud¬ 
den  and  violent  action. 

Par'ox-?§'mal,  a.  Pertaining  to, or 
caused  by,  paroxysms. 

Par-QUET'  ( par-ka'  or  par-ket'),  n- 
[Fr.  See  PARQUETRY.]  Seats,  or 
the  whole  lower  floor  of  a  theater, 
behind  the  orchestra. 

PXr'QUET-RY,  n.  [Fr.  parqueterie , 
fr.  parquet,  French  inlaid  floor,  floor¬ 
ing  ]  Joinery,  consisting  of  inlaid 
work,  used  especially  for  floors. 

Par-QUETTE'  (-kSt/),  n.  Same  as 
Parquet. 

PXr'ra-keet',?!.  See  Paroquet. 

PXr/RI-9ID'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
committing,  parricide. 

PXr'ri-cIde,  n.  [Lat.  parricida  and 
parricidium ,  from  pater ,  father,  and 
c.xdere ,  to  kill.]  1.  One  who  mur¬ 
ders  his  father  or  mother.  2.  Mur¬ 
der  of  a  parent. 

PXr'rot,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  Fr.  perroquet , 
prob.  fr.  Pierrot,  dim.  of  Pierre,  Pe¬ 
ter.]  A  tropical  climbing  bird  of 
brilliant  color,  having  a  short, 
hooked  bill. 

PXr'ry,  v.  t.  [-ED  ; -ING,  142.]  [From 
Lat.  par  are,  to  prepare.]  1.  To  ward 
off ;  to  prevent.  2.  To  avoid ;  to 
evade.  —  v.  i.  To  ward  off,  or  turn 
aside  something. 

Parse,u.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  pars, 
a  part  (of  speech).]  To  analyze  and 
describe  grammatically,  as  a  sen¬ 
tence. 

PXr'see,  or  Par-see',  n.  [Hind. 
pars!,  a  Persian.]  One  of  the  Indian 
adherents  of  the  Zoroastrian  or  an¬ 
cient  Persian  religion  ;  a  fire-wor¬ 
shiper.  [cess. 

PAR/si-MO'Ni-ofJS.  a.  Frugal  to  ex- 
Syn.—  See  Avaricious. 

PXr'si-mo'ni-ous-ly,  adv.  Sparing¬ 
ly  :  covetously. 

PXr'si-mo'ni-oGs-ness,  n.  A  very 
sparing  use  of  money7. 

Par'si-mo-ny  (50),  n.  [Lat.  parsimo- 
nia,  from  parcere ,  to  spare.]  Close¬ 
ness  in  the  expenditure  of  money  or 
means  ;  excessive  economy7. 

Syn.  —  See  Economy. 

PXrs'LEY7,  n.  [Gr.  7rerpoo-eAivov,rock- 
parsley,  fr.  werpo?,  a  rock,  and  ere'Ai- 
vov ,  parsley.]  A  plant,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  used  in  cookery. 

PXrs'NIP,  ii.  [Corrupt,  fr.  Lat.  pas- 
tinara.]  A  plant  and  its  root,  ivhich 
is  much  used  for  food. 

Par's  on  (par'sn),  n.  [L.  Lat.  persona 
(sc.  ecclesise).]  1.  Priest  of  a  parish. 
2.  A  clergyman. 

Par's ON-AfrE ,  n.  House  and  glebe 

PARTICULARITY 

appropriated  for  the  use  of  the  min¬ 
ister  of  a  church.  [ Airier .] 

PART,?!.  [Lat.  pars,  partis.]  1.  One 
of  tlie  portions  into  which  any  thing 
is  divided,  or  regarded  as  divided ; 
specifically,  (a.)  pi.  Qualities;  fac-  , 

ulties;  talents,  (b.)  pi.  Quarters;  1 

regions.  2.  Share ;  lot.  3.  Con-  i 

cern  :  interest.  4.  Side ;  party.  5. 
Allotted  duty.  6.  Character  appro 
printed  to  one  in  a  play,  &c. 

Syn.  —  See  Portion. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  divide, 

to  separate.  2.  To  distribute ;  to 

allot.  3.  To  sunder.  4.  To  stand  or 

intervene  between.  — v.  i.  1.  To  be 
divided  into  parts.  2.  To  separate ; 
to  leave. 

Par-take',  v.  i.  [-took; -taken; 
-taking.]  [From  part  and  take.]  < 

To  take  a  part  with  others  ;  to  par-  l 

ticipate.  [takes  a  part. 

PAR-TAK'ER,  v.  One  who  has  or 

Par-tekre'  (-tar'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  par,  ! 

on,  and  terre,  earth.]  An  ornamental 
arrangement  of  beds  in  a  flower- 
garden. 

Par'tial,  a.  [L.  Lat.  partialis ;  Lat. 
pars,  a  part.]  1.  Affecting  a  part 
only.  2.  Biased  to  one  party.  3- 
Inclined  to  favor  unreasonably7. 

Par'ti-Xl'i-ty  (par'shi-,  95),  n.  1. 
Quality  of  being  partial.  2.  Special 
fondness. 

PAR'TIAL-LY,  adv.  1.  In  part  only. 

2.  With  undue  bias  of  mind.  ! 

Part'i-bIl'i-ty,  n.  Susceptibility 

of  division  or  severance. 

Part'I-ble,  a.  [Lat.  partibilis ,  fr. 
partire,  to  part.]  Admitting  of  being 
parted  ;  divisible  ;  separable. 

PAR-TIIVI-PANT,  a.  [Lat.  partici- 
pans.]  Sharing  ;  having  a  part.  — 

•  n.  A  partaker. 

PAR-TI'9'I-PATE,  t*.  ?.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  participare ,  - patuin ,  fr.  pars,  1 
partis,  a  part,  and  capere,  to  take.]  ; 
To  have  a  share  with  others. 

PAR-TW'I-PA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of 
sharing  in  common  with  others.  2. 
Division  into  shares. 

Par-Tic 'i-PA'TOR,  n.  One  who  par¬ 
takes. 

Par'ti-cip'i-al,  a.  Having  the  na¬ 
ture  and  use  of  a  participle. 

Par'ti-c;I-ple,  v.  [Lat.  participium , 
fr.  parheeps,  sharing.]  A  word  hav¬ 
ing  the  nature  of  an  adjective,  de¬ 
rived  from  a  verb.  > 

Par'TI-€LE,  n.  [Lat.  partirula,  dim. 
of  pars,  a  part.]  1.  A  minute  por¬ 
tion  of  matter.  2.  A  word  that  is 
never  inflected. 

Par-tic'U-lar,  a.  1.  Relating  toe. 
part  of  any  thing,  or  to  a  single  per¬ 
son  or  thing.  2.  Clearly  distin¬ 
guishable  from  others  of  its  kind. 

3.  Worthy  of  special  attention  or  re¬ 
gard.  4.  Entering  into  details.  5. 

Hard  to  suit ;  difficult. 

Syn.  —  See  Minute. 

—  n.  A  single  point,  or  circum¬ 
stance;  a  detail. 

Par-tIc'U-lXr'i-ty,  n.  1.  Distinct¬ 
iveness  ;  minuteness  in  detail.  2. 

A,  e,  1,5, ii,  y , long ;  X,e,I, 5,0, y, short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  wiiat  ;  Lre,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;;  s6n, 

PARTICULARIZE 

That  which  is  particular  ;  peculiar¬ 
ity  ;  minute  detail. 

PAR-TIG'U-LAR-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  mention  in  particulars; 
to  enumerate  in  detail. — v.i.  To 
be  attentive  to  particulars. 

Par-tig'u-lar-ly,  adv.  Distinctly ; 
singly ;  especially. 

Part'ING,  n.  Act  of  dividing ;  di¬ 
vision  made  ;  any  thing  divided. 

Par'ti-san'  (110),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  parti , 
a  party.]  1.  An  adherent  to  a  party. 

2.  Commander  or  member  of  a  corps 

of  light  troops  designed  to  carry  on 
a  desultory  warfare.  3.  [Fr.  pertui- 
sane ,  fr.  0.  Fr.  fertiliser,  to  pierce.] 
A  kind  of  halberd.  — a.  1.  Adherent 
to  a  party.  2.  Engaged  in  irregular 
warfare  on  outposts.  [partisan. 

Par'ti-san'SHIP,  n.  State  of  being  a 

Par-ti'tion  (-tish/un),  n.  [Lat.  par¬ 
tition]  1.  Act  of  dividing,  or  state 
of  being  divided.  2.  That  which  di¬ 
vides  or  separates  ;  an  interior  divid¬ 
ing  wall. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  divide  into  shares.  2.  To  divide 
into  distinct  parts  by  walls. 

PXr'TI-tive,  a.  [Lat.  partitions,  fr. 
partire,  to  divide.]  Denoting  a  part 
of  any  thing  ;  distributive.  [gree. 

Part'ly,  adv.  In  part ;  in  some  de- 

Part'ner,  71.  [From  part.]  1.  An 
associate,  esp.  in  business.  2.  One 
who  dances  with  another.  3.  A  hus¬ 
band  or  wife. 

Part'ner-siiip,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
a  partner.  2.  Association  in  busi¬ 
ness  ;  a  firm  or  house. 

Par'tridge,  7i.  [0.  Eng.  partricli , 

Gr.  7repSt,£.]  A  grayish  bird,  having 
the  feet  bare,  found  in  Europe,  Si¬ 
beria,  and  North  Africa. 

In  America  the  name  is  applied 
to  the  American  quail  and  the  ruffed 
grouse. 

Par-TU'RI-ent,  a.  [Lat.  parturiens , 
desiring  to  bring  forth.]  Bringing 
forth,  or  about  to  bring  forth,  young. 

Par'tu-ri'tion  (-rish'un),  n.  Act 
of  bringing  forth  ;  delivery. 

PAR'TY,  ti.  [From  Lat.  partire ,  par- 
tiri ,  to  divide.]  1.  A  number  of  per¬ 
sons,  united  bjr  some  tie;  as,  (a.)  A 
faction.  ( b .)  A  social  assembly;  a 
company,  (c.)  A  small  number  of 
troops  dispatched  upon  some  special 
service.  2.  Partaker  or  participator. 

3.  One  who  takes  part  in  a  lawsuit. 

4.  A  person  ;  an  individual. 

Par'ty-€OL'ored,  a.  Coloredwith 

different  tints  ;  variegated. 

PXs'GHAL,  a.  [Lat.  paschalis,  fr.  Heb. 
pesach ,  fr.  pasach,  to  pass  over.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  Passover. 

Pa-sha/,  or  Pa/sha,  n.  A  Turkish 
viceroy  or  governor.  [sha. 

Pa-sha'lie,  n.  Jurisdiction  of  a  pa- 

PXs'QUlN-ADE'  (-kwin-),  n.  A  lam¬ 
poon  o”  satirical  writing ;  —  so  called 
from  a  statue  at  Rome  named  Pas- 
quin,  on  which  satiric  papers  are 
pasted. 

PASS  (6),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
passus,  step.  See  Pace.]  1.  Togo; 
to  move.  2.  To  undergo  transition. 


307 

3.  To  circulate ;  to  be  current.  4. 
To  be  regarded.  5.  To  go  by  ;  to 
cross  one’s  path,  & c.  6.  To  hap¬ 
pen;  to  take  place.  7.  To  disappear; 
to  vanish  ;  to  die.  8.  To  be  enacted. 

9.  To  do  well  enough ;  to  answer. 

10.  To  proceed  without  hindrance. 

11.  To  go  beyond  bounds  ;  to  sur¬ 
pass.  12.  To  make  a  lunge ;  to 
thrust. — v.  t.  1.  To  go  by,  beyond, 
over,  through,  &c.  2.  To  spend  ;  to 
live  through  ;  hence,  to  undergo.  3. 
To  omit ;  to  disregard.  4.  To  trans¬ 
cend  ;  to  surpass.  5-  To  receive  the 
legislative  or  official  sanction  of.  6. 
To  cause  to  move  or  go ;  to  send  ;  to 
deliver.  7.  To  utter  ;  to  pronounce. 
8.  To  accomplish.  9.  To  give  legal 
or  official  sanction  to  ;  to  enact.  10. 
To  give  currency  to.  11.  To  cause 
to  obtain  admission  or  conveyance. 

12.  To  pay  regard  to ;  to  take  notice 
of. — n.  [Lat.  passus,  step.]  1.  A 
passage  ;  a  way.  2.  A  passport ;  a 
ticket  of  free  transit  or  admission. 
3.  A  thrust ;  a  push.  4.  A  move¬ 
ment  of  the  hand  over  or  along  any 
thing.  5.  State  of  things  ;  condi¬ 
tion. 

PAss'a-BLE,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
passed.  2.  Tolerable  ;  modei’ate. 
Pass'a-bly",  adv.  Tolerably. 
Pas-sa'do,  or  Pas-sa'do,  n.  [See 
Pass.]  (Fencing.)  A  push  or  thrust. 
Pas's  age,  n.  i.  Act  of  passing;  a 
going  by,  over,  or  through.  2.  Way 
by  which  one  passes.  3.  A  room 
giving  access  to  others  ;  a  hall.  4. 
Event ;  incident ;  occurrence.  5.  Part 
of  a  book  or  text;  extract.  6.  Enact¬ 
ment.  7.  A  pass  or  encounter. 
PAss'-book,  n.  A  book  in  which  a 
trader  enters  articles  bought  on  cred¬ 
it,  and  then  passes  or  sends  it  to  the 
purchaser. 

Pas'sen-ger,  n.  [O.  Eng.  passager.] 
A  passer  or  passer-by  ;  a  traveler. 
Passe-pa  r  tout  (pas'-par'tcTo'). 
[Fr.,  fr.  passer,  to  pass,  and  partout, 
every  where.]  1.  A  master-key  ;  a 
latch-key.  2.  Alight  picture-frame 
serving  for  several  pictures. 
PAss'er,  71.  One  who  passes. 

Pas' SIM,  adv.  [Lat.]  Here  and  there ; 
every  where. 

PAss'ing,  adv.  Exceedingly. 
PAss'ING-bell,  7i.  A  bell  that  rings 
at  the  time  of  death  or  interment. 
PXs'sion  (pash'un),  n.  [Lat.  passio  ; 
pati,  passus,  to  suffer.]  1.  A  suffer¬ 
ing;  the  suffering  or  crucifixion  ot 
the  Savior.  2.  A  capacity  for  emotion. 

3.  Strong  feeling  prompting  to  action. 

4.  Object  of  love  or  fondness,  &c. 

Syn.  —  Feeling;  emotion.  — When  any 
feeling  or  emotion  completely  masters  the 
mind,  we  call  it  a  passion;  as,  a  passion 
for  music,  dress,  &c.:  especially  is  anger 
(when  thus  extreme)  called  passion.  The 
mind,  in  such  cases,  is  considered  as  hav¬ 
ing  lost  its  self-control,  and  become  the 
passive  instrument  of  the  feeling  ’  in 
question. 

Pas'sion-ate  (pXsh'un-),  a.  1.  Easily 
moved  to  anger.  2.  Moved  to  strong 
feeling,  love,  desire,  &c. 


PASTURE 

PAS'SION-ATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  passion, 
ate  manner.  [ing  passionate. 

Pas'sion-ate-ness,  n.  State  of  be- 

Pas'sion-i.ess,  a.  Void  of  passion. 

Pas'sion— week,  n.  The  week  preced¬ 
ing  Easter ;  — in  which  week  our  Sa¬ 
vior’s  passion  took  place. 

Pas'sive,  a.  [Lat.  passivus ;  pati, 
passus,  to  suffer.]  1.  Not  active,  but 
acted  upon.  2.  Incapable  of  the  ex¬ 
citement  or  emotion  which  is  appro¬ 
priate. 

Syn.  —  Inactive  ;  inert ;  unresisting; 
suffering;  submissive;  patient. 

Pas'sivE-ly,  adv.  In  a  passive  man¬ 
ner.  [passive. 

Pas'sive-ness,  ti.  Quality  of  being 

PAss'd-VER,  71.  [From  pas. sand  over.] 
A  feast  of  the  Jews,  commemorating 
the  time  when  God,  smiting  the  first¬ 
born  of  the  Egyptians,  passed  over 
the  houses  of  the  Israelites. 

PAss'port,  n.  [Fr .  passeport,  orig.  a 
permission  to  leave  a  port  or  to  sail 
into  it.]  1.  A  document,  permittinga 
person  to  pass  from  place  to  place  by 
land  or  water.  2.  A  safe-conduct. 
3.  That  which  enables  one  to  pass 
with  safety,  certainty,  or  general  ac¬ 
ceptance. 

Pass'-wokd  (-wfird),  ti.  A  word  to 
be  given  before  one  is  allowed  to 
pass ;  a  watch-word. 

PAST  (6),  p.  a.  Gone  by  ;  elapsed ; 
ended. — prep.  1.  Further  than  ;  be¬ 
yond  the  reach  of.  2.  Beyond  in 
time. 

Paste,  n.  [Lat.  pastus,  pasture,  food, 
fr.  pascere ,  to  feed.]  1.  A  composi¬ 
tion  of  flour  moistened  as  with  water. 
2.  Dough  for  pies,  &c.  3.  A  fine 

kind  of  glass  for  gems.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  cement  or  fasten  with 
paste.  [of  paper  board. 

Paste'board,  ti.  A  stiff,  thick  kind 

Pas'tern,  ti.  [0.  Fr.  pasturon .]  Part 
of  a  horse’s  leg  between  the  fetlock 
joint  and  the  hoof. 

Pas'til,  I  7i.  [Lat.  pastillus,  a 

Pas-tille',  )  little  loaf,  a  lozenge.] 
1.  A  small  aromatic  cone  to  be  burned 
for  cleansing  the  air  of  a  room.  2. 
An  aromatic  or  medicated  Lzenge  of 
confectionery. 

PAs'time,  n.  [From  pass  and  time.] 
That  which  serves  to  make  time  pass 
agreeably. 

PAs'tor  (6),  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  pascere,  to 
pasture.]  1.  A  shepherd.  2.  A  set¬ 
tled  minister  of  the  gospel. 

PAs'tor-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  shep¬ 
herds.  2.  Relating  to  the  care  of  souls, 
or  to  the  pastor  of  a  church.  —  ti.  A 
poem  describing  the  life  of  shepherds; 
an  idyl ;  a  bucolic. 

PAs'tor-ate  )  (45),  a.  Office  or 

PAs'tor-ship  J  state  of  a  pastor. 

Pas'try,  «.  [See  Paste.]  Food  mado 
of  paste,  as  pies,  tarts,  & c. 

Pas'try-cook,  n.  One  who  makes 
and  sells  articles  of  food  made  of 
paste.  • 

Past'ur-a&e.  n.  1.  Land  appropri¬ 
ated  to  grazing.  2.  Grass  for  feed. 

PAst'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  pastura,  pas- 

0,  hard;  A§;  EXIST;  N  as  NG ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  took  ;  Orn, rue,  pull ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6-,  soft;  €, 


PAVONINE 


PASTY 


308 


cere ,  to  pasture,  feed.]  1.  Grass  for 
cattle.  2.  Land  used  for  grazing.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  feed  on  grow¬ 
ing  grass,  or  to  supply  grass  or  food. 
—  v.  i.  To  feed  on  growing  grass  ; 
_to  graze. 

Pas'ty,  n.  [0.  Fr.  paste.  See  Paste.] 
A  pie  made  of  paste,  and  baked  with¬ 
out  a  dish. 

ji?AT,  a.  [Cf.  Scot,  pat ,  imp.  of  put. 
See  pat ,  to  tap.]  Exactly  suitable  ; 
lit ;  convenient.  —  adv.  Seasonably  ; 
fitly.  —  v.  t.  [-TED;  -TING.]  [Cf. 
Bat.]  To  strike  gently  with  the 
hand  ;  to  tap.  —  n.  1.  A  light,  quick 
blow  with  the  hand.  2.  A  small  mass 
beat  into  shape  by  pats. 

Patch,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
Botch.]  1.  To  mend  with  pieces ; 
to  repair  clumsily.  2.  To  put  to¬ 
gether  of  ill-sorted  parts.  —  n.  1.  A 
piece  of  cloth  sewed  on  a  garment  to 
repair  it.  2.  A  small  piece  of  ground ; 
a  plot. 

Patch'work  (-wfirk),  n.  Work  com¬ 
posed  of  pieces  sewed  together. 

Pate,  n.  Top  of  the  head. 

PXt'e-fac'tion,  n.  [Lat.  patefactio  ; 
patere ,  to  lie  or  be  open,  and  facer  e, 
to  make.]  Act  of  laying  open. 

Pa-tee' ea,  n. ;  pi.  pa-tel'ljz  ; 
Eng.pl.  pa-tel'lAs.  [Lat.,  a  small 
pan,  the  knee-pan.]  The  knee-pan. 

PXt'en,  n.  [hat.  patina, patena.\  The 
plate  for  the  consecrated  bread  in  the 
eucharist. 

Pa'tent,  or  PXt'ent,  a.  [Lat.  pa¬ 
tens,  being  open.]  1.  Open  ;  evident ; 

i  public  ;  apparent.  2.  Open  to  pub¬ 
lic  perusal ;  as,  letters  patent.  3. 
Appropriated  by  letters  patent.  —  n. 
A  grant,  for  a  term  of  years,  of  the 
exclusive  right  to  an  invention.  — v. 
t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  secure  the  ex¬ 
clusive  right  of  to  a  person . 

Pa'tent-ee',  or  Pat'ent-ee',  n. 
One  to  whom  a  patent  is  granted. 

Pa-tLr'nal  (14),  a.  [Lat .  paternus ; 
pater,  a  father.]  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
father  ;  fatherly.  2.  Derived  from  a 
father;  hereditary. 

PA-tLr'ni-TY,  n.  Relation  of  a  father 
to  his  offspring  ;  fatherhood  ;  hence, 
authorship. 

Path  (99),  n.  [A.-S.  p'ddh,  padh,  Skr. 
patka,  from  path,  to  go.]  1.  A  way, 
course,  or  track  ;  road  ;  passage.  2. 
A  narrow  way  beaten  by  the  foot.  3. 
Course  of  action. 

PA-THET'IC,  a.  [Gr.  naOriTiKos  ;  rra- 
6elv,  to  suffer.]  Affecting  or  moving 
the  tender  emotions. 

Syn. — Affecting;  moving;  touching. 

Pa-thet'ic-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  pa¬ 
thetic  manner. 

Path'less,  a.  Destitute  of  paths. 

PA-THOG'NO-MON'IC,  a.  [Gr.  irafloy- 
vco/aovucds,  skilled  in  judging  of  dis¬ 
eases.]  Characteristic  of  a  disease. 

Pa-thog'no-MY,  n.  [Gr.  nados,  pas¬ 
sion,  and  yvoi/xr],  judgment.]  Science 
of  the  signs  by  which  the  passions 
are  indicated. 

PXth'o-log'pc,  I  a.  Pertaining 

PXth'o-log'ig-al,  )  to  pathology. 


PA-THOI/0-&Y,  n.  [Gr.  naOos,  a  suf¬ 
fering,  and  Aoyos,  speech,  discourse.] 
The  science  which  has  for  its  object 
the  knowledge  of  disease. 

Pa'thos,  n.  [Gr.  7rd(?os,  suffering, 
passion.]  That  which  excites  emo¬ 
tions,  especially  tender  emotions. 

Patu'way,  n.  A  path  ;  usually,  a 
narrow  one. 

PA'TIEN^E  (pa'shenss),  n.  1.  Quality 
of  being  patient ;  calmness  under 
toil  or  trials.  2.  Act  of  waiting  long 
for  justice  or  expected  good  without 
discontent.  3.  Perseverance. 

Syn.—  Resignation.  — Patience  refers 
to  the  quietness  or  self-possession  of  one’s 
own  spirit  under  sufferings,  provoca¬ 
tions,  &c.;  resignation,  to  his  submission 
to  the  will  of  another. 

Pa'TIENT  (pa/shent),  a.  [Lat.  patiens, 
suffering.]  1.  Suffering  with  meek 
ness  and  submission ;  persevering. 
2.  Expectant  without  discontent ; 
not  hasty. —  n.  A  diseased  person 
under  medical  treatment. 

Pa'tient-LY,  adv.  In  a  patient  man¬ 
ner  ;  with  calmness. 

PXt'in,  n.  See  Paten. 

Pa  to  is  (pSt-w.V),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  Lat. 
pagus ,  the  country.]  A  provincial 
form  of  speech. 

PA'TRI-ARCH,  n.  [Gr.  Trarpia.px'tl'S  ; 
narrip,  father,  and  apyog,  a  leader, 
chief.]  1.  The  father  and  ruler  of  a 
family.  2.  An  ecclesiastical  dignitary 
superior  to  archbishops. 

Pa'tri-Xrch'al,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
possessed  by,  patriarchs. 

Pa/tri-areh'ate,  n.  Office,  dignity, 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  patriarch. 

Pa'tri-Xrgh'y,  n.  A  patriarchate. 

Pa-trI'cian  (-trlsh/an),  a.  [Lat.  pa- 
tricius,  fr.  patres ,  fathers,  senators.] 
Pertaining  to  a  person  of  high  birth  ; 
noble.  —  n.  One  of  high  birth  ;  a 
nobleman.  [ancestors. 

Pat/ri-mo'NI-AL,  a.  Inherited  from 

Pat'ri-mo-ny  (50),  n.  [Lat.  patri- 
monium  ;  pater,  father.]  An  estate 
inherited  from  one’s  ancestors. 

PA'TRl-OT,  n.  [Gr.  7raTpi.a>T7/?,  a  fel¬ 
low-countryman.]  One  who  loves 
and  defends  his  country. 

Pa'tri-ot'ic,  a.  Full  of  patriotism. 

Pa'tri-OT-Ism,  n.  Love  of  country. 

PA-TRls'Tie,  a.  [Lat.  pater,  patris ,  a 
father.]  Pertaining  to  the  ancient 
fathers  of  the  Christian  church. 

Pa-tr5l/,  n.  A  guard  who  goes  the 
rounds  in  a  camp  or  garrison  for  ob¬ 
servation. —  v.i.  [-LED;  -LING.] 
[Fr.  palrouiller,  0.  Fr.  patouiller,  to 
paddle,  to  paw  about,  to  patrol,  fr. 
patte,  a  paw.]  To  go  the  rounds  in 
a  camp  or  garrison. 

Pa'tron,  n.  [Lat.  patronus ;  pater, 
a  father.]  1.  One  who  countenances, 
supports,  or  protects  ;  an  advocate. 
2.  One  who  has  the  gift  of  a  benefice. 

PXt'ron-age,  n.  1.  Countenance  or 
support.  2.  Guardianship  as  of  a 
saint.  3.  Right  of  presentation  to  a 
benefice. 

Pa'tron-ess,  n.  A  female  patron. 

PXt'ron-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1. 


To  act  as  patron  toward.  2.  To  aa. 
suine  the  air  of  a  superior  toward. 

PXt'ron-i  Z'ES,  n.  One  who  patron¬ 
izes. 

PXt'RO-NYM'IC,  71.  [Gr.  TraTpinwfxi- 
kov  ;  7raTTjp,  father,  and  ovvp .a, 
name.]  A  modification  of  a  father’s 
name  borne  by  the  son. 

PXt/ro-nym,ig,  la.  Derived  from 

PXt'RO-nym'ig-al,  )  ancestors,  as 
a  name. 

PXt'ten,  n.  [Fr.  putin,  a  high- 
heeled  shoe.]  1.  A  clog  of  wood  worn 
to  elevate  the  feet  from  the  wet.  2. 
Base  of  a  column. 

PXt'ter,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A 
frequentative  of  pat,  to  strike  gently.] 
To  strike,  as  falling  drops  of  water. 

PXt'tern,  n.  [Fr.  patron ,  patron 
and  pattern.]  1.  A  model  for  imita¬ 
tion.  2.  A  specimen  ;  a  sample;  an 
example.  3.  A  quantity  of  cloth 
sufficient  for  a  garment.  4.  Figure 
or  style  of  ornamental  execution. — 
v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  copy.  2. 
To  serve  as  an  example  to  be  fol¬ 
lowed. 

To  pattern  after,  to  Imitate;  to  follow. 

PXt'ty,  n.  [Ft.  pate.  See  Pasty.) 
A  little  pie. 

PAU'qn-TY,  n.  [Lat.  paucilas ;  paucus, 
few,  little.]  1.  Fewness  ;  smallness  of 
number.  2.  Smallness  of  quantity. 

Paunch,  or  Paunch,  n.  [Lat.  pan- 
tex,  panticis.]  The  belly  and  its  con¬ 
tents  ;  the  abdomen. 

Pau'per,  n.  [Lat.]  A  poor  person  ; 
especially,  one  supported  by  public 
provision. 

Pau'per-ism,  n.  State  of  being  a 
pauper,  or  destitute  of  the  means  of 
support.  [reduce  to  pauperism. 

Pau'per-Ize,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 

PAU§E,  n.  [Gr.  navais,  fr.  naveiv,  to 
make  to  cease,  to  cease.]  1.  A  tem¬ 
porary  stop  or  rest.  2.  Suspense ; 
hesitation.  3.  A  mark  of  cessation 
or  intermission.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  cease  for  a  time.  2.  To  be 
intermitted. 

Syn.  —  To  intermit;  stop;  stay;  wait; 
delay;  tarry;  hesitate;  demur. 

Pave ,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
pavare,  from  Lat.  pavire,  to  beat  or 
tread  down.]  1.  To  lay  or  cover  with 
stone  or  brick.  2.  To  prepare  the 
way  for.  [of  solid  material. 

Pave'ment,  n.  A  floor  or  covering 

Pav'er,  n.  One  who  lays  stones  for 
a  pavement. 

Pav'IER  (pav^-er),  n.  A  paver. 

Pa-vil'ion  (-yun),  n.  [Lat.  papilio , 
a  butterfly  and  a  tent.]  1.  A  tent. 

2.  A  building,  usually  insulated  and 

having  a  roof  sometimes  square  and 
sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  dome.  3. 
A  tent  on  posts.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  furnish  or  cover  with 
pavilions.  [stones  or  bricks. 

Pav'ing,  n.  Pavement  ;  a  floor  of 

PAV'IOR  (pav^ur),  n.  One  who 
paves  :  a  paver. 

PXv'o-nIne,  a.  [Lat.  pavoninus , 
pavo,  peacock.]  Resembling  the  tail 
of  a  peacock. 


PAW 


Paw,  n.  [W.  paiven.]  1.  The  foot  of 
beasts  of  prey  having  claws.  2.  The 
hand; — in  contempt. — v.  i.  To 
scrape  with  the  fore  foot. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  handle  with  the 
paws,  or  awkwardly.  2.  To  scrape 
with  the  fore  foot. 

Pawl,  n.  [  W.  pawl ,  a  pole,  stake.]  A 
catch  to  check  the  backward  revolu¬ 
tion  of  a  wheel,  windlass,  &c. 

Pawn,  n.  [0.  Fr.  pan ,  pledge,  assur¬ 
ance,  Icel.  pantr.]  1.  Goods,  chattels, 
or  money  deposited  as  security  for 
payment  of  a  loan.  2.  [0.  Fr.  peon, 
a  walker.]  A  common  man,  in  chess. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  deposit 
as  security.  2.  To  stake;  to  wager. 

Pawn'BRO-ker,  n.  One  who  lends 
money  ou  pledge,  or  the  deposit  of 
goods. 

Pawn'er,  n.  One  who  pawns. 

Paw-paw',  n.  See  Papaw. 

Pax,  n.  [Lat.,  peace.]  A  small  plate, 
with  the  image  of  Christ  on  the  cross 
on  it. 

Pay,  v.  t.  [paid  ;  paying.]  [Lat. 
pacare ,  to  pacify,  appease.]  1.  To 
discharge  one’s  obligations  to  ;  to  re¬ 
quite.  2.  To  revenge  upon;  to  pun¬ 
ish.  3.  To  discharge,  as  a  debt  or  ob¬ 
ligation.  4.  To  cover,  as  the  bottom 
of  a  vessel,  with  tallow,  resin,  &c.  — 
v.  i.  To  recompense  ;  to  be  remuner¬ 
ative.  —  n.  An  equivalent  given  for 
money  due,  or  services  performed ; 
compensation  ;  recompense. 

Pay'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being  paid ; 
justly  due.  [mentis  to  be  made. 

Pay'-day,  n.  A  day  on  which  pay- 

PAY-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  money  is 
to  be  paid. 

Pay'er  (4),  n.  One  who  pays, 

Pay'-mas'ter,  n.  An  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  pay  wages. 

Pay'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  paying.  2. 
That  which  is  paid  ;  resvard  ;  recom¬ 
pense  ;  requital. 

PAY'NIM,  n.  &  a.  See  PAINIM. 

PEA,  n. ;  pi.  PEA§,  or  PEASE  (152). 
[Gr.  nlaov.]  A  plant  and  its  fruit, 
cultivated  for  food. 

Pea^e,  n.  [Lat.  pax ,  pads,  A.-S. 
pais .]  1.  A  state  of  quiet  or  tran¬ 

quillity  ;  calm  ;  repose.  2.  Freedom 
from  war.  3.  Public  tranquillity. 
4.  Quietness  of  mind  or  conscience. 

Pea^e'A-ble,  a.  1.  Free  from  war, 
tumult,  &c.  2.  Disposed  to  peace. 

Syn. —  Peaceful  ;  pacific  ;  tranquil  ; 
quiet;  undisturbed  ;  serene;  mild;  still. 
—  Peaceable  describes  the  state  of  an  in¬ 
dividual,  nation,  &e.,  in  reference  to  ex¬ 
ternal  hostility,  attack,  &c. ;  peaceful,  in 
jespect  to  internal  disturbance. 

Peace'a-bly,  adv.  In  a  peaceable 
manner;  quietly. 

Peac^e'ful,  a.  1.  Not  disturbed  by 
war,  tumult,  or  commotion.  2.  Pa¬ 
cific  ;  mild. 

Syn.  —  See  Peaceable. 

Pea^e'FUL-ly,  adv.  Quietly  ;  calmly. 

Pea^e'ful-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  peaceful.  [peace. 

Peace'-mak'er,  n.  One  who  restores 

Pea^e'-of'fer-ING,  n.  An  offering 
to  procure  peace  or  to  express  thanks. 


309 

Pea^e'-of'fi-^er,  «.  A  civil  officer 
whose  duty  it  is  to  preserve  the  pub¬ 
lic  peace. 

Peach,  n.  [Lat.  persicum  (sc.  ma¬ 
lum),  a  Persian  apple,  peach.]  A  tree 
and  its  fruit,  of  many  varieties.  — 
v.  i.  To  turn  informer.  [Low.] 

Pea'eock,  n.  [Pea-  is  from  A.-S. 
pd.wa,  Lat.  pavo]  The  male  of  a 
fowl,  about  the  size  of  the  turkey, 
with  a  brilliant  tail. 

Pea'hen,  n.  The  hen  or  female  of 
the  peacock.  [jacket. 

Pea'-jack/et,  n.  A  thick  woolen 

Peak,  n.  [A.-S .  peac.  Cf.  Beak.] 
A  point ;  end  of  any  thing  ;  the  sharp 
top  of  a  hill. 

Peak'ed  (pek'ed  or  peekt,  60),  a. 
Pointed  ;  ending  in  a  point. 

Peal,  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  Fr.  appel, 
a  call,  appeal,  fr.  Lat.  appellare.  Cf. 
Appeal.]  1.  A  succession  of  loud 
sounds.  2.  A  set  of  bells  tuned  to 
each  other.  —  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
To  utter  loud  and  solemn  sounds. 

Pe'AN,  n.  [See  PA5AN.]  A  song  of 
praise  and  triumph.  [nut. 

Pea'-nut,  n.  A  plant ;  the  earth- 

PEAR  (par,  4),  n.  [A.-S.  peru..]  A 
tree  of  many  varieties,  and  its  fruit. 

Pearl  (14),  n.  [L.  Lat .perla,  as  if  fr. 
Lat.  pi  rum,  a  pear.]  1.  A  white, 
hard,  smooth,  lustrous  substance, 
found  in  a  species  of  oyster.  2. 
Something  very  precious.  3.  A  va¬ 
riety  of  printing-type. 

GSf”  This  line  is  printed  in  pearl. 

Pearl'ash,  n.  Impure  carbonate  of 
potassa. 

Pearl'-oys'ter,  n.  The  oyster 
which  yields  pearls. 

Pearl'y,  a.  1.  Containing  pearls. 
2.  Resembling  pearls. 

Syn. —  Clear;  pure;  transparent. 

Peas'ant.  n.  [N.  Fr.  paysan,  fr.  Lat. 
pagus,  the  country.]  One  of  the  low¬ 
est  class  of  tiilers  of  the  soil  in  Euro¬ 
pean  countries. 

Syn.  —  Countryman  ;  rustic  ;  swain. 

PEAg'ANT-RY,  n.  Lowest  class  of  till¬ 
ers  of  the  soil ;  peasants. 

Pea§'-EOD,  n.  The  legume  or  peri¬ 
carp  of  the  pea.  [used  as  food. 

Pease,  n.  pi.  Pease  collectively,  or 

Peat,  n.  [Allied  to  pit.]  A  substance 
consisting  of  vegetable  matter,  used 
for  fuel. 

Peat'-moss,  n.  A  fen  producing  peat. 

PEB'BLE,  n.  [A.-S.  pabol.)  1.  A  small, 
roundish  stone  worn  by  the  action  of 
water.  2.  Transparent  and  color¬ 
less  rock-crystal. 

Peb'bly,«.  Abounding  with  pebbles. 

Pe-EAN'  (pe-kan'  or  pe-kawn'),  n.  [Sp. 
pacana.]  A  kind  of  hickory,  and  its 
fruit. 

Pee'EA-BIL'I-ty,  n.  Liability  to  sin. 

Pee'EA-ble,  a.  [From  Lat.  peccare, 
to  sin.]  Liable  to  sin. 

Pee'ea-dil'lo,  n.  [Sp.,  dim.  of  pe- 
cado,a,  sin.]  A  slight  offense ;  a  petty 
crime  or  fault. 

PEE'EANT,  a.  [Lat.  peccans ,  sinning.] 
1.  Sinning ;  criminal.  2.  Morbid  ; 
corrupt. 


PEDDLER 

PfiE'EA-RY,  n.  [The  native  name.] 
A  South  American  animal  of  about 
the  size  and  shape  of  a  small  hog. 

P£ck,  n.  [Prob.  a  modif.  of  pack.]  1. 
F'ourth  part  of  a  bushel  ;  eight 
quarts.  2.  A  great  deal.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A  modif.  of  pic/c.]  1. 
To  strike  with  the  beak.  2.  To  dig 
with  any  thing  pointed.  3.  To  striko 
with  small  and  repeated  blows. 

Peck'er,  n.  One  who  pecks. 

Pee'TI-nal,  a.  [Lat.  pecten,  pectinis, 
a  comb.]  Resembling  a  comb. 

Pee'TI-NATE,  la  [Lat.  pectina- 

Pee'ti-na'ted,  j  tus,  combed.]  Re¬ 
sembling  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pee'to-ral,  a.  [Lat .pectoralis;  pec¬ 
tus,  the  breast.]  Pertaining  to  the 
breast.  —  n.  1.  A  breastplate.  2. 
A  medicine  for  complaints  of  the 
breast  and  lungs. 

PEE'U-LATE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  peculari,  latus,  fr.  peculium, 
private  property.]  To  steal  public 
moneys  committed  to  one’s  care  ;  to 
embezzle. 

PEE'U-L A'TION,  n.  Embezzlement  of 
public  money.  [the  public. 

Pee'u-la'tor,  n.  One  who  defrauds 

Pe-EUL'iar  (-kul'yar),  a.  [Lat.  j oecu- 
liaris ;  peculium ,  private  property.] 

1.  Belonging  to  an  individual ;  not 
general.  2.  Particular. 

Syn. —  Special;  especial. 

—  n.  Exclusive  property. 

Pe-eul-iar'i-ty  (-kul-yar'i-),  n.  1. 
Quality  of  being  peculiar.  2.  That 
which  is  peculiar;  individuality. 

Pe-eul'iar-ize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  appropriate  ;  to  make  peculiar. 

Pe-eul'iar-ly  (pe-kul'yar-ly),  adv. 
In  a  peculiar  manner ;  particularly. 

Pe-eun'ia-ry  (-kun'ya-),  a.  [Lat. 
pecuniarius,  fr.  pecunia ,  money.]  1. 
Relating  to  money,  or  to  property. 

2.  Consisting  of  money. 

Ped'a-gog'ie,  ( a.  Suiting,  or 

Ped'a-gog'ie-al,  j  belonging  to,  a 

pedagogue. 

Ped'a-gog'ism,  n.  Business  or  char¬ 
acter  of  a  pedagogue. 

PED'A-GOGUE,  n.  [Gr.  ncu8ay(i)yo<;, 
from  7raiv,  a  boy,  and  dyeiv,  to  lead.] 
1.  A  teacher  of  children;  a  school¬ 
master.  2.  A  formal,  positive,  or  pe¬ 
dantic  teacher ;  a  pedant. 

Pe'dal,  a.  [Lat.  pedalis ;  pes,  foot.] 
Pertaining  to  a  foot. 

Ped'al,  n.  Foot-key  of  a  musical  in- 
strument. 

Ped'ANT,  n.  [It.  pedante,  orig.  a  ped¬ 
agogue,  contr.  fr.  pedagogante ,  Lat. 
ptedagogans,  teaching  children.]  A 
pretender  to  superior  knowledge. 

Pe-dant'ie,  )  a.  Ostentatious  of 

Pe-dant'ie-AL,  I  learning. 

Pe-dant'ie-al-ly  adv.  In  a  pedan- 
tical  manner. 

Peb'ant-ry,  n.  Vain  ostentation  of 
learning. 

Ped'dle,  v.  i.  or  t.  [A  modif.  of  pad¬ 
dle,  dim.  of  pad ,  to  go.]  1.  To  go 
from  place  to  place  and  retail  goods  ; 
to  hawk.  2.  To  be  busy  about  trifles. 

Ped'dler,  n.  One  who  peddles. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  too,took;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  e,  g,  hard;  A§;  Ejcist  ;  N  as  NG 


THIS 


PEDESTAL  310  PENITENCE 


Ped'es-tal,  n.  [Pat. 
pes,  pedis,  foot,  and 
0.  II.  Ger.  sto.l,  sta¬ 
tion,  place.]  Base 
of  a  column,  stat¬ 
ue,  vase,  & c. 

pE-DES'TRI-AN.  re. 

Going  on  foot ;  per¬ 
formed  on  foot.  — n. 

One  who  goes  on  Pedestal, 
foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an-Ism,  n.  Act  of  walk¬ 
ing  or  going  on  foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an-ize,  v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  practice  walking. 

Ped'i-gree,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  Fr.  par 
degrcs.  by  degrees,  or  fr.  pied-de-grue 
(crane’s  foot),  from  the  form  of  an 
heraldic  genealogical  tree.]  Line  of 
ancestors  ;  lineage ;  register  of  a  line 
of  ancestors. 

Ped'i-ment,  re.  [Lat. 
pes,  pedis,  a  foot.] 

The  triangular  or 
arched  decoration 
over  doors,  win¬ 
dows,  &c. 

Pkd'lar,  1  re.  See 

Ped'ler,  j  Pee-  Pediment. 

DEER. 

Pe'do-bap'tism.  re.  [Gr.  rears,  re-ai- 
Sos,achild,  and  parmay-a,  baptism.] 
The  baptism  of  infants  or  of  children. 

Pe-dOn'CLE  (-dunk'l),  re.  [Lat.  pe- 
dunculus,  dim.  of  pes,  a  foot.]  The 
stem  that  supports  the  flower  and 
fruit  of  a  plant. 

Peek,  v.  i.  To  peep ;  to  look  with 
the  eyes  half  closed. 

Peee,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  pilare, 
to  deprive  of  hair,  to  plunder,  pil¬ 
lage,  ir.  pilns,  a  hair.]  1.  To  strip 
off  the  ski n ,  bark ,  or  rind  of ;  to  flay. 
2.  To  plunder  ;  to  pillage.  —  v.  i.  To 
come  off,  as  the  skin,  bark,  or  rind. 
—  re.  1.  Skin  or  rind  of  any  thing. 
2.  [Lat .  pala.]  Any  large  fire-shovel. 

Peel'er,  re.  One  who  peels ;  a  pilla¬ 
ger. 

Peep,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [D.piepen, 
Ger.  pipen,  Lat.  pipire,  to  peep,  pip, 
chirp.]  1.  To  cry,  as  a  chicken 
newly  hatched ;  to  chirp.  2.  To 
look  out  slyly,  through  a  crevice,  or 
with,  the  eyes  half  closed.  —  re.  1. 
Cry  of  a  young  chicken  ;  chirp.  2. 
First  outlook  or  appearance. 

Peep'er,  re.  1.  A  chicken.  2.  One 
who  peeps.  3.  The  eye.  [  Cant.] 

Peer,  re.  [Lat.  par ,  equal.]  1.  An 
equal ;  a  match ;  a  mate.  2.  A 
comrade  ;  an  associate.  3.  A  noble¬ 
man. —  v.  i.  [-ED  :  -ING.]  [Norm. 
Fr.  perer,  equiv.  to  Fr.  paraitre,  Lat. 
parere.]  To  look  curiously  or  sharp¬ 
ly  ;  to  peep. 

Peer'AGE,  re.  1 .  Rank  or  dignity  of 
a  peer.  2.  Body  of  peers. 

Peer'ess,  re.  Consort,  of  a  peer. 

Peer'less,  a.  Having  no  peer  ;  un¬ 
equaled  ;  matchless. 

Peer'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  peerless 
manner. 

PEE'viSH,  a.  [Prob.  corrupt,  fr.  per¬ 
verse,  the  letter  r  being  omitted.]  1. 


Easily  vexed  or  fretted.  2.  Express¬ 
ing  discontent  and  fretfulness. 

Syn.  —  Fretful;  cross;  testy;  irritable. 

Pee'visii-ly,  adv.  In  a  peevish 
manner. 

Pee'vish-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
peevish;  fretfulness;  petulance. 

Peg,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  pie,  a  little  needle 
or  pin.]  A  wooden  nail  or  pin.  —  v.t. 
[-GED  ;  -GING.]  1.  To  fasten  with 
pegs.  2.  To  confine,  or  restrain. 

PE'K5E,or  Pek'oe,  n.  [Chin. jh/i- 
haou.]  A  kind  oi  black  tea. 

Pe-LA'gi-AN,  re.  A  follower  of  Pela¬ 
gias,  who  denied  the  received  doc¬ 
trines  in  respect  to  original  sin,  free 
will,  grace,  and  the  merit  of  good 
works. 

Pelf,  n.  [Abbrev.  fr.  0.  Eng.  pelfry, 
booty. .  Cf.  Pilfer.]  Money  ;  rich¬ 
es  ;  wealth  ;  — esp.  when  ill-gotten. 

Pel'i-san,  re. 

[Gr.  nekeKav, 

TreAe/cds.]  A 
large  web- 
footed  water- 
fowl  with  an 
enormous  bill 
to  which  a 
pouch  is  at¬ 
tached. 

Pe-LISSE'  (-lees'),  re.  [Lat.  pellicea, 
made  of  skins  ;  pellis,  a  skin.]  A  silk 
habit  worn  by  ladies. 

Pell,  re.  [Lat.  pellis ,  a  skin.]  1.  A 
skin  or  hide.  2.  A  roll  of  parch¬ 
ment. 

Pel'let,  re.  [L.  Lat.  pelota,  fr.  Lat. 
pila,  a  ball.]  A  little  ball. 

P£l'li-ELE,  re.  [Lat.  pellicula,  dim. 
of  pellis ,  skin.]  A  thin  skin  or  film. 

Pell-mell',  adv.  [Fr.  pele-mele, 
prob.  fr.  pelle,  a  shovel,  and  meler,  to 
mix.]  In  utter  confusiyn. 

Pel-lu'»;:id,  a.  [Lat.  pellucid  us ;  per , 
very,  and  lucidus,  clear.]  Translu¬ 
cent  ;  clear. 

Pelt,  n.  1.  [Ger.  pelz ,  a  pelt,  fur.] 
Skin  of  a  beast  with  the  hair  on.  2. 
A  blow  from  something  thrown.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  peloter,i r. 
peloie ,  a  ball ;  or  contracted  from  pel¬ 
let .]  To  strike  with  missiles. 

Pelt'ry,  n.  [Fr.  pelleterie.  See 
Pelt.]  Skins  with  the  fur  on ; 
furs. 

PL L' VIE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  pelvis. 

Pel'VIS,  n.  [hat. pelvis,  a  basin.]  The 
open,  bony  structure  at  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  body. 

Pem'mi-ean,  n.  Meat  dried,  pound¬ 
ed,  mixed  with  fat  and  dried  fruit, 
and  compressed  into  bags. 

P£n,  n.  1.  [Lat.  penna.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  used  for  writing ;  hence,  a 
writer.  2.  [See  infra.]  A  small  in¬ 
closure  for  beasts.  — v.  t.  1.  [-NED  ; 
-NING.]  To  write ;  to  compose.  2. 
[-NED or -t;  -NING.]  [0.  Eng .pinne, 
to  bolt  a  door.]  To  confine  in  a 
small  inclosure. 

PE'NAL,  a.  [Lat.  pxnalis ;  pxna, pun¬ 
ishment.]  Relating  to,  threatening, 
incurring,  or  inflicting,  punishment. 

PLn'al-ty,  n.  [Contracted  ir.  pen¬ 


ality.]  1.  Punishment  for  crime  or 
offense.  2.  Forfeiture;  fine. 

Pen'an^e,  n.  [0.  Fr.  penance.  See 
Pain.]  Suffering  imposed  or  sub¬ 
mitted  to  as  a  punishment  for  faults. 

Pe-na'tks,  n.  pi.  [Lat.]  House¬ 
hold  gods  of  the  ancient  Italians. 

Pence,  n.  ;  pi.  of  Penny. 

Penchant  [ pong'shong'),  n.  [Fr., 
fr.  pencher,  to  incline.]  Inclination; 
decided  taste. 

Pen'cil,  n.  [Lat.  penicillum  and 
penicillus,  from  penis,  a  tail.]  1.  A 
small  brush  used  by  painters.  2. 
An  instrument  for  writing  and  draw¬ 
ing.  3.  Art  of  painting,  drawing,  or 
describing.  4.  A  collection  cf  rays  of 
light. — v.t.  [-ED,  -ing  ;  or  -led, 
-LING,  137.]  To  paint  or  draw;  to 
mark  with  a  pencil. 

Pen'dant,  n.  [Fr.,  from  pendre,  to 
hang.]  1.  A  hanging  appendage, 
esp.  an  ornamental  one  ;  also,  an 
appendix  or  addition.  2.  A  pennant. 
See  Pennant.  [cided  ;  suspense. 

PLn'uen-CY,  n.  State  of  being  unde- 

PEN'DENT,  a.  [Lat.  pendens,  hang¬ 
ing.]  1.  Suspended  ;  hanging.  2. 
Projecting  ;  overhanging. 

PEND'ING,  p.  a.  Remaining  unde¬ 
cided  ;  in  suspense.  —  prep.  During. 

Pend'u-lous  (77),  a.  [Lat .pendulus, 
from  pendere,  to  hang.]  Hanging; 
swinging. 

Pend'u-lum  (147),  n.  [See  supra.] 
A  body  so  suspended  from  a  fixed 
point  as  to  swing  freely  to  and  fro. 

Pen'e-tra-bil'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  penetrable. 

Pen'e-tra-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  penetrated.  2.  Susceptible  of 
moral  or  intellectual  impression. 

Pen' e-tra’li-a,  n.  pi.  [Lat.]  Re¬ 
cesses  of  a  temple  or  palace,  & c.; 
hence,  hidden  things  or  secrets. 

PEN'E-TRATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  penetrare,  -tratum.]  1.  To  en¬ 
ter  into ;  to  pierce.  2.  To  touch 
with  feeling ;  to  affect.  3.  To  com¬ 
prehend. —  v.  i.  To  pass  ;  to  make 
way. 

Pen'e-tra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  pen¬ 
etrating;  entrance  into  the  interior 
of  any  thing.  2.  Acuteness. 

Syn.  —  See  Discernment. 

Pen'e-tra/tive,  a. 

Tending  to  penetrate ; 
piercing. 

Pen'guin  (pen'gwin), 
n.  [From  Lat.  pin- 
guis,  fat..]  A  web¬ 
footed  marine  bird. 

Pen-In'su-la  (-su-  or 
-shij-),  re.  [Lat.  pen¬ 
insula  ;  pxne ,  almost, 
and  insula,  island.] 

A  portion  of  land 
nearly  surrounded  by 

wn  tpr 

PEN-IN'SU-LAR  (-SU-  Penguin. 
or  -shu-),  a.  Tn  the  form  of  a  pen¬ 
insula  ;  pertaining  to  a  peninsula. 

PeN'1-tence,  n.  Condition  of  being 
penitent ;  repentance. 


Syn.  —  Contrition;  compunction. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ;  A,  E,l,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 


Pelican. 


PENITENT 


311 


Pennant. 


PEn'I-tent,  a.  [Lat.  psenitens ,  re¬ 
penting.]  Sincerely  affected  by  a 
sense  of  guilt,  and  resolved  on 
amendment  of  life.  —  n.  One  who 
repents  of  sin. 

PEn'I-tEn'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
proceeding  from,  or  expressing,  pen¬ 
itence. 

PEn'I-tEn'TIA-RY  (-sha-ry),  a.  Re¬ 
lating  to  penance,  or  to  a  penitentia¬ 
ry. —  n.  1.  One  who  prescribes  rules 
of  penance.  2.  One  who  does  pen¬ 
ance.  3.  A  house  of  correction. 

PEn'i-tent-ly,  adv.  With  penitence. 

Pen'knife  (pen'Tf,  149),  n.  A  small 
knife  for  making  pens. 

PEn'MAN  (150),  n.  1.  One  who  writes 
a  good  hand.  2.  An  author  or  com¬ 
poser. 

PEn'man-shIp,  n.  Art  or  manner  of 
writing;  chirography. 

P  E N '  N  A N  T,  n  1  Either  fr .  Lat.  penna , 

feather,  or  from 
pannus ,  a  cloth.] 

A  small  flag  •  l 
long,  narrow  Lai.- 
ner ;  a  stream¬ 
er. 

PEn'nate,  •  a. 

Winged;  plume¬ 
shaped. 

PEn'ni-less(142), 
a.  [From  pen¬ 
ny.]  Destitute  of 
money. 

PEn'non,  n.  1.  Awing;  a  pinion.  2. 
A  pennant ;  a  streamer.  . 

PEn'NY,  n. ;  pi.  pEn'nies,  or  pEn<[E 
(152).  [A.-S.  petiig.]  The  twelfth  of 

a  shilling,  worth  4  farthings,  or  about 
2  cents. 

PEn'ny-a-lin'er,  n.  One  who 
writes  for  a  public  journal  at  so  much 
a  line ;  a_writer  for  pay. 

PEn'ny-post,  n.  One  who  carries 
letters  from  the  post-office. 

PEn'ny-roy'al,  n.  An  aromatic 
herb. 

PEn'ny-weigiit  (-wat),  n.  A  troy 
weight  of  24  grains.  It  was  ancient¬ 
ly  the  weight  of  a  silver  penny. 

PEn'NY-wIse',  a.  Saving  small  sums 
at  the  risk  of  larger. 

PEn'ny-wortii  (-wflrth,  colloq.  pen/- 
nurth),  n.  1.  As  much  as  is  bought 
for  a  penny.  2.  A  small  quantity. 

Pen'sIle,  a.  [Lat.  pensilis,  fr.  pend  ere, 
to  hang.]  Hanging;  pendent. 

PEn'sion,  n.  [Lat.  pensio,  payment.] 
A  stated  allowance  to  a  person  in 
consideration  of  past  services.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing  ]  To  grant  a  pension  to. 

PEn'sion-A-ry,  a.  Maintained  by 
a  pension.  —  n.  One  who  receives  a 
pension  for  past  services. 

PEn'sion-er,  7i.  1.  One  who  receives 
an  annual  allowance  for  services.  2. 
[Fr.  pensionnaire ,  one  who  pays  for 
his  board.  See  Pension.]  a  stu¬ 
dent  at  Cambridge  (Eng. )  and  at 
Dublin,  who  is  not  dependent  on 
the  foundation  for  support. 

PEn'SIVE,  a.  [It.  pensare,  to  reflect, 
from  pensare,  to  weigh,  ponder]  1. 
Thoughtful,  sober,  or  sad.  2.  Ex- 


Pentagon. 
Same  as  Panto- 


pressing  thoughtfulness  with  sad¬ 
ness.  [ner. 

PEn'sIve-ey,  ndv.  In  a  pensive  man- 

PEn'-stock,  n.  1.  [Prob.  from  pen, 
i.  e.,  quill  (or  small  pipe)  and  stock,  j 
A  tube  for  conducting  water,  as  to  a 
water-wheel.  2.  Barrel  of  a  wooden 
pump.  3.  Handle  of  a  pen 

PENT,  p.  p.  or  a.  [From  pen.]  Shut 
up  ;  closely  confined. 

PEn'TA-CHORD,  71.  [Gr.  nevraxo pSo?, 
five-stringed.]  1.  An  instrument  of 
music  with  five  strings.  2.  A  sys¬ 
tem  of  five  sounds. 

PEn'ta-gon,  7i.  [Gr. 

Trevrayiovov ;  r reVre,  five, 
and  yomia,  angle.]  A 
plane  figure  having  five 
equal  angles. 

Pen-tag'o-nal,  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  five  angles. 

PEn'TA-GRAPII,  71. 

GRAPH. 

PEn'ta-iie'dron,  71.  [Gr.  ttcVtc, 
five,  and  eSpa,  seat,  base.]  A  solid 
figure  having  five  equal  sides. 

PEN-TAM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  veur dpe- 
rpos;  7reVre,  five,  and  perpov,  meas¬ 
ure.]  A  peculiar  verse  of  five  feet. 

Pen-tan'gu-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  ireVre,  five, 
and  Lat.  angulus,  angle.]  Having 
five  angles. 

PEn'ta-style,  n.  [Gr.  nevre,  five, 
and  otv Aos,  pillar.]  An  edifice  with 
five  columns  in  front. 

PEn'TA-TEUCII,  7i.  [Gr.  TrevTdTevxos; 
nivre,  five,  and  TeOyo?,  book.]  The 
first  five  books  of  the  Bible. 

PEn'TE-COST,  71.  [Gr.  wevr»)KOo~r>j  (sc. 
ypepa),  fiftieth  day.]  1.  A  festival 
of  the  Jews,  on  the  50th  day  after 
the  Passover.  2.  Whitsuntide.  See 
Arts,  ii.  [Pentecost. 

PEn'te-cost'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 

PEnt'-house,  71.  [From  Lat.  pen- 
dere,  to  hang  down,  and  Eng.  house.] 
A  shed  standing  aslope  from  the 
main  wall. 

Pe'nult,  or  Pe-nOlt',  n.  [Abbrev. 
from  penultima.]  Last  syllable  but 
one  of  a  word. 

Pe-nult'i-ma,  7i.  [Lat.  (sc.  s yllaba), 
from  pcc7ie,  almost,  and  ullimus,  the 
last.]  Same  as  Penult. 

Pe-nljlt'i-mate  (45),  a.  Next  be¬ 
fore  the  last.  —  7i.  Last  syllable  but 
one  of  a  word ;  penult. 

Pe-num'bra,  7i.  [Lat.  pxne ,  almost, 
and  umbra,  shade.]  A  partial  shadow 
in  an  eclipse. 

Pe-nu'RI-oEs  (89),  a.  Excessively- 
saving  in  the  use  of  money  ;  parsi¬ 
monious  to  a  fault. 

Syn.  —  See  Avaricious. 

Pe-nu'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  penuri¬ 
ous  manner. 

Pe-nu'ri-ous-ness,  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  penurious. 

PEn'u-RY,  n.  [Lat.  penuria.]  Want; 
indigence ;  poverty. 

Pe'on,  7i.  [Sp.,  a  foot-traveler,  foot- 

soldier,  a  pawn.  See  Pawn.]  In  Mex¬ 
ico,  a  debtor  held  by  his  creditor  in  a 
form  of  servitude,  to  work  out  a  debt. 

PE'O-NY,  n.  [Gr.  Traanvla.,  fr.  naiovta, 


PERCHANCE 

a  country  north  of  Macedonia  ]  A 
plant  having  beautiful  flowers. 

PEO'PLE  (p5/pl),  n.  [0.  Eng.  peple, 
popl,  Lat.  populus.]  1.  The  body  of 
persons  composing  a  community, 
tribe,  nation,  or  race.  2.  Persons 
generally  ;  folks.  3.  The  populace ; 
the  vulgar.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
stock  with  inhabitants  ;  to  populate. 

PEp'per,  7i.  [Gr.  TreVept.]  A  climb¬ 
ing  plant  and  its  pungent  seed.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  sprinkle 
with  pepper.  2.  To  pelt  with  shot. 

PEp'per-€ORN,  7i.  The  berry  of  the 
pepper-plant. 

PEp'per-grass,  7i.  A  kind  of  cress. 

PEp'per-mint,  n.  [ pepper  and  mbit.] 
An  aromatic  and  pungent  plant. 

PEp'per-sauce,  n.  A  condiment  of 
small  red  peppers  in  vinegar. 

PEp'per-y,  a.  1.  Relating  to  pepper; 
hot;  pungent.  2.  Irritable. 

PEp'sin,  n.  [Gr.  wei/us,  a  cooking, 
digestion  ]  A  substance  secreted  by 
the  stomach  of  animals,  and  present 
in  the 'gastric  juice.  [digestion. 

Pep'tic,  n.  Relating  to,  or  promoting, 

PEr'ad-vEnt'ure,  adv.  [Prefix 
per ,  by,  and  adventure.]  By  chance; 
perhaps. 

Per-am'bu-late,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  perambulnre ,  -latum,  from  per, 
through,  and  ambulat  e,  to  walk.]  To 
walk  through,  over,  or  round. 

Per-am'bu-la'tion,  7i.  Passing  or 
walkirg  through  or  over. 

Per-am'bu-l A/tor,  7i.  1.  One  who 
.  perambulates.  2.  An  instrument  to 
measure  distances. 

Per-ceiv'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  perceived.  [perceived. 

Per-ceiv'A-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  be 

Per-clive',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
percipere,  fr.  per  and  capere,  to  take, 
receive.]  1.  To  obtain  knowledge  of 
through  the  senses.  2.  To  see  to  be 
true. 

Syn.  —  To  discern. — We  may  perceive 
a  man  and  a  woman  afar  off,  without 
being  able  to  dbeer n  which  is  the  one 
and  which  the  other. 

Per-oEnt'AGE,  71.  [From  per  cent. 
See  Cent  ]  Allowance,  duty-,  or 
commission,  on  a  hundred. 

Per-cEp'TI-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
pei’ceived.  [perceived. 

Per-^Ep'TI-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  be 

Per-^Ep'tion,  7i.  [Lat.  pcrceptio. 
See  Perceive.]  Actor  faculty  of 
perceiving ;  cognizance  by  the  senses 
or  intellect;  discernment;  cognition. 

Syn.  —  Idea;  conception;  sentiment; 
sensation;  observation. 

Per-cEp'tTve,  a.  Having  the  fac¬ 
ulty  of  perceiving. 

PERCH  (14),  n.  1.  [Gr.  nepia j,  from 
its  dusky  color.]  A  fish  of  several 
species,  inhabiting  both  fresh  and 
salt  water.  2.  [Lat.  pertica .]  A  pole  ; 
a  long  staff ;  a  rod.  3.  A  measure  of 
five  yards  and  a  half ;  a  rod.  4.  A 
roost  for  fowls.  — v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
To  light  on  a  fixed  body,  as  a  bird. — 
v.  t.  To  place  on  a  perch.  [haps. 

Per-CHAnce',  adv.  By  chance;  per- 


OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  /,  o,  silent;  <?,  g, soft;  e,  G, hard;  as;  e^ist;  n  as  NG  ,  this. 


PERCIPIENCE 


312 


PERIOSTEUM 


Per-cIp'I-en^e,  n.  Perception. 

Per-<,’Ip'i-ent,  a.  fLat.  perdpiens, 
perceiving.]  Having  the  faculty  of 
perception ;  perceiving. 

rtR^eo-LATE,?’.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
percolare ,  -latum,  from  per,  through, 
and  colare ,  to  strain.]  To  cause  to 
pass  through  small  interstices. —  v.  i. 
To  pass  through  small  interstices  ; 
to  filter. 

Per'GO-LA'tion,  n.  Act  of  perco¬ 
lating  or  filtering. 

PeiPgo-la'tor,  n.  A  filtering  ma¬ 
chine. 

Per-cus'sion  (-kftsh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
percussio,  fr.  per,  through,  and  qua- 
tere,  to  shake,  strike.]  1.  Act  of 
striking  one  body  against  another  ; 
forcible  collision.  2.  Vibrato x-y  shock. 

Fercuesioti  cap,  a  small  copper  cap, 
containing  fulminating  powder,  used  to 
explode  gunpowder.  —  Percussion-lock, 
a  lock  of  a  gun  in  which  fulminating 
powder  is  exploded. 

PER-GU'TIENT  (-shent),  n.  [Lat .per- 
cutiens,  striking.]  That  which  strikes. 

Per-dPtiojj  (-dxsIFun),  n.  [Lat.  per- 
ditio ,  fr.  perdere,  to  ruin,  lose.]  1. 
Utter  destruction  ;  ruin.  2.  Puture 
misery  or  eternal  death. 

Per-  Dip,  or  P£r'du,  )  a.  [Fr.  per- 

Per-due',  or  Per'due,  j  du,  from 
perdue ,  lost.]  Lost  to  view;  being 
in  concealment. 

PER'E-GRI-NATE,  V.  i.  [-EB  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  pere.grinari ,  -natus,  fr.  peregri- 
nus,  foreign.]  To  travel  fr.  place  to 
place  ;  to  live  in  a  foreign  counti-y. 

Per'e-gri-na'tion,  n.  A  traveling 
from  one  country  to  another ;  abode 
in  foreign  countries. 

PLr'EMP-to-RI-EY,  adv.  Absolute¬ 
ly  ;  positively. 

PEr'emp-to-ri-ness,  n.  Positive¬ 
ness  ;  absolute  decision. 

Per'emp-to-RY,  a.  [Lat.  perempto- 
rius,  decisive,  final,  fr.  perimerc,  to 
take  away  entirely.]  1.  Precluding 
debate  or  expostulation.  2.  Positive 
in  opinion  or  judgment. 

Per-£n'NI-AL,  a.  [Lat.  perennis ; 
per,  through,  and  annus,  year.]  1. 
Lasting  through  the  year.  2.  Con¬ 
tinuing  without  stop.  3.  Continu¬ 
ing  more  than  two  years. 

PER-EN'NI-AL-LY,  adv.  Continually. 

PER-EN'NI-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 
perennial. 

PPr'fegt  (14, 115),  a.  [Lat.  perfec- 
lus,  pei’formed,  finished.]  1.  Com¬ 
pleted  ;  filled  up.  2.  Not  defective  ; 
having  all  that  is  requisite  to  its  na¬ 
ture  and  kind. 

Syn. —  Consummate;  complete. 

Per'fegt,  or  Per-fegt'  (115),  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  finish  or  complete, 
so  as  to  leave  nothing  wanting. 

PER-FEeTa-BiL/l-TYjn.  Quality  of 
being  perfectible. 

Per-fegt'i-bee,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
coming  or  of  being  made  perfect. 

Per-fEg'tjon,  n.  State  of  being  per¬ 
fect  or  complete. 

PER-FE€'TlON-iST,  n.  One  who  be¬ 
lieves  that  some  persons  actually  at¬ 


tain  to  moral  perfection  in  the  pres¬ 
ent  life.  [tending  to  perfect. 

Per-fegt'Ive,  a.  Cxilculated  or 

Per'FE€T-ly,  adv.  In  a  perfect  man¬ 
ner  or  degree ;  completely. 

Per'fegt-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
perfect ;  perfection. 

Per-fI'cient  (-fish'ent),  n.  [Lat. 
perjiciens,  performing.]  One  who 
endows  a  charity. 

Per-fid'i-ous,  a.  False  to  trust  or 
confidence  reposed ;  treacherous ; 
faithless.  [ious  manner. 

PER-FiDh-oils-EY,  adv.  In  a  perfid- 

Per-fid'i-ous-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  perfidious. 

P£r'FI-dy,  n.  [Lat.  perfidia;  perfi- 
dus,  faithless.]  Act  of  violating 
faith,  a  promise,  or  allegiance ;  faith¬ 
lessness  ;_tiAacliery. 

PER/FO-RATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  perforare,  -atum  ;  per,  through, 
and  forare ,  to  bore,  pierce.]  To  bore 
through;  to  pierce. 

PEr'fo-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  per¬ 
forating.  2.  A  hole  or  aperture. 

Per'fo-ra-tive,  a.  Having  power 
to  perforate.  [that  perforates. 

P£r'fo-ra/tor,  n.  An  instrument 

Per-force',  adv.  [Lat.  per,  through, 
by,  and  Eng.  force.]  By  force  ;  vio¬ 
lently. 

Per-form/,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
performare ,  to  form  thoroughly.  See 
Furnish.]  1.  To  carry  through; 
to  bring  to  completion.  2.  To  exe¬ 
cute;  to  discharge. 

Syn.  —  To  accomplish;  fulfill;  effect. 
—  v.  i.  To  acquit  one’s  self  in  any 
wox-k. 

Per-form'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of 
being  performed ;  practicable. 

Per-form/an(;e,  n.  1.  Act  of  per¬ 
forming.  2.  That  which  is  performed  ; 
esp.  an  act  of  an  elaborate  or  public 
character;  an  exhibition. 

PER-FORM'ER,  n.  One  who  performs ; 
an  actor. 

Per'fume,  or  Per-fume'  (115),  n. 
[Lat.  per,  through,  thoroughly,  and 
fumus,  smoke.]  A  sweet  scent,  or 
the  substance  emitting  it. 

PER-FUME',  t)  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  To 
impregnate  with  a  grateful  odor  ;  to 
scent. 

Per-fum'er,  n.  One  who  perfumes, 
or  who  sells  perfumes.  [oral. 

Per-fum'er-y,  n.  Perfumes  in  gen- 

Per-fung'to-ry,  a.  [Lat.  perfunc- 
torius ,  fr .  perfungi,  to  discharge,  dis¬ 
patch.]  Done  mei’ely  to  get  rid  of  a 
duty  ;  hence,  indifferent ;  careless. 

Per-FUSE',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
perfundere,  perfusum  ;  per,  through, 
and  fund  ere,  to  pour.]  To  sprinkle, 
or  spread  over. 

Per-FU'siye,  a.  Sprinkling;  adapt¬ 
ed  to  spread  or  sprinkle. 

Per-HAPs',  adv.  [Lat.  per,  through, 
by,  and  Eng.  hap.]  By  chance  ;  per- 
adventure ;  possibly. 

PE'Rl,  n. ;  pi.  PE'RIS.  [Per.  peri,  a 
female  genius,  a  fairy.]  {Per.  Myth.) 

•  An  imaginary  being  of  the  female 
sex. 


PLr'I-GAR'di-AN,  )  a.  Relating  to 
Per'I-GAR'dig,  I  the  pericardium. 
Per' i-eaR' Di-tJM,  n.  [N.  Lat. ;  Gr. 
TrepocdpSioe,  fr.  wept, about,  and  /cap* 

Si 'a,  heart.] 

The  mem¬ 
branous 
sac  which 
incloses  the 
heart. 


PLr'i-gXrp, 

n.  [Gr.  wept- 
Kapmov,  fr. 
wept,  about, 
and  KapTros, 
fruit.]  The 
ripened  ova¬ 
ry  of  a  plant. 

Per'  i-ERA'- 
Ni-  vm ,  n. 

[Gr.  wept, 
around,  and 
Kpaviov,  the 
skull.]  The 
membrane 
that  immedi¬ 
ately  invests 
the  skull. 

Per'i-gee,  n. 

[Gr.  TrcpC, 
about,  near,  and  yrj,  earth.]  That 
point  in  the  moon’s  orbit  which  is 
nearest  to  the  earth. 

Per'I-GrXpii,  n.  [Gr.  wepiypa^rj ,  fr. 
wept,  round  about,  and  ypatfnij,  a 
writing.]  An  inaccurate  delineation. 

Per'I-iiel'ion  (or  -he'li-on),  n.;pl. 
perH-he'li-a.  [Gr.  wept,  about, 
near,  and  rjAtov,  the  sun.]  That 
point  in  a  planet’s  or  a  comet’s  orbit 
which  is  nearest  the  sun. 

Per'IL,  n.  [Lat.  periculvm ,periclum, 
from  periri,  to  attempt.]  Exposure 
to  injury,  loss,  or  destruction. 

Syn.  —  See  Danger. 


Pericarps. 

a,  b,  drupe  of  peach  ;  c , 
nut,  filbert;  d, strobile 
of  pine  ;  e,f,  capsule 
of  poppy  ;  b.  capsule 
of  Aristolochia. 


—  V.t.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING, 
137.]  To  expose  to  danger.  [ous. 
Per'il-oOs,  a.  Full  of  peril;  danger- 
Per'il-oDs-ly,  adv.  With  hazard. 
PE-RLyPE-TER,  n.  [Gr.  wept/uerpos  ; 
wept,  ai-ound,  and  perpov,  measure.] 
Outer  boundaiy  of  a  body  or  figure. 
Pe'ri-od  (89),  n.  [Gr.  wepi'oSos,  a  go¬ 
ing  round,  a  period  of  time.]  1.  A 
stated  .and  recurring  interval  of  time. 
2.  A  certain  series  of  years,  months, 
or  days,  &c.,  or  the  terminatioxx  of 
such  a  series.  3.  A  complete  sen¬ 
tence.  4.  A  point  [thus  .]  that  marks 
the  end  of  a  complete  sentence. 

Syn.  —  Time;  date;  epoch;  era;  age. 
Pe/RI-od,IG,  )  a.  1.  Returning 
Pe'ri-od'IG-AL,  )  regularly,  after  a 
certain  period  of  time.  2.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  constituting,  a  period. 
PJpRl-OD'lG-AL,  n.  A  magazine  or 
other  publication  appealing  at  stated 
intervals.  [periods. 

Pe'RI-od'ig-ae-ly,  adv.  At  stated 
Pe'RI-o-dic'I-ty,  n.  State  of  having 
regular  periods. 

Per' i-os'te-um  (124),  n.  [N.  Lat. ; 
Gr.  wepiocrreoe,  fr.  wtp(,  around,  and. 
ocrreoi/,  a  bone.]  A  fibrous  mem¬ 
brane  investing  the  bones. 


PERIPATETIC 


313 


PERSEVERE 


PfiR/I-PA-TET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  irepiuaTr\Ti- 
/cos,  from  nepLTraTeLU,  to  walk  about.] 
Pertaining  to  the  philosophy  of  Aris¬ 
totle,  who  gave  his  instructions  while 
walking.  —  n.  1.  A  follower  of  Ar¬ 
istotle.  2.  One  who  is  obliged  to  walk. 

PE-RIPH'ER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  7repn]>epia  ; 
wept,  around,  and  (jxipeiv,  to  bear.] 
The  circumference  of  any  regular 
curvilinear  figure. 

Per'i-phrase ,  n.  [Gr.  Trept^pacrt?, 
from  7 rept,  about,  and  <f>pag civ,  to 
speak.]  A  roundabout  mode  of 
expression;  circumlocution.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  express  by  cir¬ 
cumlocution.  [RIPHRASE. 

Pe-rlph’ra-sis,  n.  Same  as  Pe- 

Per'i-phrXs'tie,  )  a.  Expressing 

PER'I-PHRAS'TIE-AL, )  or  expressed 
in  more  words  than  are  necessary. 

PER'IP-NEU'MO-NY,  ».  [Gr.  nepnrvev- 
fjLCvia  ;  rrepi,  around,  and  rrvevpwv,  a 
lung.]  Intlammation  of  the  lungs. 

PE-RIP;TER-AL,  a.  [Gr.  TrepiVTepo?  ; 
wept,  around,  about,  and  v repov, 
wing,  row.]  Having  a  range  of  col¬ 
umns  all  around. 

PerG-sgup'IG,  a.  [Gr.  nepC,  around, 
and  cnconelv,  to  view.]  Viewed  on 
all  sides  ;  — applied  to  a  kind  of  spec¬ 
tacles  having  concavo-convex  glasses. 

Per'ISH,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
perire ,  from  per,  through,  and  ire ,  to 
go.]  1.  To  be  destroyed;  to  go  to 
destruction.  2.  To  die.  3.  To  de¬ 
cay  gradually,  as  a  limb. 

Per'ish-a-ble,  a.  Liable  to  perish. 

Per'ish-A-ble-ness,  n.  Liableness 
to  perish. 

Per'i-spher'ie,  a.  [Gr.  irepi,  around, 
and  <r(f)aipa,  sphere.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  ball ;  globular. 

PER'I-STAL'TIE,  a.  [Gr.  nepi<TTa\Ti- 
<cos,  fr.  — cpicrTaAAeiv,  to  surround, 
wrap  up.]  Contracting  in  successive 
circles ;  —  applied  to  the  vermicular 
motion  of  the  alimentary  canal. 

PER'I-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  7repi'o-TuAov  ; 
irepi,  about,  and  crrvAov,  a  column.] 
A  range  of  columns  round  a  build¬ 
ing  or  square. 

Per'I-to-ne'UM,  n.  [Lat.,  from  Gr. 
irepireiveiv,  to  stretch  all  round  or 
over.]  A  thin  membrane,  investing 
the  whole  internal  surface  of  the  ab¬ 
domen  and  its  viscera. 

PEr'i-wig,  n.  [0.  Eng.  perwicke, 
corrupt.  froinFr.  perruque.]  A  small 
wig;  a  peruke. —  v.  t.  [-ged  ; -ging, 
13 T.J  To  dress  with  a  periwig,  or  with 
false  hair. 

PEr'i-wInk'le  (-1),  n.  [A  corrupt, 
of  petty,  and  A.-S.  winkle,  a  shell¬ 
fish.]  1.  A  mollusk  having  a  fleshy 
ventral  disk  instead  of  feet,  and  a  tur¬ 
binated  shell.  2.  [0.  Eng.  pervinke, 
Lat.  pervinra.]  A  flowering  plant. 

Per'jure  (pcr'Jur), r.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  perjurnre ;  per,  through,  over, 
and  jurare,  to  swear.]  1.  To  cause 
to  take  a  false  oath.  2.  To  make  a 
false  oath  to. 

Syn. —  To  forswear.  —  Forswear,  ap¬ 
plies  to  all  kinds  of  oaths;  perjure.,  to 
those  administered  by  a  civil  magistrate. 


PERMUR-ER  (per/jijr-er),  n.  One  who 
willfully  takes  a  false  oath  lawfully 
administered. 

PERMU-RY,  n.  [See  supra.]  Act  or 
crime  of  willfully  making  a  false 
oath,  when  lawfully  administered. 

Perk  (14),  a.  Pert;  smart;  trim; 
vain. — v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [W .  percu, 
to  make  smart.]  To  hold  up  the  head 
with  affected  smartness.  —  v.  t.  To 
dress  up ;  to  make  trim. 

P£r'ma-nen<;.'e,  In.  Continuance 

Per'MA-nen-cv,  )  in  the  same  state 
or  place  ;  fixedness. 

PLr'MA-nent,  a.  [Lat.  pennanens, 
staying  to  the  end,  fr.  per,  through, 
and  manere,  to  remain.]  Continu¬ 
ing  in  the  same  state,  or  without 
change. 

Syx.  —  See  Lasting. 

PER'MA-NENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  perma¬ 
nent  manner. 

P£r'me-a-ele,  a.  [See  Permeate.] 
Admitting  of  being  permeated. 

Per'me-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
permeate ,  - a  turn ,  from  per,  through, 
and  meare,  to  go.]  To  pass  through 
the  pores  or  interstices  of ;  —  said  of 
fluids. 

PfiR'ME-A/TlON,  n.  Act  of  permeat¬ 
ing  ;  state  of  being  permeated. 

Per-mis'ci-ble,  a.  [Lat. permiscere, 
to  mix.]  Capable  of  being  mixed. 

Per-mKs'SI-ble,  a.  Proper  to  be  per¬ 
mitted. 

Per-mIs'SION  (-mrsh/un), n.  [Lat.  per¬ 
mission  Act  of  permitting  ;  formal 
consent. 

Per-mis'sive,  a.  1.  Granting  liber¬ 
ty  ;  allowing.  2.  Suffered  without 
hindrance. 

PER-MIS'SIVE-LY,  adv.  By  allowance. 

PER-MIT',  V.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  [Lat. 
permittere,  fr.  per,  through,  and  init- 
lere,  to  let  go,  send.]  1.  To  put  up 
with  ;  to  tolerate  ;  to  suffer.  2.  To 
grant  leave  to. 

Syn.  —  To  allow.  —  To  permit  is  more 
positive,  denoting  a  decided  assent,  ei¬ 
ther  directly  or  by  implication ;  to  allow 
is  more  negative,  and  impoits  only  ac¬ 
quiescence  or  an  abstinence  from  pre¬ 
vention.  We  may  be  compelled  by  cir¬ 
cumstances  to  allow  some  things  which 
we  would  by  no  means  directly  permit. 

PEr'MIT,  or  PER-MiT'  (115),  n.  War¬ 
rant  ;  leave  ;  a  written  permission  or 
license. 

Per-Mit'tance,  n.  Permission. 

PLr'MU-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  permuta- 
tio,  fr.  per,  through,  and  mu.tare ,  to 
change.]  1.  Mutual  transference.  2. 
Arrangement  of  any  number  of 
things  in  all  possible  orders. 

Per-nPcioOs  (-nish'us),  a.  [Lat.  per¬ 
il  iciosus,  from  per,  thoroughly,  and 
nex,  a  violent  death.]  Having  the 
quality  of  destroying  or  injuring. 

Syn. —  Destructive;  noxious;  injuri¬ 
ous;  ruinous;  hurtful. 

Per-ni'cious-ly  (-nish'us-),  adv.  In 
a  pernicious  manner. 

Per'o-RA'tion,  n.  [Lat.  peroratio , 
fr.  per,  through,  and  orare,  to  speak.] 
Concluding  part  of  a  discourse. 


I  Per'pen-dic'u-lar, 
a.  [Lat.  perpendicu- 
laris,  from  per,  thor¬ 
oughly  ,  and  pen  dcre, 
to  hang  down.]  1. 

At  right  angles  to4  „ 

the  plane  of  the  ho-  a 

rizon.  2.  At  right  a  d,  perpendicu- 
angles  to  a  given  line  lars  c>  h°ri* 
or  surface.—  n.  A  zontal‘ 
line  or  plane  at  right  angles  to  an¬ 
other  ;  a  vertical  line  or  plane. 

Per'pen-die'u-lar'i-ty,  n.  State 
of  being  perpendicular. 

Per'pen-die'u-lar-ly,  adv.  So  as 
to  be  perpendicular. 

PEr'pe-trate,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  perpetrare,  -tratum,  from  per , 
through,  and  patrare,  to  perform.]  To 
commit ;  to  be  guilty  of. 

Per'pe-tra'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  per¬ 
petrating^  2.  An  evil  action. 

P£r,pe-tra/tor,  n.  One  who  per¬ 
petrates. 

Per-pet'U-AL,  a.  [Lat.  perpetualis, 
fr.  perpetuus,  continuous.]  Contin¬ 
uing  indefinitely  or  infinitely. 

Syn.  —  See  Continual. 

PER-PET'U-AL-LY,  adv.  Constantly  ; 
continually. 

Peii-pet'u-ate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  perpetuare ,  -atum.]  To  make 

perpetual ;  to  preserve  from  extinc¬ 
tion.  _  [ing  perpetual. 

Per-pet'u-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  mak- 

Per'PE-tu'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  perpetual  ;  endless  duration. 

Per-plex',  r.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
per,  through,  thoroughly,  and  plec- 
tere,  plextmi,  to  plait,  braid.]  1.  To 
make  intricate  or  difficult  to  be  un¬ 
derstood.  2.  To  tease  with  suspense 
or  ambiguity7. 

Syn.  —  Sec  Embakrass. 

Per-plex'ed-ly  (60),  adv.  In  a  per¬ 
plexed  manner. 

Per-plex'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
perplexed  ;  intricacy. 

Per'QUI-s'ite  (per/kwl-zit,  14),  n. 
[Lat.  perquisition,  fr.  perquirere,  to 
ask  for  diligently.]  An  allowance 
beyond  the  ordinary  salary  or  fixed 
wages.  [curate  inquiry. 

Per'qui-si'TION  (-zishhin),  n.  Anac- 

Per'ry,  n.  Expressed  juice  of  pears, 
usually  fermented. 

Per'se-eute,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  persequi,  - secutus ,  from  per, 
through,  and  sequi ,  to  follow,  pur¬ 
sue.]  To  pursue  in  a  manner  to 
injure,  vex,  or  afflict,  especially7  for 
adherence  to  a  particular  creed  or  to 
a  mode  of  worship. 

Per'se-eu'tion,  n.  Act  of  persecut¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  persecuted. 

PLr'se-eu'tor,  n.  One  who  perse¬ 
cutes. 

Per/se-ver'ance,m.  A  persisting  in 
any  thing  undertaken  ;  constancy. 

Per'se-vere',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  perseverare,  fr.  per,  thoroughly, 
very,  and  severus,  strict.]  To  persist 
in  any  business  or  enterprise. 

Syn.  —  To  continue  ;  persist.  —  The 
idea  of  not  laying  aside  is  common  to 


OR,  DO,woLF,  too,took;  urn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent; 


C,  G,  soft ;  E,  G,  hard ;  A§  ;  E£IST;  N  as  N G ;  THIS 


PERSIFLAGE 


% 


these  words.  Continue  is  the  generic  term, 
denoting  sitnply  to  do  as  one  lias  done 
hitherto.  To  persevere  is  to  continue  in 
a  given  course  in  spite  of  discourage¬ 
ments,  &c.,  from  a  desire  to  obtain  our 
end.  To  persist  is  to  continue  from  a  de¬ 
termination  of  will  not  to  give  up. 

Persifza  ge  (pfer'se-flazh'),  n.  [Fr., 
from  persifer,  to  quiz.]  Frivolous  or 
bantering  talk. 

Per-sIm^mon,  n.  [Indian.]  A  tree 
and  its  fruit,  which  is  like  a  plum. 

Per-SIST',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
persistere ;  per ,  through,  and  sislere, 
to  stand.]  To  continue  fixed  in  a 
course  of  conduct. 

Syn.  — See  Persevere. 

Per-sIst'ence,  ( n .  State  of  being 

Pe  r-sist'e  N -c.  Y ,  |  persistent ;  steady 
pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken. 

PER-sIst'ENT,  a.  [Lat.  persistens.] 
Inclined  to  persist ;  tenacious ;  fixed. 

Person  (per/sn,  14),  n.  [Lat.  per¬ 
sona a  mask,  a  personage.]  1.  Out¬ 
ward  appearance,  expression,  &c.  2. 
A  living  human  being  ;  a  man,  wom¬ 
an,  or  child;  —  also,  among  Trini¬ 
tarians,  one  of  the  three  subjects 
constituting  the  godhead.  3.  One 
of  the  three  relations  which  a  noun 
or  pronoun  may  hold  to  the  verb. 

Per'son-A-ble  (per'sun-),  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  a  well-formed  body  or  person  ; 
graceful. 

Per'son-age  (45),  n.  1.  A  distin¬ 
guished  person.  2.  Exterior  appear¬ 
ance  or  stature,  &c. 

Per'son-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  de¬ 
noting,  a  person. 

Per'son-al'i-ty,  n.  1.  That  which 
constitutes,  or  pertains  to,  a  person. 
2.  A  disparaging  remark  about  an¬ 
other. 

Per'son-AL-ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  per¬ 
sonal  or  direct  manner.  2.  With 
respect  to  an  individual. 

PER'SON-ATE,r.l.  [-EU;  -ING.]  To 
assume  the  character  of ;  to  coun¬ 
terfeit. 

Per'son-a'tion,  n.  The  act  of  per¬ 
sonating,  or  of  counterfeiting  the 
person  of  another.  [ates. 

Per'son-A'TOR,  n.  One  who  person- 

Per-son'1-fi-ua'’tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
personifying.  2.  A  representation  of 
an  inanimate  being  as  animated. 

Per-son'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING, 
142.]  [Lat.  persona ,  person,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  To  regard  or  treat  as 
a  person. 

Personnel  (per'so-nel'),  n.  [Fr. 
See  Personal.]  Body  of  persons 
employed  in  some  public  service. 

Per-speg'tIve,  a.  [From  Lat.  per- 
spicere,  perspeclum ,  to  look  through.] 
Pertaining  to  the  art  of  perspective. 
—  n.  1.  A  view;  a  vista.  2.  Art 
of  representing  on  a  plane  surface 
objects  as  they  appear,  relatively,  to 
the  eye  in  nature. 

Per-speg'tive-ly,  adv.  According 
to  the  rules  of  perspective. 

Per/spi-€A'cioCs,  a.  [Lat .  perspicax, 
-cads,  fr.  perspi cere,  to  look  through.] 
1.  Quick-sighted.  2.  Of  acute  dis¬ 
cernment;  keen. 


314 

Per'SPI-ea^'i-ty,  n.  Acuteness  of 
sight  or  discernment. 

Per'spi-cu'i-ty,  n.  Clearness,  espe¬ 
cially  of  statement. 

PER-SPIE'u-ofts,  a.  [Lat.  perspicuus, 
from  perspi  cere,  to  look  through.] 
Clear  to  the  understanding  ;  not  ob¬ 
scure.  [spicuous  manner. 

PER-sPlE'u-otis-LY,  adv.  In  a  per- 

Per-spir'A-bil'i-ty,  ii.  Quality  of 
being  perspirable.  [ing  perspired. 

Per-sp’ir'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

Per/spi-ra'Tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  per¬ 
spiring.  2.  That  which  i3  perspired  ; 
sweat  L 

Per-spire',  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
perspirare ,  to  breathe  through.]  1. 
To  evacuate  fluid  matter  through 
the  pores;  to  sweat.  2.  To  be  ex¬ 
creted  insensibly. 

Per-suad'a-ble  (-swad/-),  a.  Capa¬ 
ble  of  being  persuaded. 

PER-SUADE'  (-swadQ,  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-Ing.]  [Lat.  persnadere,  -suasion, 
fr.  per,  through,  and  suadere,  to  ad¬ 
vise.]  1.  To  influence  by  argument, 
advice,  or  entreaty ,  &c.  2.  To  con¬ 

vince  by  argument,  or  reasons  offered. 

Syn.—  Sec  Convince. 

Per-suad'er,  v.  One  who  persuades. 

Per-sua'si-bIl'j-ty,  n.  Capability 
of  being  persuaded. 

Per-SUA'si-rle  (-swa/si-bl),  a.  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  persuaded. 

Per-sua/§ion,  ii.  1.  Act  of  persuad¬ 
ing.  2.  State  of  being  persuaded. 
3.  A  creed,  or  a  sect  adhering  to  a 
certain  creed. 

Per-sua'sive,  a.  Tending  to  per¬ 
suade  ;  having  the  power  of  persuad¬ 
ing. —  n.  An  incitement;  an  ex¬ 
hortation.  [suasive  manner. 

Per-sua'sXve -ly,  adv.  In  a  per- 

Fer-sua'sive-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  persuasive. 

Per-sua'so-ry  (50),  a.  Having  power 
or  tendency  to  persuade. 

PERT  (14),  a.  [Abbrev.  fr.  0.  Fr.  apert, 
open,  known,  free.]  Indecorously 
free  or  presuming  ;  forward;  bold. 

Per-tain',  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
pertinere  ;  per,  through,  and  tenere , 
to  hold.]  1.  To  belong.  2.  To  relate. 

PLr'TI-NA'CIOUS,  a.  [Lat.  pertinax, 
- nacis ,  fr.  per ,  through,  and  tenax, 
tenacious.]  1.  Holding  to  any  opin¬ 
ion,  purpose,  or  design,  with  obsti¬ 
nacy.  2.  Resolute;  firm. 

Syn.  —  Obstinate  ;  stubborn  ;  inflexi¬ 
ble  ;  constant. 

Per/ti-na/cious-ly,  adv.  In  a  per¬ 
tinacious  manner. 

Per'ti-na^'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  pertinacious. 

Syn.  —  Sec  Obstinacy. 

PEr'ti-nence,  )  n.  State  of  being 

P£r'ti-nen-cy.  )  pertinent ;  fitness  ; 
appositeness. 

Per'ti-nent,  a.  [Lat.  pertinens. 
See  Pertain.]  Related  to  the  sub¬ 
ject  or  matter  in  hand  ;  apposite. 

Syn.  —  Relevant;  appropriate. 

Per'ti-nent-ly,  adv.  In  a  perti¬ 
nent  manner. 


PEST-HOUSE 

Pert'ly,  adv.  In  a  pert  manner 
smartly ;  saucily. 

Pert'ness,  n.  State  of  being  pert. 

Per-tOrb',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
perlurbare ,  fr.  per,  through,  thor¬ 
oughly,  and  turbare,  to  disturb.]  To 
disturb  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  confuse. 

Per'tur-ba'tion,  n.  Act  of  perturb¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  perturbed. 

Per-tu'sion,  n.  [Lat.  pertusus,  p. 
p.  of  pertundere,  to  beat,  push,  or 
thrust  through.]  Act  of  punching 
or  piercing. 

Per'uke  (perOik,  53),  n.  [Fr.  per- 
ruque ,  fr.  Lat.  pilits,  hair.]  An  arti¬ 
ficial  cap  of  hair  ;  a  periwig. 

Pe-ru'sal,  n.  Act  of  perusing. 

PE-RUgE',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A  cor¬ 
ruption  of  pervise,  formerly  written 
peruise.  fr.  Lat,.  pervisus,  looked  over, 
considered.]  To  read,  or  to  read  with 
attention. 

Per-vade',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
pervadere ,  fr.  per,  through,  and  va- 
dere,  to  go.]  1.  To  pass  through,  as 
an  aperture,  pore,  or  interstice.  2. 
To  be  in  all  parts  of. 

Per-va'sion,  n.  Act  of  pervading. 

Per-VA'SIVE,  a.  Tending,  or  able, 
to  pervade. 

Per-verse'  (14),  a.  [Lat.  perversus, 
turned  the  wrong  way.]  1.  Turned 
aside  from  the  right.  2.  Obstinate 
in  the  wrong.  3.  Disposed  to  cross 
and  vex. 

Syn. —  Froward.  —  One  is  froward 
who  is  capricious,  and  reluctant  to  obey. 
One  who  is  perverse  has  a  settled  obsti¬ 
nacy  of  will,  and  likes  or  dislikes  by  the 
rule  of  contradiction  to  the  will  of  others. 

Per-verse'l Y,  adv.  In  a  perverse 
manner.  [perverse. 

Per-v£rse'ness,  ii.  State  of  being 

Per-ver'sion,  ii.  Act  cf  perverting; 
change  to  something  worse. 

Per-vEr'si-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
perverse  ;  perverseness. 

Per-v£r'sive,  a.  Tending  to  pervert. 

PER-VERT'  (14),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  pervertere ;  per,  thoroughly ,  and 
vertere,  to  turn.]  1.  To  turn  from 
truth,  propriety,  or  from  its  proper 
purpose.  2.  To  misinterpret.  3.  To 
turn  from  the  right ;  to  corrupt. 

Per'vert,  n .  One  who  has  turned 
from  a  right  way  to  a  wrong  one. 

Per-vert'I-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  perverted. 

Per'vi-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  pervivs,  fr.  per, 
through,  and  via,  a  way.]  Capable 
of  being  penetrated ;  permeable ; 
penetrable.  [pervious. 

Per'vi-oCs-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

PESK'Y,a.  Mischievous;  troublesome. 
[ Colloq .] 

Pest,  n.  [Lat.  pest  is.]  1.  A  fatal 
epidemic  disease  ;  plague  ;  pestilence. 
2.  Any  thing  resembling  a  pest. 

Pes'ter,  r.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Ab¬ 
brev.  from  impester,  fr.  L.  Lat.  pas- 
torivm,  a  fetter  by  which  horses  are 
prevented  from  wandering  in  the 
pastures.]  To  harass  with  little  vexa¬ 
tions  ;  to  annoy.  [fected  persons. 

PLst'-house,  n.  A  hospital  for  in- 


PHENIX 


PESTIFEROUS 


315 


Pes-tif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat .  pestiferus  ; 
pestis,  pest,  andferre,  to  bear.]  1. 
Pestilential ;  noxious  to  health  :  in¬ 
fectious;  contagious.  2.  Mischiev¬ 
ous;  destructive. 

Pes'TI-lenoe,  n.  1.  Any  contagious 
or  infectious  disease  that  is  epidem¬ 
ic.  2.  That  which  breeds  disturb¬ 
ance  or  vice. 

Pes'ti-lent,  a.  [Lat.  pestilens,  fr. 
pestis,  pest.]  Pestilential ;  noxious  ; 
mischievous. 

Pes'ti-len'tial,  a.  1.  Producing, 
or  tending  to  produce,  a  pest.  2. 
Noxious ;  seriously  troublesome. 

Pes'TI-LENT-ly,  adv.  In  a  pestilent 
manner. 

Pes'tle  (pesfl),  n.  [L.  Lat.  pestel- 
lum,  fr.  Lat.  pistare,  to  pound.]  An 
instrument  for  pounding  substances 
in  a  mortar. 

Pet,  ii.  1.  [A  modif.  of  pout.]  A 
slight  fit  of  peevishness.  2.  [Prob. 
contr.  fr.  Fr.  petit ,  small.]  A  lamb 
brought  up  by  hand.  3-  A  child 
or  any  little  animal  fondled  and 
indulged  — v.t.  [-TED;  -TINGE] 
To  treat  as  a  pet ;  to  fondle. 

PET'AL,  or  Pe'TAL,  n.  [Gr.  irerahov, 
a  leaf.]  One  of  the  colored  leaves  of 
a  flower. 

Pet'Al-oid,  a.  [Gr.  TreVaAov,  a  leaf, 
and  elSos,  shape.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  petal. 

Pe-tard',  n.  [Fr.  petard,  fr.  peter, 
to  explode.]  An  engine  of  war,  for¬ 
merly  used  to  blow  up  gates,  barri¬ 
cades,  See. 

Pe-teg'giii-al,  or  PE-TE'€HI-AL,  a. 
[From  Lat.  petigo,  a  scab,  an  erup¬ 
tion.]  Having  livid  spots  ;  spotted. 

Pe'ter-pen</e,  n.  An  annual  tax, 
formerly  paid  by  the  English  to  the 
pope,  being  a  penny  for  ever  /  house. 

PetG-o-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
growing  on,  a  petiole. 

Pet'i-o-late,  a.  Having  a  petiole. 

Pet'i-ole,  n.  [Lar..  petiolus,  a  little 
foot,  stem,  dim.  of  pcs,  pedis ,  a  foot.] 
The  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 

Pet'IT  (pet'y  ;  Fr.  pron.  pt3),  a.  [Fr. 
petit,  small,  little.]  Small;  little; 
mean; — same  as  Petty. 

Petit  . jury,  a  jury  of  twelve  men,  in 
distinction  from  the  grand  jury. —  Petit 
larceny ,  the  stealing  ofgoods  of  compar¬ 
atively  small  value. 

Pe-tI'tion  (-tisfPun),  n.  [Lat.  peti- 
tio,  fr.  petere,  to  beg.]  A  prayer  ;  a 
request;  an  entreaty,  esp.  of  a  for¬ 
mal  kind. —  v.t.  [-ED;  -TNG.]  To 
make  a  request  to  ;  to  solicit,  espe¬ 
cially  for  some  favor  or  right. 

Pe-tPtion-A-ry  (-tlsVun-),  a.  Com¬ 
ing  with,  or  containing,  a  petition. 

Pe-ti'tion-er  (-tish'un-),  n.  One 
who  presents  a  petition. 

PETIT-MAITRE  (pet'te-ma/tr),  n. 
[Fr.,  a  little  master.]  A  spruce  fel¬ 
low  that  dangles  about  ladies ;  a 
coxcomb. 

PfiT'REii ,  n.  [Dim.  of  Peter;  proba¬ 
bly  in  allusion  to  Peter’s  walking  on 
the  sea.]  A  long-winged,  web-footed 
sea-fowl. 


Pe-tres'cen^e,  n.  Process  of  chang¬ 
ing  into  stone. 

PE-TRES'CENT,  a.  [Gr.  Trerpa,  rock, 
stone.]  Converting  into  stone. 

Pet/ri-fX€'tion,  n.  1.  Conversion 
of  organic  matter  into  stone.  2. 
Turned  into,  or  incrusted  with,  stony 
matter. 

Pet/ri-fa€'tive,  a.  Having  power 
to  change  into  stone. 

Pet'ri-fi-CA'tion,  n.  Petrifaction. 

Pet'ri-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  petra,  rock,  stone,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  1.  To  convert  to  stone  or 
stony  substance.  2.  To  make  obdu¬ 
rate.  —  v.  i.  To  become  stone. 

Pe-tro'le-UM  (124),  n.  [Lat.  petra, 
rock,  and  oleum,  oil.]  An  inflam¬ 
mable,  bituminous  liquid  exuding 
from  the  earth. 

Pr'trous,  a.  [Lat.  petrosus.]  Like 
stone;  stony. 

Pet'ti-goat,  n.  [From  petty,  small, 
little,  and  coat.]  A  loose  undergar¬ 
ment  worn  by  women. 

Pet'ti-Fog'ger,  n.  [From  petty, 
small,  little,  and./bg,  to  have  power, 
to  practice.]  A  lawyer  who  deals  in 
petty  cases. 

Pet'ti-fog/ger-y,  n.  The  practice, 
or  the  acts,  of  a  pettifogger. 

Pet'ti-ly,  adv.  In  a  petty  manner. 

Pet'ti-ness, ii.  Smallness;  littleness. 

Pet'TISH,  a.  Subject  to  freaks  of  ill- 
temper;  fretful;  peevish. 

Pet'tish-ly,  adv.  In  a  pet ;  with  a 
freak  of  ill-temper.  [pettish. 

Pet'tisii-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Pet'ti-toes,  n.pl.  [From  petty  and 
toes.]  Toes  or  feet  of  a  pig,  often 
used  as  food. 

Pet'ty,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [Fr. 
petit.]  1.  Small;  little;  inconsider¬ 
able.  2.  Inferior;  unimportant. 

Pet'U-LANC/e,  ( ii.  [Lat .  petulant i a.] 

Pet'u-lan-’cy,  )  State  of  being  pet¬ 
ulant;  freakish  passion  ;  pettishness. 

Pet'u-lant,  a.  Inclined  tocomplain. 

Syx.  —  See  Captious. 

Pet'u-eant-LY,  adv.  In  a  petulant 
manner. 

Pe-tu'ni-a  ,  n.  [Braz .  petun.]  A  plant 
bearing  beautiful  flowers. 

Pew  (pa),  n.  [Lat.  podium,  an  ele¬ 
vated  place,  balcony.]  An  inclosed 
seat  in  a  church. 

Pew'ter  (pa/ter),  n.  [0.  Fr.  peutre, 
piautre,  N.  Fr.  spiautre.  Cf.  Spel¬ 
ter.]  An  alloy  consisting  chiefly 
of  tin  and  lead. 

Pew'ter-er  (pu/ter-),  n.  One  who 
works  in  pewter. 

PHA'E-TON,  11.  [Gr.  4><xe0a>v,  fr.  <frae- 
6eiv,  (fraiveev,  to  shine.]  1.  A  son  of 
Phoebus,  fabled  to  have  begged  of  his 
father  that  he  would  permit  him  to 
guide  the  chariot  of  the  sun.  2.  An 
open  four-wheeled  carriage  drawn  by 
two  horses.  [phalansteries. 

Phal'an-ste'rt-an,  a.  Relating  to 

PHAL'AN-ster'Y,  n.  [Gr.  <frd\ay^,  fr. 
phalanx,  and  errepeov,  firm.]  1.  The 
common  dwelling  of  the  Fourierites. 
2.  An  association  organized  on  the 
plan  of  Fourier. 


Pha'lanx,  or  Piial'anx,  n.  [Gr. 
<frdkay^.]  1.  A  square  body  of  sol¬ 
diers  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close 
and  deep.  2.  Any  firm  combination 
of  people. 

PHAN'TAgM,  it.  [See  infra.]  1.  Mental 
image  of  a  real  object.  2.  An  imag¬ 
inary  existence  which  seems  to  be 
real ;  sometimes,  an  optical  illusion. 

Phan-tas'ma-go'ri-A  (89),  n.  [Gr. 
(fravraerpa,  a  phantasm,  and  dyopa, 
an  assembly.]  Figures  thrown  on  a 
flat  surface  by  a  magic  lantern ; 
hence,  illusive  images. 

Phan'TOM,  ».  [Lat.  phantasma.  See 
supra.]  An  apparition;  a  specter; 
an  airy  spirit. 

PharG-sa'IG,  )  a.  1.  Pertaining 

Pll A R/i-SA'I€-AL ,  )  to,  or  resem¬ 
bling,  the  Pharisees.  2.  Making  a 
mere  show  of  religion  ;  hypocritical, 

PlIAR'l-SA-lsM,  n.  1.  Doctrines  and 
conduct  of  the  Pharisees.  2.  Hy¬ 
pocrisy  in  religion. 

Phar'i-see,  n.  [Lat.  Pkarisxus,  Ileb. 
Parfish,  fr.  pdra.sk,  to  separate.]  One 
of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  noted  for 
strictness  in  regard  to  the  externals 
of  religion. 

PlIAR'MA-^EU'TID,  )  a.  [Gr.  (frap- 

PHAR'MA-CEU'TIU-AE,  )  /xaKeuTuco?, 
fr.  <frapp.aKov ,  medicine,  drug.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  pharmacy,  or  the  prepara¬ 
tion  of  medicines. 

PHAR'MA-yEU'TlGS,  ii.  sing.  Science 
of  preparing  medicines. 
Phar'ma-^eu'tist,  n.  One  skilled 
in  pharmacy. 

P HAR'MA-y  1ST ,  n.  A  pharmaceutist. 

Phar/ma-€ol,o-gIst,  ii.  One  skilled 
in  the  composition  of  medicines. 

PHAR'MA-OOL'O-GY,  11.  [Gr.  <frdpp.a - 
kov,  drug,  and  Ao-yos,  discourse.] 
Science  of  drugs,  or  art  of  preparing 
medicines. 

Phar'ma-co-pce'ia  (-pj'ya),  n.  [Gr. 
<f)dpixaK07roua,  preparation  of  medi¬ 
cines.]  A  book  describing  the  prep¬ 
arations  of  medicines :  a  dispensatory. 

PHAR'MA-^Y,  ii.  [Gr.  <frapp.oi.Keia,  fr. 
<frapp.aKOv,  medicine.]  Art  of  pre¬ 
paring  or  compounding  medicines. 

PliA'ROS,  n.  [From  4>dpos,  near  Alex¬ 
andria,  where  there  was  a  famous 
lighthouse.]  A  lighthouse ;  a  beacon. 
Pha-ryn'ge-al,  or  Phar'yn-ge'- 
Al,  a.  Belonging  to  the  pharynx. 

Phar'ynx  (iarGnks),  n.  [Gr.  <frdpvyij, 
<frapvyyo<; .]  Cavity  into  which  the 
nose  and  mouth  open. 

Phase,  n. ;  pi.  pha'ses.  [Gr.  <frd<r is, 
fr.  "<fraiveiv,  to  appear.]  A  transient 
appearance  which  any  thing  mani¬ 
fests.  _  [Phase. 

PHA'srs,  n. ;  pi.  piia'se £.  Same  as 

PHEAg'ANT,  n.  [Gr. 

< fraaiavos  (sc.  op- 
vis),  from  <l>dcris,a 
river  in  Colchis  or 
Pontus.]  A  bird 
found  wild  in  Eu¬ 
rope. 

Phe'nix,  n.  [Gr. 

(froivii;.]  A  bird 
fabled  to  exist  sin-  Pheasant. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF  .TOO,  TOOK;  flRN,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,I,  O, silent;  9,6,  soft;  e,  5,  hard;  As;  E^IST;  N  as  ng;  thiA 


PHENOMENAL 


PHRYGIAN 


gle,  and  to  rise  again  from  its  own 
ashes.  [a  phenomenon. 

Phe-nom'e-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to 

Phe-nom'e-non,  n. ;  pi.  phe-nom/- 
E-NA.  [Gr.  <t>aiv6p.evov ,  fr.  $<u'eecr- 
Oai,  to  appear.]  An  appearance,  esp. 
a  remarkable  or  unusual  appearance. 

PhI'al,  n.  [Gr.  <pidhr),  a  broad,  shal¬ 
low  cup  or  bowl.]  A  very  small 
glass  bottle  for  liquids  ;  a  vial. 

Phi-lan'der,  v.  i.  [Gr.  <£iAav8pos, 
fond  of  men.]  To  flirt ;  to  coquet. 

Phil'an-throp'ic,  j  a.  Pertain- 

Phil/an-throp'ic-al,  j  ing  to,  or 
exhibiting,  philanthropy. 

Phi-lan'thro-plst,  n.  [Gr.  (f>t.\dv - 
dpco7ros;  c/)tAos,  loving, and  avOpomos, 
man.]  One  who  shows  philanthropy. 

PHI-LA  N'T  HR  O-PY,  n.  Love  of  man¬ 
kind  ;  universal  good  will. 

Phil'har-mon'ic,  a.  [Gr.  <fu'Ao?, 
loving,  and  appovia,  harmony.]  Lov¬ 
ing  harmony  or  music. 

Plll-LiP'PIC,  n.  1.  A  severe  oration 
of  Demosthenes,  against  Philip  of 
Macedon.  2.  Any  discourse  abound¬ 
ing  in  acrimonious  invective. 

PHI-LOL'O-GER,  77.  [Gr.  <£iAo'Aoyos, 
fond  of  literature;  <]uAos,  fond,  and 
Aoyos,  speech,  discourse.]  A  philolo¬ 
gist. 

PlIlL'o-LOG'Le-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
philology.  [philology. 

Phi  lol'o-Gist,  n.  One  versed  in 

Phi-lol'o-gy,  7i.  The  study  of  lan¬ 
guage,  especially  in  a  philosophical 
manner. 

Phjl'O-MATH,  n.  [Gr.  4>iAo;u.a0)js ; 
<j)L\os,  loving,  and p-a^T},  learning.]  A 
lover  of  learning. 

Phi -lom'a-thy,  n.  Love  of  learning. 

run/o-MEL,  [  n.  [From  Philomela 

Piiil'o-me'la,  j  of  Athens,  changed 
into  a  nightingale.]  The  nightingale. 

Pihl/o-pe'na,  n.  [Vrob.  fr.  Gr.  <|>i'Aos, 
a  friend,  and  Lat.  pczna,  penalty.]  A 
small  present  or  forfeit  of  one  friend 
to  another,  arising  out  of  their  par¬ 
taking  together  of  a  double-kerneled 
almond. 

PiiVlo-pro-gen'i-tive-ness,  n. 
[Gr.  <KAos,  loving,  and  Lat.  proge¬ 
nies,  offspring.]  Love  of  offspring  or 
of  young  childien. 

Phi  los'o-pher,  n.  [Gr.  <£iAocro- 
<f)os ;  (fickos,  a  lover,  and  cr6t/>os, 
wise.]  One  versed  in,  or  devoted  to, 
philosophy. 

Phil'o-soph'ic,  I  a.  1.  Pertain- 

Phil'o-soph'ic-al, j  ing  to,  or  pro¬ 
ceeding  from,  philosophy.  2.  Skilled 
in  philosophy  ;  rational ;  wise. 

Phil'o  soph'ic-al-ly,  adv.  In  a 
philosophical  manner. 

Phi-los'o-phism,  n.  Love  or  use  of 
fallacious  arguments. 

Phi-los'o-phist,  n.  A  lover  of 
sophistry. 

Phi-los'o-phTze,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  reason  like  a  philosopher ;  to 
search  into  the  reason  and  nature  of 
things. 

PuI-LOS'O-PHY,  ti.  1.  Knowledge  of 
phenomena  as  explained  by,  and  re¬ 
solved  into,  causes  and  reasons,  pow¬ 


316 

ers,  and  laws.  2.  A  particular  philo¬ 
sophical  system. 

PHIL'O-TfiCH'NIC,  )  a.  [Gr.  <f>{- 

Phil'o-tecii'nic-al,  j  Aos,  loving, 
and  Te\vr) ,  an  art.]  Devoted  to  the 
arts. 

Phil'TER,  n.  [Gr.  (/u'Arpov,  from  <Jn- 
AeZv.  to  love.]  A  potion  or  charm  to 
excite  love. 

Phiz,  n.  [A  contraction  of  physiog¬ 
nomy.]  The  face  ;  visage.  [  Colloq.] 

Phle-boT'o-mist,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  phlebotomy. 

PlILE-BOT'O-MY,  ?l.  [Gr.  (f)\epoT0p.Ca; 
<f)Aei//,  a  vein,  and  ropo],  a  cutting.] 
The  act  of  opening  a  vein  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  letting  blood. 

PHLEGM  (flthn),  n.  [Gr.  <£Ae'yp.a, 
flame, inflammation,  phlegm.]  1.  One 
of  the  four  humors  of  which  the  an¬ 
cients  supposed  the  blood  to  be  com¬ 
posed.  2.  MucUs  of  the  respiratory 
and  digestive  passages.  3.  Dullness  ; 
coldness ;  sluggishness. 

Phleg-MAT'I€,  a.  1.  Abounding  in 
phlegm.  2.  Cold;  dull;  heavy. 

Phlo-gis'tic,  a.  1.  Partaking  of 
phlogiston.  2.  Inflammatory. 

Phlo-gis'ton,  n.  [Gr.  <£Aoyio-7os, 
burnt,  fr.  <jbAoyt£et,v,  to  set  on  fire,  to 
burn.]  The  supposed  principle  of 
inflammability  ;  caloric. 

Phlox,  n.  [Gr.  <£Ao£,  flame.]  A  genus 
of  flowering  plants. 

Phce'nix,  n.  See  Piienix. 

Pho-net'ic,  a.  [Gr.  ^wr/Ti/eds  ; 
<£a )inj,  a  sound.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  voice,  or  its  use.  2.  Represent¬ 
ing  sounds. 

Pho-net'ics,  v.  sins?.  Science  of  the 
sounds  of  the  human  voice. 

Phon'E-TIST,  7i.  One  versed  in  pho¬ 
netics  ;  a  phonologist. 

Phon'ig,  a.  Same  as  Phonetic. 

Pho'no-graph,  n.  1.  A  mark  indi¬ 
cating  a  distinct  spoken  sound.  2. 
An  instrument  for  registering  and 
reproducing  sounds. 

Pho-nog'ra-piier,  n.  One  skilled 
in  phonography. 

Pho'no-graph'ic,  |  a.  Pertain- 

Pho'no-graph'ic-al,  j  ing  to,  or 
based  upon,  phonography. 

Pho-nog'ra-phy,  71.  [Gr.  ([xov/j, 
sound,  and  ypdfytiv,  to  write.]  A 
representation  of  sounds  by  distinct¬ 
ive  characters ;  a  system  of  short-, 
hand. 

Pno'NO-LOG'Kt,  )  a.  Pertaining 

Pho'no-log'ic-al,  )  to  phonology. 

Piio'nol'o-gist,  n.  One  versed  in 
phonology. 

Pho-nol'6-4y,  7i.  [Gr.  <£(0107,  sound, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  science  or 
the  elementary  sounds  uttered  by  the 
human  voice  in  speech  ;  phonetics. 

Pho-n6t'y-py,ti.  [Gr.  (fruvp,  sound, 
and  tu7to?,  tvpe.J  Art  of  represent¬ 
ing  sounds  by  distinct  characters. 

Piios'phate  ,  n.  A  salt  of  phosphoric 
acid. 

PlIOS'PHOR-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  combine  with  phosphorus. 

PllOS'PHOR-fis^E',  V.t.  [  ED;  -ING.] 
To  shine,  as  phosphorus  does. 


Piios'phor-Ls'^en^e,  ti.  State  of 
being  phosphorescent. 

PIIOS'PIIOR-ES'CENT,  a.  Shining 
with  a  faint  light. 

Piios-ph  or'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to 
phosphorus. 

Phos'phor-ous,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
obtained  from,  phosphorus. 

PHOS'PIIOR-US,  n.  [Gr.  (£cocr</>dpos , 
i.  e.,  light-bringer.]  1.  The  morning 
star.  2.  A  combustible  substance,  of  a 
yellowish  color,  resembling  fine  wax. 

Phos'phu-RET,  7i.  A  combination  of 
phosphorus  with  another  substance. 

Phos'piiu-ret'ed  (137),  a.  Com¬ 
bined  with  phosphorus. 

Pho'to-gen'ic,  a.  [Gr.  $d>s,  ^wtos, 
light,  and  yeVeu',  to  produce.]  Per- 
taining  to  photogeny  ;  producing 
light. 

Pho-tog'e-NY,  n.  Art  of  taking  pic¬ 
tures  by  the  action  of  light  on  a 
chemically  prepared  ground. 

Pho'to-gra PII,  7i.  A  picture  pro¬ 
duced  by  photography. 

Pho-tog'ra-pher,  I  71.  One  who 

Piio-tog'ra-phist,  j  practices  pho¬ 
tography. 

Pho'to-graph'ie,  I  a.  Pertain- 

PlIO'TO-GRAPH'I€-AL,  J  ing  to,  or 
obtained  by,  photography. 

PlI  O-TOG'RA-PIIY,  71.  [Gr .  <£a>S,  $<o- 
T09,  light,  and  ypd<£eiv,  to  write.] 
Art  of  producing  pictures  of  objects 
by  the  action  of  light  on  chemically 
prepared  surfaces,  esp.  on  paper. 

PlIO-TOM'E-TER,  71.  [Gr.  <£ids,  <£(0-705, 
light,  and  purpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  measuring  the  relative 
intensities  of  light. 

PIIO-TOM'E-TRY,  n.  Science  vhich 
treats  of  the  measurement  of  the  in¬ 
tensity  of  light. 

Phrase,  71.  [Gr.  <£pdcris,  fr.  <£pd£e Lv, 
to  speak.]  1.  A  brief  expression,  or 
part  of  a  sentence  2.  A  short,  pithj’, 
and  familiar  expression.  3.  Style  of 
expression;  diction.  —  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  express  in  words,  or  in 
peculiar  words. 

Piira/se-o-l  og'IC,  )  a.  Pertain- 

PHRA'sE-o-LOG'l-e-AL,  j  ing  to  phra¬ 
seology. 

Phra/s'e-ol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  <£pd<ris, 
phrase, and  Aoyos,  speech,  discourse.] 
1.  Manner  of  expression  ;  peculiar 
words  used  in  a  sentence.  2.  A  col¬ 
lection  of  phrases  in  a  language. 

Syn.  —  See  Diction. 

Phre-net'ic,  a.  Frantic  ;  mad  See 
Frantic. 

PHRE-NpTTS,  n.  [Gr.  <£pe inns;  <}>ppv, 
midriff,  mind.]  1.  Inflammation  of 
the  brain.  2.  Madness.  See  Frenzy. 

Phren'O-log'IC,  I  a.  Pertaining 

Phren'o-loG'ic-al,  j  to  phren¬ 
ology. 

Phre-nol'o-gIst,  n.  One  versed  in 
phrenology. 

Phre-nol'o-gy,  71.  [Gr.  4>pr/v,  4>pe- 
vo?,  mind,  and  Aoyos,  discourse  ]  The 
theory  that  the  mental  faculties  are 
shown  on  the  surface  of  the  skull. 

Phren'£Y,  ti.  Same  as  Frenzy. 

Phryg'i-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Phryg- 


A,  E,  I,  o,  fl,  y,  long ;  a,  E,  1,  6,  D,  f,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  tIbm;  pique,  firm;  son. 


! 

PHTHISIC 

la;  —  applied  to  a  sprightly  kind  of 
music  among  the  ancients. 

PHTHig'ie  (tiz'ik),  n.  Same  as  Phthi¬ 
sis. 

©3“  This  term  is  sometimes  popular¬ 
ly,  but  erroneously,  applied  to  any  diffi¬ 
culty  of  breathing. 

PhthI?'ic-al  (tlz'Ik-al),  \  a.  Ilav- 

Phthh'ick-y  (tiz'ik-y),  )  ing,  or 
belonging  to,  the  phthisic. 

VhtitVsis  (thPsis),  n.  [Gr.  <f>0icns, 
fr.  (frOietv,  to  waste  away.]  Pulmon¬ 
ary  consumption. 

PhV-LAC'TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  (f>v\aicnjpLOi', 
from  <f>vKau< njp,  a  guard.]  1.  Any 
charm  or  spell.  2.  ( Jewish  Antiq.) 
A  slip  of  parchment  on  which  were 
written  certain  passages  of  the  Pen¬ 
tateuch. 

PhV§'ic,  n.  [See  Physical.]  1. 
Theory  or  practice  of  medicine.  2. 

„ Internal  application  for  the  cure  of 
sickness.  3.  A  purge  :  a  cathartic.  — 
t'.  t.  [-ed  ;  -live,  135.]  1.  To  treat 
with  physic  ;  to  purge.  2.  To  cure. 

PH?s'I€-AL,  a.  [Gr.  4>vctlk6< from 
<f>v<ns,  nature.]  1.  Pertaining  to  na¬ 
ture,  as  including  all  created  exist¬ 
ences  ;  also,  relating  to  natural  or 
material  things.  2.  Pertaining  to 
j  physics,  or  the  science  of  nature.  3. 

Corporeal ;  external.  [manner. 

Ph¥s'IC-AL-ly,  adv.  In  a  physical 

Phy-§I'CIAN  (-zlsh'an),  n.  One  skilled 
in  physic  ;  a  doctor  of  medicine. 

PH?§'I-9tsT,  n.  One  versed  in  physics. 

PHtfs'ies,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  ^va-iK-q  (sc. 
OeeipCa).  See  PHYSICAL.]  Science 
of  nature  or  of  natural  objects  ;  es¬ 
pecially,  natural  philosophy. 

Ph?§''I-6g-n6m'IG,  1  a.  Pertain- 

PHYgG-OG-NOM'IC-AL,  )  ing  to 

physiognomy. 

Phy«sG-og-n6m'ies,  n.  sing.  Same 

as  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

PhVs'i-og'no-mist,  n.  One  skilled 
in  physiognomy. 

Ph¥§G-OG'NO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  <f>vcrioyi'w- 
fjLovia ;  (^vcns,  nature,  and  yvatpaov, 
a  judge.]  1.  Art  or  science  of  dis¬ 
cerning  the  character  of  the  mind 
from  the  features  of  the  face.  2. 
particular  expression  of  countenance. 

PHYgO-o-LOG'lG,  )  a.  Relating  to 

PHYgG-o-LOG'ie-AL, J  physiology. 

Phy^'i-ol'o-gIst,  n.  One  who  is 
versed  in  physiology. 

PHYSO-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  <f>vcno\oy£a ; 

< pvais ,  nature,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 
That  department  of  natural  science 
which  treats  of  the  organs  and  their 
functions. 

Physiqite  (fe/zSkf),  n.  [Fr.]  Phys¬ 
ical  structure  of  a  person. 

PilY-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  <{)vt6v,  a 
plant,  and  ypafyeiv,  to  write.]  A  de¬ 
scription  oi  plants. 

Phy-tol'o-Gy,  n.  [Gr.  $vtoi/,  plant, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  discourse 
or  treatise  on  plants ;  botany. 

Pi,  n.  Type  confusedly  mixed. 

Pl-XG'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  piacularis,  fr. 
piaculum,  a  propitiatory  sacrifice.  ]- 
1.  Expiatory  ;  having  power  to  atone. 

2  Criminal;  atrociously  bad. 

617 

PI' A  Ma'ter.  [Lat.,  a  tender  moth¬ 
er.]  The  vascular  membrane  invest¬ 
ing  the  brain.  [piano-forte. 

Pl-A/NIST ,  n.  A  performer  on  the 

Pi- A’ NO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Soft; — a 
direction  to  the  performer. 

Pi'-X/NO,  _  In.  [It.  piano,  soft, 

Pi-a,no-f5r/ts,  )  and  forte,  strong.] 
A  keyed  musical  instrument. 

Pi-Xz'zA  (147),  n.  [It.  See  Place.] 
1.  A  kind  of  portico,  supported  by 
columns.  2.  A  square  open  space 
surrounded  by  buildings.  [Italy.] 

Pl'BROGH,  n.  [Gael,  piobaireachd , 
pipe-music.]  A  wild,  irregular  spe¬ 
cies  of  music  played  on  the  bagpipe. 

Pl'CA,  n.  [Lat.  pica,  a  pie,  magpie.] 
1.  The  magpie.  2.  (  R.  Cath.  Church.  ) 
A  directory  for  devotional  services. 
3.  A  kind  of  type  of  two  sizes. 

This  type  is  pica. 

This  type  is  small  pica. 

PPea-dor',  n.  [Sp. ]  A  horseman 
armed  with  a  lance  in  a  bull-fight. 

PlC'A-ROON',  n.  [Sp.  picaron,  augm. 
of  picaro,  a  rogue.]  A  plunderer  of 
wrecks  ;  a  pirate. 

Pic/a-yune',  n.  [Indian.]  A  small 
coin  of  the  value  of  6j-  cents. 

Pic'ca-lil'l!,  n.  A  pungent  East  In¬ 
dian  pickle. 

Pick,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.py- 
can,peccan.  Cf.  Peck.]  1.  To  strike 
at  with  any  thing  pointed  ;  to  open, 
as  a  lock  ;  to  separate,  as  wool,  oak¬ 
um,  &c.  2.  To  pull  apart  or  away  ; 
to  pluck.  3.  To  cleanse,  b}r  remov¬ 
ing  with  a  pointed  instrument.  4. 
To  take  up  suddenly.  5.  To  choose  ; 
to  select ;  hence,  to  desire.  6.  To 
bring  together.  —  v.i.  1.  To  eat 
slowly.  2.  To  do  any  thing  nicely. 
3.  To  steal.  —  n.  1.  A  sharp-pointed 
tool ;  a  pickax.  2.  Choice. 

PIck'a-nIn'ny,  n.  [Prop.  fr.  Sp.  pi- 
cade  nino.)  A  negro  or  mulatto  in¬ 
fant.  [Southern  Stales. J 

Pick'Xx,  1  n.  A  pick  ^ 

Pick'Xxe,  )  with  a  point 
at  one  end  and  a  trans- 
verse  edge  at  the  other,  f 

Pick'ed  (60),  a.  Point-  , 

ed;  sharp.  Eickax. 

Pick'ed-ness,  M.  State  of  being 
picked,  or  pointed. 

PlCK'ER-EL,  n.  [Dim.  of  pike.]  A 
fresh-water  fish  ;  a  kind  of  pike. 

PlCK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  piquet,  prop.  dim. 
oi  pique,  pike.]  1.  A  stake  or  nar¬ 
row  board  sharpened.  2.  {Mil.)  A 
guard  posted  in  front  of  an  army,  so 
as  to  form  a  chain  of  outposts.  —  v. 
t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  fortify  with 
pickets.  2.  To  fasten  to  a  picket. 

PIck'ET-GuXrd,  n.  A  guard  of  horse 
and  foot  always  in  readiness  in  case 
of  alarm. 

PIck'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  plucking.  2. 
That  which  is  left  to  be  picked.  3. 
Act  of  stealing. 

PICK'LE  (pik'l),  n.  [II.  Ger.  pokel ; 
so  called,  some  say,  after  one  Wm. 

PIED 

Pokel,  who  invented  the  art  of  pick¬ 
ling  herrings.]  1.  A  solution  of  salt 
and  water  for  preserving  fish  and 
meat ;  brine.  2.  Vinegar,  sometimes 
spiced,  in  Which  vegetables,  &c.,  may 
be  preserved.  3.  Article  of  food  pre¬ 
served  in  vinegar.  4.  A  disagreeable 
position. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
preserve  in  brine  or  pickle. 

PIck'lock,  n.  A  person  or  tool  to 
open  locks  without  the  key. 

Pick'pock-et,  n.  One  who  steals 
from  the  pocket  of  another. 

PICK' WICK,  n.  A  pointed  instrument 
for  picking  up  the  wick  of  a  lamp. 

PlG'Nlc,  n.  [From  Fr.  piquer,  to  prick, 
to  lard,  and  nique,  a  small  coin.]  An 
entertainment  carried  by  a  party  on 
an  excursion  of  pleasure  into  the 
country  ;  also  the  party  itself.  —  v.  i. 

To  go  on  a  picnic. 

PIct,  n.  One  of  a  tribe  of  Scythians 
who_settled  in  Scotland. 

Pic-to'ri-al  (89),  a.  Pertaining  to.- 
or  illustrated  by,  pictures. 

Pig-to'ri-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  picto 
rial  manner. 

PlCT'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  pictura ,  from 
pingere,  to  paint.]  1.  A  likeness 
drawn  in  colors  ;  any  graphic  repre¬ 
sentation.  2.  Art  or  representation 
by  drawing  or  painting.  3.  That 
which,  by  its  likeness,  brings  vividly 
to  mind  some  other  thing. 

Syn.  —  Painting.  —  Every  kind  of 
drawing  is  a  picture ,  whether  in  pencil, 
crayons,  or  India  ink,  &c.;  a painting  is 
a  representation  by  means  of  color.  This 
holds  good  in  a  figurative  sense;  the  his¬ 
torian  draws  a  lively  picture,  the  poet 
paints  in  glowing  colors. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing  ]  To  draw  or 
paint  a  resemblance  of;  to  represent. 

PIgt'ur-esque',  a.  Fitted  to  form  a 
good  or  pleasing  picture. 

Pid'DLE,  v.  i.  [A  different  spelling 
of  peddle.]  1.  To  spend  time  in  tri¬ 
fling  objects.  2.  To  eat  or  drink 
squeamishly.  3.  To  urinate. 

Pie  (pi),  n.  1.  [Oontr.  fr.  Eng.  pasty.] 

Paste  baked  with  something  in  it  or 
under  it,  as  apple, &c.  2.  [Lat  .pica.] 

A  magpie.  [See  Pica.]  3.  The  old 
Roman  Catholic  service-book.  4. 

Same  as  Pi. 

PIe'bald,  a.  [For  pie-hailed,  fr.  pie, 
the  magpie.]  Of  various  colors. 

Pie^e,  n.  [Fr.  piece,  of  Celtic  origin.] 

1.  A  fragment  or  part  of  any  thing; 
portion.  2.  An  individual  article; 
single  effort ;  definite  performance. 

Syn.  —  Distance.  —  Some,  among  our 
common  people,  use  piece  for  distance  in 
phrases  like  this:  “  He  went  forward  a 
piece,"  meaning,  over  a  piece  or  portion 
of  the  road.  This  has  no  sanction  in 
good  usage,  and  ought  to  be  avoided  as  n 
gross  vulgarism. 

—  v.t.  [-ED;-ING.]  Toenlargeor 
mend  by  adding  a  piece ;  to  patch. 

—  v.i.  To  be  compacted,  as  parts 
into  a  whole. 

PlE^E'MEAL,  adv.  [See  Meal.]  In 
or  by  pieces  ;  by  little  and  little.  — a. 

Single ;  separate. 

PIed,  a.  [Eng.  pie,  the  party-colored 
bird.]  Variegated  with  spots. 

6r,  do,  WQLF,too,TOwok;  Orn,  RTJE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent,  t;, 6, soft;  €,&,hard;  Ag;  E2CIST ;  H  as  NG  ;  THIS. 

PINEAL 


PIEIl 


318 


Plf  R,  n.  [Fr.  pierre,  a  stone.]  1.  A 
mass  of  stone-work  for  supporting 
an  arch,  &c.  2.  Part  of  the  wall  of 
a  house  between  the  windows  or 
doors.  3.  Stone-work,  projecting 
into  the  sea  ;  a  mole.  4.  A  project¬ 
ing  wharf. 

Pierce,!’,  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Fr.  per- 
cer,  contr.  fr.  pertuisier,  fr.  Lat.  per- 
tundere ,  pertusum,  to  beat,  push, 
bore  through.]  1.  To  thrust  into  or 
transfix  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
2.  To  force  a  way  into.  3.  To  touch, 
as  the  affections.  4.  To  dive  into,  as 
a  secret. — v.  i.  1.  To  enter,  as  a 
pointed  instrument.  2.  To  force  a 
way  into  or  through.  3.  To  pene¬ 
trate,  as  into  a  secret. 

Pier^e'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
pierced.  [between  windows. 

Pier'— glass,  n.  A  mirror  hanging 

Pi-e'ri-AN  (89),  a.  [From  Mt.  Pierus, 
in  Thessaly.]  Pertaining  to  the 
Muses.  [between  windows. 

Pier'-TA/ble,  n.  A  table  standing 

Pl'E-TlgM,  n.  Religion  of  the  Pietists. 

Pi'e-tIst,  it.  One  of  a  class  of  relig¬ 
ious  reformers  in  Germany  who  have 
sought  to  restore  piety  to  the  Protes¬ 
tant  churches. 

Pl'E-TY,  n.  [Lat.  pietas ,  piety;  plus, 
pious.]  1.  Affectionate  reverence  of 
parents,  friends,  &c.  2.  Zealous  de¬ 
votion  to  the  service  of  God. 

Syn.—  See  Religion. 

PfG,  n.  [D.  big,  bigge .]  1.  The  young 
of  swine.  2.  An  oblong  mass  of 
metal.  — v.  t.  or  i.  [-ged  ;  -GING.] 
1.  To  bring  forth  pigs.  2.  To  lie 
together  like  pigs. 

PlG'EON  (pij'un ),  n.  [From  Lat.  pipio, 
a  young  chirping  bird.]  A  gallina¬ 
ceous  birdj  of  several  species. 

Pldr'E ON-HOLE ,  n.  A  little  division 
in  a  case  for  papers.  [are  kept. 

PfG'GER-Y,  n.  A  place  where  swine 

PlG'GlN,  a.  [Gael,  pigean ,  dim.  of 
pigeadh ,  an  earthen  jar  or  pot.]  A 
small  wooden  dipper  with  an  erect 
handle. 

PlG'MENT,  n.  [Lat  pigmentum ,  fr. 
the  root  of  pingere,  to  paint.]  A 
color  for  painting  ;  paint. 

PlG'MY,  «.  See  PYGMY. 

PlG'NO-RA'TlON,  n.  [L.  Lat.  pigno- 
ratio,  fr.  pignorare,  to  pledge.]  Act 
of  pledging  or  pawning. 

Pig'tail,  n.  1.  The  tail  of  a  pig.  2. 
Hair  tied  in  the  form  of  a  pig’s  tail ; 
a  cue.  3.  A  roll  of  twisted  tobacco. 

PIKE,  n.  [Fr.  pique ,  H.  Ger.  pieke. 
Cf.  Lick  and  Leak.]  1.  A  long 
staff,  with  a  pointed  steel  head  ;  a 
spear.  2.  A  voracious  fresh-water 
fish.  3.  A  turnpike  road. 

P'llC'ED  (60),  a.  Ending  in  a 
point. 

PIke'staff  (149),  n.  Staff 
or  shaft  of  a  pike. 

PI-lXs'ter,  n.  [L.  Lat.  pi- 
la  strum,  fr.  Lat.  pi  la,  a  pil¬ 
lar.]  A  square  column, 
usually  set  within  a  wall. 

PIl'chard,  n.  A  fish  resem-  Pi  ta¬ 
bling  the  herring.  ten 


Pile,  n.  [Lat.  pila,  a  ball,  globe, pila, 
a  pier  of  stone.]  1.  A  roundish 
mass  of  things  ;  a  heap.  2.  A  mass 
regularly  formed  by  layers,  and  de¬ 
signed  for  a  special  use.  3.  A  large 
building,  or  mass  of  buildings.  4. 
[A.-S.  pil,  stake,  Lat.  pila,  a  pillar.] 
A  pointed  piece  of  timber,  driven 
into  the  earth.  5.  [Lat.  pilus,  hair.] 
The  nap,  as  of  velvet. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  lay  or  throw  into  a  pile. 
2.  To  fill  above  the  brim  or  top. 

Piles,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  pila,  a  ball.]  A 
disease  consisting  of  tumors  of  blood 
about  the  anus. 

PlL'FER,  V.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [See 
Pelf.]  To  practice  petty  theft. 

PlL'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  pilfers. 

Pil-gXr'lic,  n.  [See  PILL,  to  rob, 
to  pillage.]  One  who  has  lost  his 
hair  by  disease ;  a  poor,  forsaken 
wretch. 

PIl'GRIM,  n.  [From  Lat.  peregrinu.s , 
a  foreigner.]  A  traveler ;  especially 
one  who  travels  to  a  distance  to  visit 
a  holy  place. 

Pil'grim-age,  n.  A  journey  to  a 
shrine  or  other  sacred  place. 

Syn.— See  Journey. 

PIEll,  n.  [Lat.  pila,  a  ball,  pilula,  a 
little  ball,  a  pill.]  1.  A  little  ball  of 
medicine.  2.  Any  thing  nauseous. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr.  piller. 
See  Peel.]  To  rob  ;  to  pillage. 

Pil'lage  (45),  n.  [Fr.  See  supra.] 
1.  Act  of  plundering.  2.  That  which 
is  taken  from  another  by  open  force, 
especially  in  war. 

Syn.  —  Plunder.  —  Pillage  refers  par¬ 
ticularly  to  the  act  of  stripping  the  suf¬ 
ferers  of  their  goods,  while  plunder  refers 
to  the  removal  of  the  things  thus  taken. 
Under  these  aspects  the  words  are  freely 
interchanged. 

—  v.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  strip  of 
money  or  goods  by  open  violence  ;  to 
plunder. 

PlL'LA-GER,  n.  One  who  pillages. 

Pil'lar,  n.  [Lat.  pila.]  1.  A  column 
to  support  an  arch,  a  roof,  &c.  2. 
That  which  resembles  such  a  pillar. 

Pi'LL'ION  (-yuu),  n.  [Lat.  pilus,  hair. 
Cf.  Pillow.]  A  cushion  attached 
to  the  hinder  part  of  a  saddle,  as  a 
second  seat. 

Pil'lo-ry,  n.  [L.  Lat.  piliorium,  fr. 
Lat.  pila,  a  pillar.]  A  frame  through 
which  the  head  and  hands  of  a  crim¬ 
inal  were  put,  to  punish  him.  — v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  punish  with  the 
pillory. 

PLl'low,  n.  [0.  Eng.  pileice ,peloive , 
from  Lat.  pulvinus.]  A  cushion  to 
support  the  head. — v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  rest  or  lay  for  support. 

Pf L'LOW-BIER ,  ]  n.  [L.  Ger.  bine  or 

PlL'LOW— CASE,  |  bit  lire,  a  pillow¬ 

case.]  A  covering  for  a  pillow. 

PI-LOSE',  a.  [Lat.  pilosus,  fr.  pilus, 
hair.]  Hairy;  covered  with  long, 
distinct  hairs. 

Pr-Los'l-TY.  n.  Hairiness. 

Pl'LOT.  n.  [Prob.fr  L.  Ger.  pilen,  pei- 
lev,  to  measure,  and  Ger.  loth,  plum¬ 
met.]  1.  One  who  steers  ships,  par¬ 


ticularly  where  navigation  is  danger¬ 
ous.  2.  A  guide. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  direct  the  course  of,  as  a  ship. 

2.  To  guide  through  difficulties. 

PI'lot-age  (45),  n.  1.  Compensation 

to  a  pilot.  2.  The  guidance  of  a  pilot. 

PI'LOT-Bkead,  n.  Hard  bread  or 
ship  biscuit. 

Pi'lot-clotii,  n.  A  coarse,  stout 
kind  of  cloth. 

Pi'lous,  a.  [See  Pilose.]  Hairy; 
abounding  with  hair. 

Pl-MEN'TA ,  |  n.  [From  Lat.  pigmen- 

Pl-MEN'TO,  )  turn ,  a  paint,  juice  of 
plants.]  Aromatic  fruit  of  a  certain 
tree ;  allspice. 

Pimp,  n.  [Cf.  Fr.  pimpant,  smart, 
sparkish.]  A  procurer  ;  a  pander.  — 
v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  procure  lewd 
women  for  the  gra  tification  of  others. 

PlM'PER-NEL,  n.  [N.  Lat.  pimpinella, 
L.  Lat.  bipinnella,  for  bipinnula,  two- 
winged.]  A  plant  of  several  species. 

PlM'PLE  (pTm'pl),  n.  [A.-S.  pinpel, 
pustule,  pipelian,  to  blister.]  A 
small  pointed  elevation  of  the  cuticle, 
differing  from  a  pustule  in  not  con¬ 
taining  pus  or  a  fluid. 

Pim'pled  (pim'pld),  a.  Full  of,  or 
abounding  in,  pimples. 

PIN,  n.  [Icel.  pinni,  W.  pin.]  1.  A 
pointed  instrument  of  wood  or  met¬ 
al.  2.  A  thing  of  trifling  value  ;  a 
trifle.  3.  That  which  resembles  a 
pin  in  its  form  or  use. —  v.  t.  [-NED ; 
-NING.]  1.  To  fasten,  as  with  a  pin. 
2.  To  inclose;  to  pen. 

PlN'A-FORE',  n.  An  apron  to  cover 
the  front  part  of  the  body  ;  a  tier. 

PTn'-case,  n.  A  case  for  holding  pins. 

Pin'^ers,  n.  pi.  [Fr .piiicc,  pincers, 
from  pmcer ,  to  pinch.]  Pinchers. 

Pinch  (66),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
pineer,  from  0.  D.  pitsen ,  to  pinch, 
cut.]  1.  To  squeeze  as  between  the 
fingers.  2.  To  squeeze  between  any 
two  hard  bodies.  3.  To  oppress  with 
want. — v.  i.  1.  To  act  with  press¬ 
ing  force  ;  to  bear  hard.  2.  To  be 
covetous.  — n.  1.  A  squeezing  with 
the  ends  of  the  fingers ;  also,  that 
which  is  taken  between  them. 

PIncii'beck,  a.  [From  the  name  of 
the  inventor.]  An  alloy  of  copper 
and  zinc,  resembling  gold. 

PiNCH'ERg,  n.  pi.  [From  pinch.]  An 
instrument  for  griping  things  to  be 
held  fast,  &c. 

Pin'cush-ion,  n.  A  small  cushion 
in  which  pins  may  be  stuck. 

PlN-DAR'l-e,  n.  An  irregular  ode  in 
imitation  of  those  of  Pindar,  an  an¬ 
cient  Grecian  poet.  — a.  After  the 
style  of  Pindar. 

Pine,  n.  [Lat.  pints.]  1.  A  genus 
of  trees  of  many  species,  or  its  wood. 
2.  A  pine-apple.  —  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  p'nan,  pinion  ]  1.  To  lose 
flesh  ;  to  grow  lean.  2.  To  languish 
with  desire.  —  v.  t.  To  wear  out ;  to 
make  to  languish. 

Pi-NE'AL,  or  PlN'E-AL,  a.  [Lat.  pinea, 

■  cone  of  a  pine,  from  pints,  a  pine.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  resembling  a  pine- 
cone. 


PINE-APPLE 

Pine'-Xp-ple,  n.  A  tropical  .,/ 
plant  and  its  conical  fruit.  A®/, 

PIn'-feath'er,  n.  A  small 
or  short  feather  somewhat  XT 
like  a  pin  in  form.  msjsk 

PfN'ION  (-yun),  n.  [Fr.  Lat.  .Mgrafy 
pinna ,  feather,  wing.]  1.  YSlMpy 
A  feather  ;  a  quill.  2.  A  Fl 
wing.  3.  Joint  of  a  wing  Pine- 
most  remote  from  the  body.  aPP>e. 

4.  A  shackle  for  the  arm.  5.  A  small 
toothed  wheel,  working  into  a  larger 
one.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  bind 
the  wings  or  arms  of. 

P/nk,  n.  [From  D.  pinken,  pinkoogen, 
to  twinkle  with  the  eyes.]  1.  A  small 
eye.  2.  A  plant,  and  its  flower.  3. 
A  combination  of  a  pure  vivid  red 
with  more  or  less  white.  4.  Some¬ 
thing  supremely  excellent. — v.  t. 
[•ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  work  in  eyelet- 
holes  ;  to  cut  or  work  in  small  scol¬ 
lops.  2.  To  stab  ;  to  pierce. 

PIn'-mon'ey,  n.  Money  allowed  a 
wife  for  her  private  expenses. 

PlN'NA9E,  n.  [Lat.  pinus,  a  pine- 
tree,  any  thing  made  of  pine.]  1.  A 
small  vessel.  2.  A  boat  usually 
rowed  with  eight  oars. 

PlN'NA-CLE,  n.  [Lat.  pinnaculum,  fr. 
pinna ,  pinnacle.]  1.  A  slender  point¬ 
ed  turret.  2.  A  high,  spiring  point. 

PlN'NATE,  1  a.  [Lat.  pinnalus , 

PlN'NA-TED,  )  feathered.]  1.  Shaped 
like  a  feather.  2.  Furnished  with 
fins. 

PINT,  n.  [A.-S.  pynt.]  Half  a  quart. 
In  medicine,  twelve  ounces. 

PlN'TLE  (pln'tl),  n.  [A  dim.  of  pin.] 
1.  A  long  iron  bolt  to  prevent  the 
recoil  of  a  cannon.  2.  A  hook  on 
which  a  rudder  is  hung  to  its  post. 

PlN'-WOR.M  (-warm),  n.  A  thread¬ 
like  intestinal  worm. 

PliV'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  pines. 

PPo-NEER',  n.  [Fr.  pionnier ,  orig.  a 
foot-soldier.]  One  who  goes  before 
to  remove  obstructions  or  preparo 
the  way  for  another ;  hence,  a  first 
settler. — v.  1.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 

go  before  and  prepare  a  way  for. 

PI'o-ny,  n.  See  Peony. 

PI'OUS,  a.  [Lat.  pirn.]  1.  Having 
filial  reverence  for  a  parent.  2.  Hav¬ 
ing,  or  dictated  by,  reverence  and 
love  toward  the  Supreme  Being.  3. 
Practiced  under  a  show  of  religion. 

Syn.— Godly;  devout;  religious;  holy. 

Pl'otJS-LY,  adii.  In  a  pious  manner. 

Pip,  n.  [L.  Lat.  pipita,  from  Lat. 
pituita ,  slime  or  phlegm  ;  in  fowls, 
the  pip.]  1.  A  disease  of  fowls.  2. 
[Fr.  pepin. ]  Seed  of  an  apple,  orange, 
&c.  3  A  spot  on  cards.  —  v.  i. 

[See  Peep.]  To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a 
chicken. 

Pipe,  n.  [A.-S./d/?e,  Icel .  pipa.  Cf. 
Fife.]  1.  A  cylindrical  wind  in¬ 
strument  of  music.  2.  Any  long 
tube,  esp.  one  with  a  bowl  for  smok¬ 
ing  3.  A  cask  of  126  gallons,  used  for 
wine.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
play  on  a  pipe  2.  To  have  a  shrill 
sound ;  to  whistle. 

319 

Pfp'ER,  n.  One  who  plays  on  a  pipe. 

PIp'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Giving  forth  a  weak, 
shrill  sound.  2.  Simmering;  boiling. 
[Colloq.] — n.  [From  A  kind 

of  cord  trimming.  [earthen  boiler. 

Pfp'KIN,  n.  [Dim.  of  pipe.]  A  small 

PlP'PIN,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  pip,  a  spot,  be¬ 
cause  of  the  spots  on  its  skin.]  A 
kind  of  tart  apple. 

Piqu'an-9Y  (ptk'an-sy),  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  piquant. 

Syn.  —  Sharpness  ;  pungency  ;  tart¬ 
ness;  severity. 

PTqu'ant  (plk'ant),  a.  [Fr.,  p.  pr.  of 
piquer,  to  prick.]  1.  Stimulating  to 
the  tongue.  2.  Sharp  ;  tart ;  pun¬ 
gent  ;  severe. 

Piqu'ant-ly  (pllc/ant-),  adv.  In  a 
piquant  manner. 

PIQUE  (peek),  n.  [Fr.]  4  feeling  of 

annoyance  or  resentment  awakened 
by  a  social  slight  or  injury. — v.  t. 
[-E  D  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  excite  ;  to  ex¬ 
cite  to  anger.  2.  To  excite  to  action 
by  causing  resentment  or  jealousy. 
3.  To  pride  or  value. 

Syn. —  To  offend;  irritate;  nettle. 

Pl-QUET'  (pT-keP),  n.  [Fr.]  A  game 
at  cards  played  betsveen  two  persons. 

PPRA-9Y,  n.  [Gr.  Treipareia.]  1.  Rob¬ 
bery  on  the  high  seas.  2.  Infringe¬ 
ment  of  the  law  of  copyright. 

Pl'RATE  (45),  n.  [Gr.  7mpaTi]?,  from 
neipav,  to  attempt]  1.  A  robber  on 
the  high  seas.  2.  An  armed  vessel 
sailing  without  a  legal  commission, 
for  the  purposo  of  plundering.  3. 
One  who  publishes  the  writings  of 
others  without  permission.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  take  by  theft,  or 
without  right  or  permi  jsion. 

PI-rXt'IC-AL,  a.  Pert  lining  to  a  pi¬ 
rate  ;  practicing  piracy.  [manner. 

Pi-rXt'ic-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  piratical 

Pi'-ROGUE'  (pl-rogO,  n.  [Orig.  an  In¬ 
dian  word.]  1.  A  canoe  formed  out 
of  the  trunk  of  a  tree.  2.  A  kind  of 
narrow  ferry-boat.  [Amer.] 

PIr'OU-Ltte',  n.  [Fr.,  prop,  a  turn¬ 
ing  wheel.]  A  whirling  about  on  the 
toes  in  dancing. 

Pis'ca-ry,  n.  [Lat.  piscarius ,  relat¬ 
ing  to  fishes,  from  piscis,  a  fish.] 
Right  of  fishing  in  another  man’s 
waters. 

PTs'ga-to'rt-al,  )  a.  [Lat.  piscatori- 

Pis'ca-to-ry,  )  vs,  fr.  piscator,  a 
fisherman.]  Relating  to  fishes  or  to 
fishing. 

P/s'pESi,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  piscis ,  a  fish.] 
The  Fishes,  the  twelfth  sign  of  the 
zodiac. 

Pis'91-euLT/URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  piscis, 
a  fish,  and  cultura,  culture.]  Arti¬ 
ficial  propagation  and  nurture  of 
fish. 

Pish,  interj.  Pshaw;  —  an  exclama¬ 
tion  of  contempt.  —  v.  i.  To  express 
contempt  by  a  pish. 

Pi's 'Mi  re,  n.  [Eng.  pm,  and  mire; 
because  it  discharges  a  kind  of  moist¬ 
ure,  regarded  by  the  vulgar  as  urine. 
See  MIRE.]  The  ant  or  emmet. 

Pl'so-LlTE  (49),  n.  [Gr.  nCaov,  a  pea, 

PITCHY 

and  At Qos,  stone.]  A  calcareous  stone, 
made  up  of  small  globular  concre¬ 
tions. 

PIs'SAS-PIIXlt,  n.  [Gr.  Trurow^aA- 
ros  ;  TrtVcra,  pitch,  turpentine,  and 
acrt/iaA-ros,  asphalt.]  Earth-pitch  ;  a 
soft  bitumen. 

Pls-TA'9HIO  (pis-ta'sho),  n.  [Sp  ,  fr 

Gr.  7uo-Ta/aov.]  The  nut  of  a  kind 
of  turpentine-tree. 

PTs'ta-reen',  n.  A  silver  coin  of  tho 
value  of  17  or  18  cents. 

PIs'TIE,  n.  [N.  Lat.,  fr.  Lat  pis- 
tillum,  a  pestle.]  An  organ  in  a 
flower,  inclosing  the  seed;  a  1/ 
carpel.  || 

Pis'TOL,  n.  [From  Pistoja,  0.  1 

It.  Pistola,  where  they  wereOT 
first  made.]  A  small  fire-arm,  v 
to  be  fired  from  one  hand.  —  v.  p;g_ 
t.  J-ED,  -ING  ;  or  LED,  -LING,  til. 

137.]  To  shoot  with  a  pistol. 

Pis-tole',  n.  [It.  pistola ,  contr.  fr. 
piastuola,  dim.  of  piastra,  a  piaster.] 

A  gold  coin  of  Spain  worth  about 
$3.60. 

Pfs'TON,  n.  [From  Lat.  pinsere,  pis- 
turn,  to  stamp.]  A  short  cylinder 
fitting  exactly  the  cavity  of  a  pump 
or  barrel,  within  which  it  moves. 

PIT,  n.  [A.-S.  pytt  or  pitt.]  1.  A  large, 
deep  hole  in  the  ground.  2.  An 
abyss ;  hell.  3.  The  grave.  4.  An 
indenture  or  mark  in  the  flesh.  5. 
Lowest  place  in  a  theater.  6.  An 
area  for  a  cock  or  dog  fight.  — v.  t. 
[-TED  ; -TING.]  1.  To  indent.  2.  To 
mark  with  little  hollows.  3.  To  in¬ 
troduce  as  an  antagonist  to. 

PIt'a-pat/,  adv.  [An  onomatope.] 

In  a  flutter;  with  palpitation. 

PITCH,  n.  1.  [Lat.  pix ,  Gr.  niaaa.] 

A  thick,  black,  sticky  substance  ob¬ 
tained  by  boiling  down  tar.  2.  Tur¬ 
pentine.  [Improper.]  3.  [See  Peak.] 

A  point,  peak,  or  degree  of  elevation. 

4.  Degree  of  elevation  of  the  voice,  or 
of  an  instrument,  &c.  6.  Degree  ; 
rate;  position.  6.  Beginning  of  a 
declivity;  the  declivity  itself ;  slope- 
7.  Distance  from  center  to  center  of 
any  two  adjacent  teeth  of  gearing.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover 
over  or  smear  with  pitch.  2.  To 
darken  as  if  by  smearing  with  pitch  ; 
to  obscure.  3.  [A.-S.  pyccan,  to 
prick.  [See  Pick.]  To  throw  ;  to 
toss.  4.  To  plant ;  to  set  in  array. 

5.  To  fix  the  tone  of.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
light  ;  to  settle.  2.  To  fall  head¬ 
long.  3.  To  fix  choice.  4.  To  en¬ 
camp.  5.  To  rise  and  fall,  as  a  ship. 

PlTCH'ER,  v.  [0.  Fr.  picker,  pickier, 

0.  H.  Ger.  becknr,  peckar.  Cf.  Beak- 
ER  ]  A  vessel  with  a  spout  for  pour¬ 
ing  out  liquors. 

PfTCH'FORK,  n.  A  fork  to  throw  hay 
or  sheaves  of  grain. 

PITCH'- pine,  n.  One  of  several  res¬ 
inous  species  of  pine. 

PItch'-pipe,  n.  A  wind  instrument 
for  regulating  the  pitch  of  the  key 
of  a  tune. 

PItch'y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  like, 
pitch  ;  dark  ;  dismal. 

or.  do,  wqlf,  too,  TO"bK ;  Crn,  rue,  pyLL ;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,6,sq/l/  €,  G,  hard;  Ag;  ejcist;  n  as  no  ;  this. 

PITEOUS 


PLANO-CONCAVE 


PIt'e-ous,  a.  1.  Fitted  to  excite  pity. 
2.  Paltry  ;  mean  ;  pitiful. 

Syn.—  Sorrowful;  wretched;  pitiable. 

PlT'E-ofJS-LY,  adv.  In  a  piteous 
manner. 

PIt'fall,  n.  A  pit  slightly  covered, 
for  catching  wild  beasts  or  men. 

Pith,  n.  [A.-S.  pidha.]  1.  The  soft, 
spongy  substance  in  the  center  of 
many  plants.  2.  The  spinal  cord ; 
the  marrow.  3.  Vital  or  essential 
part ;  strength  ;  importance. 

P1th't-ly,  adv.  In  a  pithy  manner. 

PlTH'I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  pithy. 

PtTH'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  pith. 

PlTH'Y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Con¬ 
taining,  or  full  of,  pith.  2.  Forci¬ 
ble  ;  energetic. 

Pit'I-a-ble,  a.  Deserving  pity; 
worthy  of  compassion. 

PlT'l-FUL,  a.  1.  Full  of  pity;  tender; 
compassionate.  2.  Miserable  ;  mov¬ 
ing  compassion.  3.  Deserving  pity 
for  littleness  or  meanness. 

Syn.  —  See  Contemptible. 

PIt'I-FVL-ly,  adv.  In  a  pitiful  man¬ 
ner.  [pitiful. 

P'lT'i-FyL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 

PlT'1-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  pity. 

PlT'l-LESS-LY,  adv.  In  a  pitiless 
manner. 

PiT'MAN  (150),  n.  One  who  works  in 
a  pit,  as  iu  sawing  timber,  &c. 

PiT'SAW,  n.  A  saw  worked  vertically 
by  two  men. 

PlT'TAN£E,n.  [L.  Lat.  pittantia,  orig. 
pity,  fr.  Lat.  pietas.]  1.  A  charit}' 
gift.  2.  Any  small  allowance  ;  a  trifle. 

Pl-TU'I-TA-RY,  a.  [Lat.  pituita, 
phlegm.]  Secreting  phlegm  or  mu¬ 
cus.  [sembling,  mucus. 

PI-TU'I-TOUS,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  re- 

PlT'Y,  ii.  [From  Lat.  pietas,  piety, 
kindness.]  1.  The  feeling  or  suffer¬ 
ing,  excited  by  the  distresses  of  an¬ 
other.  2.  Thing  to  be  regretted. 

Syn.— Compassion ;  sympathy.  —  Sym¬ 
pathy  is  literally  fellow-feeling,  and  there¬ 
fore  requires  a  certain  degree  of  equality 
in  situation,  circumstances,  &e.,  for  its 
fullest  exercise.  Compassion  is  deep  ten¬ 
derness  for  another  under  severe  or  inev¬ 
itable  misfortune.  Pity  regards  its  ob¬ 
ject  not  only  as  suffering,  but  ivea/c,  and 
rence  as  inferior. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING,  142.]  To  feel 
pain  or  grief  for  ;  to  have  sympathy 
for.  —  v.  i.  To  be  compassionate; 
to  exercise  pity. 

Plv'OT,  n.  [Fr.  pivot ,  for  pipot,  from 
pipe,  a  pipe.]  A  pin  fixed  only  at  one 
end,  and  on  which  any  thing  turns. 

PiX,  n.  Same  as  Pyx. 

Pla^eA-bIl'i-t?,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  placable. 

Pla'CA-ble,  a.  [Lat.  placabilis ;  pla- 
care,  to  quiet,  pacify.]  Capable  of 
being  appeased  or  pacified. 

Pla-gArd',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  plaquer,  to 
lay  or  clap  on.]  A  written  or  printed 
paper  posted  in  a  public  place.  —  v. 
t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  post,  as  a  writ¬ 
ing,  in  a  public  place. 

Pla'eate,  v.  t.  [-EU;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
placare ,  -catu/m,  from  placer e,  to 
please.]  To  appease  or  pacify. 


320 

PLACE,  n.  [From  Gr.  ttKcltus.  TrkaTela.. 
fiat,  broad.]  1.  An  open  space;  an 
area.  2.  Any  definite  portion  of 
space.  3.  Rank  ;  degree  :  especially 
social  rank.  4.  A  dwelling  ;  a  man¬ 
sion.  5.  A  village,  town,  or  city.  6. 
A  country.  7.  Opportunity.  8. 
Room  ;  stead.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  assign  a  place  to;  to  fix.  2. 
To  put  in  a  particular  rank  or  office. 

Pla^e'man  (150),  n.  One  who  has 
an  office  under  a  government. 

P  LA-p  EVP  ta  ,  n.  [Lat.,  a  cake.]  The 
soft,  spongy  disk  which  connects  the 
mother  with  the  fetus  in  the  womb. 

Pla-ce  r'  (pla-thar';  by  Mexicans  and 
Californians ,  pla-sar'j,  n.  [Sp.]  A 
gravelly  place  where  gold  is  found. 

PlXiVid,  a.  [Lat.  placidus ;  placere, 
to  please.]  Pleased  ;  contented ;  se¬ 
rene  ;  tranquil. 

Pla-^id'i-ty,  11.  State  or  quality  of 
being  placid. 

PlX^'id-ly,  adv.  In  a  placid  man¬ 
ner  ;  calmly.  [id. 

PlX^'id-ness,  n.  State  of  being  plac- 

Pla'gia-ri'§m,  n  Act  or  practice  of 
plagiarizing.  [izes. 

Pla'gia-rist,  n.  One  who  plagiar- 

Pla'Gia-rize,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
steal  or  purloin  from  the  writings  of 
another. 

Pla'6ia-ry,  n.  [Lat  .plagiarius  ;  pla¬ 
gium,  kidnapping.]  One  who  pur¬ 
loins  another’s  writings,  ;  nd  offers 
them  to  the  public  as  his  own.  —  a. 
Pjacticing  literary  theft. 

Plague  (plag),  n.  [Lat.  plaga,  a 
blow,  stroke.]  1.  Any  afflictive  evil 
or  calamity.  2.  A  pestilential  disease. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  vex; 
to  tease.  2.  To  infest  with  natural 
evil  of  any  kind. 

Syn.  —  To  torment ;  harass  ;  annoy. 

Plagu'I-LY  (plag'I-ly),  adv.  Vexa- 
tiously ;  extremely.  [Low.] 

PLAGU'Y  (plag'y),  a.X’exatious.  [Low.] 

Plaice,  n.  [Lat.  plalessa.]  A  fish, 
allied  to  the  flounder. 

PlXid  (plild),  11.  [Gael,  plaide,  contr. 
fr.  pcallaid ,  a  sheep  skin.]  A  striped 
or  variegated  cloth. 

Plain,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat.  planus.] 
1.  Without  elevations  or  depressions  ; 
plane.  2.  Open  ;  clear;  unencum¬ 
bered.  3.  Not  intricate  or  difficult. 
4.  Simple  ;  natural. 

Syn.  —  Manifest;  level;  flat;  smooth; 
artless;  sincere;  downright;  unreserved; 
distinct;  homely. 

—  adv.  In  a  plain  manner.  —  n.  1. 
Level  land ;  and  usually,  an  open 
field.  2.  A  field  of  battle. — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  level;  to  make 
plain  or  even. 

Plain'-deal'er,  n.  One  who  speaks 
out  his  views  with  great  plainness. 

Plain'-deALGng,  11.  A  speaking  or 
acting  with  openness  and  sincerity. 

Plain'ly,  adv.  In  a  plain  manner. 

Plain'ness  (109),  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  plain. 

PlXin'-spok'EN  (20),  n.  Speaking 
with  plain,  unreserved  sincerity. 

Plaint,  n.  [Lat.  planclus,  fr.  plan- 


gere,  planctvm,  to  complain.]  Audi¬ 
ble  expression  of  sorrow  ;  complaint. 

PLAlNT'lFF,  n.  [Fr.  plaintif,  making 
complaint.]  One  who  commences  a 
personal  action  or  suit  in  law. 

Plaint'ive.  a.  1.  Expressive  of  sor¬ 
row  ;  complaining.  2.  Serious  ;  sad. 

Plaint'Ive-ly,  adv.  In  a  plaintive 
manner. 

PlaintOye-ness,  n.  Quality  or  stato 
of  being  plaintive. 

Plait,  n.  [Gr.  TrAe/cnj,  a  twisted  rope, 
string.]  1.  A  fold  ;  a  doubling.  2. 
A  braid,  as  of  hair  or  straw. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  fold  ;  to  double 
in  narrow  folds.  2.  To  braid;  to 
plat.  3.  To  entangle;  to  involve. 

Pi.Xn,  n.  [Lat.  planus,  flat,  level.]  1. 
A  draught  or  form  ;  especially  the 
representation  of  any  horizontal  sec¬ 
tion.  2.  A  method  of  action  or  pro¬ 
cedure  expressed  in  language. 

Syn.  —  See  Scheme. 

— —  v.  t.  [-NED  ;  -NING.]  1.  To  form 
a  draught  of.  2.  To  scheme  ;  to  de' 
vise. 

Syn. —  To  sketch;  model;  contrive. 

PlXnch'et,  n.  [Fr.  planchette,  a 
small  board,  dim.  of;?hmcAc,nboard, 
plank.]  A  disk  of  metal  ready  to  be 
stamped. 

Plane,  a.  [Lat.  planus.]  Without 
elevations  or  depressions  ;  even  ;  lev¬ 
el  ;  flat ;  pertaining  to  a  plane.  — n. 

1.  A  level  surface,  real  or  imaginary. 

2.  A  tool  for  smoothing  boards  or 
other  surfaces.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  smooth  ;  to  free  from  ine¬ 
qualities. 

PlXn'ET,  n.  [Gr.  -nXavriTqs ,  and 
n\avr)<;,  7rAdi'7)TOs,  a  planet  ;  prop,  a 
wanderer.]  A  celestial  body  revolv¬ 
ing  about  the  sun. 

PlXn'et-a'ri-um,  11.  An  astronom¬ 
ical  machine  representing  the  mo¬ 
tions  and  orbits  of  the  planets. 

PlXn'et-a-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
planets. 

Plane'— tree,  n.  [Gr.  v\<xtovoc,  fr. 
uAan;'?,  broad,  fr.  its  broad  leaves 
and  spreading  form.]  A  tree  of  the 
genus  Platanus. 

PlXn'et-strOck,  a.  Affected  by  the 
influence  of  planets. 

PLA-NiM'E-TRY,  n.  [Lat.  planus, 

plain,  and  Gr.  perpo v,  measure.] 
Mensuration  of  plane  surfaces. 

PlXn'Ish,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [O.  Fr. 
planir.  See  Plane.]  To  render 
smooth  and  level  by  gentle  hammer¬ 
ing. 

PlXn'i-SPHERE,  n.  [Lat.  planus, 

plane,  and  sphsera,  sphere.]  Rep¬ 
resentation  of  the  circles  of  a  sphere 
upon  a  plane,  esp.  of  the  celestial 
sphere,  with  adjustable  circles,  &c. 

PlXnk,  n.  [Lat.  planca,  allied  to  Gr. 
7rAaf,  any  thing  flat  and  broad.]  A 
broad  piece  of  sawed  timber,  thicker 
than  aboard.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  cover  or  lay  with  planks. 

PlXn'ner,  n.  One  who  plans. 

Pla'no-eon'eave,  a.  Flat  od  one 
side,  and  concave  on  the  other. 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,  Y, long;  X,  £,I,6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


PLANO-CONICAL 


Pla'no-Uon'ig-al,  a.  Level  on  one 
side,  and  conical  on  the  other. 

Pla'no-gon'vex,  a.  Flat  on  one 
side,  and  convex  on  the  other. 

PlXnT,  n.  [Lat.  planta.]  1.  A  vege¬ 
table  ;  an  organic  body,  having,  when 
complete,  a.  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 
2.  Fixtures  and  tools  for  carrying  on 
any  trade. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  put  in  the  ground  and  cover,  as 
seed.  2.  To  set  in  the  ground,  as  a 
tree.  3.  To  engender.  4.  To  estab¬ 
lish;  to  introduce. — v.i.  To  per¬ 
form  the  act  of  planting. 

PlXnt'ain  (42),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat .plan- 
tago .]  A  genus  of  plants  of  many 
species. 

PlXnt'ain  (42),  1  n.  A  tropical 

Pl.Xnt'AIN-TREE,  )  tree,  fifteen  or 
twenty  feet  high,  bearing  a  fruit 
which  is  a  substitute  for  bread. 

Plan-ta'tion,  n.  1.  A  place  planted  ; 
esp.  a  large  estate,  cultivated  chiefly 
by  negroes..  2.  A  colony. 

PlXnt'er,  n.  1.  One  who  plants.  2. 
One  who  assists  in  colonizing  in  a 
new  territory.  3.  Owner  of  a  plan¬ 
tation. 

PlXnt'i-gle,  n.  [A  dim.  of  plant.] 
A  plant  in  embryo. 

PlXnt'i-grade,  n.  [Lat.  planta , 
sole  of  the  foot,  and  gradi,  to  walk.] 
An  animal  that  walks  on  the  sole  of 
the  foot,  as  the  bear. 

Pl/tsH,  v.  i.  [D.  plassen,  II.  Ger. 
platschen.]  To  dabble  in  water;  to 
splash.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  plaissier ,  fr.  Lat.  plexus ,  p.  p.  of 
plectere ,  to  weave,  twist.]  To  cut  and 
intertwine  the  branches  of. — n.  1. 
A  puddle.  2.  A  dash  of  water ;  a 
splash.  3.  Branch  of  a  tree  partly 
cut,  and  bound  to  other  branches. 

PL  ASH' Y,  a.  Abounding  with  puddles. 

PLAgM,  n.  [Gr.  n\a.crp.a,  fr.  ukdcraeLV, 
to  form.]  A  mold  or  matrix. 

PlAs'TER,  n.  [Gr.  ep.n\aaTpov.]  1. 
A  composition  of  lime,  water,  and 
sand,  for  coating  walls,  &c. ;  also, 
gypsum,  as  used  for  making  mold¬ 
ings,  &c.  2.  An  external  applica¬ 
tion  harder  than  an  ointment.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  cover  with  plas¬ 
ter.  2.  To  cover  with  a  plaster,  as  a 
wound.  3.  To  smooth  over  ;  to  con¬ 
ceal  the  defects  of. 

PlAs'ter-er,  n.  One  who  plasters. 

PlAs'ter-ing,  n.  A  covering  of 
plaster. 

PlXs'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  ;  irKdcr- 

cme,  to  form.]  1.  Having  power  to 
give  form  or  fashion.  2.  Capable  of 
being  molded  or  formed.  3.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  characteristic  of,  mold¬ 
ing  or  modeling. 

Plas-tI^'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  plastic. 

PlXs'tron,  n.  [Fr.,fr.  Lat.  plastra, 
a  thin  plate  of  metal.]  A  leather  pad 
used  by  fencers  to  defend  the  body. 

PlXt,  V.t.  [-TED ;  -TING.]  [Fiom 
plait.]  To  form  by  interweaving  ; 
to  weave  — n.  1.  Work  done  by 
platting  or  interweaving.  2.  [Cf. 
Plot,  the  same  word  differently 


321 

written;  also,  Plate.]  A  small 
piece  of  ground  laid  out. 

Plate,  n.  [Fr.  plat,  Sp.  plato,  It. 
piatto,  Ger.  platte,  allied  to  Gr.  ir\a- 
ruv,  fiat,  broad.]  1.  A  piece  of  metal 
flattened.  2.  Dishes  wrought  in  gold 
or  silver.  3.  Metallic  ware  which  is 
overlaid  with  gold  or  silver.  4.  A 
small,  shallow  vessel  to  eat  from.  5. 
An  engraved  piece  of  metal  or  an  im¬ 
pression  therefrom.  6.  A  page  of 
stereotype  for  printing  from.  — v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover  or  over¬ 
lay,  as  with  gold  or  silver.  2.  To 
arm  with  plates  of  metal.  3.  To 
beat  into  thin,  fiat  pieces. 

Pla-teau'  (-to'),  n.  [Fr. ,  fr.  plat, 
flat.]  A  broad  level  area  of  elevated 
land.  [a  plate. 

Plate'ful  (155),  n.  Enough  to  fill 

Plate '-glAss,  n.  A  fine  kind  of 
glass,  cast  in  thick  plates,  used  for 
mirrors,  &c. 

PlX'T’en,  n.  [See  Plate.]  The  flat 
part  of  a  printing-press. 

PlXt'form,  n.  [Eng.  plat  (obs.), 
flat,  and  form.]  1.  A  flooring  or 
horizontal  frame -work  of  timber  or 
boards.  2.  A  declaration  of  princi¬ 
ples  by  any  body  of  men . 

PlXt'i-nA,  or  Pla-ti'nA,  n.  See 
Platinum. 

Plat'ing,  n.  1.  Art  of  covering  a 
baser  metal  with  a  thin  plate,  as  of 
silver.  2.  A  thin  coating  of  metal. 

PlXt'i-num,  or  Pla-ti'num,  n.  [N. 
Lat.,  fr.  Sp.  plata ,  silver.]  Avery 
heavy  and  ductile  metal  of  the  color 
of  silver. 

PlXt'I-TUDE  (30),  n.  [Fr.,  from  plat, 
flat.]  1.  Flatness;  insipidity.  2. 
A  weak  or  empty  remark. 

Pla-ton'IG,  I  a.  Pertaining  to 

Pla-ton'I€-al,  j  Plato,  or  to  his 
philosophy  or  opinions. 

Platonic  lore ,  a  pure,  spiritual  affec¬ 
tion  subsisting  between  the  sexes. 

Pla'to-nissm,  n.  Doctrines  of  Plato 
and  his  followers. 

Pla'to-nist,  n.  A  follower  of  Plato. 

Pla'to-nIze,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
adopt  the  opinions  of  the  Platonists. 

PLA-TOON',  n.  [Fr.  peloton,  fr.  Lat. 
pila,  a  ball.]  Half  of  a  company  of 
soldiers. 

PlXt'ter,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  0.  Fr .  platel, 
N.  Fr.  plateau.]  A  large,  shallow 
dish  for  provisions  at  table. 

Plau'dit,  n.  [Lat.  plaudite ,  do  ye 
praise.]  An  expression  of  applause. 

Plau'§i-bil'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
plausible ;  speciousness. 

Plau'^i-ble,  a.  [Lat.  plausibilis,  fr. 
p’laudere,  to  applaud.]  1.  Superfi¬ 
cially  pleasing ;  apparently  right.  2. 
Using  specious  arguments. 

Syn.—  Specious.  —  Both  these  words 
have  a  bad  sense.  Plausible  denotes 
that  which  seems  to  satisfy  the  ear,  and 
yet  leaves  distrust  in  the  judgment. 
Specious  describes  that  which  carries  a 
fair  appearance  to  the  eye,  and  yet  may 
cover  something  false. 

Plau'§i-BLY,  adv.  In  a  plausible 
manner. 

Plau'sIve,  a.  Manifesting  praise. 


PLEASURABLE 

Play,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  pie . 
gian.]  1.  To  engage  in  sport ;  to 
frolic.  2.  To  trifle.  3.  To  contend 
in  a  game ;  to  gamble.  4.  To  per¬ 
form  on  an  instrument  of  music.  5. 
To  operate.  6.  To  move  irregularly. 
7.  To  act  on  the  stage  or  in  any  par¬ 
ticular  character. —  v.t.  1.  To  put 
in  action  or  motion.  2.  To  perform. 

Syn.  —  To  sport;  trifle;  frolic. 

—  n.  1.  Series  of  actions  for  pleas¬ 
ure  or  amusement ;  game.  2.  Act  of 
contending  for  victory,  as  at  cards, 
&c. ;  gaming.  3.  Practice  in  any 
contest.  4.  Action;  use;  manner 
of  action.  5.  A  dramatic  composi¬ 
tion  or  performance.  6.  Perform¬ 
ance  on  an  instrument  of  music.  7. 
Motion  ;  movement ;  also,  room  for 
motion.  8.  Liberty  of  acting ;  scope. 

Play'-BILL,  n.  A  printed  advertise¬ 
ment  of  a  play ,  with  the  actor’s  parts. 

PLAY'ER,  n.  One  who  plays. 

Play'ful,  a.  1.  Sportive.  2.  In¬ 
dulging  a  sportive  fancy.  [ner. 

PLAY'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  playful  man- 

Play'-house,  n.  A  theater. 

PLAY'MATE,  n.  A  companion  in  play. 

Play'thing,  n.  Any  thing  that  serves 
to  amuse  ;  a  toy. 

Plea,  n.  [Lat.  plat  turn,  placitum,  fr. 
placere ,  to  please.]  1.  The  defend¬ 
ant’s  answer  to  a  plaintiff’s  declara¬ 
tion  and  demand.  2.  A  lawsuit.  3. 
An  excuse  ;  an  apology.  4.  Urgent 
prayer  or  entreaty. 

Plead,!',  i.  [pleaded  (not  plLad, 
or  PLED) ;  pleading.]  [Fr.  plai- 
der,  L.  Lat.  placitare.  See  Plea.] 
1.  To  argue  in  support  or  defense  of 
a  claim.  2.  To  make  an  allegation 
of  fact  in  a  cause  ;  to  carry  on  a 
suit. — v.  t.  1.  To  offer  in  proof, 
support,  or  excuse.  2.  To  attempt 
to  maintain  by  arguments ;  to  argue. 
3.  To  allege  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea. 

Plead'er,  n.  One  who  pleads;  es¬ 
pecially,  a  lawyer  who  makes  a  plea 
in  a  court  of  justice. 

Pleass'ant,  a.  [See  Please.]  1. 
Grateful  to  the  mind  or  senses.  2. 
Cheerful;  enlivening;  gay;  lively. 

Plea§'ant-ly,  adv.  In  a  pleasant 
manner. 

Pl£as'ant-RY,  n.  1.  Gayety  ;  mer¬ 
riment.  2.  Gentle  raillery  ;  lively 
talk. 

PLEAgE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
placere.]  To  excite  agreeable  sensa¬ 
tions  or  emotions  in  ;  to  gratify.  — 
v.  i.  To  be  pleased ;  to  like ;  to 
choose  ;  to  comply.  [satisfaction. 

Pleas'ING,  a.  Giving  pleasure  or 

Syn.  —  Pleasant;  agreeable. —  Pleasant 
is  more  particularly  applied  to  things  in 
the  concrete,  as  pleasant  weather,  a 
pleasant  day,  ride,  situation,  &c.  In 
respect  to  persons,  pleasing  is  generally 
used  to  describe  personal  qualities,  as,  a 
pleasing  countenance,  &e._  Agreeable  is 
more  used  of  social  qualities  and  rela¬ 
tions,  as,  agreeable  society,  &e.  These 
distinctions,  however,  are  not  in  all 
cases  very  accurately  observed. 

Pl£a$'ur-a-ble  (plSzh'ur-a-bl),  a. 
Pleasing;  giving  pleasure. 


6r,  do,  wqlf,  too,  toTok;  Orn, rue, pyLL ;  e,i,  o,  silent  \q,  6,  soft;  €,G,hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 

21 


PLEASURABLY 


322  PLUMB-LINE 


PlEas'ur-a-bly ,  adv.  Inapleasur- 
able*manner. 

Pleas'ure  (plezh/ur),  ft.  [See 
Ple^ase.]  1.  Gratification  of  the 
senses  or  of  the  mind.  2.  What  the 
will  dictates  or  prefers.  3.  That 
which  pleases.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  please  ;  to  gratify. 

PlEas'ure-ground,  n.  Ornamental 
ground  appropriated  to  amusement. 

Ple-be'ian  (-yan),  a.  [Lat.  plebeius; 
plebs,  the  common  people.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  consisting  of,  the  common 
people.  —  n.  One  of  the  common 
people.  [beians. 

Ple-be'IAN-Tsm,  n.  Conduct  of  ple- 

PLEDGE  (plej),  n.  [L.  Lat.  plegium, 
prob.  fr.  Lat.  prxbere ,  to  proffer  (sc. 
fidein),  trust.]  1.  Something  depos¬ 
ited  as  security ;  a  pawn.  2.  Any 
thing  given  or  considered  as  a  secur¬ 
ity  for  the  performance  of  an  act.  3. 
The  wishing  of  health  to  another. 

Syn.  —  See  Earnest. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  leave  as 
security.  2.  To  engage  for  by  prom¬ 
ise.  3.  To  drink  the  health  of. 

Pledg'ee,  n.  One  to  whom  any 
thing  is  pledged. 

Pledg'er,  ii.  One  who  pledges. 

Pledg'et,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  pledge ,  to 
secure.]  A  compress,  or  small,  flat 
tent  of  lint  laid  over  a  wound. 

Ple'Iad  (plS'yad),  n.  One  of  the 
Pleiades. 

Ple'ia-des  (pld'ya-d'z),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
LTAeidSes,  from  elv,  to  sail,  as  their 
rising  indicated  the  time  of  safe  nav¬ 
igation.]  A  group  of  seven  stars  sit¬ 
uated  in  the  constellation  Taurus. 

Ple'NA-ri-ly,  adv.  Fully. 

Ple'na-ri-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
plenary. 

Ple'NA-ry,  a.  [Lat.  plenus,  full.] 
Pull ;  entire  ;  complete.  [tent. 

Ple-nip'o-ten^e,  n.  State  of  being 
plenipotent. 

Ple-nip'o-tent,  a.  [Lat.  plenus , 
full,  and  potens ,  potent.]  Possessing 
full  power. 

Plen'i-po-tEn'ti-a-ry  (-shl-a-,  95), 
n.  An  embassador  at  a  foreign  court 
furnished  with  full  powers.  —  a. 
Containing  full  power. 

PLEN'i-tude  (30).  ft.  [Lat .plenilndo, 
fr.  plenus ,  full.]  Fullness;  complete¬ 
ness  ;  abundance. 

Plen'TE-oOs,  a.  1.  Sufficient  for 
every  purpose.  2.  Having  plenty  ; 
well  provided  for  ;  rich. 

Plen'te-oEs-ly,  adv.  In  a  plente¬ 
ous  manner. 

PeEn'te-oOs-ness,  n.  Abundance. 

PlEn'ti-ful,  a.  1.  Adequate  to  ev¬ 
ery  purpose.  2.  Affording  ample 
supply. 

Pl£n'T[-ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  plenti¬ 
ful  manner ;  copiously. 

Plen'ti-F(JE-ness,«.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  plentiful ;  abund¬ 
ance  ;  copiousness. 

PlEn'ty,  n.  [Lat.  plenitas ,  fr.  plenus , 
full.]  Full  or  adequate  supply. 


—  a.  Plentiful ;  abundant ;  copious. 
[ Colloq .  and  inelegant.] 

PLE'O-NASM,  ii.  [Gr.  n\eovaop.6s,  fr. 
7rAeovdc|eiv,  to  be  more  than  enough.] 
The  use  of  more  words  to  express 
ideas  than  are  necessary. 

Ple/o-nas,tic,  a.  Partaking  of  ple¬ 
onasm  ;  redundant. 

Pletii'O-rA,  n.  [Gr.  ir\rjQooprp  from 
n\rj0eiv,  to  be  or  become  full.]  1. 
Over-fullness  of  blood  ;  repletion.  2. 
A  being  over-full  in  any  respect. 

Ple-thor'ic,  or  PRETH'o-Rie  (123), 
a.  Evincing  plethora. 

PZEU'RA,  n.  [Gr.  7rAeupa.]  The 
membrane  which  covers  the  inside 
of  the  thorax,  and  invests  the  lungs. 

Pleu'ri-sy,  n.  [Lat.  pleurisis,  pleuri- 
tis,  Gr.  aAevpins.]  An  inflamma¬ 
tion  of  the  pleura. 

PLEU-Rl'T'lE,  )  a.  1.  Pertaining 

Pleu-rit'I€-al,  }  to  pleurisy.  2. 
Diseased  with  pleurisy. 

Pleu'ro-pneu-mo'ni-a  ,-n.I  nuFni- 
a),  n.  [Gr.  irAevpa,  pleura,  and 
■nvevfjiovei:,  the  lungs.]  Inflamma¬ 
tory  disease  of  the  pleura  and  lungs. 

PLEx'I-FOR3I,a.  [Lat.  plexus,  a  twist¬ 
ing,  braiding,  and. forma,  form.]  Like 
net-work  ;  complicated. 

Flex' us,  n.  [See  supra.]  Any  net¬ 
work  of  vessels,  nerves,  or  fibers. 

Pli-a-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
pliable. 

PlI'a-ble,  a.  [Fr.,  fr.  plier,  to  bend, 
to  fold.]  1.  Easy  to  be  bent.  2. 
Readily  yielding  to  arguments,  per¬ 
suasion,  or  discipline. 

Syn.  — Pliant;  flexible;  supple; limber. 

Pri'AN-£Y,  n.  State  of  being  pliant. 

Pl/l'ANT,  a.  1.  Easily  bent.  2.  Easily 
influenced  to  good  cr  evil. 

PLI'ANT-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  pli¬ 
ant. 

PlI'eate,  )  a.  [Lat.  plicatus,  p.  p. 

PLI'€A-TED,  )  of  plicate,  to  fold.] 

Folded  like  a  fan. 

PlI'er§,  n.  pi.  [From  ply.]  A  kind 
of  pinchers. 

Peight  ( pllt),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.- 
S.  plihtan.]  To  expose  to  danger  or 
risk  ;  to  pledge.  —  n.  1.  Security  ; 
gage.  2.  Exposed  condition.  3.  Con¬ 
dition  ;  state. 

PLIGHT'ER(plIt/-),  n. One  who  plights. 

Plinth,  n.  [Gr.  nKivOos,  a  brick  or 
tile,  a  plinth.]  A  square,  projecting 
part  at  the  base  of  a  column. 

Pli'O^ENE,  a.  [Gr.  jrAetW,  more, 
and  aaivo?,  new,  recent.]  (Geol.) 
Pertaining  to,  or  characterizing,  the 
most  recent  tertiary  deposits. 

Plod,  v.  i.  [-bed;  -ding.]  [Cf. 
Gael,  plod,  a  clod.]  1.  To  travel, 
with  steady,  laborious  diligence.  2. 
To  drudge  ;  to  study  heavily. 

PLOT,n.  [A  different  spelling  of  plat.] 
1.  A  small  extent  of  ground.  2.  A 
draught  of  a  field,  &c.,  drawn  to 
a  scale.  3.  [Abbrev.  fr.  complot.] 
Any  scheme  of  a  complicated  nature. 
4.  Plan  or  intrigue  of  a  play  or 
novel,  &c.  —  r  t.  [-ted:  -ting.] 
1.  To  plan  ;  to  devise.  2.  To  deline¬ 


ate.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  form  a  scheme  of 
mischief.  2.  To  contrive  a  plan. 

Plough  (plou), )?.  See  Plow. 

Plov'er,  ft.  [Fr.  &  Pr.  pluvier,  the 
rain-bird  ;  Lat.  pluvia,  rain.]  A  bird 
frequenting  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
the  sea-shore. 

Plow  )  (plou),  n.  [Icel.  plOgr,  D. 

Plough  )  ploeg.]  1.  An  implement 
for  turning  up  the  soil.  2.  A  join¬ 
er’s  instrument  for  grooving.  3.  A 
machine  for  cutting  or  trimming  pa¬ 
per.  —  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  Tc 
trench  and  turn  up  with  a  plow.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  labor  with  a  plow.  2. 
To  advance  by  plowing,  or  in  spite  of 
obstacles. 

Plow'a-ble  1  (plou/-),  a.  Capa- 

Plough'a-ble  )  ble  of  being 

plowed;  arable. 

Pi.ow'-boy  )  (plou/-),  n.  A  boy 

Plougii'-boy  )  that  drives  or  guides 
a  team  in  plowing. 

Plow'er  I  (pimp-),  n.  One  who 

Plougii'er  j  plows  land  ;  a  culti¬ 
vator 

Plow'-man  1  (plou/-,  150),  ft.  One 

Plough /-man  )  who  plows;  a  hus¬ 
bandman;  a  rustic. 

Plow'siiAre  )  (plou'-),  ft.  The 

Plough'shAre  )  part  of  a  plough 

which  cuts  the  ground  below. 

Pluck,  ft.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
pluccian.  Cf.  Lug.]  1.  To  pull 
with  sudden  force  ;  to  pull  off,  out, 
or  from,  with  a  twitch.  2.  To  strip 
by  plucking.  —  n.  [Cf.  Gael.  &  Ir. 
pluc,  a  lump,  a  knot.]  1.  Heart, 
liver,  and  lungs  of  an  animal.  2. 
Spirit ;  courage. 

Pluck'er,  ft.  One  who  plucks 

PLiJCK'Y,n.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  Hav¬ 
ing  enduring  courage  ;  spirited. 

PlEg,  ft.  [D.]  1.  Any  thing  to  stop 
a  hole.  2.  A  cake  of  pressed  tobac¬ 
co.  —  ft.  t.  [-ged;  -ging,]  To 
stop  with  a  plug. 

Plum,  n.  [A.-S.  plftma,  Lat.  prunum , 
Gr.  npovvop.]  1.  A  certain  tree  and 
its  fruit.  2.  A  raisin.  3.  The  sum 
of  £100,000  sterling. 

PLU'MAGE,  ft.  [Lat.  plitma,  feather.] 
The  feathers  which  cover  a  bird. 

Plumb  (plum),  n.  [Lat.  plumbum , 
lend.]  A  weight  attached  to  a  line 
used  to  indicate  a  vertical  direction; 
a  plummet.  —  a.  Perpendicular  — 
adv.  Perpendicularly.  —  ft.  t.  [-ED  ; 

-ING.]  1.  To  adjust  by  a  plumb- 
line.  2.  To  examine  by  tests. 

Plum-bagG-noEs,  a.  Consisting  of, 
containing,  or  like,  plumbago. 

Plum-ba'go,  ft.  [Lat.  plumbum, 
lead.]  A  mineral,  popularly  called 
black-lead. 

PlGm/be-AN,  a.  Consisting  of  or  re¬ 
sembling  lead. 

PlDmb/er  (plurn'er),  n.  [See Plumb.] 
One  who  adjusts  lead  pipes,  &c. 

PlEmb/er-y  (plum-/),  ft.  Business, or 
place  of  business,  of  a  plumber. 

PlEmb/ing,  1.  Art  of  casting  and 
working  in  lead.  2.  Business  of  ar¬ 
ranging  pipes  for  conducting  water. 

Plijmb'-line  (plum/fln),  ft.  1.  A 


Syn.  —  See  Abundance. 


A,  E,  I,  5,  U,  Y ,  long ;  A,  E,f,6,  E  short ;  cAre,  FAr,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  fiRE,  VEIL,  TfiRM;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 


PLUM-CAKE 

plummet.  2.  A  line  perpendicular  to 
the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

PlDm'— CAKE,  n.  Cake  containing 

raisins,  currants,  &c. 

Plume,  n.  [Lat.  pluma.]  1.  The 
feather  of  a  bird.  2.  A  large  feath¬ 
er  worn  as  an  ornament  3.  A  to¬ 
ken  of  honor  or  prowess,  & c.  — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  adjust  the 

feathers  of.  2.  To  strip  of  feathers. 
3.  To  pride  ;  to  value. 

Plu'MI-ped,  n.  [Lat .plumipes,  -pedis, 
fr.  pluma,  a  feather,  and  pes,  foot.] 
A  bird  that  has  feathers  on  its  feet. 

PlOm'MET,  n.  [For  plumbet ,  from 
plumb,  lead.]  1.  A  long  piece  of 
lead  attached  to  a  line  for  sounding 
the  depth  of  water.  2-  An  instru¬ 
ment  used  to  determine  a  perpendic¬ 
ular  line. 

Plu-mose',  )  a.  [Lat.  plumosus ;  plu- 

PLU'MOfJS,  J  ma,  feather.]  Having 
or  resembling  plumes. 

PlOmp,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Teel,  plumpr.] 
1.  Swelled  with  fat  or  flesh  to  the 
full  size.  2.  Complete  ;  unreserved. 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From  the  adj.] 

1.  To  swell ;  to  fatten.  2.  To  cause 
to  drop  heavily. — v.i.  1.  To  grow 
large  to  fullness.  2.  To  fall  sudden¬ 
ly. —  adv.  At  once,  or  with  a  sud¬ 
den,  heavy  fall. 

-  Plump'er,  n.  1.  Something  to  dilate 

ttie  cheeks.  2.  A  full,  unqualified  lie. 

PlOm'-pie,  n.  A  pie  with  plums  in  it. 

PlDmp'ly,  adv.  Without  reserve. 

PlOmp'ness,  n.  State  of  being  plump. 

Plum'-PUD'ding,  n.  Pudding  con¬ 
taining  raisins  or  currants,  [plums. 

PlOm'-tree,  n.  A  tree  that  produces 

PLUM'Y,  a.  Adorned  with  plumes. 

PlOn'der,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Ger. 
plnndern;  plunder,  frippery,  bag¬ 
gage.]  1.  To  take  the  goods  of  by 
force.  2.  To  take  by  pillage  or  open 
force. 

Syn.—  To  pillage;  spoil  ;  sack  ;  rob. 

—  n.  1.  That  which  is  taken  from 
an  enemy;  pillage;  spoil.  2.  Per¬ 
sonal  property  and  effects  ;  luggage. 
[Local,  U.  S.) 

Plun'der-er,  n.  One  who  plunders. 

PlOnge,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
plonger.]  To  immerse  in  a  fluid;  to 
drive  into  flesh,  mire,  earth,  &c. — 

—  v  i.  1.  To  dive,  or  to  rush  in. 

2.  To  fall  or  rush,  as  into  distress, 
&c.  3.  To  throw  one’s  self  headlong, 
as  a  horse.  —  n.  1.  Thrusting  into 
water,  &c.  2.  Act  of  throwing  one's 
self  headlong,  like  an  unruly  horse. 

PLU'PER-FEeT,  a.  [Lat.  plus,  more, 
and  perfectus,  perfect.]  More  than 
perfect ;  —  said  of  that  tense  of  a  verb 
which  denotes  that  an  action  or 
event  took  place  before  another  past 
action  or  event. 

Plu'ral,  a.  [Lat.  plural  is ;  plus, 
more.]  Containing  more  than  one. 

Plu'RAL-Tst,  n.  A  clergyman  who 
holds  more  benefices  than  one 

PLU-RAL'I-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
plural.  2.  A  greater  number. 

Plurality  of  votes,  excess  of  votes  cast 

323 

for  one  individual  over  those  cast  for  any 
one  of  several  competing  candidates. 

Plu'ral-ly,  adv.  In  a  sense  imply¬ 
ing  more  than  one. 

Plus,  n.  [Lat.,  more.]  A  character 
[+]  used  as  a  sign  of  addition. 

Plush,  n.  [Fr.  pluche ,  fr.  Lat.  pilus, 
hair.]  A  kind  of  shaggy  cloth. 

Plu-to'ni-an,  a.  Plutonic. 

Plu-ton'IE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sys¬ 
tem  of  the  Plutonists  ;  igneous. 

Plu'to-nIst,  n.  One  who  ascribes 
the  formation  of  the  world  to  igneous 
fusion. 

Plu'vi-al,  a.  [Lat .  pluvialis ;  pluvia, 
rain.]  Abounding  in  rain  ;  rainy. 

Plu'vi-om'e-ter,  n.  [Lat.  pluvia , 
rain,  and  metrum,  measure.]  A  rain- 
gauge.  [rainy. 

Plu'vi-oOs,  a.  Abounding  in  rain  ; 

Ply,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  plicare, 
Gr.  irheKeev.]  1.  To  fold  or  cover 
over.  2.  To  urge  ;  to  solicit  importu¬ 
nately.  3.  To  keep  busy.  4.  To  prac¬ 
tice  or  perform  with  diligence.  — v.  i. 
1.  To  work  steadily.  2.  To  busy  one’s 
self.  3.  To  make  regular  trips.  —  n. 
1.  A  fold ;  a  plait.  2.  Bent ;  bias. 

Pneu-mat'ig  l(nu-),  a.  [Gr. 

PNE  U -MAT'I€-AL  )  nvevfJ.ajt.KO'i  ; 

nvevp a,  wind,  air.]  Consisting  of, 
relating  to,  like,  or  moved  by  air. 

Pneu-mat'igs  (nu-),  n.  sing.  Science 
which  treats  of  the  mechanical  prop¬ 
erties  of  air,  &c. 

Pneu'ma-tol'o-gy  (-nu/-),  n.  [Gr. 
n vedpa,  air,  spirit,  and  Ao-yo?,  dis¬ 
course.]  The  doctrine  of,  or  a  trea¬ 
tise  on,  spiritual  existences. 

PNEU-MO'NI-A  (nu-),  n.  [Gr.  nvev- 
fxovio. ;  TTvevyanv,  lung.]  An  inflam¬ 
mation  of  the  lungs.  [the  lungs. 

PNEU-MON'IG  (nu-),a.  Pertaining  to 

Poach,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr.^o- 
cher ,  to  poach  eggs,  fr.  poche,  pocket; 
pouch,  Eng.  poke.]  1.  To  cook  in  a 
certain  manner,  as  eggs.  2.  To  rob 
of  game  ;  hence,  to  plunder.  —  v.  i. 
To  steal  or  pocket  game.  [ Eng .] 

P5acii'er,  71.  One  who  poaches. 

PoACH'Y,  a.  Wet  and  soft  to  the 
feet. 

Pock,  ti.  [A.-S.  pocc,  poc.]  A  pus¬ 
tule  on  the  skin  in  variolous  and 
vaccine  diseases. 

Pock'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  poke,  a  pocket. 
Cf.  Pouch.]  Any  small  bag,  esp. 
one  inserted  in  a  garment. — v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -TNG.]  To  put  or  conceal  in 
the  pocket. 

T 9  pocket  an  affront,  to  receive  it  with¬ 
out  resenting  it,  or  at  least  without  seek¬ 
ing  redress. 

Pock'et-bo'ok,  7i.  A  case  for  car¬ 
rying  papers  in  the  pocket. 

Pock  'mark,  n.  Scar  made  by  the 
small-pox. 

Pock'y,  a.  [-ER; -EST,  142.]  Full  of 

pocks ;  infected  with  the  smallpox. 

Pod,  ti.  A  capsule  of  a  plant,  espe¬ 
cially  a  legume. 

PO-dXg'RIC,  1  a.  [Gr.  7roSaypiK05; 

Po-DAG'RIC-AL,  )  from  TTOvs,  7 rofios, 
foot,  and  aypa,  a  catching.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  the  gout;  gouty. 

POISE 

PofEM,  ti.  [Gr.  noCppa,  fr.  ttolclv,  to 
make,  compose.]  A  composition  in 
verse. 

Po'E-SY,  ti.  [Gr.  7701770-1.9.]  1.  Art  of 
composing  poems.  2.  Poetry. 

Po'ET,  7i.  One  who  writes  poetry. 

Poet  laureate,  a  poetemployed  to  com¬ 
pose  poems  for  the  birthdays  of  a  prince 
or  other  special  occasion. 

Po'ET-ESS,  n.  A  female  poet. 

Po-£t'I€,  1  a.  1.  Pertaining,  of 

Po-ET'ie-AL,  )  suitable,  to  poetry 

2.  Possessing  the  peculiar  beauties 
of  poetry.  [manner. 

Po-ET'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  poetic 

Po-et'ics,  n.  The  doctrine  of  poetry. 

Po'et-ize ,v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 

write  as  a  poet. 

Po'ET-RY,  71.  [See  Poet.]  1.  Metri¬ 
cal  composition  ;  verse.  2.  Imagi¬ 
native  composition,  whether  in  prose 
or  verse. 

PoiGN'AN-CY  (poin/an-),  n.  State  of 
being  poignant. 

PoiGN'ANT  (poin/ant),  a.  [ Fr.  poign¬ 
ant,  p.  pr.  of  0.  Fr.  poindre,  to 
sting.]  1.  Stimulating  to  the  organs 
of  taste.  2.  Acutely  painful ;  pier¬ 
cing  ;  irritating. 

Poign'ant-ly  (poin'ant-ly),  adv.  In 
a  poignant  manner. 

Point,  n.  [Lat.  puncta,  punctum ,  fr. 
pungere,  to  prick.]  1.  A  sharp  end  ; 
tip.  2.  A  sort  of  needle  used  by  en¬ 
gravers,  &c.  3.  A  mere  spot.  4.  A 
small  promontory  or  cape.  5.  A 
moment ;  an  instant ;  hence,  the 
verge.  6.  Degree;  condition;  rank. 

7-  A  characteristic  ;  a  peculiarity.  8. 

A  distinct  position,  thesis,  or  passage. 

9.  A  character  used  to  mark  the  di¬ 
visions  of  a  sentence.  10.  Object; 
end.  11.  A  braided  cordage,  used  in 
reefing  sails. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

1.  To  sharpen.  2.  To  direct  toward 
an  object ;  to  aim.  3.  To  direct  at¬ 
tention  toward.  4.  To  punctuate.  5. 

To  indicate  the  aim  or  purpose  of.  6. 

To  fill  the  joints  of  with  mortar. — ■ 
v.i.  1.  To  direct  the  finger  for  des¬ 
ignating  an  object.  2.  To  show  dis¬ 
tinctly  by  any  means. 

Point-blank',  ti.  [Fr .  point-blanc, 
white  point.]  Point  to  which  a  pro¬ 
jectile  is  supposed  to  move  directly, 
without  a  curve.  —  a.  1.  Aimed  di¬ 
rectly  toward  the  mark.  2.  Direct ; 
express.  —  adv.  Directly. 

Point'ed,  p.  a.  1.  Having  a  sharp 
point.  2.  Characterized  by  distinct¬ 
ness  and  pithiness. 

Point'ed-ly,  adv.  With  point,  se¬ 
verity,  or  keenness. 

Point'er,  n.  Any  thingthat  points; 
as,  (a.)  Hand 

POINT'LESS,  a. 

Having  no  point.  Pointer  Dog. 

PoigE,  n.  [0.  Fr.  pois,  fr.  Lat .pensum, 
a  portion  weighed  out.]  1.  Weight; 
gravity.  2.  Balance  used  in  weigh¬ 
ing  with  steelyards.  3.  Equipoise ; 

OR,  do,  wpLF,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  G  ,soft;  e,5, hard;  A§  ;  exist;  Cf  as  ng  ;  this. 

POISON 

equilibrium.  —  v.  t.  [-eb;  -ing.] 
1.  To  make  of  equal  weight.  2.  To 
hold  a  place  iu  equilibrium.  3.  To 
weigh. 

Poi'£ON  (poi'zn),  n.  [Lat.  polio,  fr. 
potare ,  to  drink.]  1.  Any  substance 
noxious  to  life  or  health.  2.  That 
which  taints  or  destroys  morals. 

Syn. —  Venom. —  Poison  usually  de¬ 
notes  something  received  into  the  system 
by  the  mouth,  breath,  &c.  Venom  is 
something  applied  externally,  or  dis¬ 
charged  from  animals,  as  by  the  bite  or 
sting  of  serpents,  scorpions,  &c.  Venom 
is  also  more  active  and  malignant  in  its 
operation  than  poison,  and  hence  is  a 
stronger  term. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  infect 
with,  or  kill  by,  poison.  2.  To  taint 
or  corrupt  the  character,  principles, 
or  happiness  of. 

Poi'son-er,  n.  One  who  poisons. 

Poi'ron-oOs,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  poison  ;  corrupting  ;  noxious. 

Poke,  n.  [A.-S.  poca.j  1.  A  pocket; 
a  small  bag.  2.  A  long,  wide  sleeve. 
3.  A  thrust.  4.  A  lazy  or  stupid 
person.  5.  A  machine  to  prevent 
beasts  from  leaping  or  breaking 
through  fences. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[L.  Ger.  poken ,  to  prick,  thrust.]  To 
thrust  against ;  to  push  against  with 
any  thing  pointed  ;  hence,  to  feel  for 
with  a  long  instrument. 

To  poke  fun,  to  make  fun;  to  joke. 

—  v.  i.  To  grope,  as  in  the  dark. 

Pok'er,  «.  1.  One  who  pokes.  2.  An 

iron  bar  for  stirring  or  opening  a  fire 
of  coals.  3.  A  game  of  cards.  4. 
[Icel.  pokr ,  a  bugbear,  hobgoblin.] 
A  frightful  object,  dimly  seen  in  the 
dark ;  a  bugbear. 

Po-lXg'gA,  n.  [It.,  prop,  a  Polish 
vessel.]  A  vessel  with  three  masts, 
used  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Po-LA'CRE,  n.  See  Polacca. 

PS'LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to,  surround¬ 
ing,  or  proceeding  from,  one  of  the 
poles,  as  those  of  the  earth. 

Po-LAR'l-S€OPE,  n.  [Eng.  polar,  and 
Gr.  (TKo-rrelv,  to  view.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  used  for  polarizing  light,  and 
analyzing  its  properties. 

Po-LAR'I-TY,  ii.  That  quality  of  a 
body  in  virtue  of  which  it  exhibits 
opposite  or  contrasted  properties  or 
powers,  in  opposite  or  contrasted 
parts  or  directions. 

PdfLAR-l-ZA'TiON,  ii.  Act  of  polar¬ 
izing  ;  state  of  having  polarity. 

PO'LAR-IZE,  V.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
communicate  polarity  to. 

Pole  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  pol,  pal.  Of. 
Pale.]  1.  A  long,  slender  piece  of 
wood.  2.  A  measure  of  length  of  54 
yards,  or  a  square  measure  of  30] 
square  yards;  a  rod;  a  perch.  3.  [Gr. 
7roAos,  from  neheiv,  rrohelv ,  to  turn.] 
Extremity  of  the  axis  of  a  sphere, 
especially  of  the  earth.  4.  A  point  of 
maximum  intensity  of  a  force  which 
has  polarity.  5.  The  heavens  ;  the 
sky.  [Poet.]  —  v.  t.  [-El)  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  furnish  with  poles.  2.  To  convey 
on  poles.  3.  To  push  forward  by  the 
use  of  poles. 

324 

Pole'-ax,  In.  a  A  A 

Pole'-axe,  )  sort  ftmm  '  njj§gg. 
of  ax  fixed  to  a  raPli 
pole.  ’  H 

Pole'gXt,  n.  [Eith¬ 
er  for  polish  cat ,  or 
for  poultry  cat.]  A  j  i 

carnivorous  mam-  J 

mal,  allied  to  the  B 
weasel.  Pole-axes. 

Pol'e-margh  (-mark),  n.  [Gr.  no\e- 
papx os  ;  nohepos,  war,  and  apx os, 
leader.]  An  Athenian  magistrate. 

Po-LEM'IG,  n.  A  disputant. 

Po-LEM'IG,  1  a.  [Gr.  TroAe/aiKo?, 

PO-LEM'IG-AL,  )  warlike;  7rbAe/.ios, 
war.]  1.  Pertaining  to  controversy  ; 
controversial.  2.  Given  to  contro¬ 
versy  ;  disputatious. 

Po-LEM/lcs,  n.  sing.  Controversy, 
especially  on  religious  subjects. 

Pole'-star,  n.  A  star  at  or  near  to 
the  pole  of  the  heavens. 

PO-LI^E'  (-13s'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Gr.  iro- 
hireia,  condition  of  a  state,  govern¬ 
ment.]  1.  Administration  of  the 
laws  of  a  city  or  incorporated  town 
or  borough.  2.  Internal  regulation 
of  a  state.  3.  Body  of  civil  officers, 
organized  to  preserve  good  order. 

PO-LI^E'MAN  (-13s'-,  150),  11.  One  of 
the  ordinary  police. 

PoL'l-(!Y,  11.  [Gr.  7roAireia.  See  su¬ 
pra.]  1.  Settled  method  of  adminis¬ 
tering  the  government.  2.  Method 
by  which  any  institution  is  admin¬ 
istered.  3.  Worldly  wisdom  ;  cun¬ 
ning  ;  stratagem.  4.  Prudence  ;  wis¬ 
dom.  5.  [L.  Lat.  polelvm,  poleticum , 
from  Gr.  TrohviTTvxov ,  having  many 
leaves.]  A  warrant  for  money  in  the 
public  funds.  G.  Instrument  em¬ 
bodying  a  contract  of  insurance. 

POL'ISII,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
polire.]  1.  To  make  smooth  and 
glossy.  2.  To  refine ;  to  wear  off 
the  rusticity  of. — v.i.  To  become 
smooth  and  glossy. — 11.  1.  A  smooth, 
glossy  surface.  2.  Ilefinement ;  ele- 
gauce  of  manners. 

PoL'ISH-ER,  11.  One  who  polishes. 

Po-LITE',  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [Lat. 
politus ,  p.  p.  of  polire ,  to  polish.] 
Elegant  in  manners ;  refined  in  be¬ 
havior  ;  well-bred. 

Po-lite-ly,  adv.  Courteously. 

Po-LITE-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  polite  ;  polish  of  manners. 

Syn. —  Courtesy.  —  Politeness  denotes 
that  ease  and  gracefulness  of  manners 
which  first  sprang  up  in  cities,  connected 
with  a  desire  to  please  others  by  antici¬ 
pating  their  wants  and  wishes,  and  stu¬ 
diously  avoiding  whatever  might  give 
them  pain.  Courtes y  is,  etymologically, 
that  modification  of  politeness  which  be¬ 
longs  to  courts.  It  displays  itself  in  the 
address  and  manners. 

PoL'I-TIG  (123),  a.  [Gr.  7roAinxd?,  be¬ 
longing  to  the  citizens  or  state,  from 
7roAtTi7? ,  citizen.]  1.  Political.  2. 
Pertaining  to,  or  promoting,  a  pol¬ 
icy  ;  well  devised.  3.  Devoted  to  a 
scheme  rather  than  to  a  principle. 

Po-lIt'ig-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
public  policy  or  politics  ;  relating  to 

POLYGLOT 

state  affairs.  2.  Derived  from  con¬ 
nection  with  government ;  public. 

Po-lit'ig-al -LY,  arl v.  In  a  political 
manner. 

Pol'i-tPcian  (-tlsh'an),  n.  1.  One 
versed  in  thescienceof  government. 

2.  One  who  is  devoted  to  the  ad¬ 
vancement  of  a  political  party. 

Pol'i-tigs,  n.  sing.  1.  Science  of 
government.  2.  Management  of  a 
political  party. 

P6l'I-TY,  11.  [Gr.  a-oAirei'a.]  1.  Form 
or  constitution  of  civil  government- 
2.  Form  or  constitution  by  which  any 
institution  is  organized. 

Syn.  —  Policy.  —  Polity  is  confined  to 
the  structure  of  a  government;  ns,  civil 
or  ecclesiastical  polity  ;  while  policy  is 
applied  to  the  management  of  public  af¬ 
fairs;  as,  foreign  or  domestic  policy. 

Pol'kA  (20),  n.  [Bohem.  pulka,  half, 
from  the  half  step  prevalent  in  it ; 
or  peril,  fr.  Slav,  polka,  i.  e.,  prop,  a 
Polish  woman.]  A  dance  performed 
by  two  persons  in  common  time. 

Poll,  n.  [D.  hoi,  a  ball,  bowl,  bulb, 
pate,  poll.]  1.  The  head.  2.  A  reg¬ 
ister  of  persons.  3.  An  election  of 
civil  officers.  4.  (pi.)  Place  where  an 
election  is  held.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  remove  the  poll  or  head  of; 
hence,  to  clip  ;  to  lop.  2.  To  enter, 
in  a  list  or  register,  especially  for 
purposes  of  taxation.  3.  To  deposit, 
as  a  vote ;  to  bring  to  the  polls. 

PoL'LARD,  11.  [From  poll.]  1.  A  tree 
having  its  top  cut  off.  2.  The  chub 
fish.  3.  A  mixture  of  bran  and  meal. 

P01/LEN,  11.  [Lat.,  fine  flour,  fine 
dust.]  The  fecundating  dust  of  the 
anthers  of  flowers. 

POL'LI-WIG,  1  n.  [Prob.  corrupt,  fr. 

Pol'li-wog,  j  periwig .]  A  tadpole. 

Pol'lock,  11.  [Ger.  &  D.  pollack.] 

A  fish  ;  the  whiting. 

POll'-tax,  n.  A  tax  levied  by  the 
head  or  poll. 

POL-LUTE',  v.  t.  [  -ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
polluere,  -lutum.)  1.  To  make  foul 
or  unclean.  2.  To  defile  morally  ; 
to  profane.  3.  To  render  legally  or 
ceremonially  unclean.  4.  To  violate 
by  illegal  sexual  commerce. 

Syn.  —  To  contaminate  ;  dishonor. 

Pol-lut'er,  n.  One  who  pollutes. 

Pol-lu'tion,  n.  Act  of  polluting,  or 
state  of  being  polluted. 

Pd' lo-Nai^e' ,11.  [Fr.]  1.  A  kind  of 
Polish  robe.  2.  A  kind  of  dance. 

Polt ,n.  [Cf.  pelt.)  A  blow  or  stroke. 

Pol-troon',  11.  [From  It.  pollrone , 
an  idle  fellow,  coward,  from poltrire, 
to  lie  abed  lazily,  from  Eng.  bolster. j 

An  arrant  coward. 

Pol-troon'er-y,  «.  Cowardice ;. 
want  of  spirit. 

PoL'Y-XN'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  7toAv<xv0o?, 
rich  in  flowers.]  A  certain  ornament¬ 
al  flowering  plant. 

Po-lyg'a-mist,  n.  Onewho  practices 
or  justifies  polygamy. 

Po-lyg'a-my,  n.  Condition  of  a  man 
having  more  than  one  wife. 

POL'Y-GLOT,  a.  [Gr.  7roAvyAtoTTOs, 
many-tongued.]  Containing,  or  re- 

A,  £,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  X,  E,I,  6,  t),  short ;  cAre,  far,  Ask;  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  veil,  TfiRM;  PIQUE,  fIrm;  s6n, 

POLYGON 

;  lating  to,  several  languages.  —  n.  1. 

A  person  acquainted  with  several  lan¬ 
guages.  2  A  book,  esp.  the  Script¬ 
ures,  written  in  several  languages.  3. 
Text  of  one  of  the  versions  in  a  proper 
polyglot,  printed  by  itself. 

Pol'Y-gon,  n.  [Gr.  f~ — \ 

7roA.v-yo)vo?  ;  iroAv?,  /  \ 

many,  and  ytuvo?,  / 

yoivia,  angle.]  A  / - . 

plane  figure  of  more/  \  /  A 

i  than  four  sides.  \  /  \  ) 

PO-LY’G'O-NAL,  a.  \ _ / 

;  Having  many  an-  Polygons. 

!  gles. 

POL'Y-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  7roAvypap,/xos  ; 
ttoAvs,  many,  and  ypapixrj,  line.]  A 
figure  consisting  of  many  lines. 

!  POL'Y-GRAPH,  ll.  [Gr.  TToAvypa^o?, 

writing  much.]  An  instrument  for 
multiplying  copies  of  a  writing. 

Po-L?g'ra-phy,  n.  Art  of  writing 
in  various  ciphers,  and  of  deciphering 
the  same. 

Pol'y-he'dral,  a.  Having  many 
sides,  as  a  solid  body. 

POL'Y-HE'DRON,  11.  [Gr.  noXveSpog, 
with  many  seats  or  sides.]  A  solid 
contained  by  many  sides  or  planes. 

Pol/y-no'mi-aLj/i.  [Gr.  7roAvs,  many , 
and  Lat.  nomen ,  name,  term.]  An 
expression  composed  of  two  or  more 
terms,  connected  by  the  sign  plus 
or  minus. — a.  Containing  many 
names  or  terms. 

Pol/yp,  n.  [Gr.  iroXvirovg,  i.  c.,  many¬ 
footed.]  An  aquatic  animal  of  the 
radiate  type,  which  forms  coral  by 
the  secretion  of  calcareous  matter. 

Pol'y-pous,  a.  Having  the  nature 
of  the  polypus. 

Poi/y-pOs,  n. ;  Eii".  pi.  pol'y-pus- 
E§  ;  Lat.pl.  pol'y-pF.  [Lat.  poly¬ 
pus.  See  POLYrp.]  1.  Something 
that  has  many  feet  or  roots.  2.  A 
polyp.  [See  Polyp.]  3.  A  tumor 
with  a  narrow  base. 

Pol'y-syl-lab'ig,  )  a.  Consist- 

Pol/y-sy L-L  A  B'iC-AL,  j  ing  of  more 
than  three  syllables 

POL'Y-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  7toAv?, 
many,  and  crvAAa/Sr],  syllable.]  A 
word  of  more  syllables  than  three. 

Pol'y-tegh'njg  (-tek'-),  a.  [Gr. 
7roAvTey^o;,  from  7roAu?,  many,  and 
re'xvrj,  an  art  ]  Comprehending  many 
arts  ;  — applied  to  a  school  in  which 
many  arts  or  sciences  are  taught. 

Pol'y-THeG'sM,  n.  [Gr.  a-oAvs,  many, 
and  0eo;,  god.]  Doctrine  of  a  plu¬ 
rality  of  gods. 

Pol'Y-theGst,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  a  plurality  of  gods. 

Pol'y-the-ist'ic,  )  a.  1.  Per- 

1  PoL'Y-THE-lST'IG-AL,  )  tabling  to 

polytheism.  2.  Believing  in  a  plu¬ 
rality  of  gods. 

POM'ACE  (punCas),  n.  [Lat.  pominn, 
a  fruit, anapple  ;  L.  Lat. pomarium.] 
Substance  of  apples,  & c.,  crushed  by 
grinding. 

;  Po-MA'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  potmtm,  an 

apple.]  1.  Consisting  of  apples.  2. 
i  Like  pomace. 

Po-MADE',  n.  [Lat.  pomum,  an  ap- 

325 

pie,  because  it  was  formerly  made 
from  apples.]  Perfumed  ointment 
or  unguent  for  the  hair. 

Po-ma'tum,  n.  [See  Pomade  ]  A 
perfumed  unguent  used  in  dressing 
the  hair. 

POME -GRAN' ATE  (piim-graiPet),  n. 
[Lat.  pomum,  a  fruit,  apple,  and 
granatus,  having  many  grains  or 
seeds.]  The  fruit  of  a  certain  tree, 
filled  with  numerous  seeds. 

Po-MIF'ER-oiJS,  a.  [Lat.  pomifer ; 
pomum ,  fruit,  apple,  and  ferre,  to 
bear.]  Producing  apples,  or  the  lar¬ 
ger  fruits,  as  melons,  pumpkins,  &c. 

Pom'mel  (pdnb-),  n.  [L.  Lat.  pomel- 
lus ,  pomelus,  from  Lat  .pomum,  an 
apple.]  1.  A  knob  or  ball,  as  on  the 
hilt  of  a  sword.  2.  Protuberant 
part  of  a  saddle-bow. — v.  t.  [-ED, 
-ING;  or-LED,  -LING,  137  ]  To  beat, 
as  with  something  thick  or  bulky. 

PS'MO-LOG'IC-AL ,  a.  Belonging  to 
pomology.  [pomology. 

Po-Mol'o-gTst,  n.  One  interested  in 

PO-MOL'O-GY,  n.  [Lat.  pomum ,  fruit, 
and  Gr.  Aoyos,  discourse.]  Science 
of  fruits,  or  art  of  raising  fruits. 

Pomp,  n.  [Gr.  Tropin},  a  sending,  a 
solemn  procession.]  1.  An  imposing 
procession.  2.  Show  of  magnificence. 

Syn.  —  Display  ;  parade  ;  pageant. 

Pom-posO-TY,  n.  State  of  being 

pompous ;  pompousness. 

PoMP'oiJS,  a.  1.  Showy  with  grand¬ 
eur.  2.  Ostentatious  ;  boastful. 

Syn.  —  Showy:  grand;  stately;  digni¬ 
fied;  magisterial. 

Pomp'oDs-LY,  adv.  With  great  pa¬ 
rade.  [pompous. 

Pomp'ous-ness,  11.  State  of  being' 

Pon'CIIO  (pon'tcho),  ii.  [Sp.]  A 
kind  of  cloak  worn  by  the  Spanish 
Americans,  having  the  form  of  a 
blanket. 

Pond,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  A.-S.  pyndan,  to 
shut  in.]  A  natural  or  an  artificial 
body  of  fresh  water. 

PON'DER,  V.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
ponderare ,  fr.  L&t.pondus,  a  weight.] 
To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  view  with 
deliberation. 

Syn.  —  To  consider;  muse.  — We  con¬ 
sider  any  subject  which  is  fairly  brought 
before  us;  we  ponder  a  concern  involv¬ 
ing  great  interests;  we  muse  on  the  events 
of  childhood. 

—  v.  i.  To  think;  to  deliberate;  to 
muse.  [weighed. 

PoNrDER--A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Pon'der-an^e, ii.  AY’eight;  gravity. 

Pon'der-os'i-ty,  ii.  Weight ;  heav¬ 
iness. 

Pon'der-ous,  a.  [Lat.  ponderosus ; 
pondus,  a  weight.]  1.  Very  heavy; 
weighty.  2.  Important;  momentous. 
3.  Strongly  impulsive. 

PoN'DER-ous-LY,  adv.  With  great 
weight. 

Pon-gee',  n.  An  inferior  India  silk. 

Pon'iard  (-yard),  n.  [Lat.  pugio ,  pu- 
gi onis,  from  pung ere,  to  prick.]  A 
small  dagger.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  pierce  with  a  poniard. 

Pon'tage  ,  n.  [L.  Lat.  pontagium,fv. 

POPISH 

Lat.  pons ,  a  bridge.]  A  duty  paid 
for  repairing  bridges. 

Pon'tiff,  n.  [Lat.  pontifex,  pontifi- 
cis,  fr.  pons,  a  bridge,  and  facere,  to 
make,  because  the  first  bridge  over 
the  Tiber  was  constructed  by  the 
high  priest.]  A  high  priest ;  espe¬ 
cially  the  pope. 

Pon-tif'ig-al,  a.  Belonging  to  a 
high  priest,  or  to  the  pope  ;  popish. 

—  n.  1.  A  book  of  formulas,  used  in 
various  ecclesiastical  rites.  2.  pi. 

Dress  and  ornaments  of  a  priest, 
bishop,  or  pope. 

Pon-t!f'1€-ate,  n.  1.  State  or  dig¬ 
nity  of  a  high  priest.  2.  Office,  dig¬ 
nity,  or  reign  of  the  pope. 

Pon-ton',  I  n.  [Fr.  ponton,  fr.  Lat. 

Pon-toon',  )  pons,  a  bridge.]  1.  A 
light  float,  used  in  forming  a  bridge 
quickly  for  the  passage  of  troops.  2- 
A  low,  fiat  vessel,  used  in  careening 
ships ;  a  lighter. 

Po'ny  (148),  n.  [Gael,  ponaidh,  a  little 
horse.  Cf.  PUNY.]  A  small  horse. 

Poo'dle,  n.  [Ger.  pudel.]  A  small 
dog  with  long,  silky  hair. 

Pool,  n.  [A.-S .pOl,ptU.]  1.  A  small 
and  rather  deep  collection  of  fresh 
water.  2.  A  puddle. 

Poop,  n.  [Lat..  puppis .]  A  deck 
raised  above  the  after  part  of  the 
spar  deck.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
strike  in  the  stern. 

Pooped  (pcTopt,  60),  a.  Furnished 
with  a  poop. 

Poor,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [0.  Eng. 
povere ,  0.  Fr.  poure,  povre,  Lat.  pau¬ 
per.]  1.  Destitute  of  property  ;  needy. 

2.  Destitute  of  such  qualities  as  are 
desirable,  or  as  might  naturally  bo 
expected ;  lean  ;  emaciated  ;  inferior ; 
barren  ;  sterile  ;  valueless  ;  paltry. 

3.  Worthy  of  pity. 

Poor'-house,  n.  A  public  establish¬ 
ment  for  the  support  of  the  poor; 
an  alms-house. 

Poor'ly,  adv.  In  a  poor  manner.  — 
a.  Somewhat  ill ;  indisposed. 

Poor'ness,  n.  State  of  being  poor. 

Poor'-spirGt-ed,  a.  Of  a  mean 
spirit ;  cowardly. 

Pop,  ii.  A  small,  smart,  quick  sound 
or  report.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  make  a  sharp, 
quick  sound.  2.  To  enter,  issue,  or 
move,  with  a  quick,  sudden  motion. 

—  v.  t.  1-ped;  -ping.]  1.  To  push 
or  thrust  suddenly.  2.  To  cause  to 
burst  suddenly  with  heat, as  corn.  — 
adv.  Suddenly. 

P5pe,  n.  [Lat.  papa,  father,  bishop, 

Gr.  nan  as.  ndnnas,  father.]  The 
head  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Pope'dom,  n.  Office,  dignity,  orju- 
risdiction  of  the  pope. 

Pop'ER-Y,n.  Religion  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church. 

Pop'GUN,  n.  A  child’s  gun  for  shoot¬ 
ing  pellets  by  the  expansion  of  com¬ 
pressed  air. 

PoP'lN-JAYr,  n.  [0.  Eng.  popingay, 

Ar.  papagd.]  1.  A  parrot.  2.  A 
fop  or  coxcomb. 

Pop'ish,  a.  Relating  to  the  pope; 
taught  by  the  pope. 

OR,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Drn,  rue  ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  G,  soft;  -e,  6,  hard;  As;  exist;  N  as  kg  ;  this. 

POSITION 


POPLAR 

Popular,  n.  [Lat.  populus.]  A  genus 
of  trees  of  several  species. 

Pop'ein,  «.  A  textile  fabric  of  silk 
and  worsted. 

POP-LlT'ie,  a.  [Lat.  poples,  poplitis, 
ham.]  Pertaining  to  the  ham,  or 
posterior  part  of  the  knee-joint. 

POp'py,  n.  [A.-S.  popig,  Lat.  papa- 
ver.]  A  plant  from  which  opium  is 
extracted. 

J?6p'u-iiA9E,  n.  [Lat.  populus,  the 
people.]  The  common  people ;  all 
persons  not  distinguished  by  rank, 
education,  office,  or  profession. 

Svx.  —  Mob. 

Pop'u-lar,  n.  [Lat .  popularis.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  the  common  people.  2. 
Easy  to  be  comprehended  ;  familiar. 
3.  Pleasing  to  people  in  general.  4. 
Prevailing  among  the  people. 

Pop'u-LAR'I-ty,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  popular. 

Pbp'u-LAR-IZE,  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  common  or  popular ;  to 
spread  among  the  people. 

Pop'u-lar-ly,  adv.  So  as  to  please 
or  suit  the  populace. 

Pop'u-late,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -INS.]  To 
furnish  with  inhabitants  ;  to  people. 
—  v.  i.  To  propagate. 

Pop/'u-L action,  n.  [Lat .  popidatio.] 
1.  Multiplication  of  inhabitants.  2. 
AVhole  number  of  people  in  a  coun¬ 
try  or  region. 

Pop'u-LOUS,  a.  [hat.  populosus.]  Con¬ 
taining  many  inhabitants. 

Pop'u-eous-£y,  adv.  With  many  in¬ 
habitants.  [populous. 

Pop'u-lous-ness,  «.  State  of  being 

Por'^e-lain,  n.  [Orig.  a  kind  of  shell, 
fr.  Lat.  porous,  prob.  fr.  its  smooth¬ 
ness  and  whiteness.]  A  fine,  trans¬ 
lucent  kind  of  earthen  ware. 

Porch,  n.  [A.-S.  porlic,  Lat.  porti¬ 
ons.]  A  kind  of  vestibule  ;  an  orna¬ 
mental  entrance  way  ;  a  portico. 

Porcine,  a.  [Lat .  porcinus ;  porous, 
a  swine.]  Pertaining  to  swine. 

Por'cu-pTne,  n.  [hat.  porous,  swine, 
and  spina,  thorn.]  A  quadruped 
with  spines  or  sharp  prickles,  capa¬ 
ble  of  being  erected  at  pleasure. 

Pore,  n.  [Gr.  7ropos,  a  passage,  a 
pore.]  1.  A  minute  orifice  in  an  an¬ 
imal  membrane.  2.  A  small  inter¬ 
stice. —  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Prob. 
a  modif.  of  bore.]  To  look  with  steady, 
continued  attention. 

PO'RISM,  n.  [Gr.  nopeapa,  something 
deduced  from  a  previous  demonstra¬ 
tion.]  A  proposition  designed  to  find 
the  condition  that  will  render  cer¬ 
tain  problems  capable  of  innumera¬ 
ble  solutions. 

Pork,  n.  [Lat.  porous ,  swine.]  Flesh 
of  swine,  fresh  or  salted. 

Pork'er,  n.  A  hog. 

Po-ros'i-ty,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
having  pores. 

Por'oDs  (89),  a.  [See  Pore.]  Full 
of  pores ;  having  interstices. 

P or/piiy -RiTGC,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
like,  or  consisting  of,  porphyry. 

Por'PHY-RY,  n.  [Gr.  Trop<j)vpiT7)<; ,  like 
purple,  from  irop<f>vpa ,  purple.]  A 


326 

rock,  often  purple,  through  which 
crystals  of  feldspar  are  disseminated. 

Por'poise  (por'- 
pus),  n.  [O.Eng. 
parr  pi  see ,  porpesse , 

Lat.  porous  piscis, 
i.  e.,  hog-fish.]  A  Porpoise, 
cetaceous  mammal 
which  roots  like  a  hog  in  the  sand 
and  mud. 

Por'ridge,  n.  [Corrupt,  fr.  pottage.] 
Vegetables  boiled  in  water,  with  or 
without  meat ;  — also,  meal  or  hour 
boiled  in  water,  or  in  milk,  to  the 
consistency  of  thin  paste. 

Por'rin-GER,  [From  porridge.]  A 
small  metallic  vessel  in  which  liquids 
are  warmed. 

Port,  n.  1.  [Lat.  portus.]  A  place 
where  ships  may  ride  secure  from 
storms.  2.  [Lat.  porta.]  (a.)  A 
gate;  a  door,  (b.)  An  opening  in 
the  side  of  a  ship  through  which  can¬ 
non  may  be  discharged.  3.  [Lat. 
portare ,  to  carry.]  Manner  in  which 
one  bears  himself.  4.  [From  Oporto , 
in  Portugal.]  A  dark-purple  astrin¬ 
gent  wine.  5.  [Etymology  uncer¬ 
tain.]  Larboard  or  left  side  of  a 
ship.  —  v.  t.  [Lat.  portare,  to  carry.] 
To  turn  to  the  left  side  of  a  ship  ;  — 
said  of  the  helm . 

Port'a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  portabilis ;  por¬ 
tare,  to  carry.]  Capable  of  being 
borne  or  carried. 

Port'AGE,  n.  [See  PORT,  t\  t.]  1. 

Act  of  carrying.  2.  Price  of  carriage. 
3.  A  carrying  place  between  two 
_bodies  of  navigable  water. 

Por'TAL,  n.  [Lat.  porta,  a  gate.]  A 
small  door  or  gate ;  hence,  some¬ 
times,  any  passage-way. 

Port-gul'lis,  n.  [Fr.  porte  coulisse, 
from  porte,  a 
gate,  and  cou- 
lis,  coulisse,  fr. 
couler,  to  flow, 
to  glide.]  A 
frame-work  of 
timbers,  hung 
over  a  gate¬ 
way,  to  be  let 
down  to  pre¬ 
vent  the  en¬ 
trance  of  an 
enemy. 

Porte,  n.  [Fr.,  Portcullis, 
a  gate.]  The 

government  of  the  Turkish  empire. 

Porte-monnaie  (port'mun-na'), 
n.  [Fr.,  from  porter,  to  carry,  and 
monnaie,  money.]  A  small  pocket- 
book  or  wallet. 

POR-TEND',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
portend  ere,  portentum  ,fr .  protend ere., 
to  stretch  forth,  hence,  to  indicate.] 
To  indicate  as  in  the  future. 

Por-tent',  n.  That  which  portends 
evil ;  an  omen  of  ill.  [ominous. 

Por-tent'oCs,  a.  Foreshadowing  ill  ; 

Por-tent'oDs-ey,  adv.  Ominously. 

Por'ter,  n.  [Lat .  portarius ;  porta, 
gate,  door.]  1.  A  man  that  has  the 
charge  of  a  door  ;  a  door-keeper.  2. 
[0.  Eng.  port,  to  carry,  fr.  Lat.  por¬ 


tare.]  One  who  carries  burdens  for 
hire.  3.  A  dark-brown  malt  liquor; 

—  first  used  by  the  London  porters. 

Por'ter-age,  ii.  1.  Money  paid  for 

the  carriage  of  burdens  by  a  porter. 
2.  Business  of  a  porter. 

Port-fol'io  (-ioPyo),  orPORT-FO'- 
Ll-O,  n.  [Lat.  portare,  to  carry, 
and  folium,  pi  .folia.]  1.  A  porta¬ 

ble  case,  for  loose  papers.  2.  A  col¬ 
lection  of’  prints,  designs,  &c.  3. 

Office  and  functions  of  a  minister  of 
state.  _  [of  war. 

Port'-IIOLE,  n.  Embrasureof  a  ship 

POR'TI-CO,tt.  ;  pi.  POR'TI-€OES.  [It. 
See  Porch.]  A  covered  space,  in¬ 
closed  by  columns,  at  the  entrance 
^f  a  building. 

Por'tion,  n.  [Lat.  portio.]  1.  A 
separated  part  of  any  thing.  2.  A 
part  considered  by  itself.  3.  A  part 
assigned.  4.  Share  of  an  inherit¬ 
ance.  5.  A  wife's  fortune. 

Syn.  —  Part.—  Part  is  generic,  having 
a  simple  reference  to  some  ichole.  Por¬ 
tion  lias  the  additional  idea  of  being  de¬ 
tached  from  a  whole,  usually  with  a 
view  to  its  being  allotted  to  some  object; 
as,  a  portion  of  one’s  time  :  a  portion  of 
the  day;  a  portion  of  Scripture. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  sepa¬ 
rate  into  portions  ;  to  divide.  2.  To 
j-uipplv  with  a  portion  :  to  endown 

Pot^TlON-BESS,  a.  Having  no  por¬ 
tion.  [of  appearance. 

Port'li-ness,  n.  Dignity  of  mien,  or 

Port'ly,  a.  [From  port.]  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  a  dignified  mien.  2.  Bulky ; 
corpulent. 

PORT-MAN'TEAU  (-manGo,  147),  W. 
[Fr.  porte-mantcau ;  porter,  to  carry, 
and  manteau,  a  cloak.]  A  bag  for 
carrying  apparel,  &c. ,  on  journeys. 

Por'trait, ».  [Fr.,  fr.  pcrlraire,  to 

portray.]  Any  exact  likeness  of  a 
jiving  being. 

POR'TRAIT-URE  (l 3),  n.  1.  A  por¬ 
trait.  2.  That  which  is  copied  from 
jome  example  or  model. 

POR-TRAY',  f.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Fr. 
portraire ,  fr.  Lat.  prolralurc,  to  draw 
forth.]  1.  To  paint  or  draw  the  like- 
_ness  of.  2.  To  describe  in  words. 

POR-TRAY'AL,  it.  Act  of  portraying. 

POR-TRAY'ER,  it.  One  who  portrays- 

POR'TRESS,  n.  A  female  porter. 

Port'-ward'en,  ii.  The  officer  in 
charge  of  a  port. 

Pore,  n.  [See  Pose,  v.  t.]  An  atti¬ 
tude  formally  assumed  for  effect.  — 
v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Fr.  poser,  to 
place,  to  put,  to  put  a  question.]  1. 
To  puzzle.  2.  To  embarrass  by  ques¬ 
tioning  or  scrutiny. 

Poster,  n.  1.  One  who  puzzles  by  ask¬ 
ing  difficult  questions.  2.  A  question 
or  statement  which  puzzles  or  si¬ 
lences. 

Po-sPtion (-zish'un),  n.  [Lat.  positio, 
fr.  poncre,  to  put,  place.]  1.  Man¬ 
ner  in  which  any  thing  is  placed.  2. 
Spot  where  a  person  or  thing  is 
placed  or  stands.  3.  Ground  taken 
in  an  argument,  & c.  4.  Social  rank. 
5.  A  method  of  solving  a  problem  by 
one  or  two  suppositions. 


POSITIVE 


POTABLE 


PQs'I-TI ve,  a.  [Lat.  positivus.]  1. 
Real ;  actual.  2.  Not  dependent  on 
changing  circumstances  ;  absolute. 
3.  Explicitly  stated.  4.  Not  doubtful 
or  conditional ;  indisputable ;  deci¬ 
sive.  5.  Prescribed  by  express  enact¬ 
ment.  6.  Fully  assured  ;  confident ; 
dogmatic.  7 •  (Photography.)  Corre¬ 
sponding  in  lights  and  shades  to  those 
of  the  original  from  which  taken. 

Po§'i-tive-ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  positive 
form  or  manner ;  absolutely.  2. 
Certainly  ;  really. 

Pog'i-TiVE-NESS,  n.  1.  Reality  of 
existence.  2.  Undoubting  assurance. 

Pos'l-Tiv-IJM,  n.  A  system  of  phi¬ 
losophy  which  excludes  every  thing 
but  natural  phenomena,  together 
with  their  invariable  relations  of  co¬ 
existence  and  succession. 

P  os' he  (Jo  mi- T  a’  tus.  [Lat.  posse, 
to  be  able,  to  have  power,  and  L.  Lat. 
comitatus ,  a  county.]  Citizens  who 
may  be  summoned  to  assist  an  offi¬ 
cer  in  suppressing  a  riot,  &c. 

©3“  Comitatus  is  often  omitted,  and 
posse  alone  is  used  in  the  same  sense. 

Possess'  (pos-ses'  or  poz-zes'),  v.  1. 
[-ED;  -IN' (3 .]  [Lat.  possidere ,  pos¬ 
session,  from  po ,  an  inseparable  and 
intensive  prep.,  and  seder e ,  to  sit.] 
1.  To  hold  in  one’s  own  keeping.  2. 
To  have  the  legal  title  to.  3.  To  be 
the  master  of.  4.  To  obtain  posses¬ 
sion  of.  5.  To  enter  into  and  influ¬ 
ence; —  said  of  evil  spirits,  &c.  6. 
To  acquaint ;  to  inform. 

Syn. —  To  have.  —  Have  is  the  word 
naturally  used,  'l’o  possess  denotes  to 
have  “  as  a  possession."  Some  overlook 
the  fact  that  have  is  the  leading  term, 
and  use  possess  when  there  is  nothing 
specific  in  the  case  to  require  its  use. 

Pos-ses'sion  (-sesh'un  or  -zesh'un), 
n.  1.  Act  of  possessing.  2.  Actual 
occupancy  ;  ownership.  3.  That 
which  auy  one  owns.  4.  State  of 
being  possessed,  as  by  an  evil  spirit. 

POS-SESS'IVE  (pos-ses'-  or  poz-zes'-), 
a.  Pertaining  to  possession  ;  having 
or  expressing  possession. 

Pos-SESS'or  (pos-ses'-  or  poz-zes'-),  n. 
One  who  possesses. 

Syn. —  Owner;  proprietor;  master. 

Pos'SET,?i.  [W.  posel,  curdled  milk, 
posset,  from  po. s,  posiaiv ,  to  gather, 
to  heap.]  Milk  curdled  by  wine  or 
other  strong  liquor.  —  v.t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  curdle  ;  to  turn. 

Pos'si-BIL'I-TY,  n.  1.  Power  of  being 
or  existing.  2.  That  which  is  pos¬ 
sible. 

Pos'si-ble,  a.  [Lat.  possibilis ,  from 
posse,  to  be  able.]  1.  Liable  to  hap¬ 
pen  ;  capable  of  existing.  2.  Barely 
able  to  be  or  to  come  to  pass. 

Syn.  — See  Practicable. 

Pos'si-bly,  adv.  1.  By  any  power 
really  existing.  2.  Without  involv¬ 
ing  impossibility  or  absurdity. 

Post,  n.  [Lat.  postis,  allied  to  ponere, 
position,  to  place.]  1.  A  piece  of 
timber  or  stone,  &c.,  set  upright;  a 
pillar.  2.  A  station;  esp.,  a  mili¬ 
tary  station.  3.  A  position  of  trust 


327 

or  emolument.  4.  A  messenger;  a 
letter-carrier.  5.  An  established  con¬ 
veyance  for  letters  ;  the  mail.  6.  A 
sort  of  writing  paper.  —  adv.  1. 
With  post-horses.  2.  With  great 
rapidity.  — v.  i.  To  travel  with  post- 
horses  or  with  speed. — v.t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  advertise,  esp.  oppro- 
briously.  2.  To  assign  to  a  station  ; 
to  set.  3.  To  put  in  the  mail.  4. 
To  carry,  as  an  account,  from  the 
journal  to  the  ledger.  5.  To  acquaint ; 
to  inform.  [ Colloq .] 

Post'age,  n.  [From  post,  n.,  5.] 
Established  price  for  the  conveyance 
of  letters,  &c.  [office. 

Post'al,  a.  Belonging  to  the  post- 

Post'boy,  n.  A  boy  that  rides  as 
post ;  a  courier. 

Post'— c^haise,  1  n.  A  carriage  with 

Post'-ooach,  )  four  wheels,  for 
the  conveyance  of  travelers. 

POST'-DATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
post,  after,  and  Eng.  date.]  To  date 
after  the  real  time. 

Post'-di-lu'vi-an,  a.  Being  after 
the  flood.  —  n.  One  who  lived  after 
the  flood. 

Post'— en' try,  n.  1.  A  subsequent 
entry,  at  the  custom-house,  of  goods. 
2.  (Book-keeping.)  An  additional  or 
subsequent  entry. 

Post'er,  it.  1.  One  who  posts ;  a 
courier.  2.  A  large  bill  posted  for 
advertising. 

POS-TE'RI-OR,  a.  [Lat.  posterior, 
compar.  of  posterns,  coming  after.] 

1.  Later  in  time  or  order.  2.  Be¬ 
lli  nd  in  position. 

Pos-te'ri-or'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
later  or  subsequent. 

Pos-te'ri-‘ors,  n.  pi.  Hinder  parts 
of  an  animal’s  body. 

Pos-ter'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  posteritas .] 
Offspring  to  the  furthest  generation. 

Pos'TERN,  n.  [0.  Fr.  posterne ,  from 
Lat.  post,  after,  behind.]  1.  A  pri¬ 
vate  entrance.  2.  Any  small  door  or 
gate. 

Post'fix,  n.  [Lat.  post,  after,  and 
figere,jixus,  to  fix.]  A  letter,  sylla¬ 
ble,  or  word,  added  to  the  end  of  an¬ 
other  word  ;  a  suffix. 

Post-fix',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
add  to  the  end  of  another  word. 

Post'-HASTE',  n.  Haste  in  traveling, 
like  that  of  a  courier.  —  adv.  With 
speed. 

Post'-horse,  n.  A  horse  stationed 
for  the  post. 

Post'-house,  n.  1.  A  house  where 
relays  of  post-horses  can  be  obtained. 

2.  A  post-office. 

Post'iiu-mous,  a.  [Lat.  posthumus, 
postumus ,  superl.  of  posterns,  coming 
after.]  1.  Born,  published,  or  done, 
after  one’s  death.  2.  Continuing 
after  one’s  decease.  [decease. 

Post'hu-moOs-ly,  adv.  After  one’s 

Pos-TIL'ION  (-yun),  n.  [Written  also 
postillion .]  [Fr.  postilion.  See  POST, 
5.]  One  who  rides  one  of  the  horses 
in  a  post-chaise. 

Post'man  ( 150),  n.  A  post  or  courier. 

Post 'mark,  n.  Mark,  or  stamp,  of  a 


post-office  on  a  letter.  —  v.t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  mark  with  a  post-office 
stamp. 

Post'mas-ter,  n.  One  who  has 
charge  of  a  post-office. 

Post' me -rid' i- an ,  a.  [La t.  postme- 
ridianus;  post,  after,  and  meridia- 
nus,  belonging  to  midday.]  Being 
or  belonging  to  the  afternoon. 

POST'-MOR'TEM,  a.  [Lat.]  After 
death . 

Post  mortem  examination  of  a  body,  ex¬ 
amination  after  the  death  of  the  patient. 

Post'-NOTE,  n.  A  bank-note,  made 
payable  to  order,  for  transmission  to 
jx  distant  place  by  post. 

PosT'-d'BiT,  ii.  [Lat.  post,  after,  and 
obitus,  death.]  A  bond,  in  which  the 
obligor  binds  himself  to  pay  a  larger 
sum,  on  unusual  interest,  on  the 
death  of  some  one  from  whom  he 
has  expectations. 

Post'-of'FK^e ,  n.  A  governmental 
office,  where  letters  are  received  and 
distributed.  [paid. 

Post'-paid,  a.  Having  the  postage 

Post-pone',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
postponere  ;  post,  after,  and  ponere, 
to  place.]  1.  To  defer  to  a  future 
time.  2.  To  set  below  something. 

Svn.  —  See  Adjourn. 

P5st-p6ne'ment,  n.  Act  of  post¬ 
poning  ;  temporary  delay  of  business. 

POST'SORIPT,  n.  [Lat.  post,  after,  and 
scriptum,  written.]  An  addition  to 
a  letter,  a  book,  or  newspaper,  & c., 
after  it  had  been  supposed  to  be 
finished. 

POST'-TOWN  (109),  n.  A  town  hav¬ 
ing  a  post-office. 

POST'U-L  ANT,  11.  [Lat.  postulans, 
demanding.]  One  who  makes  a  re¬ 
quest  or  demand ;  hence,  a  candi¬ 
date. 

PosT'u-L ATE,  n.  1.  A  position  as¬ 
sumed  without  proof.  2.  Enuncia¬ 
tion  of  a  self-evident  problem. 

POST'U-L  ATE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  postulate ,  -latum,  to  demand.] 
To  assume  without  proof. 

POST'U-LA'TION,  n.  Gratuitous  as¬ 
sumption. 

POST'U-L A-TO-RY,  a.  Assuming  or 
assumed  without  proof. 

Post'ure  (post'yjjr,  53),  n.  [Lat. 
positura,  fr.  ponere,  to  place.]  1. 
The  situation  of  a  figure  with  regard 
to  the  eye.  2.  Condition,  as  of  cir¬ 
cumstances,  or  of  feeling  and  will. 

Syn.  —  See  Attitude. 

Po'sy,  ii.  [Contr.  from  poesy  ]  1.  A 
motto  ;  a  legend  or  inscription.  2. 
A  nosegay  ;  a  bouquet ;  also, a  single 
flower. 

Pot,  n.  [Icel.  pottr,  potta .]  1.  A 
large  metallic  or  earthen  vessel,  ap¬ 
propriated  to  any  of  a  great  variety 
of  uses.  2.  A  mug.  3.  Quantity  con¬ 
tained  in  a  pot.  4.  A  sort  of  paper, 
in  small-sized  sheets.  —  v.  t.  [-TED  ; 
-TING.]  To  place  or  inclose  in  pots  ; 
as,  (a.)  To  preserve  seasoned,  (b. ) 
To  set  out  or  cover  in  pots. 

Po'TA-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  potabilis  ;  potare , 

G, hard;  Ag;  exist;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  toTok  ;  urn,  rue,  pyLL  ,  E ,  /,  o,  silent;  £,  <i ,  soft ;  «, 


POTASH  328  PRACTICE 


to  drink.]  Fit  to  be  drunk  ;  drink¬ 
able. 

PoT'ASH,  n.  [Eng.  pot  and  ash,  pi. 
ashes.]  A  powerful  alkali,  the  pro¬ 
toxide  of  potassium  ;  potassa. 

Po-tas'sA,  n.  Pure  potash,  or  pro¬ 
toxide  of  potassium. 

Po-TAS'SI-UM,  n.  A  bluish-white, 
lustrous  metal,  having  a  strong  affin¬ 
ity  for  oxygen,  with  which  it  forms 
potassa.  It  is  lighter  than  water. 

Po-TA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  potatio ;  po- 
tare,  to  drink.]  1.  A  drinking  or 
drinking-bout.  2.  A  draught. 

Po-ta'to,  n. ;  }  l.  po-ta'toes.  [Sp. 
patala,  batata,  Peruv.  papa.]  A 
plant,  and  its  tuber,  used  for  food. 

Po-teen',  n.  [Cf.  Ir.  potaim,  poitim, 
I  drink.]  Irish  whisky. 

Po'ten-C  Y,  n.  State  of  being  potent. 

Po'tent,  a.  [Lat.  potens,  being  able, 
having  power.]  1.  Physically  strong. 
2.  Having  great  authority.  3.  Hav¬ 
ing  great  intiuence. 

Syn. — Powerful;  mighty;  puissant; 
efficient;  forcible;  efficacious. 

Po'tent-ate,  ii.  A  sovereign;  an 
emperor,  king,  or  monarch. 

Po-ten'tial,  a.  Existing  in  possi¬ 
bility,  not  in  act. 

Po-TEN'Tl-AL'I-TY  (-shl-,  95),  71. 
State  of  being  potential  ;  possibility. 

Po-ten'tial-i.v,  adv.  In  possibil¬ 
ity  ;  not  in  act.  [or  energy. 

Po'tent-ly,  adv.  With  great  force 

Poth'er,  71.  [Perh.  fr.  0.  D.  poeder, 
or  Fr.  poudre ,  dust.]  Bustle  ;  con¬ 
fusion  ;  tumult. 

Pot'-HEKB  (-orb),  7i.  Any  herb  used 
in  cooking  for  food. 

Pot'-ho'ok,  71.  1.  A  hook  to  hang 

pots  on  over  the  lire.  2.  A  character 
like  a  pot-hook. 

Pot'— house,  n.  An  ale-house. 

Po'TtON,  7i.  [Lat.  potio;  potare,  to 
drink.]  A  draught;  a  dose. 

Pot'-lijck,  7i.  What  may  chance  to 
be  provided  for  dinner. 

Pot'-sherd,  7i.  [Eng.  pot ,  and  sherd 
or  shard.]  A  piece  of  a  broken  pot. 

PoT'TAGE,  n.  [Fr .  po'tage.  See  POT.] 
Food  made  of  meat  and  vegetables 
boiled  to  softness.  [vessels. 

Pot'ter,  7i.  One  who  makes  earthen 

P6t'ter-Y,  7i.  1.  Vessels  or  ware 
made  by  potters.  2.  Place  where 
earthen  vessels  are  manufactured. 

Pot'tle ,  it.  [Dim.  of  pot.  Cf.  Eng. 
bottle.]  1.  A  liquid  measure  of  four 
pints.  2.  A  small  basket  for  fruit. 

PoT'-VAL-TANT  (-val'yant),  a.  Made 
courageous  by  strong  drink. 

Pouch,  n.  [A.-S.  poca ,  pocca.  See 
Poke.]  1.  A  small  bag.  2.  Some¬ 
thing  shaped  like  or  used  as  a  pouch. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  pocket ;  to 
save.  2.  To  swallow  ;  —  said  of  fowls. 

Pou-£Hong'  (poo-shong'),  n.  A  kind 
of  black  tea. 

Pou-DRETTE'  (poo-dret'),  ii.  [Fr., 
dim.  of  poudre,  powder.]  A  manure 
made  from  the  contents  of  privies, 
with  charcoal,  gypsum,  &c. 

Poult'er-er,  ii.  One  who  deals  in 
poultry. 


POUL'TI^E  (20),  n.  [Lat.  puls,  pultis, 
a  thick  pap,  Gr.  7t6Atos.]  A  soft 
composition  to  be  applied  to  sores. 
—  v.  t  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cover  or 
dress  with  a  poultice. 

Poult'ry  (2b),  n.  [From  poult,  a 
young  chicken,  from  poulet,  dim.  of 
poule ,  hen.]  Domestic  fowls  propa¬ 
gated  and  fed  for  the  table,  &c. 

Pounce,  n.  1.  [Fr.  ponce,  fr.  Lat. 
pumex,  pumicis.]  A  fine  powder  to 
prevent  ink  from  spreading  on  paper. 
2.  [Norm.  Fr.  ponce,  hand,  fr.  Lat. 
pvgnus,  fist.]  Claw  or  talon  of  a 
bird  of  prey.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  sprinkle  or  rub  with  pounce.  2. 
To  pierce  ;  to  punch.  — v.  i.  To  fall 
suddenly  and  seize  with  the  claws. 

Pound,  n.  [A.-S.  &  Goth,  pund.]  1. 
A  certain  weight ;  16  ounces  avoirdu¬ 
pois,  or  12  ounces  troy.  2.  Twenty 
shillings  sterling,  equal  to  about 
5f4.84.  3.  [A.-S.  pfind,  fr.  pijndan, 
to  shut  up.]  An  inclosure  in  which 
cattle  are  confined  when  taken  in 
trespassing, &c. — v.t.  [ -ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  confine  in  a  pound.  2.  [A.-S. 
pun i an,  to  bruise.J  To  beat  with 
some  heavy  instruriient. 

Pound'age,  it.  The  sum  allowed  to 
a  sheriff  on  the  amount  made  by  vir¬ 
tue  of  an  execution. 

Pound'er,  n.  1.  One  who  pounds. 

2.  An  instrument  for  pounding. 

Pour,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Cf.  W. 

btorw,  to  cast,  throw,  shed.]  1.  To 
cause  to  flow  in  a  stream  into  or  out 
of  a  vessel.  2.  To  emit.  3.  To  give 
vent  to;  to  utter. — v.  i.  To  issue 
forth  in  a  stream  ;  to  flow. 

Pout,  n.  1.  A  sea-fish,  of  the  cod 
kind.  2.  A  kind  of  bird.  3.  A  fit  of 
sullenness.  — v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
bonder,  to  pout,  W.  poten,  pollen , 
what  bulges  out,  a  paunch.]  1.  To 
thrust  out  the  lips,  as  in  sullenness; 
to  look  sullen.  2.  To  protrude. 

Pov'ER-TY,  ii.  [Lat.  paupertas ;  pau¬ 
per,  poor.]  1.  Want  of  means  of 
subsistence.  2.  Any  deficiency  of 
resources. 

Sy.n. —  Indigence;  pauperism  — Pov¬ 
erty  is  a  relative  term;  what  is  poverty 
to  a  gentleman,  would  be  competence 
for  a  day-laborer.  Indigence  implies  al¬ 
most  absolute  destitution.  Pauperism 
denotes  entire  dependence  upon  public 
charity. 

Povv'DER,  ii.  [0  Eng.  poulder ,  Lat. 
pulvis,  pulveris.]  1.  A  dry  substance 
in  minute  particles;  dust.  2.  An 
explosive  composition  of  saltpeter, 
sulphur,  and  charcoal.  3.  Pulver¬ 
ized  starch  for  dressing  the  hair.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  reduce  to 
dust;  to  pulverize.  2.  To  sprinkle 
with  powder. 

Pow'DER-FLASK,  )  n.  A  flask  or 

Pow'de  r— horn,  )  horn  in  which 
gunpowder  is  carried. 

Pow'de  r-mill,  n.  A  mill  in  which 
gunpowder  is  made. 

Pow'der-y,  a.  1.  Easily  crumbling ; 
friable.  2.  Dusty.  3.  Like  powder. 

Pow'ER,  n.  [Fr.  pouvoir,  from  Lat. 
posse,  potesse,  to  be  able,  to  have 


power.]  1.  Ability  to  act ;  faculty 
of  doing  something  2.  strength, 
force,  or  energy  in  action.  3.  Ca¬ 
pacity  of  undergoing ;  susceptibility. 

4.  Exercise  of  any  kind  of  control; 
influence ;  command.  5.  An  indi¬ 
vidual,  institution,  or  government, 
exercising  control.  6.  A  military  or 
naval  force.  7.  Product  arising 
from  the  multiplication  of  a  number 
into  itself.  8.  A  mechanical  agent. 
9.  Degree  to  which  a  lens,  mirror, 
&e.,  magnifies. 

Pow'er-fue,  a.  Full  of  power;  ca¬ 
pable  of  producing  great  effects. 

Syn.  —  Mighty  ;  ttrong  ;  potent  ;  effi¬ 
cacious;  energetic;  intense. 

Pow'ER-FliL-LY,  adv.  With  power. 

Pow'ER-FUL-NESS,  it.  Quality  of 
having  great  power  ;  force. 

Pow'er-less,  a.  Destitute  of  power. 

Pow'er-loom,  11.  A  loom  worked 
by  some  mechanical  power. 

Pow'ER— PRESS,  ii.  A  printing  press 
worked  by  steam  or  water. 

Pow'wow,  ii.  1.  A  priest,  or  con¬ 
jurer,  among  the  North  American 
Indians.  2.  Conjuration  for  cure  of 
diseases,  & c.  3.  A  noisy  assembly. 

Pox,  n.  [For  pocks,  from  A.-S.  pocc , 
poc.  See  Pock.]  Any  one  of  the 
four  diseases  called  small-pox,  chick¬ 
en-pox,  the  vaccine  disease,  and  the 
venereal  disease. 

Poz'zu-o-la'nA  (pot'so-  orpot'sdb-), 
ii.  Volcanic  ashes  from  Pozzuoli,  in 
Italy,  used  in  making  a  kind  of  mor¬ 
tar  which  hardens  under  water. 

Prac'ti-ca-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  practicable. 

Prac'ti-ca-ble,  a.  [L.  Lat.  prar.ti- 
care. ,  to  act,  transact.]  1.  Capable 
of  being  performed  or  done.  2.  Ad¬ 
mitting  of  use. 

Syn.  —  Possible. —  A  thing  miry  ba 
possible ,  i.  e.,  not  forbidden  by  i.ny  law 
of  nature,  and  yet  may  not  now  be  prac¬ 
ticable  for  want  of  the  means  requisite 
to  its  performance. 

Prac'ti-cal,  a.  [Lat.  practicvs .  Gr. 
a-paKTucos,  fr.  irpaaceLv.  to  do,  work.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  practice.  2.  Capa¬ 
ble  of  being  turned  to  use.  3.  Evin¬ 
cing  practice  or  skill.  4.  Derived 
from,  or  put  in,  practice. 

Pra€'ti-€AL-ey,  adv.  1.  By  exper¬ 
iment.  2.  In  practice  or  use. 

Prac'ti-cal-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  practical. 

Prac'tice,  ii.  [See  Practical.]  1. 
Frequently  repeated  actions.  2.  Cus¬ 
tomary  use.  3.  Actual  performance; 
action.  4.  Exercise  of  a  profession. 

5.  A  certain  rule  or  process  in  arith¬ 
metic. 

Syn. — Custom;  usage;  habit;  manner. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  : -ING.]  [Written  also 
practise.]  1.  To  do  or  perform  fre¬ 
quently  or  habitually.  2.  To  apply, 
as  a  theory,  to  real  life  ;  to  exercise, 
as  a  profession,  trade,  &c.  3.  To 
commit ;  to  perpetrate  —  v.  i  1. 
To  perform  certain  acts  frequently. 

2.  To  exercise  a  profession,  especially 
medicine  or  law. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  X,long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  S6N, 


PRACTITIONER 


PRECIPITATE 


PRAfc-Ti'TTON-ER.  (-tish'un-),  n.  One 
engaged  in  the  actual  exercise  of  a 
profession,  esp.  law  or  medicine. 

Pra:-n6’meat.  n. ;  pi.  prje-nom'- 
I-NA.  [Lat.,  fr.  prx,  before,  and 
nomm,  name.]  (  Horn.  Anti</. )  The 
first  name,  by  which  individuals  of 
the  same  family  were  distinguished. 

Praetor,  it.  See  Pretor. 

PRAG-M\T'I€,  I  a.  [Gr.  npaypaT- 

pRAfi-MAT'ie-AL,  )  isos,  busy,  act¬ 
ive,  fr.  TTptxyixa,  a  thing  done,  busi¬ 
ness.]  1.  Pertaining  to  business.  2. 
Officious;  meddlesome;  impertinent. 

pRAG-MAT'ie,  n.  A  solemn  decree 
issued  by  the  head  of  a  state. 

PRAI'RIE  (89),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  pra- 
tum ,  a  meadow.]  An  extensive  tract 
of  grass  land,  destitute  of  trees. 

Prai'RIE-dog,  n.  A  small  barking 
animal,  allied  to  the  marmot,  found 
on  the  prairies. 

Praise,  n.  [Lat.  pretium ,  price,  value, 
reward  ]  1.  Commendation ;  ap¬ 

proval  of  merit.  2.  Tribute  of  grat¬ 
itude  or  homage  to  the  Divine  Being. 
3.  Object,  ground,  or  reason  of 
praise. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
pretiare,  fr.  pretium,  price,  value, 
reward.]  1.  To  express  approbation 
of.  2.  To  do  honor  to. 

Syn.  —  To  applaud ;  extol. — To  praise 
is,  literally,  to  raise  high;  to  applaud  is 
to  greet,  with  clapping;  to  extol  is  to 
hear  aloft. 

PRAlSE'wOR-THY(-wfir-thy),  a.  Wor¬ 
thy  of  applause ,  commendable. 

PrAnce,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Allied 
to  prank.]  To  bound,  as  a  horse. 

Prank,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
prangen ,  prunken,  to  shine,  to  make 
a  show  ;  Icel.  pranga.]  To  adorn  in 
a  showy  manner.  —  n.  A  gay  or 
sportive  action. 

Prank'isii,  a.  Full  of  pranks. 

Prate,  v.  i.  [-eu;  -ing.]  [Icel. 
prata.]  To  talk  much  and  to  little 
purpose.  —  n.  Trifling  talk. 

Prat'ique  (prat/eek),  n.  [Fr.]  Li¬ 
cense  to  hold  intercourse  with  a 
place,  after  having  performed  quar¬ 
antine. 

Prat'tle,  r.  ?.  [-CD;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  prate.]  To  talk  lightly  and  art¬ 
lessly,  like  a  child;  to  prate. — n. 
Trifling  or  childish  tattle. 

PrXt'tler,  ii.  One  who  prattles. 

PrXv'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  pravitas  ;  pra¬ 
ms,  crooked,  perverse.]  Depravity  ; 
moral  corruption.  [to  the  shrimp. 

Prawn,  n.  A  small  crustacean,  allied 

PRAX' IS,  n.  [Gr.  7Tpa£is,  fr.  npa.acreii', 
to  do.]  1.  Use;  practice.  2.  An 
example  to  teach  practice. 

Pray,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  pre- 
cari,  fr.  prex,  precis,  prayer.]  1.  To 
ask  with  earnestness  or  zeal,  as  for  a 
favor.  2.  To  address  the  Supreme 
Being  with  adoration,  confession,  & c. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  supplicate  ;  to  entreat. 
2.  To  request ;  to  petition.  [prays. 

PRAY'ER  (pra'er,  4),  n.  One  who 

Prayer  (prar),  n.  [Lat.  precarius, 
obtained  by  prayer.]  1.  Act  of  pray¬ 
ing  or  of  asking  a  favor.  2.  Act  of 

OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TO't)K;  URN,  RU 


329 

addressing  supplication  to  God.  3. 
Form  of  words  used  in  praying. 

Prayer'-book  (prar'bcTok).  n.  A 
book  containing  forms  of  prayer. 

Prayer'ful  (prar7-),  a.  Given  to 
prayer  ;  devotional. 

Prayer'ful-ly  (prar'-),  adv.  In  a 
prayerful  manner. 

Prayer'less  (prar'-),  a.  Habitually 
neglecting  prayer  to  God. 

Preach,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
prxdicare,  to  cry  in  public,  to  pro¬ 
claim  ;  prx,  before,  and  (I i care ,  to 
make  known.]  To  pronounce  a  pub¬ 
lic  religious  discourse ;  to  deliver  a 
sermon. —  v.  t.  ].  To  proclaim  in  a 
sermon.  2.  To  deliver  or  pronounce. 

Preach'er,  n.  One  who  preaches. 

PRE ach'ING,  n.  Act  of  one  who 
preaches  ;  a  religious  discourse. 

Pre  -X D'AA]-iTE ,  n.  An  inhabitant 
of  the  earth  before  Adam. 

Pre'ad-mon'isii,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
To  admonish  previously. 

Pre-ad'mo-nPtion  (-nTsh'un),  n. 
Previous  warning  or  admonition. 

Pre'am-ble,  n.  [Lat.  prxambulus, 
walking  before.]  An  introductory 
portion,  especially  of  a  statute. 

Preb'end,  n.  [L.  Lat.  prxbenda,  fr. 
Lat.  prxbere,  to  hold  forth,  afford.] 
Maintenance  granted  to  a  prebendary 
out  of  the  estate  of  a  cathedral  or 
collegiate  church.  [prebend. 

Pre-bend'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Preb'end-A-ry,  it.  A  clergyman  at¬ 
tached  to  a  collegiate  or  cathedral 
church. 

PRE-€A'RI-ot;s,  a.  [Lat.  precarius. 
fr.  precari,  to  pray,  beg.  ]  1.  Depend¬ 
ing  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of  another. 
2.  Held  by  a  doubtful  tenure  ;  ex¬ 
posed  to  constant  risk. 

Syn.  —  Uncertain.  —  Precarious  is 
stronger  than  uncertain.  It  expresses  the 
highest  species  of  uncertainty,  and  is  ap¬ 
plied  to  such  tilings  as  depend  wholly  on 
future  casualties. 

Pre-€A'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  At  the  will 
of  others. 

Pre€'A-tive,  ]  a.  [Lat.  precativus, 

Preg'a-to-RY,  j  and  precatorius .] 
Suppliant ;  beseeching. 

PRE-CAU'TION,  11.  [Lat.  pr secant io  ; 
prxeavere ,  prxeautum,  to  guard 
against  beforehand.]  1.  Previous 
caution  or  care.  2.  A  measure  taken 
beforehand.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
To  warn  or  advise  beforehand. 

Pre-eau'tion-al,  I  a.  Prevent- 

Pre-gau'tion-a-ry,  [  ive  of  mis¬ 
chief  ;  containing  previous  caution. 

Pre-gau'tious,  a.  Taking  prevent¬ 
ive  measures. 

Precede',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
prser.edere  ;  prse,  before,  and  cedere, 
to  go.]  To  go  before  in  place,  time, 
rank,  or  importance. 

Pre .^ed'ence,  In.  Act  or  state  of 

Pre-ced'en-^y,  )  being  precedent ; 
priority  in  position,  rank,  or  time. 

Pre-ced'ent,  a.  [Lat.  prsecedens. 
See  Precede.]  Going  before;  an¬ 
terior  ;  antecedent. 

Pre<;:'e-dent,  n.  Something  that 

E,  pull  ;  E,  i,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  €, 


may  serve  as  an  example  to  author¬ 
ize  a  subsequent  act  of  the  like  kind. 

Syn.  —  Example.  —  An  example  is  a 
similar  case  which  may  serve  as  a  rule 
or  guide,  but  has  no  authority  out  of  it¬ 
self.  A  precedent  is  something  which 
comes  down  to  us  from  the  past  with  the 
sanction  of  usage  and  of  common  con¬ 
sent. 

PREO'E-DENT-ED,  a.  Having  a  prece¬ 
dent. 

Pre-^en'TOR,  11.  [Lat.,  fr.  prx,  be¬ 
fore,  and  cantor,  a  singer.]  Leader 
of  the  choir  in  a  cathedral. 

Precept,  n.  [Lat.  prxeeptum,  from 
prxeipere,  to  take  beforehand,  to  in¬ 
struct.]  1.  Any  commandment  in¬ 
tended  as  a  rule  of  action,  esp  as  to 
moral  conduct.  2.  A  species  of  writ. 

Syn.— See  Doctrine. 

Pre-^ep'tive,  a.  1.  Giving  precepts. 
2.  Directing  in  moral  conduct ;  di¬ 
dactic.  [structor. 

Pre-^ep'tor,  n.  A  teacher;  an  in- 

Pre'cep-to'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  preceptor. 

Pre-^ep'to-ry,  a.  Giving  precepts; 
preceptive.  — 11.  [L.  Lat.  prxeeptoria, 
from  Lat.  prxeepitor,  a  commander, 
ruler,  teacher.]  A  subordinate  re¬ 
ligious  house  of  the  Knights  Tem¬ 
plars. 

Pre-c:ep'tress,  n.  A  female  teacher. 

Pre-^Ls'sion  (-sesh'un),  it.  [From 
Lat.  prxeedere ,  prtecessum ,  to  go  be¬ 
fore.]  Act  of  going  before  or  forward. 

Precession  of  the  equinoxes,  the  slow, 
backward  motion  of  the  equinoctial 
points  along  the  ecliptic. 

Prl'cinut,  n.  [Lat.  prsecinctus,  fr. 
prxeingere,  to  gird  about,  to  encom¬ 
pass.]  1.  Boundary.  2.  A  minor 
territorial  or  jurisdictional  division. 

PRE'CIOUS  (presh'us),  a.  [Lat.  pre- 
tiosus;  pretium,  price,  worth,  value.] 

1.  Of  great  price;  costly.  2.  Very 
valuable  ;  highly  esteemed.  3.  Worth¬ 
less  ;  coutemptible. 

Pre'cious'ly  (presh'us-),  adv.  1. 
Valuably  ;  to  a  great  price.  2.  Con¬ 
temptibly.. 

PreC'i-pice,  n.  [Lat.  prxeipitium ,  fr. 
prxeeps,  headlong.]  A  very  steep, 
perpendicular,  or  overhanging  place. 

Pre-^ip'i-TA-ble^.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  precipitated. 

Pre-cip'i-tance,  In.  Quality  of 

Pre-^ip'i-tan-^y,  )  being  precipi¬ 
tate  ;  precipitation. 

PRE-91PG-TANT,  q..  1.  Falling  or 

rushing  headlong.  2.  Urged  with 
violent  haste  ;  hasty.  —  n.  A  liquor 
which,  when  poured  on  a  solution, 
separates  what  is  dissolved,  and 
makes  it  fall  to  the  bottom. 

Pre-c;ip'i-tant-ly,  adv.  With  great 
haste. 

PRE-9IPG-TATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  prxeipitare  ,-tatum ,  fr.  prxeeps , 
headlong.]  1.  To  throw  headlong. 

2.  To  urge  with  eagerness  or  violence. 

3.  To  throw  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel. 

PRE-91'P'I-TATE,  a.  1.  Falling,  flow¬ 
ing,’ or  rushing,  with  steep  descent. 
2.  Rashly  hasty. 

Syn. —  Steep;  headlong;  rash. 

G,  hard;  A§;  exist;  ^  as  ng;  this 


PRECIPITATELY 


330  PREFECT 


—  n.  A  substance  which,  having 
been  dissolved,  is  again  separated 
from  its  solvent,  and  thrown  to  the 
bottom  of  the  vessel,  by  pouring  an¬ 
other  liquor  upon  it. 

Pre-^ip'i-tate-ly,  adv.  In  a  pre¬ 
cipitate  manner. 

Pre-cip'i-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
precipitating,  or  state  of  being  pre¬ 
cipitated.  2.  Rash,  tumultuous 
haste.  3.  Act  of  throwing  to  the 
bottom  of  a  vessel  any  substance 
held  in  solution.  [cipitates. 

Pre-^ip'i-ta'tor.  n.  One  who  pre- 

PRE-CIP'I-ToOs,  a.  [Lat.  prxceps , 
prxc.ipitis.]  1.  Very  steep.  2.  Head¬ 
long.  3.  Jliisty  ;  rash.  [descent. 

Pre-^Ip'I-ToDs-LY,  adv.  With  steep 

PRECISE',  a.  [Lat.  prxcisus ,  cut  off, 
brief,  concise.]  1.  Not  loose,  vague, 
uncertain,  or  equivocal.  2.  Excess¬ 
ively  nice  ;  punctilious. 

Pre-^jse'ly  (110),  adv.  In  a  precise 
manner.  [precise. 

Pre-^Ise'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
Syn.  —  See  Precision. 

Pre-£IS'IAN  (-slzh'an)  n.  A  person 
rigidly  exact  in  observing  rules  ;  a 
formalist. 

Pre-Qis'ION  (-sTzh'un),  n.  [Lat.  pr se¬ 
ct  si  o.]  Quality  of  being  precise  ;  ex¬ 
act  limitation  ;  exactness  ;  accuracy. 

Syn. — Preciseness.  —  Precision  is  al¬ 
ways  used  in  a  good  sense;  preciseness  is 
frequently  taken  in  a  bad  one,  especially 
when  applied  to  persons  or  their  conduct, 
denoting  an  excess  of  nicety,  formal 
manners,  &c. 

Pre-glude',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ins.]  [Lat. 
prsecludere ,  fr.  prx  and  claudtre,  to 
shut.]  To  shut  out  by  anticipative 
action ;  to  hinder. 

Pre-€LU'sion,  n.  Act  of  precluding  ; 
a  shutting  out. 

Pre-€LO'sTve,  a.  Precluding,  or 
tending  to  preclude. 

PRE-€LU'SIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  preclu¬ 
sive  manner. 

Pre-co'cious,  a.  [Lat.  prxc.ox,  prx- 
cocis,  and  prxcoquus.  fr.  prxcoquere , 
to  cook  or  ripen  beforehand.]  1.  Ripe 
before  the  proper  or  natural  time.  2. 
Too  forward  ;  premature. 

Pre-go'cious-ly,  adv.  Inapreco- 
cious  manner. 

Pre -co'cioPs-ness,  )  n.  Quality  or 

Pre-€o<?'i-TY,  j  state  of  being 
precocious. 

PRE'OOG-Nl'TION^nish'un),  n.  [Lat. 
jtrxcognitio ,  from  prxcognoscere ,  to 
foreknow.]  Previous  knowledge  or 
examination. 

Pre'con-ceit',  n.  A  previous  con¬ 
ceit  or  conception. 

PRE'€ON-9EIVE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  form  a  previous  notion  or  idea  of. 

Pre'gon-cLp'tion,  n.  Conception 
or  opinion  previously  formed. 

PliE'OON-^ERT'  (14),  V.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  concert  or  settle  before¬ 
hand. 

Pre-oon'traot,  n.  A  contract  pre¬ 
vious  to  another. 

Pre-gOr'sive,  a.  Preceding  and  in¬ 
troductory  ;  forerunning. 


Pre-€0r'SOR,  n.  [Lat.  precursor,  fr. 
prxcurrere ,  to  run  before.]  One  who, 
or  that  which,  precedes  an  event, 
and  indicates  its  approach. 

Syn.  —  Forerunner;  harbinger;  omen. 

Pre-oOr'so-ry,  a.  Indicating  some¬ 
thing^  to  follow. 

Pre-da'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  prseda,  prey.] 
Living  by  prey  ;  predatory. 

Pred'A-TO-ry,  a.  [Lat.  prserJatorius.] 
1.  Characterized  by  plundering.  2. 
Hungry  :  ravenous. 

Pred'e-CES'sor,  n.  [Lat.  predeces¬ 
sor,  fr.  prx,  before,  and  decessor,  a 
predecessor.]  One  who  precedes  ;  one 
whom  another  follows. 

PRE-DES'TI-NA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who 
believes  in  predestination,  —  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  predestination. 

Pre-des'ti-nate,  a.  Predestinated; 
fore-ordained. 

Pre-des'ti-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  prxdestinare ,  - natum ,  fr.  prx, 
before,  and  destinare ,  to  determine.] 
To  ordain  beforehand  by  an  un¬ 
changeable  purpose. 

Pre-des'ti-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
fore-ordaining  events.  2.  The  pur¬ 
pose  of  God  from  eternity  respecting 
all  events.  [destinates. 

Pre-des'TI-na'tor,  n.  One  who  pre- 

PRE-DES'TINE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  decree  beforehand  ;  to  foreordain. 

Pre'de-ter'mi-nate,  a.  Deter¬ 
mined  beforehand. 

Pre'de-tLr'mi-na'tion,  n.  Act  of 
previous  determination. 

PRE'DE-TER'MINE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  determine  beforehand. 

Pre'di-al,  a.  [Lat.  prxdium ,  a  farm, 
estate.]  Consisting  of,  or  attached 
to,  land  or  farms. 

Pred'i-ua-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  predicable. 

Pked'i-ca-ble, a.  [See Predicate.] 
Capable  of  being  affirmed  of  some¬ 
thing.  —  n.  1.  A  general  abstract 
notion.  2.  One  of  the  five  most  gen¬ 
eral  relations  of  attributes  involved 
in  logical  arrangements ;  namely, 
genus,  species,  difference,  property, 
and  accident. 

Pre-dic'a-ment,  7i.  [See  Predi¬ 
cate.]  Class  or  kind  described  by 
any  definite  marks;  hence,  condi¬ 
tion;  especially,  an  unfortunate  or 
tn ing  condition. 

Pred'i-cate ,v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
prxdicnre,  prxdicatum,  to  cry  in 
public.  See  Preach.]  To  assert  to 
belong  to  something. 

i Some  able  men  among  our  lawyers 
and  statesmen  use  predicate  for  fount l  or 
base ;  as,  to  predicate  an  argument  on 
certain  principles:  to  predicate  a  state¬ 
ment  on  information  received.  This  is 
wholly  opposed  to  good  usage.  Predicate 
is  a  term  in  logic,  and  used  only  in  a  sin¬ 
gle  case,  namely,  when  we  affirm  one 
thing  of  another. 

Pred'I-cate  (45),  n.  The  thing  or 
quality  affirmed  cf  the  subject. 

Pred'I-ca'tion,  n.  Act  of  predi¬ 
cating  ;  assertion,  [positive. 

Pr£d'i-€A-to-ry,  a.  Affirmative; 

Pre-dict',  v.  t.  [-ed:  -ing.]  [Lat. 


prxdicere,  -dictum,  from  prx,  before, 
and  dicert,  to  say,  tell.]  To  tell  be¬ 
forehand. 

Syn.  —  To  foretell  ;  prophesy  ;  prog¬ 
nosticate;  presage;  forebode. 

PRE-DIC'TION,  n.  A  previous  declara¬ 
tion  of  a  future  event. 

Syn.  —  Prophecy  ;  prognostication  ; 
augury;  soothsaying. 

Pre-di'ct'ive,  a.  Foretelling;  pro¬ 
phetic. 

Pre-dict 'OR,  7i.  One  who  predicts. 

Pre'di-leo'tion,  71.  [Lat.  prx,  be¬ 
fore,  and  diligere,  d  dec  turn ,  to  love.] 
A  prepossession  of  mind  in  favor  of 
something. 

Pre'dis-pose',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  incline  or  arrange  beforehand. 

PRE'DIS-PO-gl'TlON  ( -zMl'un),  71.  1. 

Previous  inclination  or  propensity. 
2.  Previous  adaptation  to  any  change 
or  purpose. 

Pre-d6m'I-NAN(,:e,  ]  n.  Condition 

Pre-dom'i-nan-c;y,  )  or  quality  of 
being  predominant ;  superiority. 

Pre-dom'i  nant,  a.  Superior  in 
strength,  influence,  or  authority. 

Pre-DOM'I-NANT-LY,  adv.  With  su¬ 
perior  strength  or  influence. 

Pre-doiyi'i-nate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  prx,  before,  and  dominari ,  -na' 
tus,  to  rule.]  To  surpass  in  strength, 
influence,  or  authority  ;  to  prevail. 

Pre-em'i-nence,  n.  Distinction 
above  others  in  quality,  position,  or 
the  like. 

Pre-em'i-nent,  a.  Eminent  above 
others ;  surpassing  others. 

Pre-EM'i-nent-ly,  adv.  In  a  pre¬ 
eminent  degree. 

Pre-emp'tion  (84),  7i.  Act  or  right 
of  purchasing  before  others  ;  esp.  the 
right  of  a  settler  on  the  lands  of  the 
United  States  to  purchase  in  prefer¬ 
ence  to  others,  when  the  land  is  sold. 

Preen,  n.  [A.-S.  preon,  a  clasp,  bod¬ 
kin.]  A  forked  instrument  used  in 
dressing  cloth.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  dress  with  a  preen  ;  to  keep  in 
order,  as  the  feathers. 

PRE'-EN-GAGE'.  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  engage  by  previous  contract  or  in¬ 
fluence. 

PRE'-EN-GAGE'MENT,  JI.  Prior  en¬ 
gagement. 

Pre'— es-tab'lish, in  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  settle  beforehand. 

Pre'-es-tab'lish-ment,  n.  Settle¬ 
ment  beforehand. 

Pre'-e^c-Ist',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To 
exist  beforehand. 

Pre'ex-ist'en^e,  7i.  Existence  pre¬ 
vious  to  something  else. 

Pre-e^-!st'ent,  a.  Existing  before¬ 
hand  ;  preceding  in  existence. 

Pref'ACE,  )i.  [Lat.  prxfatio  ;  prxfa- 
ri,  to  say  beforehand.]  Something 
spoken  or  written  by  way  of  intro¬ 
duction. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
introduce  by  preliminary  remarks. 

Pref'A-TO-ry  (50),  a.  Introductory. 

Pre'fect,  n.  [Lat.  prx/ectus,  fr. 
prxficere ,  to  set  over.]  1.  A  Roman 
officer  who  superintended  a  particu¬ 
lar  department.  2.  A  superintend- 


A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  a,  E,  I,  6,  0,  y,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  ERE,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  SON, 


PREPOSSESS 

vious  warning,  notice,  or  informa¬ 
tion.  ^  [ous  warning. 

Pre-jion'i-to-ry,  a.  Giving  previ- 

Pre'mu-nI'tion  (-msh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
prxmunitio ,  fr.  prxmunire ,  to  forti¬ 
fy  in  front.]  An  anticipation  of  ob¬ 
jections. 

Pre-no'men,  n.  See  Pr^nomen. 

Pre-o«'gu-pan-£Y,  n.  Act  or  right 
of  taking  possession  before  another. 

Pre-So'ou-PA'TION,  n.  Prior  occu¬ 
pation. 

PRE-OO'OU-PY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
To  take  possession  of  before  another. 

Pre'or-dain',  v.  t.  To  appoint  be¬ 
forehand  ;  to  predetermine. 

Pre-or'di-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  fore¬ 
ordaining;  previous  determination. 

Prep'a-ra'tion,  n.  [See  Prepare.] 
1.  A  making  or  being  prepared  or  rea¬ 
dy.  2.  Preparatory  actor  measure.  3. 
That  which  is  prepared  for  a  partic¬ 
ular  purpose. 

Pre-pa r'a-tive,  a.  Tending  to  pre¬ 
pare  or  make  ready  ;  preparatory.  — • 
n.  That  which  prepares,  or  which 
is  done  to  prepare ;  preparation. 

Pre-pa r'A-to-ry,  a.  Preparing  the 
way  by  previous  measures  of  adap¬ 
tation. 

Pre-pare',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
prxparare ,  from  prx,  before,  and  pa- 
rare,  to  make  ready.]  1.  To  lit;  to 
make  ready.  2.  To  provide.  — v.  i. 
1.  To  make  all  things  ready.  2.  To 
make  one's  self  ready. 

Pre-pay',  v.  t.  [-paid  ;  -paying  ]  To 
pay  in  advance.  [vance. 

Pre-pa y'me nt,  n.  Payment  in  ad- 

Pre-pense',  a.  [Lat.  prx,  before,  and 
pender  e,  pensnm ,  to  weigh,  consid¬ 
er.]  Premeditated;  aforethought. 

PRE-POL'LEN^E,  1  n.  Superiority  of 

Pre-p6l'len-£  y,  )  power. 

Pre-poe'lent,  a.  [Lat.  prxpollens, 
surpassing  in  power.]  Having  supe¬ 
rior  influence  or  power. 

Pre-p5n'der-an£E,  n.  Superiority 
of  weight,  influence,  or  power,  [iug. 

Pre-pon'der-ant,  a.  Preponderat- 

Pre-pon'der-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  prxponderare,  -ratum, 
from  prx,  before,  and  ponder  are,  to 
weigh.]  1.  To  outweigh.  2.  To  over¬ 
power  by  stronger  influence.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  exceed  in  weight.  2.  To  ex¬ 
ceed  in  influence ;  lienee,  to  incline 
to  one  side. 

Pre-pon'der-A'tion,  n.  Act  or  state 
of  preponderating. 

Prep'o-sI'tion  (-zish'un),  n.  [Lat. 
prxpositio  ;  prxponere ,  -si turn ,  to  put 
before,  but  influenced  by  pausare,  to 
pause.]  A  particle  governing,  and 
generally  placed  before,  a  substantive 
or  pronoun,  of  which  it  expresses 
the  relation  to  some  other  word. 

PrLp'o-si'tion-al  (-zish'un-al),  a. 
Pertaining  to  prepositions. 

Pre-pos'i-tive,  a.  Prefixed.  —  n.  A 
word  put  before  another. 

PRE'POS-sfiss'  (-pos-ses'  or  -poz-zes'), 
v  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  take  pre¬ 
vious  possession  of.  2.  To  preoccu¬ 
py,  as  the  mind  or  heart;  to  bias. 


PREFER 

ent  of  a  department  of  the  kingdom. 
[France.'] 

Pre-fer',  v.  t.  [-RED  ;  -RING.]  [Lat. 
prxferre;  prx,  before,  and  ferre ,  to 
bear.]  1.  To  offer ;  to  present.  2. 
To  advance,  as  to  an  office  ;  to  exalt. 
3.  To  incline  more  toward  ;  to  choose. 

Syn.  —  See  Choose. 

Pref'er-a-ble,  a.  Worthy  to  be 
preferred ;  more  desirable. 

Pref'er-a-bly,  ad v.  In  preference. 

Pref'er-en^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  prefer¬ 
ring;  predilection;  choice.  2.  State 
of  being  preferred.  3.  That  which 
is  preferred. 

Pre-fer'ment,  n.  Advancement  in 
dignity  or  office ;  promotion. 

Pre-fig'u-ra'tion,  n.  Antecedent 
representation  by  similitude. 

Pre-FIG'u-RA-tive,  a.  Showing  by 
previous  figures,  types,  or  similitudes. 

PRE-FlG'URE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
show  by  types  and  similitudes. 

Pre-fix',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
prxfigere ,  -fixinn  ;  prx,  before,  and 
Jig  ere ,  to  fix.]  To  put  at  the  begin¬ 
ning  of  another  thing. 

Pre'fix,  n.  A  letter,  syllable,  or 
word  combined  with  a  word  at  its 
beginning. 

Preg'nan-^y,  n.  1.  Condition  of  be¬ 
ing  pregnant.  2.  Quality  of  being 
heavy  with  important  contents,  sig¬ 
nificance,  or  the  like  ;  fertility. 

PREG'NANT,  a.  [Lat.  prxgnans,  for 
prxgenans,  from  prx,  before,  and  ge¬ 
ne  re,  to  beget-]  1.  Peing  with  young. 
2.  Heavy  with  important  contents. 

Preg'nant-ly,  adv.  In  a  pregnant 
manner. 

Pre-HEN'SI-BLE;  a.  [Lat. prehend ere, 
-hensum,  to  take,  seize.]  Admitting 
of  being  seized. 

Pre-hen'sile,  a.  Adapted  to  seize 
or  grasp. 

Pre-hen'sion,  n.  A  seizing,  as  with 
the  hand. 

Pre-judge',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
judge  before  hearing ;  to  condemn 
beforehand.  [ing. 

Pre -JUDGEMENT,  ».  Act  of  prejudg- 

PRE-JU'DI-€ATE  ,  V.  t.  [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. prxjud icare,  -cation.]  To  deter¬ 
mine  beforehand  ;  to  prejudge. 

Pre-ju'DI-CA'tion,  n.  Act  of  judg¬ 
ing  without  due  examination. 

PREJ'U-DICE,  n.  [Lat.  prxjud icium  ; 
prx ,  before ,  and;  udic.i  urn ,  j  udgment.] 
1.  Prejudgment ;  unreasonable  pre¬ 
dilection  for  or  against,  esp.  an  un¬ 
favorable  predilection.  2.  Mischief ; 
damage ;  injury.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  prepossess  with  unexamined 
opinions.  2.  To  injure  by  prejudices  ; 
to  damage  ;  to  impair. 

pREJ'u-Dl'CIAL  ( -dTsh'al ),  a.  Tend¬ 
ing  to  obstruct  or  impair. 

Syn. —  Injurious;  hurtful;  mischievous. 

Prel'a-9Y  (110),  n.  1.  Office  of  a 
prelate ;  government  by  prelates.  2. 
Prelates  collectively. 

Prel'ate,  n.  [L.  Lat.  prxlatus,  fr. 
prxferre,  to  prefer.]  A  dignitary  of 
the  church. 


331 

PRE-L at'ic,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

PRE-EAT'ie-AL, j  prelates  or  prelacy. 

Prel'a-tIst,  n.  An  advocate  for 
prelacy. 

Pre-lec'TION,  n.  [Lat.  prxlectio ,  fr. 
prx,  before,  and  legere ,  to  read.]  A 
lecture  read  in  public  or  to  a  select 
company. 

Pre-lee'tor,  n.  A  lecturer. 

Pre'li-ba'tion,  n.  [Lat . prxlibatio , 
from  prxlibare,  to  taste  beforehand.] 
A  tasting  beforehand  ;  foretaste. 

Pre-LIM'I-na-ry,  a.  [Lat.  prx,  be¬ 
fore,  and  liminaris ,  belonging  to  a 
threshold.]  Preceding  the  main  dis¬ 
course  or  business. 

Syn.  —  Introductory  ;  preparatory  ; 
previous;  precedent. 

—  n.  Something  previous  or  prepar- 
tory. 

Pre'j.ude,  or  Prel'ude,  n.  [L.  Lat. 
prxludi um  ;  fr.  Lat.  prx,  before,  and 
Indus,  play.]  An  introductory  per¬ 
formance ;  esp.  a  musical  strain,  in¬ 
troducing  the  chief  subject. 

Syn.  —  Preface ;  introduction. 

Pre-lude',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  introduce  with  a  previous  per¬ 
formance.  2.  To  precede. — v.  i. 
To  serve  as  an  introduction. 

Pre-lu'sive,  la.  Previous;  intro- 

Pre-LU'so_-ry,  )  ductory. 

Pre'ma-ture'  (53),  a.  [Lat.  prx- 
maturus;  prx,  before,  and  malu- 
nts,  ripe.]  1.  Ripe  too  soon.  2. 
Happening  before  the  proper  time. 
3.  Received  without  due  authentica¬ 
tion  or  evidence. 

Pre'ma-ture'ey,  adv.  1.  Too  soon; 
too  early.  2.  Without  due  evidence 
or  authentication. 

Pre'ma-ture'ness,  1  n.  Quality  of 

Pre'MA-tu'ri-ty,  )  being  prema¬ 
ture  ;  ripeness  before  the  natural 
time. 

Pre-med'i-tate,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  consider  in  the  mind  be¬ 
forehand. 

Pre-med'1-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
meditating  beforehand.  2.  Previous 
design  formed. 

Pre'mi-er,  or  Prem'ier  (prbm'yer), 
n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat.  primarius,  of  the 
first  rank  ;  primus,  the  first.]  The 
prime  minister. 

Pre'mi-er-ship  (or  prem'yer),  n. 
Office^  of  the  first  minister  of  state. 

Pre-mise',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
prxmittere ,  -mission,  to  send  before.] 
To  set  forth  as  introductory  to  the 
main  subject ;  to  lay  down  premises. 

PrLm'Ise,  n. ;  pi.  prem'is-es.  1. 
A  proposition  antecedently  admitted 
or  proved,  from  which  the  inference 
or  conclusion  is  drawn.  2.  pi.  Land 
or  thing  granted  by  deed  ;  —  hence, 
applied  to  a  building  and  its  adjuncts. 

Pre'MI-Om,  n.  [Lat.  prxmium ,  orig. 
what  one  has  before  (prx)  or  better 
than  others  ]  1.  A  recompense  :  a 

prize.  2.  A  sum  in  advance  oc  the 
capital,  or  sum  lent.  3.  Money  paid 
to  underwriters  for  insurance. 

Pre'MO-NI'TION  (-nish'un),  v.  Pre- 


G,  hard;  A§;  exist  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  took  ;  Orn,  rue ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,G ,soft;  €,< 


PREPOSSESSING 


PRESUPPOSE 


r~ 


Pre'pos-sess'ing  ( -pos-sgs'-  or  -poz- 
zes'-),  n.  Tending  to  invite  favor.  . 

Pre'pos-ses'sion  (-pos-sesh'un  or 
-poz-zesh'un),  n.  1.  Prior  posses¬ 
sion.  2.  Preoccupation  of  the  mind  ^ 
preconceived  opinion. 

Pre-pos'ter-ous,  a.  [Lat.  prxpos- 
terus ;  prx,  before,  and  posterns, 
coming  after.]  1.  Having  that  first 
which  ought  to  be  last.  2.  Contrary 
to  nature  or  reason. 

Pre-r£q'ui-§1te  (-rek'wi-),  a.  Pre¬ 
viously  required  or  necessary.  —  n. 
Something  previously  required. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE,  n.  [Lat.  proroga¬ 
tion,  fr.  prxrogare ,  to  ask  before  an¬ 
other.]  An  exclusive  or  peculiar 
privilege. 

Syx.  —  See  Privilege. 

Pre-sage',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
prxsagire ;  pro,  before,  and  sagire, 
to  perceive  acutely.]  1.  To  have  a 
presentiment  of;  to  forebode.  2. 
To  foretell. 

Syx.  — To  foreshow;  predict;  prophesy. 

Pre'sage,  or  Pres'age,  71.  Some¬ 
thing  foreshowing  a  future  event. 

I’res'by-ter,  ii.  [Lat.,  an  elder,  fr. 
Gr.  7rpecr/3urepos,  compar.  of  npea- 
pvs,  old.]  1.  (Anc.  Church.)  Ah  elder 
having  authority  to  instruct  in  the 
church.  2.  (  Church  of  Eng.)  A  priest. 

Pres/by-te'ri-an,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  ecclesiastical  government  by  pres¬ 
byters.  2.  Consisting  of  presbyters. 
—  n.  One  who  maintains  the  valid¬ 
ity  of  ordination  and  government  by 
presbyters. 

PreVby-te'ri-an-ism,  n.  That  form 
of  church  government  which  invests 
presbyters  with  all  spiritual  power. 

Pres'by-ter-y,  n.  [See  Presby¬ 
ter.]  1.  A  body  of  elders.  2. 
(Presbyterian  Church .)  A  judicatory 
consisting  of  all  the  pastors  of  church¬ 
es  within  a  certain  district,  and  one 
ruling  elder,  a  layman,  from  each 
parish  or  church. 

Pre'sci-enoe  (pre'shT-enss),  n.  Pore- 
knowledge  of  events. 

Pre'sci-ent  (prd'shT-ent),  a.  [Lat. 
prxsciens,  foreknowing.]  Having 
knowledge  of  events  before  they  take 
place. 

Pre-scribe',  v.  t.  [-eg; -ing.]  [Lat. 
prxscribere ;  prx,  before,  and  sc  fi¬ 
ber  e,  to  write.]  1.  To  lay  down  au¬ 
thoritatively  for  direction.  2.  To  di¬ 
rect  as  a  remedy  to  be  used  by  or  for 
a  patient.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  give  law.  2.  To 
give  medical  directions.  3.  To  claim 
on  the  ground  of  immemorial  use. 

Pre-scr/p'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  pre¬ 
scribing,  or  that  which  is  prescribed. 
2.  Claim  of  title  by  virtue  of  imme¬ 
morial  use. 

PRE-SCRfPT'j'vE,  a.  Consisting  in,  or 
acquired  by,  prescription. 

Presence,  n.  [See  Present.]  1. 
State  of  being  present.  2.  Region  in 
which  one  is  present :  nearness.  3. 
Neighborhood  to  one  of  superior  rank. 
4.  Mien  ;  personal  appearance. 

PrIs'ent,  a.  [Lat.  prxsens,  being 


332 

before  one,  in  sight  or  at  hand,  p.  p. 
of  prxesse ,  to  be  before.]  1.  Being 
at  hand,  within  reach  or  call,  or  the 
like.  2.  Now  existing.  3.  Being 
now  in  view,  or  under  consideration. 
4.  Immediate;  instant. 

Syx.  —  At  hand;  on  hand.— We  speak 
of  a  person  being  at  hand,  i.  c.,  near  by, 
and  thus  virtually  present.  Wc  speak, 
also,  of  a  merchant’s  having  goods  on 
hand.  Some  persons  confound  the  two, 
and  speak  of  being  "on  hand,”  at  a 
given  time  or  place,  meaning  present. 
This  confusion  of  tilings  so  entirely  dis¬ 
similar  “  smells  of  the  shop." 

—  n.  Present  time. 

Syx.  —  See  Doxatiox. 

Pre-sent',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  give  a  formal  introduction  to.  2. 
To  exhibit  to  view ;  to  offer.  3.  To 
make  a  gift  of;  to  give ;  to  grant.  4. 
To  indict.  [  Ainer .]  —  n.  That  which 
is  presented. 

PRE-gENT'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  or  ad¬ 
mitting  ofbeing  presented. 

Pres'en-TA'tion,  n.  I.  Act  of  pre¬ 
senting;  an  offering;  bestowal.  2. 
Exhibition  ;  representation. 

Pre-sent'i-ment,  n.  1.  Previous 
conception,  sentiment,  or  opinion. 
2.  Anticipation  of  evil. 

Pres'ent-ly,  aclv.  At  once  ;  soon  ;  be¬ 
fore  long. 

PRE-RENT'MENT,  n.  1.  Presentation. 

2.  Delineation  ;  representation.  3. 
Notice  taken  by  a  grand  jury  of  any 
offense  from  their  own  knowledge  or 
observation. 

Pres'er-va'tion,?!.  Act  of  preserv¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  preserved. 

Pre-serv'a-tive,  a.  Having  the 
power  or  quality  of  preserving.  — n. 
That  which  preserves,  or  lias  the 
power  of  preserving. 

Pre-serv'a-to-ry,  a.  Having  power 
or  tendency  to  preserve.  —  n.  That 
which  preserves  ;  a  preservative. 

Pre-serve'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  prxservare. ;  prx,  before,  and 
servare ,  to  save.]  1.  To  save  from 
injury  or  destruction.  2.  To  save  from 
decay  by  the  useof  sugar  or  salt,  &c. 

3.  To  maintain  throughout. 

Syx.  —  Sec  Keep. 

—  n.  1.  Bruit,  or  the  like,  kept  by 
suitable  preparation.  2.  A  place  for 
the  preservation  of  game  or  fish,  &c. 

Pre-sErv'er,  it.  One  who  preserves. 

Pre-side',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
prxsidere ;  prx,  before,  and  sedere , 
to  sit.]  1.  To  occupy  the  place  of 
ruler,  or  of  director,  &c.  2.  To  ex¬ 
ercise  superintendence. 

PrE^'i-den-cy,  n.  1.  Superintend¬ 
ence.  2.  Office,  or  term  of  office,  of 
president.  3.  Jurisdiction  of  a  pres¬ 
ident. 

Pres'i-dent,  n.  [Lat.  prxsidens. 
See  Preside.]  A  presiding  officer  ; 
as,  (a.)  The  chief  office  ref  a  corpo¬ 
ration,  society,  college,  &c.  (b.)  The 
chief  executive  of  certain  republics. 

Pres'i  -DEN'TI AL,  a.  Pertaiqing  to 
a  president. 

PRfig'l-DENT-SHlP,  n.  Office,  or  term 
of  office,  of  a  president. 


Pre-sId'I-AL,  )  a.  [Lat.  prxsidia - 

PRE -glD'I-A-RY,  (  Z/s,  and  prxsidia- 
rius.  See  Preside.]  Pertaining  to 
a  garrison. 

Pre-sig'ni-fy,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  prxsign ifienre ,  fr.  prx,  before, 
and  signijicare,  to  signify.]  To  sig¬ 
nify  beforehand. 

PRESS,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat.  pres¬ 
sure.]  1.  To  squeeze;  to  crush.  2. 
To  embrace  closely.  3  To  urge  ;  to 
force  ;  to  compel.  4.  To  drive  with 
violence.  5.  To  force  into  service, 
particularly  into  naval  service. — v. 

1.  To  use  or  exert  pressure.  — n.  1. 
An  instrument  for  pressing  or  squeez¬ 
ing  ;  or  the  place  containing  a  press. 

2.  A  machine  for  printing.  3.  Busi¬ 
ness  of  printing  and  publishing.  4. 
Collective  publications  issued  from 
the  press.  5.  A  closet  for  clothes, 
&c.  6.  Act  of  pressing  forward.  7. 
Urgency.  8.  A  multitude  ;  a  throng. 

Press'-gang,  n.  A  detachment  of  sea¬ 
men  to  impress  men  into  the  navy. 

Press'-man  (150),  n.  One  who  man¬ 
ages,  or  attends  to,  a  printing-press. 

PrEss'URE  (presli'pr),  n.  1.  Act  of 
pressing,  or  the  condition  of  being 
pressed.  2.  A  constraining  force.  3. 
Severe  affliction,  difficulties,  embar¬ 
rassments,  or  the  distress  they  occa¬ 
sion.  4.  Urgency. 

Pres'ti-dTg'i-ta'tor, n.  [Lat .prxs. 
to,  quickly,  and  digitus ,  finger.]  One 
skilled  in  legerdemain. 

PRES'TIGE,  n.  [Lat.  prxstigium.\  1. 
Illusion.  2.  I nfiuence  coming  from 
past  success,  character,  or  deeds. 

Pres'to,  adv.  [It.  & -J3p.,  quick, 
quickly,  from  Lat.  prxstus,  ready.] 
Quickly ;  suddenly.  [presumed. 

Pre-rum'a-BLE,  a.  Such  as  maybe 

Pre-sum'a-bly,  adv.  By,  or  accord¬ 
ing  to,  presumption. 

PRE-RUME',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
prxsumere  ;  prx,  before,  and  sumere, 
to  take.]  To  take  or  suppose  to  bo 
true,  without  examination  or  proof ; 
to  take  for  granted. — v.i.  1.  To 
suppose  or  assume  something  to  be, 
or  to_be  true.  2.  To  take  liberties. 

Pre-sum'ER,  n.  One  who  presumes. 

Pre-sump'tion  (84),  n.  [Lat.  prx- 
sumptio.  See  Presume.]  1.  Act 
of  taking  for  granted.  2.  Ground 
for  presuming!  3.  A  thing  believed 
true  on  satisfactory  evidence.  4. 
Over-confident  or  arrogant  opinion 
or  conduct.  [probable  evidence. 

Pre-sump'TIve.  a.  Grounded  on 

PRE-gUMPT'u-ous  ( -zfimpt'y  p-,  84),  a. 
1.  Bull  of  presumption.  2.  Proceed-1 
ing  from  excess  of  confidence.  3. 
Done  with  rash  confidence,  or  in  vi* 
olation  of  known  duty. 
Pre-sumpt'u-ous-ly,  adv.  With 
presumption. 

PRE-sfJMPT'u-ofJS-NESS,  ii.  Rash 
confidence  ;  irreverent  boldness. 

Pre'sup-pos'al,  n.  Supposal  pre¬ 
viously  formed. 

Pre'sup-pose',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  suppose  as  previous  ;  to  imply  as 
antecedent ;  to  take  for  granted. 


E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  X,  E, I,  6,  u,  1?,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  v^il,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son, 


I 

PRESUPPOSITION 

Pre-sDp'po-sI'tion  (-zTsh'un),  n. 
Act  of  presupposing. 

PRE-TENGE',  n.  See  PRETENSE. 

Pre-tEnd',  V.  t.  [-E D ;  -ING.}  [Lat. 
prxlendere ,  prxtentum,  fr.  prx,  be¬ 
fore,  and  tendere,  to  stretch.]  1.  To 
plot;  to  intend.  [O/ps.]  2.  To  simu¬ 
late.  3.  To  hold  out  falsely ;  to 
feign.  — v.  i.  To  lay  claim. 

Pre-tEnd'er,  n.  One  who  pretends. 

Pre-tense',  l  n.  [L.  Lat.  prxiensus, 

Pre-tenge',  j  See  Pretend.]  1. 
Simulation.  2.  That  which  is  pre¬ 
tended.  3.  Act  of  laying  claim  ;  as¬ 
sumption. 

Syn. —  Pretext.  —  A  pretense  is  some¬ 
thing  held  out  as  real  when  it  is  not  so, 
thus  falsifying  the  truth  ;  a  pretext  is 
something  woven  vp  in  order  to  c.  ver  or 
conceal  one's  true  motives,  feelings,  or 
ends  of  action.  The  piety  of  the  Phar¬ 
isees  was  all  a  pretense,  and  their  long 
prayers  were  a  pretext  to  conceal  their 
hypocrisy. 

Pre -ten's ion,  n.  1.  Act  of  pretend¬ 
ing  or  laying  claim.  2.  Claim  laid. 

PRE-TEN'TIOUS,  a.  Full  of  preten¬ 
sion. 

PriE/TER-lM-p£K'FE€T,  a.  Not  ab¬ 
solutely  or  distinctly  past. 

PrEt'er-it,  or Pre'ter-it,  ct.  [Lat. 
prxleritus ,  gone  or  passed  by.]  Past ; 
—  applied  to  the  tense  in  grammar 
which  expresses  an  action  or  being 
perfectly  past  (called  also  the  perfect 
tense). 

PRET'ER-lTE,  or  Pre'ter-Ite,  a. 
Same  as  Preterit. 

Pre'ter-Y'tion  (-ish'un),  n.  [Lat. 
prxteritio.]  1.  Act  of  going  past; 
state  of  being  past.  2.  ( lliiet.)  A 
figure  by  which,  in  pretending  to 
pass  over  any  thing,  a  summary 
mention  of  it  is  made. 

PRE'TER-MIT',  V.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.] 
[Latr.  prxlermittere  ;  prxter ,  beyond, 
by,  and  mittere,  to  send.]  To  pass 
by ;  to  omit. 

PrE'ter-nat'u-ral,  a.  Beyond  or 
different  from  what  is  natural. 

Pre'ter-nat'u-ral-ly,  adv.  In  a 
preternatural  manner,  or  to  a  pre¬ 
ternatural  degree. 

Pre'ter-per'fegt,  a.  Expressing 
action  or  being  absolutely  past ;  per¬ 
fect. 

Pre'ter-plu'per-fe€T,  a.  [Lat. 
prxter ,  beyond,  plus,  more,  and  per- 
fectus ,  perfect.]  Expressing  action 
or  being  past  at  or  before  another 
past  event  or  time  ;  pluperfect. 

Pre-tExt',  or  Pre'text  (114),  n. 
[Lat.  prxtextum  ;  prxtexere ,  to  weave 
before.]  Ostensible  reason  or  motive. 

Syn.—  See  Pretense. 

PRE'TOR,  n.  [Lat.  prxtor ,  for  prxitor, 
fv.prxire,  to  go  before.]  A  civil  offi¬ 
cer  among  the  ancient  Romans. 

Pre-to'ri-al,  1  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Pre-to'ri-an,  )  pretor  or  judgte ; 
judicial.  [ty  manner. 

PrEt'ti-ly  (prit'ti-),  adv.  In  a  pret- 

PrEt'ti-ness  (prlt'tf-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  pretty  ;  diminutive  beauty. 

PrEt'ty  (pnt'ty),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.] 
[A.-S.  prattig ,  pratig.]  1.  Having 


333 

slight  or  diminutive  beauty.  2.  Af¬ 
fectedly  nice;  foppish.  3.  Mean; 
contemptible.  —  adv.  In  some  de¬ 
gree  ;_  tolerably. 

PRE-VAIL',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
prxvalere ;  prx ,  before,  and  valire,  to 
be  strong,  or  worth.]  1.  To  gain  the 
victory  or  superiority.  2.  To  have 
effect  or  influence.  3.  To  persuade. 

Pre-VAIL'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Having  more 
influence,  power,  or  efficacy.  2.  Most 
general  in  reception  or  extension. 

Syn.  —  Prevalent. 

Prev'a-lence.  n.  Quality  of  being 
prevalent;  superior  strength,  influ¬ 
ence,  or  efficacy. 

Prev'A-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  prxvalens. 
See  Prevail.]  1.  Gaining  advan¬ 
tage.  2.  Most  generally  received.  3. 
Extensively  existing. 

Pre-var'i-eate,  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  prxvaricari,  - catus ,  to  walk 
crookedly.]  To  evade  telling  the 
truth. 

Syn. —To  evade;  equivocate.  — One 
who  evades  a  question  ostensibly  answers 
it,  but  really  turns  aside  to  some  other 
point.  He  who  equivocates  uses  words 
which  have  a  double  meaning,  so  that  in 
one  sense  he  can  claim  to  have  said  the 
truth,  though  he  does  in  fact  deceive, 
and  intends  to  do  it.  He  who  prevari¬ 
cates  talks  all  round  the  question,  hop¬ 
ing  to  “  dodge  ”  it,  and  disclose  nothing. 

PRE-v.Xr'i-€A'TION,  n.  Act  of  shuf¬ 
fling  or  quibbling  to  evade  the  truth. 

Pre-var'i-€A'tor,  n.  One  who  pre¬ 
varicates  ;  a  quibbler. 

PRE-VEN'I-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  prxveniens. 
S ee  infra.]  1.  Going  before ;  preced¬ 
ing.  2.  Preventive. 

Pre-vent',  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
prxrenire,  -ventum  ;  prx,  before,  and 
venire,  to  come.]  1.  To  get  the  start 
of.  [06s.]  2.  To  intercept  and  stop. 

Syn.  —  To  hinder  ;  impede  ;  thwart. 

Pre-vEnt'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  prevented. 

Pre-vEn'tion,  n.  Act  of  prevent¬ 
ing  ;  hindraucc ;  obstruction. 

Pre-vEnt'Y've,  a.  Tending  to  pre¬ 
vent  ;  hindering  the  access  of.  —  n. 
That  which  prevents ;  an  antidote 
previously  taken. 

Pre'VI-oEs,  a.  [Lat.  prxvius,  going 
before ;  prx,  before,  and  via ,  the 
way.]  Being  or  happening  before 
something  else. 

Syn.  —  Antecedent;  preceding;  ante¬ 
rior;  prior;  former. 

Pre'VI-oEs-LY,  adv.  In  time  preced¬ 
ing  ;  antecedently. 

Pre-vI§'ION  (-vizh'un),  n.  [Lat.  prx- 
videre ,  prxvisus,  to  foresee.]  Fore¬ 
sight  ;  foreknowledge. 

Pr^Y,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  preye,  Lat.  prx- 
da.]  Any  thing  taken  by  force,  es¬ 
pecially  in  war.  —  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  collect  spoil ;  to  take  food  by  vio¬ 
lence. 

PrI^e,  n.  [Lat.  pretium.]  1.  Amount 
of  money  at  which  a  thing  is  valued. 

2.  Value;  estimation.  3.  Reward; 
recompense.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  set  a  price  on. 


PRIMARY 

vailing  prices  of  merchandise,  stocks, 
bills  of  exchange,  &c. 

PriGE'less,  a.  Too  valuable  to  ad¬ 
mit  of  being  prized. 

m  Syn.  —  Invaluable;  inestimable. 

I  Prick,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See  the  n.] 
1.  To  pierce  with  any  thing  sharp- 
pointed.  2.  To  mark  by  a  puncture. 

3.  To  form  or  make  by  pricking.  4. 
To  spur  ;  to  incite.  5.  To  affect  with 
sharp  pain.  6.  To  erect, as  something 
pointed,  esp.  the  ears.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
be  pricked  ;  to  feel  as  if  pricked.  2. 
To  spur  onward.  3.  To  deck  one's 
self  out.  —  n.  [A.-S.  priea,  pric.ca.] 
1.  That  which  pricks;  a  pointed  in¬ 
strument.  2.  Sharp,  stinging  pain 

3.  A  puncture. 

Prick'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  piercing.  2. 
A  sensation  of  sharp  pain. 

PllfCK'LE.  n.  [Dim.  of  prick.]  A 
little  prick ;  a  small,  sharp-pointed 
projection. 

Pri'ck'li-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
prickly.  [prickles. 

PrIcic'i.y,  a.  Full  of  sharp  points  or 

Pride,  n.  [A.-S.  pryta,  pryt.]  1. 
State  or  quality  of  being  proud  ;  in¬ 
ordinate  self-esteem.  2.  Noble  self¬ 
esteem.  3.  Arrogance  of  demeanor. 

4.  That  of  which  one  is  proud  ;  that 
which  excites  boasting. 

Syn.  —  Vanity.  —  Pride  is  an  over-val¬ 
uing  of  one’s  self  for  some  real  or  imag¬ 
ined  superiority.  Vanity  is  the  love  of 
being  admired  (not  merely  approved),  so 
that  lie  who  is  vain  has  a  secret  feeling  of 
pleasure  at  being  praised  for  excellence 
which  he  is  perfectly  conscious  of  not 
possessing. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  To  indulge 
in  prido  ;  —  used  reflexively. 

Priest,  n.  [A.-S.  preost,  from  Lat. 
presbyter.  See  PRESBYTER.]  1.  One 
who  officiates  at  the  altar.  2.  A 
presbyter  or  elder ;  a  minister.  3. 
One  who  belongs  to  an  order  between 
bishop  and  deacon. 

Priest'grAft,  n.  Fraud  or  imposi¬ 
tion  in  religious  concerns. 

Priest'ess,  n.  A  female  priest. 

Priest 'hood,  n.  1.  Office  or  char¬ 
acter  of  a  priest.  2.  Order  of  priests. 

Priest'ly,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  be¬ 
coming,  priests  ;  sacerdotal. 

Priest'-rYd'djjn,  a.  Managed  or 
governed  by  priests. 

Prig,  n.  1.  A  pert,  conceited,  saucy, 
pragmatical  fellow.  2.  A  thief. 

PrYg'gish,  a.  Affected;  conceited. 

PRIM,  a.  [From  Lat.  primus,  first.] 
Formal;  precise. — v.  t.  [-MED; 
-MING.]  To  deck  with  great  nicety. 

Pri'MA-gy,  n.  [L.  Lat .  primatia,  fr. 
Lat.  primus ,  primates ,  principal, 
chief.]  Condition  of  being  a  primate ; 
office  or  dignity  of  an  archbishop. 

Pni'MA-DdN'NA,  n.  [It.,  the  first 
lady.]  The  first  female  singer  in  an 
opera.  [the  freight. 

Pri'MA&e,  n.  A  charge  in  addition  to 

PrI'MAL,  a.  [L.  Lat.  primalis,  from 
primus,  the  first..]  First. 

PrI'ma-ri-ly,  adv  In  the  first  place ; 
originally. 

Pri'MA-ry,  a.  [Lat.  primarius,  from 


Price-current,  a  statement  of  the  pre- 


OR,  DO,  wpLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue,pvll;  E,l,  o,  silent ;  G,  soft;  c,  G,  hard  /  Ag;  ejcist  ;  as  ng;  this. 


PRIMATE 


334 


PRO  AND  CON 


primus ,  the  first.]  1.  First  in  order 
of  time.  2.  Preparatory  to  some¬ 
thing  higher.  3.  First  in  dignity  or 
importance.  —  n.  That  which  stands 
highest  in  rank  or  importance. 

PrI'MATE,  n.  [Lat.  primas,  primalis, 
fr.  primus ,  first.]  Chief  ecclesiastic 
in  a  national  church. 

Prime,  a.  [Lat.  primus ,  first.]  1. 
Primary.  2.  First  in  rank,  degree, 
dignity,  importance,  excellence. 

Syn. —  Original;  principal;  excellent. 
—  n.  1.  Beginning,  as  of  the  day, 
the  year,  & c.  ;  dawn  ;  spring.  2. 
Youth  ;  full  of  health,  strength,  or 
beauty.  3.  Best  portion. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  charge  with  the  powder, 
percussion  cap,  or  other  device  for 
communicating  fire  to  the  charge.  2. 
To  lay  the  first  color  in  painting  on. 

PRIM'ER,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  L.  Lat.  primx 
liber ,  i.  e.,  the  book  read  at  prime.] 
1.  An  elementary  book  for  teaching 
children  to  read.  2.  A  kind  of  type, 
of  which  there  are  two  species  — 

Long-primer 

and 

Great-primer. 

PrI-me'val,  a.  [Lat.  primxvus,; 
primus,  first,  and  as  cam,  age.]  Be¬ 
longing  to  the  first  ages  ;  pristine. 

PrIm'ING,  n.  1.  Powder  used  to  com¬ 
municate  fire  to  the  charge  in  a  fire¬ 
arm.  2.  First  color  laid  in  painting. 

PrIm'I-tTve,  a.  [Lat.  primitivus  ; 
primus ,  the  first.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  beginning,  or  to  early  times.  2. 
Formal ;  prim.  3.  Original ;  prima¬ 
ry. —  n.  A  word  not  derived  from 
another. 

PrIm'i-TIVE-ly,  adv.  Originally  ; 
primarily.  [primitive. 

Prim'I-tIve-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

PrYm'LY,  adv.  In  a  prim  or  precise 
manner.  [niceness. 

Pr'im'ness,  n.  Affected  formality  or 

PRFMO-txE'Nl-AL,  a.  [Lat.  primige- 
nius ;  primus ,  first,  and  genere,  to 
beget.]  First  born,  made,  or  gene¬ 
rated. 

PrPmo-Gen'i-tor,  n.  [Lat.  primus , 
first,  and  genitor,  father.]  The  first 
father  or  forefather. 

Pri'mo-gen'i-ture  (53),  n.  1.  Se¬ 
niority  by  birth  among  children.  2. 
Exclusive  right  of  inheritance  of  the 
eldest  son  or  daughter. 

PrT-mor'di-al,  a.  [Lat.  primordia- 
lis ;  primus ,  first,  and  ordiri,  to  be¬ 
gin.]  First  in  order  ;  original. 

PRlM'ROgE,  n.  [Lat.  prima  rosa ,  i.  e., 
the  first  rose.]  An  early  flowering 
plant  closely  allied  to  the  cowslip. 

Prince,  n.  [Lat.  princeps,  principis, 
chief.]  1.  A  chief  ruler  ;  sovereign  ; 
a  monarch.  2.  Son  of  a  king  or  em¬ 
peror.  3.  A  person  of  rank  next  to 
the  sovereign. 

Prin^e'dcm,  n.  Sovereignty,  rank, 
or  estate,  of  a  prince. 

PRIN^E'LY,  a.  1.  Of,  or  relating  to, 


j  a  prince.  2.  Resembling  or  becom¬ 
ing  to  a  prince. 

Princess,  n  1.  A  female  prince.  2. 
Daughter  of  a  king.  3.  Consort  of 
a  prince. 

PRlN'91-PAL,  a.  [See  Prince.]  High¬ 
est  in  rank,  authority,  character,  or 
importance  ;  most  considerable  ; 
chief. — n.  1.  A  chief  or  head ;  one 
who  takes  the  lead.  2.  A  thing  of 
prime  consequence.  3.  A  capital 
sum  of  money,  placed  at  interest. 

Prin^I-pal/I-ty,  n.  1.  Sovereign¬ 
ty  ;  supreme  power.  2.  A  prince. 
3.  Territory  of  a  prince. 

PRlN'91-PAL-LY,  adv  In  a  princi¬ 
pal  manner;  chiefly  ;  mainly. 

PRiN-p'ir'i-A,  n.  pi.  [See  Princi¬ 
ple.]  First  principles ;  elements. 

Prin'ci-ple,  n.  [Lat.  principium,  fr. 
princeps.  See  Prince.]  1.  A  source 
or  origin.  2.  An  original  faculty. 
3.  A  fundamental  truth  ;  elementary 
proposition.  4.  A  right  and  settled 
rule  of  conduct.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  establish  or  fix  in  tenets. 

Prink,  v.i.  or  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  prank.]  1.  To  dress  for  show.  2. 
To  put  on  stately  airs. 

Print,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Abbrev. 
fr.  imprint.]  1.  To  impress ;  to  im¬ 
print.  2.  To  stamp.  3.  To  strike 
off  an  impression  of,  by  means  of  a 
press.  4.  To  mark  by  pressure.  — 
v.i.  1.  To  practice  the  art  of  ty¬ 
pography.  2.  To  publish  a  book. 
—  n.  1.  A  mark  made  by  pressure. 

2.  Impressions  of  types  in  general. 

3.  That  which  is  produced  by  print¬ 
ing,  as  an  engraving  or  a  newspaper. 

PrInt'er,  n.  One  who  prints  books, 
newspapers,  &c. 

Printing,  n.  Act,  art,  or  practice 
of  impressing  letters,  figures,  & c.  ; 
typography. 

PrYnt'ing-Ink,  n.  Ink  used  in  print¬ 
ing  books,  &c,  [printing. 

PrInt'ing-pr£ss,  n.  A  press  for 

PrI'OR,  a.  [Lat.  prior ,  former,  pre¬ 
vious,  better.]  Preceding  in  the  or¬ 
der  of  time.  —  n.  Superior  of  a  pri¬ 
ory.  [convent  of  nuns. 

PrT'or-ESS,  n.  A  female  superior  of  a 

PrI-or'i-ty,  n.  State  of  preceding 
something  else. 

PrI'or-y,  n.  A  religious  house  which 
was  in  dignity  below  an  abbey. 

Syn.  — See  Convent. 

PrIsm,  n.  [Gr.  npLcpa.,  from 
npi^eiv,  to  saw.]  1.  A  solid 
whose  bases  are  any  similar, 
equal,  and  parallel  plane  fig¬ 
ures,  and  whose  sides  are  par¬ 
allelograms.  2.  A  transpa¬ 
rent  body ,  with ,  usually,  three 
rectangular  sides. 

Pri5-mXt'1€,  la.  1.  Like 

Pris-mXt'ic-AL,  1  or  related  rnsn:1, 
to"^  a  prism.  2.  Forjned  by  a  prism. 

PRfs'MOID,  n.  [Gr.  npiapa,  prism, 
and  etfios,  form.]  A  body  somewhat 
like  a  prism. 

PRlg'ON  (prlz'n^n.  [Fr.,  from  Lat. 
prehensio ,  prensio,  a  seizing,  arrest¬ 
ing.]  A  building  for  the  confinement 


of  debtors  and  criminals. — v.  t 
[-ED ;  -ing.]  To  shut  up  in  a 
pi-ison ;  to  confine. 

PrIs'on-er  (prlz'n-er),  n.  One  un¬ 
der  arrest ;  a  captive. 

Pr'iV on-house,  n.  A  jail. 

PRIS'TINE ,  a.  [Lat.  pristinus.]  Be¬ 
longing  to  the  earliest  time. 

Prith'ee.  A  corruption  of  pray  thee. 

PRi'VA-^Y,  n.  [From  private.]  1.  A 
state  of  retirement.  2.  A  place  of 
seclusion  ;  retreat.  3.  Concealment; 
secresy. 

PrJ'vate,  a.  [Lat.  privatus,  prop,  be¬ 
reaved,  deprived.]  1.  Concerning  an 
individual;  peculiar  to  one’s  self.  2. 
Sequestered  from  company  or  ob¬ 
servation  ;  not  public.  3.  Not  pub¬ 
licly  known  ;  not  open.  —  n.  A  com¬ 
mon  soldier. 

PrFVA-teer',  n.  An  armed  private 
vessel  commissioned  to  cruise  against 
the  commerce  of  a  public  enemy.  — • 
v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  cruise  in  a 
privateer. 

Pri'VATE-LY,  adv.  In  private;  not 
openly  or  publicly. 

PRI-VA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  depriving. 
2.  State  of  being  deprived.  3.  Want ; 
absence. 

PrIv'a-TIVE  (110),  a.  Causing  or  in¬ 
dicating  privation.  —  n.  A  prefix  or 
suffix  to  a  word  which  gives  it  a  con¬ 
trary  sense. 

PrIv'et,  n.  [Scot,  pride,  Prov.  Eng. 
primwort.  Cf.  PRIM.]  An  ornament¬ 
al  shrub,  much  used  in  hedges. 

Priv'I-lege,  n.  [Lat.  privilegium , 
fr.  privus,  private,  and  lex,  law.]  A 
peculiar  benefit  or  advantage  ;  aright 
or  immunity  not  enjoyed  by  others. 

Syn. — Prerogative.— It  is  the  privilege 
of  a  Christian  child  to  be  instructed  in 
the  true  religion.  It  is  the  prerogative 
of  a  parent  to  govern  and  direct  his  off¬ 
spring. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  grant  some 
particular  right  or  exemption  to. 

Priv'I-leged,  p.  a.  Invested  with 
a  privilege. 

PrKv'i-ly, adv.  Privately;  secretly. 

Priv'I-ty,  n.  [From  privy  ]  1.  Pri¬ 
vate  knowledge ;  joint  knowledge 
with  another  of  a  private  concern. 
2.  A  private  matter  ;  a  secret. 

Pr'i'v'Y,  a.  [Fr.  prive ,  fr.  Lat.  priva- 
lus.  See  Private.]  1.  Private.  2. 
Secret ;  clandestine.  3.  Secretly 
cognizant.  —  n.  1.  A  partaker.  2. 
A  necessary  house. 

PrIze,  n.  [Fr.  prise,  fr.  pris,  p.  p.  of 
prendre,  to  take.]  1.  Something 
taken  from  another ;  a  thing  seized 
by  force,  stratagem ,  or  superior  pow¬ 
er  ;  esp.,  a  captured  vessel,  or  some¬ 
thing  won  in  a  lottery.  2.  Any  thing 
worth  striving  for.  3.  A  lever,  or 
the  hold  of  a  lever.  —  v.t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  1.  To  estimate  the  value  of. 
2.  To  value  highly.  3.  [See  PRY.] 
To  raise  with  a  lever  ;  to  pry. 
PrIze'-fight'er  (-flt'er),  n.  One 
who  fights  publicly  for  a  reward. 

Pro  and  Con.  [Lat.  pro  and  con¬ 
tra.]  For  and  against. 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,  y,  long A,  fi,t,  6,  0  short ;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  a.ll,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


PROBABILIST 


PROEM 


Prob'a-bil-Ist,  n.  One  of  those  who 
maintain  that  probability  alone  is  to 
govern  our  faith  and  actions. 

Prob'A-bil'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of 
being  probable.  2.  Something  prob¬ 
able.  3.  Ratio  of  the  whole  number 
of  chances  to  the  number  of  favora¬ 
ble  chances. 

Prob'a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  probabilis,  fr. 
probare,  to  try,  approve.]  1.  Likely 
to  be  or  to  be  true.  2.  Giving  ground 
for  belief. 

Prob'a-BLY,  adv.  In  a  probable 
manner ;  with  likelihood. 

Pro'bate  ,  n.  [Lat.  probatus ,  proved.] 
Proof  that  an  instrument  purport¬ 
ing  to  be  a  last  will  and  testament  is 
truly  a  lawful  act.  —  a.  Belonging 
to  a  probate  or  court  of  probate. 

PRO-BA'TION,  n.  [Lat  .probation  Any 
proceeding  to  ascertain  truth,  deter¬ 
mine  character,  &c.  ;  trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-al,  )  a.  Serving  for 

PRO-BA'TION-A-RY,  )  trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-er,  n.  One  who  is 
undergoing  probation. 

Pro'ba-tive,  l  a.  Serving  for  trial 

Pro'ba-to-ry,  )  or  proof;  proba¬ 
tionary. 

Probe,  n.  [See  infra.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  examining  a  wound,  ulcer, 
&c. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  j?ro- 
bare,  to  try,  examine.]  1.  To  exam¬ 
ine  by  means  of  a  probe.  2.  To  ex¬ 
amine  thoroughly  into. 

Pr5b'I-TY,  a.  [Lat.  probitas ,  from 
probus ,  good,  honest  ]  Tried  virtue 
or  integrity. 

Syn.  —  Integrity.  —  Probity  means, 
etymologically,  virtue  which  lias  been 
tried  and  proved  genuine.  Hence,  it 
denotes  unimpeachable  honesty  and  vir¬ 
tue,  shown  especially  by  the  perform¬ 
ance  of  those  obligations  called  imper¬ 
fect,  which  the  laws  of  the  state  do  not 
reach,  and  can  not  enforce.  Integrity 
denotes  a  whole-hearted  honesty,  and 
especially  that  which  excludes  all  injus¬ 
tice  that  might  favor  one’s  self.  It  has  a 
peculiar  reference  to  uprightness  in  mu¬ 
tual  dealings,  transfers  of  property,  and 
the  execution  of  trusts  for  others. 

PROB'LEM,  97.  [Gr.  np6/3\r)/xa,  from 
irpo jSaAAein,  to  throw  or  lay  before.] 
A  question  proposed  for  solution ; 
hence,  a  matter  difficult  of  solution 
or  settlement. 

ProB'lem-Xt'ig,  1  a.  Having  the 

Prob'LEM-Xt'IGAL,  J  nature  of  a 
problem  ;  uncertain  ;  disputable. 

Pno-Bos'pis,  n. ;  pi.  PRO-Bus’pi- 
DEg.  [Gr.  wpo|3o<x/as,  fr.  7rpo,  be¬ 
fore,  and  iSotr/ceie,  to  feed.]  A  hol¬ 
low  tube  projecting  from  the  head  of 
various  animals ;  a  trunk. 

Pro-<jed'ure  (30), 9t.  [See  Proceed, 
infra.]  Act,  manner,  or  result  of 
proceeding  ;  management. 

Proceed',  u,  t.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  [Lat. 
procedere. ,  from  pro,  forward,  and  ce- 
dere ,  to  move.]  1.  To  move,  pass,  or 
go  forward  ;  to  advance.  2.  To  come 
forth  as  from  a  source.  3.  To  act  by 
method. 

Pro'£EED2,  n.  pi.  That  which  comes 
forth  or  results ;  yield  ;  issue ;  pro¬ 
duct;  sum  afforded  by  a  sale. 


335 

Pro-^eed'ing,  n.  Progress  or  move-  ! 
uient  from  one  thing  to  another. 

Process  (proses),  n.  [Lat.  proces¬ 
sus.]  1.  Progress  ;  advance.  2.  Se¬ 
ries  of  actions,  motions,  or  occur¬ 
rences.  3.  (Anat.)  A  projecting  part 
of  any  surface.  4.  YVhole  course  of 
proceedings  in  a  legal  cause. 

Pro-^es'sion  (-sesh'un),  n.  [Lat. 
processio.]  1.  Act  of  proceeding.  2. 
A  train  of  individuals  advancing  in 
order  :  a  retinue. 

Pro-^Es'SION-AL  (-sesh'un-),  a.  Con¬ 
sist  ing  jn  a  procession. 

PRO-CLAIM',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
proclamare ;  pro,  before,  and  claw  are, 
to  call  out.]  To  make  conspicuously 
known  by  public  announcement. 

Syn.—  See  Announce. 

Prog'la-ma'tion,  n.  1.  Official  or 
general  notice  or  publication.  2.  A 
published  ordinance. 

Pro-cliv'J-ty,  n.  [Lat.  proclivitas, 
fr.  pro ,  forward,  and  clivus,  a  hill.] 
1.  Inclination  ;  propensity  ;  tenden¬ 
cy.  2.  Readiness ;  facility. 

PRO-CON'SUL,  9i.  [Lat.  pro,  for,  and 
consul.]  A  Roman  officer;  a  gov¬ 
ernor  of  a  province. 

Pro-con'su-lar,  ( a.  Pertaining 

Pro-con'su-la-ry,  )  to,  or  under 
the  government  of,  a  proconsul. 

Pro-con'sul-ATE,  )  n.  Office  of  a 

Pro-con'sul-shIp,  j  proconsul,  or 
term  of  his  office. 

Pro-grXs'ti-nate,  V.  t.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  procrastinare,  -natum  ; 
pro,  forward,  and  eras,  to-morrow.] 
To  put  off  till  to-morrow,  or  from 
day  to  day. 

Syn.  —  To  postpone;  defer;  delay;  re¬ 
tard;  protract. 

—  v.  i.  To  delay  ;  to  be  dilatory. 

Pro-grXs'ti-na'tion,  n.  A  putting 
off  to  a  future  time  ;  delay. 

Pro-crXs'ti-na'tor,  9i.  One  who 
procrastinates. 

Pro'cre-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  procreare,  -atum ;  pro,  forward, 
and  creare,  to  create.]  To  beget ;  to 
generate. 

Pro'ure-a'TION,  9i.  Act  of  beget¬ 
ting  ;  generation. 

Pro'gre-A'tive,  a.  Having  the  pow¬ 
er  to  beget. 

Pr5'€RE-a'tor,  9 1.  One  who  begets  ; 
a  generator. 

Pro-crOs'te-an,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  resembling  Procrustes,  a  fabulous 
highwayman,  who  tied  his  victims 
on  an  iron  bed,  and,  as  the  case  re¬ 
quired,  either  stretched  out  or  cut  off 
their  legs  to  adapt  them  to  its  length. 

Prog'tor,  9i.  [Contr.  fr.  procurator.] 
1.  An  officer  employed  in  admiralty 
and  ecclesiastical  causes.  2.  An  of¬ 
ficer  who  attends  to  the  morals  of 
students,  and  enforces  obedience  to 
college  regulations. 

Pro-gDm'bent,  a.  [Lat.  procumbens, 
falling,  bending,  or  leaning  forward.] 
Lying  on  the  face ;  prone. 

Pro-gur'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
procured. 


Pro€'u-RA-9Y,  9i.  Office  or  act  of  a 
proctor;  vicarious  management. 

PROU'U-RA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  procuratio. 
See  Procure.]  1.  Act  of  procur¬ 
ing.  2.  Management  of  another’s 
affairs. 

Pro-g'u-ra'tor,  97.  One  who  man¬ 
ages  another’s  affairs. 

Pro-cure',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
procurare,  from  pro,  for,  and  cura, 
care.]  1.  To  acquire  or  provide  for 
one's  self  or  for  another.  2.  To  con¬ 
trive  and  effect. 

Syn.  —  To  gain;  obtain;  acquire;  win; 
earn;  attract. 

PRO-CURE'MENT,  97.  Act  of  procur¬ 
ing;  management;  agency. 

Pro-cur'er,  97.  1.  One  who  pro¬ 

cures.  2.  A  pimp ;  a  pander. 

Pro-CUR'ess,  9i.  A  female  procurer. 

Prod'j-gal,  a.  [Lat.  prodigus,  from 
prodigere,  to  drive  forth,  to  squander 
away.]  1.  Given  to  extravagant  ex¬ 
penditures.  2.  Expended  without 
necessity. 

Syn.  —  See  Profuse. 

—  97.  A  spendthrift. 

Prod'i-gXl'i-ty,  9t.  Extravagance 
in  expenditure  ;  profusion. 

Prod'I-gal-ly,  adv.  Extravagantly. 

Pro-d'i'&'ioCs  (-dlj'us),  a.  [Lat.  pre- 
digiosus.]  1.  Of  the  nature  of  a 
prodigy.  2.  Enormous  in  size,  quan¬ 
tity,  or  extent,  &c. 

Pro-dig'ious-ly  (-dlj'us-),  adv.  1. 
Enormously  ;  wonderfully.  2.  X'ery 
much;  extremely. 

Prod'i-6y,  9i.  [Lat.  prodigium,  for 
prodicium,  fr.  prodicere,  to  foretell.] 
1.  A  portent.  2.  Any  thing  won¬ 
derful,  and  out  of  the  ordinary 
course  of  nature. 

Pro-du^e',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
produc.e.re ;  pro,  forward,  and  ducere, 
to  lead.]  1.  To  offer  to  view  ;  to  ex¬ 
hibit.  2.  To  bring  forth ;  to  give 
birth  to.  3.  To  cause  to  be  or  to  hap¬ 
pen.  4.  To  yield  or  furnish.  5.  To 
lengthen  out ;  to  prolong ;  to  extend. 

Syn.—  To  breed;  bear;  yield;  exhibit; 
give;  cause;  make. 

Pr6d'u<je,  97.  That  which  is  pro¬ 
duced  ;  specifically,  agricultural  prod¬ 
ucts. 

Producer,  n.  One  who  produces. 

Pro-du'<ii-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
produced. 

Prod'UCT,  97.  [Lat.  productum,  from 
productus ,  p.  p.  of  producere,  to  pro¬ 
duce.]  1.  That  which  is  produced  or 
effected ;  fruit  ;  effect ;  result.  2. 
The  number  resulting  from  the  mul¬ 
tiplication  of  two  or  more  numbers. 

Pro-dOg'tion,  9t.  1.  Act  of  produ 
cing.  2.  That  which  is  produced. 

Pro-dC€'tIve,  a.  1.  Having  the 
power  of  producing  ;  yielding  or  fur' 
nishing  results.  2.  Bringing  into 
being  ;  efficient. 

Pro-dDg'tIve-ness,  9i.  Quality  of 
being  productive. 

Pro'em,  97.  [Lat.  prosemium,  Gr. 
npooipLov ;  npo,  before,  and  ol/aos, 
way,  strain  of  a  song.]  Preface;  in¬ 
troduction  ;  prelude. 

g,  hard;  A£  ;  EiciST  ;  if  as  ng  ;  this. 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  toTok  ;  Orn,  rue,  pvel  ;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  <;,(i,soft;  €, 


PROFANATION 


PROLEPSIS 


pROF'A-NA'TION,  n.  [See  PROFANE.] 
Act  of  violating  sacred  things,  or  of 
treating  them  with  contempt. 

Pro-fane',  a.  [Lat.  profanus ,  from 
pro ,  betore,  without,  and  fanum , 
temple.]  1.  Not  sacred  or  holy.  2. 
Treating  sacred  things  with  con¬ 
tempt,  ii-reverence,  or  undue  famil¬ 
iarity  ;  specifically,  given  to  swear¬ 
ing.  —  v.  l.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
treat  with  abuse,  irreverence,  oblo¬ 
quy,  or  contempt.  2.  To  put  to  a 
wrong  or  unworthy  use.  [ence. 

Pro-fane'ly,  adv.  With  irrever- 

Pro-fane'ness  (109),  n.  Quality  or 
character  of  being  profane  ;  esp.  the 
taking  of  God?s  name  in  vain. 

Pro-fa  n'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  or  char¬ 
acter  of  being  profane  ;  profaneness  ; 
blasphemy.  2.  Profane  language. 

Pro-fEss',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
profiteri ,  professus ;  pro,  before,  and 
fateri ,  to  confess.]  1.  To  make  open 
declaration  of.  2.  To  put  on  or  pre¬ 
sent  an  appearance  of.  3.  To  pre¬ 
tend  to  knowledge  of. 

Pro-fEss'ed-ly,  adv.  By  avowal. 

Pro-fEs'sion  (-f^sh'un),  n.  1.  Open 
declaration.  2.  A  liberal  occupation, 
or  one  not  mechanical,  agricultural, 
&c.  3.  Collective  body  of  persons 
engaged  in  a  calling. 

Pro-fEs'sion-al  (-leslv'un-),  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  a  profession.  2.  Pro¬ 
fessed  ;  avowed. 

Pro-fEs'sion-al-ly"  (pro-fesh'un-), 
adv.  By  profession  or  calling. 

Pro-fEss'or,  n.  1.  One  who  makes 
a  formal  profession  of  religion.  2.  A 
public  teacher  of  a  particular  science 
or  branch  of  learning. 

ProF'es-SO'ri-al,  n.  Pertaining  to 
a  professor.  [professor. 

Pro-fEss'or  ship,  n.  Office  of  a 

PROF'FER,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
proferre ;  pro ,  forward,  and  ferre ,  to 
bring.]  To  offer  for  acceptance  ;  to 
propose  to  give ;  to  tender.  —  n.  An 
offer  made ;  something  proposed  for 
acceptance. 

Pro-fi'CIEN£E  (-ffsh'enss),  \n.  Im- 

Pro-f/'cien-^y  (-fish'en-),  )  prove- 
ment ;  progression  in  knowledge. 

Pro-fi'cient  (-ftsh'ent),  a.  Well- 
advanced  in  any  branch  of  knowl¬ 
edge  or  skill. —  n.  [Lat.  proficiens, 
going  forward,  making  progress  ] 
One  who  has  made  considerable  ad¬ 
vances  in  any  business,  art,  or  sci¬ 
ence  ;  an  expert. 

Pro'fILE  (or  pro'feel),  n.  [From  Lat. 
pro ,  or  per,  and  filum,  a  thread,  out¬ 
line,  shape.]  1.  An  outline  or  con¬ 
tour.  2.  A  head  or  portrait  repre¬ 
sented  in  a  side  view. 

Prof'it,  n.  [Lat.  profectus,  progress, 
profit,  from  proficere,  to  go  forward.] 
1.  Acquisition  beyond  expenditure  ; 
pecuniary  gain.  2.  Valuable  results. 

Syn.  — Benefit;  gain;  emolument. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  Tobeofser- 
vice  to;  to  benefit.  —  v.t.  1.  To 
gain  advantage.  2.  To  be  of  use  or 
advantage. 


336 

Prof'it-a-ble,  a.  Yielding  profit  or 
gain. 

Svn.  —  Gainful;  lucrative. 

Prof'it -A -BLY,  adv.  Gainfully  ;  ad¬ 
vantageously. 

Prof'IT-less,  a.  Void  of  profit. 

Prof'li-ga-^y,  n.  A  very  vicious 
course  of  life. 

Prof'-LI-g ate  ,  a.  [Lat.  profliga.tus , 
struck  or  dashed  to  the  ground.] 
Abandoned  to  vice ;  openly  aud 
shamelessly  immoral. 

Syn.  —  See  Abandoned. 

—  n.  An  abandoned  man. 

Pro-found',  a.  [Lut.  profundus ;  pro, 

before,  forward,  and  fundus,  the  bot¬ 
tom.]  1.  Descending  far  below  the 
surface.  2.  Low  bending.  3.  Deep¬ 
ly  felt.  4.  Intellectually  deep.  5. 
Expressing  deep  humility. — n.  1. 
An  abyss.  2.  The  sea  ;  the  ocean. 

Pro-found'ly,  adv.  In  a  profound 
manner;  deeply. 

Pro-found'ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  profound  ;  profundity;  depth. 

Pro-fun'di-ty,  7i.  Quality  of  being 
profound  ;  depth  of  place,  of  knowl¬ 
edge,  of  science,  of  feeling,  & c. 

Pro-fuse',  a.  [Lat.  profusus,  poured 
forth.]  1.  Very  liberal.  2.  Liberal 
to  excess  ;  — often  in  a  bad  sense. 

Syn.  —  Lavish  ;  prodigal.  —  Profuse 
denotes  pouring  out  (as  money,  &c.) 
with  great  fullness  or  exuberance;  ns, 
profuse  in  his  expenditures,  thanks,  &c. 
Lavish  is  stronger,  implying  unnecessary 
or  wasteful  excess;  ns,  lavish  of  his  boun¬ 
ties,  praises,  &e.  Prodigality  is  stronger 
still,  denoting  unmeasured  or  reckless 
profusion ;  ns,  prodigal  of  one’s  strength 
or  blood,  to  secure  some  object. 

Pro-fuse'ly,  adv.  Lavishly;  prod¬ 
igally. 

Pro-fuse'ness,  n.  1.  Prodigality. 
2.  Great  abundance  ;  profusion. 

Pro-fu'sion,  n.  1.  Extravagance  of 
expenditures.  2.  Bich  abundance. 

PROG,  v.  i.  [D.  pragehen,  Ger .  pracli- 
en,  to  beg.]  1.  To  wander  about  and 
beg.  2.  To  steal.  —  n.  1.  Provis¬ 
ions  obtained  by  begging  or  wander¬ 
ing  about ;  food.  [ Low .]  2.  One 

who  seeks  his  victuals  by  wandering 
and  begging. 

Pro-gen'I-tor,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  progig- 
nere,  -genitum,  to  bring  forth,  to  be¬ 
get.]  A  forefather. 

Prog'e-ny,  n.  Descendants ;  offspring. 

Pro g-jvo' s is,  n.  [Gr.  7rpdyv<oat?, 
from  TTpoycyvoicrKeLv ,  to  know  before¬ 
hand.]  Act  or  art  of  foretelling  the 
course  and  event  of  a  disease,  by  par¬ 
ticular  symptoms. 

Prog-nos'ti^,  a.  Indicating  some¬ 
thing  future  by  signs  or  symptoms. 

—  n.  1.  A  sign  by  which  a  future 
event  may  be  known  ;  hence,  a  pre¬ 
diction.  2.  A  symptom  indicating 
the  course  and  event  of  a  disease. 

PROG-NOS'TI€-ATE,  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  [See  supra.]  To  indicate  as 
future ;  to  foretell  from  signs  or 
symptoms. 

Prog-nos'ti-ga'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
foreshowing  or  foretelling  something 
future.  2.  A  previous  sign. 


Prog-nos'ti-ca'tor,  n.  One  who 
prognosticates. 

PRO'GRAMjVIE,  n.  [Gr.  npoypapp.a, 
fr.  npoypd<})eiv ,  to  write  before  or  in 
public.  J  A  brief  outline  or  explana¬ 
tion  of  some  public  exercise  or  per¬ 
formance. 

Prog'ress,  n.  [Lat  progressus,  fr. 
progredi ,  to  go  forth  or  forward.]  1. 
A  moving  or  going  forward  in  space, 
growth,  or  knowledge,  &c.  2.  A 

journey  of  state  made  by  a  sovereign. 

Pro-grEss', v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  make  progress  ;  to  move  forward  ; 
to  proceed  ;  to  advance  ;  to  go  on.  2. 
To  make  improvement. 

Pro-gres'sion  (-gresh'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  moving  forward.  2.  Course;  pas¬ 
sage.  3.  Continued  proportion, arith¬ 
metical,  geometrical,  or  harmonical. 
4.  A  regular  succession  of  chords. 

Syn.  —  Improvement ;  advancement. 

Pro-grEs'sion-al,  a.  Tending  to 
progress;  relating  to  progression. 

PliO-GRESs'l VE ,  a.  1.  Moving  for¬ 
ward  ;  evincing  progress.  2.  Improv¬ 
ing.  [gress. 

Pro-grEss'ive-ly,  adv.  "With  pro- 

PRO-HIB'IT,  V.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
prohibere,  -hibitum,  fr.  pro,  before, 
forth,  and  habere ,  to  have.]  1.  To 
interdict  by  authority.  2.  To  hin¬ 
der  ;  to  debar ;  to  prevent. 

Syn.  —  To  forbid.  —  To  forbid  is  An¬ 
glo-Saxon,  and  is  more  familiar;  to  pro¬ 
hibit  is  Latin,  nnd  is  more  foimnl  or  offi¬ 
cial.  A  parent  forbids  ins  child  to  he 
out  late  at  night  ;  lie  prohibits  his  inter¬ 
course  with  the  profane  and  vicious. 

Pro'iii-bT'tion  (-btsh'un ),  n.  Act  of 
forbidding  or  interdicting ;  interdict. 

Pro-hIb'it-Ive,  la.  Tending  to 

Pko-hib'it-o-ry,  )  prohibit  or  for¬ 
bid  ;  forbidding. 

Project',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
proficere,  - jeciwv ,  fr.  pro,  forward, 
and  jacere,  to  throw.]  1.  To  throw 
out.  2.  To  scheme ;  to  devise.  3. 
To  draw  or  exhibit,  as  the  form  of 
any  thing.  —  v.  i.  To  shoot  forward ; 
to  jut. 

Proj'ECT,  n.  That  which  is  project¬ 
ed  ;  something  intended  or  devised. 

Syn. —  Design.  —  A  project  is  some¬ 
thing  of  a  practical  nature  thrown  out 
for  consideration  ns  to  its  being  done.  A 
design  is  a  project  when  matured  and 
settled,  as  a  thing  to  be  accomplished. 
See  also  Scheme. 

Pro-jEct'Ile,  a.  1.  Impelling  for¬ 
ward.  2.  Given  by  impulse.  —  n. 
A  body  projected  through  the  air, 
as  a  cannon-ball. 

Pro-jEc'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  throw¬ 
ing  forward.  2.  A  part  jutting  out. 
3.  Delineation  ;  plan  ;  esp.  the  rep¬ 
resentation  of  any  object  on  a  per¬ 
spective  plane.  [scheme. 

Pro-jEct'or,  n.  One  who  forms  a 

PRO'LATE,  a.  [Lat.  prolatus,  brought 
forth,  extended.]  Elongated  in  the 
direction  of  a  line  joining  the  poles. 

Pro- Lit  p' sis,  n.  [Gr.  a-poX^is,  fr. 
npoXapfiaveiv,  to  take  beforehand.] 
1.  (  Rhet.)  A  figure  by  which  objec¬ 
tions  are  anticipated  or  prevented. 


i,  e,  I,  6,  u,  y, long;  X,  £,1, 6,  t),  t,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 


PROLEPTIC 


PROPENSE 


2.  An  e»ror  in  chronology,  when  an 
event  is  ante-dated. 

Pro-lep'tio,  I  a.  1.  Pertaining 

Pro-lep'tic-al,  f  to  prolepsis.  2. 
Previous  ;  antecedent. 

Proletaire  (pro'la-tar'),  n.  [Fr. 
One  of  the  common  people  ;  the  com¬ 
monalty. 

Pr5l'i-£IDE,  n.  [Lat.  proles ,  off¬ 
spring,  and  credere,  to  kill.]  Crime 
of  destroying  one's  offspring. 

Pro-lIf'IG,  n.  [Lat.  proles ,  offspring, 
and  facere,  to  make]  1.  Producing 
young  or  fruit ;  generative  ;  produc¬ 
tive.  2.  Fruitful  of  results. 

Pro-lIf'i-€A'tion,  n.  Generation  of 
young  or  of  plants. 

PRO-LIX'  (114),  a.  [Lat.  prolixus,  fr. 
pro,  before,  forward,  and  laxus, 
loose,  wide.]  1.  Extending  to  a 
great  length.  2.  Indulging  in  pro¬ 
tracted  discourse. 

Syn.  —  Diffuse.  —  A  prolix  writer  de¬ 
lights  in  circumlocution,  extended  de¬ 
tail,  and  trifling  particulars.  A  diffuse 
writer  is  fond  of  amplifying,  and  abounds 
in  epithets,  figures,  and  illustrations. 
Diffuseness  often  arises  from  an  exu¬ 
berance  of  imagination;  prolixity  is  al¬ 
most  always  connected  with  a  want  of  it. 

Pro-lTx'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
prolix;  minute  detail. 

Prol'o-cu'tor,  or  Pro-loo'u-tor, 
n.  [Lat.,  from  pro,  before,  for,  and 
loqui,  to  speak.]  Speaker  or  chair¬ 
man  of  a  convocation. 

PRO'LOGUE  (-log),  n.  [Gr.  apoAoyo?, 
from  irpoAeyeiv,  to  say  beforehand.] 
An  introduction  to  a  discourse  or 
performance ;  especially  the  poem 
spoken  before  a  dramatic  perform¬ 
ance  begins. 

Pro-long',  f.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
pro,  before,  forth,  and  longus,  long.] 

1.  To  lengthen  in  time.  2.  To  put 
off  to  a  distant  time.  3.  To  extend. 

Pro'lon-ga'tion,  n.  A  lengthening 
in  time  or  space. 

Pro-lu'§ion,  n.  [Lat.  prolusio ,  fr. 
proludere,  to  prelude  ;  pro,  before, 
and  ludere ,  to  play.]  A  trial  before 
the  principal  performance ;  a  pre¬ 
lude  ;  hence,  trial,  essay. 

Prom'e-nade',  or  Prom'e-nade', 
n.  [Fr.,  fr.  promener,  to  lead,  take 
fora  walk,  se  promener,  to  walk.]  1. 
A  walk  for  amusement  or  exercise. 

2.  A  place  for  walking.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ing.]  To  walk  for  amusement  or 
exercise. 

Pro-me'the-an,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
Prometheus,  fabled  to  have  formed 
men  of  clay,  whom  he  animated  by 
means  of  fire  stolen  from  heaven.  2. 
Life-giving;  inspiring. 

PrQm'i-nen^e,  In.  1.  Conspicuous- 

PrOm'i-nen-^y,  (  ness.  2.  That 
which  stands  out  or  is  conspicuous. 

PROM'l-NENT,  a.  [Lat.  prominens, 
jutting  out,  projecting,  from  pro,  be¬ 
fore,  forward,  and  minere ,  to  jut.]  1. 
Standing  out  beyond  the  surface.  2. 
Likely  to  attract  attention  from  size 
or  position.  3.  Eminent ;  distin¬ 
guished. 

Syn.  — Protuberant;  full;  large;  chief. 


337 

!  Prom'I-nent-ly,  ndv.  In  a  promi¬ 
nent  manner ;  eminently. 

Pro-mIs'CU-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  promiscu- 
us ,  from  pro,  before,  forward,  forth, 
and  miscere ,  to  mix.]  1.  Consisting 
of  individuals  united  in  a  body  with¬ 
out  order.  2.  Distributed  or  applied 
without  order. 

Syn.  — Mixed;  common  ;  indiscrimi¬ 
nate;  confused. 

Pro-mis'EU-ous-ly,  adv.  Without 
order  ;  indiscriminately. 

Prom'ise  ,  n.  1.  A  declaration,  made 
by  one  person  to  another,  which 
binds  the  person  who  makes  it.  2. 
Any  thing  promised.  3.  Ground  or 
basis  of  hope.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  promittere,  -missum ;  pro ,  for¬ 
ward,  forth,  and  mittere,  to  send.]  1. 
To  engage  to  do,  give,  make,  or  to 
refrain  from  doing,  giving,  or  making. 
2.  To  afford  reason  to  expect.  — v.i. 

1.  To  give  assurance  by  a  promise. 

2.  To  afford  hopes. 

Prom'is-er,  n.  One  who  promises. 

Prom'is-so-ry  (50),  a.  Containing  a 

promise  or  binding  declaration. 

PROM'ON-TO-RY,  «.  [Lat.  pro mon to- 
rium ;  pro ,  before,  and  mons,  montis, 
mountain.]  A  high  point  of  land 
projecting  into  the  sea  ;  a  headland. 

Pro-mote',  v.  t.  [-e  d  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
promovere,  -motnm ;  pro,  forward, 
and  movere ,  to  move.]  1.  To  con¬ 
tribute  to  the  growth,  enlargement, 
or  excellence  of.  2.  To  exalt  in  sta¬ 
tion  or  honor. 

Syn.  —  To  forward;  advance;  excite. 

PRO-MOT'ER,  n.  One  who  promotes. 

Pro-mo'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  promoting. 
2.  State  of  being  promoted.  [mote. 

Pro-MO'tI've,  a.  Tending  to  pro- 

Prompt  (84),  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat. 
promptus,  prop,  brought  to  light ; 
hence,  at  hand,  ready;  pro,  forth, 
and  emere,  to  take.]  1.  Ready  and 
quick  to  act.  2.  Quickly,  readily,  or 
cheerfully  performed. 

Syn.  —  Ready  ;  expeditious.  —  One 
who  is  ready  'is  prepared  at  the  moment. 
One  who  is  prompt  is  prepared  before¬ 
hand,  so  as  to  start  at  the  moment  into 
decisive  action.  One  who  is  ex]ieditious 
carries  through  an  undertaking  with  a 
steady,  rapid  progress. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  excite  to 
action  or  exertion.  2.  To  suggest  to 
the  mind  ;  especially  to  assist,  as  a 
speaker  when  at  a  loss. 

Prompt'er,  n.  One  who  prompts. 

PROMPT'I-TUDE  (30),  n.  Quality  of 
being  prompt ;  cheerful  alacrity. 

Prompt'ly,  arfu.  Readily;  quickly. 

Promptness,  n.  Promptitude ;  read¬ 
iness. 

PRO-MUL'GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  promulgare ,  -gatum ,  for provul- 
gare.  Cf.  Diyulge.]  To  make  known 
by  open  declaration,  as  laws,  &c. 

Pro'MUL-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  pro¬ 
mulgating  ;  publication ;  open  dec¬ 
laration.  [mulgates. 

Pro'MUL-G  A/TOR,  n.  One  who  pro- 

Prone,  a.  [Lat.  pronus.]  1.  Bending 
forward.  2.  Flat  on  the  face.  3. 


Headlong  ;  running  downward.  4. 
Sloping.  5.  Inclined;  disposed;  — 
usually  in  an  ill  sense. 

Prone'ness  ( 109),  n.  State  of  being 
prone;  inclination;  disposition. 

PRONG,  n.  [D.  prangen,  to  pinch, 
press.]  Tine  of  a  fork,  & c. 

Pro-nom'1-nal, a.  [Lat. pronominal- 
is.  See  infra.]  Belonging  to  a  pro¬ 
noun. 

PRO'NOUN,  n.  [Lat .  pronomen ;  pro , 
for,  and  nomen,  a  name,  noun.]  A 
word  used  instead  of  a  noun. 

Pro-noun^e',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
pronunciare  ;  pro,  before,  forth,  and 
nunciare,  to  announce.]  1.  To  utter 
distinctly.  2.  To  speak  or  utter  for¬ 
mally,  officially,  or  solemnly. 

Pro-noun^e'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  pronounced 

Pronounced'  (pro-nounst'^a.  [Fr. 
prononce.]  Strongly  marked  ;  decid¬ 
ed.  [A  Gallicism.] 

Pro-noun'cing,  p.  a.  Teaching  or 
indicating  pronunciation. 

Pro-nDn'ci-a-men'to,  n.  [See  in¬ 
fra.]  A  manifesto. 

Pro-jvujv'ci-a'mi-en'to  (-noon'- 
the-a'-),  n.  [Sp.  See  Pronounce  ] 
A  proclamation  or  manifesto. 

Pro-nCn'ci-a'tion  (-shl-),  n.  [See 
Pronounce.]  1.  Act  or  mode  of 
utterance.  2.  Art  or  manner  of  ut¬ 
tering  a  discourse  publicly. 

Proof,  n.  [Lat.  proba,  from  probare, 
to  prove.]  1.  Effort  to  establish  or 
discover  a  fact  or  truth  ;  test.  2. 
That  degree  of  evidence  which  pro¬ 
duces  belief.  3.  Degree  of  strength 
of  alcoholic  spirits.  4.  {Print.)  Atrial 
impression,  taken  for  correction. 

Proof'-sheet,  n.  See  Proof,  4. 

Prop,  v.  t.  [-ped  ; -ping.]  [II.  Ger. 
propfen ,  to  cram,  stuff,  stop.]  1.  To 
support  or  prevent  from  falling.  2. 
To  sustain;  to  support ;  to  stay  ;  up¬ 
hold.  —  n.  That  on  which  any  thing 
rests  for  support.  [propagated. 

Pr5p'a-ga-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Prop'a-gXn'da,  n.  [See  Propa¬ 
gate.]  A  Roman  Catholic  mission¬ 
ary  society  in  Rome. 

Prop'a-gan'dism,  n.  Art  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  propagating  tenets. 

PROP'A-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat,  propagare ,  -gatvm.]  1.  To  con¬ 
tinue  or  multiply  by  generation.  2- 
To  cause  to  spread  or  extend.  3.  To 
extend  the  knowledge  of.  —  v.  i.  To 
have  young  or  issue. 

Prop'A-GA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  prop¬ 
agating.  2.  The  spreading  or  exten¬ 
sion  of  any  thing.  [gates. 

Prop'a-GA'tor,  n.  One  who  propa- 

Pro-pel',  v.  t.  [-led;  -ling.]  [Lat. 
propellere ;  pro,  forward,  and  pe Here, 
to  drive.]  To  drive  forward  ;  to  urge 
onward  by  force. 

Pro-pLl'LER,  n.  1.  One  who  pro¬ 
pels.  2.  A  revolving  screw  for  pro¬ 
pelling  a  steamboat.  3.  A  steamboat 
thus  propelled. 

Pro-pLnse',  a.  [Lat.  propensus,  p. 
p.  of  propmdere ,  to  hang  forth.] 
Inclined;  disposed;  prone. 

Or,  hard;  Ag ;  E£IST;  CfasNGi  THIS 


or,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK:  Orn,  rue,  p\tll  ;  e,i,  o,  silent;  <?,6,so/I;  €, 

22 


PROSECUTOR 


PROPENSION  338 


Pro  pen'sion,  )n.  State  of  being 

Pro-pen'si-ty,  j  inclined  ;  natural 
inclination. 

Prop'er,  a.  [Lat.  proprius.)  1.  Be¬ 
longing  to  as  one’s  own.  2.  Belong¬ 
ing  to  the  essential  constitution  of. 
3.  Befitting  one’s  nature,  property, 
& c.  4.  Adapted  to  the  ends  of  or¬ 
der,  comfort,  beauty,  &c.  5.  Pre¬ 

cise  ;  formal.  6.  Pertaining  to  one 
of  a  species,  but  not  common  to  the 
whole.  [strictly. 

Prop'er-ly,  adv.  Suitably  ;  fitly  ; 

Prop'er-TY,  n.  [Latv  proprietas.]  1. 
A  peculiar  quality  of  any  thing.  2. 
That  to  which  one  has  a  legal  title  ; 
thing  owned  ;  an  estate.  3.  Exclu¬ 
sive  right  of  possessing;  ownei’ship. 

Proph'E-^Y,  ii.  [Gr.  npo^preia  ;  rrpo- 
<fir]Tueiv,to  prophesy.]  1,  A  declaration 
of  something  to  come.  2.  ( Script.)  A 
book  of  prophecies  ;  a  history. 

Proph'e-sy  (54),  v.  t.  [-E d';  -ing, 
142.]  To  foretell,  as  future  ;  to  pre¬ 
dict. —  v.i.  1.  To  utter  predictions. 
2.  (Script.)  To  instruct  in  religious 
doctrines ;  to  exhort. 

Proph'et,  n.  [Gr.  ^poc^r^s ,  lit.  one 
who  speaks  for  another,  esp.  for  a 
god,  fr.  Trpo,  for,  and  (jxxvat,  to  say.] 

1.  One  who  prophesies  ;  a  predicter. 

2.  An  interpreter. 

Pr5ph'et-ess,  n.  A  female  prophet. 

Pro-phet'ic,  1  a.  Containing, 

Pro-phet'ic-al,  j  or  pertaining  to, 
prophecy.  [phetical  manner. 

Pro-phe’t'IE-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  pro- 

Proph7y-LA€'TI€,  v.  A  medicine 
which  defends  against  disease  ;  a  pre¬ 
ventive. 

Proph7y-lXe'TI€,  )  a.  [Gr.  npo- 

PROFH'Y-LXe'TIC-AL,  )  ^uWti/cos, 
from  7 rpo,  before,  and  c/wAdcrcreu',  to 
guard.]  Defending  from  disease  ;  pre¬ 
ventive. 

Pro-pYn'qui-ty  (-pTnk'wl-),  n.  [Lat. 
propinquilas ,  fr.  prope ,  near.]  Near¬ 
ness  in  place,  time,  or  l-elationship. 

Pro-pPti-a-ble  (-pish7!-),  a.  Capa¬ 
ble  of  being  propitiated. 

Pro-pY'ti-ate  (-pishG-at),  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  propitiate , 
- atum ,  from  propitius,  favorable.] 
To  appease  and  render  favorable. 

Pro-pPti-a'tion  (-pish7!-),  n.  Act 
or  means  of  propitiating. 

Pro-pPti-A'tor  (-pish7!-),  n.  One 
who  propitiates. 

Pro-pPti-a-to-ry  (-pish7!-),  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  power  to  make  propitious ; 
expiatory. — n.  (Jewish  Antic/.)  The 
mercy-seat  ;  cover  of  the  ark  of  the 
covenant. 

Pro-pPtioOs  (-pish'us),  a.  [Lat.  pro¬ 
pitius.']  1.  Favorable ;  kind.  2. 
Ready  to  forgive  sins  and  bestow 
blessings.  3.  Favorable. 

Syn.  —  Auspicious.  —  Auspicious  de¬ 
notes  “indicative  of  success,”  or  “fa¬ 
vored  by  incidental  occurrences:  ”  as,  an 
auspicious  opening  or  event.  Propitious 
denotes  that  which  efficaciously  protects 
us  in  some  undertakin  g,  speeds  our  exer¬ 
tions,  and  decides  our  success. 

Pro-pi'tioOs-ly  (-pish'us-),  adv.  In 
a  propitious  manner. 


Pro'PO-lYs,  n.  [Gr.  npon oAis,  from 
7rpo,  before,  and  wdAis,  city.]  A  res¬ 
inous  substance,  used  by  bees  to  stop 
ci’evices  in  their  hives,  &c. 

Pro-po'nent,  n.  [Lat.  proponent , 
- nentis ,  proposing.]  One  who  makes 
a  proposal. 

Pro-por'tion,  n.  [Lat.  proportion  fr. 
pro ,  before,  and  portio,  share.]  1. 
Relation  of  one  portion  to  another, 
or  to  the  whole.  2.  Equal  or  just 
share.  3.  Symmetrical  arrangement. 

4.  Equality  or  similarity  of  ratios. 

5.  The  rule  of  three  in  arithmetic. 

Syn.  —  Symmetry.  —  The  idea  of 

adaptation  is  common  to  both  these 
words,  but  symmetry  denotes  beautiful 
adaptation,  an  idea  notalways  embraced 
in  the  word  proportion. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  adjust 
in  a  suitable  proportion.  2.  To  form 
with  symmetry. 

Pro-pcTr'tion-a-ble,  a.  1.  Capable 
of  being  proportioned.  2.  Propor- 
tionaL  [ing  to  proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-A-bly,  adv.  Accord- 

Pro-por'tion-al,  a.  1.  Having  a 
due  proportion.  2.  Relating  to,  or 
securing,  proportion.  3.  Having  the 
same  or  a  constant,  ratio.  —  n.  Any 
number  or  quantity  in  a  proportion. 

Pro-po  ration- a  I/I -TY,  ii.  Quality 
of  bejng  in  proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-al-ly,  adv.  In  pro¬ 
portion  ;  in  due  degree. 

Pro-por'tion-ate,  a.  Adjusted  to 
something  else,  according  to  a  pro¬ 
portion. 

Pro-por'tion-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  make  proportional. 

Pro-por'tion-ate-ly,  adv.  In  a 
proportionate  manner. 

Pro-po§'al,  n.  That  which  is  offered 
for  consideration  or  acceptance. 

Syn.  —  Proposition:  offer;  tender; 
overture.  See  Proposition. 

Pro-pose',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
proponere ,  - positum ,  fr.  pro,  before, 
forth,  and  ponere,  to  put.]  1.  To 
offer  for  consideration,  discussion, 
acceptance,  or  adoption.  2.  To  pur¬ 
pose  ;  to  intend.  [Recent.]  —  v.  t. 
To  offer  one’s  seif  in  marriage. 

Pro-p5§'er,  n.  One  who  makes  a 
pi’oposition. 

Pr6p'o-§I'tion  (-zTsh'un),  n.  1. 
That  which  is  proposed  or  offered. 
2.  A  complete  sentence. 

Syn.  —  Proposal.  —  Proposition  and 
proposal  mark  different  forms  or  stages 
of  a  negotiation.  A  proposition  is  some¬ 
thing  presented  fordiscussion  or  consid¬ 
eration;  a proposal'vi  some  definite  thing 
offered  by  one  party  to  be  accepted  or 
rejected  h.v  the  other.  If  the  proposition 
is  favorably  received,  it  is  usually  fol¬ 
lowed  by  proposals  which  complete  the 
arrangement. 

Prop'o-sY'tion-al  (-z!sh7un-),  n. 
Pertaining  to,  or  fn  the  nature  of, 
a  proposition. 

Pro-pound',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
proponere.  See  PROPOSE.]  To  lay 
before  ;  to  offer  for  consideration ;  to 
propose. 

Pro-prI'e-ta-ry,  n.  [See  Propri¬ 
ety  ]  1.  A  proprietor.  2.  A  body 


of  proprietors.  — a.  Pertaining  to 
a  proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-tor,  n.  One  who  has  the 
legal  right  to  any  thing;  an  owner. 

Pro-pri'e-tor-shYp,  n.  State  of 
being  proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-tress,  ii .  A  female  pro¬ 
prietor. 

Pro-prI'e-TY,  ii.  [Lat.  proprietas .] 
Suitableness  to  an  acknowledged  or 
correct  standard  or  rule. 

Syn.  —  Fitness  ;  decorum. 

Pro-pugn'  (-pun7),  v.  t.  [Lat.  pro - 
pugnare ;  pro,  for,  and  pugnare ,  to 
fight.]  To  contend  for  ;  to  defend. 

Pro-pugn'er  (-pun7-),  n.  A  defend¬ 
er  ;  a  vindicator. 

Pro-pPl'sion,  n.  [See  Propel.]  Act 
of  driving  forward. 

Pro-pul'sive,  a.  Tending,  or  hav¬ 
ing  power,  to  propel. 

Pro'ro-ga'tion,  n.  Continuance  of 
Parliament  from  one  session  to  an¬ 
other. 

Pro-rogue',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
prorogate  ;  pro,  forward,  and  rogare, 
to  ask  one  for  his  opinion,  vote,  &c.] 

1.  To  prolong ;  to  defer.  2.  To  con¬ 
tinue  from  one  session  to  another  ;  — 
applied  to  the  English  Parliament. 

Syn.  —  See  Adjourn. 

Pro-rup'tion,  n.  [Lat.  prorvptio; 
prorumpere ,  to  burst  forth.]  A  burst¬ 
ing  forth. 

Pro-§A'I€,  )  a.  [Lat.  prosaicus.] 

PRO-SA'IC-AL,  J  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  resembling  prose.  2.  Dull ;  unin¬ 
teresting. 

Pro's a-Yst,  n.  A  writer  of  prose. 

PRO-S<('E'NI-t/M,  n.  [Gr.  TTpocrKr/nov  ; 
wpo,  before,  and  cnepv-q,  a  tent,  stage.] 
Part  of  the  stage  in  front  of  the  drop- 
scene  of  a  theater. 

Pro-scribe',  r.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
proscribere  ;  pro,  before,  and  srribere, 
to  write.]  1.  To  doom  to  destruction. 

2.  To  denounce  as  dangerous  and 
not  xvorthy  of  reception. 

Syn. —  To  outlaw;  doom. 

Pro-scr!b'er.  n.  One  who  proscribes. 

Pro-scrYp'tion,  n.  [See  supra.]  1. 
Act  of  proscribing  or  dooming  to 
death,  exile,  or  outlawry.  2.  State 
of  being  proscribed. 

Pro-SCRLP'tYve,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  in,  proscription. 

Prose,  n.  [Lat.  prosa,  equivalent  to 
prorsa  (sc.  oratio),  from  prorsus , 
straight  forward,  straight  on.]  Lan¬ 
guage  not  in  verse.  —  v.  i.  To  talk 
in  a  dull,  tedious  manner.  —  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to,  or  composed  of,  prose. 
2.  Unpoetical. 

PROS'E-CUTE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  prosequi,  -seevtus.  fr.  pro ,  for¬ 
ward,  and  sequi,  to  follow.]  1.  To 
pursue  with  a  view  to  reach,  execute, 
or  accomplish.  2.  To  seek  to  obtain 
by  legal  process. 

Pros7e-€iT'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  pros¬ 
ecuting.  2.  The  institution  and  car- 
rving  on  of  a  suit  in  a  court  of  law. 

Pros'e-€U7tor,  n.  One  who  prose¬ 
cutes. 


A,  e,  i,  o,u,y ,long;  X,  £,  I, 6, 0,  ¥,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n, 


PROSELYTE  339  PROUD 


PROS'E-LYTE,  «.  [Gr.  wpocn]  Autos, 
a  new  comer.]  A  new  convert. 

Syn.  —  See  Convert. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  convert 
to  some  religion,  opinion,  or  system. 

Pros'e-ly-tIsm,  n.  The  making  of 
converts. 

pROg'ER,  ii.  1.  A  writer  of  prose.  2. 
A_  tedious  writer  or  speaker. 

Pro§'i-i.,y,  adv.  In  a  prosy  manner; 
tediously .  [slavery . 

Pro-sla V'er-Y,  a.  Being  in  favor  of 

PRO-so'Dt-AL,  )  a.  [Gr.  npoawSi- 

Pro-sod'ic-AL,  )  no?.]  According 

to  the  rules  of  prosody. 

Pro-so'di-an,  [  n.  One  skilled  in 

Pros'o-dist,  ]  prosody. 

Pros'O-dy,  n.  [Gr.  7rpooWua,  a  song 
sung  to  or  with,  an  accompanying 
song,  the  accent  accompanying  the 
pronunciation.]  That  part  of  gram¬ 
mar  which  treats  of  the  quantity  of 
syllables,  of  accent,  and  of  the  laws 
of  versification. 

Pros' o-po-pce’ia  (-p3'ya),  n.  [Gr. 
rrpocrujnoTroua;  npoaiorrov ,  a  face,  per¬ 
son,  and  noielv,  to  make.]  A  figure 
by  which  things  are  represented  as 
persons,  or  an  absent  person  is  intro¬ 
duced  as  speaking ;  personification. 

Pros'pegt,  n.  [hat.  prospectus ,  fr. 
prospicere ,  to  look  forward.]  1.  That 
which  is  embraced  by  the  eye  in  vis¬ 
ion.  2.  A  widely  extended  view  ;  a 
landscape.  3.  A  position  which  af¬ 
fords  a  fine  view.  4.  Position  of  the 
front  of  a  building.  5.  Ground  or 
reason  for  hoping. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  search  or  examine  for. 
[Amer.] — v.i.  To  make  a  search. 

Pros-pegtGve,  a.  1.  Looking  for¬ 
ward  in  time.  2.  Relating  to  the 
future. 

Pro-speg'tus,  n.  [Lat.,  a  prospect.] 
Plan  of  a  literary  work,  containing 
the  terms  of  publication,  &c. 

Pros'per,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
prosperare ,  from  prosper.  See  PROS¬ 
PEROUS.]  To  favor  ;  to  render  suc¬ 
cessful.  —  v.  i.  To  be  successful. 

Syn. —To  succeed;  flourish;  thrive. 

Pros-per'i-ty,  n.  Successful  pro¬ 
gress  in  any  business  or  enterprise. 

Pros'per-ous,  a.  [Lat.  prosperus  or 
prosper ;  pro ,  according  to,  and  spe- 
rare,  to  hope.]  1.  Succeeding  in  the 
pursuit  of  any  thing  desirable.  2. 
Favoring  success. 

Syn.  —  Fortunate;  successful;  favor¬ 
able.  See  Fortunate. 

Pros'per-oDs-LY,  adv.  In  a  pros¬ 
perous  manner. 

PROS'THE-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  npocrOecns, 
fr.  TTpocTTiOevat.,  to  put  to,  to  add.] 
A  prefixing  one  or  more  letters  to  the 
beginning  of  a  word. 

pROS'TI-TUTE  (30),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  prostituere ,  - tit  turn ,  fr.  pro ,  be¬ 
fore,  forth,  and  statuere ,  to  put.]  1. 
To  offer,  as  a  woman,  to  a  lewd  use. 
2.  To  devote  to  base  purposes.  —  a. 
Openly  devoted  to  lewdness  ;  devoted 
to  infamous  purposes.  —  n.  A  woman 
given  to  indiscriminate  lewdness  ;  a 
strumpet. 


Pros'ti-tu'tion,  n.  1.  Common 
lewduess  of  a  female.  2.  Act  of  set¬ 
ting  one’s_self  to  sale.  [titutes. 

Pros'TI  TU'TOR,?!.  ‘One  who  pros- 

PROS'TRATE,  (X.  [See  infra.}  1.  Ly¬ 
ing  at  length.  2.  Occupying  a  low¬ 
ly  or  suppliant  position. 

Pros'trate,i\  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
prosternere,  -stratum ,  fr.  pro ,  before, 
forward,  and  sternere ,  to  stretch  out.] 
To  lay  or  fall  fiat ;  to  throw  down. 

Pros-tra'tion,  u.  [See  supra.]  1. 
Act  of  throwing  or  falling  down,  or 
laying  flat.  2.  Condition  of  being 
prostrate.  3.  Great  oppression  of 
natural  strength. 

PRO'STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  wpocm/Aos  ;  7 rpo, 
before,  and  crrv Aos,  pillar.]  A  porti¬ 
co  in  which  the  columns  stand  in  ad¬ 
vance  of  the  building. 

Pro^'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -est,142.]  1.  Like 
prose.  2.  Dull  and  tedious. 

PRO-SY'l/L.O-GlgM,  n.  A  syllogism 
logically  essential  to  another. 

Prot’A-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  npoTaav; ,  from 
v-poreLveiv,  to  stretch  before,  for¬ 
ward.]  Subordinate  member  of  a 
sentence,  generally  of  a  conditional 
sentence. 

Pro'te-an,  a.  Relating  to  Proteus, 
a  sea-god  who  had  the  faculty  of  as¬ 
suming  different  shapes  ;  hence,  read¬ 
ily  changing  the  form  or  appearance. 

Pro-tect',  r.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
protcgere,  - tectum ,  fr.  pro ,  before, 
and  tegere,  to  cover.]  To  shield  from 
danger  or  injury. 

Syn.  —  See  Defend. 

Pro-tLg'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  preserv¬ 
ing  from  loss,  injury,  or  annoyance. 
2.  That  which  pri  tects. 

Syn.  —  Defense;  shelter. 

Pro-teg'tion-ist,  n.  One  who  fa¬ 
vors  the  protection  of  some  branch 
of  industry  by  legal  enactments. 

Pro-TE€T'ive,  a.  Affording  protec¬ 
tion. 

Pro-TE€T'or.  n.  One  who  defends 
or  shields  from  injury  or  oppression. 

PRO-TE€T'OR-ATE,  n.  Government 
by  a  protector. 

Pro-tLct'or-ship,  n.  Office  of  a 
protector  or  regent. 

Pro-tegt'ress,  n.  A  woman  who 
protects. 

Pr o tP g£  (pro'tii'zha'),  n  [Fr.,p.p. 
of  protcger ,  to  protect.]  One  under 
the  care  and  protection  of  another. 

Protegee  (prd'ta'zha'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
woman  or  girl  under  the  protection 
of  another. 

Pro-test'  (115),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  protestari. ;  pro,  before,  and 
testari ,  to  testify.]  1.  To  affirm  in  a 
public  or  formal  manner.  2.  To 
make  a  solemn  declaration  expressive 
of  opposition. 

Syn.  — To  affirm  ;  assert;  attest;  de¬ 
clare.  See  Affirm. 

—  v.t.  To  make  a  solemn  declara¬ 
tion  or  affirmation  of. 

To  protest  a  note,  to  make  a  solemn 
written  declaration,  on  behalf  of  the 
holder,  against  all  parties  liable,  for  any 
damage  to  be  sustained  by  the  non-ac¬ 


ceptance  or  the  non-payment  of  a  bill 
or  note. 

Pro'test,  n.  A  solemn  declaration 
of  opinion,  commonly  against  some 
act.  —  See  the  verb. 

Prot'est-ant,  a.  1.  Making  a  pro¬ 
test.  2.  Pertaining  to  the  Protest¬ 
ants.  —  u .  One  who  protests  against 
the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

PROT'EST-ANT-l§M.  n.  The  Protest' 
ant  religion. 

Prot'es-ta'tion,  n.  A  solemn  dec* 
laration,  especially  of  dissent. 

Pro-test'er,  n.  One  who  protests. 

Pro-tiion'o-ta-ry,  n.  [Lat.  proto- 
notarius,  fr.  Gr.  wpcoros,  first,  and 
Lat.  notarius,  a  scribe,  notary.]  1. 
A  chief  notary  or  clerk.  2.  A  regis¬ 
ter  or  chief  clerk  of  a  court.  \Amer.] 

PRO'TO-COL,  n.  [Late  Gr.  npuroKoX- 
Aov,  the  first  leaf  glued  to  notarial 
documents,  on  which  the  date  was 
written,  fr.  a-pwros,  first,  and  ko AAa, 
glue.]  1.  Original  copy  of  any  writ¬ 
ing,  as  of  a  treaty.  2.  Rough  draught. 

PRO'TO-MAR'TYR,  11.  [Gr.  npioro- 
papTvp ;  TrpdoTOV,  first,  and  paprvp, 
martyr.]  The  first  martyr,  Stephen. 

Pro'TO-PEXst,  n.  [Gr.  npiOToirKaa- 
ros,  formed  or  created  first.]  The 
thing  firs_t  formed ;  an  original. 

Pro'to-type,  n.  [Gr.  TrpaiTOTvnos, 
-tvttov,  fr.  7rpwTO?,  first,  and  tu7tos, 
type.]  An  original  after  which  any 
thing  is  copied. 

Syn.  —  Pattern;  exemplar;  archetype. 

Pro-tract',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
protrahere ,  -traction;  pro,  forward, 
and  trahere,  to  draw  ]  1.  To  draw 

out  in  time.  2.  To  put  off  to  a  dis¬ 
tant  time.  3.  To  lay  down  with  scale 
and  protractor. 

Syn.  —  To  prolong;  continue;  delaj*; 
defer;  postpone;  retard. 

Pro-TRA€'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  draw¬ 
ing  out  in  time.  2.  A  laying  down 
on  paper  the  dimensions  of  any 
thing,  as  a  field. 

Pro-tragt'Ive ,  a.  Drawing  out  or 
lengthening  in  time  ;  delaying. 

PRO-TRACT'OR,  n.  1.  One  who  pro¬ 
tracts.  2.  A  mathematical  instru¬ 
ment  for  laying  down  and  measuring 
angles  on  paper. 

Pro-trude',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
protrudere  ;  pro,  forward,  forth,  and 
trudere,  to  thrust.]  To  thrust  out, 
as  through  a  narrow  orifice.  —  v.i. 
To  shoot  or  be  thrust  forward. 

PRO-TRU'siON,  it.  1.  Act  of  thrust¬ 
ing  forward,  or  beyond  the  usual 
limit.  2.  State  of  being  protruded. 

Pro-tru'sIve,  a.  Impelling  forward. 

Pro-tu'ber-an^e,  ii.  [See  infra.] 
Any  thing  swelled  or  pushed  beyond 
the  surface;  a  projection. 

PRO-TU'BER-ANT,  a.  Prominent  be¬ 
yond  the  surface ;  swelling. 

Pro-tu'ber-ate,  v.  i.  [Lat.  protio 
berare ,  -ratum  ;  pro,  forward,  forth, 
and  tuber,  a  hump,  swelling.]  To 
swell  or  bulge  out. 

Pro-tu'ber-X'TION,  n.  Act  of  swell¬ 
ing  beyond  the  surface. 

Proud,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.prfM.] 

N  as  NG  ;  THIS- 


6r,  do,  WOLF,  TOO, toTok  ;  Orn, RUE,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  g,  soft;  E,o,hard;  A§;  ejist; 


PROUDLY 


PSEUDONYM 


1.  Feeling  or  manifesting  pride  ;  es¬ 
pecially  inordinate  self-esteem.  2. 
Giving  reason  or  occasion  for  pride. 

Proud  fesh  {Med.),  a  fungous  growth 
of  flesh  in  a  wound. 

S vx.  —  Conceited  ;  arrogant ;  super¬ 
cilious;  lofty;  splendid;  ostentatious. 

PROUD'LY ,adv.  AVith  inordinate  self¬ 
esteem  ;  in  a  proud  manner. 

Prov'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
proved. 

Prove  (prcTbv),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  probare.]  1.  To  ascertain  by  an 
experiment,  test,  or  standard.  2.  To 
establish  as  truth,  reality,  or  fact.  3. 
To  ascertain  the  genuineness  or  va¬ 
lidity  of.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  make  trial.  3. 
To  be  found  by  experience  or  trial.  . 

Prov'en  (prcTov'n),  p.  p.  Same  as 
Proved.  [ A  Scotticism.] 

Prov'EN-DER,  n.  [Fr.  provende,  pro¬ 
visions,  provender,  fr.  Lat.  providere , 
to  provide.]  Dry  food  for  beasts,  as 
corn,  hay,  or  oats. 

Pr5v'erb,  n.  [Lat.  proverbium  ;  pro, 
before,  for,  and  verbum,  a  word.]  1. 
A  familiar  sentence  briefly  and  forci¬ 
bly  expressing  a  practical  truth.  2. 
A  by-word ;  expression  of  contempt. 

Syn.  —  Maxim;  aphorism;  apothegm; 
adage;  saw. 

Pro-verb'i-ae,  a.  1.  Mentioned  in 
a  proverb  ;  hence,  universally  spoken 
of.  2.  Pertaining  to  proverbs  ;  re¬ 
sembling  a  proverb. 

Pro-verb'i-al-Lsm,  n.  A  proverbial 
phrase. 

Proverb'I-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  prov¬ 
erb  ;  hence,  commonly. 

Provide',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
providere,  fr.  pro ,  before,  and  videre, 
to  see.]  1.  To  get,  collect,  or  make 
ready  for  future  use.  2.  To  furnish. 

PRO-VID'ED,  conj.  On  condition  ;  if. 

Pr&v'i-dence,  7i.  [See  infra.]  1. 
Act  of  providing  or  preparing  for  fu¬ 
ture  use.  2.  The  foresight  and  care 
which  God  exercises  over  his  crea¬ 
tures  ;  hence,  God  himself. 

Prov'I-dent,  a.  Foreseeing  wants  and 
making  provision  to  supply  them. 

Syn.  —  Careful;  prudent. 

Pr5v/I-d£n'TIAL,  a.  Effected  by,  or 
referable  to,  divine  providence. 

Prov'i-dLn'tial-ly,  adv.  In  a 
providential  manner. 

Prov'i-dent-ly,  adv.  With  pru¬ 
dent  foresight. 

Prov'ev^e,  «.  [Lat.  provincia ;  pro, 
before,  for,  and  vincere ,  to  conquer.] 
1.  A  country  or  regiou  dependent  on 
a  distant  authority.  2.  A  region  of 
country ;  a  tract.  3.  A  division  in 
any  department  of  knowledge.  4. 
One’s  proper  or  appropriate  business. 

Pro-vIn'cial,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
province.  2.  Countrified ;  rude. 

Pro-vin'cial-I§M,  n.  A  peculiar  word 
or  manner  of  speaking  in  a  province 
or  remote  district. 

Pro-vi5'ion  (-vizh'un),  n.  [Lat.  pro¬ 
vision  1.  Act  of  providing.  2.  That 
which  is  provided ;  measures  taken 
beforehand.  3.  A  stock  of  food  ;  eat¬ 
ables  collected.  4.  A  previous  agree- 


340 

ment ;  a  proviso.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  supply  with  stores  of  food. 

Pro-vi§'ION-al  (-vizh'un-),  a.  Pro¬ 
vided  for  present  need  or  for  the  oc¬ 
casion  ;  temporary. 

Pro-vI§'ion-al-ly,  adv.  By  way  of 
provision ;  temporarily. 

Pro-vI§'ion-a-ry,  a.  Provisional. 

Pro-vi'so,  7i. ;  pi.  PRO-Vi'gog.  [Lat., 
it  being  provided.]  A  conditional 
stipulation. 

Pro-vi'sor,  n.  [See  Provide.] 
Steward  or  treasurer  of  a  religious 
house. 

Pro-vi'so-RY,  a.  1.  Containing  a 
proviso ;  conditional.  2.  Making 
temporary  provision  ;  temporary. 

Prov/o-€A'TION,  7i.  [Lat.  provoca¬ 
tion  1-  Act  of  provoking.  2.  That 
which  excites  anger. 

Pro-vo'ga-TIVE,  a.  Serving  or  tend¬ 
ing  to  provoke.  — n.  Any  thing  that 
tends  to  provoke  ;  a  stimulant. 

Pro-voke',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
provocare ;  pro,  forth,  and  vocare,  to 
call.]  1.  To  call  forth  ;  to  excite  to 
action.  2.  To  anger  ;  to  offend. 

Syn.— See  Irritate. 

Prov'ost  (prov'ust).  n.  [Lat.  prx- 
positus,  placed  before,  a  chief,  fr. 
prxponere ,  to  place  before.]  A  chief 
magistrate  of  a  city  or  town  ;  head  of 
a  college. 

Provost-marshal  (usually  pron.  pro- 
vo  )  {Mil.),  an  officer  appointed  to  arrest 
deserters,  indict  offenders,  &c. 

Prov'ost-ship,  7i.  Office  of  a  pro¬ 
vost. 

Prow  (prou),  n.  [Fr.  prone ,  Gr.  wpco- 
pa.]  The  fore  part  of  a  ship. 

Prow'ess  (prou'es),  n.  [Fr.  ptouesse, 
from  Lat.  probus,  excellent.]  Distin¬ 
guished  bravery ;  especially,  military 
bravery  ;•  gallantry. 

PROWl/(proul),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[From  a  hypoth.  0.  Ev.  proieler,  dim. 
of  proier,  Lat.  prxdari ,  to  plunder, 
from  pixda,  prey.]  To  rove  over, 
through,  or  about. — v.  i.  To  wand¬ 
er,  especially  for  prey. 

Prowl'er,  n.  One  that  prowls. 

Prox'I-MATE,  a.  [Lat.  proximare, 
-matus,  to  draw  or  come  near.]  Next 
immediately  preceding  or  following. 

Syn.  —  Nearest;  next;  closest;  imme¬ 
diate;  direct.  , 

Prox'i-mate-ly,  adv.  In  a  proxi¬ 
mate  position  or  manner. 

PROX-IM'1-TY,  n.  State  of  being  next 
in  time,  place,  or  influence,  &c. 

Prox'i-mo,  ti.  [Lat. ,  on  the  next.] 
A  day  of  the  next  month. 

Prox'y,  ti.  [Contr.  fr.  procuracy.  Cf. 
Proctor.]  1.  Agency  of  one  who 
acts  as  a  substitute.  2.  A  substitute 
or  deputy.  3.  A  writing  by  which 
one  person  authorizes  another  to 
vote  in  his  place.  [a  proxy. 

Prox'y-shIp,  ti.  Office  or  agency  of 

Prude,  n.  [Fr .prude,  orig.  discreet, 
modest,  fr.  Lat.  probus,  good,  proper, 
virtuous.]  A  woman  of  affected  or 
over-sensitive  modesty. 

PRU'DEN(!E,  7i.  State  of  being  pru¬ 
dent;  wisdom  applied  to  practice. 


PRU'DENT,  a.  [Lat.  prudens,  contr 
fr.  providens.  See  Provident.]  1. 
Practically  wise  ;  careful.  2.  Dic¬ 
tated  by  prudence.  3.  Frugal ;  eco¬ 
nomical. 

Syn._ —  Cautious  ;  circumspect  ;  dis¬ 
creet;  judicious;  provident. 

Pru-den'tial,  a.  1.  Proceeding  from 
prudence.  2.  Exercising  prudence; 
advisory. 

Pru'dent-ly,  adv.  AVith  prudence. 

Prud'er-y,  h.  [See  Prude.]  Affect¬ 
ed  scrupulousness  ;  coyness. 

Prud'ish,  a.  Like  a  prude;  very  pre¬ 
cise  or  reserved. 

Prune,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Eng. 
proine ,proig7ie,  fr.  Fr.  provigner,  to 
lay  down  vine  stocks  for  propaga¬ 
tion.]  1.  To  lop  off,  as  superfluous 
branches  of  trees.  2.  To  dress  or 
trim,  as  a  bird  its  feathers.  —  n. 
[Lat.  prunum ,  a  plum,  prunus ,  a 
plum-tree.]  A  dried  plum. 

Pru-nel/lA,  1  ti.  [Prob.  from  itscol- 

Pru-NEL'lo,  )  or  resembling  that 
of  prunes.]  A  smooth,  woolen  stuff, 
used  for  shoes,  &c.  :  a  kind  of  lasting. 

PRU-NEL'LO,  n.  [Dim.  ofprv7ie.  See 
Prune.]  A  species  of  dried  plum. 

Prun'ing-hook,  In.  A  cut- 

Prun'ing-knife  (-nlf),  (  ting  in¬ 
strument  used  in  pruning  trees. 

Pru'ri-en^e  1  (89),  7i.  An  itching 

PRU'RI-EN-^Y  ]  desire  or  appetite. 

Pru'ri-ent,  a.  [Lat.  prjiriens,  itch¬ 
ing.]  Uneasy  with  desire  ;  i telling. 

Ppu-JRPgo,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  prurire,  to 
itch.]  A  disease  of  the  skin,  of  which 
itching  is  the  principal  symptom. 

Prus'siAn  (priislPan  or  prob'shau),  a. 
Pertaining  to  Prussia. 

Prussian  blue,  cyanide  of  potassium 
and  iron,  a  salt  of  a  beautiful  deep  blue. 
—  n.  A  native  of  Prussia. 

PRUS'SIG  (prus'ik  or  prcTo'sik),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  Prussian  blue. 

Prussic  acid,  hydrocyanic  acid,  for¬ 
merly  so  called  because  obtained  from 
Prussian  blue.  It  is  a  virulent  poison. 

Pry,  v.  i.  To  inspect  closely  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing,  142.]  To  raise,  or  at¬ 
tempt  to  raise,  with  a  lever.  —  n. 
[A  corruption  of  prize.  A  lever. 

Psalm  (sam), «.  [Gr.  \jja\pos,  x//d\pa.] 
1.  A  sacred  song.  2.  One  of  the 
hymns  by  David  ;  or  a  modern  ver¬ 
sification  of  the  same. 

Psalm'ist  (sanPist),  «.  A  writer  of 
sacred  songs. 

PsAl'mo-di'st  (s&Pmo-dist),  n.  One 
who  sings  sacred  songs. 

PsXl'mo-dy  (siAPmo-d^),  n.  [Gr.  \}/a\- 
/awfit '.a;  xf/aXpoi,  psalm,  and  a 
song.]  1.  Practice  or  art  of  singing 
psalms.  2.  Psalms  collectively. 

Psal-mog'RA-piiy  (sal-),  71.  The 
writing  of  psalms. 

Psal'ter  (sawl'ter),  n.  The  Book  of 
Psalms  as  printed  in  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer. 

PsAL'TER-Y  (sawl'ter-y),  n-  ILat. 
psalterinm.]  A  stringed  instrument 
of  music  used  by  the  Hebrews. 

Pseu'do-nym  I  (su'do-),  n.  [Gr. 

PSEU'DO-NYME  )  xpevSrj';,  false,  and 


L,  E,  I.  o,u,  Y,  long;  X,  fi,Y,  6,  0,  V,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  fiRE,  VEIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  firm ;  s6N, 


PSEUDONYMOUS 


341 


PULSATIYE 


ouvpa,  name.]  A  fictitious  name 
assumed  by  an  author. 

Pseu-don'y-mous  (su-),  a.  Bearing 
a  fictitious  name. 

Pshaw  (shaw),  interj.  Pish  !  pooh  ! 

—  expressive  of  contempt  or  dislike. 

PsY'enie  1  (si'luk),  a.  [Gr. 

Psy'ghiu-al  f  xo?,  fr.  soul, 

mind.]  Relating  to  the  human  soul. 

PSY'UHO-LOG'ie  Hsl'ko-),  a.  Per- 

Psy'uho-l6£'I€-AL  J  taining  to 
psychology. 

Psy-uhol'o-gTst  (sl-koP-),  n.  One 
who  is  versed  in  the  nature  and  prop¬ 
erties  of  the  soul. 

Psy-uhol'o-gy  (sl-koP-),  n.  [Gr. 
i l/v\ri,  soul,  mind,  and  Xoyog,  dis¬ 
course.]  Scientific  knowledge  of  the 
powers  and  functions  of  the  human 
soul,  so  far  as  they  are  known  by 
consciousness. 

Psy'cho-man^y  (sPko-),  n.  [Gr. 
'\,vX*h  soul,  and  pavrela.,  divination.] 
Divination  by  consulting  the  souls  of 
the  dead. 

PTAR'Ml'-GAN  (tar'-^n.  [Gael,  tarma- 
c/ian.]  A  bird  of  the  grouse  family. 

Ptol/e-ma'IG  (toPe-),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Ptolemy,  who  supposed  that  the 
sun  and  stars  revolved  around  the 
earth . 

PTY'A-LISM  (tPa-llzm),  n.  [Gr.  nrva- 
AtcT(u.os,  fr.  muahov,  spittle.]  A  mor¬ 
bid  and  copious  excretion  of  saliva  ; 
salivation. 

Pu'BER-TY,  n.  [Lat.  pubertas,  from 
puber,  pubes,  adult.]  The  age  at 
which  persons  are  capable  of  beget¬ 
ting  or  bearing  children. 

Pu-BES'^ENCE,  n.  1.  State  of  puber¬ 
ty.  2.  The  soft,  short  hairs  on  plants. 

Pu-BES^ENT,  a.  [Lat.  pubescens, 
reaching  the  age  of  puberty,  grow¬ 
ing  hairy.]  1.  Arriving  at  puberty. 
2.  Covered  with  pubescence. 

PlJB'Lie,  it.  [Lat.  publicus,  poplicus, 
fr.  populicus,  fr.  populus,  people.]  1. 
Relating  to  a  nation,  state,  or  commu¬ 
nity.  2.  Open  to  the  knowledge  of 
all.  3.  Open  to  common  use. 

Syn.  —  Common  ;  current  ;  general. 

—  n.  General  body  of  mankind ;  the 
people,  indefinitely. 

Pub'li-can,  n.  [Lat.  publicanus.  See 
supra.]  1.  (Rom  Antiq.)  A  collec¬ 
tor  of  tribute.  2.  Keeper  of  an  inn 
or  public  house. 

PUB'LI-UA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  publicatio. 
See  Publish.]  1.  Act  of  publish¬ 
ing.  2.  Act  of  offering  a  book  or 
writing  to  the  public.  3.  Any  pam¬ 
phlet  or  book  published. 

Syn.  — Proclamation  ;  annunciation  ; 
disclosure;  revelation. 

Pub'li-^IST,  ti.  A  writer  on  the  laws 
of  nations. 

PUB-Lig'l-TY,  n.  State  of  being  pub¬ 
lic  ;  notoriety. 

P&B'LTe-LY,  ado.  1.  Without  conceal¬ 
ment.  2.  In  the  name  of  the  com¬ 
munity. 

POb'lish,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
publicare.  See  PUBLIC.]  1.  To  make 
public;  to  promulgate  or  proclaim. 
2.  To  put  forth,  as  a  book  or  other 


literary  work.  3.  To  put  into  circu¬ 
lation. 

Syn.  —  See  Announce. 

POb'lish-er,  n.  1.  One  who  makes 
known.  2.  One  who  puts  forth 
books,  &c.,  for  sale. 

PDb'lish-ment,  it.  1.  Act  of  making 
publicly  known.  2.  A  public  notice 
of  intended  marriage. 

Pu£E ,  a.  [Fr.,  from  puce ,  a  flea,  Lat. 
pulex,  pulicis.]  Of  a  dark  brown  or 
brownish-purple  color. 

POck'er,  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  [Eng. 
poke ,  a  pocket,  small  bag.]  To  gath¬ 
er  into  small  irregular  folds.  —  n.  A 
fold  or  wrinkle,  or  a  collection  of 
folds.  [mult ;  a  bustle. 

Pud'der,  n.  [See  Pother.]  A  tu- 

Pud'ding,  n.  [Fr.  boudin,  Lat.  botu- 
lus,  dim.  botellus,  a  sausage.  Cf. 
POUT.]  1.  A  kind  of  food  variously 
made.  2.  Any  thing  resembling  pud- 
ding. 

Pud' ding -stone  ,  n.  A  coarse  rock, 
composed  of  pebbles,  united  by  a 
cement ;  conglomerate. 

Pud'dle,  n.  [L.  Ger.  pud  el.  Cf. 
Pool.]  I.  A  small  quantity  of  dirty 
standing  water.  2.  A  mixture  of  clay 
and  sand,  worked  together,  until  it 
is  impervious  to  water. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  make  foul.  2.  To 
make  thick  or  close  with  clay,  sand, 
and  water,  so  as  to  render  impervi¬ 
ous  to  water. 

Pud'dling,  n.  1.  Act  of  rendering 
impervious  to  water  by  means  of 
clay,  as  a  canal.  2.  Process  of  con¬ 
verting  cast  iron  into  wrought  or 
malleable  iron. 

Pu-dI^'i-TY,  n.  [Lat.  pudicitia,  fr. 
pudere,  to  be  ashamed.]  Modesty; 
chastity. 

Pu'er-Ile,  a.  [Lat.  puerilis;  puer , 
a  boy.]  Boyish;  trifling;  childish. 

Syn.  — Youthful  ;  juvenile. —  Puerile 
is  always  used  in  a  bad  sense,  as  puerile 
objections,  &c.  Juvenile  is  sometimes 
taken  in  a  bad  sense  (though  less  strong 
than  puerile),  as  when  speaking  of 
youth  in  contrast  with  manhood,  us  ju¬ 
venile  tricks,  a  juvenile  performance. 
Youthful  is  commonly  employed  in  a 
good  sense,  as  youthful  aspirations,  or  at 
least  by  way  of  extenuating;  as,  yout/ful 
indiscretions. 

PO'ER-IL'I-TY,*!.  1.  Quality  of  being 
puerile ;  childishness.  2.  That  which 
is  puerile. 

PIJ-Er'per-AL,  a.  [Lat.  puerpera,  a  ly¬ 
ing-in  woman  \puer,  child,  and  parere, 
to  bear.]  Pertaining  to  childbirth. 

Puff,  n.  [D.  pof,  bof,  a  putf,  blow.] 
1.  A  sudden  emission  of  breath  ;  a 
whiff.  2.  Any  thing  light  and  filled 
with  air.  3.  Exaggerated  expression 
of  praise.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  blow  with  short  and  sudden 
whiffs.  2.  To  breathe  with  vehe¬ 
mence.  3.  To  swell  with  air.  4.  To 
assume  importance.  —  v.  t.  1.  To 
drive  with  a  puff.  2.  To  blow  up.  3. 
To  praise  with  exaggeration. 

POff'er,  n.  One  who  puffs. 

Puff'i-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  puffy. 


PtJFF'Y,  a.  1.  Swelled  with  air  or 
any  soft  matter.  2.  Bombastic. 

P0g,m.  [Cf.  Bug,  and  Ir.  beag, small.] 
1.  A  monkey.  2.  A  kind  of  small 
dog.  [or  disdain. 

Pugh  (pcTo),  interj.  Used  in  contempt 

Pu'GIL-IsM,  n.  [Lat.  pugil ,  a  boxer.] 
Practice  of  boxing  or  fighting  with 
the  fist.  [his  fists  ;  a  boxer. 

Pu'GlL-lST,  n.  One  who  fights  with 

Pu/GIL-lST'l€,  a.  Relating  to  boxing. 

Pug-NA'cious,  a.  [Lat.  pvgnax,  -na- 
cis,  fr.  pugnare ,  to  fight.]  Disposed 
to  fight.  [quarrelsomeness. 

Pug-na^O-ty,  ii.  Inclination  to  fight; 

Puis'ne  (pu'ny),  a.  [0.  Fr.  puisne, 
from  puis,  since,  afterward,  and  Fr. 
ne,  born.]  Younger  or  inferior  in 
rank  ;  as,  a  puisne  justice. 

Pu'is-san^e  ,  or  Pu-IS'SAN£E,  n.  [See 
infra.]  Power;  strength;  might. 

Pu'is-sant,  or  Pu-is'sant.  a.  [Fr. ; 
Lat.  potens,  from  posse,  to  be  able.] 
Powerful ;  strong  ;  mighty. 

Puke,  r.  i.  or  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Al¬ 
lied  to  Ger.  spucken,  to  spit.]  To 
vomit;  to  throw  up. — n.  A  med¬ 
icine  which  excites  vomiting. 

Pul'ghri-tude  (30),  n.  [Lat.  pul- 
chriludo.]  1.  That  quality  of  exter¬ 
nal  appearance  which  pleases  the 
eye.  2.  Moral  beauty. 

Pule,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr  .piauler, 
Lat.  pipilare,  from  pipire,  to  peep, 
pip,  chirp.]  1.  To  cry  like  a  chick¬ 
en.  2.  To  cry,  as  a  complaining 
child  ;  to  whimper. 

Pull,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A  -S./mJ- 
lian.]  1.  To  draw,  or  try  to  draw, 
toward  one.  2.  To  tear.  3.  To 
gather  by  drawing  toward  one.  —  n. 
1.  Act  of  pulling  or  drawing  with 
force.  2.  A  contest;  a  struggle. 

Pull'back, n.  That  which  restrains 
from  proceeding  ;  a  drawback. 

PUL'LET,  n.  [Fr.  poulet ,  dim.  of 
poule,  a  hen.]  A  young  hen. 

PUL'LEY  (148),  n., 

[  From  Eng.  pull.] 

A  small  wheel  in  a 
block,  with  a  groove 
for  a  running  cord ; 
one  of  the  mechan¬ 
ical  powers. 

PUL'MO-NA-RY,  ) 

Pul-m6n'I€,  j  a' 

[Lat.  pulmonarius , fr.  pulmo,  alung.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  affecting,  the  lungs. 

Pul-mon'I€,  n.  A  medicine  for  dis¬ 
eases  of  the  lungs. 

Pulp,  n.  [Lat.  pulpa.]  A  soft,  moist 
mass  of  animal  or  vegetable  matter. 

Pul'pit,  n.  [Lat.  pulpitum.]  A  place 
in  a  church,  in  which  the  preacher 
stands.  [iike  it. 

PDlp'ous,  a.  Consisting  of  pulp,  or 

Pulp'y,  a.  Like  pulp  ;  soft;  fleshy. 

PDl'SATE,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
pulsare,  -satum,  to  beat,  strike.]  Tc 
beat  or  throb,  as  the  heart. 

POl'sa-TILE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
beaten. 

Pul-sa'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  beating  or 
throbbing.  2.  A  beat  or  throb. 

Pul'sa-tive,  a.  Beating;  throbbing. 


Pulleys. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  too.took;  Orn,  rue,  pull;  e,  I,  o,  silent;  £,G  ,soft;  c,  a,  hard;  A§;  exist;  n  as  NG ;  this 


PULSATORY 

PDl'SA-to-ry,  a.  Capable  of  pul¬ 
sating. 

Pulse,  n.  [Lat.  pulsus,  fr.  pettere,  to 
beat.]  1.  The  beating  of  the  heart 
or  bloou-vessols,  esp.  of  the  arteries. 
2.  Any  regular  beat ;  oscillation  : 
pulsation.  3.  [Lat.  puls,  pultis,  a 
pottage  of  meal,  pulse,  &c.]  Legu¬ 
minous  plants,  or  their  seeds.  —  v.  i. 
To  beat,  as  the  arteries. 

POl'ver-A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
pulverized.  _  [ducing  to  powder. 

Pt?L/VE r-i-z  ACTION,  n.  Act  of  re- 

POl'ver-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  pulverizare ,  fr.  pulvis,  powder.] 
To  reduce  to  fine  powder. 

Pul-ver'u-len^e,  n.  State  of  being 
pulverulent. 

PuL-VER'U-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  pulveru- 
lentus ;  pulvis,  powder.]  Consisting 
of  fine  powder  ;  powdery  ;  dusty. 

POm/ICE  ,  n.  [Lat.  pumex,  pumicis.} 
A  light  porous  volcanic  substance. 

Pu-Mi'CEOUS  (-mtshUus),  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  consisting  of,  pumice. 

Pum'ma^e,  n.  Same  as  Pomace. 

PBm'mel,w.  8c  v.  Same  as  POMMEL. 

PfiMP,  n.  [Tt.  pompa,  prob.  fr.  bom- 
bare,  to  drink.]  1.  A  machine  for 
raising  or  transferring  water,  &c.  2. 
[Of  uncertain  etymology.]  A  low, 
thin-soled  shoe.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  raise  with  a  pump,  as  water. 

2.  To  examine  by  artful  questions. 
—  v.  i.  To  work  a  pump. 

PDmp'-BRAKE,  n.  Handle  ofa  pump. 

Pump'ion,  n.  [0.  Fr.  pompon,  from 
Gr.  neir am.]  The  pumpkin. 

Pump'kin,  n.  [See  supra.}  A  well- 
known  plant  and  its  fruit. 

Pun,  n.  [Cf.  point.}  An  expression 
in  which  a  word  is  capable  of  differ¬ 
ent  meanings. — v.  i.  [-NED  ;  -ning.] 
To  use  the  same  word  at  once  in  dif¬ 
ferent  senses. 

PDnch,  n.  1.  [Hind,  pantsch ,  five, 
because  it  was  orig.  composed  of  five 
ingredients.]  A  drink  made  of  water, 
sugar,  lemon  juice,  and  spirits.  2. 
[Abbrev.  fr.  punchinello.]  The  buf¬ 
foon  of  a  puppet-show.  3.  [Abbrev. 
fr.  puncheon .]  A  tool,  for  stamping, 
or  for  perforating  holes.  4.  A  blow 
or  thrust.  [Colloq.}  —  v.t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [From  Lat.  pungere,  punc- 
tum,  to  prick.]  1.  To  perforate  with 
an  instrument.  2.  To  thrust  against. 

PtJNCH'EON  (puneh'un),  n.  [From 
Lat.  punclio ,  a  pricking.]  1.  A  tool 
forpiercing,  stamping,  &c. ;  a  punch. 
2.  A  short,  upright  piece  of  timber; 
a  scud.  3.  A  cask  containing  usually 
120  gallons. 

Pujjc'tate.  la.  [Lat.  punctum , 

POnc'TA-ted,  j  point.]  1.  Point¬ 
ed.  2.  Having  dots  scattered  over 
the  surface. 

Punc-til'io  (-tiPyo),  n.  [Lat.  punc¬ 
tum,  point.]  A  nice  point  of  exact¬ 
ness  in  conduct  or  ceremony. 

Punc-til'ioCs  (-tTl'yus),  a.  Exact  in 
the  forms  of  behavior  or  ceremony. 

PUNE-TIL'IOUS-LY,  adv.  With  great 
nicety. 

POng'to,  n.  [It.  puncto,  Lat.  punc- 


342 

turn ,  point.]  1.  Nice  point  of  form  or 
ceremony.  2.  The  point  in  fencing. 

P&nct'u-AL,  a.  [Lat.  punctum,  a 
point.]  Exact  to  the  time  appoint¬ 
ed  ;  prompt. 

PUNCT'U-AL'I-TY,  v.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  punctual.  [manner. 

PiJN€T'li-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  punctual 

PUNCT'U-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  punctum,  a  point.]  To  sepa¬ 
rate  into  sentences,  clauses,  &c.,  by 
points.  _  [punctuating. 

Punct'u-a'tion,  n.  Act  or  art  of 

Punct'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat.  punctum, 
fr.  pungere,  to  prick.]  Act  of  per¬ 
forating  with  a  pointed  instrument, 
or  the  hole  so  made.  —  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  pierce  with  a  small  point  ; 
to  prick.  [Brahmin. 

PGn'dit,  n.  [Hind,  pandit.}  A  learned 

PiJNG,  n.  A  kind  of  one-horse  sleigh 
rudely  made.  [ Amer .} 

Pun'gen-^y,  n.  State  of  being  pun¬ 
gent  ;  keenness. 

Pun'gent,  a.  [Lat.  pungens,  prick¬ 
ing.]  1.  Pricking;  piercing;  —  said 
with  reference  to  taste  or  smell.  2. 
Exquisitely  painful  to  the  feelings  ; 
severe;  —  said  of  discourse. 

Pu'NlC,  a.  [Lat.  Punicus ,  from  Pceni , 
the  Carthaginians.]  Pertaining  to, 
or  like,  the  Carthaginians  ;  faithless. 

•Pu'NI-NESS,  n.  Smallness  with  feeble¬ 
ness. 

PtJN'ISH,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
pun  ire ,  fr.  poena,  punishment.]  To 
afflict  with  pain,  loss,  or  calamity. 

Syn. —  To  chastise; castigate;  scourge; 
correct;  discipline. 

Pun'ish-A-ble,  a.  Liable  to,  or 
worthy  of,  punishment. 

Pun'ish-ment,  n.  Pain  inflicted  on  a 
person  because  of  crime  or  offense. 

Pu'ni-tive,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  in¬ 
flicting,  punishment. 

Punic,  u.  [Allied  to  spunk.}  1.  A  fun¬ 
gus,  or  decayed  wood,  used  as  tinder. 
2.  A  prostitute. 

PDn'ster,  n.  One  who  puns. 

Punt,  n.  [A.-S.]  A  flat-bottomed 
boat,  used  for  various  purposes. 

Pu'ny,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [See 
Puisne.]  Small  and  feeble. 

Pup,  n.  [Allied  to  Lat.  pupus,  boy.] 

1.  A  puppy.  2.  A  young  seal.  — v.t. 
[-PED ;  -PING.]  To  bring  forth  whelps 
or  puppies. 

Pu'pa ,  n. ;  pi.  pv’pju.  [Lat.  pupa, 
girl,  doll.]  One  of  the  states  in  the 
complete  metamorphosis  of  an  insect. 

Pu'pil,  n.  1.  [Lat.  pupilla,  orig.  dim. 
of  Lat.  pupa,  a  girl.]  The  small 
opening  in  the  iris  of  the  eye.  2. 
[Lat.  pupillus,  pupilla,  dim.  of  pupus, 
boy,  pupa,  girl.]  A  scholar  of  either 
sex  under  an  instrqctor.  [pupil. 

PU'PIL-AGE  (45),  n.  State  of  being  a 

Pu'pil-la-ry, a.  Relating  to  a  pupil 
or  ward,  or  to  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 

Pup'pet,  n.  [Fr.  poupee ,  a  doll,  from 
Lat.  pupa,  girl,  puppet.]  1.  A  doll. 

2.  A  similar  figure  moved  by  a  wire. 

Pup'pet-show,  v  A  mock  drama 

performed  with  puppets. 

Pup'py,  n.  [From  pup.}  1.  A  young 


PURITANICALLY 

dog.  2.  An  insignificant  and  con¬ 
ceited  person. 

Pup'py-ism,  n.  Extreme  meanness, 
affecta  tion ,  or  conceit. 

Pur,  v.  i.  [-red;  -ring.]  To  utter 
a  low,  murmuring,  continued  sound, 
as  a  cat.  —  n.  The  low,  murmur¬ 
ing,  continued  sound  of  a  cat. 

Pur' blind,  a.  [From  obs.  poreblind.] 
Near-sighted  or  dim-sighted. 

POr'chas-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  purchased. 

Purchase,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
pourchasser,  to  pursue,  to  seek  ea¬ 
gerly,  fr.  pour,  for,  and  chasser.  cha- 
cier,  to  chase.]  1.  To  obtain  for 
money  or  its  equivalent ;  to  buy.  2. 
To  procure. — n.  1.  A  buying.  2.  A 
thing  bought  ;  property.  3.  Any  me¬ 
chanical  hold,  advantage,  or  force. 

PffR'CHAS-ER,  7i.  One  who  purchases. 

Pure,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat.  purus.} 
1.  Separate  from  all  extraneous  mat¬ 
ter  or  defilement.  2.  Free  from  what 
contaminates  or  blemishes.  3.  Mere  ; 
absolute. 

Pure'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  pure  manner; 
jnnocently.  2.  Merely  :  absolutely. 

Pure'ness,  n.  State  of  being  pure. 

PUR'FLE  (purHl),  v.  t.  [0.  Fr.  pour- 
filer  ;  pour,  for,  and  fil,  a  thread.] 
1.  To  embroider.  2.  (Arch.)  To  dec¬ 
orate  richly. 

PUR-GA/TION,  7i.  [Lat.  purgatio.]  Act 
of  cleansing  or  purifying. 

POr'GA-tive,  a.  Having  the  power 
of  purging;  cathartic.  —  A  med¬ 
icine  that  evacuates  the  intestines  ;  a 
cathartic.  [purgatory. 

PUR'GA-TO'RT-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 

POr'ga-to-ey,  7i.  [See  infra.}  A 
place,  or  a  state  believed  to  exist  after 
death,  in  which  the  souls  of  persons 
are  purified  by  punishment. 

Purge,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
purgare,  contr.  fr.  purum  agere,  to 
make  clean.]  1.  To  cleanse  or  purify. 
2  To  clear  from  the  charge  of  a 
crime.  — v.  i.  To  become  pure.  • —  n. 
1.  Act  of  purging.  2.  That  which 
purges ;  a  cathartic. 

Pu/Ri-Fi-eA,TioN,  n.  Act  of  purify¬ 
ing  ;  a  cleansing. 

Pu-RlF'I-€A-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  or 
tending  to  purify,  [which,  purifies. 

Pu'ri-fUer,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

Pij'RI-FY,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
purifir.are  ;  purus,  pure,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  To  make  pure  or  clear; 
to  refine.  —  v.  i.  To  become  pure. 

PUR'I§M,  71.  Quality  of  being  pure  or 
nice,  esp.  in  the  choice  of  language. 

Pur'ist,  n.  One  who  is  excessively 
nice  in  his  choice  of  words. 

Pu'ri-tan,  n.  [From  pure.}  1.  A 
dissenter  from  the  Church  of  England 
in  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  2. 
One  strict  in  his  religious  life.  —  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Puritans. 

PfbRl-TAN'ie,  I  a.  1.  Pertaining 

Pu'RI-tan'IC-al,  I  to  the  Puritans, 
or  their  doctrines  and  practice.  2. 
Over-scrupulous  ;  rigid. 

Pu'RI-TAN'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  pu¬ 
ritanical  manner 


A,  e,i,  b,v,Y,long;  A,e,1,  6,  0,]?, short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  ere,  veil,  TfiRM;  pique,  fIrm;  son, 


PURITANISM 

Pu'RI-TAN-IsM,  n.  Notions  or  practice 
cf  Puritans. 

Pu'RI-TY,  n.  [Lat.  puritan,  fr.  purus, 
pure.]  Condition  or  quality  of  being 
pure;  as,  (a.)  Freedom  from  foreign 
admixture.  ( b .)  Freedom  from  for¬ 
eign  idioms. 

POrl,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  purjile ,  purfle.] 

1.  An  embroidered  and  puckered  bor¬ 
der.  2.  An  inversion  of  stitches  in 
knitting.  3.  A  gentle  murmur,  as 
of  a  brook.  4.  Malt  liquor,  medi¬ 
cated  or  spiced.  — v.  i.  [-El) ;  -ING.] 
[D.  bone  ten.}  To  eddy  ;  also,  to  make 
a  murmuring  sound,  as  running  wa¬ 
ter  does. 

PUR'LIEU,  n.  [Fr.  pur,p\xve,  free,  and 
lieu ,  place,  orig.  land  near  a  roy  a  I  j 
forest,  free  from  the  forest  laws.] 
Outer  portion  of  any  place ;  environs. 

Pur'lin,  In.  [Of  uncertain  etymol- 

Pur'rine,  j  ogy.]  A  piece  of  timber 
extending  from  end  to  end  of  a  roof,  ! 
across  and  under  the  rafters. 

Pur-loin',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  purloi  anier ,  to  delay,  fr  .pour,  for, 
and  loin,  far  off.]  To  steal;  to  pilfer. 

PlJR-LOIN'ER,  n.  One  who  purloins. 

Pur'ple,  n.  [Lat.  purpura.  Or.  nop- 
<t)vpa,  orig.  the  purple-fish.]  1.  A 
purple  color.  2.  Imperial  govern¬ 
ment  in  the  Roman  empire ;  —  from 
the  purple  robe  of  the  emperor.  3. 
pi.  Spots  of  a  livid  color  on  the  skin, 
a.  1.  Of  a  color  composed  of  red 
and  blue.  2.  Imperial;  regal. —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  purple. 

Pur'PORT,  n.  [0.  Fr.,from  pu.r,  pour, 
for,  and  porter,  to  bear.]  Design  or 
tendency;  meaning.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  mean  ;  to  signify. 

POr'POSE  (pfir'pus),  n.  [0.  Fr.  pur- 
pos,propos.  See  Propose.]  Object 
to  be  accomplished ;  end  or  aim  to 
which  the  view  is  directed. 

Syn.—  Design;  end  ;  intention  ;  aim. 
See  Design. 

—  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  de¬ 
termine  upon,  as  some  object  to  be 
accomplished;  to  intend  ;  to  design. 

PUR'POSE-LY,  aclv.  Intentionally. 

Purr,  v.  i .  See  Pur. 

POrse,  rt.  [From  Gr.  fivpaa.,  hide, 
skin,  leather.]  1.  A  small  bag  for 
money.  2.  A  treasury.  3.  A  spin 
of  money  olfered  as  a  prize  or  pres¬ 
ent. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
put  in  a  purse.  2.  To  contract  into 
folds  or  wrinkles. 

Purse'-proud,  a.  Proud  of  wealth. 

Purs'er,  n.  A  commissioned  officer 
who  has  charge  of  the  provisions, 
clothing,  & c.,  and  of  the  public 
moneys  on  shipboard. 

Purs'I-ness,  n.  State  of  being  pursy  ; 
hence,  shortness  of  breath. 

Pur-su'AN£E,  n.  1.  Act  of  pursuing. 

2.  State  of  being  pursuant ;  conse¬ 
quence. 

Pur-su'ant,  a.  Done  inconsequence  ; 
hence,  conformable ;  according. 

PUR-SUE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
poursuivre,  Lat.  prosequi,  to  follow.] 

1.  To  follow  with  a  view  to  overtake. 

2.  To  use  measures  to  obtain.  3.  To 


343 

be  engaged  in  ;  to  continue.  4.  To 
follow  as  an  example  ;  to  imitate. 

Syn.  —  See  Follow. 

—  v.  i.  To  proceed,  esp.  in  argu¬ 
ment  or  discourse.  [A  Gallicism .] 

PUR-SU'ER,  n.  One  who  pursues. 

Pur-suit',  n.  1.  Act  of  following  with 
haste.  2.  Endeavor  to  attain  to  or 
gain.  3.  Course  of  business. 

Syn.  —  Chase;  search;  proceeding;  oc¬ 
cupation;  prosecution. 

Pur'sui-vant,  n.  [Fr.  poursuivant. 
See  Pursue.]  A  state  messenger. 

POrs'y,  a.  [Fr.  poussif,  fr.  pousser , 
to  push,  heave.]  1.  Fat.  short,  and 
_thick.  2.  Short-breathed. 

PU'RU-LENT  (110),  a.  [Lat.  purulni- 
tus ;  pus,  pu.ris,  pus.]  Consisting 
of,  or  pertaining  to,  pus. 

PUR-VEY',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
pourvoir,  Lat.  providere.  See  Pro¬ 
vide.]  To  provide,  as  with  provi¬ 
sions.  —  v.  i.  To  provide  ;  to  cater. 

PUR-VEY'ANyE,  n.  1.  Act  of  provid¬ 
ing  ;  procurement.  2.  Provisions 
procured  ;  food. 

Pur-vey'or,  n.  One  who  makes  pro¬ 
vision  for  the  table  ;  a  caterer. 

POr'view  (-vu),  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  pur¬ 
view,  N.  Fr.  pourvu ,  provided,  p.  p. 
of  pourvoir.  See  Purvey.]  1.  Body 
of  a  statute.  2.  Limit  or  scope  of  a 
statute.  3.  Scope ;  extent. 

Pus,  n.  [Lat.,  allied  to  Gr.  n-uos.]  The 
yellowish-white  liquid  produced  in 
suppuration. 

PUSH,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Fr.  pous¬ 
ser,  Lat.  pulsar e,  intens.  form  of 
pellere,  to  beat,  push.]  1.  To  drive 
or  impel  by  pressure.  2.  To  press  or 
urge  for  ward. — v.i.  1.  To  make  a 
thrust  2.  To  make  an  effort. — n. 

1.  A  thrust  with  the  end  of  a  thing. 

2.  Any  pressure,  impulse,  or  force 
applied. 

Pu'sil-la-nIm'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  pusillanimous;  weakness  of 
spirit. 

Pu'sil-lan'i-moCs,  a.  [Lat.  pusil- 
lanimis ;  pusillus,  very  little,  and 
animus,  mind.]  1.  Destitute  of  a 
manly  strength  and  firmness  of 
mind.  2.  Evincing  want  of  courage. 

Syn.  —  Cowardly  ;  dastardly. 

PUSS,  n.  [Ir.  pus ,  a  cat.]  1.  A  cat  ; 

—  a  fondling  appellation.  2.  A  hare  ; 

—  so  called  by  sportsmen. 

Puss'Y,  n.  A  puss ;  —  used  as  a  fond¬ 
ling  name  for  a  cat 

P LJST'U-L ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
pustular  e ,  -latum,  fr.  pustula,  a  pust¬ 
ule.]  To  form  into  pustules. 

Pust'ule.  n.  [Lat.  pustula.}  A  pim¬ 
ple  containing  pus. 

PilST'u-LOils,  a.  Having  pustules. 

Put,d.  /.  [put  ;  putting.]  [Allied 
to  W.  pwtian ,  pwtiaio,  to  butt,  poke, 
thrust.]  1.  To  thrust ;  to  push.  2. 
To  place  ;  to  lay  ;  to  set.  3.  To  cause 
to  be  or  exist  in  a  specified  relation. 
4.  To  bring  to  the  attention  of.  5. 
To  state  in  language  ;  to  express.  6. 
To  incite  ;  to  urge. 

Syn.  —  To  place.  —  To  put  is  generic, 
viz.,  to  dispose  of  in  any  situation;  to 


PYROLIGNEOUS 

place  \t  to  put  in  a  specific  situation;  a 
plant  may  be  pul  into  a  flower-pot  and 
then  placed  in  the  green-house. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  go  or  move.  2.  To 
steer  ;  to  direct.  [a  clown. 

PCt,  n.  [Lat.  putus,  a  boy.]  A  rustic ; 

Pu'ta-tive,  a.  [Lat. putalirus,fr.pu- 
tare,  to  suppose.]  Supposed  ;  reputed. 

Put'LOG,  n.  A  short  timber,  on  which 
the  planks  of  a  scaffold  are  laid. 

PyT'-OFF,  n.  A  shift  ;  an  evasion. 

PU'TRE-FA€'TION,  11.  [See  PUTRE¬ 
FY.]  1.  Act  of  putrefying.  2.  Con¬ 
dition  of  being  putrefied. 

Pu'TRE-FA-G'Ti  VE ,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  causing,  putrefaction. 

PU'TRE-FY,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed;  -ING, 
142.]  [Lat.  putrefacere ;  putrere,  to 
be  rotten,  and  facere,  to  make.]  To 
make  or  become  putrid  ;  to  rot. 

Pu-TRES'yENyE,  ti.  State  of  being 
putrescent. 

Pu-TRES'yENT,  a.  [Lat.  putrescens , 
growing  rotten.]  Becoming  putrid. 

Pu-TRES'yi-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be¬ 
come  putrid. 

Pu'trib,  a.  [Lat.  putridus ,  from  pu¬ 
trere,  to  be  rotten.]  Tending  to  dis¬ 
solution  or  decay ;  rotten. 

Pu-trid'i-ty,  ( n.  State  of  being 

Pu'TRl d-ness,  )  putrid;  corrup¬ 
tion  :  putrefaction. 

PfJT'TER,  v.  i,  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  act 
inefficiently  or  idly  ;  to  trifle. 

I  PlJT'TY,  a.  [Fr.  potee.]  A  cement  of 
whiting  and  linseed  oil. —  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  cement  with  putty. 

Puz'zle,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing".]  [Cf. 
Pose.]  To  involve  in  perplexity  ;  to 
nonplus.  —  n.  1.  Something  which 
perplexes.  2.  State  of  being  puzzled  ; 
perplexity. 

Pye,  n. _  See  Pie. 

Pyg-ME'an  (124),  I  a.  Pertaining  to, 

Pyg'.MY,  j  or  like,  a  pyg¬ 

my  ;  dwarfish. 

PYG'MY,  n.  [Gr.  nvyp.a.io<;,  fr.  irvyjurj, 
the  fist.]  1.  One  of  a  fabulous  race 
of  diminutive  beings  inhabiting 
Thrace.  2.  A  dwarf. 

Pyr'a-mid,  n.  [Gr. 

7rvpa/xi9,  nvpap.1- 

Sos,  Egypt,  piro- 
mi .]  A  solid  body 
standing  on  a  tri¬ 
angular,  square,  or 
polygonal  base,  and 
terminating  in  a  pyramids. 
point  at  the  top. 

Py-ram'i-dal,  a.  1.  Having  the  form 
of  a  pyramid.  2.  Relating  to  the  py¬ 
ramids. 

Pyr'a-mid'io,  1  a.  Having  the 

Pyr'a-mid'ig-AL,  j  form  of  a  pyra¬ 
mid  ;  pyramidal. 

Pyre,  n.  [Gr.  nvpa,  fr  uvp,  fire.]  A 
funeral  pile. 

Py-RI'TE2,  11.  [Lat.,  fr.  Gr.  nvptrrjs, 
from  7 rvp,  fire,  because  iron  pyrites 
gives  sparks  with  steel.]  A  combina¬ 
tion  of  sulphur  with  iron,  copper, 
cobalt,  or  nickel. 

P  y-rit'ic,  1  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

PY-RIT'ie-AL,  j  consisting  of,  pyrites. 

Pyr'o-lig'ne-oDs,  a.  [Gr.  nvp,  nv- 


G,  hard;  A§;  E^CIST  ;  N  as  KG;  THP* 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  pRN.  RUE,  PULL  ;  jE,  I,  O,  silent  ;  y,  G ,  Soft ;  €, 


PYROLOGY  344  QUAKERISH 


p6s,  fire,  and  Lat.  ligneus ,  wooden.] 
Procured  by  the  distillation  of  wood, 
as  a  kind  of  acetic  acid. 

Py-rol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  nvp,  nvpos,  fire, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  treatise  on 
heat :  or  the  natural  history  of  heat. 

PYR'O-MAN't,;  Y,  n.  [Gr.  nvpopavreia  ; 
Trap,  7 rvpos,  fire,  and  pavreia,  divina¬ 
tion.]  Divination  by  tire. 

Py-rom/e-ter,  n.  [Gr.  nvp,  nvpos, 
fire,  and  pirpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  measuring  high  degrees 
of  heat. 

Pyr'O-tEgh'nig,  la.  Pertaining 

Pyr'o-tegh'nig-al,  {  to  fireworks, 
or  the  art  of  forming  them. 


PfR'O-TECH'NlGS,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  nvp, 
rrupos,  fire,  and  rexvr),  an  art.]  The 
art  of  making  fireworks ;  pyrotechny. 

P$R/o-TECH,NIST,  n.  One  skilled  in 
pyrotechny.  [TECHNICS. 

P^r'o-tegh'ny,  n.  Same  as  Pyro- 

Pyr'rhic  (plr'rik ),  n.  1.  (Pros.)  A 
foot  consisting  of  two  short  syllables. 
2.  An  ancient  military  dance. 

Pyr'rho-nism  (pir'ro-),  n.  [From 
Pyrrho .]  Skepticism ;  universal 
doubt. 

Pyr'rho-nTst,  n.  One  who  doubts 
of  every  thing. 

Pyth'a-go're-an,  or  Py-thag'o-  j 
RE'AN,  n.  A  follower  of  Pythagoras,  j 


an  ancient  philosopher,  —  a  Pe»- 
tainiug  to  Pythagoras  or  his  philoso¬ 
phy.  [Pythagoras. 

Py-thag'o-rism,  n.  Doctrines  of 
Pytii'i-an,  a.  [Gr.  ndflios,  belonging 
to  Pytho,  the  older  name  of  Delphi.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Pythoness,  or 
priestess  of  Apollo,  and  to  certain 
games  celebrated  near  Delphi. 
Pytii'o-ness,  n.  [See  Pythian.] 
The  priestess  who  gave  oracular  an¬ 
swers  at  Delphi,  in  Greece. 

Pyx,  ii.  [Gr.  nv£is,  a  box,  esp.  of  box¬ 
wood,  from  irv'^os,  box-tree  or  box¬ 
wood.]  (Rom.  Calk.  Church.)  The 
box  in  which  the  host  is  kept. 


Q. 


Q(ltu),  the  seventeenth  letter  of  the 
English  alphabet,  has  but  one 
sound,  which  is  the  same  as  that  of 
k.  See  Prin.  of  Pron.  §  86. 

Quack,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
quaken,  Teel,  qvaka,  to  twitter,  sigh.] 
1.  To  cry  like  a  duck.  2.  To  boast. 
—  n.  1.  Cry  of  the  domestic  duck. 
2.  A  boastful  pretender  to  medical 
skill. 

Syn. —  Empiric!  mountebank;  char¬ 
latan. 

—  a.  Pertaining  to  quackery  ;  used 
by  quacks. 

Quack'er-y,  a.  Practice  of  a  quack. 
Quack/ISH,  a.  Like  a  quack  ;  trick- 
ish. 

Quad'ra-ges'i-ma,  n.  [Lat.,  from 
quadraginta ,  forty.]  The  forty'  days 
of  fast  preceding  Easter  ;  Lent. 
Quad'ra-ges'i-mal,  a.  Belonging 
to,  or  used  in,  Lent. 

Quad'ran-gle  (-rang- 
gl),n.  [Lat. quadrangu- 
lum ;  quatuor,  four,  and 
angulus,  an  angle.]  1. 

A  plane  figure  having 
four  angles.  2.  A  square 
court  surrounded  by 
buildings. 

Quad-ran'gu-lar,  a. 

angles,  and  four  sides. 

Quad'rant,  n.  [Lat. 
quadrans,  a  fourth 
part,fr.  quatuor,  four.] 

1.  Quarter  of  a  circle  ; 
an  arc  of  90°.  2.  An 

instrument  for  measur¬ 
ing  altitudes,  variously 
constructed. 

Quad-rant'al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
quadrant. 

Quad'rat,  n.  [See  infra.]  A  piece 
of  type-metal  placed  between  letters, 
so  as  to  leave  a  blauk  space. 
Quad'rate,  a.  [Lat.  quadratics, 
squared,  fr.  quatuor,  four.]  1.  Square. 
2.  Divisible  by  four.  3.  Even  :  equal ; 
exact.  4.  Applicable  ;  correspond¬ 
ent —  n.  1.  A  square.  2.  Same  as 
Quartile. 


Quad'rate,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Quadrate,  a.]  To  agree  ;  to  suit ; 
to  correspond.  [like,  a  square. 

Quad-rat'ig,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

Quad'ra-tOre  (53),  it.  [See  Quad¬ 
rate,  a.]  1.  The  finding  of  a  square 
having  the  same  area  as  a  circle.  2. 
Position  of  one  heavenly  body  in  re¬ 
spect  to  another,  when  distant  from 
it  90°.^ 

Quad-ren'NI-AL,  a.  [Lat.  quadrien- 
nis ;  quatuor,  four,  and  annUs,  year.] 
Occurring  once  in  four  years. 

Quad'ri-lat'er-al,  a.  [Lat.  quad- 
rilaterus ;  quatuor,  lour,  and  Latus,  la- 
teris,  a  side.]  Having 
four  sides.  —  n.  A 
plane  figure  having 
four  sides  ;  a  quad¬ 
rangular  figure. 

QUAD/RI-LIT'ER-AL,  Quadrilateral. 
a.  [Lat.  quatuor, 
four,  and  litera,  letter.]  Consisting 
of  four  letters. 

Q  U  A  -  D I  ;T  I.  l  E '  ( k  wa-d  ril/  or  ka-drIF),  n. 
[Fr.,fr.  Lat .  quadrula,  dim.  of  qua¬ 
dra,  a  square.]  1.  A  game  played  by 
four  persons.  2.  A  kind  of  dance 
with  four  couples  in  each  set. 

Quad'rill-ion,  n.  [Lat.  quater,  four 
times,  and  L.  Lat.  mil/io,  a  million.] 
According  to  the  English  notation, 
the  number  represented  byr  a  unit 
with  24  ciphers  annexed  ;  according 
to  the  French  notation,  a  unit  with 
15  ciphers  annexed. 

Quad'ri-syl'la-ble,  n.  [Lat.  qua¬ 
tuor,  four,  and  syllaba ,  syllable.]  A 
word  consisting  of  four  syllables. 

Quad-roon',  n.  [Fr.  quartcron,  fr. 
rat.  quatuor,  four.]  Offspring  of  a 
mulatto  and  a  white  person. 

QUAD'RU-MANE,  n.  [Lat.  quatuor, 
four,  and  maims,  a  hand.]  An  ani¬ 
mal  having  four  feet  that  correspond 
to  the  hands  of  a  man,  as  a  monkey. 

QUAD'RU-PED,  a.  [Lat.  quadrupes, 
-pedis,  from  quatuor ,  four,  and  pes, 
afoot.]  Having  four  feet.  —  n.  An 
animal  having  four  feet. 

Quad'RU-PLE  ,  a.  [Lat.  quadruplus, 


fr.  quatuor,  four.]  Fourfold ;  four 
times  told.  —  a.  Four  times  the  sum 
or  number. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  multiply  by  four. 

Quad-ru'pli-cate,  n.  Four-fold. 

QUAD-RU 'PLI-C  ATE ,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.  ] 
[Lat.  quadruplicare ,  - catum ,  fr.  qua¬ 
tuor,  four,  and  plicare ,  to  fold.]  To 
make  fourfold  ;  to  quadruple. 

Quaff,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  coiffer, 
to  intoxicate.]  To  drink  down;  to 
drink  copiously  of. 

Quag'gy,  a.  [See  infra.)  Trembling 
under  the  foot,  as  soft,  wet  earth. 

Quag'mire,  n.  [0.  Eng.  guag,  to 
quake,  quiver,  shake,  and  mire.] 
Soft,  wet  land,  that  shakes  under  the 
feet. 

Quail,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
cwelan ,  to  die.  Cf.  Quell.]  To  be¬ 
come  quelled ;  to  shrink  ;  to  cower. 

—  n.  [0.  Fr.  quaille ,  0.  II.  Ger. 
wahtala.]  A  bird  closely  allied  to 
the  partridge  of  Europe. 

GST*  In  the  United  States  the  name  is 
used  for  ruffed  yrouse. 

Quaint,  a.  [0.  Fr.  cointe,  cultivated, 
agreeable  ;  fr.  Lat.  cognitus, acquaint¬ 
ed,  and  partly  fr.  comptus,  adorned, 
elegant.]  1.  Subtle  ;  artificially  ele¬ 
gant.  2.  Showing  excess  of  art.  3. 
Odd  and  antique  ;  curious  and  fan¬ 
ciful. 

Syn.  —  Strange;  whimsical;  singular. 

Quaint'ly,  adv.  In  a  quaint  man¬ 
ner  ;  oddly. 

Quaint'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
quaint;  affected  art;  oddness. 

Quake,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
rwacian .]  1.  To  shake  with  fear, 

cold,  or  emotion.  2.  To  shake  or 
tremble,  either  from  not  being  solid, 
or  from  violent  convulsion. 

Syn. —  To  shake;  quiver;  shudder. 

—  n.  A  tremulous  agitation  ;  a 
shake ;  a  shudder. 

Quak'er,  n.  1.  One  who  quakes.  2. 
One*  of  the  religious  sect  of  Friends. 

Quak'er-Tsh,  a.  Like,  or  pertain¬ 
ing  to,  a  Quaker. 


A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  y,  long;  A,  fi,I,  6,  0,  y ,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm  ;  SON 


Quadrangle. 
Having  four 


a,  a.  Quad¬ 
rants. 


QUAKERISM 

Quak'er-Ysm,  n.  Character,  man¬ 
ners,  or  tenets  of  the  Quakers. 

Qual'i-fi'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  qualified ;  abatable. 

Qual'i-fi-oa'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
qualifying  or  condition  of  being  qual¬ 
ified.  2.  Endowment  or  acquire¬ 
ment  which  fits  for  an  office.  3.  Re¬ 
striction  ;  abatement;  diminution. 

Quai/i-fi\el>,  p.  a.  Fitted  by  accom¬ 
plishments  or  endowments ;  modi¬ 
fied  ;  limited. 

Qual'I-FI/er,  n.  One  who  qualifies. 

QUAL'l-FY,  V.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  qualificare  ;  qualis ,  such,  and 
facere ,  to  make.]  1.  To  make  such 

as  is  required  ;  to  fit ;  to  supply  with 
legal  power.  2.  To  reduce  from  a 
general  to  a  particular  form  ;  to  limit. 
3.  To  abate  ;  to  diminish.  —  v.  i.  To 
be  or  become  qualified. 

Qual/i-ty  (kwOFI-ty),  n.  [Lat.  qual- 
itas.]  1.  Nature  relatively  consid¬ 
ered.  2.  Special  or  temporary  char¬ 
acter.  3.  Distinguishing  property, 
characteristic,  or  attribute.  4.  Supe¬ 
rior  birth  or  station. 

Qualm  (kwam),  n.  [A.-S.  ewealm , 
ciVf.lm,  death,  slaughter,  pestilence.] 
1.  A  sudden  attack  of  illness,  faint¬ 
ness,  or  pain  ;  especially,  a  sudden 
fit  of  sickness  at  the  stomach.  2.  A 
scruple  of  conscience. 

Qualm'ish  (kwaiWish),  a.  Sick  at 
the  stomach  ;  affected  with  nausea. 

Quan'da-ry,  or  Quan-da'ry  (112), 
n.  [Corrupted  fr.  Fr.  qiCen  dirai-je  ? 
what  shall  I  say  of  it?]  A  state  of 
difficulty  or  perplexity.  [quantity. 

Quan'ti-ta'tive,  a.  Relating  to 

Quan'ti-ty,  n.  [Lat.  quantil as,  from 
quantus ,  how  great,  how  much.] 
1.  Property  of  being  capable  of  in¬ 
crease  and  decrease,  multiplication, 
and  division  ;  that  which  answers  the 
question  “  How  much  ?  In  gram¬ 
mar,  the  relative  time  occupied  in 
pronouncing  a  syllable.  2.  That 
which  can  be  increased,  diminished, 
or  measured.  3.  A  certain  portion  ; 
sometimes,  a  considerable  amount. 

Quan'tum,  n.  [Lat.,  from  quantus .] 
how  great,  how  mucti.]  Quantity. 

Qtjar'an-tine  (110),  n.  [It.  quaran¬ 
tine,  forty  days,  quarantine,  fr.  Lat. 
quadraginta,  forty.]  Term  during 
which  a  ship  arriving  in  port, and  sus¬ 
pected  of  being  infected,  is  obliged  to 
forbear  all  intercourse  with  the 
shore  ;  hence,  inhibition  of  inter¬ 
course  to  a  ship. 

Quar'rel  (kwdr'rel),  n.  1.  [Lat.  que¬ 
rela, querella,  a  complaint.  An  angry 
contest;  a  falling  out.  2.  [SeeQUAR- 
RY.]  A  diamond-shaped  pane  of  glass. 
—  r.i.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or -LED. -LING, 
137.]  1.  To  dispute  violently ;  to 
wrangle.  2.  To  find  fault. 

Quar'rel-sqme,  a.  Apt  to  quarrel. 

Quar'ry  (kwor'ry),  n.  1.  [Lat.  qua- 
drurn,  something  square.]  An  ar¬ 
row  with  a  square  head ;  a  lozenge¬ 
shaped  pane  cf  glass  ;  a  glazier’s  dia¬ 
mond.  2.  [0.  Fr.  coree,  from  Lat.  cor, 
heart.]  Game;  e3p.  game  hunted 


345 

for  by  hawking.  3.  [L.  Lat.  quad- 
raria ,  quatraria,  a  quarry,  whence 
squared  ( quadrati )  stones  are  dug.] 
A  place  where  stones  are  cut  from 
the  earth  for  building  or  other  pur¬ 
poses.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.]  To 
dig  or  take  from  a  quarry. 

Quart,  n.  [Lat.  quartus,  quarta,  the 
fourth,  fr.  quatuor ,  four.]  Fourth 
part  of  a  gallon. 

Quar'tan,  a.  [Lat .  quartanus ;  qua¬ 
tuor,  four.]  Pertaining  to  the  fourth ; 
occurring  every  fourth  day.  —  n.  An 
ague  occurring  every  fourth  day. 

Quar'TER,  n.  [Lat.  quartarius,  from 
quatuor,  four.]  1.  A  fourth  part  of 
any  thing;  —  in  specific  uses,  (a.) 
The  fourth  of  a  hundred-weight,  be¬ 
ing  28  or  25  pounds.  (b.)  One  limb 
of  a  quadruped  with  the  adjacent 
parts,  (c.)  Part  of  a  shoe  from  the 
heel  to  the  vamp,  (d.)  A  term  of 
study  in  a  seminary,  college,  &c. ; 
prop.,  a  fourth  part  of  the  year.  ( e .) 
A  region  ;  a  territory  ;  a  district ;  a 
locality.  2.  Proper  station  ;  specific 
place ;  assigned  position  ;  shelter.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  divide  into 
four  equal  parts.  2.  To  furnish  with 
shelter  or  entertainment.  3.  To  bear 
as  an  appendage  to  the  hereditary 
arms. — v.  i.  To  lodge,  [lowance. 

Quar'ter-age,  n.  A  quarterly  al- 

Quar'ter-day,  n.  A  day  regarded 
as  terminating  a  quarter  of  the  year; 
hence,  one  on  which  rent  becomes  due. 

Quar'ter-deck,  n.  That  part  of 
the  deck  of  a  ship  which  extends 
from  the  stern  to  the  mainmast. 

Quar'TER-ly,  a.  1.  Consisting  of  a 
fourth  part.  2.  Recurring  at  the  end 
of  each  quarter  of  the  year.  —  n.  A 
periodical  work  published  four  times 
during  a  year.  —  ado.  By  quarters ; 
once  in  a  quarter  of  a  year. 

Quar'ter-mas'ter,  n.  1.  An  offi¬ 
cer  who  provides  quarters,  provis¬ 
ions,  clothing,  transportation,  & c., 
for  the  army,  and  superintends  the 
supplies.  2.  A  petty  officer  who  at¬ 
tends  to  the  helm,  signals,  &c.,  un¬ 
der  the  direction  of  the  master. 

Quah/tern,  n.  [Lat.  quartarius,  a 
fourth  part.]  1.  The  fourth  part  of 
a  pint ;  a  gill.  2.  The  fourth  part 
of  a  peck.  3.  A  loaf  weighing  about 
four  pounds. 

Quar'ter-ses'sions  (-sesh'unz),  n. 
pi.  (Eng.  Law.)  A  general  court  of 
criminal  jurisdiction  held  quarterly. 

Quar'ter-stAff,  n.  A  stout  staff 
formerly  used  for  defense  ;  —  held  by 
one  hand  in  the  middle,  and  the 
other  half  way  between  the  middle 
and  end. 

Quar-tEt'  )  n.  [It.  quartetto, 

Quar-tette',  )  dim.  of  quarto , 
fourth.]  1.  A  musical  composition 
in  four  parts.  2.  The  four  persons 
who  perform  such  a  piece  of  music. 

Quar'tile,  n.  [Lat.  quartus, fourth.] 
An  aspect  of  the  planets,  when  they 
are  distant  from  each  other  90°. 

Quar'to,  n. ;  pi.  QUAR'tos.  [Lat., 
fr.  quartus,  the  fourth.]  A  book  of 


QUENCH 

a  squarish  form,  corresponding  to 
that  formerly  made  by  folding  a 
sheet  twice.  —  a.  Having  the  form 
or  size  of  a  quarto. 

Quartz  (kworts,  108),  n.  [M.  &  N. 

II.  Ger.  quarz.]  Pure  silex. 

Quash,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  quas- 
sare,  to  shake,  shatter,  intensive 
form  of  quatere,  to  shake.]  1.  To 
beat  down  or  in  pieces.  2.  To  crush; 
to  subdue.  3.  [0.  Fr.  quasser,  from 
Lat.  cassare,  to  annul.]  To  abate, 
annul,  or  make  void. 

Qua' si.  [Lat.]  As  if;  in  a  manner  ; 

—  used  as  a  prefix. 

Quas'sia  (kwdsh'i-a  or  kwashff-a),  n. 
[From  Quassy ,  or  Quash,  a  negro, 
who  prescribed  it.]  A  bitter  wood 
and  bark  employed  in  medicine. 
Qua-ter'na-ry,  n.  [Lat.  quaterna- 
rius,  consisting  of  four  each,  fr.  qua¬ 
tuor,  four.]  The  number  four.  —  a. 
Consisting  of  four ;  by  fours. 
Qua-t£r'ni-on,  ii.  [Lat.  quaternio.] 

1.  The  number  four.  2.  A  set  of 
four  parts,  objects,  or  individuals. 

Quat'rain  (42),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  quatre, 
four.]  A  stanza  of  four  lines  rhym¬ 
ing  alternately. 

Qua'ver,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  L.  Ger.  quubbeln,  to  shake.  Cf. 
Quiver.]  1.  To  tremble;  to  vi¬ 
brate.  2.  To  shake  the  voice  ;  also, 
to  produce  a  shake  on  a  musical  in¬ 
strument. —  n.  1.  A  shake  of  the 
voice,  or  on  an  instrument  of  music 

2.  An  eighth  note.  See  EIGHTH. 
Quay  (k3),  n.  [Sec  Key.]  A  mole 

or  bank  toward  the  sea,  or  on  the 
side  of  a  river. 

QueaCH'y,  a.  [From  queach,  a  modif. 
of  quick.]  Trembling  under  the  feet, 
as  boggy  ground. 

Quean,  n.  [A.-S.  civene,  woman, 
harlot,  allied  to  Gr.  ywy,  a  woman.] 
A  low  woman  ;  a  wench. 
Quea'si-ness,  n.  Nausea. 

Quea'sy,  a.  [Icel.  qveisn,  belly-ache.] 

1.  Sick  at  the  stomach.  2.  Fastid¬ 
ious  ;  squeamish. 

Queen,  n.  [A.-S.  ewen,  wife,  queen. 
See  Quean.]  1.  Consort  of  a  king. 

2.  A  female  sovereign  of  a  kingdom. 
Queen-doivager,  the  widow  of  a  king. 

—  v.  i.  To  play  the  queen. 

Queer,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [N.  II.  Ger. 

queer,  quer,  cross,  oblique,  athwart, 
A.-S.  thiveor.  Cf.  Thwart.]  Odd; 
singular ;  whimsical. 

Queer'ly,  adv.  In  an  odd  manner  ; 

singularly  ;  whimsically. 
Queer'ness,  n.  Oddity  ;  singularity. 
Quell,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  ewe- 
lian,  cwellan.  See  Kill.]  1.  To  sub¬ 
due  ;  to  put  down.  2.  To  reduce  te 
peace. 

Syn.  —  To  crush;  overpower;  quiet. 
Quench,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
cwencan,  allied  to  croinan,  to  lan¬ 
guish.]  1.  To  extinguish;  to  put 
out,  as  fire.  2.  To  put  an  end  to,  as 
something  ardent  or  burning. 
Quench'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of  be¬ 
ing  quenched. 


G, hard ;  A§;  exist;  n  as  ng  ;  this. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Crn,  rue,  pyLL  i  E,i,  o,  silent ;  £ ,  G ,  soft  /  €, 


QUENCHABLE  346 


QUIBE 


QuEnch'less,  a.  Incapable  of  be¬ 
ing  quenched. 

QUER'^IT-RON,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat.  quer- 
cus,  an  oak,  and  citrus ,  citron-tree.] 
Bark  of  the  black  oak,  or  dyer’s  oak. 

QuerG-mo'ni-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  queri- 
vionia ,  a  complaint.]  Apt  to  com¬ 
plain. 

Que'RIST  (89),  n.  [Lat.  quxrere,  to 
seek,  to  inquire.]  One  who  inquires. 

Quer'u-loDs,  a.  [Lat.  querulus.]  1. 
Habitually  complaining.  2.  Express¬ 
ing  complaint. 

Que'RY  (89),  n.  [Lat.  quxre ,  impera¬ 
tive  of  quxrere, ,  to  seek  for.]  A  ques¬ 
tion  ;  an  inquiry.  —  v.  i.  To  make 
inquiry.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
1.  To  inquire  into.  2.  To  doubt  of. 

Quest,  n.  [Lat.  quxrere ,  quxsi turn, to 
seek  for.]  Act  of  seeking  ;  search. 

QuEs'tion  (kwesVyun,  66),  n.  [Lat. 
quxstio ,  from  quxrere ,  to  seek  for.] 
1.  Act  of  asking  ;  interrogation.  2. 
Discussion;  debate.  3.  Investiga¬ 
tion.  4.  That  which  is  asked;  a 
query.  5.  A  subject  of  investigation. 

Syn.  —  Interrogatory;  inquiry;  exam¬ 
ination;  trial;  dispute;  doubt. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  ask  ques¬ 
tions.  — v.  t.  1.  To  inquire  of  by  ask¬ 
ing  questions.  2.  To  doubt  of.  3. 
To  treat  as  not  entitled  to  confidence. 

Syn. —  To  interrogate;  inquire.  —  We 
inquire  for  the  sake  of  information;  as, 
to  inquire  one’s  way.  We  question  with 
closeness  in  order  to  gain  the  whole 
truth ;  as,  to  question  a  messenger  as  to 
all  the  particulars.  We  interrogate  by 
asking  questions  repeatedly,  and  often 
with  authority. 

Ques'tioN-a-ble  (kwgst'yun-a-bl), 
a.  Liable  to  be  called  in  question. 

Syn.  —  Disputable;  controvertible;  de¬ 
batable;  doubtful;  susjiicious. 

Ques'tion-er  (lcwest/yun-),  n.  One 
who  asks  questions  ;  an  inquirer. 

Ques'tion-less  (kwest'yun-),  adv. 
Doubtless ;  certainly. 

Ques'tor,  71.  [Lat.  qu.xstor,  contr.fr. 
quxsitor ,  from  quxrere ,  to  seek,  ask.] 
{Rom.  Antiq.)  A  public  treasurer. 

Queue  (ku),  n.  [Fr.]  See  Cue. 

Quib,  n.  [Prob.  an  abbrev.  of  quibble.'] 
A  sarcasm  ;  a  bitter  taunt ;  a  quip. 

QUIB'BLE  (kwTb/bl),  n.  [Prob.  fr.  Lat. 
quidlibet,  what  you  please.]  1.  An 
evasion;  a  cavil.  2.  A  pun.  —  v.i. 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  evade  the  point 
in  question  by  artifice  or  conceit.  2. 
To  pun  ;  to  practice  punning. 

QuIb'ble  R,  7i.  One  who  quibbles. 

QuIck  (kwik),  a.  [-ER ;  -EST.]  [A.-S. 
civic.]  1.  Alive;  living.  2.  Ani¬ 
mated  ;  sprightly.  3.  Speedy  ;  swift. 

Syn.  —  Expeditious;  rapid;  brisk; 
nimble;  hasty. 

—  adv.  1.  With  haste  ;  speedily.  2. 
Without  delay. — n.  1.  A  living 
animal  or  plant ;  especially,  the  haw¬ 
thorn  or  quickset.  2.  Living  flesh  ; 
hence,  any  sensitive  part. 

QuIck'en  (kwik'n),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[See  Quick.]  1.  To  make  alive;  to 
vivify.  2.  To  make  lively  or  active. 
3.  To  make  rapid  ;  to  accelerate. 

Syn.  —  To  revive;  incite;  hasten. 


—  v.  i.  1.  To  become  alive.  2.  To 
move  with  rapidity. 

Quick/ .en-er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  quickens. 

QuIck'LIME,  7i.  Any  carbonate  of 
lime  deprived  of  its  carbonic  acid  and 
aqueous  matter. 

QUICK'LY,  adv.  Speedily  ;  soon. 

Quick'ness,  n.  1.  Rapidity  of  mo¬ 
tion.  2.  Activity.  3.  Acuteness  of 
perception.  4.  Pungency. 

QuYck'sand,  7i.  Sand  readily  yield¬ 
ing  to  pressure;  especially,  loose  or 
moving  sand  mixed  with  water. 

Qu/ck'set,  v.  t.  To  plant  with  living 
shrubs  or  trees  for  a  hedge.  —  a. 
Made  of  quickset. 

QUICK'SfL-VER,  7i.  [Eng.  quick  and 
silver;' — from  its  fluidity.]  Mercu¬ 
ry.  See  Mercury.  [march. 

Quick'step,  n.  A  lively,  spirited 

Quick/— WIT'TED.  a.  Having  ready 
wit.  [cud. 

Quid,  n.  A  portion  to  be  chewed;  a 

Quid'di-ty,  7i.  [L.  Lat.  quidditas ,  fr. 
Lat.  quid ,  what.]  I.  Essence  of  a 
thing.  2.  A  trilling  nicety. 

Quid'dle  (kwxd'dl),  v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  quid,  what.]  To  waste 
time  in  trifling  employments ;  to 
dawdle. 

Quid'dee,  1  n.  One  who  spends  time 

Quid'deer,  j  in  trifling  niceties. 

QuiD'NUN-C,  7i.  [Lat.,  What  now?] 
One  curious  to  know  all  that  passes. 

Qui-es^e',  v.  i.  [-ED;-ING.J  [Lat. 
quiescere ,  fr.  quits ,  rest.]  To  be  si¬ 
lent,  as  a  letter. 

Qui-es'^en<;ie,  «.  1.  Rest;  repose. 

2 ,.  Silence,  as  of  a  letter. 

Qui-es'cent,  a.  [Lat.  quiescens.]  1. 
Being  in  a  state  of  repose  ;  still.  2. 
Not  ruffled  with  passion.  3.  Not 
sounded  ;  silent ;  mute. 

QuI'et,  a.  [-er  ; -est.]  1.  Being  in 
a  state  of  rest.  2.  Free  from  distux-b- 
ance.  3.  Not  giving  offense  or  trouble. 

Sy'n.  —  Still;  calm;  smooth. 

—  n.  [Lat.  quits,  quietis.]  1.  State 
of  a  thing  not  in  motion  ;  repose.  2. 
Freedom  from  disturbance ;  tran¬ 
quillity. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
stop  motion  in.  2.  To  calm  ;  to  ap¬ 
pease. 

Qui'ET-lgM,  7i.  1.  Peace  or  tranquil¬ 
lity  of  mind.  2.  System  of  the  Qui- 
etists,  who  maintained  that  religion 
consists  in  repose  of  the  mind,  em¬ 
ployed  in  contemplating  God.  [tics. 

QuT'ET-i'st,  ti.  One  of  a  sect  of  mys- 

Qui'et-ly,  adv.  In  a  quiet  state  or 
manner. 

Qui'et-ness,  n.  State  of  being  quiet. 

Qui'e-tude  (30),  n. '  Rest ;  quiet. 

Qui-e'tus,  7i.  [Lat.]  Rest;  repose; 
hence,  a  final  dischai’ge. 

Quill,  n.  [M.  II.  Ger.  kil,  allied  to 
Lat.  caulis,  a  stalk,  a  quill.]  1.  A 
large,  strong  feather;  —  used  for  writ¬ 
ing-pens,  &c.  2.  A  pen.  3.  A  spine, 
as  of  a  porcupine.  4.  A  piece  of  reed, 
on  which  weavers  wind  thread.  5. 
Tube  of  a  musical  instrument.  —  v. 
t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  form  with 


small  ridges  like  quills.  2.  To  wind 
on  a  quill. 

Quill'ing,  ti.  A  narrow  trimming, 
in  folds,  re«embling  a  row  of  quills. 

Quilt,  ?/.  [Cf.  Lat.  culcita,  a  bed, 
cushion.]  A  cover  or  garment  made 
by  quilting.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
stitch  together  with  some  soft  and 
warm  substance  between. 

Quince,  n.  [From  Cijdonia,  in  Crete.] 
A  small  tree,  and  its  acid  fruit. 

Quin'gunx,  7i.  [Lat.,  fr.  quinque,  five, 
and  uncia,  an  ounce.]  Ai-rangement 
of  things,  especially  of  trees,  by  fives 
in  a  square,  thus,  *.* 

Qui'nine,  or  Qui-nTne',  n.  [Sp.  qui- 
7iina,  fr.  quina,  or  qumaquina ,  Peru¬ 
vian  bark.]  1.  An  alkaloid  obtained 
from  cinchona.  2.  A  salt  of  quinine, 
used  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge. 

Quin'qua-ges'i-ma,  a.  [Lat.;  quin- 
quagesimlts,  the  fiftieth.]  Fiftieth. 

Quinquaqesima  Sunday,  the  Sunday 
which  is  about  the  fiftieth  day  before 
Easter. 

Quin-quXn'gu-lar  (-kwangL),  a. 
[Lat.  quinquangulus ,  from  qunique, 
live,  and  angulus,  angle.]  Having 
five  angles. 

QUIN-QUEN'NI-AL,  a.  [Lat.  quinquen- 
7ialis;  fr.  quinque,  five,  and  annus, 
year.]  Occurring  once  in  five  years, 
or  lasting  five  years. 

Qu'in'QUE-VALVE,  a.  [Lat.  quinque, 
five,  and  valva,  leaf,  fold,  valve.] 
Having  five  valves. 

QuiN'gY,  71.  [Contracted  ir.squinan- 
cij.]  Inflammation  of  the  throat  or 
parts  adjacent,  with  fever. 

Quint,  n.  [Lat  quintus,  the  fifth.]  A 
sequence  of  five,  as  in  piquet. 

Quint'al,  n.  [Ar.  kintar,  a  weight  of 
100  lbs.,  fr.  Lat.  centU7n,a  hundred.] 
A  hundred  weight. 

Quin-tes'sence,  n.  [Lat.  quinta 
esse7ilia,  fifth  essence.]  Pure  or  con¬ 
centrated  essence. 

Quin'tes-sLn'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of 
quintessence. 

Quin-tet',  )  n.  [From  Lat.  quin- 

Quin-tette',  (  tus,  the  fifth.]  (Mus.) 
A  composition  for  five  voices  or  in¬ 
struments. 

Quint'ILE,  n.  [Lat.  quintus,  the 
fifth;  quinque,  five.]  The  aspect  of 
planets  when  distant  from  each  other 
the  fifth  part  of  the  zodiac,  or  72°. 

Quin-till'ion  (-yun),  n.  [Lat.  quin¬ 
tus,  the  fifth.]  According  to  the  Eng¬ 
lish  notation,  a  unit  with  30  ciphers 
annexed  ;  according  to  the  Fr.  nota¬ 
tion,  a  unit  with  18  ciphers  annexed. 

QUIN'TU-PLE,  a.  [Lat.  quintuplex; 
fr.  quintus ,  fifth,  and plicare,  to  fold.] 
Multiplied  by  five;  fivefold. —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  fivefold. 

Quip,  n.  [See  Quib.]  A  smart,  sar¬ 
castic  turn  ;  a  taunt ;  a  retort.  — 
v.t.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  To  taunt. — 
i\  i.  To  scoff. 

Quire,  n.  1.  [See  Choir.]  A  choir. 
2.  [Fr.  ;  0.  Fr.  qvaijer,  ca'ier,  a  book 
of  loose  sheets,  fr.  L.  Lat.  quaternium, 
sheets  of  paper  packed  by  turns,  fr. 
Lat.  quaterni,  four  each,  by  fours.] 


A,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y, long ;  a,  L,  t,  6,  tr,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Rre,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


QUIRK 


RACKING 


Twenty-four  sheets  of  paper,  each 
having  a  single  fold. 

QuIrk  (18),  n.  [Allied  to  queer.]  1. 
A  sudden  turn  ;  heuce,  an  artful 
evasion.  2.  A  smart  retort. 

Quit  (kwTt),  v.  t  [quit  or  quit¬ 
ted  ;  QUITTING.]  [L.  Lat.  quilare, 
quittare ,  fr.  Lat.  quietus,  quiet.]  1. 
To  release  from  obligation,  accusa¬ 
tion,  or  the  like ;  to  acquit.  2.  To 
conduct,  3.  To  discharge  as  a  duty. 
4.  To  depart  from  ;  to  forsake.  —  a. 
Released  ;  free  ;  clear  ;  absolved. 

©3“  Sometimes  used  in  the  form  quits, 
colloquially;  as,  to  be  quits  with  one,  to 
be  even  with  him. 

QuiT'GLAIM,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Eng. 
quit  and  claim.]  To  relinquish  a 
claim  to  by  deed.  —  n.  A  relinquish¬ 
ment  of  a  claim  ;  a  deed  of  release. 

Quite,  adv.  [Fr.  quitte ,  discharged, 
clear.  See  Quit,  a.]  1.  Complete¬ 
ly  ;  entirely.  2.  To  a  great  degree  ; 
considerably. 

Quit'rent,  n.  A  rent  reserved  in 
grants  of  land,  by  payment  of  which  a 
tenant  is  quit  from  all  other  service. 

Quit'T ANCE,  n.  1.  Discharge  from 
a  debt ;  acquittance.  2.  Recompense  ; 
repayment. 

QUIV'ER,  n.  [0.  Fr.  cuivre,  r.ouire ,  fr. 
0.  II.  Ger.  kochar,  kohhar.]  A  case 
for  arrows. — v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Cf.  Quaver;  also,  0.  D.  quicker , 


347 

vivid.]  To  shake  with  slight  and 
tremulous  motion. 

Qui  vive  (ke  vev).  [Fr.,  fr.  qui,  who, 
and  vive,  lives.]  The  challenge  of  a 
French  sentinel,  To  what  party  do 
you  belong?  corresponding  to,  Who 
goes  there? 

Quix-ot'iu,  a.  Like  Don  Quixote ; 
romantic  to  extravagance. 

Quiz,  n.  [A  word  of  no  meaning,  once 
chalked  on  the  walls  of  Dublin  in  pur¬ 
suance  of  a  wager.]  1.  A  riddle  ;  an 
enigma.  2.  One  who  quizzes  others. 
3.  An  odd  fellow.  — v.  t.  [-ZED  ; 
-ZING.]  1.  To  puzzle;  to  make  sport 
of,  by  deceiving.  2.  To  peer  at. 

Quiz'zig-al,  a.  Comical.  [Colloq.] 

Quvd’  li-bet,  n.  [Lat..  what  you 

please.]  A  subtilty. 

Quoif  (kwoif),  n.  [See  Coif.]  A  cap 
or  hood  ;  a  coif. 

QuoiN(kwoin  or  koin),  n.  [See  Coin.] 
1.  Any  external  angle ;  especially 
the  external  angle  of  a  building.  2. 
A  small  wedge,  used  for  various  pur¬ 
poses. 

Quoit  (kwoit),  n.  [D.  koot,  0.  D.  kote, 
die,  knuckle-bone.]  A  circular  ring 
or  flat  stone,  to  be  pitched  at  a  mark. 
—  v.  i.  To  play  at  quoits. 

Quon'dam,  a.  [Lat..]  Having  been 
formerly  ;  former. 

Quo'rum  (89),  n.  [Lat.,  gen.  pi.  of 
qui,  “  of  whom.”]  Such  a  number  of 


the  members  of  any  body  as  is  com 
petent  to  transact  business. 

Quo'TA,  n.  [Lat.  quota,  fr.  quotus, 
which  or  what  in  number,  how 
many.]  A  proportional  part  or  share. 

Quot'a-ble,  a.  Capable  or  worthy  ol 
being  quoted. 

Quo-TA'TlON,rc.  [Fr .quote.]  1.  Act 
of  quoting.  2.  A  passage  quoted.  3 
(Com.)  Specification  of  the  price  o 
commodities. 

Quote  (kwot),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [C 
Fr.  quo  ter,  fr.  Lat.  quotus.  See  supra. 
1.  To  cite,  as  a  passage  from  some 
author.  2.  To  name  the  price  of. 

S  y.nt.  —  To  cite.  —  To  cite  was  original¬ 
ly  to  call  into  court  as  a  witness,  &c.; 
and  lienee  the  word  denotes  something 
very  specific  and  exact  in  adducing  evi¬ 
dence.  Quote  is  used  in  a  more  loose  and 
general  way,  often  expressing  an  appeal 
to  some  one  as  an  authority,  without  re¬ 
peating  his  exact  words. 

Quotii  (kwoth  or  kwtith),  v.  i.  [A.-S. 
cwediian,  imp.  ewadh.)  Said  ;  spoke  ; 
—  used  in  the  first  and  third  persons 
in  the  past  tenses. 

Quo-tid'i-an,  a.  [Lat.  quotidianus  ; 
fr.  quotus,  how  many,  and  dies,  day.] 
Occurring  daily.  —  n.  A  fever  whose 
paroxysms  return  every  day. 

Quo'tient  (kwo'shent),  n.  [Lat. 
quoties ,  how  often.]  The  number 
resulting  from  the  division  of  one 
number  by  another. 


R(ar),  the  eighteenth  letter  of  the 
alphabet,  is  a  liquid  or  semi¬ 
vowel.  See  Prin.  of  P/on.,  §§  87-89. 
RAB'BET,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Cf. 
Fr.  raboter,  to  plaue,  rabot,  a  plane.] 
1.  To  cut,  as  the  edge  of  a  board, 
that  it  may  form  a  joint  with  anoth¬ 
er  board,  similarly  cut,  by  lapping. 
2.  To  lap  and  unite  the  edges  of,  as 
boards,  &c.  —  n.  [See  supra.)  A 
cut  made  upon  the  edge  of  a  board, 
to  fit  it  to  another  board. 

R.Xb'bi  (rib'b!  or  rab'bT),  n.;  pi. 
rab'bis,  or  RAB'BIES.  [Heb.  rabi, 
my  master.  ]  Master  ;  lord  ;  sir  ;  — 

a  title  of  a  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law. 
Rab'bin,  n.  Same  as  Rabbi. 
Rab-bin'I€,  la.  Pertaining  to 
Rab-BIN'I€-AL,  )  the  rabbins,  or  to 
their  opinions,  learning,  &c. 
Rab'bin-ist,  n.  A  Jew  who  adhered 
to  the  Talmud  and  the  traditions  of 
the  rabbins. 

Rab'bit,  «.  [0.  D.  robbe,  robbeken.] 

A  small  burrowing  animal,  resem¬ 
bling  the  hare. 

Rab'ble,  n.  [0.  Fr.  rapaille ,  fr.  raper, 
to  grate,  to  wear  out.]  A  crowd  of 
vulgar,  noisy  people ;  a  mob.  . 
Rab'td,  a.  [Lat.  rabidus,  fr.  rabies , 
rage.]  Furious;  raging;  mad. 
Rab'id-ness,  n.  State  of  being  rabid. 
Ra'ea,  a.  [lleb.]  Worthless;  loose 


Raccoon. 


in  life  and  manners ;  —  a  term  of 
contempt. 

Rag-goon',  n.  [Fr. 
raton ,  a  little  rat, 
a  raccoon.]  A 
small  carnivorous 
North  American 
animal,  allied  to 
the  bear. 

Race,  n.  1.  [From 
0.  II.  Ger.  reiza, 
line.]  Descend¬ 
ants  of  a  common  ancestor.  2.  Pe¬ 
culiar  or  characteristic  flavor ; 
smack.  3.  Characteristic  quality  or 
disposition.  4.  A  root.  5.  [A.-S. 
rxs,  Icel.  rasa,  to  run.]  Rapid  course 
or  motion.  6.  A  running  in  competi¬ 
tion.  7.  A  strong  current  of  water, 
or  the  passage  for  such  a  current.  — 
v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  run  swiftly; 
to  contend  in  running. — v.  t.  To 
cause  to  run  rapidly. 

Race'-horse,  n.  A  horse  kept  for 
running  in  contest. 

Rac/e-ma'tion,  n.  [Lat.  racematio.] 
A  cluster  or  bunch. 

Ra-ceme',  n.  [Lat.  racemus,  a  bunch 
of  berries,  a  cluster  of  grapes.]  A 
flower-cluster,  as  in  the  currant. 

RXC'E-MIF'ER-Otfs,  a.  [Lat.  racemus, 
raceme,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
racemes. 


Ra/cer,  n.  One  who  races. 

Ra-ghit'ig  (-kit'ik),  a.  [Gr.  pdx<s, 
the  spine.]  Pertaining  to  rachitis  ; 
rickety. 

Ra-EIIPtis,  n.  [Gr.  paxins  (sc. 
voaos),  fr.  pax's,  spiue.]  Inflamma¬ 
tion  and  curvature  of  the  spine  ;  the 
rickets. 

Ra^I-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  racy. 

Rack,  /!.  [Ger.  reck ;  recken,  to  stretch, 
A.-S.  rxcan,  rxr.can,  to  reach.]  1. 
An  instrument  for  stretching  or  ex¬ 
tending  any  thing  ;  esp.  one  used  for 
torture.  2.  A  frame-work  for  various 
purposes.  3.  Pace  of  a  horse  in  which 
the  two  legs  on  each  side  are  moved 
together.  4.  A  straight-toothed  bar, 
to  work  in  the  teeth  of  a  wheel  or 
pinion.  5.  [Cf.  A.-S.  racu,  rain.  Cf. 
Reek.]  Thin,  flying,  broken  clouds. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  stretch  or  strain  ;  es¬ 
pecially  to  stretch  on  the  rack.  2. 
To  torment ;  to  torture.  3.  To  draw 
off  from  the  lees,  as  wine,  &c.  — v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  travel  with  a  quick 
amble ;  to  steam  ;  to  rise,  or  fly,  as 
vapor  or  broken  clouds. 

RXck'et,  n.  [It.  racchetta,  for  r cli¬ 
che  tta,  fr.  Lat.  rete,  a  net.]  1.  A  sort 
of  hoop,  across  which  a  net- work  is 
stretched.  2.  A  snow-shoe.  [  Canada.) 
3.  A  clattering  noise  ;  din  [ating. 

Rack'ing,  a.  Tormenting;  excruci- 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,to"ok;  Brn,  rue,  pull  ; 


E,i,  o,  silent;  <?,G  ,soft;  €,&,hard;  A§;  exist;  N  as  NG;  this. 


RACK-RENT 


I 


348 


RALLY 


RXck'-rent,  n.  An  annual  rent 
raised  to  the  utmost. 

Ra'9  Y,  a.  [-ER;  -EST.]  [From  race.'] 

1.  Tasting  of  the  soil ;  hence,  fresh  ; 
rich.  2.  Exciting  to  the  mental  taste 
by  a  strong,  distinctive  character. 

Syn.—  Spicy.  —Racy  refers  primarily 
to  that  strong  and  peculiar  flavor  which 
certain  wines  derive  from  the  soil;  and 
lienee,  we  call  a  style  or  production  racy 
when  it  “smacks  of  the  soil,”  or  has  an 
uncommon  degree  of  freshness  and  dis¬ 
tinctiveness  of  thought  and  language. 
Spicy,  when  applied  to  style,  has  refer¬ 
ence  to  that  pungency  which  belongs  to 
the  aromatics  of  the  East. 

RXd'DLE,  v.  t.  [From  reef/.]  To  in¬ 
terweave  ;  to  twist  together.  —  n.  1. 
A  long  stick  used  in  hedging.  2.  A 
hedge  formed  by  interweaving. 

Ra'di-al,  a.  [From  Lat.  radius ,  a 
staff,  rod,  spoke.]  Pertaining  to  a 
radius,  or  to  the  fore-arm. 

Ra'OI-ANCE,  In.  Quality  of  being 

RX'DI-AN-^y,  )  radiant ;  vivid  bright¬ 
ness. 

Syn.—  Luster;  brilliancy;  splendor. 

Ra/di-AJvT,  a.  [Lat.  radians, emitting 
rays  or  beams.]  Emitting  rays  of 
light  or  heat ;  emitting  a  vivid  light 
or  splendor.  [splendor. 

Ra'di-ant-ly,  adv.  With  glittering 

Ra'di-ate,  n.  An  animal  in  which 
all  the  parts  are  arranged  uniformly 
around  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the 
body. — a.  Formed  of  rays  diverg¬ 
ing  from  a  center. 

Ra'di-ate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
radiare,  - atum ,  fr.  radius ,  ray.]  1. 
To  issue  in  direct  lines,  as  heat  or 
light.  2.  To  emit  rays ;  to  be  ra¬ 
diant. —  v.t.  To  emit  or  send  out 
in  direct  lines,  as  heat. 

Ra'di-a'tion,  n.  Emission  and  dif¬ 
fusion  of  rays,  as  of  light. 

Ra'di-a/tor,  n.  That  which  radiates 
or  emits  rays,  as  of  heat. 

Rad'1-€AL,  a.  [Lat.  radix ,  radio's,  a 
root.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  proceed¬ 
ing  directly  from,  the  root.  2.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  root  or  origin  ;  thor¬ 
oughgoing  ;  extreme. 

Syn. —  Entire.  —  A  radical  cure,  re¬ 
form,  &c.,  is  one  which  goes  to  the  root 
of  the  thing  in  question;  entire  would 
imply  that  it  extended  to  every  part  of 
the  system  referred  to. 

—  n.  1.  A  primitive  word;  a  root. 

2.  One  who  advocates  extreme  mea¬ 
sures  in  reformation.  3.  A  chemical 
element  that  may  be  transferred  from 
one  combination  to  another  in  ex¬ 
change  for  one  or  more  atoms  of  hy¬ 
drogen  or  its  representatives. 

RXd'i-€AL-i§m,  n.  Doctrine  or  prin¬ 
ciple  of  radicals. 

RXd'i-cal-ly,  adv.  At  the  origin  or 
root ;  fundamentally. 

RXd'i-cate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
radicari,  -catus ;  radix,  root.]  To 
root.  _  [root  deeply. 

RXdQ-ca'tion,  n.  Process  of  taking 

RXd'i-cle  (rad'I-kl),  n.  [Lat.  radicula, 
dim.  of  radix,  root.]  Rudimentary 
stem  of  a  plant. 

RXd'ish,  n.  [Lat.  radix ,  radicis,  a 


root,  esp.  a  radish.]  A  cultivated 
plant,  the  root  of  which  is  eaten  raw. 
Lat.  pi. 


[Lat.  See 
1.  A  right 


Radius. 


Ra'di-Os,  n. 

RA>Dl-I. 

Radial.] 

line  from  the  center/ 
of  a  circle  to  the  pe¬ 
riphery  .  2.  Exterior 

hone  of  the  fore-arm. 

RA'Dix,n. ;  pi.  RAD'- 
I-fEg.  [Lat.,  root.] 

1.  A  primitive  word,  from  which 
spring  other  words  ;  a  root.  2.  Fun¬ 
damental  number  of  any  system. 

RXf'fle,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
rafler ,  to  carry,  or  sweep  away.  See 
Rape.]  To  engage  in  a  raffle.  — n. 
A  kind  of  lottery,  in  which  several 
persons  deposit  a  part  of  the  value 
of  something,  and  it  is  determined 
by  chance  which  of  them  shall  be¬ 
come  sole  possessor. 

RAft,  n.  [Icel.  raftr,  a  rafter,  spar.] 
A  collection  of  boards,  planks,  & c., 
fastened  together,  to  serve  as  a  sup¬ 
port  on  the  water.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ing.]  To  carry  on  or  in  a  raft. 

Raft'er,  n.  [A.-S  .rafter.  See  Raft.] 
A  roof-timber  of  a  building. 

RXg,  n.  [Gael,  rag,  a  rag,  wrinkle, 
allied  to  Gr.  pdxos,  A.-S.  hracod , 
raked,  ragged.]  1.  A  piece  of  cloth 
torn  off.  2.  pi.  Mean  or  tattered  at¬ 
tire.  3.  A  coarse  kind  of  rock,  some¬ 
what  cellular. 

RXg'A-MUFF'in,  it.  [Eng.  rag,  and 
Prov.  Ger.  inuffen,  to  smell  musty 
or  rank.]  A  paltry  fellow. 

Rage,  n.  [Lat.  rabies.]  1.  X’iolent 
anger  accompanied  with  furious 
words  or  action.  2.  Extreme  vio¬ 
lence.  3.  Subject  of  eager  desire. 

Syn.  —  See  Anger. 

—  v.i.  [-ed;.-1ng.]  1.  To  be  fu¬ 
rious  with  anger.  2.  To  be  violent 
and  tumultuous.  3.  To  prevail  with¬ 
out  restraint. 


RXg'ged  (60),  a.  [From  rag.]  1.  Be¬ 
ing  in  tatters.  2.  Broken  with  rough 
edges  ;  jagged.  3.  Wearing  tattered 
clothes.  [ragged. 

RXg'ged-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
RXg'lan,  n.  A  loose  overcoat  with 
large  sleeves  ;  —  so  called  from  Lord 
Raglan.  [or  deals  in  rags. 

RXg'man  (150),n.  A  man  who  collects 
Ra-GOUT'  (ra-gdoQ,  n.  [Fr.  ragofit, 
from  ragoiiter,  to  restore  one's  appe¬ 
tite.]  Fragments  of  meat,  mixed, 
stewed,  and  highly  seasoned. 

Rag'- WHEEL,  n.  A  wheel  with  pro¬ 
jecting  pins  on  the  rim,  which  tit  in¬ 
to  the  links  of  a  chain. 

Raid,  n.  [A.-S.  rad,  a  riding,  from 
rldan,  to  ride.]  A  hostile  or  preda¬ 
tory  incursion,  esp.  of  mounted  men. 
Rail,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  rigil,  rigel,  bar, 
bolt.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber,  iron,  or 
other  substance,  extending  from  one 
support  to  another.  2.  A  bar  of 
iron,  on  wfflich  the  wheels  of  railway 
carriages  roll.  3.  [Fr.  rale  ;  allied  to 
Eng.  rattle .]  A  certain  bird.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  inclose  with  rails. 
—  v.  i.  [Fr.  railler,  to  bluster,  scold. 


Cf.  Rally.]  To  use  insolent  and 
reproachful  language. 

Rail'er,  n.  One  who  rails. 

Rail'ing,??.  1.  A  series  of  rails;  a 
fence.  2.  Materials  for  rails. 

RXil'ler-Y  (raPler-y),  n.  [Fr.  rail - 
lerie,  from  railler.  See  Rail,  v.  j\] 
Good-humored  pleasantry  ;  banter. 

Rail'road,  ( it.  A  road  or  way  on 

Rail'way,  )  which  iron  rails  are 
laid  for  wheels  to  run  on. 

Rai'ment,  n.  [Abbrev.  from  array 
ment .]  Clothing  in  general ;  gar-* 
ments. 

Rain,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [See  Rain, 
n.]  To  fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds, 
as  water.  —  v.  t.  To  pour  or  shower 
down.  —n.  [A.-S.  regen,  ren ,  Goth. 

rign,  Icel.  regn,  allied  to  Icel.  rah , 
humor.]  Water  falling  in  drops  from 
the  clouds. 

Rain 'now,  n.  A  many-colored  arch, 
formed  by  refraction  and  reflection  of 
the  sun’s  rays  in  drops  of  falling  rain. 

Rain'-GAUGE  ,  n.  An  instrumentfor 
measuring  the  quantity  of  rain  that 
falls  in  a  given  time. 

Rain'y,  a.  Abounding  with  rain ; 
wet ;  showery. 

Raise,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
rdsian,  fr.  risan ,  to  rise.]  1.  To  cause 
to  rise ;  to  bring  from  a  lower  to  a 
higher  place  ;  — used  also  in  various 
derived  senses.  2.  To  cause  to  rise 
up,  or  assume  an  erect  position  or 
posture.  3.  To  cause  to  arise,  grow 
up,  or  come  into  being  or  to  appear  ; 
to  give  rise  to.  4.  To  make  light  and 
spongy,  as  bread. 

Rai'sjn  (ra'zn),  n.  [From  Lat.  race- 
mus.  See  Raceme.]  A  dried  grape. 

Rais'ing,  n.  Act  of  lifting,  setting 
up,  elevating,  exalting,  producing, 
or  restoring  to  life. 

Raisonne;  (ra'zo-na'),  a.  [Fr.]  Ar¬ 
ranged  analytically  or  systematically. 

Ra'jah,  or  Ra'JAII,  n.  [Ilind.  raja, 
from  Skr.  radj,  to  shine,  rule.]  A 
native  prince  or  king.  [India.] 

Raice,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  race,  from  Icel. 
raka ,  to  scrape.]  An  instrument  for 
collecting  hay  or  other  light  things. 
2.  [Cf.  Ger.  racker,  a  cur,  villain,  ras¬ 
cal.]  A  loose,  disorderly,  vicious 
man.  3.  [Cf.  A.-S.  rseean,  to  reach.] 
Inclination  of  a  mast  from  a  perpen¬ 
dicular  direction. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  smooth,  gather,  &c., 
with  a  rake.  2.  To  scour ;  to  ran¬ 
sack.  3.  To  enfilade ;  to  fire  in  a  di¬ 
rection  with  the  length  of. 

Rak'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  using  a  rake. 
2.  Quantity  of  hay,  &c.,  collected  by 
using  a  rake  once. 

Rak'ish,  a.  1.  Lewd  ;  debauched. 
2.  Having  a  great  backward  inclina¬ 
tion  of  the  masts. 

RXl'ly,  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.]  1. 
[Fr.  rallier.]  To  collect  and  reduce 
to  order,  as  troops ;  to  reunite.  2. 
[See  Rail.]  To  attack  with  raillery. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  assemble;  to  unite. 
2.  To  recuperate.  3.  To  use  pleasan¬ 
try'. —  n.  1.  Act  of  bringing  disor¬ 
dered  troops  to  their  ranks.  2.  Ex- 


A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y , long ;  X,£,I,  o,  iJ,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  £re,  VEIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  firm;  son, 


RAM  349  RAREFACTION 


ercise  of  satirical  merriment.  3. 
A  regaining  of  lost  strength. 

Ram,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Male  of  the  sheep 
and  allied  animals.  2.  An  engine  of 
war,  used  for  battering ;  a  vessel, 
armed  with  a  heavy  beak.  3.  A  ma¬ 
chine  for  raising  water. — v.  t. 
[-MED;  -MING.]  1.  To  strike  against, 
like  a  ram  ;  to  drive  with  violence. 

2.  To  fill  by  pounding  or  driving. 

RAm' A-DAN’  (110).  n.  [Ar.,prop.  the 

hot  month.]  The  ninth  Mohamme¬ 
dan  month,  or  a  great  fast,  kept 
through  the  month. 

RXm'ble  (ram/bl),u.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Cf.  Ger.  rammeln ,  to  tumble,  romp ; 
or  Lat.  re-ambulare ,  Eng.  as  if  re- 
amble  ,  or  it  may  be  a  dim.  of  roam.] 
To  go  from  place  to  place,  without 
any  object  in  view. 

Syn. —  To  rove;  roam;  range;  stroll. 
—  n.  A  going  from  place  to  place 
without  any  determinate  object. 

RXm'BLER,  n.  One  who  rambles. 

RXm'i-fi-ca'tion,  n.  [See  Ramify.] 
1.  Process  of  branching.  2.  A  small 
division;  a  subordinate  branch. 

Ram'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  ramus ,  a  branch,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  To  divide  into  branches 
or  parts.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  shoot  into 
branches.  2.  To  be  divided  or  sub¬ 
divided.  [rams  or  drives. 

RXm'Mer,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Ram'MISH,  a.  Ram  -  like  ;  rank; 
strong-scented. 

Ra-mose'  (125),  I  a.  [Lat.  ramosus ; 

RA'MOOs,  ]  ramus,  a  branch.] 

Branched,  as  a  stem  or  root. 

RXmp,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr.  ram- 
per ,  to  creep,  0.  Fr.  to  climb.]  1.  To 
climb,  as  a  plant.  2.  To  spriug  ;  to 
bound;  to  frolic;  to  romp.  —  n.  A 
leap  ;  a  spring ;  a  bound. 

Ramp'AGE,  n.  A  state  of  excitement 
or  passion.  [Frov.  Eng.] 

RXmp'an-^Y,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  rampant. 

RXmp'ANT,  a.  [Fr.  rampant ,  p.  pr. 
of  rarnper ,  to  creep,  to  be  servile.]  1. 
Springing  or  climbing  unchecked ; 
exuberant.  2.  Overleaping  restraint. 

3.  (Her.)  Standing  upright  on  his 
hind  legs. 

Ram'part,  n.  [Fr.  rempart,  fr.  rem- 
parer ,  to  fortify.]  That  which  fortifies 
and  defends  from  assault. 

Syn.  —  Bulwark.  —  The  rampart  of  a 
fortress  is  the  entire  wall  which  sur¬ 
rounds  it ;  a  bulwark  is  more  properly 
something  which  projects  (as  a  bastion) 
for  the  defense  of  the  main  work.  Hence 
we  speak  of  a  distinguished  individual 
as  the  bulwark,  not  the  rampart  of  the 
state. 

RXm'r5d,  it.  The  rod  used  in  ram¬ 
ming  down  the  charge  in  a  fire-arm. 

RXn,  imp.  of  Run. 

RXnch,  n  Same  as  RANCHO. 

RAN-CHg' RO  (ran-cha'ro),  n.  [Sp. ] 
A  herdsman  ;  a  peasant  employed  on 
a  rancho.  [Mexico.] 

RAn'cho,  n.  [Sp.]  A  large  farming 
establishment;  especially  an  estab¬ 
lishment  for  rearing  cattle  and 
horses.  [Mexico  and  California.] 


RXn'^ID,  a.  [Lat.  rancidus.]  Having 
a  rank  smell;  sour  ;  musty. 

Ran-^id'i-ty,  I  n.  Quality  of  being 

RXn'^id-ness,  )  rancid. 

RXn'cor  (rXnk'ur),  n.  [Lat.  rancor , 
rancidity,  rancor.]  The  deepest  ma¬ 
lignity  ;  inveterate  hatred. 

Syn.  —  Enmity.  —  Enmity  and  rancor 
both  describe  hostile  feelings ;  but  enmity 
may  be  generous  and  open,  while  rancor 
is  deep-seated  and  malignant.  It  im¬ 
plies  personal  malice  of  the  worst  and 
most  enduring  nature,  and  is  the  stron¬ 
gest  word  in  our  language  to  express 
hostile  feelings. 

RXn'gor-oCs  (rXnk'ur-us),  a.  Full 
of  rancor  ;  evincing  rancor. 

Ran'DOM,  n.  [A.-S.  rn.ndun,  force, 
violence  ;  fr.  Icel.  rond,  margin,  ex¬ 
tremity.]  1.  A  roving  motion  ;  haz¬ 
ard;  chance.  2.  Range;  reach. — a. 
Done  without  settled  aim. 

Range,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
ranger ,  from  rang,  a  row.]  1.  To 
dispose  in  the  proper  order  or  in  sys¬ 
tematic  order.  2.  To  rove  or  pass 
over.  3.  To  sail  or  pass  in  a  direc¬ 
tion  parallel  to  or  near. — v.  i.  1. 
To  wander  without  restraint  or  direc¬ 
tion.  2.  To  be  placed  in  order;  to 
admit  of  arrangement.  3.  To  be  in 
a  line  with.  — n.  1.  A  row  of  things 
in  a  line.  2.  An  order  ;  a  class.  3. 
A  cooking  apparatus.  4.  A  wander¬ 
ing  or  roving.  5.  Compass  or  extent ; 
scope.  6.  Horizontal  distance  to 
which  a  projectile  is  carried.  7. 
That  which  may  be  traversed  or 
ranged  over.  [ges. 

Ran'ger  (ranjer),  n.  One  who  ran- 

Rank,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  bring,  a  tir¬ 
ade,  a  circular  row.]  1.  A  row  or 
line.  2.  A  line  of  soldiers  ;  — opposed 
to  file.  3.  Degree ;  grade.  4.  An 
order  ;  a  division.  5.  High  degree ; 
high  social  position. — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  place  in  a  line.  2. 
To  class.  3.  To  take  precedence 
of;  to  outrank. — v.  i.  1.  To  be 
ranged  or  placed.  2.  To  have  a  cer¬ 
tain  grade  or  degree  of  elevation. — 
a.  [-ER ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  ranc.  Cf. 
Rancid.]  1.  Luxuriant  in  growth. 
2.  Raised  to  a  high  degree.  3.  Very 
rich  and  fertile.  4.  Rancid ;  sour ; 
musty.  5.  Strong  to  the  taste. 

RXnii'le  (rXnk'l),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[From  rank,  a.]  1.  To  grow  more 

rank  or  strong  ;  to  be  inflamed.  2. 
To  become  more  violent. 

RXnk'ly,  adv.  With  vigorous  growth. 

Rank/ness,  n.  State  of  being  rank. 

RXn 'sack,  v,  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Goth. 
razn,  house,  and  salcia,  to  seek.]  1. 
To  search  thoroughly.  2.  To  pillage 
completely. 

RXn'SOM,  n.  [Fr.  rangon,  from  Lat. 
redemptio.  See  Redemption.]  1. 
Release  from  bondage.  2.  Price  paid 
for  the  redemption  of  a  prisoner,  or 
goods.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  re? 
deem  from  captivity,  punishment,  or 
forfeit,  by  paying  an  equivalent. 

RXn's6m-ER,  n.  One  who  ransoms. 

RXnt,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [South  Ger. 
rant,  noise,  noisy  mirth.]  To  rave  in 


violent,  extravagant  language. -^-w. 
Boisterous,  empty  declamation. 

RXnt'er,  n.  A  noisy  talker  ;  a  bois¬ 
terous  preacher. 

Rap,  v.  i.  or  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  [A.-S. 
hrepian ,  hreppian,  to  touch,  FI.  Ger. 
raffen ,  to  snatch  up.]  To  strike  with 
a  quick,  sharp  blow.  —  v.  t.  [-ped  ; 
-PING.]  [See  supra.]  1.  To  snatch 
away.  2.  To  affect  with  ecstasy  or 
rapture.  —  n.  A  quick,  smart  blow. 

Ra-pa'CIOUS,  a.  [Lat.  rapax ,  rapacis, 
from  rapere,  to  snatch  away.]  1. 
Given  to  plunder.  2.  Subsisting  on 
prey.  [manner. 

Ra-pa'cioOs-ey,  adv.  In  a  rapacious 

Ra-pa'cioOs-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  rapacious. 

Ra-pX^'i-ty,  n.  1.  Rapaciousness  ; 
x'avenousness.  2.  Exorbitant  greedi¬ 
ness  of  gain. 

Rape,«.  1.  [L.  Ger.  &  D.  rapen,  to 
snatch  away.  See  Rap.]  Sexual 
intercourse  with  a  woman  against  her 
will.  2.  [Gr.  pdnws,  pd<f>v;]  A  plant 
belonging  to  the  cabbage  tribe. 

RXp'ID,  a.  [Lat.  rapidus,  from  rapere, 
to  snatch  away.]  1.  Very  swift  or 
quick.  2.  Advancing  with  speed. — 
n.  A  sudden  descent  of  a  stream 
without  actual  waterfall;  —  usually 
in  the  pi.  [being  rapid. 

Ra-pId'i-TY,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 

RXp'id-ly,  adv.  With  great  speed. 

RXp'id-ness,  n.  Swiftness  ;  speed. 

RA'PI-ER,  n.  [Fr.  rapiere,  fr.  L.  Ger- 
rapen ,  rappen,  to  snatch  away,  to 
fight.]  A  light  sword  with  a  very 
narrow  blade. 

RXp'ine,  n.  [Lat.  rapina,  fr.  rapere, 
to  seize  and  carry  off.]  Act  of  plun¬ 
dering  ;  spoliation ;  pillage. 

RXp'pa-ree',  n.  [See  Rapier.]  A 
wild  Irish  plunderer  ;  —  so  called 
from  his  half-pike. 

Rap-pee',  n.  [Fr.  r&pd,  fr.  r&per ,  to 
grate.]  A  kind  of  snuff. 

RXp'PER,  n.  One  who  raps  ;  specifi¬ 
cally,  the  knocker  of  a  door. 

RXpt,  imp.  of  Rap. 

RXpt'ure  (rSpt'yijr,  53),  n.  [Lat. 
rapere,  raptum,  to  carry  off  by  force.] 
State  of  being  carried  away  from 
one’s  self  by  agreeable  excitement ; 
extreme  joy  or  pleasure. 

RXpt'ur-ous,  a.  Ecstatic;  trans¬ 
porting;  ravishing. 

RAre  (4),  a.  [-er;-est.]  [Lat.  ra- 
rus,  thin,  rare.]  1.  Not  thick  or 
dense;  thin.  2.  Thinly  scattered; 
dispersed.  3.  Seldom  met  with  ;  un¬ 
usual.  4.  Unusually  excellent. 

Syn.— Scarce;  incomparable.— -We  call 
a  tiling  rare  when  but  few  of  the  kind  are 
everto  be  met  with.  We  speak  of  a  thing 
as  scarce ,  which,  though  usually  abund¬ 
ant,  is  for  the  time  being  to  be  had  only 
in  diminished  quantities. 

6.  [A.-S.  hrtre,  Eng.  raw.]  Nearly 
raw  ;  imperfectly  cooked. 

RAr'ee-show,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  rarity- 
show.]  A  show  carried  about  in  a 
box  by  a  showman. 

RXr'e-fXc'tion,  n.  [See  Rarefy.] 
Act  of  expanding  bodies,  by  separat¬ 
ing  the  parts. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Crn,  rue ,  pyLL ;  E,  /,  o,  silent ;  y,  4,  soft;  €,  &,  hard ;  A§;  ejist  ;  tfosNG;  this. 


RAREFIABLE  350 


RAVEL 


RXr'e-fi'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
rarefied. 

RXr'e-fy,o.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
rarefacere ;  rarus,  rare,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  To  make  rare,  thin,  or 
less  dense.  —  v.  i.  To  become  thin 
and  porous. 

RAre'ly,  arfv.  1.  Seldom  ;  not  often. 
2.  Finely  ;  nicely. 

RAre'ness,  n.  State  of  being  rare. 

Rare 'ripe,  a.  [From  rare  and  ripe ,- 
or  from  rath-ripe.]  Ripe  before  the 
usual  season. 

RXR'l-TY,n.  [Lat.  raritas.]  1.  Stateof 
being  rare;  tenuity  2.  Uncommon¬ 
ness.  3.  A  rare  or  uncommon  thing. 

RAs'EAL  (6),  n.  [A.-S.  rascal,  a  lean, 
worthless  deer.]  A  mean  fellow  ;  a 
scoundrel ;  a  rogue. 

Ras-eXll'ion (ras-kal'yun),  n.  [From 
rascal.]  A  low,  mean  wretch. 

Ras-eXl'I-ty",  n.  Quality  of  being 
rascally ;  mean  trickishness  or  dis¬ 
honesty. 

RXs'eal-I.Y,  a.  Meanly  trickish  or 
dishonest. 

Rase,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
rasare,  to  scrape  often,  freq.  form  of 
rad  ere,  rasum,  to  scrape,  shave.]  1. 
To  graze.  [Rare.]  2.  To  erase.  3. 
To  level  with  the  ground  ,  to  raze. 

RAsh,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [0.  II.  Ger. 
rase,  Icel.  rosier.]  1.  Hasty  ;  quick. 
2.  Hasty  in  council  or  action.  3.  Ut¬ 
tered  or  undertaken  with  too  much 
haste. 

Syn.  —  Foolhardy  ;  adventurous.  —  A 
man  is  adventurous  who  incurs  risk  or 
hazard  from  a  love  of  the  arduous  and 
the  bold.  A  man  is  rash  who  does  it  from 
the  mere  impulse  of  his  feelings,  without 
counting  the  cost.  A  man  is  foolhardy 
who  throws  himself  into  danger  in  disre¬ 
gard  or  defiance  of  the  consequences. 

—  n.  [From  an  hypoth.  Lat.  rasi- 
care,  from  rad  ere,  rasum ,  to  scrape, 
scratch.]  An  eruption  or  efflores¬ 
cence  on  the  body,  with  little  or  no 
elevation. 

RXsh'er,  n.  A  thin  slice  of  bacon. 

RXsh'ly,  adv.  In  a  rash  manner. 

RXsh'ness,  n.  Over-haste  in  resolv¬ 
ing  on,  or  in  undertaking,  a  measure. 

RASP  (3),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
0.  H.  Ger.  raspdn,  to  scrape  togeth¬ 
er.]  1.  To  rub  or  file  with  a  rasp. 
2.  To  grate  harshly  upon.  —  n.  A 
species  of  coarse  file. 

Rasp'a-to-ry,  n.  A  surgeon’s  rasp. 

RX§p'ber-ry  (raz'ber-ry),  n.  [From 
rasp,  so  named  from  the  roughness 
of  the  fruit.]  The  fruit  of  a  species 
of  bramble  ;  also,  the  shrub  itself. 

Ra§'URE  (razh'yjjr),  n.  [Lat.  rasura, 
fr.  radere,  rasum ,  to  scrape,  to  shave.] 
A  scraping,  or  erasing  ;  obliteration. 

RXt,  n.  [A.-S.  rat.]  1.  A  small  well- 
known  animal.  2.  One  who  deserts 
his  party  or  associates. 

To  smell  a  rat,  to  be  suspicious. 

—  v.  t.  [-TED;  -TING.]  1.  To  desert 
one’s  former  party  or  associates  from 
interested  motives.  2.  To  work  at 
less  than  the  established  prices ;  —  a 
term  used  among  printers. 

Rat'a-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 


rated.  2.  Liable  or  subjected  to  tax¬ 
ation. 

RAt'a-fi'a  (-fe'a),  n.  [Malay,  aralc, 
arrack,  and  tafia,  a  spirit  distilled 
from  molasses.]  A  sweet  spirituous 
liquor,  flavored  with  cherries,  apri¬ 
cots,  peaches,  &c. 

Ra-tXn',  7i.  See  Rattan. 

RXtch,  n.  A  ratchet.  See  Ratchet. 

RAtch'et,  n.  [Fr.  rochet,  It.  rocchet- 
to,  a  spindle,  fr.  rocca,  a  distaff,  Eng. 
rock.]  A  bar  turning  at  one  end 
upon  a  pivot,  while  the  other  end 
falls  into  the  teeth  of  a  wheel  or 
rack,  allowing  the  latter  to  move  in 
one  direction  only  ;  detent;  pawl. 

RXtch'et-wheel,  n.  A  circular 
wheel,  having  angular  teeth,  by 
which  it  may  be  moved  forward,  as 
by  a  lever  and  catch. 

RATE,  n.  [Lat.  rata  («c.  pars),  fr.  ra- 
tus,  reckoned.]  1.  Fixed  allowance. 
2  Degree;  standard;  proportion.  3. 
A  tax  assessed  by  authority.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  set  a  certain 
estimate  on.  2.  To  settle  the  rela¬ 
tive  scale  or  rank  of.  3.  [Eng.  rate, 
v.  t.,  to  estimate.  Cf.  Sw.  rata ,  to 
blame,  despise.]  To  chide  with  ve¬ 
hemence;  to  scold. — v.  i.  1.  To 
have  rank.  2.  To  make  an  estimate. 

RATH,  a.  [A.-S.  hrddh,  hriid ,  quick, 
hasty.  Cf.  Ready.]  Early.  —  adv. 
Early  ;  betimes. 

RAtfi'er,  adv.  [A.-S.  radhdr,  corn- 
par.  of  radhe,  radhe,  quickly.]  1. 
More  readily  or  willingly.  2.  On  the 
contrary.  3.  Somewhat ;  moderately. 
4.  More  properly. 

RXt'i-fi-ea'tion,  n.  Act  of  ratify¬ 
ing  ;  state  of  being  ratified.  * 

RXt'I-FI'EK,  n.  One  who  ratifies. 

RXt'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
ratus ,  fixed  by  calculation,  firm,  and 
facere,  to  make.]  To  approve  and 
sanction  ;  to  make  valid. 

RA'TI-O  (ra'shi-o  or  r.i'sho),  n.  [Lat., 
fr.  reri,  ratus ,  to  reckon,  judge.]  Re¬ 
lation  of  quantity  or  magnitude  to 
another  of  the  same  kind. 

Syn.  —  Proportion ;  rate;  degree. 

RX'ti-o^'I-nate  (r&sh'i-),  v.  i.  [Lat. 
ratiocinari,  - natus ,  fr.  ratio,  reason.] 
To  reason  deductively  ;  to  offer  rea¬ 
son. 

RX'TI-09'I-NA'TION  (rXsh'I-),  n.  Act 
or  process  of  reasoning. 

Ra'TION  (ra'shun),  n.  [From  Lat.  ra¬ 
tio,  a  reckoning,  calculation.]  A 
fixed  allowance  of  provisions. 

RX'TION-AL  (r5sh'un-al),  a.  1.  Re¬ 
lating  to  the  reason.  2.  Having  rea¬ 
son,  or  the  faculty  of  reasoning.  3. 
Agreeable  to  reason  ;  not  absurd. 

Sytt.—  Reasonable.— Rational  has  ref¬ 
erence  to  reason  as  a  faculty  of  the  mind, 
and  is  opposed  to  irrational ;  as,  a  ration¬ 
al  being,  a  rational  state  of  mind,  ration¬ 
al  views,  &c.  In  these  cases  the  specu¬ 
lative  reason  is  more  particularly  re¬ 
ferred  to.  Reasonable,  has  reference  to 
the  exercise  of  this  faculty  for  practical 
purposes,  and  denotes  governed  or  di¬ 
rected  by  reason  ;  as,  reasonable  desires, 
plans-  &c.;  a.  reasonable  charge. 

RX'TION-A'LE  (nXsh'un-a'le),  n. 


[From  Lat.  rationale's,  rational.]  An 
explanation  of  the  principles  of  some 
action,  phenomenon,  &c.,  or  the 
principles  themselves. 

RX'TiON-AL-IgM  (rash'un-),  n.  A  sys¬ 
tem  of  opinions  deduced  from  rea¬ 
son  alone ;  an  excessive  reliance  on 
reason. 

RX'tion-al-Ist  (rash'un-),  n.  Ono 
who  relies  on  his  reason  as  the  solo 
authority  in  matters  of  religion. 

RX'TION-al-Ist'ie  (rXsh'un-),  a.  Be¬ 
longing  to,  or  in  accordance  with, 
rationalism. 

Ra'tion-Xl'i-ty  (rash'un-),  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  rational  ;  reasonable¬ 


ness. 

RX'tion-AL-EY  (rash'un-),  adv.  In  a 
rational  manner ;  reasonably. 

RXt'line,  n.  A  small  line  making 
the  step  of  shrouds  for  ascending  to 
the  mast-heads. 

Ra-TOON',  n.  [Sp.  retono,  retonar , 
to  sprout  again,  as  a  plant  which  has 
been  cut,  fr.  Lat.  re,  again,  and  tumi- 
dus ,  swelling.]  A  sprout  from  the 
root  of  the  sugar-cane,  which  has 
been  cut. 

RAts'bane,  n.  Poison  for  rats. 

Rat-tXn',  n.  [Javanese  rottang.]  The 
stem  of  a  plant  growing  in  India, 
used  for  wicker-work,  walking-sticks, 
and  the  like. 

Rat-teen',  n.  [Fr.  ratine ,  ratiner , 
to  friz,  to  nap  cloth.]  A  thick  wool¬ 
en  stuff  quilled  or  twilled. 

RXt'tle  (riU'tl),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
[L.  Ger.  ratteln,  rdteln.)  To  make  a 
quick,  sharp  noise,  rapidly  repeated  ; 
to  clatter.  — v.  t.  To  cause  to  make 
a  rapid  succession  of  sharp  sounds. 
—  n.  1.  A  rapid  succession  of  sharp, 
clattering  sounds.  2.  Clamorous 
chiding.  3.  An  instrument  with 
which  a  clattering  sound  is  made. 

RXt'tle-head'ed,  a.  Noisy;  giddy. 

RXt'tle-snake,  n.  A 
poisonous  snake  hav¬ 
ing  a  rattle  at  the  end 
of  the  tail. 

RAU'91-TY,  n.  [Lat. 
raucitas.]  Hoarseness. 

Rau'eo&s,  a.  [Lat. 
mucus,  for  ravicus,  fr. 
ravus,  gray-yellow, 
hoarse.]  Hoarse;  Rattle-snake . 
harsh. 

RXv'age,  n.  [Fr.  ravage ,  as  if  fr.  a 
Lat.  rapagium ,  from  rapere,  to  carry 
off  by  force.]  Tiolent  ruin  or  de¬ 
struction. 


Syn.  —  Devastation ;  desolation ;  plun¬ 
der  ;  spoil  ;  waste  ;  ruin. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To  lay  waste 
by  force. 

RA  v'a-Ger,  n.  One  who  lays  waste. 

RAVE,r.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  rev 
bere ,  to  rave,  rage.]  1.  To  be  delir¬ 
ious.  2.  To  rush  like  a  madman. 

RXV'EL,  V.  t.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED, 
-LING.  137.]  [0.  D.  ravelen.]  1.  To 
take  apart ;  to  unsew  or  unknit.  2. 
To  disentangle.  3.  To  entangle;  to 
make  intricate.  —  v.  i.  To  be  un¬ 
twisted  or  disentangled. 


A,  e,  1.6,  u,  Y  .long;  A,  £,  Y,  6, 0,  V,  short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £  re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 


KAVELIN 


RXve'lin  (ravelin))  n.  [Fr.,fr.  Lat. 
re,  again, 
against,  and 
vallum,  a 
rampart, 
wall.]  (Fort.) 

A  detached 
work  with 
two  embank¬ 
ments  mak¬ 
ing  a  salient 
angle. 

Ra'v.en  (ra'- 
vn),  n.  [A.- 
S.  hrtifen, 
hrefn,  allied 
to  Skr.  kara- 
va.]  A  bird  of  a  black  color,  allied  to 
the  crow. — v.t.or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[See  infra ,  n.]  1.  To  obtain  by  vio¬ 

lence.  2.  To  devour  with  great  eager¬ 
ness. —  n.  [Written  also  ravin,  fr. 
rapine.]  1.  Rapine ;  rapacity.  2. 
Prey  ;  food  obtained  by  violence. 

RAV'ijN-ING  (rav'n-ing),  n.  Eager¬ 
ness  for  plunder. 

Rav'bn-oPs  (ritv'n-us),  a.  [From 
raven,  prey,  rapine.]  1.  Hungry 
even  to  rage.  2.  Eager  for  prey  or 
gratification. 

Syn.  —Voracious!  rapacious  ;  greedy. 

RXv'jen-o&s-ly  (rSv'n-),  adv.  In  a 
ravenous  manner. 

Ra-vine'  (ra-ven/,  126).  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 
Lat.  rapere ,  to  snatch  away.]  A  deep 
and  narrow  hollow,  usually  worn  by 
a  stream  ;  a  gorge. 

RXv'ish,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr.  ra- 
vir,  Lat.  rapere,  to  snatch  or  tear 
away.]  1.  To  seize  and  carry  away 
by  violence.  2.  To  carry  away  with 
joy  or  delight.  3.  To  commit  rape  on. 

RXv'ISH-er,  n.  One  who  ravishes. 

RXv'ish-ment,  n.  [See  Ravish  ]  Act 
of  ravishing,  or  state  of  being  rav¬ 
ished  ;  rapture ;  rape. 

Raw,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S.  hreaw.] 

1.  Not  cooked.  2.  Unprepared  for 
use  ;  unfinished  ;  hence,  unpracticed  ; 
untried.  3.  Untouched  by  art;  un¬ 
wrought.  4  Deprived  of  skin  ;  galled. 
5.  Piercingly  damp  or  cold.  —  n.  A 
sore  or  galled  place.  [the  bones. 

Ra  W'BON  ED,  a.  Having  little  Mesa  on 

Raw'HIDE,  n.  A  riding  whip,  of  un¬ 
tanned  leather  twisted,  [experience. 

Raw'ly,  adv.  Unskillfully  ;  without 

Raw'ness,  n.  State  of  being  raw. 

Ray,  n.  [Lat.  radius,  a  beam  or  ray.] 
1.  One  of  a  number  of  lines  or  parts 
diverging  from  a  common  center.  2. 
A  radiating  part  of  a  flower  or  plant. 
3.  One  of  the  radiating  bony  spines 
of  the  fins  of  fishes.  4.  [Lat.  raia.]  A 
genus  of  fishes  including  the  skate, 
thornback,  and  torpedo.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  send  forth,  or  shoot 
out. 

RaWless,  a.  Destitute  of  light;  dark. 

Raze ,v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See  Rase.] 

1.  To  erase;  to  efface;  to  obliterate. 

2.  To  lay  level  with  the  ground. 

Ra-zee',  n.  [From  Fr.  raser,  to  raze, 

to  cut  down  ships.]  An  armed  ship 
having  her  upper  deck  cut  down.  — 


351 

v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  •  To  cut  down  to 
an  inferior  rate  or  class,  as  a  ship  ; 
hence,  to  prune  or  abridge. 

Ra'zor,  «.  [Lnt.rasorium.  See  Raze.] 
An  instrument  to  remove  the  beard. 

RAZ'URE  (razh'ijr),  n.  [See  ltASURE.] 
Act  of  erasing  ;  erasure. 

Reach,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
rxcan,  rxccan,  to  extend,  stretch 
out,  and  redan,  reccan,  to  extend.] 
1.  To  extend,  to  stretch.  2.  To  pass 
to  another  ;  to  hand  over.  3.  To  ob¬ 
tain  by  stretching  forth  the  hand. 
4.  To  extend  an  action,  effort,  or  in¬ 
fluence  to.  5.  To  stretch  out  as  far 
as.  6.  To  get  as  far  as.  7.  To  attain 
to;  to  gain.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  stretch 
out  the  hand.  2.  To  be  extended, 
&c.,  so  as  to  touch,  attain  to,  or  be 
equal  with  something.  —  n.  1.  Act 
of  stretching  ;  extension  ;  power  of 
reaching.  2.  Extent  of  force  or  ca¬ 
pacity.  3.  Stretch  ;  expanse  ;  hence, 
influence ;  result.  4.  An  extended 
portion  of  land  or  water.  5.  An  arti¬ 
fice  to  obtain  an  advantage. 

Re-act',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  do 
over  again.  —  v.i.  1.  To  resist  by 
an  opposite  force.  2.  To  exercise  a 
reciprocal  or  a  reverse  effect. 

Re-ag'tion,  n.  I.  Any  action  in  re¬ 
sisting  other  action  or  power.  2. 
Mutual  action  of  chemical  agents 
upon  each  other.  3.  Depression  or 
exhaustion  consequent  on  over  exer¬ 
tion.  4.  Backward  tendency  from 
revolution  or  progress. 

Re-Xc'tion-a-ry,  a.  For,  or  imply¬ 
ing,  reaction. 

Re-Xct'Ive,  a.  Having  power,  or 
tending,  to  react. 

Read, v.  t.  [read;  reading.]  [A.-S. 
rddan,  to  read,  declare.]  1.  To  go 
over,  as  words,  and  utter  aloud,  or 
recite  to  one’s  self  inaudibly  ;  to  pe¬ 
ruse.  2.  To  know  fully  ;  to  compre¬ 
hend.  3.  To  learn  by  observation.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of  read¬ 
ing.  2.  To  learn  by  reading.  —  a. 
Versed  in  books  ;  learned. 

Read'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
read  ;  worth  reading. 

Read'er,  n.  1.  One  who  reads.  2.  A 
book  containing  exercises  in  reading. 

Read'er-shIp,  n.  Office  of  reading 
prayers  in  a  church. 

Read'i-ly,  adv.  1.  Quickly;  prompt¬ 
ly.  2.  Cheerfully.  [being  ready. 

REad'i-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
Syn.  —  Facility;  promptitude;  knack; 
skill;  dexterity.  See  Facility. 

Readying,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who 
reads  ;  perusal.  2.  Study  of  books. 
3.  The  way  in  which  any  thing  reads. 

Reading-room,  n.  A  room  pro¬ 
vided  with  papers,  periodicals,  &c., 
to  which  persons  resort  for  reading. 

Re'-ad-j^st',  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
put  in  order  again. 

Re'-AD-mIs'sion  (-mishhin),  n.  Act 
of  admitting  again,  or  state  of  being 
admitted  again. 

Re'-ad-mIt',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
admit  again.  [mittance. 

Re'-ad-mIt'TAN9E,  n.  A  second  ad- 


RE-APPEAR 

Read'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  [A.-S. 
rad,  rxde,  hrad.  Cf.  Rath.]  1. 
Prepared ;  not  behindhand  or  back¬ 
ward.  2.  Prepared  in  mind  or  dis¬ 
position.  3.  Quick  in  action  of  any 
kind.  4.  Not  occasioning  delay.  5 
On  the  point ;  about. 

Syn.  —  See  Prompt. 

—  adv.  In  a  state  of  preparation  so 
as  to  need  no  delay. 

Re'-af-fIrm',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
affirm  a  second  time. 

Re-a'Gent,  n.  (  Chem.)  A  substance 
used  to  detect  the  presence  of  othev 
bodies ;  a  test. 

Re'al,  a.  [L.  Lat.  realis,  fr.  Lat.  res , 
a  thing.]  1.  Actually  being  or  exist¬ 
ing.  2.  Not  artificial  or  counterfeit. 

3.  Pertaining  to  things  permanent  or 
immovable,  as  lands  and  tenements. 

Syn. —  Actual.  —  Real  represents  a 
thing  to  be  a  substantive  existence;  as, 
a  real ,  not  imaginary  occurrence.  Actual 
refers  to  it  as  acted  or  performed;  and, 
hence,  when  we  wish  to  prove  a  thing 
real,  we  often  say,  “  it  actually  exists, 

“  it  has  actually  been  done.” 

Re'al-Ism,  n.  Tenets  of  the  realists. 

Re'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  maintains 
that  generals,  or  the  terms  used  to 
denote  the  genera  and  species  of 
things,  represent  real  existences. 

Re/al-Ist'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of.  the  realists. 

Re-Xi/i-ty,  n.  1.  State  or  quality  of 
being  real ;  fact.  2.  That  which  is 
real ;  an  actual  existence. 

Syn. —  Truth;  fact;  verity ;  certainty. 

Re'al-Iz'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  realized. 

Re'al-i-za'tion,  n.  Act  of  realizing, 
or  state  of  being  realized. 

Re'al-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  make  real.  2.  To  cause  to  seem 
real.  3.  To  convert  into  real  prop¬ 
erty.  4.  To  gain  ;  to  get. 

Syn.  —  To  accomplish  ;  effect ;  com¬ 
plete;  consummate. 

—  v.  i.  To  receive  property,  espe¬ 
cially  in  money.  [actually. 

Re'al-ly,  adv.  With  or  in  reality  ; 

Realm,  n.  [0.  Fr.  realme,  reaume, 
fr.  Lat.  regalis,  royal.]  1.  A  royal 
jurisdiction;  kingdom.  2.  Province; 
region ;  department. 

REAM,  n.  [From  Or.  api6p.6<;,  a  num¬ 
ber,  quantity.]  A  package  of  paper, 
consisting  of  twenty  quires.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Ger.  rdurnen,  to  clear 
away,  fr.  raum,  room.]  To  enlarge 
or  dress  out,  as  a  hole. 

Re-Xn'i-mate,  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To 
infuse  new  life,  vigor,  or  spirit  into. 

Re'-an-nex',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  To 
annex  again. 

Reap,!;,  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [A.-S. ripan, 
to  seize,  reap.]  1.  To  cut  with  a 
sickle,  as  grain.  2.  To  gather;  to  re-, 
ceive  as  a  reward,  or  result. — v.i 
1.  To  perform  the  act  of  reaping.  2 
To  receive  the  fruit  of  labor. 

Reap'er,  n.  1.  One  who  reaps.  2. 
A  machine  for  cutting  grain. 

Re'-ap-pear',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
appear  a  second  time. 

a,  hard;  Ag ;  ejcist  ;  iv  as  ng;  this. 


or,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  took  ;  Drn,  rue ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9 ,  6 ,  soft ;  t , 


bb,  ravelin  ;  a,  redoubt; 
cc,  ditch  ;  E,  passage 
from  fortress  to  ravelin. 


RE-APPEARANCE  352  RECEPTACLE 


Re'-Xp-pear'an^e,  n.  A  second  ap¬ 
pearance. 

Re'-AP-POINT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  appoint  again.  [appointment. 
Re'-ap-point'ment,  n.  A  second 
Rear,  n.  [Lat.  retro,  behind,  back¬ 
ward.]  Back  or  hindmost  part ;  part 
of  an  army  or  fleet  which  comes  last. 

—  a.  Hindmost. — ®.  i.  [-EB  ;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  rseran,  to  raise,  rear,  allied  to 
rctsian,  to  raise.]  To  bring  up  or  to 
raise  to  maturity,  as  young. — v.  i. 
To  rise  up  on  the  hind  legs,  as  a 
horse. 

Rear'-Xd'MI-RAL,  n.  An  officer  next 
in  rank  after  the  vice-admiral. 
Rear'-guard  (72),  n.  The  body  of 
an  army  that  marches  in  the  rear  of 
the  main  body  to  protect  it. 
Rear'-rXnic,  n.  Ilindermost  rank 
of  a  body  of  troops. 

Rkar'-ward,  w.  1.  The  rear-guard. 

2.  Ilind  or  latter  part ;  end. 
Re'-as-^end',  v.  i.  To  mount  again. 
REA'S  ON  (rG'zn),  n.  [Fr.  raison ,  Lat. 

ratio ,  fr.  reri ,  rat  us,  to  reckon,  think.] 

1.  A  thought  or  consideration,  as 
bearing  on  a  determination  or  an 
opinion.  2.  Faculty  or  capacity  of 
the  human  mind  by  which  it  is  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  the  inferior  animals. 

3.  Due  exercise  of  the  reasoning  fac¬ 
ulty  ;  propriety  ;  justice  ;  order.  4. 
Laws  by  which  the  universe  is  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  constructed  and  governed. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED;-ING.]  1.  To  exercise 
the  rational  faculty.  2.  To  debate. 

Syn.  —  To  discuss;  argue;  examine. 

—  v.  t.  1.  To  examine  by  arguments. 

2.  To  persuade  by  reasoning. 

Rea'§ ON-a-ble  (r3'zn-a-),  a.  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  faculty  of  reason.  2.  Gov¬ 
erned  by ,  or  agreeable  to,  reason.  3. 
Within  due  limits.  4.  Considerable. 

Syn.  —  See  Rational. 

Rea'§on-a-ble-ness,  n.  Agreeable¬ 
ness  to  reason ;  moderation. 

Rea'§  on-a-bly,  adv.  In  consist¬ 
ency  with  reason  ;  moderately. 
REA'gON-ER, n.  One  who  reasons. 
Re A'js  on-ing,  n.  Act  or  process  of 
deriving  conclusions  from  premises. 
Re'-as-sem'ble,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.] 
To  assemble  or  collect  again. 
Re'-as-sErt',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
assert  again. 

Re'-as-sEr'tion,  n.  A  second  asser¬ 
tion  of  the  same  thing. 

Re'-as-sIgn'  (-sin'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 

-ING.]  To  assign  or  transfer  back. 
Re'-as-SUR'ANCE  (-shpr'ans),  n.  As- 
surance’or  confirmation  repeated. 
Re'-AS-sure'  (-ash-shqr'),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  assure  anew  ;  to  free  from 
fear.  [baptize  a  second  time. 

Re'bap-tIze',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
Re-bate',  v.  t.  [Fr.  rebattre  ;  re , 
again,  against,  and  battre ,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  blunt.  2.  To  make  adscount 
from  for  prompt  payment.  3.  To  rab¬ 
bet.  [See  Rabbet.]  —  n.  A  rabbet. 

/tE-BATE'ME NT,  n.  1.  Diminution. 

2.  Deduction  of  nterest,  or  any  sum, 
&c.,  on  account  of  prompt  payment. 

A,  E,  I,  6,0,  Y,  Ion 


Re 'BEE,  n.  [From  Ar.  rabab,  a  musi¬ 
cal  instrument  of  a  round  form.] 
A  kind  of  violin  formerly  used. 

Reb'el,  n.  [See  Rebel,  v.  ».]  One 
who  revolts  from  the  government  to 
which  he  owes  allegiance. 

Syn.  —  Insurgent.  —  Insurgent  marks 
an  early,  and  rebel  a  more  advanced, 
stage  of  opposition  to  government.  The 
former  rises  up  against  his  rulers,  the 
latter  makes  war  upon  them. 

—  a.  Acting  in  revolt ;  rebellious. 

Re-bEl', v.i.  [-led; -LING.]  [Lat.rc- 

bellare ,  to  make  Avar  again.]  To  re¬ 
volt  ;  to  take  up  arms  against  the 
government. 

Re-bEll'ION,  n.  [Lat.  rebellio.  See 
supra.]  Act  of  rebelling  ;  open  re¬ 
sistance  to  lawful  authority. 

Syn.— See  Insurrection. 

Re-bEll'ioOs  (-yus),  a.  Engaged  in, 
or  marked  by,  rebellion. 

Re-bell'ioOs-ly  (-yus-),  adv.  In  a 
rebellious  manner. 

Re-bound',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
spring  back ;  to  start  back ;  to  be 
reverberated.  —  v.t.  To  drive  back  ; 
to  reverberate.  —  n.  Act  of  flying 
back  on  collision  Avith  another  body. 

Re-bCff',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Pre¬ 
fix  re  and  buff.]  To  beat  back ;  to 
check;  to  repel  violently. — n.  1. 
A  beating  back;  sudden  resistance. 
2.  Sudden  check. 

Re-build'  (-bild'),  v.  t.  [-built  ; 
-ING.]  To  build  or  construct  anew. 

Re-buk'A-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  rebuke. 

Re-buke',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [O.Fr. 
rebouquer,  to  enfeeble,  diminish,  bou- 
quer,  to  grumble,  partly  fr.  bouque, 
mouth,  and  partly  fr.  Icel.  bucka,  to 
subdue.]  To  check,  silence,  or  put 
down  Avith  reproof. 

Syn.  —  See  Admonish. 

—  n.  A  direct  and  pointed  reproof ; 
reprimand ;  punishment. 

Re-BUK'ER,  n.  One  Avho  rebukes. 

Re 'bus,  n. ;  pi.  re'bus-e§.  [From 
Lat.  rebus ,  by  things.]  Enigmatical 
representation  of  Avords  by  figures. 

Re-but',  v.t.  [-ted;  -ting.]  [See 
Butt.]  1.  To  repel  by  force.  2.  To 
oppose  by  argument. 

RE-bOt'TER,  n.  Answer  of  a  defend¬ 
ant  in  matter  of  fact  to  a  plaintiff’s 
surrejoinder. 

Re-eal'^I-trant,  a.  Showing  re¬ 
pugnance  or  opposition. 

Re-eXl'^I-TRATE,  v.i.  [Lat.  recal- 
citrare ,  -tratum ;  re  and  calcitrare ,  to 
kick.]  To  kick  against  anything; 
hence,  to  express  repugnance. 

Re-eXl'^i-tra'tion,  n.  A  kicking 
back  ;  repugnance. 

Re-eall',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
call  back;  to  summon  to  return. 
2.  To  revoke ;  to  annul.  3.  To  call 
to  mind  ;  to  recollect.  —  n.  A  call¬ 
ing  back ;  revocation. 

Re-eXnt',u.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  re- 
cantare ;  re,  again,  back,  and  cantare, 
to  sing,  sound.]  To  contradict,  as  a 
former  declaration  ;  to  take  back. 

Sa'n.  —  To  renounce.  —  To  renounce  is 
to  abandon  an  opinion  or  doctrine  ;  to 


recant  is  formally  and  distinctly  'o  dis¬ 
avow  it  as  a  serious  error.  It  of  course 
implies  that  we  adopt  the  opposing  truth. 

—  v.  i.  To  revoke  a  declaration. 

Re'eXnt-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  recant¬ 
ing  ;  retraction. 

Re'ea-pit'u-late,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  recapitulate,  -latum;  re,  again, 
and  capitulum,  a  small  head,  a  sec¬ 
tion.]  To  give  a  summary  of  the 
principal  facts,  points,  or  arguments 
of. 

Syn.  —  To  reiterate  ;  repeat;  rehearse. 

Re'ea-pit'u-la'tion,  n.  Summary. 

Re'ea-pit'u-la-to-ry  (50),  a.  Con¬ 
taining  recapitulation.  [prisal. 

Re-eXp'tion,  n.  Act  of  retaking ;  re- 

Re-eXpt'ure  (53),  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
taking.  2.  A  prize  retaken. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ; -ING.]  To  retake;  especially, 
to  retake  a  prize  which  had  been 
previously  taken. 

Re-east',  v.  t.  [-east;  -casting.]  1. 
To  throw  again.  2.  To  throw  into  a 
new  form  or  shape.  3.  To  compute 
a  second  time. 

Re-cede',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
recedere;  re,  again,  back,  and  cedere, 
to  go.]  To  move  back  ;  to  retreat.  — 
v.  t.  To  cede  back ;  to  yield  to  a 
former  possessor. 

Re-ceipt'  (-seet'),  n.  [Lat.  recipere, 
receptum,  to  receive.]  1.  Act  of 
receiving ;  reception.  2.  PoAver  of 
receiving  ;  capacity.  3.  Place  of  re- 
ceh’ing.  4.  A  recipe.  5.  A  Avritten 
acknowledgment  of  payment.  6. 
ThatAvhich  is  received. — v.  t.  [-E D ; 
-ING.]  To  give  a  receipt  for.  —  v.  i. 
To  give  a  receipt.  [received. 

Re-ceiy'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re-CEIVE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
recevoir ,  Lat.  recipere,  from  re,  again, 
and  caper e,  to  take,  seize.]  1.  To 
take,  as  something  that  is  offered, 
given,  committed,  or  paid,  &c.  2. 
To  gain  the  knoAvledge  of.  3.  To 
give  admittance  to,  in  an  official  ca¬ 
pacity.  4.  To  hold  ;  to  contain. 

Syn. —To  accept. —  To  receive  de¬ 
scribes  simply  the  act  of  taking;  to  ac¬ 
cept,  the  taking  cordially  or  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  for  which  a  thing  is  offered.  A  indy 
may  receive  the  proposal  of  a  suitor  with¬ 
out  accepting  his  suit. 

Re-^eiv'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
Avbich,  receives  in  any  manner. 

Re'^en-^y,  n.  Quality  of  being  re¬ 
cent;  neAvness;  freshness. 

Re-^en'sion,  n.  [Lat.  recensio,  from 
re,  again,  and  censere ,  to  value.]  1. 
Critical  review  ;  examination  ;  enu¬ 
meration.  2.  A  text  established  by 
critical  revision. 

Re'^ENT,  a.  [Lat.  recens,  recentis.] 
1.  Of  late  origin  or  occurrence.  2. 
(  Geol .)  Of  a  date  subsequent  to  tiio 
creation  of  man. 

Re'^ENT-LY,  adv.  Newly  ;  lately. 

Re'^ent-ness,  n.  Lateness  of  ori¬ 
gin  or  occurrence. 

Re-^Lp'ta-ele  (113),  n.  [Lat.  recep- 
taculum;  recipere,  to  receive.]  1.  A 
receiver  or  holder ;  a  reservoir.  2. 
Apex  of  the  flower-stalk  from  which 
the  organs  of  the  flower  grow. 


g;  A,  £,I,  6,  t),  short ;  eAre  ,fXr,  Ask,  ]VLL,  wh^t;  £re,  V51L,  tErm  ;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


RECOMPENSE 


* 


RECEPTACULAR 

R£9'ep-TA€'u-lar  (110),  a.  Relating 
to  the  receptacle,  or  growing  on  it. 

RE-qfiP'Ti-BIL'l-TY,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  receptible  ;  capacity  of  receiving. 

Re-9EP'TION,  n.  [Lat.  receptio,  from 
recipere ,  receptum.]  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
ceiving.  2.  State  of  being  received. 
3.  Manner  of  receiving  for  entertain¬ 
ment ;  hence,  an  occasion  of  receiv¬ 
ing  guests.  4.  Admission,  as  of  an 
opinion  or  doctrine. 

Re-^ep'tIve,  a.  Able  or  inclined  to 
take  in,  hold,  or  contain. 

Recess',  n.  [Lat.  recessus.  See  Re¬ 
cede.]  1.  A  withdrawing  or  retir¬ 
ing.  2.  State  of  being  withdrawn ; 
seclusion.  3.  Suspension  of  business  ; 
intermission.  4.  Part  of  a  room 
formed  by  the  receding  of  the  wall. 

Re-<;:£s'sion  (-sesh'un),  n.  [Lat.  re- 
cessio.  See  Recede.]  Act  of  reced¬ 
ing  or  withdrawing.  [in  return. 

Re-charge',  v.  t.  To  charge  anew  or 

Re-char'ter,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
charter  again  ;  to  grant  another 
charter  to. 

R  E  OH  E  R  Clift  (rtih-sher'sha'),  a. 
[Fr.]  Sought  out  with  care  ;  hence, 
of  studied  elegance.  [ond  time. 

Re-ciioo§e',  v.  t.  To  choose  a  sec- 

Re9'i-pe,"»i.  ;  pi.  RE9'i-PEfj.  [Lat. 
imper.  of  recipere ,  to  receive.]  A  pre¬ 
scription  for  making  some  combina¬ 
tion.  [of  being  recipient. 

Re-9IP'I-en-9Y,  n.  State  or  quality 

RE-tjlP'l-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  recipiens,  -en- 
tis,  receiving.]  Receiving. — n.  A 
receiver. 

RE-91'P'RO-CAL,  a.  [Lat.  redprocus.] 

1.  Recurring  in  vicissitude.  2.  Done 
by  each  to  the  other.  3.  Mutually 
interchangeable. 

Syn.  —  Mutual.  —  The  distinctive  idea 
of  mutual  is,  that  the  parties  unite  by  in¬ 
terchange  in  the  same  act ;  as,  a  mutual 
covenant,  mutual  affection,  &c.  The  dis¬ 
tinctive  idea  of  reciprocal  is  that  one 
party  acts  by  way  of  return  or  response 
to  something  previously  done  by  the 
Other  party  ;  as,  a  reciprocal  kindness, 
reciprocal  reproaches,  &c.  The  ebbing 
and  flowing  of  the  tide  is  a  case  where 

•  the  action  is  reciprocal ,  but  not  mutual. 

—  n.  1.  That  which  is  reciprocal. 

2.  The  quotient  arising  from  divid¬ 
ing  unity  by  any  quantity. 

Re-9IP'ro-€AL-ly,  adv.  Mutually ; 
interchangeably. 

Re-9!p'ro-€Ate,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  reciprocare,  -r.atum.  See  RE¬ 
CIPROCAL.]  To  act  interchange¬ 
ably  ;  to  alternate.  —  v.  t.  To  give 
and  return  mutually. 

Re-91p/ro-ca'tion,  n.  Act  of  recip¬ 
rocating  ;  interchange  of  acts. 

RE9a-PR09'l-TY,  n.  1.  Mutual  ac¬ 
tion  and  reaction.  2.  Reciprocal 
advantages,  obligations,  or  rights. 

Re-cIj'ION  (-sTzh'un),  n.  [Lat.  re- 
cisio,  from  redder e ,  to  cut  off.]  Act 
of  cutting  off. 

Re-9IT'AL,  n.  1.  Repetition  of  the 
words  of  another,  or  of  a  writing.  2. 
Narration.  3.  That  which  is  recited  ; 
a  story. 

Syn.  — Account  ;  rehearsal;  recita- 


353 

tion  ;  description  ;  detail  ;  narrative. 
See  Account. 

Re9/i-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  reciting; 
rehearsal. 

Re9'i-ta-t'ive',  n.  A  species  of  mu¬ 
sical  recitation  in  which  the  words 
are  delivered  in  a  manner  resembling 
that  of  ordinary  declamation. 

RE-9ITE',  v.  t.  or  ?'.  [-ED;  -ING.] 

[Lat.  re.citare ,  from  re,  again,  and 
citare ,  to  call,  to  cite.]  1.  To  repeat, 
as  something  already  prepared  or 
committed  to  memory.  2.  To  tell 
over;  to  go  over  in  particulars. 

Reck,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  recan,  to  care  for.] 
To  take  heed  ;  to  care. 

Reck'less,  a.  Rashly  or  indifferent¬ 
ly  negligent. 

Reck'less-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  reckless  ;  heedlessness. 

REck'on  (rek'n),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  recnan,  recnian .]  1.  To  make 
or  render  account  of.  2.  To  count 
as  in  number,  rank,  or  series.  — v.  i. 

1.  To  go  through  with  a  calculation. 

2.  To  make  up  accounts.  3.  To 
think;  to  suppose.  [Prov.  and  vul¬ 
gar.]  See  Guess  and  Calculate. 

Reck'on-er,  n.  One  who  reckons. 

Reck'ON-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who 
reckons  ;  calculation  ;  —  in  specific 
uses,  adjustment  of  claims  and  ac¬ 
counts  ;  hence,  exaction  of  penalty 
incurred.  2.  Charges  made  by  a  host. 

3.  Esteem  ;  estimation.  4.  A  calcula¬ 
tion  of  the  ship’s  position  from  ob¬ 
servations  recorded  in  the  log-book. 

Re-claim',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
rerlamare ;  re,  again,  back,  and 
clamare,  to  call.]  1.  To  reduce  from 
a  wild  to  a  tamed  state.  2.  To  reduce 
to  a  desired  state.  3.  To  demand  as 
a  right  the  return  of. 

Syn.  —  To  reform  ;  recover  ;  restore  ; 
amend  ;  correct. 

Re-claim'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  reclaimed. 

Re-claim'ant,  n.  One  who  makes 
reclamation. 

Rec'LA-MA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  reclama¬ 
tion  1.  Recovery.  2.  Demand  of 
something  to  be  restored. 

Rec'li-nate,  a.  Reclined,  or  bent 
downward,  as  a  leaf. 

Rec'LI-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  leaning. 

Re-cline',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
reclinare ;  re,  again,  back,  and  di¬ 
nar  e,  to  lean,  incline.]  To  lean  back ; 
to  lean  to  one  side,  or  sidewise.  —  v. 
i.  To  rest  or  repose.  [again. 

Re-close',  u.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To  close 

Re-CLUSE',  a.  [Lat.  reclusus,  fr.  re- 
cludere,  to  unclose,  open,  but  with  a 
signification  directly  opposite.]  Se¬ 
questered  :  retired  from  the  world  or 
from  public  notice;  solitary.  —  n. 
One  who  lives  iu  seclusion ;  a  relig¬ 
ious  devotee. 

Re -cluse'ly,  adv.  In  retirement. 

Re-cluse'ness,  )  n.  Retirement ;  se- 

Re-clu'£ION,  j  elusion  from  so¬ 
ciety.  [from  society. 

Re-clu'sIve,  a.  Affording  retirement 

Rec'OG-nI'tion  (-nish'un),  n.  Act 
of  recognizing,  or  state  of  being  rec¬ 


ognized  ;  acknowledgment ;  formal 
avowal. 

Rec'og  nTz'a-ble,  or  Re-cog'ni- 
ZA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  recog¬ 
nized. 

Re-cog'NI-ZAN9E  (re-kog'ni-zans  or 
re-kon'i-zans),  n.  [See  infra ,  and  cf. 
Cognizance.]  1.  Acknowledgment 
of  a  person  or  thing  ;  avowal.  2. 
{Law.)  An  obligation  of  record,  with 
condition  to  do  some  particular  act. 

Among  lawyers,  the  g  in  this  and 
the  related  words  (except  recognize)  is 
usually  silent. 

Rfic'OG-NlZE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
recognoscere ;  re,  again,  and  cogno¬ 
sces,  to  know.]  1.  To  know  again  ; 
to  recall  knowledge  of.  2.  To  avow 
knowledge  of;  to  allow  that  one 
knows. 

Syn.  —  See  Acknowledge. 

Re-cog'ni-zee'  (-kog'-  or  -kon'-),  n. 
One  to  whom  a  recognizance  is  made. 

Re-cog'ni-zor'  {or  -kon'-),  n.  One 
who  enters  into  a  recognizance. 

Re-coil',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
re,  again,  back,  and  cuius,  the  pos¬ 
teriors.]  1.  To  start,  roll,  bound,  or 
fall  back.  2.  To  draw  back  as  from 
any  thing  repugnant  or  alarming; 
to  shrink.  —  n.  1.  A  starting  or  fall¬ 
ing  back.  2.  Reaction  of  fire-arms 
when  discharged.  [anew. 

Re-coin',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  coin 

Rec'ol-lect',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Prefix  re,  and  collect.]  To  recover 
or  recall  the  knowledge  of;  to  bring 
back  to  the  mind. 

Re'-col-lect',  v.  t.  To  collect  again. 

Rec'ol-lLc'tion,  n.  1.  Actof  recol¬ 
lecting,  or  recalling  to  the  memory. 
2.  Power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the 
mind,  or  period  within  which  things 
can  be  recollected;  remembrance.  3. 
That  which  is  recollected  ;  reminis¬ 
cence. 

Syn. —  Remembrance.—  Recollection 
differs  from  remembrance,  as  it  is  the  con¬ 
sequence  of  volition,  or  an  effort  of  the 
mind  to  recall  ideas;  whereas  remem¬ 
brance  implies  no  such  volition.  See 
Memory. 

RE/COM-MEN9E',  V.t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.] 
To  begin  anew. 

RfiC'OM-MEND',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  commend  to  the  favorable  no¬ 
tice  of  another.  2.  To  make  accepta¬ 
ble.  3.  To  advise,  as  an  action,  meas¬ 
ure,  or  the  like. 

RLu'om-mend'a-ble,  a.  Wortbyof 
recommendation  or  praise. 

Rec'om-men-da'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
recommending.  2.  That  which  com¬ 
mends  to  favor. 

RLu'om-mEnd'a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Serv¬ 
ing  to  recommend,  [commit  again. 

RE'COM-MIT',  V.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  To 

RE'eOM-MiT'MENT,  )  n.  A  renewed 

Re'com-mit'tal,  )  commitment. 

REC'OM-PENSE,  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[L.  Lat.  recompensare ;  re,  again,  and 
compensare ,  to  compensate.]  1.  To 
render  an  equivalent  to,  for  service, 
loss,  &c.  2.  To  pay  for.  —  n.  An 

equivalent  returned  for  any  thing 
given,  done,  or  suffered. 

G,  hard ;  A§;  EXIST;  N  as  NG ;  THIS. 


6r,do,wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue,  pvll ;  E,l,  o,  silent;  9,  6,  so/t;  €, 

23 


» 


RECONCILABLE  354  RECUSANT 


Rfic'ON-piL'A-BLE  (110),  a.  Capable 
of  being  reconciled. 

RE€'0N-£ILE'  (110).  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  reconciliare  ;  re,  again,  back, 
and  conciliare ,  to  bring  together.]  1. 
To  conciliate  anew.  2.  To  bring  to 
acquiescence.  3.  To  make  consistent 
or  congruous.  4.  To  adjust;  to  settle. 

Rec'on-cYle'ment  (110),  n.  Act  of 
reconciling,  or  state  of  being  recon¬ 
ciled.  _  [ciles. 

Rec'ON-^il'ER,  n.  One  who  recon- 

REC'ON-ciL'I-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  rec¬ 
onciling,  or  state  of  being  reconciled ; 
restoration  to  harmony. 

Rec'on-^il'i-a-to-ry  (50),  a.  Serv¬ 
ing  or  tending  to  reconcile. 

Rec'on-dite,  or  Re-con'dite,  a. 
[Lat.  reconditus,  p.  p.  of  recondere, 
to  lay  up,  to  conceal,  from  re,  again, 
and  condere,  to  bring  together.]  1. 
Hidden  from  the  view  or  intellect.  2. 
Dealing  in  things  abstruse. 

R  E-E  ON’NA  is-  SA  NpE,  1  n.  [Fr.  ] 

RE-Eoiw'Nois-SANpE,  )  Exami¬ 
nation  of  a  tract  of  country,  either 
in  warlike  movements  or  for  carrying 
on  public  works. 

Rec'on-noi'ter,  1  v.  t.  (Fr-  recon- 

Rec'on-noi'tre,  (  noitre ,  recon- 
naitre.  See  Recognize.]  To  ex¬ 
amine  by  the  eye ;  to  survey  with 
a  view  to  military  or  engineering  op¬ 
erations. 

Re-con'quer  (-ltonk'er),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
[-ING.]  To  recover  by  conquest. 

Re'con-sid'er,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  consider  again  ;  to  review. 

Re'con-sId'er-a'tion,  n.  Act  of 
reconsidering,  or  state  of  being  re¬ 
considered. 

RE'CON-STRCcT',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  construct  again. 

Re'con-struc'tion,  n.  Act  of  con¬ 
structing  again. 

Re'CON-vey',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
convey  back  or  to  the  former  place. 

Re'CON-vey'an^e,  n.  Act  of  recon¬ 
veying. 

Re-cord',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
record  art,  to  remember ;  re,  again, 
back,  and  cor,  cordis,  heart.]  To  pre¬ 
serve  the  memory  of,  by  committing 
to  writing,  printing,  or  the  like. 

Rec'ORD,  n.  A  register  ;  an  authentic 
copy  or  account,  entered  in  a  book 
for  preservation. 

Re-cOrd'er,  n.  1.  One  who  records. 
2.  Chief  judicial  officer  of  some  cities 
and  boroughs.  [corder. 

Re-cord'er-shYp,  n.  Office  of  a  re- 

Re-count',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
reconter ,  to  relate  again  or  over  again. 
See  COUNT,  v.]  To  relate  in  detail ; 
to  narrate  the  particulars  of. 

Re-course',  n.  [Lat.  recursns;  re- 
currere,  to  run  back.]  1.  Return. 
2.  Recurrence  in  difficulty,  perplex¬ 
ity,  or  need,  &c.  ;  resort. 

Re-cov'er  (-kttv'er),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [0.  Fr.  recovrer ,  Lat.  recupe- 
rare  ;  re,  back,  and  cnpere,  to  take.] 
1.  To  get  or  obtain  again.  2.  To  re¬ 
pair  the  loss  or  injury  of.  3.  To  bring 
back  to  life  or  health.  4.  (Law.)  To 

A,  E,  I,  5,  u,  Y,  Ion 


gain  as  a  compensation.  —  v.  i.  1. 
To  regain  health  after  sickness.  2. 
(Law.)  To  succeed  in  a  lawsuit. 

Re-co  V'ER-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  recovered  or  restored. 

Re-cov'er-y  (-kuv'er-),  n.  1.  Act 
of  recovering.  2.  Restoration  from 
sickness,  misfortune,  or  the  like.  3. 
The  obtaining  of  a  right  to  some¬ 
thing  by  a  judgment  of  court. 

Syn.  —  Restoration.  —  Recove. n/  is  act¬ 
ive,  restoration  is  passive.  I  must  my¬ 
self  be  instrumental  in  the  recovery  of 
my  property  that  is  stolen  ;  not  so  in  res¬ 
toration ,  for  which  I  am  wholly  indebted 
to  the  act  of  another. 

RE€'RE-AN-9Y,  n.  Quality  of  being 

recreant. 

Rec'RE-ANT,  a.  [Norm.  &  0.  Fr. 
recreant,  cowardly,  fr.  Lat.  re,  again, 
back,  and  credere,  to  be  of  opinion  ; 
hence,  orig.  to  disavow  one's  opinion.] 

1.  Cowardly;  craven.  2.  Apostate; 
false.  —  n.  A  mean-spirited  cowardly 
wretch. 

Re€'re-ate,t.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
recreare,  -atitm  ;  re,  again,  and  cre- 
are,  to  create.]  To  give  fresh  life  to  ; 
to  revive  ;  especially  to  refresh  from 
weariness.  [anew. 

Re'cre-ate',  v.  t.  To  create  or  form 

Re€'  RE-A'tion,  n.  Refreshment  of 
the  strejigth  and  spirits  after  toil. 

Re'CRE-a'tion,  n.  A  forming  anew. 

Rec'RE-A/TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  rec- 
create  or  refresh  ;  diverting. 

RE€'RE-MENT,  n.  recrementum ; 
re,  again,  and  cernere ,  cretum,  to  sep¬ 
arate.]  Superfluous  matter  sepa¬ 
rated  from  that  which  is  useful ; 
dross. 

RLc're-mEnt'al,  a.  Consisting  of 
separated  superfluous  matter  ;  dros¬ 
sy- 

RE-CRIiVI'I-NATE  ,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  re,  again,  and  criminari ,  to  ac¬ 
cuse  of  a  crime.]  To  return  one  ac¬ 
cusation  with  another. 

Re-crim/i-na'tion,  n.  Return  of 
one  accusation  with  another. 

Re-CRIM'i-NA'tTve,  (a.  Retorting 

Re-CRIM'I-na-to-ry,  j  accusation  ; 
recriminatory. 

Re-cruit',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
recruiter,  fr.  recroltre,  p.  p.  read,  to 
grow  again.]  1.  To  repair  by  fresh 
supplies.  2.  To  renew  in  strength  or 
health  ;  to  re-in  vigorate.  —  v.  i.  To 
gain  new  supplies  of  any  thing 
wasted  ;  esp.  to  gain  new  supplies  of 
men  for  military  or  other  service. — 
«.  1.  Supply  of  any  thing  wasted. 

2.  A  newly -enlisted  soldier. 

Re-€RUIT'ment,  n.  Act  or  business 

of  recruiting. 

RLct'an-gle,  n.  - 

[Lat.  rectus,  right, 
and  angulus,  an¬ 
gle.]  A  right-an-  L - 1 

gled  parallelogram.  Rectangle. 

RE€T-Xn'gu-lar,  a.  Right-angled. 

Rec'ti-fPa-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  rectified. 

R£e/Ti-Fl-€A'TTON,n.  1.  Act  or  op¬ 
eration  of  rectifying.  2.  Process  of 


refining  any  substance  by  repeated 
distillation.  [which,  rectifies. 

Reg't.i-fuer,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
Ree'ti-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing,142.]  [L. 
Lat.  recti  ficare,  fr.  Lat.  rectus,  right, 
aud  facere,  to  make.]  1.  To  make 
straight  or  right.  2.  To  refine  by 
repeated  distillation  or  sublimation. 

Syn.—  See  Amend. 

REc'ti-lin'E-AL,  (  a.  [Lat.  rectus, 

Rec'ti-lin'e-ar,  j  right,  and  linea, 
line.]  Consisting  of  a  right  line,  or 
of  right  lines. 

Rec'ti-tude  (30),  n.  [Lat.  rectitudo , 
from  rectus,  straight.]  Rightness  of 
principle  or  practice  ;  uprightness. 

Syn. —Justice;  integrity. 

RBc'tor,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  regere,  rectum, 
to  lead  straight,  to  rule.]  1.  (Epis¬ 
copal  Church.)  A  clergyman  who  has 
the  charge  of  a  parish.  2.  Head  of 
a  public  school,  or  of  a  convent. 

Rec'tor-ate  (45),  n.  Office  or  sta¬ 
tion  of  a  rector. 

Reg-to'ri-al  (89),  a.  Pertaining  to 
government,  or  to  a  rector,  [rector. 

REc'tor-ship,  n.  Office  or  rank  of  a 

IlEU'TO-RY,  v.  1.  A  parish  church, 
parsonage,  or  living,  with  all  its 
rights,  tithes,  &c.  2.  A  rector’s 

mansion. 

Rfic'TUM,  n.  [Lat.  (sc.  intestinum), 
fr.  rectus,  straight,  as  it  was  formerly 
thought  to  be  so.]  Terminal  part  of 
the  large  intestines. 

Re-cOm'bence,  n.  State  of  being 
recumbent ;  repose  ;  rest. 

Re-uum'ben-cy,  n.  Recumbence. 

RE-€flM'BENT,  a.  [Lat.  recumbens, 
p.  pr.  of  recumbere ,  fr.  re,  back,  and 
cumber e,  to  lie  down.]  1.  Leaning; 
reclining.  2.  Inactive. 

Re -GU'PER-ATE,  v.  i.  [Lat.  recu¬ 
perate,  -ratum.  See  Recover.]  To 
recover  health. 

Re-cu'per-a-tIve,  )  a.  Tending  to, 

ItE-CU'PER-A-TO-RY,  j  or  pertain¬ 
ing  to, recovery. 

Re-cOr',  v.  i.  [-RED  ;  -RING.]  [Lat. 
recurrere ;  re,  again,  back,  and  cur¬ 
ler  p,  to  run.]  1.  To  return  again  or 
repeatedly.  2.  To  occur  at  a  stated 
interval.  3.  To  have  recourse. 

RE-cfJR'REN^E,  In.  Act  of  recur- 

Re-€0r-REN-<JY,  /  ring  ;  return. 

Re-cOr'rent,  a.  Recurring. 

Re-cOrv'ate,  v.  t.  [Lat.  reevrvare, 
-vatum,  from  re,  again,  back,  and 
curuare,  to  bend.]  To  bend  or  curve 
back.  [outward. 

Re-€0r,v'ate,  a.  Bent  backward  or 

Re'cuk-va'tion,  n.  A  bending  or 
flexure  backward. 

Re-cOrve',  v.  t.  To  bend  back. 

Re-cOrv'i-ty,  n.  Recurvation. 

RE-cOR  V'ofJS,  a.  [Lat.  recurvus  ;  re, 
again,  back,  and  curvus,  bent, 
curved.]  Bent  backward. 

Re-CU'.saNT,  a.  [Lat.  recusans,  re¬ 
fusing.]  (Eng.  Hist.)  Refusing  to 
acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
king,  or  to  conform  to  the  established 
rites  of  the  church.  —  n.  1.  One  who 
refuses  to  acknowledge  the  suprem- 


g;  X,£,l,  6,  0,  tf,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n. 


REFERABLE 


RED 


355 


acy  of  the  king  in  matters  of  relig¬ 
ion.  2.  A  non-conformist. 


Red,  a.  [-der  ;  -dest.]  [A.rS .read, 
redd.]  Of  the  color  of  blood,  or  of  a 
tint  resembling  blood, —  n.  Color  of 
blood,  or  a  tint  resembling  this. 

RE-dag'TION,  n.  [Lat.  redigere ,  re- 
cfaclum;  re,  again,  back,  and  agere, 
to  put  in  motion.]  1.  The  act  of 
digesting,  as  literary  or  scientific  ma¬ 
terials.  2.  A  digest. 

Re-dXn',  n.  [Fr., 
for  0.  Fr.  redent ,? 
a  double  notch¬ 
ing,  :.rom  Lat.  re, 
again,  back,  and 
dens,  a  tooth.] 

{Fort.)  A  work  having  two  faces, 
that  form  a  salient  angle  toward  the 
enemy. 

Rf.d'bre  AST,  n.  A  bird  ;  the  robin. 

Red'den,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  or  become  red  ;  to  blush. 

Red'dish,  n.  Moderately  red. 

Red'DISh-ness,  n.  Redness  in  a  mod¬ 
erate  degree. 


Redans. 


Red-di'tion  (-dish'un),  n.  [bat.  red- 
ditio  ;  reddere,  to  give  back.]  Res¬ 
titution  ;  surrender. 

Ue-deeh',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
redimere  ;  re,  again,  back,  and  ernere, 
to  buy.]  1.  To  purchase  back;  to 
repurchase.  2.  To  ransom  from 
bondage,  by  paying  an  equivalent. 
3.  To  deliver  from  the  bondage  of 
sin  and  its  penalties.  4.  To  fulfill, 
as  a  promise.  [ing  redeemed. 

RE-deem'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

Re-deem'er,  n.  One  who  redeems  ; 
esp.  the  Savior,  Jesus  Christ. 

Re'de-liv'er,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
deliver  back  or  again. 

Re'de-liv'er-y,  n.  A  second  deliv¬ 


ery  or  liberation. 

Re-demp'tion  (84),  n.  [Lat.  redemp- 
tio.  See  Redeem.]  Act  of  redeem¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  redeemed  ; 
specifically,  (a.)  Liberation  of  an  es¬ 
tate  from  a  mortgage,  (b.)  (  Com.) 
Repurchase  of  uotes,  or  other  evi¬ 
dences  of  debt.  (c. )  Deliverance  of 
sinners  from  the  bondage  of  sin  and 
its  penalties.  [deems  himself. 

Re-demp'tion-er,  n.  One  who  re- 

Re-demp'tive,  I  a.  Serving  or 

Re-demp'TO-ry,  )  tending  to  re¬ 
deem  . 

Red'-gum,  n.  An  eruption  of  red 
pimples  in  early  infancy. 

RfiD'-HOT.  »i.  Red  with  heat. 


RE-DIN'TE-GRATE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -TNG.] 
[Lat.  redintegrare ;  -gratum ;  re, 
again, and  inlegrare,  to  make  whole.] 
To  make  whole  again  ;  to  renew. 

Re-diN'TE-gra'tion,  n.  Restora¬ 
tion  to  a  whole  or  sound  state. 

Red'-lead,  n.  A  preparation  of  lead 
of  a  fine  red  color. 

RLd'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  red. 

Red'o-len^e,  1  n.  Quality  of  being 

Red'o-len-^y,  )  redolent;  sweet¬ 
ness  of  scent. 

Red'o-lent,  a.  [Lat.  redolens .]  Dif¬ 
fusing  fragrance ;  odorous. 

Re-doOb'le  (-dtib'l),  v.  t.  [-ed; 


-ING.]  To  double  again  or  repeated¬ 
ly  ;  to  multiply.  —  v.  i.  To  become 
repeatedly  increased. 

Re -doubt'  (re-doutQ,  n.  [L.  Lat.  re- 
ductus ,  lit.  a  retreat,  fr.  Lat.  redu- 
cere,  to  lead  or  draw  back.]  {Fon.) 
An  inclosed  work  of  any  polygonal 
form  without  re-entering  angles. 

Re-doubt'a-ble  ( -doutQ,  a.  [Lat.  re, 
again,  and  dubitare,  to  doubt.]  For¬ 
midable  ;  hence,  valiant. 

Re-dound',  t\  i.  [-ed  ;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
redundare  ;  re.  again,  back,  and  un¬ 
dare,  to  rise  in  waves.]  1.  To  roll 
back  as  a  wave.  2.  To  come  back  as 
a  coji sequence.  3.  To  be  in  excess. 

Red'ow-A,  n.  A  slow  and  graceful 
kind  of  dance. 

Re-dress',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
set  right,  as  a  wrong  ;  to  remedy.  2. 
To  make  amends  to.  —  n.  Deliver¬ 
ance  fr.  wrong,  injury,  or  oppression. 

Re-dress'ive,  a.  Giving  redress. 

Re  d'-short,  a.  Brittle  when  hot. 

IIed'top,  n.  A  kind  of  grass. 

RE-DUCE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
reducere  ;  re,  again ,  back,  and  ducere, 
to  lead.]  1.  To  bring  to  a  state  or 
condition  specified  ;  to  convert.  2. 
To  bring  to  an  inferior  state,  as  to 
size,  rank,  value,  &c.  3.  To  bring 

into  subjection.  4.  To  bring  into  a 
certain  order,  arrangement,  &c. 

Re-du'^er,  n.  One  who  reduces. 

RE-DU'ty  i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
reduced. 

Re-dug'tion,  n.  [Lat.  reductio.  See 
Reduce.]  1.  Act  of  reducing,  or 
state  of  being  reduced  ;  conversion 
to  a  given  state  ;  conquest.  2.  The 
changing  of  numbers  from  one  de¬ 
nomination  to  another  without  alter¬ 
ing  their  value.  [of  reducing. 

RE-DU€'TiVE,  a.  Having  the  power 

Re-dun'dan^e,  I  11.  1.  Superfluity  ; 

Re-dun'dan-CY,  )  superabundance. 
2.  Any  thing  superfluous. 

Re-dun'dant,  a.  [Lat.  redvndcCns. 
See  Redound.]  1.  Exceeding  what 
is  natural  or  necessary.  2.  Using 
more  words  than  are  necessary. 

Re-du'pli-cate,  v.  t.  To  redouble. 

Re-du'pli-ua'tion,  n.  Act  of  doub¬ 
ling,  or  state  of  being  doubled. 

Re-Egh'o,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  echo  back ;  to  reverberate  again. 

Reed,  n.  [A.-S.  hredd,  redd.]  1.  One 
of  a  family  of  plants,  with  hollow, 
jointed  stems.  2.  A  rustic  musical 
pipe.  3.  An  arrow.  4.  A  thin  piece 
of  metal,  the  vibrations  of  which 
produce  the  tones  of  a  melodeon,  &c. 
5.  (  Weaving. )  A  frame  through  which 
the  warp-threads  pass. 

Reed'HN  (reed'n),  a.  Consisting  of 
a  reed  or  reeds. 

Reed'y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  reeds. 
2.  Having  the  quality  of  a  reed  in 
tone,  that  is,  harsh  and  thick. 

Reef,  n.  1.  [D .reef,rf;  A.-S.  reaf, 
a  garment,  clothing.]  A  portion  of 
a  sail  which  is  rolled  up  to  contract 
the  sail.  2.  [Teel,  rif,  prob.  allied  to 
rib.]  A  chain  of  rocks  at  or  near 
the  surface  of  water.  — v.  t.  [-ed; 


-ing.]  To  contract,  as  a  sail,  by 
rolling  or  folding. 

Reek,  n.  [A.-S.  rec,  rSce.]  Vapor; 
steam;  smoke.  —  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  emit  vapor ;  to  steam  ;  to  smoke. 

Reek'y,  a.  Soiled  with  smoke  or 
steam  ;  smoky. 

Reel,  n.  [A.-S.  hre6l,reol.  Cf.  Roll.] 

1.  A  frame  on  which  yarn,  thread, 
&c.,  are  wound.  2.  A  lively  whirl¬ 
ing  dance. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
wind  upon  a  reel.  —  v.  i.  To  vacil¬ 
late  in  walking ;  to  stagger. 

RE'-E-LEGT',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
elect  again. 

Re'-e-lLu'tion,  n.  Election  a  sec¬ 
ond  time,  or  repeated  election. 

Re'-el'i-gi-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  re-elected. 

Re'-em-bark',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
To  embark  again. 

Reem'ing,  n."  [Cf.  Ream,!),  t.]  The 
opening  of  the  seams  of  vessels,  for 
calking. 

Re'-en-agt',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
enact  again.  [of  a  law. 

Re'-en-aut'MENT,  n.  The  renewal 

RE'-EN-FORCE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  strengthen  with  new  force,  assist¬ 
ance,  or  support.  —  n.  Part  of  a 
gun  near  the  breech. 

Re'-en-force'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of 
re-enforcing.  2.  That  which  re-en¬ 
forces  ;  additional  force. 

Re'-en-g  age',  v.  i.  To  engage  again 
or  anew. 

Re'-en-lTst',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  enlist  again. 

Re— en'ter,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed;  ING.] 
To  enter  again  or  anew.  [again. 

Re-en'TRANC(:e,  n.  Act  of  entering 

Re'-es-tab'lisii,  v.  t.  To  establish 
anew ;  to  fix  or  confirm  again. 

Re'-es-tab'lish-ment,  n.  Act  of 
establishing  again;  renewed  confirm¬ 
ation. 

Reeve,  v.t.  [rove;  reeving.  Cf. 
Reef,  «.]  To  pass,  as  the  end  of  a 
rope,  through  any  hole  in  a  block, 
thimble,  &c. 

Re'-e^c-Xm'I-NA'TION,  n.  A  repeated 
examination. 

RE'-EJ-AM'INE,  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  examine  anew. 

Re'-ex-port',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  export  again. 

Re-fash'ion  (-fSsh'un),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  fashion  a  second  time. 

RE-Ffi€'TION,  n.  [Lat.  refectio,  from 
reficere,  -feet urn,  fr.  re,  again,  and 
facere,  to  make.]  Refreshment  after 
hunger  or  fatigue ;  a  lunch. 

Re-feg'tive,  n.  That  which  re¬ 
freshes  ;  refreshment.  [ment. 

Re-fe€'to-ry,  n.  A  room  for  refresh- 

Re-fer'  (14),  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring.] 
[Lat.  referre ;  re,  again,  and  ferre, 
to  bear.]  1 .  To  carry  or  send  back. 

2.  To  pass  over  to  another  authority 
for  decision.  3.  To  assign  to  as  a 
class,  cause,  motive,  or  reason .  —  v.i. 
1.  To  have  recourse.  2.  To  have  re¬ 
lation.  3.  To  direct  attention. 

REf'er-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
referred ;  ascnbable. 


OR,  DO,  wqlf,  too,  took  Crn,  RUE ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  ^,G,so/t;  e,  a,  hard;  as  ;  exist;  n  as  ng;  this 


REFEREE 

R£f'ER-ee',  n.  One  to  whom  a  thing, 
esp.  a  matter  in  dispute,  is  referred. 

Syn.  —  See  Judge. 

Ref'ER-EN^E,  n.  1.  Act  of  referring, 
or  state  of  being  referred.  2.  Re¬ 
spect  ;  heed.  3.  Allusion ;  intima¬ 
tion.  4.  One  of  whom  inquiries  can 
be  made  in  regard  to  another.  5.  A 
passage  referred  to. 

Re-f£r'ri-ble  a.  Admitting  of  be¬ 
ing  referred ;  referable. 

Re-fIne',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  To 
free  from  impurities ;  to  make  or  be¬ 
come  pure. 

Syn.  —  To  purify;  clarify  ;  defecate. 

Re-fin'ed-ly,  adv.  In  a  refined 
manner. 

Re-fine'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  refining, 
or  state  of  being  refined.  2.  High 
culture  ;  elegance.  3.  An  over-nice- 
ty  ;_an  affected  subtilty. 

Re-fTn'er,  n.  One  who  refines. 

Re-fin'er-y,  n.  The  place  and  appa¬ 
ratus  for  refining  metals,  sugar,  &c. 

Re-fit',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ted;  -ting.] 
To  fit  or  prepare  again  ;  to  repair. 

Re-flect',  I',  i.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat. 
r e fleeter e,  reflexum ;  re ,  again,  back, 
and  flectere ,  to  bend.]  1.  To  cause  to 
return  after  striking  upon  any  sur¬ 
face.  2.  To  give  back  an  image  of. 
—  v.i.  1.  To  throw  back  light  or 
heat,  &c.  2.  To  rebound  as  from  a 
surface.  3.  To  attend  earnestly  to 
what  passes  within  the  mind.  4.  To 
cast  reproach . 

Re-FLE€'tion,  n.  [Written  also  re¬ 
flexion .]  [Lat.  reflexio.  See  Re¬ 
flect.]  1.  Act  of  reflecting,  or 
state  of  being  reflected.  2.  Capacity 
for  judging  rationally,  esp.  in  view  of 
a  moral  rule  or  standard.  3.  That 
which  is  produced  by  reflection  ;  es¬ 
pecially  thoughts  suggested  by  truth. 
4.  Censure  ;  reproach  cast. 

Re-flect'I  ye,  a.  1.  Throwing  back 
images.  2.  Capable  of  exercising 
thought. 

Re-flegt'or,  n.  1.  One  who  reflects. 
2.  A  polished  surface  for  reflecting 
light  or  heat,  as  a  mirror,  &c. 

Re'flex,  a.  [See  Reflect.]  1.  Di¬ 
rected  back ;  retroactive.  2.  Pro¬ 
duced  in  reaction,  resistance,  or  re¬ 
turn.  3.  (Bot.)  Bent  back;  reflect¬ 
ed.  4.  ( Physiol. )  Produced  by  stim¬ 
ulus  without  the  necessary  interven¬ 
tion  of  consciousness. 

Re-flex'i-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  reflexible.  [reflected. 

Re-flex'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

RE-flex'Ive,  a.  Bending  or  turn¬ 
ed  backward ;  reflective. 

Ref'lu-en^e,  la.  [From  refluent.] 

Ref'lu-en-^y,  )  A  flowing  back. 

Ref'LU-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  refluens,  flow¬ 
ing  back.]  Flowing  back  ;  ebbing. 

Re'flux  (126).  n.  A  flowing  back,  as 
of  a  fluid  ;  ebb. 

RE-FORiU',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
reformare ;  re ,  again,  and  formare,  to 
form.]  1.  To  form  or  shape  anew.  2. 
To  restore  to  a  former  good  state,  or 
bring  from  bad  to  good 

Syn.  —  See  Amend. 


356 

-v.  *.  To  return  to  a  good  state ; 
to  be  amended.  —  n.  Amendment  of 
what  is  defective,  vicious,  corrupt,  or 
depraved. 

Syn.  —  Reformation  ;  amendment  ; 
correction.  See  Reformation. 

Re-form',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
form  anew  or  a  second  time. 

Ref'or-ma'tion,  n.  Act  of  reform¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  reformed ; 
change  from  worse  to  better. 

Syn.  —  Reform.  —  Reformation  is  a 
more  thorough  and  comprehensive 
change  than  reform.  It  is  applied  to  sub¬ 
jects  that  are  more  important,  and  re¬ 
sults  in  changes  which  are  more  lasting. 

Re'for-MA'TION,  n.  Act  of  forming 
anew.  [reformatory. 

Re-form'A-tIve,  a.  Forming  again  ; 

Re-form'A-to-ry  (50),  a.  Tending 
to  produce  reformation. 

Re-form'er,  n.  One  who  effects  a 
reformation. 

Re-form'ist,  n.  One  who  is  of  the 
reformed  religion. 

Re-frXct',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
r ef  ringer e.  refr actum ;  re,  again ,  back , 
tmA  frangere,  to  break.]  To  cause  to 
deviate  from  a  direct  course,  as  light. 

Re-frag'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  refract¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  refracted.  2. 
Change  in  the  direction  of  a  ray  of 
light,  heat,  or  the  like. 

Re-fract'ive,  a.  Serving  or  having 
power  to  refract. 

Re-frXct'o-ri-ness,  n.  1.  Perverse 
or  sullen  obstinacy.  2.  Difficulty  of 
fusion  ;  —  said  of  metals. 

Re-frXut'o-ry,  a.  [Lat.  refractarius. 
See  Refract.]  1.  Sullen  or  per¬ 
verse  in  opposition  or  disobedience. 
2.  Difficult  of  fusion,  as  metals. 

Ref'ra-GA-ble  ,  a.  [Lat.  refragari , 
to  oppose,  to  resist.]  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  refuted. 

Re-frain',!!.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
refrangere ;  Lat.  re,  again,  back,  and 
fr anger e,  to  break.]  To  keep  from 
action  or  within  prescribed  bounds. 

Syn.  —  To  forbear;  abstain. 

—  n.  The  burden  of  a  song. 

Re-fran'gi-bil'I-ty,  n.  Disposi¬ 
tion  of  rays  of  light  to  be  refracted. 

Re-fran'gi-ble,  a.  [See  Refract.] 
Capable  of  being  refracted,  as  light. 

Re-fresh',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
restore  strength,  spirit,  animation,  or 
the  like,  to. 

Re-fresh'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
freshing,  or  state  of  being  refreshed. 
2.  That  which  refreshes  ;  esp.  food. 

Re-frig'er-ANT,  a.  Cooling;  allay¬ 
ing  heat. —  n.  That  which  abates 
heat. 

Re-frig'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -in6.] 
[Lat.  refrigerare ,  -ratum,  fr.  re,  again, 
and  frigus,  frigoris,  coolness.]  To 
cool ;  to  refresh. 

Re-frIg'er-a'tion.  n.  Act  of  cool¬ 
ing  ;  state  of  being  cooled. 

Re-frIg'er-A-tIve,  a.  Cooling;  al¬ 
laying  heat ;  refrigerant.  —  n.  A 
cooling  medicine. 

Re-frIg'er-a'tor,  n.  1.  A  box  for 
keeping  articles  cool  by  means  of  ice. 


REGARDFUL 

2.  An  apparatus  for  rapid  cooling 
connected  with  a  still,  &c. 

Ref'UGE,  n.  [Lat.  refugium,  fr.  re- 
fugere,  to  flee  back.]  Shelter  or  pro¬ 
tection  from  danger  or  distress. 

Ref'u-gee',  n.  One  who  flees  to  a 
foreign  power  or  country  for  safety. 

Re-ful'gen9E,  I  n.  Brilliancy  ;  radi- 

Re-ful'gen-cy,  |  ance;  splendor. 

RE-FUL'Oent,  a.  [Lat.  refu/gens.] 
Casting  a  bright  light ;  radiant ; 
splendid. 

Re-fDnd',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat, 
refund  ere ;  re ,  again,  back,  and  J un¬ 
der  e^  to  pour.]  To  repay,  to  restore. 

Re-FU§'A-BLE,  a.  Admitting  refusal. 

Re-fus'AL,  n.  1.  Act  of  refusing.  2. 
Right  of  taking  in  preference  to  oth¬ 
ers. 

Re-fu§e',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Cor¬ 
rupted  partly  from  Lat.  refulare ,  to 
drive  back,  to  repel,  partly  from  re- 
cusare ,  to  decline  ]  1.  To  deny,  as 

a  request,  demand.  &c.  2.  'To  de¬ 
cline  to  accept ;  to  reject  — v.i.  To 
decline  to  accept  something  offered. 

Ref'use,  a.  Rejected;  hence,  worth¬ 
less. —  ».  That  which  is  rejected  as 
useless. 

Re-fu§'er,  n.  One  who  refuses. 

Re-fut'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of  being 
refuted. 

Ref'u-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  refuting, 
or  state  of  being  refuted ;  disproof  of. 

Re-FUT'A-TO-ry,  a.  Tending  to  re¬ 
fute  or  disprove. 

Re-fute',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
refutare ;  re. ,  again,  back,  and  0.  Lat. 
future,  to  argue.]  To  prove  to  be 
false  or  erroneous. 

Syn.—  See  Confute. 

re-gain',  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  Tore- 
cover,  as  what  has  escaped  or  been 
lost. 

Re'gal,  a.  [Lat.  regalis;  rex ,  regis, 
a  king.]  Pertaining  to  a  king;  king¬ 
ly  ;  royal. 

Regale',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing]  [Eith¬ 
er  from  Lat.  regalis,  royal,  or  fr.  Sp. 
gala,  pleasinsr  address,  choicest  part 
of  a  thing.]  To  entertain  in  a  prince¬ 
ly  or  sumptuous  manner  ;  hence,  to 
gratify  ;  to  refresh.  —  n.  A  princely 
entertainment.  [tertainment. 

Re-gale'ment,m.  Refreshment;  en- 

Re-ga'li-a,  n.  pi.  [L.  Lat.,  fr.  Lat. 
regalis,  regal.]  1.  Symbols  or  para¬ 
phernalia  of  royalty.  2.  Insignia  of 
an  office  or  order. 

Re-GAL'i-ty,  n.  [L.  Lat.  regalitas ; 
Lat.  regalis ,  regal.]  Royalty  ;  sover¬ 
eignty.  [manner. 

Re'gal-LY,  adv.  In  a  regal  or  royal 

Re-gard',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
regarder,  fr.  re  and  garder,  to  guard.] 
1.  To  observe  ;  to  notice  or  remark 
particularly.  2.  To  treat  as  of  pecu¬ 
liar  importance.  3.  To  hold  and 
treat.  —  n.  1.  Look  ;  aspect.  2.  In¬ 
terested  attention  of  the  mind.  3. 
Respect ;  relation.  [backward. 

Re-gard'ant,  a.  Looking  behind  or 

Re-gard'er,  n.  One  who  regards. 

Re-gard'ful,  a.  Taking  notice  ;  ob¬ 
serving  with  care. 


A,  E,  i,  6,  u ,  Y ,  long ;  X,  £,1,6,  0,1 1, short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  V£IL,  tErm;  pique,  FIRM  ;  s6n, 


REGARDLESS 

Re-gard'less,  a.  Not  looking  or  at¬ 
tending. 

Syn. —  Heedless  ;  negligent;  careless. 

Re-gard'less-ly,  adv.  Heedlessly. 

Re-gat'ta,  n.  ;  pi.  re-gat'tas. 
fit.  regatta,  rigatta,  fr.  riga,  a  line, 
row.]  A  rowing  match  of  boats. 

Re'gen-CY,  n.  1.  Office,  jurisdiction, 
or  dominion  of  a  regent.  2.  Body  of 
men  intrusted  with  vicarious  govern¬ 
ment.  [regenerated. 

Re-gen'er-a-^y,  n.  State  of  being 

RE-GEN'ER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  regenerare,  -ratum;  re,  again, 
and  generare ,  to  beget.]  1.  To  gen¬ 
erate  or  produce  anew.  2.  To  cause 
to  be  spiritually  born  anew.  —  a. 
Changed  from  a  natural  to  a  spirit¬ 
ual  state. 

Re-gen'er-ate-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  regenerated. 

Re-gen'er-a'tion,  n.  1  Act  of  re¬ 
generating,  or  state  of  being  regen¬ 
erated.  2.  Entrance  upon  a  new 
spiritual  life. 

Re-gen'er-A-tIve,  a.  Of,  or  belong¬ 
ing  to,  regeneration. 

Re'gent,  a.  [Lat.  regens.]  1.  Rul¬ 
ing  ;  governing  2.  Exercising  vica¬ 
rious  authority  — n.  1.  One  who 
rules.  2.  One  who  governs  a  king¬ 
dom  in  the  place  of  the  sovereign.  3. 
One  of  a  governing  board. 

Re'gent-siiip,  n.  Power  or  office  of 
a  regent ;  regency. 

Reg'i-^ide,  n.  [Lat.  rex,  regis,  a 
king,  and  cxdere,  to  kill.]  1.  One 
who  murders  a  king.  2.  The  killing 
of  a  king. 

Regime  (ra'zheem'),  n.  [Fr. ]  Mode 
or  style  of  rule  ;  admiuistration. 

Reg'i-men,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  regere,  to 
guide,  rule.]  1.  Orderly  government. 
2.  Systematic  use  of  food  and  drink, 
and  the  necessaries  of  life.  3. 

( Gram.)  (a.)  A  relation  of  syntax 
between  two  words ;  government. 
(6.)  The  words  governed. 

Reg'i-ment,  n.  [Lat.  regimentum  ; 
regere,  to  guide,  rule.]  A  body  of 
men,  commanded  by  a  colonel,  usu¬ 
ally  consisting  of  ten  companies. 

Reg'i-ment'al,  a.  Belonging  to  a 
regiment. 

Reg'i-ment'als,  n.  pi.  Uniform 
worn  by  the  troops  of  a  regiment. 

Re'GION  (re'jun),  n.  [Lat.  regio,  a 
direction,  a  boundary -line,  region.] 

1.  A  territory  of  indefinite  extent ; 
district.  2.  Neighborhood  ;  vicinity. 

R£g'IS-TER.  n.  [L.  Lat.  registrum , 
fr.  Lat.  re,  back,  and  gerere,  to  car¬ 
ry.]  1.  A  written  account  or  entry. 

2.  The  one  who  keeps  such  an  ac¬ 
count.  3.  That  which  registers,  re¬ 
cords,  or  regulates  ;  — applied  to  va¬ 
rious  mechanical  contrivances.  4. 
Correspondence  of  pages  or  columns 
on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  sheet.  5. 
Compass,  or  a  portion  of  the  com¬ 
pass,  of  a  voice  or  instrument. —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  record  ;  to  enroll; 
to  enter  in  a  list.  — -v.  i.  To  corre¬ 
spond  in  relative  position,  as  the 
pages  of  a  printed  sheet. 


357 

Re4'is-trar,  n.  A  keeper  of  public 
records.  _  [ing  in  a  register. 

REg'IS-tra'tion,  n.  Act  of  insert- 

Re&'is-try,  n.  1.  Act  of  recording 
in  a  register.  2.  Place  where  a  reg¬ 
ister  is  kept. 

Reg'let,  n.  [Fr.  regret,  dim  oi regie, 
a  rule.]  1.  A  kind  of  fiat,  narrow 
molding.  2.  A  thin  strip  of  wood 
used  instead  of  a  lead  in  printing. 

REG'NANT,  a.  [Lat.  regnans.]  1. 
Reigning.  2.  Predominant ;  preva¬ 
lent.  _ 

Re-grate',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
regratter,  to  scrape  again,  to  drive  a 
huckster’s  trade.]  1.  To  remove  the 
outer  surface  of,  as  of  an  old  hewn 
stone.  2.  To  forestall. 

Re'GRESS,  n.  [Lat.  regressus,  fr.  re, 
back,  and  gradi,  to  step,  to  go.]  1. 
Return.  2.  Power  or  liberty  of  re¬ 
turning.  [returning. 

Re-gres'sion  (-gresh'un),  n.  Act  of 

Re-gress'Ive,  a.  Passing  back. 

Re-gret',  v.  t.  [-TE  u  ;  -TING.]  [Fr. 
regretter ,  Lat.  re,  again,  back,  and 
queritari,  to  complain  vehemently.] 

1.  To  be  sorry  for.  2.  To  look  back 
at  with  sorrowful  longing.  —  n.  1. 
Pain  of  mind  at  something  causing 
unhappiness.  2.  Pain  of  conscience. 

Syn.  —  Repentance;  remorse.  —We do 
not  apply  the  word  ref/ ret  to  that  sorrow 
for  the  past  which  involves  a  sense  of 
guilt;  this  belongs  to  remorse  or  repent¬ 
ance.  We  regret  the  loss  or  absence  of 
friends,  &c.,  but  the  word  is  now  more 
commonly  applied  to  the  pain  we  feel 
for  lost  opportunities,  or  for  early  follies, 
for  carelessness,  &c. 

Re-GRET'FUL,  a.  Full  of  regret. 

11e-gret'ta-ble,  a.  Admitting  of, 
or  deserving,  regret. 

Reg'u-lar,  a.  [Lat.  regnlaris ;  regn- 
la,  a  rule.]  1.  Conformed  to  rule. 

2.  Governed  by  rule ;  uniform  in 
course  or  practice.  3.  Permanent, 
as  the  troops  of  a  standing  army.  / 

Syn.  —  See  Normal. 

—  n.  1.  A  full  member  of  any  re¬ 
ligious  order.  2.  A  soldier  belonging 
to  a  standing  army. 

Reg'u-lar'i-t  Y,  n.  Quality  of  being 
regular  ;  method ;  uniformity. 

Reg'u-lar-ly,  adv.  In  due  order. 

Reg'u-late,  v.  t.  [-ED;-1NG.]  [Lat. 
regulare ,  -latum,  fr.  regitla,  a  rule.] 

1.  To  adjust  by  rule.  2.  To  put  in 
good  order. 

RBg'u-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  regu¬ 
lating,  or  state  of  being  regulated. 

2.  A  prescribed  rule  or  order. 

REg'u-la'tor,  n.  1.  One  who  regu¬ 
lates.  2.  A  contrivance  to  produce 
uniformity  of  motion. 

Reg'u-lOs,  n. ;  Eng.pl.  reg'u-lus- 
Es;  Lat.  pi.  Reg' u-lT.  [Lat. ^pet¬ 
ty  king,  prince  ]  The  pure  metal, 
which  in  the  melting  of  ores,  falls  to 
the  bottom. 

Re-gDr'gi-tate, u.  t.  [-ed;  -ing  ] 
[L.  Lat.  regurgitare,  -tatum  ;  Lat.  re, 
again,  back,  and  gurges,  a  gulf.]  To 
throw  or  pour  back  in  great  quan¬ 
tity.  —  v  i  To  be  poured  back. 

Re-gOr'gi-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 


REITERATE 

flowing  back  by  the  orifice  of  en 
trance.  2.  Act  of  swallowing  again. 

Re'ha-bil'i-tate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  restore  to  a  former  right,  rank,  or 
privilege. 

Re'ha-bil'i-ta'tion,  n.  Restora¬ 
tion  to  former  rights. 

Re-hear',  v.  t.  [-heard;  -hear¬ 
ing.]  To  hear  or  try  a  second  time. 

Re-hears'al  (14),  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
hearsing,  or  state  of  being  rehearsed. 
2.  Recital  of  a  piece  before  the  pub¬ 
lic  exhibition  of  it. 

Re-hearse',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prob. 
fr.  prefix  re  and  hear  say.]  1.  To  re¬ 
peat,  as  what  has  been  already  said- 
2.  To  narrate  ;  to  relate.  3.  To  re¬ 
cite  beforehand  in  private. 

Rei'GLE  (re'gl),  n.  [0.  Fr.,  a  rule,  a 
line.  See  Rule.]  A  channel  for 
guiding  any  thing. 

Reign  (ran),  n.  [Lat.  regnum,  from 
regere,  to  rule.]  1.  Royal  authority ; 
supreme  power.  2.  The  time  a  sov¬ 
ereign’s  rule  lasts. — v.  i.  [-ED; 
-ing.]  1.  To  possess  sovereign  pow¬ 
er  or  authority.  2.  To  prevail.  3. 
To  have  uncontrolled  dominion. 

Re'-im-burse',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
1.  To  pay  back.  2.  To  pay  back  to ; 
to  indemnify. 

Re'-im-bOrse'ment,  n.  Repayment. 

Rein  (ran),  n.  [L.  Lat.  retina,  Lat.  re¬ 
tinaculum ,  fr.  retinere,  to  hold  back.] 
Strap  of  a  bridle,  to  restrain  and 
govern  a  horse,  &c.  —  v.t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  govern  by  a  bridle.  2. 
To  restrain. 

Rein'deer  (ran'-),  n.  [A.-S.  hrkn- 
deor.]  A  rumi¬ 
nant  mammal  of. 
the  deer  kind. 

Rein§,n.  pi.  [Lat. 
ren,  pi.  renes .] 

1.  The  kidneys. 

2.  Lower  part  of 
the  back,  over 
the  kidneys.  3. 

The  affections  Reindeer, 
and  passions. 

Re'-in-stall',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
install  again. 

Re'-in-state',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
To  place  again  in  possession,  or  in  a 
former  state. 

Re'-in-sur'AN^E  (-shqr'-),  n.  In¬ 
surance  a  second  time  or  again. 

RE'-lN-syRE'(r5'in-shi}r'),t’.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  insure,  as  property,  in 
favor  of  one  who  has  previously  in¬ 
sured  it.  [invest  anew. 

Re'-in-vest',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 

Re'— in-vest'ment,  n.  A  second  or 
repeated  in  vestment.  [vigor  in. 

Re'-in-vIg'or-ate,  v.  t.  To  revive 

RElfi-EFFENDl  (rez'ef-fen'de),  n. 
[Ar.  reis,  head,  chief.  See  Effendi.] 
A  Turkish  minister  for  foreign  af- 
fiiirs 

Re-is'sue  (-Tsh'sh]]),  v.  t.  To  issue  a 
second  time.  —  n.  A  second  or  re¬ 
peated  issue. 

Re-it'er-ate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
say  or  do  repeatedly. 

Syn. —  To  repeat.-  To  repeat  is  to 


REITERATION 


REMAND 


titter  or  express  a  second  time.  To  re¬ 
iterate  is  to  repeat  again  and  again;  as, 
he  was  not  satisfied  with  repeating  his 
declaration,  but  went  on  to  reiterate  it 
in  various  forms. 

Re-IT' er-a'tion,  n.  Continued  rep¬ 
etition. 

Re-JECT',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
rejicere ,  rejecturn ;  re ,  back,  and  j fl¬ 
eer  e,  to  throw.]  1.  To  throw  away. 
2.  To  refuse  to  receive,  or  to  grant. 

Re-jEc'tion,  n.  Act  of  rejecting; 
refusal  to  accept  or  grant. 

Re-joi^e',  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Eng.  rejoisse,  Fr.  rejouir,  fr.  re  and 
jouir,  to  enjoy.]  To  feel  joy  in  a  high 
degree. — v.  t.  To  make  joyful. 

Re-join',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  join 
again  ;  to  unite  after  separation.  — 
v.  i.  To  answer  to  a  reply. 

Re-join'der,  n.  1.  An  answer  to  a 
reply  ;  or,  in  general,  an  answer.  2. 
The  defendant’s  answer  to  the  plain¬ 
tiff’s  replication. 

Re-ju've-nate,  v.  t.  [Lat.  re,  again, 
and  juvenis,  young.]  To  render 
young  again.  [ing  of  youth. 

Re-ju've-nes'cen^e,  n.  A  renew- 

Re-kin'dle  (-kln'dl),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  kindle  again  ;  to  set  on 
fire  anew.  [again. 

Re-land',  v.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  land 

Re-lapse',  *.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
relabi,  relapsus ;  re,  again,  back,  and 
labi,  to  fall,  slip,]  1.  To  slide  back. 
2.  To  return  to  a  former  state  or 
practice  ;  —  generally  in  a  bad  sense. 
—  n.  A  sliding  back  into  a  former 
bad  state. 

Re-late',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
referre ,  relalum ;  re,  again,  back,  and 
ferre ,  to  bear.]  1.  To  recount;  to 
narrate  ;  to  tell  over.  2.  To  ally  by 
connection  or  kindred. — v.  i.  To 
pertain ;  to  refer. 

Re-lat'er,  n.  One  who  relates. 

Re-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  relating  ; 
also,  that  which  is  related.  2.  State 
of  being  related  or  of  referring.  3. 
Connection  by  consanguinity  or  af¬ 
finity,  or  a  person  so  connected. 

Syn. —  Recital;  narration;  account; 
tale;  description  ;  kindred  ;  affinity  ; 
kinsman. 

Re-LA'TION-AL,  a.  Having  or  indi¬ 
cating  relation.  [related. 

Re-la'tion-ship,  n.  State  of  being 

Rel'a-tIve,  a.  1.  Having  relation  ; 
respecting.  2.  Arising  from  relation 
to  something  else  ;  not  absolute.  3. 
Expressing  relation. — n.  One  who, 
or  that  which,  relates  to  something 
else  ;  esp.  one  connected  by  blood. 

R£l'a-tive-ly,  adv.  In  relation  or 
respect  to  something  else. 

Re-lXx;,  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
relaxare  ;  re,  again,  back,  and  laxare, 
to  loose.]  1.  To  make  less  close,  firm, 
rigid,  or  tense.  2.  To  make  less  se¬ 
vere  or  rigorous.  3.  To  relieve  from 
constipation.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  become 
loosened  or  feeble.  2.  To  abate  in 
severity. 

Re'lax-a'tion.w.  1.  Act  of  relaxing, 
or  state  of  being  relaxed.  2.  Remis¬ 
sion  from  attention  and  effort. 


358 

Re-lXx'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  qual¬ 
ity  of  relaxing. 

Re-lay',  n.  [Fr.  relais,  laxation,  dis¬ 
continuance,  from  Lat.  relaxare,  to 
relax.]  A  supply  of  horses,  arranged 
beforehand  for  affording  relief  from 
time  to  time.  [second  time. 

Re-lay',  v.t.  [-ed  ; -ing.]  To  lay  a 

Re-leas'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
released. 

Re-lease',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Relay,  n.]  1.  To  set  free  from  re¬ 
straint  ;  to  give  liberty  to.  2.  To  let 
go,  as  a  legal  claim. — n.  1.  Act  of 
freeiug,  or  state  of  being  freed.  2. 
Discharge  from  obligation  or  respon¬ 
sibility.  3.  A  quitclaim. 

Re-lease  'ment,  n.  Act  of  releasing. 

Re-LEAS'er,  n.  One  who  releases. 

Rel'e-gate,  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,]  [Lat. 
relegare,  -gatum ;  re,  again,  back, 
and  legare,  to  send  with  a  commis¬ 
sion  ]  To  remove  ;  to  consign  ;  to 
remand  ;  to  banish. 

Rel'e-g a'tion,  n.  Removal;  con¬ 
signment  ;  banishment. 

Re-lent',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
ralentir,  fr.  Lat.  lentus,  pliant.]  To 
become  more  mild  and  tender ;  to 
feel  compassion. 

Re-lent'less,  a.  Insensible  to  the 
distress  of  others ;  destitute  of  ten¬ 
derness. 

Re'les-see',  n.  One  to  whom  a  re¬ 
lease  is  executed. 

Re'LES-sor',  n.  The  person  who  ex¬ 
ecutes  a  release 

ItEL'E -VANCE,  In.  State  of  being 

Rel'e-van-cy,  }  relevant. 

Syn.  —  Pertinence  ;  applicableness  ; 
fitness  ;  propriety  ;  appositeness. 

Rel'e-VANT,  a.  [Fr.  relevant,  rais¬ 
ing  again,  relieving.]  Properly  ap¬ 
plying  to  the  case  in  hand;  perti¬ 
nent;  applicable. 

Re-li'a-bTl'I-ty,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  reliable. 

Re-li'a-ble  a.  Suitable  or  fit  to  be 
relied  on  ;  trustworthy.  [Recent  but 
legitimate .] 

Re-li'a-ble-ness,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  reliable. 

Re-li'AN^E,  n.  1.  Act  of  relying,  or 
condition  of  being  reliant.  2.  Ground 
of  trust. 

Rel'IE,  n.  [Lat.  reliquix ,  pi.,  fr.  re- 
linquere,  to  leave  behind.]  1.  That 
which  remains.  2.  Body,  or  some 
part  of  the  body,  of  deceased  saints. 

3.  Any  memorial. 

Rel'iet,  n.  [Lat.  relicla,  f.  of  relictus , 
left  behind.]  A  widow. 

Re-lief',  n.  1.  Act  of  relieving,  or 
state  of  being  relieved ;  removal  of 
any  evil.  2.  Release  from  a  post,  or 
from  duty.  3.  That  which  relieves. 

4.  Prominence  of  a  figure  above  the 

ground  or  plane.  [relieved. 

Re-liev'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re-lieve',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
relevare,  to  lift  up,  to  relieve.]  1.  To 
cause  to  rise,  or  to  seem  to  rise  ;  to 
set  off  by  contrast.  2.  To  render  less 
burdensome  or  afflicting.  3-  To  free 
from  any  trial  or  evil.  4.  To  release 


from  a  post  or  station  by  substitu¬ 
tion  of  others. 

Re-lig'ION  (-lTj'un),  n.  [Lat.  religio , 
either  from  relegere,  to  collect  again, 
religens,  pious,  or  from  religare,  to 
bind  anew,  to  bind  fast.]  1.  Recog¬ 
nition  of  God  as  an  object  of  worship, 
love,  and  obedience.  2.  Any  system 
of  faith  and  worship. 

Re-lig'ion-Ism  (-lij'un-),  n.  Practice 
of,  or  adherence  to,  religion 

Re-lig'ion-Ist  (-lij'un-] ,  n.  One 
bigotedlv  devoted  to  a  religion. 

Re-lig'io&s  (-lij'us),  a.  1  Relating 
to  religion.  2.  Possessing,  cr  agree¬ 
ing  with,  religion.  3.  Scrupulously 
faithful  or  exact. 

Syn.  —  Pious  ;  godly  ;  holy  ;  devout. 

Re-lig'ious-ly  (-lTj'us-),  adv.  In  a 
religious  manner. 

Re-lin'quisii  (-llnk'wish),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  relinquere  ;  re,  again, 
back,  and  linquere,  to  leave.]  1.  To 
withdraw  from  ;  to  leave  beliiud.  2. 
To  renounce  a  claim  to. 

Re-lIn'quisii-ment,  n.  Act  of  quit¬ 
ting  or  of  renouncing  a  claim. 

Rel'i-qua-ry,  n.  [L.  Lat.  reliquia- 
rium.  See  Relic.]  A  small  chest, 
box,  or  casket  for  relics. 

Rel-ique'  (-eek'),  n.  A  relic. 

Rel'ish,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [0.  Fr. 
relecher,  to  taste  anew,  fr.  re,  again", 
and  lecher ,  Eng.  lick. J  1.  To  like  the 
taste  of;  hence,  to  enjoy.  2.  To  give 
a  pleasing  flavor  to.  —  v.  i.  To  have 
a  pleasing  taste  ;  to  give  pleasure. 
—  n.  1.  A  pleasing  taste.  2.  Incli¬ 
nation  or  taste  for.  3.  The  smallest 
perceptible  quantity.  4.  Something 
taken  with  food  to  render  it  more 
palatable.  [relished. 

Rel'ish- a-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  being 

Re-lOct',  v.  i.  [-ED  :  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
reluctari ;  re,  again,  against,  and  luc- 
tari,  to  struggle.]  To  make  resistance. 

Re-lPc'tance,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  reluctant ;  aversion  of  mind. 

Re-luc'tant,  a.  [Lat .reluctans.]  1. 
Striving  against.  2.  Granted  with 
reluctance.  [See  AVERSE.] 

RE-LfJ€'TANT-LY,  adv.  Unwillingly. 

Re  lume',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
reluminare.]  To  rekindle  ;  to  light 
again. 

Re-LY',  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING,  142.]  [Prefix  re 
and  lie.]  To  rest  with  confidence, 
as  the  mind. 

Re -main',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
remanere  ;  re,  again,  back,  and  ma- 
nere,  to  stay.]  1.  To  stay  behind;  to 
be  left.  2.  To  continue  in  a  fixed 
place,  or  an  unchanged  form,  &c  — 
n.  1.  Relic;  remainder- — chiefly 
in  the  plural.  2.  A  corpse  ;  —  only 
in  the  plural.  3.  Literary  works  of 
one  who  is  dead. 

Re-MAIN'der,  n.  Any  thing  left, 
after  separa  ting  and  removing  a  part. 

Syn.  - Balance. —We  may  speak  of 
“  the  balance  of  an  account  ;  ”  but  to  use 
this  word  for  remainder,  as  “  the  bal¬ 
ance  of  the  week,”  is  a  gross  vulgarism. 

Re-mAnd',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
remandare ;  re,  again,  back,  and 


A,  E,  I,  o,u,y, long;  X, E, I,  6,  C,  ¥, short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


RENITENT 


REMARK 

mandare,  to  commit.]  To  recommit, 
or  send  back. 

Re-mark',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
rcmarquer ;  re,  again,  and  marquer , 
to  mark.]  1.  To  take  notice  of.  2. 
To  express  iu  words  or  writing ;  to 
call  attention  to.  —  n.  1.  Act  of 
remarking.  2.  A  casual  observation. 

Syn. —  To  observe  :  notice. —  To  ob¬ 
serve  is  to  keep  or  hold  a  thing  distinctly 
before  the  mind.  To  remark  is  simply 
to  mark  or  take  note  of  whatever  may 
come  up.  To  notice,  implies  still  less 
continuity  of  attention. 

—  v.  i.  To  say  or  observe.  [tice. 

Re-MARK'A-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  no- 

Re-mark'A-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  remarkable. 

Re-mXrk'a-bly,  adv.  In  a  remark¬ 
able  manner.  [remedied. 

Re-me'di-a-bi.e,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re-me'di-al,  a.  Affording  a  remedy. 

Re-med'i-less,  or  Rem'e-di-less 
(113),  a.  1.  Incapable  of  being  re¬ 
stored,  changed,  or  prevented.  2. 
Ineffectual;  powerless. 

R£m'e-dy,  n.  [Lat.  remedium;  re, 
again,  and  mederi,  to  cure.]  1.  That 
which  cures  a  disease.  2.  That  which 
counteracts  an  evil.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing,  142.]  To  apply  a  remedy  to. 

RE-MEM'BER,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  rememorare  ;  re,  again,  and 
memorare,  to  bring  to  remembrance.] 

1.  To  bring  to  mind  again  ;  to  recall. 

2.  To  keep  in  mind  ;  to  preserve  in 
the  memory. 

Re-mLm'BRANCE,  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
membering.  2.  State  of  being  re¬ 
membered  ;  memory.  3.  A  memo¬ 
rial  ;  a  memento.  4.  Time  within 
which  a  fact  can  be  remembered. 

Re-mem'bran-cer,  n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  serves  to  bring  to,  or 
keep  in,  mind. 

Re-mInd',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  put 
in  mind  ;  to  bring  to  the  remem¬ 
brance  of.  [which,  reminds. 

Re-mTnd'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

Rem'i-nis'CEN^e,  n.  1.  Power  of 
recalling  to  mind.  2.  That  which  is 
remembered  or  recalled  to  mind. 

Rem'i-nis'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  reminiscent, 
recollecting.]  Capable  of  calliug,  or 
inclined  to  call,  to  mind. 

Re-mise',  v.t.  [-ed;-ing  ]  [Lat. 
remittere ,  remissum,  to  send  back.] 
To  release  a  claim  to. 

Re-miss',  a.  [Lat.  remissus,  p.  p.  of 
remittere ,  to  send  back.]  1.  Not 
careful  or  prompt  in  duty  or  busi¬ 
ness.  2.  Lacking  earnestness  ;  lan¬ 
guid.  [remitted. 

Re-mis'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re-MIS'sion  (-mxsh'un),  n.  [Lat.  re- 
missio.  See  Remit.]  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
mitting.  2.  Relinquishment  of  a 
claim,  right,  or  obligation.  3.  A 
temporary  subsidence  of  the  violence 
of  a  disease  or  of  pain. 

Re-miss'ness,  n.  State  of  being 
remiss  ;  want  of  ardor  or  vigor. 

Re-mit', v.  1.  [-ted;  -ting.]  [Lat. 
remittere ,  to  send  back.]  1.  To  give 
up  ;  to  surrender.  2.  To  relax  in  in¬ 
tensity.  3.  To  forgive.  4.  To  trans¬ 


359 

mit  to  a  distance,  as  money. — v.i. 
To  abate  in  force  or  in  violence. 

Re-mit'ment,  1  7i.  1.  Act  of  remit- 

RE-MiT'TAL,  J  ting.  2.  State  of 
being  remitted. 

Re-mIt'tan^e,  n.  1.  Act  of  trans¬ 
mitting  money,  See.,  to  a  distant 
place.  2.  Sum  or  thing  remitted. 

Re-biit'tent,  a.  Having  remissions 
from  time  to  time. 

Rem'NANT,  7i.  [0.  Fr.  remnnant , 

remamant,  remaining.  See  Re¬ 
main.]  1.  What  remains  after  a 
part  is  removed,  performed,  & c.  2. 
A  slight  trace  ;  a  fragment. 
Re-mod'el,  r.  i.  [-ed;  -ing,  137.] 
To  model  anew. 

Re-mon'stran^e,  7i.  1.  Expostula¬ 
tion.  2.  Earnest  advice  or  reproof. 

Re-mon'strant,  a.  Inclined  or  tend¬ 
ing  to  remonstrate;  expostulatory. 
—  n.  •  One  who  remonstrates. 

Re-mon'strate,c.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Low  Lat.  remotistrare,  -stratum,  fr. 
Lat.  re,  again,  back,  and  monslrare, 
to  show.]  To  present  strong  reasons 
in  opposition. 

Syn.  —  To  expostulate.  — We  expostu¬ 
late  when  we  unite  argument  and  en¬ 
treaty  to  dissuade  some  one  from  the 
course  he  has  chosen.  When  we  remon¬ 
strate,  we  go  further, -and  show  or  set 
forth,  in  the  strongest  terms,  the  danger 
or  the  guilt  of  his  pursuing  it. 

Re-m5n'stra-TOR,  n.  One  who  re¬ 
monstrates. 

Re -morse',  7i.  [Lat.  r.emordere,  re- 
morsum,  to  bite  again  or  back,  to 
torment.]  Keen  or  gnawing  pain  ex¬ 
cited  by  a  sense  of  guilt. 

Syn.—  See  Compunction;  Regret. 

Re-morse'ful,  a.  1.  Full  of  re¬ 
morse.  2.  Compassionate.  [cruel. 

Re-morse'less,  a.  Without  remorse  ; 

Re-mote',  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [Lat.  re- 
motus,  removed.]  1.  Distant  in  time 
or  place.  2.  Not  agreeing,  accord¬ 
ing,  or  being  related  ;  —  in  figurative 
uses. 

Re -MOTE 'LY,  adv.  At  a  distance  in 
space,  time,  consanguinity,  &c. 

Re-Mote 'ness,  7i.  State  of  being  re¬ 
mote  ;  distance. 

Re-mount',  v.  Lori,  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  mount  again. 

Re-mov'a-bil'i-ty,  n.  Capacity  of 
being  removable.  [ing  removed. 

Re-mo  v'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of  be- 

Re-mov'AL,  ti.  1.  Act  of  removing. 
2.  State  of  being  removed ;  change 
of  place. 

Re  move', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
removere ;  re,  again,  back,  and  mo- 
vere ,  to  move.]  1.  To  cause  to  change 
place.  2.  To  cause  to  cease  to  be ; 
hence,  to  banish.  —  v.i.  To  change 
place  in  any  manner. — n.  1.  Act 
of  removing.  2.  State  of  being  re¬ 
moved.  3.  That  which  is  removed. 
4.  Space  through  which  any  thing  is 
removed  ;  interval.  5.  A  step  in  any 
scale  of  gradation. 

Re-MOV'er,  7i.  One  who  removes. 

Re-mO'ner-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing,  or  proper  to  be,  remunerated. 


Re-mu'ner-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  remunerate ,  -ratum  ;  re,  again, 
back,  and  munerare ,  to  give.]  To 
pay  an  equivalent  to  for  any  service 
or  sacrifice. 

Re-MU'ner-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
munerating.  2.  That  which  is  given 
to  remunerate. 

Re-mu'ner-a-tive,  a.  Intended  or 
fitted  to  remunerate. 

Re-MU'ner-A-to-ry,  a.  Affording 
recompense. 

IIe'nal,  a.  [Lat.  renalis ;  renes,  kid¬ 
neys.]  Pertaining  to  the  kidneys. 

REN'ARD,  71.  [0.  II.  Ger.  Reinhart, 

i.  e.,  strong  in  counsel,  the  name  of 
the  fox  in  a  German  epic.]  A  fox  ; 
—  so  called  in  fables,  &c. 

RE-NAS'CENgE,  n.  State  of  being 
produced  again. 

Re-nXs'^ENT,  a.  [Lat.  renascent,  p. 
pr.  of  renasci ,  to  be  born  again.] 
Springing  into  being  again. 

Ren-gon'tre,  [  n.  [Fr.  rencontre, 

Ren-coun'ter,  j  Eng.  re,  and  en¬ 
counter .]  1.  A  meeting  of  two.  2. 

A  sudden  contest  without  premedita¬ 
tion. 

Ren-uoun'ter,  v.  i.  To  meet  an  en¬ 
emy  unexpectedly  ;  to  skirmish. 

Rend,  v.  t.  [rent  ;  rending.]  [A.- 
S.  rendan.]  1.  To  tear  asunder.  2. 
To  part  or  tear  off  forcibly. 

Ren'der,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
rendere ,  fr.  Lat.  reddere,  with  n  in¬ 
serted.]  1.  To  return  ;  to  restore.  2. 
To  inflict  as  a  retribution.  3.  To 
give  on  demand.  4.  To  furnish  ;  to 
contribute.  5.  To  make  up  ;  to  de¬ 
liver.  6.  To  cause  to  be,  or  to  be¬ 
come.  7.  To  translate;  (o  interpret. 
8.  To  boil  down  and  clarify. 

REN'DEZ-yous(ren/de-v(To),  n.  [Fr. 
rendez  vous  render  yourselves,  repair 
to  a  place.]  A  place  for  meeting, 
esp.  a  place  for  troops  or  ships  to  as¬ 
semble  at.  —  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  assemble  at  a  particular  place. 

Ren-dPtion  (-dlsh'un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
rendering  or  returning ;  surrender, 
as  of  fugitives  from  justice.  2.  Trans¬ 
lation. 

Ren'e-gade,  )  7i,  [L.  Lat.  renega- 

REn'E-GA'DO,  )  tus,  fr.  renegare ,  to 
deny.]  One  faithless  to  principle 
or  party ;  especially ,  an  apostate  from 
a  religious  faith. 

Re-new'  (-nu'),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
1.  To  make  over  as  good  as  new.  2. 
To  begin  again.  3.  To  repeat.  4. 
To  furnish  again.  5.  To  make  new 
spiritually.  [renewed. 

RE-NE W'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re -new' a l,  7i.  1.  Act  of  renewing; 

act  of  forming  anew.  2.  That  which 
is  renewed. 

Re-new'ed-ly  (-nQ'-),  adv.  Again; 
once  more.  [renews. 

Re-new'er  (re-nu'er),  n.  One  who 

Ren'i-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  renes,  kidneys, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  shape 
of  a  kidney. 

Re-ni'ten^e,  In.  Resistance;  re- 

Re-nI'ten  cy,  )  luctance. 

Re-nI'tent,  a.  [Lat.  renitens ,  striv- 

G,  hard;  A§;  E£IST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  DQ,  WOLF, TOO,  TOOK;  URN,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  7,  O,  silent  J  £,G ,  soft ;  € 


RENNET 

ing  against,  resisting.]  Resisting 
pressure  or  the  effect  of  it. 

Ren'net,  n.  [A.-S.  gerinnan,  to  cur¬ 
dle,  fr.  rinnan,  rennan,  to  run.]  In¬ 
ner  membrane  of  the  fourth  stomach 
of  the  calf,  or  a  preparation  of  it,  for 
coagulating  milk. 

Re-nounce',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
renunciare  ;  re,  again,  back,  and  nun- 
ciare,  to  announce.]  To  reject,  as  a 
title  or  claim,  or  a  connection  or  pos¬ 
session;  to  give  up.  [claiming. 

Re-nounce'ment,  n.  Act  of  dis- 

Ren'o-vate,  v.  t.  [Lat.  renovare, 
-vaturn  ;  re ,  again,  back, and  novare, 
to  make  new.]  To  make  over  again  ; 
to  make  as  good  as  new. 

RLn/o-va'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  reno¬ 
vating.  2.  State  of  being  renovated. 

Re-nown',  n.  [From  re,  again,  and 
Lat.  nomen,  name.]  Fame;  celebrity. 

Re-nowned',  a.  Having  great  ce¬ 
lebrity. 

Syn.-  See  Famous. 

RE-NOWN'ED-LV,(tf/».  Famously. 

Rent,  imp .  &  p.  p.  of  Rend.  — n.  1. 
[From  rend.]  An  opening  made  by 
rending.  2.  A  schism  ;  a  separation. 
3.  [From  Lat.  reddita,  things  given 
back,  paid.  See  Render.]  A  peri¬ 
odical  profit,  issuing  out  of  lands 
and  tenements  in  return  for  the  use. 
—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  lease.  2. 
To  take  and  hold  by  lease.  —  v.  i.  To 
be  leased  or  let  for  rent.  [rented. 

Rent'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of  being 

Rent'al,  n.  A  schedule  or  account 
of  rents;  a  rent-roll. 

Ren'ter,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
re,  again,  back,  and  intrahere,  to 
draw  into  or  along.  ]  To  sew  together 
so  that  the  seam  is  scarcely  visible. 

Rent'-ROLL,  n.  A  list  of  rents. 

Re-nDn'ci-a'tion  (-shi-), n.  [Lat.  re¬ 
nunciation  Act  of  renouncing. 

Syn.  —  Disownment ;  disavowal;  re¬ 
jection;  denial;  relinquishment.  . 

Re-or'gan-i-za'tion,  n.  Act  of 
organizing  anew. 

RE-6r'GAN-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  organize  anew. 

RLp,  n.  [Prob.  a  corruption  of  rib.] 
A  stuff  with  a  surface  appearing  as 
if  made  of  small  cords. 

Re-pack',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
pack  a  second  time. 

Re-pAir'  (4),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
teparare ;  re,  again,  back,  and  parare, 
to  prepare.]  1.  To  restore  to  a  sound 
or  good  state.  2.  To  make  amends 
for;  to  indemnify  for. — v.i.  [Lat. 
repatriare,  to  return  to  one’s  coun¬ 
try,  to  go  home  again.]  To  go  ;  to  be¬ 
take  one’s  self.  —  n.  Restoration  to  a 
sound  or  good  state.  [repaired. 

Re-pAir'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re-pAir'er,  n.  One  who  repairs. 

Rep'a-ra-ble,  a.  [Lat.  reparabilis.] 
Capable  of  being  repaired. 

RLp'A-ra'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  repair¬ 
ing.  2.  State  of  being  repaired.  3. 
Indemnification  for  loss  or  damage. 

Re-par'a-tive,  a.  Tending  to  re¬ 
pair  :  restoring  to  a  sound  state. 

360 

RLp'AR-TEE',  n.  [Fr.  repartie ;  re- 
partir,  to  reply,  to  divide.]  A  smart, 
ready,  and  witty  reply. 

Syn.  —  See  Retort. 

Re-pass',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
pass  again  ;  to  pass  back. 

Re-pAst',  n.  [L.  Lat.  repastus,  from 
Lat.  repnscere ,  to  feed  again.]  1.  Act 
of  taking  food.  2.  That  which  is 
taken  as  food. 

Re-pay',  v.  t.  [-paid;  -paying.]  1. 
To  pay  back.  2.  To  make  return  for. 

Re-pay^'a-ble,  a.  Thai  is  to  be  re¬ 
paid  or  refunded. 

Re-pay'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  paying 
back.  2.  Money  or  other  thing  re¬ 
paid. 

Re-peal',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
re  and  appellare.]  To  recall,  as  a  deed, 
will,  or  statute;  to  abrogate. 

Syn. —  To  abolish  ;  revoke  ;  rescind; 
recall  ;  annul  ;  abrogate;  cancel.  —  We 
revoke  what  lias  been  declared  or  estab¬ 
lished;  properly  speaking,  a  law  is  re¬ 
pealed  only  by  a  Legislature  which  has 
power  to  ilo  so.  An  edict  or  power  of 
attorney  is  revoked ,  statutes  are  repealed. 
We  speak  of  the  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes,  and  of  the  agitation  which 
was  so  long  carried  on  for  the  repeal  of 
the  Irish  Union. 

—  n.  Revocation  ;  abrogation. 

Re-peal'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

repealed.  [seeks  a  repeal. 

Re-PEAL'er,  n.  One  who  repeals  or 

Re-peat',  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
repetere ;  re,  again,  and  petere,  to  at¬ 
tack.]  1.  To  do,  try,  make,  or  utter 
again.  2.  To  do  or  say  what  one  has 
already  done  or  said.  [See  Reiter¬ 
ate.] —  n.  1.  Act  of  repeating.  2. 
That  which  is  repeated.  3.  That 
which  is  to  be  repeated.  4.  (Mus.) 
A  series  of  dots  before  and  after  a 
passage  to  be  repeated.  [again. 

IlE-PEAT'ED-LY,  adv.  Again  and 

Re-pe AT'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  repeats ;  especially,  a  watch 
that  strikes  the  hours. 

Re-pel',  v.  t.  [-led  ;  -ling.]  [Lat. 
repellere,  fr.  re,  back,  and  pellere,  to 
drive.]  1.  To  drive  back.  2.  To  en¬ 
counter  with  effectual  resistance. 

Re-pel'lent,  a.  Able  or  tending  to 
repel. — n.  That  which  repels  or 
scatters.  [as  a  plant. 

Re 'PE  NT,  a.  [Lat.  repens.]  Creeping, 

Re-pent', v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
repcenitere,  from  Lat.  re,  again,  and 
pcenitere,  to  make  repent.]  1.  To 
feel  sorrow  for  something  done  or 
omitted.  2.  To  change  the  mind  or 
course  of  conduct  on  account  of  dis¬ 
satisfaction  with  what  has  occurred. 

—  v.  t.  To  remember  with  sorrow. 

Re-PENT'ance,  n.  Act  of  repenting, 

or  state  of  being  penitent ;  esp.,  con¬ 
trition  for  sin.  See  Contrition. 

Re-pent'ant,  a.  Sorry  for  sin. 

Re-peo'ple,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
furnish  again  with  inhabitants. 

Re'per-eOs'SION (-khsh'un ),  n.  [Lat. 
repercussio ,  fr.  re,  again,  back,  and 
percutere,  to  strike  through  and 
through.]  Act  of  driving  back  ;  re¬ 
verberation. 

REPORTER 

Re'per-eDss'Ive,  a.  1.  Causing  to 
reverberate.  2.  Reverberated.  j 

Rep'er-to-RY,  n.  [Lat.  reperlorium, 
from  reperire,  to  find  again.]  1.  A  ; 

place  in  which  things  are  so  disposed 
that  they  can  be  easily  found.  2.  A 
treasury ;  a  magazine. 

Rep'e-tLnd',  n.  [Lat  repetendus,  fr. 
repetere,  to  repeat.]  That  part  of  a 
repeating  decimal  which  recurs  con¬ 
tinually. 

Rep'e-ti'tion  (-tlsh'un),  n.  Act  of 
repeating ;  esp.,  recital  from  memory. 

Rep'e-ti'tious  (-tish'us),  a.  Con¬ 
taining  repetition. 

Re-pine',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  in¬ 
dulge  in  envy  or  complaint. 

Re-pin'er,  n.  One  who  repines. 

Re-place',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
restore  to  a  former  place  or  condi¬ 
tion.  2.  To  supply  or  substitute  an 
equivalent  for. 

Re-place'ment,  n.  Act  of  replacing. 

Re-plant',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  ! 

plant  again. 

Re-plen'isii,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

[Lat.  re,  again,  and  plenns,  full.]  To 
fill  up  again ;  hence,  to  fill  come 
pletely. 

RE-PLfiN'ISH-MENT,n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
plenishing,  or  state  of  being  replen¬ 
ished.  2.  That  which  replenishes. 

Re-plete',  a.  [Lat.  repletus ,  filled 
again,  filled  up.]  Completely  filled. 

Re-ple'tion,  n.  Superabundant 

fullness,  esp.  of  blood  ;  plethora. 

Re-ple'tive,  a.  Replenishing. 

Re-plev'in,  n .  [L.  Lat.  replevina.] 

A  personal  action  ora  writ  to  recover 
goods  and  chattels  wrongfully  taken 
or  detained. 

Re-ple  V'Y,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142,]  [L. 

Lat.  replevire.  See  Pledge.]  To 
get  back,  by  a  writ,  goods  and  chat¬ 
tels  wrongfully  taken  or  detained, 
upon  giving  a  certain  security. 

Rep'li-ca'tion,  n.  [Lat.  replicatio.] 

1.  An  answer;  a  reply.  2.  Reply  of 
the  plaintiff,  in  matters  of  fact,  to 
the  defendant’s  plea. 

Re-ply', v.t.  [-ed  ; -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
replicare,  to  fold  back,  to  make  a  re¬ 
ply.]  1.  To  make  a  return  to  in 
words  or  writing.  2.  To  answer  a 
defendant’s  plea.  —  v.  t.  To  return 
for  an  answer.  —  n.  That  which  is 
said  or  written  in  answer  to  another. 

Syn.  —  Rejoinder;  answer. —  A  reply  is 
a  distinct  response  to  a  formal  question 
or  attack;  a  rejoinder  is  a  reply  to  a  re¬ 
ply  in  a  protracted  discussion. 

Re-port',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
reportare ,  to  bear  or  bring  back.]  1. 

To  give  an  account  or  statement  of. 

2.  To  make  minutes  of,  as  a  speech. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  make  a  statement  that 
is  expected  or  desired.  2.  To  betake 
one’s  self  as  to  a  su  perior  officer. — 

—  n.  That  which  is  reported  ;  as,  (a.) 

Story  ;  relation  ;  sketch  ;  account. 

(b.)  Rumor;  repute,  (c.)  Sound; 
noise,  (d.)  An  official  statement  of 
facts,  (e.)  An  account  or  statement 
of  a  judicial  opinion  or  decision. 

Re-port'er,  7i.  One  who  reports; 

a,  e,  I,  o,u,  y,  long;  a,  E,i,  6,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son, 

i 

REPOSAL 

esp.  law  proceedings  and  decisions, 
or  legislative  debates.  [resting. 

Re-POS'al,  n.  Act  of  reposing  or 

Re-pose',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 
Lat.  re,  again ,  and  pausare,  to  pause ; 
reponere,  repositum ,  to  replace.]  1.  To 
cause  to  be  calm  or  quiet.  2.  To 
place  in  confidence.  — v.  i.  1.  To  lie  ; 
to  rest.  2.  To  rest  in  confidence.  — 
n.  1.  A  lying  at  rest;  sleep.  2. 
Tranquillity.  3.  ( Fine  Arts. )  Har¬ 
mony  which  affords  rest  for  the  eye. 

Re-pos'it,  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  [See 
Repose.]  To  lay  up,  as  for  preser¬ 
vation. 

Re-pos'i-to-ry,  n.  [Lat.  reposito- 
rium.  See  Repose.]  A  place  where 
things  are  or  may  be  deposited  for 
safe-keeping. 

Re'pos-sess'  (-pos-ses'  or  -poz-zes'), 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  possess  again. 

Re'pos-sEs'sion  (pos-sesh'un  or 
-poz-zesh'un),  n.  Act  or  state  of 
possessing  again. 

REp're-iiend',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  reprekendere  ;  re,  again,  back, 
and  prekendere ,  to  lay  hold  of.]  To 
chide ;  to  reprove. 

Rep're-hen'si-ble,  a.  Worthy  of 
blame ;  censurable. 

Rep're-hen'si-bly,  adv.  In  a  rep¬ 
rehensible  manner. 

Rep'RL-hen'sion,  n.  Reproof;  cen- 
!  sure  ;  open  blame. 

Rep're-hen'sjve,  )  a.  Containing 

Rep're-hen'so-ry,  )  reproof. 

REP'RE-§ENT',r.  t.  [-ED  ;  ING.]  [Lat. 

!  reprxsentare  ;  re,  again,  and  prxsen- 

tare,  to  present.]  1.  To  exhibit  the 
counterpart  of.  2.  To  delineate  ;  to 
reproduce.  3.  To  personate.  4.  To 
supply  the  place  of.  5.  To  bring  be¬ 
fore  the  mind.  6.  To  serve  as  a  sign 
of. 

Rep're-sen-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
representing.  2.  That  which  repre¬ 
sents  ;  as,  (a.)  A  picture  or  any  fac¬ 
simile.  ( b .)  A  dramatic  performance, 
(e.)  A  description  or  statement.  ( d .) 
A  body  of  representatives. 

Bep're-sent'a-tive,  a.  1.  Fitted 
;  or  qualified  to  represent.  2.  Bearing 

the  authority  of  another.  —  n.  1. 
One  who,  or  that  which,  represents 
another.  2.  An  agent,  deputy,  or 
;  substitute.  3.  A  member  of  the 

lower  house,  in  a  State  legislature,  or 
in  Congress.  [Amer.] 

Re-press',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
reprimere,  repression.]  To  press 

back  or  down  ;  to  crush. 

Re-pres'sion  (-presh'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  repressing.  2.  That  which  re¬ 
presses. 

Re-press'I VE ,  a.  Tending  to  repress. 

Re-prieve',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
reprobare,  to  reject;  condemn.]  To 
delay  the  punishment  of.  —  n.  1. 

;  Temporary  suspension  of  punish¬ 

ment.  2.  Interval  of  ease  or  relief. 

RE  P'RI-MAND  (110),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
See  infra.]  1.  To  chide  for  a  fault. 
2.  To  reprove  publicly  and  officially. 
[See  Admonish.]  —  n.  [Lat.  repri- 
mendus,  reprimenda,  to  be  checked 

361  REQUIRE 

or  suppressed.]  Severe  reproof  for  a  tachment  to  a  republican  form  oi 

fault ;  reprehension.  government. 

Re-print',  v.  t.  [-ed;  ing.]  To  Re-pub'liu-an-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed; 

print  a  second  or  any  new  edition  of.  -ING.]  To  convert  to  republican 

Re'PrInt,  n.  A  second  or  a  new  im-  principles, 

pression  or  edition  ;  specifically,  the  Re-PUB'LI-ua'tion,  n.  A  second 
publication  in  one  country  of  a  work  publication,  or  a  new  publication  ot 

previously  published  in  another.  something  before  published,  especial- 

RE-Pltlg'AL,  n.  [L.  Lat.  reprensalix,  fr.  ly  in  another  country  ;  a  reprint. 

Lat.  re,  again,  back,  and  prehendere,  Re-pDb'lish,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To 
to  lay  hold  of.]  1.  Act  of  taking  from  publish  anew  ;  —  specifically  applied 

an  enemy  by  way  of  retaliation  or  to  the  publication  in  one  country  of 

indemnity.  2.  That  which  is  retaken  a  work  first  published  in  another, 

from  an  enemy.  Re-pu'di-A-BLE,  a.  Admitting  of 

Re-proach',i'.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  repudiation. 

reprocher.  Cf.  Approach.]  To  cen-  Re-pu'di-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
sure  with  severity  ;  to  charge  with  a  [Lat.  repudiare,  -atum ;  re,  again, 

fault  in  severe  language.  and  pudere,  to  be  ashamed.]  1.  To 

Syn.— To  upbraid  ;  blame  ;  rebuke  ;  cast  off  and  disavow.  2.  To  put 

condemn  ;  revile  ;  vility.  away  ;  to  divorce.  3.  To  refuse  any 

—  n.  1.  Censure  with  contempt  or  longer  to  acknowledge  or  to  pay. 

derision.  2.  An  object  of  censure.  Re-pu'di-A'tion,  n.  Act  of  repudi- 

Re-pr,OACII'a-ble,  a.  Deserving  re-  ating,  or  state  of  being  repudiated. 

proach.  Re-pu'di-a/tor,  n.  One  who  repu- 

Re-proach'ful,  a.  1.  Expressing  diates. 
reproach.  2.  Occasioning  or  deserv-  Re-pug'NANCE,  In.  Opposition  or 
ing  reproach.  Re-pDg'nan-9Y,  J  contrariety , as  of 

Re-pr5ach'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  re-  mind,  passions,  principles,  &c.  See 
proachful  manner.  Aversion. 

Rep'RO-bate,i:.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  RE-pug'NANT,  a.  [Lat.  repugnans, 
reprobare,  -batum.  Cf.  Reprieve.]  fr.  re,  again, against, and pugnare,  to 

To  disapprove  with  detestation.  fight  ]  Opposite ;  contrary  ;  hostile  ; 

Rep'ro-bate,  a.  Abandoned  to  vice  highly  distasteful, 

or  punishment ;  morally  abandoned.  Re-PUG'nant-ly,  adv.  In  a  repug- 

—  n.  One  morally  lost.  nant  manner. 

Rep'ro-ba'tion,  n.  Act  of  reprobat-  Re-pulse',  n.  [Lat.  repulsa,  fr.  repel- 

ing,  or  state  of  being  reprobated.  lere ,  to  repel.]  1.  Condition  of  being 

Re'pro-DUCE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  repelled.  2.  Act  of  repelling.  3.  Re- 

1.  To  produce  again.  2.  To  gener-  fusal;  denial. — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.J 

ate,  as  offspring.  To  repel ;  to  beat  back. 

Re'pro-duu'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  re-  Re-pul'sion,  n.  Act  of  repulsing,  or 
producing.  2.  Thing  reproduced.  state  of  being  repulsed. 

Re'pro-dug'tive,  a.  Pertaining  to,  Re-pCl'sive,  a.  1.  Inclined, serving, 
or  employed  in,  reproduction.  or  able,  to  repel.  2.  Cold;  forbid- 

Re-proof',  n.  [Fr.  reprove.]  Ex-  ding.  [buy  again. 

pression  of  blame  or  censure.  Re-pBr'CIIASE,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 

Re-prov'a-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  re-  Rep'u-ta-ble,  a.  Worthy  of  repute. 
Re-prov'al,  n.  Reproof.  [proof.  Rep'u-ta-bly,  adv.  In  a  reputable 

IlE-PRO VE',  r.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Fr.  manner. 

reprouver.  See  Reprieve.]  To  cen-  Rep'u-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Estimation  in 
sure  to  the  face  ;  to  accuse  as  guilty.  which  one  is  held.  2.  Public  esteem  ; 

Syn.  —  To  rebuke  ;  reprimand.  —Be-  good  name. 

prove,  rebuke,  and  reprimand  signify  the  RE-PUTE',  V.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

expression  of  disapprobation.  To  re-  reputare,  to  think  over.]  1.  To  ac- 

prove  implies  greater  calmness  and  self-  count:  to  hold;  to  reckon.  2.  To 

SSSS ta  iStiilf  “  m0,',  attribute  -  n.  1  Chemc.er  attrib- 

uted  ;  estimate.  2.  Good  character. 
Re-prov'er,  n.  One  who  reproves.  Re-quest',  n.  [L.  Lat.  requesta,  for 
Rep'tile,  a.  [Lat.  reptilis ;  repere,  requisila,  from  Lat.  requirere,  to  seek 

to  creep.]  1.  Creeping.  2.  Groveling;  again,  to  ask  for.]  1.  Earnest  desire 

low.  n .  1.  An  animal  that  crawls  or  demand  ;  hence,  solicitation.  2. 

on  its  belly,  or  by  means  of  small,  That  which  is  requested.  3.  A  state 

short  legs.  2.  A  groveling  or  very  of  being  desired.—  v.  t.  [-ed;  ing.] 

mean  person.  To  ask  for  earnestly  ;  to  express  de- 

Rep-til'1-an,  a.  Belonging  to  reptiles.  sire  for.  See  Desire. 

RE-PUB'Lie,  n.  [Lat .  respublica ;  res,  Re'QUI-EM,  n.  [First  word  of  a 

a  thing,  and  publicus,  public.]  A  pniyer  beginning  “  Requiem  xter- 

state  in  which  the  sovereign  power  is  nam  dona  c/5,  Dominef  Give  eter- 

exercised  by  representatives  elected  nal  rest  to  them,  0  Lord.]  A  hymn 

by  the  people ;  a  commonwealth.  or  mass  for  the  dead,  for  the  rest  of 

Re-pub'liu-an,  a.  Relating  to,  or  con-  his  soul, 

sonant  with  the  principles  of,  a  repub-  Re-QuIr'A-BLE  ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
lie. — n.  One  who  prefers  a  republic.  required. 

Re-pCb'liu-AN-Ism,  n.  1.  A  repub-  Re-quIre',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
lican  system  of  government.  2.  At-  requirere;  re,  again,  back,  and  qux~ 

6r,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  URN,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9 ,  <4 ,  soft ;  c,  g,  hard;  Ag;  EXIST;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 

REQUIREMENT  362 


RESORT 


rere,  to  seek.]  1.  To  insist  upon  hav¬ 
ing.  2.  To  make  necessary. 

RE-QUIRE'MENT,  n.  1.  Demand  ;  req¬ 
uisition.  2.  An  essential  condition. 

Req'UI-§(te  (rek'wi-zlt),  a.  [Lat. 
requisitus,  p.  p.  of  requirere,  to  re¬ 
quire.]  Required  by  the  nature  of 
things,  or  by  circumstances.  —  n. 
That  which  is  necessary. 

AEQ'ui-si'tion  (-zish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  requiring.  2.  Application  made 
as  of  right ;  demand.  3.  A  quota  of 
supplies  or  necessaries. 

Re-quit'al,  n.  Return  for  any  office, 
goodor  bad.. 

Re-quite',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Prefix 
re  and  quit.]  To  repay  ;  to  return 
an  equivalent  in  good  or  evil  for  evil. 

Rere'ward,  n.  The  rearguard. 

Re-sail'-;  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
sail  back. 

Re-sale',  n.  A  second  sale. 

Re-S^IND',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING .]  [Lat. 
rescindere  ;  re,  again,  back,  and  scin- 
dere ,  to  cut.]  1.  To  cut  off ;  to  ab¬ 
rogate.  2.  To  vacate,  as  an  act,  by 
the  enacting  authority  or  by  supe¬ 
rior  authority. 

RE-s^ls'glON  (-slzh'un),  n.  [Lat.  re- 
scissio.  See  supra.]  Act  of  rescind¬ 
ing. 

Re-s^is'so-ry;  a.  Having  power  to 
cut  off  or  to  abrogate. 

Re 'SCRIPT,  n.  [Lat.  rescriptum ,  fr. 
re,  again,  back,  and  scribere,  to  write.] 
Answer  of  an  emperor,  when  con¬ 
sulted  on  some  difficult  question ; 
hence,  an  edict  or  decree. 

Res'cue,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  re, 
again,  back,  and  excutere ,  to  shake 
or  drive  out.]  To  free  from  confine¬ 
ment,  violence  danger,  or  evil.  —  n. 
Deliverance  from  restraint,  violence, 
or  danger. 

Re-search'  (114),  n.  Diligent  inqui¬ 
ry  or  examination  in  seeking  facts  or 
principles.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  search  with  continued  care.  2. 
To  search  again. 

Re-seat',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
seat  or  set  again. 

Re-seize',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
seize  again  or  a  second  time. 

Re-sei z'URE ,  n.  A  second  seizure; 
act  of  seizing  again. 

Re-sell', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  sell 
a  second  time  or  again. 

Re-^em'blan^e  (-zem'-),  n.  1.  State 
of  resembling.  .  2.  That  which  re¬ 
sembles  or  is  similar. 

Re-§em'ble,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
ressembler ,  from  re  and  sembler,  to 
seem,  to  resemble.]  1.  To  be  like  to  ; 
to  be  alike.  2.  To  compare. 

Re-sent',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
re,  again,  and  sentire,  to  feel.]  To 
take  ill ;  to  be  in  some  degree  pro¬ 
voked  at. 

Re-s£nt'ful,  n.  Inclined  to  resent. 

Re-§ent'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  resent¬ 
ing.  2.  Displeasure ;  indignation ; 
irritation. 

REs'er-va'tion,  n.  [Lat.  reservatio. 
See  Reserve.]  1.  Act  of  reserving. 
2.  Something  withheld.  3.  A  tract 


of  the  public  land  reserved  for  some 
special  use,  as  for  schools.  [Amer.] 

Re-§erv'A-TO-RY,  n.  A  place  in 
which  things  are  kept. 

Re-§£rve',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
reservare ;  re,  again,  and  servare, 
to  keep.]  To  keep  in  store  for  future 
or  other  use.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
serving.  2.  That  which  is  reserved. 
3.  Restraint  of  freedom  in  words  or 
actions.  4.  Land  set  apart  for  a  par¬ 
ticular  purpose.  5.  A  body  of  troops 
for  an  exigency.  [free  or  frank. 

Re-served',  p.  a.  Restrained;  not 

ltE-gER v'ED-LY,  adv.  With  reserve. 

Res'ER- voir'  (rez'er-vwor'),  n.  [See 
Reserve.]  A  place  where  water  is 
collected  and  kept  for  use. 

Re-set',  v.  t.  [-set  ;  -setting.]  1. 
To  set  over  again,  as  a  page  of  print¬ 
ed  matter.  2.  To  furnish  with  a  new 
setting  or  border. 

Re-sIt'tle-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  set¬ 
tling  again.  2.  A  second  settlement 
in  the  ministry. 

Re-side',  v.  i.  [Lat.  residere ;  re, 
again,  back,  and  sedere,  to  sit.]  1.  j 
To  dwell  permanently  or  for  a  length 
of  time.  2.  To  have  a  seat  or  fixed 
position. 

RLg'l-DEN^E,  n.  1.  Act  of  residing. 
2.  The  place  where  one  resides. 

Res'I-dent,  a.  Having  an  abode  in 
a  place  for  a  continued  length  of 
time;  residing. — n.  1.  One  who] 
resides  in  a  place  for  some  time.  2. 

A  public  minister  at  a  foreign  court. 

Res'I-dEn'tia-ry  (-den'sha-),  a. 
Having  residence.  —  n.  An  ecclesi¬ 
astic  who  keeps  a  certain  residence. 

Re-sid'u-al,  a.  Remaining  after  a 
part  is  taken.  • 

Re-sid'u-a-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
residue. 

Residuary  legatee,  one  to  whom  the 
residue  of  personal  estate  is  bequeathed. 

Res'i-due,  n.  [Lat.  residuum ,  fr.  re- 
siduvs ,  that  is  left  behind.]  1.  What 
remains  after  a  part  is  taken.  2. 
Balance  of  a  debt  or  account. 

Re-sid'u-Dm,  n.  [Lat.]  What  is  left 
after  separation  or  purification. 

Re-sign'  (-zinQ,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  resignare ;  re,  again,  back,  and 
signare,  to  sign.]  1.  To  return  by  a 
formal  act ;  to  yield  ;  to  give  up.  2. 
To  withdraw,  as  a  claim. 

Syn.  —  To  relinquish.  —  To  resign  is  to 
give  up,  as  if  breaking  a  seal  and  yield¬ 
ing  all  it  had  secured  ;  hence,  it  marks  a 
formal  and  deliberate  surrender.  To  re¬ 
linquish.  is  less  formal,  but  always  im¬ 
plies  that  the  thing  given  up  has  been  ; 
long  an  object  of  pursuit,  and,  usually, 
that  it  has  been  prized  and  desired. 

Res'ig-na'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  resign¬ 
ing.  2.  State  of  being  resigned  or 
submissive.  See  Patience. 

RE-glGNED'  (-zind'),  p.  a.  Submis¬ 
sive  ;  not  disposed  to  murmur. 

Re-§sil'i-ence,  I  n.  A  springing 

RE-giL'I-EN-9  Y,  j  back,  or  rebound¬ 
ing. 

RE-glL'l-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  resiliens ,  leap¬ 
ing  or  springing  back.]  Inclined  to 
leap  back  ;  rebounding. 


Res'I-li'TION  (raz'T-lIsh'un),  n.  Act 
of  springing  back. 

Res'in,  n.  [Lat.  resina.]  An  inflam¬ 
mable  solid,  of  vegetable  origin. 

R£s'in-If'er-oDs,  a.  [Lat.  resina , 
resin,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Yielding 
resin . 

REg'iN-OtJS,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qual¬ 
ities  of  resin  ;  pertaining  to  resin. 

Re-sIst',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  resis- 
tere  ; re,  again,  and  sistere,  to  stand.] 

1.  To  act  in  opposition  to.  2.  To 
counteract  as  a  force  by  inertia  or  re¬ 
action. 

Syn.— To  withstand;  oppose. 

Re-rist'ance,  n.  1.  Act  of  resisting. 

2.  Quality  of  not  yielding  to  force. 

Re-sIst'ant,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

which,  resists. 

RE-gisT'i-BiL'i-TY,  n.  Quality  of 
being  resistible.  [resisted. 

RE-glST'l-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re  -sist'less,  a.  Incapable  of  being 
resisted ;  irresistible. 

Res'o-lu-BLE,  a.  Admitting  of  be¬ 
ing  resolved  or  melted. 

Res'o-lute  (30), a.  [See  Resolve. 
Lat.  resolutus  has  a  different  mean¬ 
ing.]  Constantin  pursuing  a  purpose. 
Syn.  —  Determined;  steady ;  firm  ;  bold. 

IlEg'o-LUTE-LY,  adv .  In  a  resolute 
manner:  firmly  :  steadily. 

Res'o-lute -ness,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  resolute. 

I  Res'o-lu'tion,  n.  1.  Act.  operation, 
or  process  of  resolving.  2.  State  of 
being  resolved,  made  clear,  or  deter¬ 
mined.  3.  That  which  is  resolved; 
especially,  the  decision  of  court,  or 
the  vote  of  an  assembly,  [resolved. 

Re-s6lv'A-ble,«.  Capable  of  being 

Re-solve',  v.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
resolvere,  resolutum  :  re,  again,  and 
solvere,  to  loosen,  dissolve.]  1.  To 
separate  the  component  parts  of; 
sometimes,  to  melt.  2.  To  dissolve 
and  reduce  to  a  different  form.  3. 
To  make  clear  or  certain.  4.  To  cause 
to  perceive.  5.  To  constitute  by  res¬ 
olution  or  vote. 

Syn.  —  To  solve;  analyze;  explain; 
unravel;  disentangle. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  be  separated  into  its 
component  parts,  or  distinct  princi¬ 
ples.  2.  To  melt.  3.  To  form  a  res¬ 
olution. —  n.  1.  Act  of  resolving. 
2.  That  which  lias  been  resolved  on  ; 
conclusion  ;  determination  ;  legisla¬ 
tive  act  or  declaration.  [purpose. 

Re-solv'ed-ness,  n.  Fixedness  of 

Re-solv'ent,  n.  That  which  has  the 
power  of  resolving. 

Re-sol v'er,  n.  One  who  resolves. 

Rhg'o-NANCE,  n.  State  of  being  res¬ 
onant. 

R£g'o-NANT,  a.  [Lat.  resonans,  re¬ 
sounding.]  Able  to  return  sound ; 
echoing  back. 

Re-sorb'ent,  a.  [Lat.  resorbens.  fr. 
re,  again,  and  sorbere ,  to  suck  in.] 
Swallowing  up. 

Re-§ort'  (re-zort'),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Fr.  ressortir,  to  go  or  come  out 
again.]  1.  Togo;  to  repair.  2.  To 


A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  Y, long ;  A, E,I,  6,  tr,¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  VEIL,  t£rm;  pique,  firm:  s6n. 


RESOUND 


RETAIL 


have  recourse.  —  n.  1.  A  betaking 
one’s  self.  2.  A  place  to  which  one 
betakes  himself  habitually  ;  a  haunt. 

RE-goUND',  v.  t.  [-eu;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
resonare  ;  re ,  again,  back,  and  sonare , 
to  sound.]  1.  To  sound  again,  or 
repeatedly.  2.  To  praise  or  cele¬ 
brate. —  v.  i.  1.  To  sound  loudly. 
2.  To  be  filled  with  sound.  3.  To 
echo  or  reverberate. 

Re-sound',  v.  t.  To  sound  again. 

Re-source'  (114),  n.  [Fr.  ressource. 
See  Source.]  1.  That  from  which 
any  thing  springs  forth  ;  hence,  that 
to  which  one  resorts,  or  on  which 
he  depends.  2  .pi.  Pecuniary  means  ; 
funds. 

Re-spEct',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
respectare,  intens.  form  of  respicere, 
to  look  back,  to  respect.]  1.  To 
notice  with  special  attention  ;  to  re¬ 
gard  as  worthy  of  particular  notice. 
2.  To  relate  to.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
specting.  2.  pi.  Expression  of  re¬ 
spect.  3.  That  which  pertains  to  any 
person  or  thing.  4.  Relation  ;  ref¬ 
erence. 

In  respect  to,  or  in  respect  of,  in  com¬ 
parison  with;  in  reference  to. 

Re-spEct'A-bii/i-ty,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  respectable. 

Re-spEct'a-ble,  a.  1.  Worthy  of 
respect.  2.  Moderate  in  degree  of 
excellence  or  in  number. 

Re-spEct'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  respect¬ 
able  manner. 

Re-spEct'er,  n.  One  who  respects. 

Re-spEct'ful,  a.  Marked  or  char¬ 
acterized  by  respect.  [ful  manner. 

Re-spegt'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  respect- 

Re-spegt'ing,  p.  pr.,  but  called  a 
prep.  Having  regard  or  relation  to. 

Re-SP£€T'IVE,  a.  1.  Careful;  wary. 

2.  Having  reference  to  ;  relative.  3. 
Relating  to  particular  persons  or 
things,  each  to  each. 

Re-spEet'Ive-ey,  adv.  As  relating 
to  each  ;  particularly  ;  as  each  be¬ 
longs  to  each.  [breathed. 

Re-spIr'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

REs'PI-RA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  respiratio .] 
Act  of  breathing.  [piration. 

Re-spIr'a-to-RY,  a.  Serving  for  res- 

Re-spire',  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
respirare ;  re,  again,  and  spirare,  to 
breathe.]  1.  To  take  breath  again  ; 
hence,  to  take  rest.  2.  To  breathe. 
—  v.  t.  To  breathe  in  and  out ;  to 
inspire  and  expire. 

REs'PiTE,  n.  [Lat.  respectus,  respect, 
delay.]  1.  A  postponement  or  de¬ 
lay.  2.  Temporary  intermission  of 
labor,  or  of  any  process. — v.  1. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  To  grant  a  respite  to. 

Re-splEn'dence,  )  n.  Vivid  bright- 

Re-splEn'den-CY,  j  ness;  splendor. 

Re-splen'dent,  a.  [Lat.  resplen- 
dens,  - dentis .]  Shining  with  brilliant 
luster;  very  bright.  [brightness. 

RE-SPLfiN'BENT-EY,  adv.  With  great 

Re-spond',  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
respond  ere ;  re,  again,  back,  and 
spondere,  to  promise.]  1.  To  answer; 
to  reply.  2.  To  correspond  ;  to  suit. 

3.  To  make  payment. 


363 

Re-spond'ent,  a.  Disposed  to  re¬ 
spond;  answering.  —  n.  One  who 
responds ;  especially,  one  who  an¬ 
swers  in  certain  suits. 

Re-sponse',  n.  1.  Actof  responding. 

2.  An  answer  or  reply. 
Re-spon'si-bii/i-ty,  m.  1.  State  of 
being  responsible.  2.  That  for  which 
any  one  is  responsible.  3.  Ability  to 
answer  in  payment. 
Re-spon'si-ble,  a.  1.  Liable  to  be 
called  on  to  answer.  2.  Able  to  re¬ 
spond. 

Syn. —  Accountable;  answerable. 
Re-spon'sive,  a.  1.  Able,  ready,  or 
inclined  to  respond.  2.  Correspond¬ 
ent.  [making  answer. 

Re-spon'so-RY",  a.  Containing  or 
REst,  n.  [A.-S.  rest,  rtist.]  1.  Cessa¬ 
tion  from  motion  or  labor.  2.  Free¬ 
dom  from  all  disturbance.  3.  That 
on  which  any  thing  rests.  4.  A  place 
where  one  may  rest.  5.  ( Mus .)  A 
pause,  or  a  mark  of  such  a  pause.  3. 
[Lat.  restore,  to  stay  back,  to  remain.] 
That  which  is  left ;  remainder.  7. 
Those  not  included. 

Syn.  —  Repose.  — Rest  is  ceasing  from 
labor  or  exertion ;  repose  is  a  mode  of 
resting  which  gives  relief  and  refresh¬ 
ment  after  toil  and  labor.  We  may  rest 
in  a  standing  posture;  we  usually  repose 
in  a  reclining  one. 

—  v.i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  cease 
from  action  or  motion.  2.  To  be  free 
from  whatever  disturbs.  3.  To  lie  ; 
to  repose.  4.  To  be  supported  by. 
5.  To  sleep.  6.  To  die.  7.  To  trust ; 
to  rely.  —  v.t.  1.  To  place  at  rest. 
2.  To  place,  as  on  a  support. 

Resta  urant  (res'to-rong'  or  res'- 
to-rant),  n.  [Fr. .  See  Restore.] 
An  eating-house. 

Restaura  teur  (res'tor'a'tur'),  n. 

[Fr.]  Thekeeperof  an  eating-house. 
Rest'iff,  a.  Same  as  Restive. 
REs'TI-TU'TION,  n.  [Lat.  restitutio.] 

1.  Act  of  restoring  any  thing  to  its 
rightful  owner,  or  of  giving  an  equiv¬ 
alent  for  any  loss,  damage,  or  injury. 

2.  The  equivalent  given. 

REst'ive,  a.  [From  Lat.  restare,  to 

stay  back,  resist.]  1.  Unwilling  to 
go,  or  only  running  back  ;  stubborn. 

2.  Impatient.;  uneasy.  [restive. 

REst'ive-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
Rest'less,  a.  Never  resting;  un¬ 
quiet  :  uneasy.  [manner. 

Rest'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  restless 
REst'less-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  restless. 

REs'to-RA'tion,  n.  [Lat.  restaura- 
tio.  See  Restore.]  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
storing.  2.  State  of  being  restored. 

3.  That  which  is  restored. 

Syn.  —  Sec  Recovery. 

Res'to-ra'tion-Ist,  n.  One  who  be¬ 
lieves  in  a  final  restoration  of  all  to 
the  favor  and  presence  of  God. 
Re-stor'a-tive,  a.  Having  power 
to  renew  strength. — n.  A  medi¬ 
cine  efficacious  in  restoring  strength. 
REs'to-RA/tor,  n.  A  restaurateur. 
Re-store',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
restaurare.]  1.  To  bring  back  from 


a  state  of  ruin  or  decay,  and  the 
like.  2.  To  give  in  place  of,  or  as 
satisfaction  for. 

Re-stor'er,  n.  One  restores. 

Re-strain',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -vng.]  [Fr. 
restreindre,  Lat.  restringere ;  re, 
again,  back,  and  stringers,  to  draw 
or  bind  together.]  1.  To  hold  from 
acting,  proceeding,  or  advancing.  2. 
To  hinder  from  unlimited  enjoyment. 

Syn. —  To  check;  repress;  restrict. 

Re-strain'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  restrained. 

Re-STRA1N'er,  a.  One  who  restrains. 

Re-straint',  n.  1.  Act  of  restrain¬ 
ing;  hindrance  of  the  will,  or  of  any 
action.  2.  That  which  restrains. 

Syn.—  See  Compulsion. 

Re-strigt',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.  [Lat. 
restringere ,  restrictum.  See  Re¬ 

strain.]  To  restrain  within  bounds  ; 
to  limit ;  to  confine. 

Re-strig'tion,  n.  1.  Confinement 
within  bounds.  2.  That  which  re¬ 
stricts. 

Re-stri€T'ive,  a.  Having  the  power 
or  tendency  to  restrict. 

Re-STRICT'Ive-LY,  adv.  In  a  re¬ 

strictive  manner. 

Re-sult',  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
resultare,  to  spring  back.]  1.  To 
come  out,  or  have  an  issue.  2.  To 
proceed  or  spring,  as  a  consequence, 
from  facts  or  arguments,  & c.  —  n. 
End  to  which  any  course  or  condi¬ 
tion  of  things  leads,  or  which  is  ob¬ 
tained  by  any  process  or  operation. 

Syn. —  See  Consequence. 

Re-sult'ant,  n.  A  force  which  is 
the  joint  effect,  of  two  or  more  forces. 
—  a.  Resulting.  [resumed. 

RE-gUM'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Resume  (ra'zu'ma'),  n.  [Fr.]  See 
infra.]  A  brief  recapitulation. 

Re-sume',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
resumere,  resum pt  um ;  re,  again, 
back,  and  sumere,  to  take.]  1.  To 
take  back.  2.  To  enter  upon  or  take 
up  again.  [ing. 

RE-suMP'TroN  (84),  n.  Act  of  resum- 

Re-sDmp'tive,  a.  Resuming. 

Re-su'pi-nate,  a.  [Lat.  resupinatus, 
bent  or  turned  back.]  Turned  up¬ 
side  down ;  inverted. 

REg'UR-REG'TION,  n.  [Lat.  resurrec- 
tio,  fr.  resurgere,  to  rise  again.]  1. 
A  rising  again.  2.  The  rising  again 
from  the  dead.  3.  The  future  state. 

REs'ur-reg'tion-ist,  n.  One  who 
steals  bodies  from  the  grave,  espe¬ 
cially  for  dissection. 

Re'sur-vijy',  v.  t  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
survey  anew'. 

Re-sOs'ci-tate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  resuscitare,  -talum  ;  re,  again, 
and  suscitare,  to  raise.]  To  revivify  ; 
to  recover  from  apparent  death. 

Re-stIs'ci-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of  reviv¬ 
ing  from  a  state  of  apparent  death. 

Re-sEts'CI-ta'tIve,  a.  Reviving. 

Re-tail'  (114),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Fr.  retailler ,  fr.  re,  again,  and  tailler, 
to  cut.]  1.  To  dispose  of  in  small 
parcels.  2.  To  sell  in  small  portions. 

G,  hard;  Ag  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


6r,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  Rrn,  rue,  pull  ;  e,i,  o,  silent;  q,G,soft:  e, 


RETAIL 


REVEL 


Re'tail  (114),  n.  Sale  of  commodi¬ 
ties  in  small  quantities. 

Rk-tail'er,  or  R£'tail-er,  n.  One 
who  sells  goods  at  retail. 

Re-tain',  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
retin  ere ,  retentum ;  re,  again,  back, 
and  tenere,  to  hold,  keep.]  1.  To 
continue  to  hold;  to  keep  in  posses¬ 
sion.  2.  To  employ  by  a  fee  paid. 

Re-tAin'er,  n.  1.  One  who  retains. 
2.  A  dependent.  3.  A  fee  paid  to 
engage  a  counselor. 

Re-take',  v.  t.  [-took  ;  -taken  ; 
-TAKING.]  1.  To  take  again.  2.  To 
recapture. 

Re-tal'i-ate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  retaliare,  -atuvi ;  re,  again, 
back,  and  talio,  retaliation.]  To  re¬ 
turn  the  like  for ;  esp.  to  return  evil 
for  evil.  —  v.  i.  To  return  like  for 
like.  _  [ing. 

Re-tal/i-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  retaliat- 

Re-tal'i-A-TIVE,  1  a.  Tending  to, 

Re-tal'i-a-to-ry,  j  or  involving, 
retaliation. 

Re-tard',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
retardare ;  re,  again,  back,  and  tar- 
dare,  to  delay.]  1.  To  prevent  from 
progress.  2.  To  put  off ;  to  render 
more  late. 

Re'tar-da'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
tarding.  2.  That  which  retards. 

Retch,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
I tree  can ;  hraca,  cough,  throat.]  To 
make  an  effort  to  vomit. 

Re-TEN'TION,  n.  [Lat.  retenlio.]  1. 
Act  of  retaining;  state  of  being  re¬ 
tained  ;  custody.  2.  Power  of  re¬ 
taining. 

Re-ten'tive,  a.  Having  the  power 
to  retain.  [cent. 

Ret'i-^ence,  n.  State  of  being  reti- 

Ret'i-^ent,  a.  [Lat.  reticens,  keep¬ 
ing  silence.]  Inclined  to  keep  silent ; 
taciturn.  [small  net  or  bag. 

Ret'i-cle,  n.  [See  Reticule.]  A 

RE-Tie'U-LAR,  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  net,  or  of  net-work. 

Re-tic'U-late,  la.  1.  Resembling 

Re-tic'u-la'ted,  )  net-work  ;  net¬ 
ted.  2.  Having  distinct  veins,  fibers, 
or  lines  crossing  like  net-work. 

Re-tic'u-la'tion,  n.  1.  State  of 
being  reticulated.  2.  That  which  is 
reticulated  ;  net-work. 

Ret'i-cule  (30),  n.  [Lat.  reticulum, 
dim.  of  rete,  a  net.]  A  little  bag  of 
net-work  ;  a  lady’s  work-bag. 

Ret'i-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  rete,  a  net,  and 
forma,  form.]  Like  a  net  in  texture. 

REt'i-na,  n.  [L.  Lat.  fr.  Lat.  rete,  a 
net.]  The  net-like  tissue  of  the  eye 
which  receives  the  impressions  re¬ 
sulting  in  the  sense  of  vision. 

Ret'I-nue,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  retenir,  to  re¬ 
tain,  engage.]  A  body  of  retainers. 

Re-tire',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
retirer ;  re,  again,  back,  and  tirer,  to 
draw.]  1.  To  draw  back  or  away.  2. 
To  retreat  from  action  or  danger.  3. 
To  withdraw  from  a  public  station. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  pay  up  and  withdraw 
from  circulation.  2.  To  cause  to  re¬ 
tire,  esp.  from  active  service.  [ner. 

Re-tIred'ly,  adv.  In  a  retired  man- 

A  e,  I,  6,  u,  Y,  Ion 


364 

Re-TIRE'MENT,  n.  1.  Act  of  retiring. 
2.  State  of  being  retired  or  with¬ 
drawn.  3.  Place  to  which  one  re¬ 
tires.  [ward. 

Re-tir'ing,  p.  a.  Reserved  ;  not  for- 
Re-tort',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
retorquere ,  retortum  ;  re,  again,  back, 
and  torquere,  to  turn,  twist.]  1.  To 
throw  back.  2.  To  return,  as  an 
argument  or  accusation,  & c.  —  v.i. 
To  return  an  argument  or  charge.  — 
n.  1.  A  quick  and  witty  response. 
2.  A  vessel  in  which  substances  are 
subjected  to  distillation  or  decompo¬ 
sition  by  heat. 

Syn.  —  Repartee.  —  A  retort  is  a  short 
and  pointed  reply,  turning  back  on  an 
assailant  the  censures  or  derision  he  had 
thrown  out.  A  repartee  is  usually  a 
good-natured  return  to  some  witty  or 
sportive  observation  of  another. 

Re-TORT'er,  n.  One  who  retorts. 
Re-touch',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
improve  by  new  touches. 
Re-trace',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  track  back,  as  a  line.  2.  To  con¬ 
duct  back  in  the  same  path  or  course. 
Re-tract',  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
retractare,  from  retrahere,  to  draw 
back.]  To  recall,  as  a  declaration  ;  to 
disavow  ;  to  recant.  — v.  i.  To  take 
back  what  has  been  said. 
Re-tract'I-ble,  I  a.  Capable  of  be- 
Re-tract'ile,  }  ing  drawn  back. 
Re-trac'tion,  ii.  Act  of  withdraw¬ 
ing  something  advanced,  claimed,  or 
done;  recantation.  [retract. 

Re-tract'ive,  a.  Able  or  ready  to 
Re-treat',  n.  [Fr.  retraite,  from  re- 
traire,  to  withdraw.]  1.  Act  of  re¬ 
tiring,  esp.  for  safety.  2.  Place  to 
which  one  retires.  3.  A  retiring  from 
an  enemy.  —  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
withdraw ;  to  retire. 

Re-trench'  (66),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[0.  Fr.  retrencher;  re,  again,  and 
trencher,  to  cut.]  1.  To  cut  off ;  to 
pare  away.  2.  To  lessen  ;  to  abridge. 
Re-trench'ment,  n.  1.  Removal 
of  what  is  superfluous.  2.  Actof  less¬ 
ening  or  abridging. 

Ret/R[-bu'tion,  ii.  [Lat.  retribuere , 
-butum ;  re,  again,  back,  and  tribuere , 
to  bestow,  pay.]  1.  Act  of  repaying. 
2.  State  of  being  paid  back.  3.  Re¬ 
turn  suitable  to  the  merits  of,  as  an 
*  action. 

Re-TRIB'U-TIVE,  la.  Involving,  or 
Re-trIb'u-to-RY,  j  pertaining  to, 
retribution.  [ing  retrieved. 

Re-trie v'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 
Re-trie  v'AL,  n.  Act  of  retrieving. 
Re-TRIEVE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
retrouver,  to  find  again,  to  recover.] 
1.  To  restore  from  loss  or  injury.  2. 
To  remedy  the  evil  consequences  of. 
Re'tro-act',  or  Ret'ro-act',  v.  i. 
[Lat.  retro,  backward,  back,  and  Eng. 
act.]  To  act  backward  or  in  return. 
Re'tro-ac'tion,  or  Ret'ro-Ag'- 
tion,  n.  1.  Action  returned.  2. 
Operation  on  something  preceding. 
Re'tro-act'ive,  or  Ret'ro-Xct'- 
IVE ,  a.  Fitted  or  designed  to  retro- 
act  ;  affecting  what  is  past. 
Re'tro-cede,  or  R£t'ro-cede,  v. 


1.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  retroc.edere 
fr.  retro,  backward,  back, and  cedcrt 
to  go.]  To  cede  or  grant  back. 

Re'tro-^es'sion,  or  Ret'ro-ces'- 
SION  (-sesh'un),  n.  1.  Act  of  retro¬ 
ceding.  2.  State  of  being  retro¬ 
ceded  or  granted  back. 
Re'tro-gra-da'tion,  or  RDt'ro- 
gra-da'tion,  n.  Act  of  retrograd¬ 
ing  or  moving  backward.  —  a.  Going 
backward  contrary. 
Re'tro-grade,  or  Ret'ro-grade, 
v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  retrogra- 
dare.  retrogradi,  fr.  retro,  back,  and 
gradi,  to  step,  go.]  To  go  backward. 

IIe'tro-gres'sion,  or  Ret'ro- 

gres'sion,  ii.  [Lat.  retrogressus.] 
Act  of  going  backward. 

Re'tro-gres'sive,  or  Ret'ro- 

gres'SIVE,  a.  Going  backward. 

Re'tro-spegt,  or  Ret'ro-spegt, 
n.  [From  Lat.  retrospicere,  - spcctum , 
to  look  back.]  View  or  contempla¬ 
tion  of  something  past. 
Re'tko-speg'tion,  or  Ret'ro- 

SPEG'TION,  n.  Act  or  faculty  of 

looking  back  on  things  past. 

RE'TRO-SPEeT'IVE,  or  Ret'ro- 

spegt'ive,  a.  1.  Looking  back. 

2.  Having  reference  to  what  is  past. 

Re'tro-spegt'ive-ly,  or  Ret'ro- 

SPECT'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of 
retrospect. 

Re'tro-vert,  or  Ret'ro-vert,  v. 
t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat.  retro,  back,  and 
vertere,  to  turn.]  To  turn  back. 

Re-turn',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Fr. 
retourner;  re,  again,  back,  and  tour- 
ner,  to  turn.]  1.  Togo  or  come  again 
to  the  same  place  or  condition.  2. 
To  answer.  — v.  t.  1.  To  bring,  car¬ 
ry,  or  send  back.  2.  To  repay.  3. 
To  report  officially. 

Syn.  — To  restore.  — 'Wcretnm  a  thing 
when  we  turn  it  back  to  its  appropriate 
place;  we  restore  a  thing  when  we  put 
it  back  to  its  former  state  and  condition. 
A  man  returns  what  he  borrowed,  and 
restores  what  he  stole. 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  returning.  2.  That 
which  is  returned;  as  (a.)  A  pay¬ 
ment;  a  remittance.  ( b .)  An  answer, 
(r.)  A  formal  account  or  report,  [d.) 
The  profit  on  labor,  or  an  invest¬ 
ment,  &c. 

Re-turn'a-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  returned.  2.  Legally  required 
to  be  returned. 

Re-un'jon,  n.  1.  A  renewed  union. 
2.  An  assembling  of  familiar  friends. 

Re'U-nite',  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  unite  again. 

Re-veal',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
revelare ;  re,  again,  back,  and  velare , 
to  veil.]  To  make  known  after  hav¬ 
ing  been  concealed. 

Syn.—  To  divulge.  —  To  reveal  is  lit¬ 
erally  to  lift  the  veil,  and  thus  make 
known  what  was  previously  concealed; 
to  divulge  is  to  scatter  abroad  among  the 
people,  or  make  publicly  known. 

Re-VEIL'LE  (re-val'ye),  n.  [Fr.  re¬ 
veil,  fr.  rcveiller,  to  awake.]  (Mil.) 
The  beat  of  drum  about  break  of  day. 

Rev'el,  v.  i.  [-ed, -ing;  or -led, 


-LING,  137  ]  [0.  F'r.  reveler,  to  revolt, 


g;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASJK;  ALL.  WHAT  ;  fjRE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM ;  SON, 


1 

REVELATION 

to  rebel.  See  Rebel.]  To  fea't  in 
a  riotous  and  lawless  manner;  to 
carouse.  —  n.  A  riotous  feast. 

REv'E-LA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  reveal¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  is  revealed.  3. 
La-t  book  of  the  New  Testament. 

Rev'el-er,  1  n.  One  who  revels  or 

Rev'el-ler,  )  carouses. 

REv'EL-RY,  n.  Noisy  festivity. 

Re-vEnge',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [0. 
Fr.  revenger,  fr.  re,  again,  and  ven- 
gier,  to  vindicate  ]  To  inflict  pun¬ 
ishment  in  vindication  of,  or  in  a 
spiteful  or  malignant  spirit.  [See 
AVENGE.]  —  n.  1.  Act  of  revenging. 
2.  Disposition  to  revenge. 

Re-vEnge'fve,  a.  Full  of  revenge  ; 
given  to  revenge ;  wreaking  revenge  ; 
vindictive. 

Re-vEn'GER,  n.  One  who  revenges. 

REv'E-NUE,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  from  revenir, 
to  return,  to  proceed.]  Income,  espe¬ 
cially  the  annual  produce  of  taxes, 
customs,  &c.,  which  a  state  collects 
for  public  use. 

Re-ver'ber-ant,  a.  Resounding. 

RE-vEr'BER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  reverberare,  -ratum;  re,  again, 
back,  and  verberare ,  to  lash,  whip.] 

1.  To  send  back,  as  sound  ;  to  echo. 

2.  To  reflect,  as  light  or  heat.  3.  To 
repel  from  side  to  side.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
resound.  2.  To  be  repelled,  as  rays 
of  light  ;  to  echo,  as  sound. 

Re-VER'BER-A'TION,  n.  Act  of  re¬ 
verberating. 

Re- v£r'ber-a-to-ry, a.  Producing, 
or  acting  by,  reverbation  ;  returning, 
or  driving  back. 

Re-vere',  r.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
revereri. ;  re,  again,  and  vereri ,  to 
fear.]  To  regard  with  fear  mingled 
with  respect  and  affection. 

REv'er-en^e,  n.  1.  Fear  mingled 
with  respect  and  esteem  ;  awe  ;  ven¬ 
eration.  2.  Act  or  token  of  venera¬ 
tion.  3.  A  title  applied  to  priests. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  regard 
with  reverence. 

Rev'ER-end,  a.  [Lat.  reverendus. 
See  Revere.]  Worthy  of  reverence; 
— a  title  given  to  clergymen. 

REv'er-ent,  a.  [Lat.  reverens.]  1. 
Expressing  revereuce.  2.  Disposed 
to  revere ;  submissive. 

REv'er-En'tial,  a.  Proceeding 

from,  or  expressing,  reverence. 

REv'er-En'tial-ly,  adv.  With  rev¬ 
erence.  [manner. 

REv'er-ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  reverent 

REv'ER-ib',  1  n.  [Fr.  reverie,  fr.  raver , 

RE  We  r-y,  }  to  dream,  to  rave.] 
An  irregular  train  of  thoughts,  oc¬ 
curring  in  meditation. 

Re-vEr'sal,  n.  [From  reverse.]  A 
change  or  overthrowing. 

Re-VJErse'  (14),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  revertere,  r  ever  sum;  re,  again, 
back,  and  vertere,  to  turn.]  1.  To 
cause  to  return  or  depart.  2.  To 
change  totally.  3.  To  turn  end  for 
end,  or  upside  down  ;  to  invert.  4. 
To  overthrow ;  to  subvert.  6.  To 
undo  or  annul  for  error  ;  to  repeal. 

—  n.  1.  That  which  is  directly  op- 

365 

posite  to  something  else.  2.  Com¬ 
plete  change,  esp.  from  better  to 
worse.  —  a.  Having  a  contrary  or 
opposite  direction. 

Re-verse'ly,  adv.  On  the  other 
hand.  [reversed. 

Re-vers'I-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re-VER'sion,  n.  [Lat.  reversio.]  1. 
The  returning  of  an  estate  to  the 
grantor  or  his  heirs,  after  the  grant 
is  determined  ;  residue  of  an  estate 
left  after  the  determination  of  an¬ 
other  estate  carved  out  of  it.  2.  A 
right  to  future  possession  or  enjoy¬ 
ment  ;  succession. 

Re-ver'sion-a-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  involving,  a  reversion. 

Re-ver'sion-er,  n.  One  who  has  a 
reversion . 

Re-v£rt'  (14),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  revertere;  re,  again,  back,  and 
vertere,  to  turn.]  1.  To  turn  back  ; 
to  reverse.  2.  To  drive  back ;  to 
reverberate.  — v.  i.  1.  To  return  ;  to 
fall  back.  2.  To  return  to  the  pro¬ 
prietor.  [reverted. 

Re-vJgrt'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Re-v£rt'ive,  a.  Tending  to  revert ; 
changing. 

Rev'er-y,  it.  See  Re ve rie . 

Re-vest',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
revest  ire  ;  re,  again,  and  vestire ,  to 
clothe.]  1.  To  clothe  again.  2.  To 
vest  again  with  possession  or  office. 
—  v.  i.  To  take  effect  again,  as  a  title. 

Re-view'  (-vu'),  n.  [Fr.  revue,  fr.  re- 
voir ,  Lat.  revidere,  to  see  again.]  1. 
A  second  or  repeated  view.  2.  A  crit¬ 
ical  examination  of  a  new  publica¬ 
tion,  with  remarks  ;  critique.  3.  An 
examination  of  troops  under  arms. 
4.  A  periodical  devoted  to  literary 
criticism.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
go  over  and  examine  critically  or 
deliberately. 

Re-view'er  (re-vu'er),  n.  One  who 
reviews ;  a  critic  who  publishes  his 
opinion  of  books,  &c. 

Re- vile',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
assail  with  opprobrious  language. 

Re-vil'er,  n.  One  who  reviles. 

Re-vi§'AL,  n.  Act  of  revising,  or  re¬ 
examining  for  correction. 

Re-vi§e',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
revidere,  revision,  to  see  again.]  1. 
To  look  at  again  ;  to  re-examine.  2. 
To  review,  alter,  and  amend.  —  n.  A 
proof-sheet  taken  after  correction. 

Re-vI§'er,  n.  One  who  revises. 

Re-vK§'ion  (-vTzh'un),  n.  1.  Act  of 
revising.  2.  That  which  is  revised. 

Re-vI§'ion-al  )  (-vizh'un-),  a.  Per- 

Re-vi§'ION-A-RY  j  taining  to  revis¬ 
ion  ;  revisory.  [again. 

Re-vI§'IT,^.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  visit 

Re-viv'al,  n.  Act  of  reviving,  or 
state  of  being  revived ;  especially,  re¬ 
newed  interest  in  religion. 

Re- viv'al-IST,  n.  An  advocate  for 
religious  revivals. 

RE-VIVE',  V.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
revivere  ;  re,  again,  and  vivere,  to 
live.]  1.  To  return  to  life.  2.  To 
recover  from  a  state  of  neglect,  ob¬ 
scurity,  or  depression. —  v.t.  1.  To 

RHABDOMANCY 

bring  again  to  life.  2.  To  recover 
from  a  state  of  neglect  or  depression. 

3.  To  renew  in  the  mind.  [life. 

Re-VIV'I-fi-€A'TION,  n.  Renewal  of 

RE-ViV'I-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 

To  cause  to  revive. 

REv'l-vis'yENyE,  n.  Renewal  of  life. 

Re v'o-€A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
revoked.  [being  revocable. 

REv'o-ea-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

Rev'O-EA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  revocatio.) 

1.  Act  of  calling  back.  2.  State  of 
being  recalled.  3.  Repeal;  reversal. 

Re-voke',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [See 
Revocation.]  To  annul  by  taking 
back  ;  to  reverse,  as  a  thing  granted 
by  a  special  act.  —  v.  i.  (Card- 
playing.)  To  fail  to  follow  suit. 

Re-volt',  or  Re-volt'  (20),  v.  i. 
[From  Lat.  revolvere,  revolutum ,  to 
roll  back.]  1.  To  renounce  allegi¬ 
ance  or  subjection.  2.  To  be  grossly 
offended.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
do  violence  to;  to  shock. — n.  Re¬ 
nunciation  of  allegiance  and  subjec¬ 
tion.  See  Insurrection. 

Rev'o-lu'tion,  n.  [Lat.  revolutio .] 

1.  Act  of  revolving,  or  turning  round 
on  an  axis ;  hence,  any  analogous 
regular  return  or  change,  as  of  the 
seasons.  2.  Space  measured  by  the 
regular  return  of  a  revolving  body. 

3.  A  total  or  radical  change  ;  esp.  a 
revolt  successfully  accomplished. 

Rev'o-lu'tion-a-ry,  a.  Tending  or 
pertaining  to  a  revolution. 

RE;  v'o-lu'tion-ist,  n.  One  engaged 
in  effecting  a  change  of  government. 

Rev'o-lu'tion-Ize,  v.  t.  [-ed; 

-ING.]  To  change  completely,  as  by 
a  revolution. 

Re-v6lve',ll  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
revolvere;  re,  again,  back,  and  vol- 
vere,  to  roll,  turn.]  1.  To  turn  or  roll 
round  on  an  axis.  2.  To  move  round 
acenter.  —  v.t.  1.  To  cause  to  turn, 
as  on  an  axis.  2.  To  reflect  repeat¬ 
edly  upon. 

RE-VOLV'EN-9Y,  n.  Revolution. 

Re-volv'er,  n.  A  fire-arm  with 
several  barrels  revolving  on  an  axis. 

Re-VUL'SION,  n.  [Lat.  revulsio,  from 
revellere,  to  pluck  or  pull  away.] 

Act  of  holding  or  drawing  back  ; 
marked  repugnance. 

Re-vul'sIve,  a.  Tending  to  revul¬ 
sion  ;  repugnant. 

Re-ward',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0. 

Fr.  reiver  doner,  reguerredoner.  See 
Guerdon.]  1.  To  give  in  return, 
whether  good  or  evil; — especially 
good.  2.  To  compensate. — n.  1. 

That  which  is  given  in  return  for 
good  or  evil  received  ;  —  usually  for 
good.  2.  Compensation  for  services. 

Syn.  —  Recompense  ;  remuneration  ; 
requital  ;  retribution. 

Re- WARD'A-BLE ,  a.  Worthy  of  being 
rewarded. 

Re-WARD'er,  n.  One  who  rewards. 

Rijy'nard,  or  Reyn'ard,  n.  [See 
Renard.]  A  fox  ;  renard. 

Rhab-d5l'o-<xY  (rab-),  n.  Same  as 
Rabdology.  [domancy. 

RhXb'do-man'^y,  «.  Same  as  Rab- 

or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Crn,  rue,  pyLL  !  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,6,  soft;  €,g,  hard;  Ag;  e^ist;  5f  as  ng  ;  this. 

RHAPSODICAL 

Rhap-sod'I€-al,  a.  Consisting  of 
rhapsody  ;  unconnected. 

Rhap'so-dist,  n.  One  who  recites  or 
composes  a  rhapsody. 

Rhap'SO-dy  (rap'-),  n.  [Gr.  pa\fj^8Ca, 
from  panreiv,  to  sew,  to  unite,  and 
(pSri,  a  song.]  1.  A  portion  of  an 
epic  poem  tit  for  recitation  at  one 
time.  2.  A  wild,  rambling  composi¬ 
tion  or  discourse.  [the  river  Rhine. 

Rhen'ish  (ren'ish),  a.  Pertaining  to 

Rhet'o-ric  (ret'o-rik,  123),  n.  [Gr. 
prjropucTj  (sc.  Te\v  17),  from  prjropucos, 
rhetorical,  oratorical.]  1.  Art  of 
elegant  and  accurate  composition, 
especially  in  prose.  2.  The  power  of 
persuasion  or  attraction. 

RHE-TOR'ie-AL  (re-),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  involving,  rhetoric. 

Rhe-t5r'ig-al-ly  (re-),  adv.  Ac¬ 
cording  to  the  rules  of  rhetoric. 

Rhet'o-rPcian,  «.  1.  One  well 

versed  in  the  rules  and  principles  of 
rhetoric.  2.  An  artificial  orator. 

Rheum  (rqm),  n.  [Gr.  pevpa,  from 
pete,  to  flow.]  1.  An  increased  ac¬ 
tion  of  the  excretory  vessels  of  any 
organ.  2.  A  thin  serous  fluid,  se¬ 
creted  by  the  mucous  glands. 

Rheu-mXt'IG,  a.  Relating  to  rheu¬ 
matism,  or  partaking  of  its  nature. 

RHEU'MA-TlgM  (rp/ma-),  n.  [Gr. 

pevp.ancrp.os,  from  pevpartfeerflat,  to 
have  a  flux.]  A  painful  inflamma¬ 
tion  affecting  the  muscles  and  joints. 

Rheum'y  (rjjm'y),  a.  Abounding  in, 
or  causing  rheum. 

A  pachyderma-  • 

tous  mammal,  Rhinoceros. 

—  nearly  allied  to  the  hippopotamus. 

RhI'NO-PLAS'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  pis,  pieos, 
nose,  and  a-Aac-xi/cos ,  fit  for  molding.] 
Forming  an  artificial  nose,  by  bring¬ 
ing  down-  a  piece  of  flesh  from  the 
forehead. 

Riii-z5me'  (rl-zom'),  n.  [Gr.  pi^opa, 
that  which  has  taken  root,  fr.  pi<]a, 
a  root.]  A  creeping  stem  growing 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  soil. 

Rho'di-Om,  n.  [Gr.  po6ov,  the  rose, 
from  the  rose-red  color  of  its  salts.] 
A  metal  extremely  hard  and  brittle. 

RHO'DO-DfiN'DRON,n.  [Gr.  po6o6ev- 
8pov,  i.  e.,  rose-tree.]  A  genus  of 
small  trees  having  beautiful  flowers. 

Riiomb  (romb,  62),  n.  [Lat.  rhombus , 
Gr.  pop^os,  from  pep.jSeii',  to  whirl 
round.]  A  figure  of  four  equal  sides 
but  unequal  angles. 

Rhom'big  (rSm'bik),  a.  Having  the 
figure  of  a  rhomb. 

Rhom'boid  (rom'boid),  n.  [Gr.  pop.- 
/3oeiSr?s  ;  popjSos, 
rhomb,  and  el-  r 

elongated  rhomb.  /  / 

Rhom-b  0  1  D'A  E  '  - [ 

(rom-),  a.  Hav-  Rhomboid, 

ing  the  shape  of  a  rhomboid. 

366 

Rhom'bus  (rom'- - 

bus),  n.  Same  as  \  / 

Rhomb.  /  \  I  / 

Riiu'barb  (ru'barb),  /  \  :  / 

n.  [Gr.  pa,  rhu-  /  \  j  / 

barb,  and  /3ap/3apos,  /  \  ;/ 

foreign,  strange. J  rr  7 

A  plaut  of  several  Rhombub. 

species  used  in  cookery  and  in  medi¬ 
cine. 

Rhumb  (rumb,  62).  n.  [See  Rhomb.] 
(Navigation.)  Any  given  point  of 
the  compass  ;  a  line  making  a  given 
angle  with  the  meridian. 

Rhumb'-line  (rumb'-),  n.  (Naviga¬ 
tion.)  The  course  of  a  vessel  which 
cuts  all  the  meridians  at  the  same 
angle. 

RHYME  (rim),  v.  [From  0.  II.  Ger. 
hrlrn,  rhn,  series,  number.]  1.  Po¬ 
etry.  2.  Correspondence  of  sound  in 
the  terminating  words  or  syllables  of 
verses.  3.  A  couplet  or  triplet.  4. 
A  word  answering  in  sound  to 
another. — v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  make  verses.  2.  To  accord  in 
sound.  —  v.  t.  To  put  into  rhyme. 

Riiym'er  (  (rim'-),  n.  One  who 

Rhym'ster  |  makes  rhymes  ;  a 
poor  or  mean  poet. 

Rhi’THM  (rlthm  or  rithm),  n.  [Gr. 
pv0pos,  Lat.  rhythmus.]  1.  Division 
of  time  into  short  portions  by  a  reg¬ 
ular  and  agreeable  succession  of  mo¬ 
tions,  impulses,  sounds,  &c.  2. 

Movement  in  musical  time.  3.  Har¬ 
monious  flow  of  vocal  sounds. 

RhVth'miu,  or  Rhyth'mig,  ) 

RHYTH'MI€-AL,or  RH  YTH'MI€-AL,  j 
a.  Pertaining  to  rhythm. 

Rl'AL,  n.  A  Spanish  coin. 

Rib,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  One  of  the  bones 
inclosing  the  thoracic  cavity.  2. 
That  which  resembles  a  rib  in  form 
or  use.  —  v.  t.  [-bed  ;  -BING.]  To 
furnish  with  ribs. 

RIb'ald,  n.  [Cf.  bawd  and  0.  II. 
Ger.  hriba,  hripa,  prostitute.]  A  low, 
vulgar  wretch  ;  a  lewd  fellow. — a. 
Low  ;  base  ;  mean  ;  filthy. 

Rib'ALD-ry,  n.  Low,  vulgar  lan¬ 
guage  ;  obscenity. 

RIb'bon,  n.  [Fr.  ruban,  orig.  a  red 
ribbon,  from  Lat.  rubens,  red.]  1.  A 
fillet  of  fine  silk  or  satin.  2.  pi.  The 
reins,  or  lines  to  guide  a  horse. — v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  To  adorn  with  ribbons. 

RIb'roast,  v.  t.  To  beat  soundly. 

R19E,  n.  [Ar.  aroz ,  |  .  _ 

aruz,  Gr.  6pv£a.]  A  D  , 
plant  and  its  seed,  M 
which  forms  an  im-  ||  Aufm 
portant  article  of  food.  0  W’ 

RiyE'— PA'PER,  n.  A  j|  VmIa  M 

thin,  delicate  paper,  H 
brought  from  China, 
and  used  for  the  man-  Jr  w 

ufacture  of  fancy  arti-  w/ 

RICH,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.] 

[A.-S.  ric .]  1.  Pos-  Rice- 

sessed  of  an  unusually  large  amount 
of  property.  2.  Well  supplied.  3. 
Productive  or  fertile.  4.  Highly  val- 

|  ued.  6.  Abounding  in  nutritive  quali- 

RIDICULE 

ties;  also,  highly  seasoned.  6.  Vivid, 
bright.  7-  Abounding  in  humor.  i 

Syn. —  Wealthy  ;  affluent;  opulent; 
abundant  ;  sumptuous  ;  precious. 

Rich'es,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  richesse.]  Abun¬ 
dant  possessions.  [teously.  ! 

Ricii'LY,  adv.  AVith  iches ;  plen-  j 

Rich'NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being  rich. 

2.  That  which  makes  any  thing  rich. 

Rick,  n.  [A.-S.  hreac,  a  heap  ]  A 
covered  pile  of  grain  or  hay  in  the 
field  or  open  air. 

Rick'ets,  n.  pi.  [Perh.  fr.  A.-S.  rir.g, 
hric,  back,  spine.]  A  disease  of  chil¬ 
dren,  characterized  by  a  crooked 
spine,  and  other  deformities. 

Rick'ET-Y,  a.  1.  Affected  with  rick¬ 
ets.  2.  Feeble  in  the  joints ;  weak. 

Ricochet  (rik'o-sha/  or  rlk'o-shCt'), 
n.  [Fr.]  The  firing  of  ordnance  so  as 
to  cause  the  balls  to  rebound  or  roll 
along  the  ground  on  which  they  fall.  ! 

Rid,  v.  t.  [-ded  ;  -ding.]  [A.-S.  hred- 
dan.]  To  free  ;  to  deliver. 

RlD'DANCE,  n.  1.  Deliverance;  a 
clearing  up  or  out.  2.  State  of  being 
rid  or  free. 

Rid'den,  p.  p.  of  Ride. 

Rid'dle  (rld'dl),  n.  1.  [A.-S .  hriddel, 
a  sieve.]  A  sieve  with  coarse  meshes. 

2.  [A.-S.  rsedels,  fr.  rsedan ,  to  coun¬ 
sel  ;  to  guess.  Cf.  Read.]  A  puz¬ 
zling  question ;  enigma.  3.  Any 
thing  puzzling. — v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  separate  with  a  riddle.  2.  To 
perforate  with  balls  so  as  to  make 
like  a  riddle.  3.  To  solve  ;  to  explain. 

—  v.  i.  To  speak  enigmatically. 

Ride,  v.  i.  [rode,  or  rid;  rid,  or  ; 

ridden;  riding.]  [A.-S.  ridan.] 

1.  To  be  carried  on  the  back  of  any 
animal,  or  in  a  carriage.  2.  To  float. 

3.  To  be  supported  in  motion.  4. 

To  manage  a  horse  well.  —  v.  t.  1. 

To  sit  on,  so  as  to  be  carried.  2.  To 
manage  insolently  at  will.  3.  To 
cause  to  ride. 

Syn.  —  Drive.  —  Ride  originally  meant 
to  be  carried  on  horseback  or  in  a  vehi¬ 
cle  of  any  kind.  Now,  in  England, 
drive  is  the  word  applied  in  most  cases 
to  motion  in  a  carriage,  as,  a. drive  round 
the  park,  while  ride  is  appropriated  to 
motion  on  a  horse,  so  that  a  “  ride  on 
horseback  ”  would  be  tautology. 

—  n.  An  excursion  on  horseback  or 
in  a  vehicle. 

Rid'er,  n.  1.  One  who  rides.  2.  An 
additional  clause,  as  to  a  bill  in 
Parliament. 

RIdGe,  n.  [A.-S.  hrycg,  hrieg,  back, 
pediment.]  1.  The  back,  or  top  of 
the  back.  2.  The  top  of  any  elon¬ 
gated  elevation,  great  or  small.  — v. 
t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  make  into 
a  ridge  or  ridges.  2.  To  wrinkle. 

Ridge '-pole,  n.  The  timber  or 
board  forming  the  ridge  of  a  roof. 

RlDG'Y,  a.  Having  a  ridge  or  ridges. 

RId'i-gule  (30),  n.  [Lat.  ridiculum, 
from  rid i cuius,  laughable.]  1.  Ex¬ 
pression  of  laughter,  especially  when 
mingled  with  contempt.  2.  Writing 
which  excites  contempt  with  laugh¬ 
ter.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  laugh 
at  with  expressions  of  contempt. 

A,  F.,  T,  6,  U,  Y,  long ;  X,  E,I,  6,  0,  f,  short ;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 

RIDICULOUS 

Ri-dIu'u  loiJs,  a.  Fitted  to  excite 
ridicule.  [See  LUDICROUS.] 

Ri'-Di€'U-LoOs-L  sr,  adv.  Iu  a  ridicu¬ 
lous  manner. 

RY-d'ig'u-lous-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  ridiculous. 

RId'ING,  ii.  1.  Act  of  one  who  rides. 
2.  [Corrupted  fr.  trit/nng  or  tridins;, 
third.]  One  of  the  three  jurisdic¬ 
tions  into  which  the  county  of  York 
(Eng.),  is  divided.  [with  a  hood. 

Rid'ing-iiood,  n.  A  kind  of  cloak 

Rid'Yng-S€HOOI,  (-sko"ol),  n.  A  school 
where  the  art  of  riding  is  taught. 

Ri-DOT' TO,  n.  [It.,  from  L  Lat.  re- 
ductus,  a  retreat.]  A  public  enter¬ 
tainment  of  music  and  dancing. 

Rife,  a.  [A.-S.  ryf.\  Prevailing. 

RlFE'LY,  adv.  Prevalently. 

RlFE'NESS,  n.  Prevalence. 

RYff'rXff,  n.  Refuse. 

RI'FLE  (rl'fl),  n.  [Ger.  riefelen ,  riffeln , 
to  chamfer,  groove.]  1.  A  gun,  the 
inside  of  whose  barrel  is  formed  with 
spiral  grooves.  2.  A  whetstone  for  a 
scythe.  [Amer.] —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[6.  H.  Ger.  riftlun,  to  pluck,  to  saw.] 

1.  To  seize  and  bear  away  by  force. 

2.  To  rob  ;  to  pillage.  3.  To  groove  ; 

especially,  to  groove  internally  with 
spiral  channels.  [with  a  rifle. 

RPfle-man  (150),  n.  A  man  armed 

RI'fle  R,  n.  One  who  rifles. 

RlFT,n.  [From  rive,  to  rend.]  1.  A 
cleft ;  a  fissure.  2.  A  fording-place. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  cleave; 
to  split.  — v.  i.  To  burst  open. 

RYg,  V.  t.  [-GED  ;  -GING.]  [A.-S. 
wrigan,  wrihan,  to  cover,  clothe.] 

1.  To  dress,  esp.  in  an  odd  or  fanci¬ 
ful  manner.  2.  To  furnish  with  ap¬ 
paratus  or  gear.  —  n.  1.  Dress; 
clothing.  2.  Peculiar  manner  of 
fitting  the  masts  and  rigging  to  a 
vessel.  3.  A  sportive  trick. 

RlG'GER,  n.  One  who  fits  rigging. 

RYG'GING,  n.  Dress  ;  tackle  of  a  ship. 

Right  (rlt),  a.  [A.-S.  riht,  reht ,  Lat. 
rectus,  kept  straight,  guided.]  1. 
Straight ;  most  direct.  2.  Upright ; 
erect.  3.  Accoivling  with  truth  and 
duty.  4.  Fit ;  suitable.  5.  Not  mis¬ 
taken  or  wrong.  6  Not  left,  but  its 
opposite. — adv.  1.  In  a  right  man¬ 
ner  ;  esp.,  in  a  right  or  straight  line. 

2.  According  to  law  or  rule.  3.  In  a 
great  degree;  very.  —  n.  1.  That 
which  is  right  or  correct,  as  adher¬ 
ence  to  duty,  or  to  truth  or  fact.  2. 
That  to  which  one  has  a  claim.  3. 
That  which  is  on  the  right  side.  4. 
The  outward  or  most  finished  sur¬ 
face. —  v.t.  [-ED  ; -ING.]  l.Tosetup- 
right ;  to  make  straight.  2.  To  do  jus¬ 
tice  to.  — v.  i.  To  become  upright. 

RTght'-Xn'gled  (rlt'-),  a.  Contain¬ 
ing  an  angle  or  angles  of  90°. 

RIght'eoDs  (rl'chils),  a.  [0.  Eng. 
rightwys,  rightwise.]  Free  from 

guilt  or  sin. 

RI&ht'eous-ly  (ri'chfls-),  adv.  In 
a  righteous  manner  ;  justly. 

RlGHT'EOfJS-NESS  (rl'chhs-),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  righteous. 

RIght'ful  (rit'fi,il),  a.  1.  Consonant 

367 

to  justice.  2.  Having  a  just  claim. 
3.  Being  by  right. 

RiGHT'FUL-LY  (rlt'-),  adv .  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  right.  [being  rightful. 

Right'ful-ness  (rlt'-),  n.  State  of 

LIIght'-hXnd'ed  (rlt'-),  a.  Using 
the  right  hand  habitually  or  more 
easily  than  the  left. 

RTght'ly  (rlt'-),  adv.  With  right. 

Right'ness  (rlt'-),  n.  1.  Straight¬ 
ness.  2.  Rectitude  ;  righteousness. 

RYg'id,  a.  [Lat.  rigidus,  to  be  stiff 
or  numb.]  1.  So  firm  as  not  to  be 
easily  bent.  2.  Severe  ;  inflexible. 

RY-gYd'i-ty,  n.  1.  Want  of  pliability. 
2.  Stiffness  of  manner. 

RYg'id-ly,  adv.  Stiffly  ;  inflexibly. 

Rig'id-ness,  n.  Rigidity. 

Rig'ma-role,  n.  [A  corrupt,  of  Rag¬ 
man"1  s-roll,  an  old  record  of  the  alle¬ 
giance  of  the  Scottish  nobility  to  Ed¬ 
ward  I.  of  England.]  Foolish  talk ; 
nonsense.  [ CoLloq .] 

RIg'OR,  ii.  [Lat.,  fr.  rigere,  to  be 
stiff.]  1.  State  of  being  rigid.  2.  A 
convulsive  tremor,  as  in  the  cold  fit 
of  a  fever.  3.  Severity,  as  of  climate. 

RlG'OR-oDs,  a.  Manifesting,  exercis¬ 
ing,  or  favoring  rigor  ;  severe. 

RYg'or-oOs-ly,  adv.  In  a  rigorous 
manner. 

RiG'OR-otrs-NESS,  n.  Se/erity. 

Rill,  n.  [Either  fr.  L.  Ger.  rille,  a 
small  channel,  a  furrow  ;  or  fr.  0. 
Eng.  rigol,  a  small  brook  ;  or  fr.  Lat. 
rivulus,  a  small  brook.]  A  small 
brook  ;  a  streamlet. 

RlM,  n.  [A.-S.  rima,  reoma,  edge,  lip.] 
Border,  edge,  or  margin  of  something 
curving.  —  v.  t.  [-med;  -MING.] 
To  furnish  with  a  rim. 

RIme,?i.  [A.-S.  hrim.  Cf.  GRIME.] 
White  or  hoar  frost. 

Ri-mose'  (125),  a.  [Lat.  rimosus,  fr. 
rima ,  a  chink.]  Full  of  chinks,  like 
the  bark  of  trees,  [fold  or  wrinkle. 

RtM'PLE  (-pi),  n.  [A.-S.  hrympele.]  A 

RlM'PLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
rumple  ;  to  wrinkle.  [frosty. 

Rim'y,  a.  Abounding  with  rime ; 

Rind,  n.  [A.-S.  rind,  hrind,  Gr.  pivos, 
the  skin.]  The  external  covering  or 
coat,  as  the  skin  or  bark. 

RYn'der-pest,  n.  A  contagious  dis¬ 
temper  affecting  neat  cattle  and 
sheep. 

Ring,  n.  [A.-S.  hring,  hrinc,  a  circle.] 
1.  A  circle,  or  any  thing  in  the  form 
of  a  circular  line  or  hoop.  2.  Any 
sound  continued  or  repeated.  3.  A 
chime  of  bells.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  encircle.  2.  [RANG,  or  RUNG  ; 
RUNG  ;  RINGING.]  [A.-S.  hringan.] 
To  cause  to  sound,  esp.  by  striking, 
as  a  metallic  body.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
sound,  as  a  bell,  or  other  sonorous 
body.  2.  To  sound;  to  resound. 

RYng'-bolt,  n.  An  iron  bolt  with  a 
ring  at  one  end. 

RIng'd6ve  (-duv),  n.  A  species  of 
pigeon  ;  the  cushat. 

RYng'er,  n.  One  who  rings. 

RIng'lead-er,  n.  The  leader  of  men 
engaged  in  illegal  enterprise,  [of  hair. 

RYng'LET,  n.  [Dim.  of  ring.]  Acurl 

RISIBLE 

Ring'worm  (-wflrm),  n.  Acutaneous 
eruption  forming  discolored  rings. 

Rink,  n.  [Scot.,  prob.  fr.  A.-S.  hrincg , 
a  ring.]  An  inclosed  skating-pond. 

Rinse,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing  ]  [Icel. 
hreinsa,  A.-S.  hrxnan,  to  purge.] 

To  cleanse  by  the  introduction,  or  a 
second  application,  of  water. 

Rl'OT,  n.  [0.  Fr.  riote,  It.  riotta.]  1. 
Wanton  or  unrestrained  behavior. 

2.  Disturbance  of  the  peace  by  three 
or  more  persons  assembled  together 
for  that  purpose. 

Syn.  —  Tumult;  uproar;  sedition. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  indulge 
in  excess  of  luxury,  feasting,  beha¬ 
vior,  &c.  2.  To  raise  an  uproar  or 
sedition.  [riot. 

Ri'OT-er,  ».  One  who  engages  in  a 

RI'OT-OUS,  a.  1.  Involving  or  engag¬ 
ing  in  riot.  2.  Seditious.  [ner. 

RI'OT-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  riotous  man- 

RlP,  v.  t.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  [A.-S.  ry- 
pan.  Cf.  Reap  and  Rive.]  1.  To 
tear  off  or  out  by  violence.  2.  To 
take  away  by  cutting  or  tearing.  —  n. 

A  tear;  a  place  torn  ;  laceration. 

Rl-PA'RI-AN,  a.  [Lat.  riparius  ;  ripa , 
bank.  J  Relating  to  the  bank  of  a  river. 

Ripe,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  ripe, 

0.  II.  Ger.  rift,  allied  to  A.-S.  rip , 
harvest.]  1.  Having  attained  per¬ 
fection,  as  grain,  fruit,  &c.  2.  Ad¬ 
vanced  so  as  to  be  fit  for  use.  3. 
Consummate ;  perfected.  4.  Ready 
for  action  or  effect. 

Syn.—  See  Mature. 

RIpe'ly,  adv.  Maturely. 

Rip'en  (rip'n),  v.  i.  [-ed  :  -ING.]  1. 

To  grow  ripe.  2.  To  approach  or 
come  to  perfection. — v.  t.  1.  To 
make  ripe,  as  fruit.  2.  To  mature  ; 
to  fit  or  prepare. 

Ripe'ness,  n.  State  of  being  ripe; 
maturity ;  completeness. 

Rip'ple  (rip'pl),  v-  u  [-ed;  -ing.] 

[Dim.  of  rip.]  To  be  covered  with 
small  waves  or  undulations.  —  n.  1. 

The  fretting  of  the  surface  of  water. 

2.  A  little  wave  or  undulation.  3. 

A  kind  of  comb  for  flax. 

RIp'rXp,  n.  A  foundation  of  stones 
thrown  together  without  order,  as  in 
deep  water. 

RigE  (rlz),  v.  i.  [rose  ;  risen;  ris¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  r'isan ,  hrisan.  Cf. 
Raise.]  1.  To  move  or  pass  in  any 
manner  from  a  lower  position  to  a 
higher ;  to  ascend ;  to  become  ele¬ 
vated.  2.  To  seem  to  rise  ;  to  be¬ 
come  apparent.  3.  To  increase  in 
size,  force,  or  value,  &c.  4.  To  close 
a  session  ;  to  adjourn. 

Rise  (rls),  n.  1.  Act  of  rising,  or  state 
of  being  risen.  2.  Distance  through 
which  any  thing  rises.  3.  An  ac¬ 
clivity  or  ascent.  4.  Source ;  origin. 

6.  Increase ;  augmentation. 

RIs'er,  n.  One  who  rises.  [risible. 

RY§'I-bYl'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 

RI§'i-ble,  a.  [Lat.  risibilis,  fr.  ridere , 
risum,  to  laugh.]  Capable  or  wor¬ 
thy  of  exciting  laughter. 

Syn. —  Ludicrous;  laughable;  ridicu¬ 
lous. 

OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Crn,  RUE ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  0,  silent ;  y,6,so/i!;  €,  G,  hard ;  A§  ;  EXIST;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 

RISK 


ROGUERY 


RIsk,  it.  [From  Lat.  rest  care ,  to  cut . 
off.]  1.  Hazard :  peril,  or  degree  of  I 
peril.  2.  Liability  to  loss  in  proper- 
ty.  3.  That  which  is  liable  to  loss. 

Syn.—  See  Danger. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  expose  to 
hazard  or  peril. 

RIsk'er,  n.  One  who  risks. 

RisK'Y,  a.  Attended  with  danger. 

RiTE,7t.  [Lat.  ritus.]  Formal  act  of 
religion,  or  other  solemn  duty. 

Syn.  —  Ceremony;  observance;  ordi¬ 
nance. 

Ri'TOR-NEL'LO,  n.  [It.,  dim.  of 
ritorno,  return.]  A  short  symphony 
to  an  air. 

RlT'u-AL,  a.  [Lat.  ritualis ;  ritus,  a 
rite.]  1.  Relating  to,  or  consisting  of, 
rites.  2.  Prescribing  rites.  —  n.  A 
book  containing, rites  to  be  observed. 

RIt'u-al-Ism,  n.  1.  Prescribed  forms 
of  religious  worship,  or  the  observ¬ 
ance  of  such  forms.  2.  Confidence 
in  mere  rites. 

Rit'u-al-Ist,  n.  One  skilled  in,  or 
devoted  to,  a  ritual. 

Rit'U-AL-ly,  adv.  By  rites,  or  by  a 
particular  rite. 

Rl'VAL,  n.  [Lat.  rivals,  s ,  two  neigh¬ 
bors  having  a  brook  in  common,  ri¬ 
vals  ;  rivus ,  a  brook.]  One  in  pursuit 
of  the  same  object  as  another  ;  a  com¬ 
petitor. —  a.  Having  the  same  pre¬ 
tensions  or  claims. — v.  t.  [-ED,  -ING, 
or  -led,  ling,  137  ]  1.  To  stand  in 
competition  with.  2.  To  strive  to 
equal  or  excel ;  to  emulate. 

RI'val-ry,  )  n.  Act  of  rivaling,  or 

Rl'VAL-SHIP,  )  state  of  being  a  rival. 

Syn.— See  Emulation. 

Rive,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ed,  or -en  ; -ing.] 
[A.-S.  red/an,  te  break,  split.]  To 
rend  asunder  by  force  ;  to  split ;  to 
cleave.  —  v.  i.  To  be  split. 

RIv'er,  n.  [Lat.  riparius,  belonging 
to  a  bank,  from  ripa,  a  bank  ]  A 
stream  of  water,  larger  than  a  brook. 

RIv'e  r-h6rse  ,  n.  A  hippopotamus. 

RIv'ET,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  river,  to  rivet.]  A 
pin  of  metal  clinched  at  one  or  both 
ends. — V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
fasten  with  rivets.  2.  To  clinch. 

RIv'u-let,  n.  [Lat.  rivulus,  dim.  of 
rivus,  a  brook.]  A  small  brook. 

RIx'-dol/lar,  n.  [Ger.  reichsthaler, 
i.  e.,  dollar  of  the  realm.]  A  silver 
coin  of  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark, 
and  Sweden,  varying  in  value  from 
60  cents*to  $1-08. 

Roach,  n.  [A.-S.  reohha,  reohche .]  A 
fresh-water  fish  of  the  carp  family. 

Road  (20),  ».  [A.-S.  r&d,  fr.  rldan, 
to  ride.]  An  open  or  public  way  for 
traveling. 

Syn.  —  Way;  highway;  street.  —  Way 
is  generic,  denoting  any  line  for  passage 
or  conveyance;  a  Manway  is  literally 
one  raised  for  the  sake  of  dryness  and 
convenience  in  traveling;  a  road  is  a 
way  for  horses  and  carriages;  a  street  is 
a  paved  way,  as  early  made  in  towns 
and  cities,  and  hence  the  word  is  dis¬ 
tinctively  applied  to  roads  or  highways 
in  compact  settlements. 

[Either  from  A.-S.  r&d,  or  from  Icel. 


368 

reida,  preparation,  fitting  out  (of 
ships).]  A  roadstead. 

Koau'stead,  n.  A  place  where  ships 
may  ride  at  anchor,  at  some  distance 
from  the  shore. 

Road'ster,  n.  1.  A  vessel  riding  at 
anchor  in  a  road.  2.  A  horse  for 
traveling. 

Roam,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Orig.  to 
go  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome.]  To 
walk  or  move  about  from  place  to 
place  without  any  certain  purpose. 
—  v.  t.  To  range  or  wander  over. 

Roam'er,  n.  One  who  roams. 

Roan,  a.  [Sp.  roano,  from  Lat.  ravus, 
gray-yellow.]  Bay,  sorrel,  or  dark, 
with  spots;  —  said  of  a  horse.  —  n. 

1.  A  roan  horse.  2.  An  imitation  of 
morocco,  made  from  sheep-skin. 

Roar,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
rarian.]  1.  To  cry  with  a  full,  loud, 
continued  sound,  as  a  lion,  or  one  in 
pain.  2.  To  make  a  loud,  confused 
sound,  as  winds,  waves,  &c.  — n.  A 
loud  continuous  noise,  as  of  billows, 
a  wild  beast,  or  the  like. 

Roar'er,  n.  One  who  roars. 

Roar'ing,  n.  A  loud,  continuous 
sound,  as  of  a  wild  beast,  &c. 

Roast,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  II. 
Ger.  rOstjan.]  1.  To  cook,  as  meat, 
before  the  fire.  2.  To  parch  by  ex¬ 
posure  to  heat.  3.  To  heat  excessive¬ 
ly. —  n.  That  which  is  roasted. 

To  rule,  the  roast ,  to  take  the  lead  ;  to 
domineer  ;  — of  uncertain  origin. 

— a.  Roasted. 

Roast'er,  n.  1.  One  who  roasts 
meat.  2.  A  contrivance  for  roasting. 
3.  A  pig  for  roasting. 

Rob,  v.  t.  [-BED  ;  -BING.]  [Goth. 
raubOn ,  A.-S.  recifian ,  Eng.  reave.] 
To  take  dway  from  by  force ;  to 
plunder. 

Rob'ber,  n.  One  who  commits  a 
robbery. 

Syn.  —  Thief ;  plunderer. 

Rob'BER-Y,  n.  The  crime  of  robbing. 

Robe,  n.  [L.  Lat.  rauba,  raupa,  a 
theft,  dress,  garment,  orig.  booty. 
See  Rob.]  1.  An  outer  garment; 
esp.  one  of  a  rich,  flowing,  or  elegant 
style.  2.  A  skin  of  the  wolf,  buffalo, 
&c.,  prepared  for  use.  [Amer.]  —  v. 
t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  invest  with  a 
robe ;  to  drers. 

RoB'lN,  n.  [Prop,  an  abbrev.  of  Rob¬ 
ert.]  (a.)  A  European  singing  bird, 
having  a  reddish  breast.  ( b .)  An 
American  singing  bird,  having  the 
breast  of  a  dingy  orange-red  color. 

Rob'o-RANT,  a.  [Lat.  roborans,  from 
robur,  a  hard  kind  of  oak,  hardness.] 
Strengthening.  —  n.  A  strengthening 
medicine ;  a  tonic. 

Ro-bOst',  a.  [Lat.  robustus,  oaken, 
hard,  fr.  robur ,  strength.]  1.  Indi¬ 
cating  strength  and  vigorous  health. 

2.  Requiring  strength  or  vigor. 

Syn.— Strong;  powerful. 

Ro-bDst'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
robust;  strength. 

Roche'-Xl'um  (rok'-),  n.  [Fr.  roche, 
rock.]  A  pure  kind  of  alum. 


Ro^hElle*1  Pow'DERg  (ro-sheP), 
Same  as  Sedlitz  Powders. 

Roch'et  (rotch'et),  n.  [A.-S.  roc , 
Icel.  rockr,  a  coat,  garment.)  A  linen 
garment  resembling  a  surplice. 

Rock,  n.  [From  a  hypoth.  Lat.  rupica , 
from  rupes,  a  rock.]  1.  A  large  mass 
of  stony  material.  2.  Any  natural 
deposit  of  stony  material.  3.  That 
which  resembles  a  rock  in  firmness. 
4.  [Icel.  rockr,  0.  H.  Ger.  rocco.]  A 
distaff  used  in  spinning.  —  r.  t.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  reocan,  to  waver,  ex¬ 
hale,  smoke.]  1.  To  move  backward 
and  forward  on  a  support.  2.  To  still ; 
to  quiet.  —  v.  i.  To  be  moved  back¬ 
ward  andforward. 

Rock'A-way,  n.  A  four-wheeled, 
two-seated  pleasure-carriage,  with 
full  standing  top. 

Rock'-crEs'tal,  n.  Limpid  quartz. 

Rock'er,  n.  1.  One  who  rocks.  2. 
The  curving  piece  of  wood  on  which 
a  cradle  or  chair  rocks. 

Rock'et,  n.  1.  [It.  rocchetta,  from 
rocca,  a  distaff.  See  Rock  ]  An 
artificial  firework,  projected  through 
the  air.  2.  [Lat.  eruca..]  A  plant, 
sometimes  eaten  as  a  salad. 

Rock'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  rocky. 

Rock'-oil,  n.  Same  as  Petroleum. 

Rock'-salt  (8),  n.  Common  salt 
occurring  in  rock-like  masses  in 
mines,  or  formed  in  large  crystals, 
by  evaporation  from  sea-water. 

Rock'-work  (-wurk),  n.  Masonry  in 
imitation  of  natural  masses  of  rock. 

Rock'y,  a.  1.  Full  of  rocks.  2. 
Formed  of  rocks.  3.  Resembling  a 
rock. 

Rod,  n.  [A.-S.  rod,  allied  to  Skr.  ridh, 
to  grow.]  1.  Shoot  or  long  twig  of 
any  woody  plant.  2.  Any  long  slen¬ 
der  stick;  as,  (a.)  An  instrument  of 
punishment.  (6.)  A  kind  of  scepter, 
or  badge  of  office.  3.  A  measure  of 
Jength,  containing  16£  feet ;  a  perch. 

Rode  (20),  imp.  of  Ride. 

Ro'DENT,  a.  [Lat.  rodens.]  Gnawing. 
—  n.  A  gnawing  animal,  as  a  rat. 

Rod'o-mont-ade',  n.  [From  Rodo- 
mont,  in  the  Orlando  Furioso  of  Ari¬ 
osto.]  Vain  boasting ;  empty  blus¬ 
ter.  —  v.  i.  To  boast ;  to  bluster. 

Roe,  n.  [O.  II.  Ger.  rogan,  rogin.] 
1.  Ovary  and  eggs  of  a  fish.  2.  [See 
infra.]  Female  of  any  species  of 
deer. 

©3“-  The  milt  of  the  male  fish  is  some¬ 
times  called  soft  roe. 

Roe'bOck,  n.  [A.-S.  rhh,  rh,  N.  H. 
Ger.  reh,  rehbock.]  A  small  species 
of  male  deer. 

Ro-ga'TION,  n.  [Lat.  rogatio,  from 
rogare,  to  ask,  beg.]  Litany  ;  sup¬ 
plication. 

Rogation  days ,  the  three  days  imme¬ 
diately  before  the  festival  of  Ascension, 
— Rogation  week,  the  second  week  before 
Whit-Sunday. 

Rogue  (rog,  20),  n.  [Icel.  hrCkr,  a 
brave,  proud,  or  haughty  man.  1  1. 
A  deliberately  dishonest  person  ;  a 
knave.  2.  One  who  is  mischievous. 

Rogu'ER-y  (rog'er-5),  n.  1.  Fraud; 


A,  f ,  1,5,  u,  y , long ;  A, £, i, 6, 0, ?, short ,  cAre,  fXr,  Ask,  ^ll,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


ROGUISH 

dishonest  practices.  2.  Arch  tricks  ; 
mischievousness. 

R5gu'isii  (rog'ish),  a.  1.  Dishonest. 
2.  Slightly  mischievous. 

Rogu'ish-ly  (rog'ish-),  adv.  Like  a 
rogue. 

Rogu'ish-ness  (rog'ish-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  roguish ;  knavery  ;  mis¬ 
chievousness. 

Roil  (33),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Either 
fr.  broil .  or  from  0.  Eng.  roile,  reile , 
to  roll.]  1.  To  render  turbid  by 
stirring  up  the  dregs  of.  2.  To  excite. 

ftOls'TER-ER,  71.  [Prob.  fr.  Fr.  rustre , 
a  boor,  a  clown,  clownish.]  A  bold, 
blustering  fellow. 

Rd  le  (r5l),  7i.  [Fr.  See  Roll.]  Part 
performed  by  a  play-actor ;  hence, 
any  conspicuous  action  or  duty. 

Roll,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
rotulare,  from  Lat.  rotulus ,  rotula,  a 
little  wheel.]  1.  To  cause  to  revolve 
by  turning  over  and  over.  2.  To 
wrap  round  on  itself.  3.  To  involve 
by  winding.  4.  To  drive  forward 
with  an  easy  circular  motion.  5.  To 
press  or  level  with  a  roller.  — v.  i.  1. 
To  revolve.  2.  To  move  up  and 
down,  as  waves,  or  from  side  to  side, 
as  a  ship.  3.  To  beat  a  drum  with 
very  rapid  strokes.  —  n.  [From  Lat. 
rotula ,  a  little  wheel.]  1.  Act  of 
rolling,  or  state  of  being  rolled.  2. 
That  which  rolls ;  a  roller.  3.  That 
which  is  rolled  up,  as  a  register,  or 
a  small  loaf  of  bread.  4.  The  beat¬ 
ing  of  a  drum  with  rapid  strokes. 

Roll'— gall,  n.  Act  or  time  of  call¬ 
ing  over  a  list  of  names. 

Roll'er,  ti.  That  which  rolls  on  its 
own  axis,  as  a  cylinder  of  wood, 
stone,  &c. 

RSl'LIG,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [An 
abbrev.  and  modif.  of  frolic,  with  an 
allusion  to  roll.]  To  move  in  a  care¬ 
less,  swaggering,  frolicsome  manner. 

R5ll'ing-mTll,  ti.  A  mill  with 
heavy  rollers,  through  which  heated 
metal  is  passed,  to  form  it  into  sheets, 
&c. 

Roll'ing-pin,  n.  A  wooden  cylinder 
to  roll  out  dough  with. 

Ro-MA'IC,  n.  [Mod.  Gr.  'Poi/aoi'icos.] 
The  modern  Greek  language.  —  a. 
Relating  to  modern  Greece,  or  its 
language. 

Ro'man,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Rome,  or 
to  the  Roman  people.  2.  Pertaining 
to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  3. 
(a.)  Upright; — said  of  the  letters 
ordinarily  used,  like  those  in  this 
paragraph.  ( b .)  Expressed  in  letters, 
as  I.,  IV.,  i.,  iv.,  &c.  ;  —  said  of  nu¬ 
merals. 

Roman  Catholic ,  pertaining  to,  or  ad¬ 
hering  to,  the  religion  of  that  church  of 
which  the  pope  is  the  spiritual  head. 

—  n.  A  native  of  Rome. 

Romance'  (114),  n.  [L.  Lat.  ro7nan- 
cium,  the  common  vulgar  language, 
which  sprung  from  the  Roman  or 
Latin  language.]  1.  A  fictitious  and 
wonderful  tale.  2.  The  language 
formed  from  a  mixture  of  Latin  with 
the  languages  of  the  barbarians  in 


369 

the  south  of  Europe.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 

ING.]  To  write  or  tell  romances  or 
extravagant  stories. 

Ro-man'^er,  n.  One  who  romances. 

Ro'MAN-ESQUE'  (-bskQ,  a.  Charac¬ 
terized  by  the  debased  style  of  archi¬ 
tecture  of  the  later  Roman  empire. 
—  n.  1.  A  debased  style  of  architect¬ 
ure  adopted  in  the  later  Roman  em¬ 
pire.  2.  The  common  dialect  of  some 
of  the  districts  in  the  south  of  France. 

Ro-MAN'IC,a.  Pertaining  to  Romo  or 
its  people,  or  to  the  languages  which 
Sprung  out  of  the  old  Roman. 

Ro'man-ism,  7i.  Tenets  of  the  church 
of  Rome. 

Ro'man-ist,  n.  A  Roman  Catholic. 

RO'MAN-lZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  re¬ 
ligion  or  opimons. 

Ro-mAns^h'.  )  )i.  [Gris,  rumansch,  ro- 

Ro-MANSU',  I  7nonsch ,  ramonsch.] 
Language  of  the  Grisons  in  Switzer¬ 
land. 

Ro-MAN'TIC,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  ro¬ 
mance;  hence,  fictitious;  fanciful. 
2.  Characterized  by  novelty,  strange¬ 
ness,  or  vaiiety. 

Ro-M \N'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  ro¬ 
mantic  manner. 

Ro-MAN'Ti-gisM,  n.  State  of  being 
romantic. 

Rom'ish,  a.  Relating  to  Rome,  or  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Romp,  n.  1.  A  rude  girl.  2.  Rude 
play  or  frolic. — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[A  different  spelling  of  ramp.]  To 
play  rudely  and  boisterously. 

Romp'ish,  a.  Given  to  rude  play. 

Ron-oeau'  (-do'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  rond , 
round.]  A  musical  composition,  in 
which  the  first  strain  is  repeated  at 
the  end  of  each  of  the  other  strains. 

RooD,n.  1.  [SeeRoo.]  Fourth  part 
of  an  acre.  2.  [A.-S.  rod ,  rod,  cross.] 
A  representation  of  the  crucified 
Christ,  or  of  the  Trinity. 

Roof,  n.  [A.-S.  hruf,  top,  roof.]  1. 
Upper  part  of  any  house  or  barn,  &c. 


Shed  Roof. 


Ogee  Roof. 


Conical 
Roof. 

2.  That  which  corresponds 
with  the  covering  of  a 
house. — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

1.  To  cover  with  a  roof. 

2.  To  shelter.  Gable  Roof. 

Roof'ing,  n.  1.  Materials  of  or  for 

a  roof.  2.  The  roof  itself. 


RORIFEROUS 

Roof'less,  a.  1.  Having  no  roof.  2. 
Unsheltered. 

Roof'-tree,  7i.  1.  The  beam  in  the 
angle  of  a  roof.  2.  The  roof  itself. 

Rook,  n.  1.  [Ar.  rokh ,  or  rukh,  a  fabu¬ 
lous  bird,  and  the  tower  at  chess.] 
(Chess.)  One  of  the  four  pieces  on 
the  corner  squares  of  the  board  ;  a 
castle.  2.  [A.-S.  hrGc.  Cf.  0.  Sax. 
rouca,  chattering,  and  Goth,  hruk- 
jan,  to  croak.]  A  gregarious  bird  re¬ 
sembling  the  crow.  —  v.  t  or  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  cheat ;  to  defraud. 

Rcjok'er-Y,  n.  1.  A  place  where 
rooks  build  their  nests.  2.  A  dilap¬ 
idated  cluster  of  buildings. 

Rook'y,  a.  Inhabited  by  rooks. 

Room  (29),  n.  [A.-S.  riim.]  1.  Space 
which  has  been  or  may  be  set  apart. 
2.  An  apartment  in  a  house.  3. 
Freedom  to  act.  4.  Place  left  by  an¬ 
other. —  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  oc¬ 
cupy  a  room  ;  to  lodge. 

Room'1-ness,  ti.  Spaciousness  ;  space. 

Room'Y,  a.  Flaving  ample  room ;  spa¬ 
cious  ;  wide. 

Roost,  n.  [A.-S.  hrost.]  A  pole  on 
which  birds  rest  at  night ;  a  perch. 
—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  rest,  as 
birds  on  a  pole  ;  to  perch. 

Roost'er,  n.  The  male  of  the  do¬ 
mestic  fowl :  a  cock. 

Root,  n.  [Icel.,  allied  to  Lat.  radix.] 
1.  The  descending  axis  of  a  plant.  2. 
An  edible  root.  3.  That  which  re¬ 
sembles  a  root  as  a  source  of  nourish¬ 
ment  or  support ;  that  fr.  which  any 
thing  proceeds  as  if  by  growth  ;  esp., 
(a.)  An  ancestor.  ( b .)  A  word  from 
which  other  words  are  formed,  (c.) 
That  factor  of  a  quantity  which  when 
multiplied  into  itself  will  produce 
that  quantity.  —  v.i.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
1.  To  enter  the  earth,  as  roots.  2. 
To  be  firmly  fixed.  3.  [A.-S.  ivrotan, 
lurotian,  to  root,  ivrGt ,  a  snout.]  To 
turn  up  the  earth  with  the  snout,  as 
swine.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  make  deep  or 
radical.  2.  To  tear  up  by  the  root ; 
to  eradicate.  3.  To  turn  up  with  tho 
snout,  as  swine. 

Root'let,  n.  Alittleroot. 

Root'y,  a.  Full  of  roots. 

Rope,  n.  [A.-S.  rap,  Goth,  raip,  raips.] 
1.  A  large,  stout,  twisted  cord.  2. 
A  string  of  things  united.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  To  draw  out  into  a 
filament  or  thread. — v.  t.  To  dra(' 
by,  or  as  by,  a  rope. 

Rope '-danger.  n.  One  who  dances 
on  a  stretched  rope.  [made. 

Rop'er-y,  n.  A  place  where  ropes  are 

Rope'-walk  (-wawk),  n.  A  long, 
covered  building  where  ropes  are 
manufactured.  [viscosity. 

Rop'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  ropy; 

Rop'y,  a.  [From  rope.]  Stringy  ;  vis¬ 
cous  ;  glutinous. 

Roq'ue-laure  (rok'e-lor),  n.  [From 
a  Due  de  Roquela7ire,  who  introduced 
it.]  A  surtout  made  to  button  from 
top  to  bottom. 

Ro  pIf'er-oUs,  a.  [Lat.  rorifer ; 
ras,  roris,  dew,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.] 
Producing  dew. 


OR,  DO,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Urn,  rue  ,  pyLL ",  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  A,  soft;  c,  G,  hard;  A§  ;  exist;  NasNG;  this. 

24 


RORQUAL 


ROUND-SHOULDERED 


370 


Ror'QUAL,  n.  [Norw.  rorqualus ,  a 
whale  with  folds.]  A  whale  reserfi- 
bling  the  common  whale,  but  having 
a  more  slender  body,  as  well  as  longi¬ 
tudinal  folds  on  the  throat  and  un¬ 
der  parts. 

Ro-sA'CEOfts,a.  [Lat.  rosaceus;  rosa , 
rose.]  Relating  to,  or  like,  the  rose. 

Ro'sa-ry,  n.  [Lat.  rosarium  ;  rosa,  a 
rose.]  1.  A  bed  of  roses,  or  place 
where  roses  grow.  2.  (Rom.  Cath. 
Church.)  A  sti’ing  of  beads  on  which 
prayers  are  counted. 

Rose,  n.  [Lat.  rosa,  allied  to  Gr. 
poSom]  1.  A  well-known  plant  and 
flower.  2.  A  rosette. 

Under  the  rose  (Lat.  sub  rosa),  in  se¬ 
cret;  privately;  in  a  manner  that  forbids 
disclosure;  —  the  rose  being,  among  the 
ancients,  the  symbol  of  secrecy. 

—  v. ,  imp.  of  Rise. 

Ro'se-ate,  a.  [Lat.  roseus,  rosatus  ; 

rosa ,  a  rose.]  1.  Full  of  roses  ;  rosy. 
2.  Of  a  rose  color. 

Rose'-gOl'ored,  a.  1.  Having  the 
color  of  a  rose.  2.  Uncommonly 
beautiful ;  hence,  extravagant. 

Rose'ma-ry,  n.  [Lat.  rosmarinus  ; 
ros,  dew,  and  marinus ,  marine.]  A 
plant  having  a  fragrant  smell,  and  a 
warm,  pungent  taste. 

Ro-§£tte',  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  rose,  a 
ro<e.]  1.  An  imitation  of  a  rose  made 
of  ribbon,  &c.  2.  An  ornament  in 

the  form  of  a  rose. 

Roga'-w a/ter,  n.  Water  tinctured 
with  roses  by  distillation.  —  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  odor  of  rose-water ;  hence, 
sentimental. 

Ro.je'-win'dow,  n.  A  circular  win¬ 
dow  with  divisions  which  bear  a  re¬ 
semblance  to  the  leaves  of  a  rose. 

RogE'WOOD,  n.  The  wood  of  differ¬ 
ent  kinds  of  trees,  growing  in  warm 
climates. 

Ro§'I-€RU'CIAN,  n.  [Lat.  ros,  dew, 
(thought  to  be  the  most-  powerful 
dissolvent  of  gold),  and  crux,  cross, 
(the  emblem  of  light).]  One  of  a 
sect  of  hermetical  philosophers,  who 
made  great  pretensions  to  a  knowl¬ 
edge  of  the  secrets  of  nature.  —  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Rosicrucians. 

Ros'IN,  n.  [A  different  form  of  resin.] 
The  resin  obtained  from  turpentine. 

—  v.  t.  To  rub  with  rosin. 

Ros'IN-Y,  a.  Like  rosin,  or  partaking 

of  its  qualities. 

Ross,  n.  [Cf.  Prov.  Ger.  grus,  graus, 
coarse  sand,  rubbish.]  Rough,  scaly 
matter  on  the  bark  of  trees. 

Ros'ter,  n.  [A  corruption  of  regis¬ 
ter.]  An  official  list  of  military 
officers. 

Ros'tral,  a.  [Lat.  rostralis ;  ros¬ 
trum,  a  beak.]  Like,  or  relating  to, 
a  rostrum,  or  the  beak  of  a  ship. 

Ros'trate,  )  a.  [Lat.  rostratus  ; 

Ros'tra-ted,  )  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
Furnished  or  adorned  with  beaks. 

RSs'trum,  n.  [Lat.,  from  rodere,  to 
gnaw.]  1.  Beak  or  bill  of  a  bird.  2. 
Beak  of  a  ship.  3.  An  elevated  place 
for  public  speakers 

Ros'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  Re¬ 


sembling  a  rose  in  color,  form,  or 
qualities  ;  blooming  ;  blushing. 

Rot,  v.  i.  [-TED ;  -ting.]  [A.-S. 
rotian.]  To  be  decomposed;  to  go 
to  decay. 

Syn. — To  putrefy;  corrupt;  decay. 

—  v.  t.  To  make  putrid  ;  to  bring  to 
corruption.  —  n.  Decay;  putrefac¬ 
tion  ;  specifically ,  a  fatal  distemper 
incident  to  sheep. 

Ro'ta-ry,  a.  [Lat.,  fr.  rota,  wheel.] 
Turning,  as  a  wheel  on  its  axis  ;  ro¬ 
tatory. 

Ro'tate,  a.  [Lat.  rotatus,  turned 
round  like  a  wheel ;  rota,  wheel  ] 
Wheel-shaped.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  revolve  or  move  round  a  center. 

—  v.  t.  To  cause  to  revolve. 

Ro-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  rotatio.  See 

Rotate.]  1.  Act  of  turning,  as  a 
wheel.  2.  Any  succession  in  a  series. 
3.  Frequent  change  of  crop  on  a 
_piece  of  land.  [rotary. 

Ro'ta-tIve,  a.  Turning  as  a  wheel ; 

Ilo'TA-TO-RY  (50),  a.  1.  Turning  on 
an  axis.  2.  Following  in  succession. 

ROTE,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  rota ,  lirota,  XV. 
crwth.]  A  musical  instrument  simi¬ 
lar  to  the  hurdy-gurdy.  —  n.  [0.  Fr. 
rote,  N.  Fr.  route ,  road,  path.]  Mere 
repetition  without  attention  to  the 
meaning. 

ROT'TEN  (r5t'tn),«.  [See  Rot.]  Pu¬ 
trid  ;  decayed. 

Rot'ten-iwess  (1C9),  n.  State  cf  be¬ 
ing-  rotten. 

Rot'TEN-st5ne,  n.  A  soft  stone 
for  polishing  metallic  substances. 

Ro-T&nd',  a.  [Lat.  rotundus,  fr.  rota, 
awheel.]  1.  Circular;  spherical.  2. 
Complete ;  entire. 

Ro-tGn'dA ,  a.  [From  Lat.  rotundus, 
round.]  Any  building  round  both  on 
the  outside  and  inside. 

Ro-tTjnd'i-ty,  n.  Roundness  ;  sphe¬ 
ricity  ;  circularity. 

Rouit  (rdb-a'),  n.  [Fr.,  prop.  p.  p 
of  rouer,  to  break  upon  the  wheel.] 
A  debauchee ;  a  rake 

Rouge  (roozh),  n.  [Fr .  rouge,  from 
Lat.  rubeus ,  red.]  A  red  cosmetic  for 
the  cheeks  or  lips.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  : 
-ING.]  To  paint  the  face  or  cheeks 
with  rouge.  —  v.  t.  To  paint  with 
rouge. 

Rough  (ruf),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
hreoh,  hreog,  rfth,  riig.]  1.  Having 
inequalities,  small  ridges  or  points 
on  the  surface.  2.  Lacking  refine¬ 
ment,  gentleness,  or  polish  ;  rude ; 
uncivil;  harsh;  austere. — n.  A 
rude,  coarse  fellow;  a  bully.  —  v.  t. 
To  render  rough. 

To  rough  it,  to  encounter  and  overcome 
difficulties  or  hardships. 

Rough'-gast  (rnf-),  v.  t.  [-cast; 
-TNG.]  1.  To  form  or  mold  rudely. 
2.  To  plaster  with  a  mixture  of  plas¬ 
ter  and  shells.  —  n.  1.  A  rude  model. 
2.  A  mixture  of  plaster  with  shells. 

Ro&GH'-draw  (ruf'-),  v.  t.  To  de¬ 
lineate  coarsely. 

RotJGH'EN  (ruf'n),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  rough.  —  v.i.  To  grow  or 
become  rough. 


RoDgh'-hew  (rtif'hQ),  v.  t.  [-ED; 

-N  ;  -ING.]  To  hew  coarsely. 
RoDgh'ly  (ruf'lyj,  adv.  In  a  rough 
manner  ;  harshly  ;  austerely. 
Rough' ness  (rOf'nes),  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  rough. 

RoftGH'-SHOD  (ruf'-),  a.  Shod  with 
shoes  armed  with  points. 

Rouleau  (rob-lo'),  n.;  pi.  rou- 
LEAUX  (roo-loz').  [Fr.,  a  roll.]  A 
roll  of  coins  in  paper. 

Roulette  (roo-let/),  n.  [Fr.,  prop, 
a  little  wheel  or  ball ;  rouler,  to  roll.] 

1.  A  game  of  chance  2.  A  small 
toothed  wheel  used  by  engravers. 

Rounce,  n.  [Cf.  Fr.  rovce,  bramble, 
thorn.]  Handle  of  a  printing-press. 
Round,  a.  [See  Rotund.]  1.  Like 
a  ball  or  a  circle  ;  spherical :  curved. 

2.  Full  ;  complete.  3.  Not  inconsid¬ 
erable  ;  large.  4.  Positive  ;  decided. 

Round  number,  one  approximately  near 
the  truth.  — Round  robin,  a  written  peti¬ 
tion,  memorial,  remonstrance,  or  instru¬ 
ment,  signed  by  names  in  a  ring  or  cir¬ 
cle,  so  as  not  to  show  who  signed  it  first. 

—  n.  1.  That  which  is  round,  as  a 
circle  or  a  sphere.  2.  A  series  of 
events  ending  where  it  began.  3.  A 
series  of  duties  to  be  performed  in 
turn,  and  then  repeated.  4.  Rota¬ 
tion,  as  in  office;  succession.  5.  Step 
of  a  ladder.  6.  A  short,  vocal  piece, 
in  which  three  or  four  voices  follow 
each  other  round  in  a  species  of 
fugue  in  the  unison. 

Rotind  of  beef,  a  cut  of  the  thigh 
through  and  across  the  bone. 

—  adv.  1.  On  all  sides.  2.  Circu¬ 
larly.  3.  F’rom  one  side  or  party  to  an¬ 
other.  4.  Back  to  the  starting  point. 

—  prep.  1.  On  every  side  of ;  around 
2.  About.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1. 
To  make  circular,  spherical,  or  cylin¬ 
drical.  2.  To  complete.  3.  To  make 
protuberant.  4.  To  move  about.  — 
v.  i.  To  grow  or  become  round. 

Round'A-bout,  a.  Indirect;  going 
round.  —  n.  1.  A  sort  of  surtout.  2. 
An  arm-chair  with  a  rounded  back. 
ROUN'DEL,  n.  [Fr.  rondelle,  a  round, 
a  round  shield.]  1.  A  small  circular 
shield  in  the  14th  and  15th  centuries. 
2.  (Her.)  An  ordinary  in  the  form 
of  a  small  circle. 

Roun'de-LAY,  n.  [0.  Fr.  rondelet ,  fr. 
rond,  round.]  A  sort  of  ancient  poem, 
in  which  certain  parts  are  repeated. 
Round'head,  n.  A  Puritan  ;  — from 
the  practice  which  prevailed  among 
them  of  cropping  the  hair. 
Round'house,  n.  1.  A  constable’s 
prison.  2.  (Naut.)  A  cabin  in  the 
after  part  of  the  qnarter-deck. 
Round'ing,  )  a.  Somewhat  round; 
Round'ish,  )  nearly  round. 

Round 'let,  n.  A  little  circle.  1 
Round'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  round  form. 

2.  Openly  :  boldly.  3.  With  speed. 
Round'NESS,  n.  1."  Quality  or  state  of 

being  round.  2  Smoothness  of  flow. 

3.  Plainness ;  boldness. 

Syn. —  Circularity;  sphericity. 
Round'-shoul'dered,  a.  Having 
the  shoulders  projecting  behind. 


A,  e,  I,  6,  u,  y,  long;  X,  E,I,  6,  ft,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 


ROUSE 


Rou§E,m  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  r&- 
sian.  See  Raise.]  1.  To  wake  from 
sleep.  2.  To  excite  to  lively  thought 
or  action.  3.  To  put  into  motion.  4. 
To  startle  or  surprise.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
awake.  2.  To  be  excited  to  thought 
or  action.  —  n.  [Icel.  rUss  ;  rdssa ,  to 
get  drunk.]  A  carousal ;  a  festival. 

Rous'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
rouses  or  excites. 

Rout  (40),  n.  [0.  Fr.  route ,  rote,  com¬ 
pany,  fr.  Lat.  ruptus ,  broken.]  1.  A 
fashionable  assembly,  or  large  even¬ 
ing  party.  2.  A  rabble.  3.  An  up¬ 
roar;  a  noise.  4.  [Lat.  ruptus,  rupta, 
broken.]  Defeat  of  troops,  or  the 
disorder  and  confusion  of  defeated 
troops.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  de¬ 
feat  and  throw  into  confusion. 

Route  (root  or  rowt,  40),  n.  [Fr. 
route ,  fr.  Lat.  rupta  (sc.  via, fr.  rum- 
pere,  to  break ;  hence,  lit.  a  broken 
or  beaten  way.]  The  course  or  way 
traveled ;  a  passing  ;  a  march. 

Rou-TINE'  (rd'o-teen/),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
route ,  a  path,  way,  road.]  1.  A  round 
of  business,  or  pleasure.  2.  Any  reg¬ 
ular  course  of  action. 

Rove,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Orig.  to 
rob,  and  hence,  to  range,  to  wander.] 
To  wander ;  to  ramble ;  to  range.  — 
v.  t.  1.  To  wander  over.  2.  [Peril, 
fr.  reeve.]  To  draw  through  an  eye 
or  aperture  ;  to  card,  as  wool. 

Rov'er,  n.  1.  A  wanderer.  2.  A  pi¬ 
rate  ;  a  freebooter. 

Row  (r3),  n.  [A.-S.  raw.]  1.  A  line 
of  persons  or  things ;  a  rank.  2.  An 
excursion  in  a  boat  with  oars.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  rowan.  Of. 
Rudder.]  1.  To  impel,  as  a  boat 
by  oars.  2.  To  transport  by  rowing. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  labor  with  the  oar.  2. 
To  be  moved  by  oars. 

Row  (rou),  n.  [Abbreviated  fr.  rout.] 
A  riotous  disturbance. 

Row'dy  (rouMy),  n.  [From  rout.,  or 
row.]  A  riotous,  turbulent  fellow. 

Row'el  (rou'el),  n.  [Fr.  rouelte ; 
Lat.  rotula,  a  little  wheel  ]  1.  The 

little  wheel  of  a  spur.  2  A  kind  of 
seton.  —  v .  t.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED, 
-LING,  137  ]  To  insert  a  rowel  in. 

Row'en  (rou/en),!!.  [Called  also  row¬ 
ings,  roughing s,  fr.  rough,  0.  Eng. 
row,  rowe.]  Second  growth  of  grass 
in  a  season. 

Row'er,  n.  One  who  rows. 

Row'lock  ( colloq .  ruhuk),  n.  A  con¬ 
trivance  to  support  an  oar  in  rowing. 

Roy'AL,  a.  [Fr.  royal,  fr.  Lat.  regalis. 
See  Regal.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
crown.  2.  Becoming  a  king  or  queen. 

Syn.  — Regal;  kingly. 

—  n.  1.  A  large  kind  of  paper.  2. 

A  small  sail  above  the  top-gallant- 
sail.  ^  [duct  of  royalists. 

Roy'al-Ism,  n.  Principles  or  con- 

Roy'AL-Ist,  n.  An  adherent  to  a 
king,  or  a  kingly  government. 

Roy'al-ize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
make  royal.  [manner. 

Roy'al-ly,  adv.  In  a  royal  or  kiuglv 

Roy'al-ty,  n.  [0.  Fr.  royaulte,  N. 
Fr.  royaute.]  1.  State  of  being  royal. 


371 

2.  Person  of  a  king.  3.  Royal  pre¬ 
rogative.  4.  Kingdom  ;  domain.  5. 
A  tax  paid  to  the  government,  as  on 
the  produce  of  a  mine.  6.  A  per¬ 
centage  paid  to  the  owner  of  an  ar¬ 
ticle  or  privilege  by  one  who  hires 
the  use  of  it. 

Rub,  v.  i.  [-bed;  -bing.]  [\V. 
rhwbiaw,  0.  H  Ger.  riban.  Of. 
RlVE.]  1.  To  wipe ;  to  clean  ;  to 
scour.  2.  To  spread  a  substance 
thinly  over  the  surface  of ;  to  smear. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  move  along  the  sur¬ 
face  of  a  body  with  pressure.  2.  To 
chafe.  3.  To  pass  with  difficulty.  — 
n.  1.  Act  of  rubbing;  friction.  2. 
That  which  rubs  ;  a  pinch.  3.  Sar¬ 
casm  ;  joke. 

Rub'ber,  n.  1.  One  who  rubs.  2. 
In  some  games  of  chance,  the  deci¬ 
sive  game  or  games.  3.  (pi.)  Over¬ 
shoes  made  of  india-rubber. 

India-rubber,  caoutchouc ;  —  originally 
used  to  rub  out  pencil  marks. 

Rub'bisii,  n.  [Orig.  that  which  is 
rubbed  off.]  Waste  or  rejected  mat¬ 
ter  ;  fragments ;  ruins. 

Rub'ble,  n.  Rough  stones,  broken 
bricks,  &c.,_used  in  coarse  masonry. 

Rub'ble-stone,  n.  1.  Rubble.  2. 
A  kind  of  conglomerate  rock. 

RiPbe-fa'cient,  a.  Making  red. — 
n.  [Lat.  rubefaciens,  making  red.] 
A  substance  which  produces  redness 
of  the  skin. 

Ru-bes'<;:ent,  a.  [Lat.  rubescens, 
growing  red.]  Becoming  red ;  tend¬ 
ing  to  a  red  color. 

Ry'Bi-GUND,  a.  [Lat.  rub icundus ;  ru¬ 
ber,  red.]  Inclining  to  redness. 

Ru-bIf'ig,  a.  [Lat.  ruber,  red,  and 
facere,  to  make.]  Making  red. 

Ru-BT’GO,n.  [Lat.]  (Hot.)  A  kind 
of  rust  on  plants  ;  mildew. 

Ru'ble  (ripbl),  n.  [Russ,  rubl,  orig. 
a  piece  cut  off.]  A  silver  coin  of 
Russia,  worth  about  $0.75. 

Ru'brie,  n.  [Lat.  rubrica,  fr.  ruber, 
red.]  That  part  of  any  work  which 
in  the  early  manuscripts  and  typog¬ 
raphy  was  colored  red ;  specifically , 
(a.)  ( Law-books .)  The  title  of  a  stat¬ 
ute.  (b.)  (  Episcopal  Prayer-book.)  Di¬ 
rections  for  the  conduct  of  service. 

Ru'BRie-AL,  a.  1.  Colored  in  red.  2. 
Pertaining  to  the  rubric. 

Ru'brig-ate,  v.  t.  To  mark  or  dis¬ 
tinguish  with  red. 

Ru'by  (32),  n.  [Lat.  rubeus,  red,  red¬ 
dish.]  1.  A  precious  stone  of  a  car¬ 
mine  red  color.  2.  A  printing  type 
smaller  than  nonpareil ;  —  so  called 
in  England. 

This  type  is  Ruby  or  Agate. 

—  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  ruby  ;  red. 

Ruche  (rffosh),  n.  [Fr. ,  fr.  ruche,  a 

beehive,  which  was  formerly  made 
of  bark.]  A  kind  of  plaited  quilling. 

ROck,  v.  t  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Icel. 
hrurka,  to  wrinkle.]  To  draw  into 
wrinkles  or  folds ;  to  crease. — n.  A 
wrinkle  or  plait  in  cloth. 

RU€-TA/TION,  n.  [Lat.  ructare,  to 
i  belch.]  Act  of  belching. 


RUGGEDNESS 

RtJDD,  n.  [A.-S.  rud,  red,  from  its 
red  irises.]  ,  A  fresh-water  European 
fish  of  the  carp  family. 

ROd'der,  n.  [A.-S.  rodher,  Cf.  Row.] 
1.  The  instrument  by  which  a  ship 
is  steered.  2.  That  which  guides. 

ROd'di-ness,  n.  Redness;  a  lively 
flesh  color. 

Rud'dle,  n.  [A.-S.  rud ,  red.]  A  spe¬ 
cies  of  red  earth  ;  red  ocher. 

Rud'dy,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [A.-S. 
rud,  reid,  red.]  1.  Red.  2.  Ofalively 
flesh  color. 

Rude  (32),  a.  [-ER;  -est.]  [Lat.  ru- 
dis.]  Characterized  by  roughness ; 
uneven ;  rugged ;  lacking  delicacy  or 
refinement.  [ly  ;  uncivilly. 

Rude'ly,  adv.  Coarsely;  unskillful- 

Rude'NESS,  n.  Condition  of  being 
rude ;  unevenness  ;  coarseness  ;  inel¬ 
egance  ;  incivility. 

Ru'di-MENT  (32),  n.  [Lat.  rudimen- 
tum,ir.  rudis,  unwrought ;  rude.]  1. 
Unfinished  beginnings.  2.  A  first 
principle  of  any  art  or  science.  3. 
An  organ  not  fully  formed. 

RiVdi-ment'al,  1  a.  1.  Pertaining 

Ru/di-ment'a-ry,  )  to  rudiments  ; 
initial.  2.  Imperfectly  developed. 

Rue  (32),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
hredwan.]  To  lament;  to  regret. — 
n.  [Gr.  pimj ;  A.-S.  rilde.]  A  bitter 
plant  with  a  strong  odor. 

Rue'ful,  a.  1.  Causing  one  to  la¬ 
ment  ;  mournful.  2.  Expressing  sor¬ 
row. 

Rue'ful-ly,  adv.  Mournfully. 

Ruff,  n.  [0.  Eng.  ruff,  equiv.  to 
rough.]  1.  A  collar  plaited,  crimped, 
or  fluted.  2.  Something  formed  in 
plaits  or  flutings.  3.  A  bird  allied  to 
the  woodcock.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.1 
To  ruffle  ;  to  disorder. 

Ruf'fian  (riiPyan  or  -fi-an),  n.  [Prob. 
from  Ger.  raufen,  to  pluck,  scuffle, 
fight.]  A  boisterous,  brutal  fellow. 
—  a.  Brutal ;  savagely  boisterous. 

ROf'fian-Ism  (ruPyan-  or  rhPfi-an-), 
n.  Act  or  conduct  of  a  ruffian. 

Ruf'FIAN-LY  (ruPyan-  or  ruPfi-an-), 
a.  Like  a  ruffian ;  bold  in  crimes. 

Ruf'fle  (ruPfl),  v.  t.  [-ED  ,  -ING.] 
[From  0.  Eng.  ruff,  equiv.  to  rough.] 

1.  To  make  into  or  like  a  ruff.  2.  To 
disturb  the  surface  of.  3.  To  discom¬ 
pose  ;  to  agitate.  4.  To  throw  into 
confusion.  —  v.  i.  To  play  loosely  ; 
to  flutter.  — n.  1.  A  strip  of  plaited 
cambric ;  a  frill.  2.  State  of  being 
ruffled  or  disturbed.  3.  A  low,  vi¬ 
brating  beat  of  a  drum. 

Ru'fous,  a.  [Lat.  rufus.]  Reddish; 
brownish-red. 

Rug,  n.  [A.-S.  rtig,  rough.  See 
Rough.]  A  coarse,  woolen  fabric 
for  protecting  a  carpet,  otc. 

Rug'ged  (60),  a.  [From  the  root  of 
rug,  rough.]  1.  Rough  and  uneven. 

2.  Harsh ;  austere.  3.  Stormy  ;  tur¬ 
bulent  ;  tempestuous.  4.  Rough  to 
the  ear.  5.  Violent ;  rude  ;  boister¬ 
ous.  6.  Vigorous;  robust.  [ner. 

Rug^ged-LY,  adv.  In  a  rugged  man- 

RDg'ged-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  rugged. 

G,  hard;  As;  EXIST;  N  as  NG ;  this 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  took  ;  URN,  RUE ,  PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  soft; 


RUGOSE 


RUSTLE 


Ru-g5se'  (125),  a.  [Lat.  rugosus ; 
ruga ,  a  wrinkle.]  Full  of  wrinkles. 

Ru'in,  n.  [Lat.  ruina ,  fr.  ruere,  to  fall 
with  violence.]  1.  That  which  is  fallen 
down  and  become  worthless  ;  esp.,  in 
the  pi.,  remains  of  a  destroyed  or 
desolate  house,  city,  &c.  2.  State 
of  being  decayed,  or  worthless. 

Syn.  —  Destruction;  fall;  overthrow. 
•—v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  impair  se¬ 
riously  ;  to  damage  essentially.  — v. 
i.  To  fall  to  ruins  ;  to  perish. 

RuGn-a'tion,  n.  Subversion  ;  demo¬ 
lition. 

Ru'in-er,  n.  One  who  ruins. 

Ru'lN-ous,  a.  1.  Bringing  certain 
ruin.  2.  Characterized  by  ruin.  3. 
Consisting  in  ruins. 

Ru'IN-ous-LY,  adv.  Destructively. 

Ru'IN-ous-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  ruinous. 

Rul'A-BLE,  a.  Accordant  to  rule. 

Rule  (32),  n.  [Lat.  regula,  a  ruler, 
rule,  fr.  regere ,  to  lead  straight,  to 
direct.]  1.  An  instrument  to  guide 
in  drawing  a  straight  line.  2.  That 
which  is  prescribed  as  a  guide  to 
conduct  or  action.  3.  Government; 
control. 

Rule  of  Three  ( Arith .)  a  rule  which 
directs,  when  three  terms  arc  given,  how 
to  And  a  fourth;  proportion. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  mark 
with  lines  by  a  ruler.  2.  To  govern. 
3.  To  establish.  4.  To  require  or 
command  by  rule. — v.  i.  1.  To 
have  power  or  command.  2.  To  de¬ 
cide  ;  to  order  by  rule.  3.  To  stand 
or  maintain  on  a  level. 

Rul'er,  n.  1.  An  instrument  for 
drawing  lines ;  a  rule.  2.  One  who 
rules ;  a  governor. 

Rul'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Marking  with  a 
ruler.  2.  Predominant;  reigning. 

ROM,  n.  [Said  to  be  a  West  Indian 
word.]  A  kind  of  spirit  distilled 
from  molasses.  —  a.  [Prov.  Eng., 
old-fashioned  rubbish.]  Old-fash¬ 
ioned;  queer;  odd.  [ Cant .] 

ROm'ble,  n.  A  low,  heavy  sound. — 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  Tomakealow, 
heavy,  continued  sound,  [rumbles. 

ROm'ble  r,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which , 

Ru'MI-NANT,  a.  [Lat.  ruminans , 
chewing  the  cud,  fr.  rumen ,  the 
throat.]  Chewing  the  cud. — n.  An 
animal  that  chews  the  cud. 

Ru'mi-nate,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  chew  the  cud.  2.  To  muse  ;  to 
meditate. — v.  t.  1.  To  chew  over 
again.  2.  To  muse  or  meditate  on. 

Ru'mi-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  chew¬ 
ing  the  cud.  2.  Deliberate  reflection. 

Ru'MI-NA/tor,  n.  One  who  rumi¬ 
nates  or  muses. 

ROm'mage,  n.  [Fr.  remuage ,  a  mov¬ 
ing  or  stirring,  fr.  Lat.  re ,  again,  and 
mutare,  to  move  from  its  place.]  A 
thorough  or  close  search.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.  J  To  search  or  examine 
thoroughly. 

Ru'mor,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  current  story, 
without  any  known  authority  for  the 
truth  of  it.  2.  A  story  well  author¬ 
ized. 


372 

Syn. —  Report;  hearsay;  story. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  report  by 
rumor. 

Ru'MOR-ER,  n.  A  teller  of  news. 

Rump,  n.  [Icel.  rumpr ,  a  tail.]  End 
of  the  back-bone  with  the  parts  ad¬ 
jacent  ;  buttocks. 

RtJM'PLE  (runPpl),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[See  RlMPLE.]  To  make  uneven  ;  to 
wrinkle.  —  n.  An  irregular  fold  or 
plait.  [and  confusion. 

Rum'PUS,  n.  A  disturbance ;  noise 

Run,  v.  i.  [ran,  or  run  ;  run  ; 
RUNNING.]  [A.-S.  rinnan ,  runnon , 
Goth,  and  0.  H.  Ger.  rinnan.]  1.  To 
go  with  a  more  rapid  gait  than  by 
walking ;  hence,  —  said  of  inani¬ 
mate  things,  —  to  move  with  an  easy 
or  rapid  movement.  2.  To  move  or 
go;  — said  of  voluntary  or  personal 
action.  3.  To  be  moved;  to  pass ;  to 
go  ;  —  said  of  involuntary  motion. — 
v.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  run,  in  the  va¬ 
rious  senses  of  the  word.  2.  To  pur¬ 
sue  in  thought.  3.  To  thrust.  4.  To 
drive  or  force.  5.  To  shape  ;  to  cast. 
6.  To  mark  out ;  to  determine.  7.  To 
smuggle.  8.  To  hazard  ;  to  venture. 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  running.  2.  That 
which  runs  ;  also,  rate  of  running ; 
mode  of  conduct.  3.  State  of  being 
current ;  currency.  4.  A  brook  ;  a 
creek.  5.  A  pressure  on  a  bank  for 
payment  of  its  notes. 

Run'a-gate,  n.  [See  Renegade.] 
A  fugitive ;  a  renegade.  [serter. 

Run'a-way,  n.  A  fugitive;  a  de- 

Run'dle,  n.  [Eng.  round.]  A  round; 
a  step  of  a  ladder. 

Rune  ,  n.  [A.-S.  rim,  a  magical  letter, 
a  mystery.]  One  of  the  letters  of  an 
alphabet  in  use  among  the  Norsemen. 

RiJNG,tm/>.  &  p.p.  of  Ring.  — n.  [Ger. 
runge ,  a  short,  thick  piece  of  iron  or 
wood;  Goth,  hrugga,  a  rod.]  1.  A 
floor  timber  in  a  ship.  2.  One  of  the 
rounds  of  a  ladder. 

Ru'NIO,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  runes  of 
the  ancient  Norsemen.  [stream. 

Run'let,  n.  [Dim.  of  run.]  A  little 

R&n'nel,  n.  [From  run.]  A  rivulet 
or  small  brook. 

RBn'ner,  n.  1.  One  who  runs;  a 
racer.  2.  One  employed  to  solicit 
custom,  as  for  a  steamboat,  &c.  3.  A 
slender  branch  running  along  the 
ground.  4.  One  of  the  curved  pieces 
on  which  a  sled  slides. 

Run'net,  n.  Same  as  Rennet. 

Runt,  n.  [D.  rund,  a  bullock,  an  ox 
or  cow.]  Any  stunted  animal. 

Ru-PEE',  n.  [ilind.  and  Per.  r'apiyak, 
rhpah,fr.  Skr.  riipy'a,  silver, wrought 
silver  or  gold.]  A  money  of  account 
in  the  East  Indies. 

©3f*  The  gold  rupee  of  Bombay  and 
Madras  is  worth  about  $7.00.  The  silver 
rupee ,  nearly  $0.50. 

R&p'TION,  n.  [Lat.  mptio,  fr.  rum- 
pere,  to  break.]  Breach  ;  rupture. 

Rupt'ure  (53),  n.  [L.  Lat.  ruptura.] 
1.  Act  of  breaking.  2.  State  of  being 
broken.  3.  Breach  of  peace  or  con¬ 
cord.  4.  (Med.)  Hernia.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  break  ;  to  burst. 


Ru'RAL,  a.  [Lat.  ruralis,  fr.  rus,  ruris , 
country.]  1.  Belonging  to  the  coun¬ 
try.  2.  Pertaining  to  agriculture. 

Syn.  —  Rustic. —  Rural  refers  to  the 
country  itself;  as,  rural  scenes,  delights, 
&c.  Rustic  refers  to  the  character,  taste, 
&c.,  of  the  original  inhabitants  of  the 
country,  who  were  generally  unculti¬ 
vated  and  rude. 

Ru'ral-IST,  n.  One  who  leads  a  rural 
life. 

Ru§e  (32),  n.  [Fr.,  fromO.  Fr.  reuser , 
to  turn  aside,  to  shuffle,  allied  to  re¬ 
fuser ,  to  refuse.]  Artifice  ;  trick. 

Rush,  n.  [A.-S.  risce,  Lat.  ruscum , 
allied  to  Goth,  raus,  reed.]  1.  A  plant 
growing  in  wet  ground.  2.  A  mere  tri¬ 
fle.  3.  A  driving  forward  with  eager¬ 
ness  and  haste.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  hriscian,  to  shake,  vibrate, 
hredsan ,  to  rush,  shake,  fall  down.] 
To  move  or  drive  forward  with  im¬ 
petuosity. —  v.t.  To  push  forward 
with  violence. 

Rush'er,  n.  One  who  rushes. 

Rush'i-ness,  n.  State  of  abounding 
with  rushes. 

Rush'-lTgiit  (-lit),  n.  A  rush  can¬ 
dle,  or  its  light ;  hence,  a  small,  fee¬ 
ble  light.  [of,  rushes. 

Rush'y,  a.  Abounding  with,  or  made 

Rusk,  n.  [Prob.fr.  L.  Ger.  rusken,  to 
crackle.]  A  kind  of  light,  soft  cake  ; 
also,  a  soft,  sweetened  biscuit. 

Russ,  or  Russ,  n.  1.  A  Russian.  2. 
Language  of  the  Russians. 

Rus'set,  a.  [A  dim.  from  Lat.  russus, 
red.]  Of  a  reddish  color. 

R&s'set,  1  n.  An  apple  of  a  rus- 

Rus'set-ing,  |  set  color. 

Rus'SIAN  (rtislPan  or  ry'shan),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  Russia.  —  n.  1.  A  native  of 
Russia.  2.  The  language  of  Russia. 

Rust,  n.  [A.-S.  rust,  W.  rhivd,  prob. 
fr.  its  color,  and  allied  to  rud,  ruddy.] 

1.  A  rough,  reddish  coat  on  the  sur¬ 
face  of  iron.  2.  That  which  resem¬ 
bles  rust ;  esp. ,  a  dust-like  fungus  on 
the  leaves  and  stalks  of  grain.  —  v.  i. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  contract  rust. 

2.  To  become  dull  by  inaction. — v. 
t.  1.  To  cause  to  contract  rust.  2. 
To  impair  by  time  and  inactivity. 

Rus'TIG,  a.  [Lat.  rusticus ,  from  rus , 
country.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  coun¬ 
try.  2.  Rude  ;  unpolished.  3.  Sim¬ 
ple  ;  artless. 

Syn.  —  See  Rural. 

—  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  country. 

Rus'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  rustic  man¬ 
ner. 

Rus'ti-g-ate,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
dwell  in  the  country.  —  v.  t.  To  ban¬ 
ish  from  a  town  or  college  for  a  time. 

Rus/ti-€A/tion,  n.  Act  of  rusticat¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  rusticated. 

Rus-ti^'i-ty,  n.  Rustic  manners; 
rudeness;  simplicity. 

ROst'I-ly,  adv.  In  a  rusty  state. 

RCst'I-ness,  n.  State  of  being  rusty. 

ROs'tle  ( rus/l),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  hristlan,  to  rustle.  Cf.  RAT¬ 
TLE.]  To  make  a  quick  succession 
of  small  sounds,  like  the  rubbing  of 
silk  or  dry  leaves.  —  n.  A  noise  like 
the  rubbing  of  silk  ;  a  rustling. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  E,I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short ;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  veil,  term;  PIQUE,  firm;  SON, 


RUSTY 


SACRILEGIOUSNESS 


RusT'Y.a.  [-ER  ; -est,142.]  1.  Cov¬ 
ered  with  rust.  2.  Impaired  by  neg¬ 
lect  of  use.  3.  Covered  with  a  sub¬ 
stance  resembling  rust. 

ROt,  a.  [Lat.  rugitus,  a  roaring  ;  — 
from  the  noise  made  by  deer  in  rut¬ 
ting  time.]  Copulation  of  animals, 
esp.,  deer. — v.i.  [-ted;  -ting.] 
To  seek  copulation.  —  n.  [L.  Lat. 


373 

ruta,rutta.  See  Route.]  A  furrow 
or  track  worn  by  a  wheel. 
Ru'TA-BA'GA,  n.  A  variety  of  turnip. 
Ruth,  n.  [From  rue.]  Pity;  tender¬ 
ness. 

Ruth'less,  a.  Cruel ;  pitiless. 
Ruth'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  ruthless 
manner.  [passion. 

Ruth'less-ness,  n.  Want  of  com- 


Rut'ty,  a.  [From  rut.]  1.  Lustful 
2.  Full  of  ruts. 

Rye  (rl),  n.  [A.-S.  ryge,  rige,  Icel. 
rugr  ]  A  hardy  plant,  closely  allied 
to  wheat ;  also,  the  esculent  grain  or 
fruit  of  this  plant. 

Ry'ot,  n.  [Hind,  ra^iyat,  a  subject, 
tenant.]  A  peasant;  —  s®  called  ir. 
Hindostau. 


S(ess),  the  nineteenth  letter  of  the 
English  alphabet,  is  a  consonant, 
and  is  often  called  a  sibilant,  from 
its  hissing  sound.  See  Prin.  of 
Pron.,  §§  90-94. 

Sab'a-oth,  or  Sa-ba'oth,  n.  pi. 
[Heb.  sebaotk,  pi.  of  saba,  army.]  Ar¬ 
mies  ;  hosts  ;  as,  Lord  of  Sabaoth. 
Sab'ba-ta'ri-an,  n.  [From  Sabbath.] 
1.  One  who  regards  the  seventh  day 
of  the  week  as  holy.  2.  A  strict  ob¬ 
server  of  the  Sabbath. — a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  Sabbath,  or  to  the 
Sabbatarians. 

Sab'bath,  a.  [Heb.  shabbath,  from 
shabath,  to  rest  from  labor.]  1. 
Among  the  Jews,  the  seventh  or  last 
day  of  the  week  ;  among  Christians, 
the  first  day  of  the  week.  2.  The 
seventh  year,  observed  among  the 
Israelites  as  one  of  rest  and  festival. 


Svn.  —  Sunday.  —  Sabbath  is  not 
strictly  synonymous  with  Sunday.  Sab¬ 
bath  denotes  the  institution.  Sunday  is 
the  name  of  the  first  day  of  the  week. 
The  Sabbath  of  the  Jews  is  on  Saturday, 
and  the  Sabbath  of  the  Christians  on 
Sunday.  In  New  England,  the  first  day 
of  the  week  has  been  called  “  the  Sab¬ 
bath,”  to  mark  it  as  holy  time;  Sunday 
is  the  word  commonly  used  in  the 
southern  parts  of  our  country  and  in 
England. 

Sab'bath  -breaker,  n.  One  who 
profanes  the  Sabbath. 

Sab-bat'IU,  la.  Pertaining  to  the 

SaB-bat'I€-al,  )  Sabbath. 

SAB'BA-TIgM,  n.  [Gr.  aaf5(3aTi<ry.6s. 
See  Sabbath.]  Intermission  of  la¬ 
bor,  as  on  the  Sabbath. 

Sa'BER,  In.  [Hung,  szablya,  Cf.  L. 

Sa'bre,  )  Gr.  £a/3os,  crooked,  curved.] 
A  sword  with  a 


broad  and  heavy 


blade,  curved  to¬ 
ward  the  point. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed; 

-ing.]  To  strike,  cut,  or  kill  with  a 


Saber. 


saber. 


Sa'bi-an,  a.  Relating  to  the  worship 
of  the  heavenly  bodies.  —  n.  A  wor¬ 
shiper  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

Sa'bi-an-Ism,  n.  A  kind  of  idolatry 
which  consisted  in  worshiping  the 
sun,  moon,  and  stars. 

Sa'ble  (-bl),  n.  [Ger.  zobel ,  Russ. 
sobolj.]  1.  A  carnivorous  animal  of 
the  weazel  family.  2.  The  fur  of 
the  sable.  3.  (Her.)  Black;  —  rep¬ 
resented  by  vertical  and  horizontal 


lines  crossing.  —  a.  Of  the  color  of 
the  sable’s  fur ;  black. 

Sau,  n.  A  bag  or  receptacle  for  a 
liquid.  See  Sack. 

Sac-cade',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  0.  Fr.  saquer , 
sachier,  to  remove,  to  draw  out.]  A 
sudden  check  of  a  horse  by  twitching 
the  reins  with  a  sudden  pull. 

Sac'cha-rIf'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  sac- 
charum,  sugar,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.] 
Producing  sugar. 

Sac'uha-rine  (-rln  or  -rin),  a.  [Lat. 
saccharum,  sugar.]  Pertaining  to, 
or  having  the  qualities  of,  sugar. 

Sa€'€HA-roid,  a.  [Gr.  adug ap,  sugar, 
and  etfios,  form.]  Having  a  texture 
resembling  that  of  loaf-sugar. 

SXc'er-do'tal  (110),  a.  [Lat.  sacer- 
dolalis ,  fr.  saccrdos,  a  priest.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  priests ;  priestly. 

Sa'chem,  n.  Chief  of  a  tribe  of  Amer¬ 
ican  Indians  ;  a  sagamore. 

Sack,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  sacc,  sacc,  Gr. 
cra/cKo?.]  A  bag  for  holding  goods 
of  any  kind.  2.  [Gr.  crdyos,  a  coarse 
woolen  blanket,  — a  Celtic  word.]  A 
loosely  hanging  garment  for  men  or 
women.  3.  [Fr.  sec,  Lat.  siccus,  dry.] 
A  Spanish  wine ;  sherry.  4.  [From 
Lat.  saccus,  bag ;  orig.  booty  packed 
up.]  Plunder,  as  of  a  town  or  city  ; 
ravage. —  v.i.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
plunder  or  pillage,  as  a  town.  2.  To 
put  in  a  sack  ;  to  bag. 

Sack'age,  n.  Act  of  taking  by  storm 
and  pillaging. 

Sack'BUT,  n.  [Sp.  sacabuche,  fr.  sa- 
car,  to  draw,  and  buclie,  stomach, 
because  they  who  blow  this  instru¬ 
ment  draw  up  their  breath  with 
great  force,  as  it  were  from  the  stom¬ 
ach.]  A  brass  wind  instrument,  like 
a  trumpet. 

Sack'cloth,  n.  A  kind  of  coarse 
cloth.  [ders  a  town. 

SXck'er,  n.  One  who  sacks  or  plun- 

Sack'ful,  n.  As  much  as  a  sack 
will  hold. 

Sack'ing,  n.  1.  Cloth  of  which  sacks 
are  made.  2.  Canvas  fastened  to  a 
bedstead  for  supporting  the  bed. 

Sack'-pos'set,  n.  A  posset  made  of 
sack,  milk,  &c. 

SXu'ra-ment,  n.  [Lat.  sacramen- 
tum ,  an  oath,  a  mystery,  fr.  sqcer, 
sacred.]  A  solemn  religious  ordi¬ 
nance. 

Syn.  —  Eucharist.  —  Protestants  apply 


the  term  sacrament  to  baptism  and  the 
Lord’s  Supper,  especially  the  latter.  The 
Romish  and  Greek  churches  have  five 
other  sacraments,  viz.,  confirmation, 
penance,  holy  orders,  matrimony,  and 
extreme  unction.  As  sacrament  denotes 
an  oath  or  vow,  the  word  has  been  ap¬ 
plied  by  way  of  emphasis  to  the  Lord’s 
Supper,  where  the  most  sacred  vows  are 
renewed  by  the  Christian  in  commemo¬ 
rating  the  death  of  his  Redeemer.  Eu¬ 
charist  denotes  the  giving  of  thanks;  and 
this  term  also  has  been  applied  to  the 
same  ordinance,  as  expressing  the  grate¬ 
ful  remembrance  of  Christ’s  sufferings 
and  death. 

SXu'ra-mEnt'au,  a.  1.  Relating  to, 
or  constituting,  a  sacrament.  2. 
Bound  by  a  sacrament. 

Sae'ra-ment'al-ly,  adv.  After  the 
manner  of  a  sacrament. 

Sau'ra-ment'a-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  sacraments. 

Sa'ured,  a.  [Orig.  p.  p.  of  0.  Eng. 
sacre,  to  consecrate;  fr.  Lat.  sacer, 
sacred.]  1.  Set  apart  to  religious 
use.  2.  Relating  to  religion.  3.  En¬ 
titled  to  respect  or  veneration.  4. 
Not  to  be  profaned  or  violated. 

Syn.  —  Holy;  consecrated. 

Sa'cred-ly,  adv.  1.  Religiously.  2. 
Inviolably.  [of  being  sacred. 

Sa'cred-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 

Sau'ri-fice  (-fiz),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[From  the  n.]  1.  To  make  an  offer¬ 
ing  of  to  some  divinity.  2.  To 
destroy,  surrender,  or  suffer  to  be 
lost,  for  the  sake  of  obtaining 
something.  —  v.  i.  To  make  offer¬ 
ings  for  the  altar  to  God,  or  to  a 
deity.  —  n.  [Lat.  sarrifcium ,  from 
sacer,  sacred.]  1.  The  offering  of 
any  thing  to  God  or  to  a  god.  2. 
Any  thing  so  offered.  3.  Surrender 
of  any  thing  made  for  the  sake  of 
something  else ;  hence,  also,  the 
thing  surrendered. 

SXe'Rl-FIC'ER  (-liz/er),  n.  One  who 
sacrifices.  [to  sacrifice. 

SXu'ri-fi'CIAL  (-fTsh'al),  a.  Relating 

Sac'RI-LEGE ,  n.  [Lat.  sacrilegium, 
from  sacrilegus,  prop,  gathering  or 
picking  up  sacred  things.]  The 
crime  of  violating  or  profaning  sa¬ 
cred  things. 

SXu'ri-le'gioCs,  a.  Violating  sacred 
things  ;  profane  ;  impious,  [rilege. 

SXu'ri-le'gious-ly,  adv.  With  sac- 

SXg'ri-le'gioDs-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  sacrilegious. 


SACRILEGIST 

SXc'RI-LE'GIST,  n.  One  guilty  of  sac¬ 
rilege. 

SXc'ris-tan,  n.  [L.  Lat.  sacristatius, 
fr.  Lat.  sneer,  sacred.]  An  officer  of 
the  church  who  has  the  care  of  its 
utensils  or  movables  ;  a  sexton. 

SXc'RIS-TY,  n.  An  apartment  in  a 
church  where  the  sacred  utensils, 
vestments,  &c.,  are  kept ;  vestry. 

HlD,a.  [-der;  -DEST.]  [A.-S.  sad, 
satisfied,  sated,  weary,  sick.]  1. 
Grave  ;  dark  ;  —  said  of  colors.  2. 

•  Serious.  3.  Affected  with  grief.  4. 
Causing  sorrow.  5.  Naughty;  troub¬ 
lesome. 

Sad'den,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -TNG.]  To 
make  sad  or  sorrowful. 

SXd'dle  (-dl),  n.  [A.-S.  sadul,  sadl, 
fr.  the  root  of  Eng.  .s?L]  1.  A  seat 

for  a  horse's  back,  for  the  rider  to  sit 
on.  2.  Something  resembling  a  sad¬ 
dle  in  form,  use,  or  the  like.  — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To  put  a  saddle 
upon.  2.  To  burden  ;  to  encumber. 

SXd'dle-bXg.s,  n.  pi.  Bags,  united 
by  straps,  for  transportation  on 
horseback . 

Sad'dle-bow,  n.  The  bow  in  front 
of  a  saddle,  or  the  pieces  which  form 
the  front. 

SXd'dler,  n.  One  who  makes  saddles. 

SXd'dler-y,  n.  A  saddler’s  materials 
or  trade. 

Sad'dle-tree,  n.  The  frame  of  a 
saddle. 

Sad'du-^ee  (sad'yipsee),  n.  [From 
Saddle,  the  founder  of  the  sect.] 
One  of  a  sect  among  the  ancient 
Jews,  who  denied  the  resurrection. 

SXd'du-^ism,  n.  Tenets  of  the  Sad- 
ducees. 

SXd'-Pron  (-I'firn),  n.  A  flat  iron. 

SXd'ly,  adv.  Jn  a  sad  manner  ;  dark¬ 
ly  ;  gloomily ,  sorrowfully. 

SXd'ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be¬ 
ing  sad. 

Syn.  —  See  Grief. 

Safe ,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat.  sahrns.] 

1.  Free  from  harm  or  risk.  2.  Con¬ 
ferring  safety.  3.  In  secure  custody. 
—  n.  A  place  to  keep  things  safe. 

Safe'-con'DUOT,  n.  That  which 
gives  a  safe  passage,  as  a  convoy  or 
pass. 

Safe'guard,  n.  That  which  defends 
or  protects,  as  a  guard  or  a  passport. 

Safe'-keep'ing,  n.  Preservation 

from  injury  or  from  escape. 

Safe'ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  safe  manner. 

2.  Without  injury. 

Safe'ness,  n.  Condition  or  quality 
of  being  safe  ;  safety. 

Safe'ty,  n.  1.  Exemption  from  hurt, 
injury,  or  loss.  2.  Quality  of  mak¬ 
ing  safe  or  secure.  3.  Close  custody. 

Safe'ty-l  amp,  n.  A  lamp  surround¬ 
ed  with  a  wire  gauze,  to  give  light  in 
mines,  without  danger. 

Gafe'ty-vXlve,  n.  A  valve  by  which 
a  steam-boiler  is  preserved  from 
bursting. 

SXf'flow-er,  n.  [From  saffron  and 
flower.]  A  plant,  the  flowers  of 
which  are  used  as  a  dye-stuff. 

SXf'fron,  n.  [&r.  &  Per.  zafaran.] 


374 

A  bulbous  plant,  having  yellow  flow¬ 
ers. —  a.  Deep  yellow. 

SXg,  v.  i.  [-GED  ;  -ging.]  [Cf.  Sine 
and  Swag.]  To  bend  under  weight ; 
to  give  way  ;  to  yield. 

Sa'ga,  7i.  [See  Say.]  A  northern 
European  popular  tale  of  olden  time. 

SA-GA 'CIOUS.  a.  [Lat.  sagax,  saga- 
cis.]  Of  keen  penetration  and  judg¬ 
ment. 

Syn.  — See  Shrewd. 

Sa-ga'cioCs-ly,  adv.  In  a  sagacious 
manner. 

Sa-ga'cioijs-ness,  n.  Sagacity. 

Sa-gXc'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being  sa¬ 
gacious. 

Syn.  —  Penetration.  —  Penetration 
enables  us  to  enter  into  the  depths  of  an 
abstruse  subject,  to  detect  motives, 
plans,  &c.  Sagacity  adds  to  penetration 
a  keen,  practical  judgment,  which  ena¬ 
bles  one  to  guard  against  the  designs  of 
others,  and  to  turn  every  thing  to  the 
best  possible  advantage. 

SXg'a-m5re,  7i.  [Cf.  Sachem.]  The 
head  of  a  tribe,  among  the  Ameri¬ 
can  Indians. 

Sage,  n.  [Lat.  salvia,  fr.  salvare,  to 
save.]  1.  A  savory  plant.  2.  A  wise 
man.  —  a.  [-ee;-est.]  [FromLat. 
sapere ,  to  be  wise.]  1.  Having  nice 
discernment  and  powers  of  judging. 

2.  Proceeding  from  wisdom. 

SAGE'LY,  adv.  In  a  sage  manner. 

Sage'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  sage. 

SXg'it-tal,  a.  [Lat.  sagitta,  an  ar¬ 
row.]  Relating  to,  or  like,  an  arrow. 

Sag' it-ta' ri-vs,  n.  [Lat.,  an 
archer;  sagitta,  an  arrow.]  One  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 

SXg'it-ta-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  an  arrow,  [arrow-head. 

SXg'it-tate,  a.  •  Shaped  like  an 

Sa'GO,  n.  [Malay.  &  Javanese  setgu.] 
A  granulated  starch,  prepared  from 
the  pith  of  certain  palms. 

Said  (sed),  a.  Before  mentioned  ;  — 
used  chiefly  in  legal  style. 

Sail,  n.  [A.-S.  segel ,  segl.]  1.  A 
sheet  of  canvas,  spread  to  the  wind, 
to  assist  the  progress  of  a  vessel.  2. 
(pi.  SAIL.)  A  sailing  vessel ;  a  craft. 

3.  An  excursion  on  the  water.  — v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  move  with  sails, 
as  a  ship.  2.  To  be  conveyed  in  a 
vessel.  3.  To  begin  a  voyage.  4.  To 
move  smoothly  through  the  air.  — v. 
t.  1.  To  move  upon  in  a  ship  with 
sails.  2.  To  direct  the  motion  of,  as 
a  vessel. 

Sail'a-ble,  a.  Admitting  of  being 
passed  by  ships  ;  navigable. 

Sail'-gloth,  n.  Canvas  for  sails. 

Sail'er,  7i.  A  ship  or  other  vessel. 

Sail'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  a  person  or 
thing  that  sails.  2.  Navigation. 

Satl'-l6ft,  n.  A  loft  where  sails  are 
made.  [sels. 

SAIL'OR,  7i.  One  who  navigates  ves- 

Syn.  —  Mariner;  seaman. 

Sail'-yard,  n.  The  yard  or  spar  on 
which  sails  are  extended. 

SAIN'FOIN,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  sain,  whole¬ 
some,  and  fain,  hay.]  A  kind  of 
leguminous  plant. 

Saint  [Fr.  saint ,  Lat.  sanctus, 


SALIFY 

sacred.]  1.  A  holy  or  godly  person. 
2.  One  of  the  blessed  in  heaven.  3. 
One  canonized  by  the  church. 

Saint  Vitus's  dance,  a  disease  affecting 
the  voluntary  muscles  with  constant, 
irregular  movements. 

—  v.  t.  [-E d  ;  -ING.]  To  make  a 
saint  of ;  to  canonize. 

Saint'ed,  a.  Sacred;  holy;  pious. 

Saint'ly,  a.  [-er;  -EST,  142.]  Like, 
or  becoming,  a  saint. 

Saint'skip,  n.  Character  or  quali¬ 
ties  of  a  saint. 

Sake,  n.  [A.-S.  sacii ,  sac,  strife,  suit 
at  law,  fr..  saca7i ,  to  contend,  accuse, 
allied  to  seek. ]  Final  cause;  pur¬ 

pose  ;  account ;  regard. 

Sal,  77.  [Lat.  See  Salt.]  Salt;  — 
a  word  used  in  chemistry,  &c. 

Sal'a-ble,  a.  [From  sale.]  Capable 
of  being  sold  ;  finding  a  ready  mar¬ 
ket.  [salable. 

Sal'a-ble-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Sa-la'cious,  a.  [Lat.  salnx,  salads, 
from  salire,  to  leap.]  Lustful ;  lech¬ 
erous. 

Sa-lXc'i-ty.  n.  Lecherousness. 

SXl'ad,  7i.  [From  Lat.  sal,  salis,  salt.] 
Uncooked  herbs,  dressed  with  salt, 
vinegar,  or  oil,  and  eaten  as  a  relish. 

Sa-laM',  7i.  [Ar.  salam,  peace,  safe¬ 
ty.]  A  salutation  of  ceremony  or  re¬ 
spect  in  the  East. 

SXl'A-mXn'DER  (110),  n.  [Gr.  aaka- 
fj-auSpa,  Skr.  salamandala.]  A  genus 
of  reptiles  allied  both  to  the  lizards 
and  frogs. 

The  belief  that  the  salamander  is 
able  to  endure  fire,  is  a  mistake. 

SXl'a-mXn'drine,  a.  Resembling  a 
salamander ;  enduring  fire. 

SXl'a-ry,  n.  [Lat.  snlarhnn ,  orig. 
salt  money,  from  sal,  salt.]  Recom¬ 
pense  stipulated  to  be  paid  to  a  per¬ 
son  for  services.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING, 
142.]  To  pay  a  salary  to  one. 

Sale,  n.  [A.-S.  sellan,  to  sell.]  1.  Act 
of  selling  ;  transfer  of  property  for  a 
price  in  money.  2.  Demand ;  mar¬ 
ket. 

Syn.— Sales  by  auction;  sales  at  auc¬ 
tion. —  In  America  tire  more  prevalent 
expression  has  been  “  sales  at  auction,” 
as  if  referring  to  the  place  where  they  are 
made.  In  England  the  form  has  always 
been  “  sales  by  auction.” 

SXl'e-RA'tus,  n.  [N.  Lat.  sal  acra- 
tus,  lit.  aerated  salt.]  A  bi-carbonate 
of  potash,  used  in  cookery. 

Sales'man  (150),  n.  One  who  sells 
goods  or  merchandise. 

Sale'work  (-wurk),  n.  Work  or 
things  made  for  sttle. 

SXl'I€,  a.  [From  the  Salian  Franks.] 
Designating  a  law  by  which  males 
only  can  inherit  the  throne. 

Sa'li-ent,  a.  [Lat.  salitns,  leaping.] 
1.  Moving  by  leaps.  2.  Shooting  out 
or  up.  3.  Prominent ;  conspicuous. 

4.  Projecting  outwardly ,  as  an  angle. 

Sa-L1F'er-o0s,  a.  [Lat.  sal,  salt,  and 
ferre,  to  bear.]  Producing  salt. 

SXl'I-fPa-ble,  a.  Capable  of  com¬ 
bining  with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt. 

SX  LG-FI-GA'TION,  n-  Act  of  salifying. 

SXl'1-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  E,I,  6,  0,  5,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VglL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


SALINE 

sal ,  salt,  and  facere,  to  make.]  To 
form  into  a  salt,  as  a  base,  by  com¬ 
bining  it  with  an  acid. 

Sa-line',  or  Sa'lIne,  a.  [Lat.  sali- 
nus ;  sal ,  salt.]  1.  Consisting  of,  or 
containing,  salt.  2.  Partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  salt.  — n.  A  salt  spring. 

Sa-lI'VA,  n.  [Lat.]  The  liquid  secreted 
in  the  mouth  ;  spittle. 

Ea-li'val,  [  a.  Pertaining  to  sali- 

SXl'i-va-ry,  )  va;  secreting  or  con¬ 
veying  saliva. 

SXl'i-vate,  v.  t.  [-ed ;  -ING.]  To 
produce  an  abnormal  secretion  of 
saliva,  as  by  the  use  of  mercury. 

SXl'I-va'tion,  n.  A  continued  un¬ 
natural  flow  of  saliva. 

SXl'LOW,  n.  [A.-S.  salig,  sealh.]  A 
tree  or  low  shrub  of  the  willow  kind. 

—  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  salu,  0. 

II.  Ger.  safo.]  Of  a  pale,  sickly,  yel¬ 
lowish  color.  [paleness. 

Sal'low-ness,  n.  A  sickly  yellowish 

SXl'LY,  v.  i.  [-ED; -ING,  142.]  [From 
Lat.  sal, ire,  to  leap.]  To  rush  out ; 
to  issue  suddenly,  as  troops.  —  n.  1. 
A  leaping  forth.  2.  An  issuing  of 
troops  from  a  place  besieged  to  attack 
the  besiegers.  3.  Digression  ;  devia¬ 
tion.  4.  A  flight  of  faucy,  liveliness, 
or  wit,  &c.  5.  Frolic  ;  escapade. 

SXl'ly-PORT,  n.  A  postern  gate,  or 
a  passage  under  ground,  to  afford 
free  egress  for  troops. 

SXl'ma-gun'di,  n.  [From  Lat.  sal- 
gama  condita ,  lit.  preserved  pickles  ; 
or  fr.  the  Countess  Salmagondi,  who 
invented  it.]  1.  A  mixture  of  chopped 
meat  and  pickled  herring  with  oil, 
vinegar,  pepper,  &c.  2.  A  medley. 

SXLM'ON  (sam'un),  n.  [Lat.  salmo, 
salmon  is.]  A  fish  of  a  yellowish-red 
color,  of  northern  climates. 

SXlm'on-trout  (sXnPun-),  n.  A 
small  fish  resembling  the  common 
salmon. 

Salon  (sa/long,),a.  [Fr.]  An  apart¬ 
ment  for  company ;  hence,  in  the 
plural,  fashionable  parties. 

Sa-LOON',  n.  [Fr.  salon,  fr.  0.  II.  Ger. 
sal,  house,  hall.]  A  spacious  and 
elegant  apartment  for  company,  or 
for  works  of  art ;  —  applied  also  to 
apartments  for  specific  public  uses. 

SAl'si-fy,  n.  [Fr.  salsifis.]  A  plant 
having  a  long,  tapering  root,  like  the 
parsnip.  [soda 

SXl'-so'da,  n.  Impure  carbonate  of 

Salt  (8),  n.  [A.-S.  sealt,  salt,  Lat.  sal, 
Gr.  aA<r .]  1.  Chloride  of  sodium ,  a 
substance  used  for  seasoning  food, 
&c.  2.  Flavor ;  taste ;  seasoning.  3. 
Piquancy ;  wit.  4.  A  salt-cellar.  5. 
A  sailor.  [Colloq.]  6.  ( diem .)  A 
combination  of  an  acid  with  a  base. 

—  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  Prepared  with, 
or  tasting  of,  salt. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  sprinkle,  impregnate,  or 
season  with  salt. 

SXl'TANT,  a.  [Lat.  saltans ,  dancing, 
fr.  satire,  to  leap.]  Leaping ;  dancing. 

SAL-TA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  saltatio.]  1. 
A  leaping  or  jumping.  2.  Palpitation. 

SXl'ta-to-ry  (50),  a.  Leaping  or 
dancing  ;  used  in  leaping  or  dancing. 


375 

Salt'-^El'lar,  n.  A  small  dish  for 
salt  at  table.  [made. 

Sa  lt'ern,  n.  A  place  where  salt  is 

SX.L'TIER,  n.  A  St.  Andrew’s  cross, 
or  cross  in  the  form  of  an  X. 

SXl'ti-grade,  a.  [Lat.  saltus,  a 
leap,  and  gradi,  to  walk.]  Having 
legs  formed  for  leaping. 

Sai.t'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  salt. 

Salt'-jDnk,  n.  Hard  salt  beef  for 
use  at  sea. 

Salt'ness,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
salt.  2.  Taste  of  salt. 

Salt-pe'ter,  )  n.  [N.  Lat.  sal  pe.trx, 

Salt-pe'tre,  (  i.  e.,  rock-salt,  be¬ 
cause  it  exudes  from  rocks  or  walls.] 
Nitrate  of  potassa  ;  —  called  also 
niter. 

Salt'-rheum  (-njm),  n.  A  kind  of 
herpes,  or  skin  disease; — a  vague 
popular  name. 

Sa-lu'bri-oCs,  a.  [Lat.  salubris ,  or 
saluber ,  fr.  sains,  health.]  Favorable 
to,  or  promoting,  health. 

SA-lu'bri-ty,  n.  Wholesomeness  ; 
healthfulness.  [being  salutary. 

SXl'u-ta-ri-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

SXl'u-ta-ry,  a.  [Lat.  salutaris,  fr. 
sains,  health,  safety.]  1.  Promoting 
health.  2.  Contributing  to  some 
beneficial  purpose. 

SXl'u-ta'tion,  7i.  1.  Act  of  saluting 
or  greeting.  2.  That  which  is  ut¬ 
tered  in  saluting  or  greeting. 

Syn.  —  Greeting;  salute.  —  A  greeting 
usually  denotes  some  warm  expression 
of  feeling  when  one  meets  another.  Sal¬ 
utation  and  salute  signify  literally  a 
wishing  of  health.  Salutation,  however, 
is  the  act  of  the  person  saluting,  while 
salute  is  the  thing  given;  that  is,  the 
thing  received  by  the  person  addressed- 

Sa-lu'ta-to'ri-an,  n.  A  student  of 
a  college  who  pronounces  a  saluta¬ 
tory  oration.  [A??ier.] 

Sa-lu'ta-to-RY  (50),  a.  Containing 
salutations  ;  speaking  a  welcome.  — 
n.  The  opening  oration  at  the  com¬ 
mencement  of  a  college.  [Amer.] 

Sa-lute f,v.t.  [-ed;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 
saluta.re,  from  sains,  health,  safety.] 
1.  To  address  with  expressions  of 
kind  wishes.  2.  To  greet  with  a  kiss, 
or  with  a  wave  of  the  hand.  3.  To 
honor,  as  some  person  or  nation,  by 
a  discharge  of  cannon,  or  by  striking 
colors,  &c.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  saluting  ; 
salutation  ;  greeting.  2.  A  kiss.  3. 
A  discharge  of  cannon,  or  a  lowering 
of  colors,  in  honor  of  some  person  or 
occasion. 

Sal'va-ble,  a.  [Lat.  salvare,  to  save, 
from  salvus,  safe.]  Capable  of  being 
saved. 

SXl'vage,  n.  [From  Lat.  salvare,  to 
save.]  1.  Compensation  allowed  to 
persons  who  voluntarily  assist  in 
saving  a  ship  or  her  cargo.  2.  Prop¬ 
erty  thus  saved. 

Sal-VA'tion  (110),  n.  1.  Act  of  sav¬ 
ing  ;  preservation.  2.  (Theol.)  Re¬ 
demption  of  man  from  sin  and  eter¬ 
nal  death. 

Sal'va-to-ry,  n.  A  place  where 
things  are  preserved. 

I  Salve  (sav),  n.  [A.-S.  seal f,  O.  II. 


SANCTION 

Ger.  salt  a.]  An  adhesive  composi¬ 
tion  to  be  applied  to  sores.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  apply  salve  to. 

SXl'ver,  7i.  [Lat.  salvare,  to  save.] 
A  waiter  on  which  any  thing  is  pre¬ 
sented. 

SXl'vo,  71. ;  pi.  sal' vos.  [Lat.  salvo 
jure,  an  expression  used  in  reserving 
rights.]  1.  An  exception;  reserva¬ 
tion  2.  A  discharge  of  fire-arms 
not  intended  for  a  salute. 

SXm'bo,  n. ;  pi.  sXm'bos.  Offspring 
of  a  black  person  and  a  mulatto. 

SAME,  a.  [A.-S.]  1.  Identical.  2. 

Of  like  kind ;  corresponding ;  simi¬ 
lar.  3.  Just,  or  just  about  to  be, 
mentioned. 

Same'ness,  n.  1.  State  of  being  the 
same ;  identity  ;  similarity.  2.  Tedi¬ 
ous  monotony. 

SX'MI-EL,  n.  [Turk,  sam-yeli,  from 
Ar.  samm ,  poison,  and  Turk,  yel, 
wind.]  A  hot  and  destructive  wind 
in  Arabia,  from  the  desert ;  the  si¬ 
moom. 

SXmp,  n.  [Mass.  Ind.  sapac,  satipac, 
made  soft  or  thinned.]  Maize  broken 
and  cooked  by  boiling. 

SXm'phire  (sam'tlr  or  sam'fur),  n. 
[Fr.  l’herbe  de  Saint  Pierre ,  fr.  which 
the  English  word  is  corrupted.]  A 
fleshy  herb  which  grows  on  rocks 
near  the  sea-shore. 

SXm'ple,  n.  [See  Example.]  A  part 
shown  as  evidence  of  the  quality  of 
the  whole.  [work  patterns- 

SXm'pler,  n.  A  collection  of  ueedle- 

SXn'A-ble,  a.  [Lat.  sanabilis ,  from 
sanare,  to  make  sound,  to  heal.]  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  cured. 

San'a-tive,  a.  [Lat.  sanare,  to  heal.] 
Having  the  power  to  cure  or  heal ; 
curative. 

SXn'a-to-ry,  a.  Conducive  to  health  ; 
healing ;  curative. 

SXne'ti-fi-ea'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
sanctifying ;  state  of  being  sancti¬ 
fied.  2.  ^onset-ration. 

SXng'ti-fPer,  n.  One  who  sancti¬ 
fies  ;  specifically ,  the  Holy  Spirit. 

SXN€'T1-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  sanctificare,  fr.  sanctus ,  holy, 
and  facere ,  to  make.]  1.  To  make 
sacred  ;  to  hallow.  2.  To  make  holy 
or  free  from  sin.  3.  To  secure  from 
violation  ;  to  give  sanction  to. 

SXng'ti-mS'ni-ous,  a.  Making  a 
show  of  sanctity  ;  hypocritically  de¬ 
vout. 

SXn€/ti-mo'ni-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a 
sanctimonious  manner. 

iiXNe'Tl-MO'Ni-otTS-NESS,  n.  State 
of  being  sanctimonious. 

SXne'ti-mo-ny  (50),  a.  [Lat.  sancti- 
monia  ;  sanctus,  holy.]  Artificial 
saintliness  ;  hypocritical  devoutness. 

SXne'tion,  n.  [Lat.  sanctio,  fr.  san- 
cire,  sanctum ,  to  render  sacred,  to 
fix  unalterably.]  1.  Ceremonious 
ratification.  2.  Any  thing  done  or 
said  to  enforce  the  will  or  authority 
of  another. 

S yn.  —  Ratification ;  authority. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  :  -ING.]  To  give  va¬ 
lidity  or  authority  to. 

G,  hard;  A$  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO.  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Crn,  rue,  pull;  E,I,  o,  silent ;  G,  soft ;  €, 


Sandals. 


SANCTITY 

SXne'ti-ty,  n.  [Lat-  sanctitas,  from 
sanctus,  holy.]  1.  State  or  quality 
of  being  sacred.  2.  Religious  bind¬ 
ing  force. 

SXnct'u-a-ry,  n.  [Lat.  sanc.tuarium , 
from  sanctus,  sacred.]  1.  A  sacred 
place.  2.  A  place  of  refuge  and  pro¬ 
tection  ;  shelter. 

SXnc'TUM,  n.  [Lat.,  p.  p.  of  sancire , 
to  consecrate.]  A  sacred  place; 
hence,  a  retreat  for  privacy. 

Sand,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Fine  particles  of 
stone.  2.  pi.  Tracts  of  land  consist¬ 
ing  of  sand.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
To  sprinkle  with  sand. 

San'dal,  n.  [Gr. 
cdvSadov,  dim. 
cai'^dAioi'.]  1.  A 
kind  of  shoe  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  sole  fast¬ 
ened  to  the  foot.  2. 

An  overshoe  with 
parallel  openings  across  the  instep. 

San'dal-wood,  n.  [Ar.  sandal,  san- 
adil,  fr.  Skr.  tshandana.]  The  yel¬ 
low  fragrant  wood  of  an  Eastern 
tree. 

SXn'da-rXc,  1  n.  [Lat.  sandaracha , 

SXN'DA-rXch,  )  Gr.  a-av8apd\r].]  1. 
A  kind  of  resin.  2.  Realgar. 

SXnd'I-ness,  n.  State  of  being  sandy. 

San'di-ver,  n.  [Corrupted  fr.  Fr.  sel 
de  verre,  salt  of  glass.]  A  whitish 
scum,  from  melted  glass. 

Sand'-pa'per,  n  Paper  covered  on 
one  side  with  a  fine  gritty  substance. 

SXnd'stone,  n.  A  rock  made  of 
sand  more  or  less  firmly  united. 

Sand'wich,  n.  Two  pieces  of  bread 
and  butter,  with  a  thin  slice  of  meat 
between  them; — a  favorite  dish  of 
the  earl  of  Sandwich.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  into  a  sandwich  ; 
to  form  of  alternating  layers  of  dif¬ 
ferent  nature. 

Sand'y,  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or  like, 
sand  ;  full  of  sand.  2.  Of  a  yellow¬ 
ish  red  color  like  sand. 

Sane,  a.  [Lat.  sanus.}  In  one’s  right 
mind  ;  of  sound  reason. 

Sang,  imp.  of  Sing. 

San'ga-ree',  n.  [Sp.  sangria,  from 
sangre ,  Lat.  sanguis ,  blood.]  Wine 
and  water  sweetened  and  spiced. 

Sang-froid  (song-frwaQ,  n.  [Fr., 
cold-blood.]  Freedom  from  agitation 
of  mind ;  coolness. 

S A N-GUIF'E R-O us ,  a.  [Lat.  sanguis, 
blood,  and  ferre ,  to  bear.]  Conveying 
blood. 

SXn'gui-fi-ca'tion,  n.  Conversion 
of  the  products  of  digestion  into 
blood. 

San'gui-FY,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  sanguis,  blood,  and  facere,  to 
make.]  To  produce  blood. 

SXn'gui-na-ry,  a.  [Lat.  sanguina- 
rius,  fr.  sanguis,  blood.]  1.  Attended 
with  much  bloodshed.  2.  Eager  to 
shed  blood. 

SXN'GUINE,  a.  [Lat.  sanguineus,  fr. 
sanguis,  blood.]  1.  Having  the  color 
of  blood.  2.  Having  abundance  and 
active  circulation  of  blood.  3.  Warm  ; 
ardent.  4.  Full  of  hope  ;  confident. 


376 

SXn'guIne-ly,  adv.  In  a  sanguine 
manner. 

SXn'guine-ness  (109),  n.  Condition 
or  quality  of  being  sanguine. 

San-guin'e-ous,  a.  1.  Relating  to, 
or  abounding  with,  blood  ;  sanguine. 
2.  Blood-red  ;  crimson. 

SXn'HE-drim,  n.  [Heb.  sanhedrin, 
fr.  Gr.  aaveSpiov,  from  <rxiv,  with,  to¬ 
gether,  and  e8pa,  a  seat.]  The  great 
council  of  the  Jews,  which  had  juris¬ 
diction  of  religious  matters. 

SAfNl-Eg,  n.  [Lat.]  A  thin,  serous 
fluid  at  the  surface  of  ulcers. 

Sa'NI-ous,«.  1.  Thin  and  serous.  2.  Ef¬ 
fusing  a  thin,  serous,  reddish  matter. 

SXn'I-ta-ry,  a.  [Lat.  sanitas,  health.] 
Pertaining  to,  or  designed  to  secure, 
health ;  hygienic. 

SXn'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  sanitas ,  fr.  sanus, 
sound.]  Quality  of  being  sane  ; 
soundness  of  mind. 

SXnk,  imp.  of  Sink. 

SXn'scrtt,  n.  Same  as  Sanskrit. 

Sans-oudotte  (songdui-lot'),  n. 
[Fr.,  without  breeches.]  A  ragged 
fellow ;  —  a  name  of  reproach  given 
in  the  first  Fr.  revolution  to  a  mem¬ 
ber  of  the  extreme  republican  party . 

SXn'SKRIT,  n.  [Skr.  sanskrila,  lit. 
perfect,  polished,  or  classical.]  The 
ancient  language  of  the  Hindoos. 

Sap,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  sap.]  Juice  of  plants 
of  any  kind.  2.  An  approach  made 
to  a  fortified  place  by  secret  digging. 
—  v.t.  [-ped;  -ping.]  [Fr.  super.] 
To  mine ;  to  undermine.  —  v.  i.  To 
proceed  by  secretly  undermining. 

SXp'id,  a.  [Lat.  sapid  us ,  fr.  sapere, 
to  taste.]  Having  a  relish  ;  savory. 

Sa-pId'I-TY,  (  n.  Quality  of  being 

SXp'id-ness,  )  sapid;  savoriness. 

Sa'pi-ence,  n.  Wisdom  ;  sageness. 

Sa'pi-ent,  a.  [Lat.  sapiens,  tasting, 
knowing.]  1.  Having  wisdom  ;  sage. 
2.  Would-be  wise. 

SXp'less,  a.  Destitute  of  sap  ;  not 
juicy.  [tree. 

Sap'ling,  m.  [From  sap.]  A  young 

SXp'o-na'ceoOs,  a.  [Lat.  sapo,sap- 
onis,  soap.]  Having  the  quality  of 
soap  ;  soapy.  [into  soap. 

SA-PON/I-Fl-E  ACTION,  n.  Conversion 

Sa-pon'i-fy,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  sapo,  saponis,  soap,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  To  convert  into  soap. 

SA'POlt,  n.  [Lat.]  Taste  ;  savor. 

SXp/o-RlF,l€!,  a.  [Lat.  sapor,  taste, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  Having  the 
power  to  produce  taste. 

SXp'o-Roiis,  a.  [Lat.  saporus, fr.  sapor , 
taste.]  Yielding  some  kind  of  taste. 

SXp'per,  n.  One  who  saps,  or  is  em¬ 
ployed  in  working  at  saps. 

SXp'PHIE  (safdk),  a.  1.  Pertainingto 
Sappho,  a  Grecian  poetess.  2.  In  the 
manner  of  Sappho ;  —  denoting  a  cer¬ 
tain  kind  of  verse. 

SXp'phire  (safilr  or  safiur),  n.  [Lat. 
sapphirus ,  Ar.  so. fir.}  A  precious 
stone  (usually  blue)  used  in  jewelry. 

Sap'phir-Ine  (sSfiur-),  a.  Made  of 
sapphire,  or  like  it. 

SXp'pi-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  full  of  sap. 


SATCHEL 

SXp'py,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  1. 

Abounding  with  sap  ;  juicy  ;  succu¬ 
lent.  2.  Hence,  joung;  weak.  3. 
Weak  in  intellect. 

SXp'sa-go,  n.  [Ger.  schahzieger ,  fr. 
shaben,  to  shave,  to  scrape,  and  zie- 
ger,  a  sort  of  whey.]  A  kind  of 
cheese,  made  in  Switzerland. 

SXp'-wood,  n.  Exterior  part  of  tho 
wood  of  a  tree,  next  to  the  bark. 

SXr'a-bXnd,  n.  [Per.  serbend ,  a  kind 
of  song.]  A  grave  Spanish  dance. 

SXr'a-<(:en,  n.  [From  Ar.  sharki,  pi. 
sharkiin.  oriental,  eastern,  fr.  shar- 
aka,  to  rise.]  An  Arabian  ;  a  Mus¬ 
sulman.  [Saracens. 

Sar'a-^en'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

SaR'EASM,  n.  [Gr.  aapKaapos ,  fr.  crap- 
k6.^clv,  to  bite  the  lips  in  rage,  to 
sneer.]  A  satirical  remark  uttered 
with  scorn  or  contempt. 

SAR-EXs'TlE,  a.  Bitterly  satirical ; 
taunting.  [castic  manner. 

Sar-eXs'TIE-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  sar- 

Saroe'net,  n.  [Cloth  made  by  Sar¬ 
acens.]  A  fine,  thin,  woven  silk. 

Sar-EOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  c mp£,  crap/co?, 
flesh,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  That 
part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the 
soft  parts  of  the  body.  [flesh. 

Sar-eopii'a-goDs,  a.  Feeding  on 

SAR-EOPH'A-GUS,  n.  [Gr.  aapKo^d- 
yos,  eating  flesh.]  1.  A  kind  of  lime¬ 
stone  ;  —  so  called  by  the  Greeks,  be¬ 
cause  it  quickly  consumed  bodies  de¬ 
posited  in  it.  2.  A  stone  coffin. 

Sar-eoph'a-gy,  n.  Practice  of  eat¬ 
ing  flesh. 

Sar'dine,  n.  [So  called  from  the  isl¬ 
and  of  Sardinia.]  A  Mediterranean 
fish,  of  the  herring  family. 

Sar-don'ie,  ft..  [Gr.  a-apSouios,  from 
crapSoinov ,  a  plant  of  Sardinia ,  which 
was  said  to  screw  up  the  face  of  the 
eater.]  Forced,  heartless,  or  bitter  ; 
—  said  of  a  laugh  or  smile. 

Sar'DO-NYX,  n.  [Gr.  crapSovv^,  from 
2ap5 toy,  Sardian,  or  2ap8tpas,  Sar¬ 
dinian,  and  ori>£,  a  nail,  a  veined 
gem.]  A  reddish-yellow  gem,  nearly 
allied  to  onyx. 

Sar-gXs'so,  n.  [Sp.  sargazo,  sea¬ 
weed.]  The  floating  sea-weed  of  the 
North  Atlantic. 

Sar^a-pa-ril'la,  n.  [Sp.  zarzapar- 
rilla ,  from  zarza,  a  bramble,  and 
parrilla,  a  vine.]  A  Mexican  plant, 
whose  root  is  valued  in  medicine. 

SXsh,  n.  1.  An  ornamental  belt.  2. 
[L.  Lat.  cacia.  fr.  Lat.  capsa,  a  chest, 
box.]  The  frame  of  a  window. 

SXs'sa-frXs,  n.  [Lat.  saxifraga  (sc. 
herba) ;  saxum,  rock,  stone,  and 
fr  anger  e,  to  break.]  An  aromatic 
tree  of  the  laurel  family. 

Sat,  imp.  of  Sit. 

SA'tan,  n.  [Heb.  satan,  an  adversa¬ 
ry,  from  s&tan,  to  be  adverse.]  Tho 
grand  adversary  of  man  ;  the  devil. 

Sa-tan'ie,  la.  Having  the  qua  li- 


Sa  tXn'ie-al,  )  ties  of  Satan;  dev¬ 
ilish  ;  infernal. 

Sa-tan'ie-al-ly,  adv.  Diabolically. 
SXtch'ek,  n.  [Lat.  sacellus,  dim.  of 
sacchus,  sack.]  A  little  sack  or  bag 


A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  y,  long ;  X,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  tIbm;  pique,  firm  ;  son, 


SATE 


SAWYER 


Sate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  H.  Ger. 
salient,  sattbn,  to  satiate,  fr.  A.-S. 
sad,  sated.]  To  satisfy  the  desire  of. 

Sate  (sat),  old  imp.  of  Sit. 

Sate'less,  a.  Insatiable. 

Sat'el-LITE,  n.  [Lat.  satelles ,  satel- 
litis.]  1.  A  small  planet  revolving 
round  another ;  a  moon.  2.  An 
obsequious  follower. 

Sat'el-lPtious  (-lish'us),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  consisting  of,  satellites. 

Sa'ti-ate  (-stn-,95),  ti.  l.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  satiare ,  - alum ,  from  sat,  satis, 
enough  ]  1.  To  feed  to  the  full.  2. 
To  fill  to  repletion  or  loathing. 

Syn.  —  To  satisfy;  content.  —  These 
words  differ  principally  in  degree.  To 
content  is  to  make  contented,  even 
though  every  desire  is  not  gratified.  To 
satisfy  is  to  appease  fully  the  longings 
of  desire.  To  satiate  is  to  fill  so  com¬ 
pletely  that  it  is  not  possible  to  receive 
or  enjoy  more. 

Sa/ti-a'tion  (-slii-),  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  satiated. 

Sa-tPe-ty,  n.  [Lat.  sat  i  etas  ;  sat, 
satis ,  enough.]  State  of  being  sati¬ 
ated  ;  fullness  of  gratification  even 
beyond  desire. 

Sat'in,  n.  [From  L.  Lat.  seta,  silk, 
orig.  seta  serica,  i.  e.,  silk-hair.]  A 
kind  of  glossy  silk  cloth. 

Sat'I-NET'  (110),  n.  A  certain  kind 
of  cloth  made  of  cotton  warp  and 
woolen  filling.  [satin. 

Sat'in-y,  a.  Like,  or  composed  of, 

SAT'IRE  (in  Eng.  often  pron.  sat'ur), 
n.  [Lat.  satira,  satura,  fr.  satura,  (sc. 
lanx),  a  medley,  fr.  satur,  full  of 
food  ]  1.  An  invective  poem.  2. 

Keenness  and  severi  ty  of  remark. 

Syn.  —  See  Lampoon. 

Sa-tIr'ig,  ( a.  1.  Belonging  to, 

Sa-tir'ig-al,  )  or  conveying,  satire. 
2.  Severe  in  language.  [manner. 

Sa-tIr'IG-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  satirical 

Sat'IR-Ist,  n.  One  who  writes  satire. 

SAT'IR-iZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
censure  with  keenness  or  severity. 

Sat'is-fag'tion,  n.  [Lat.  salisfac- 
tio.]  1.  Act  of  satisfying,  or  state 
of  being  satisfied.  2.  Settlement  of 
a  claim,  due,  or  demand,  &c.  3. 
That  which  satisfies. 

f'XT'IS-FAG'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  sat¬ 
isfactory  manner. 

Sat  is-fag'to-ri-ness,  n.  Quality 
or  condition  of  being  satisfactory. 

SXt'IS-FA€'TO-RY,  a.  1.  Giving  sat¬ 
isfaction.  2.  Making  amends  or 
recompense. 

SXt'is-fy,v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
satisfacere ,  fr.  sal,  satis,  enough, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  1.  To  gratify 
fully  the  desire  of.  2.  To  comply 
with  the  rightful  demands  of.  3.  To 
give  assurance  to. 

Syn. —  See  Satiate. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  give  content.  2.  To  sup¬ 
ply  to  the  full.  3.  To  make  payment. 

SA'TRAP,  or  SXt'RAP,  n.  [Gr.  a-arpd- 
7ttj?,  fr.  Per.  khshatrapavan,  ruler.] 
Governor  of  a  province.  [ Ancient 
Persia.] 

SXt'RA-py,  n.  Government  or  juris¬ 
diction  of  a  satrap. 


377 

SAT'U-RA-BLE,  a.  Admitting  of  be¬ 
ing  saturated. 

Sat'u-rant,  a.  Saturating. — n.  A 
substance  which  neutralizes  the  acid 
in  the  stomach. 

SXt'u-rate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
saturate ,  -rat um,  fr.  satur,  full  of 
food,  sated.]  To  cause  to  become 
completely  penetrated  or  soaked. 

SXt'u-ra'tion,  n.  Act  of  saturating, 
or  state  of  being  saturated. 

SXt'ur-day,  n.  [A.-S.  Sdlerddg,  Sa- 
terndag,  Saturn’s  day.]  The  seventh 
or  last  day  of  the  week. 

Sat'urn,  n.  [Lat.  Saturnus.]  1. 
(Myth.)  One  of  the  oldest  and  prin¬ 
cipal  deities.  2.  One  of  the  planets 
of  the  solar  system. 

Sat'ur  NA'LI-A,n.  pi  [Lat.  See  su¬ 
pra.]  1.  Festival  of  Saturn.  2.  A 
period  or  occasion  of  general  excess. 

SXt'ur-na'Li-an,  a.  1.  Relating  to 
the  Saturnalia.  2.  Riotously  merry. 

Sa-tur'ni-an,  a.  Relating  to  Saturn, 
whose  reign  is  called  the  golden  age. 

Sat'ur-nine,  a.  1.  Under  the  influ¬ 
ence  of  the  planet  Saturn.  2.  Hence, 
phlegmatic  ;  dull ;  grave. 

Sa'tyr  (sa/tur),  n.  [Lat.  satyrus,  Gr. 
o-drupoc.]  (Myth.)  One  of  a  class  of 
lascivious  sylvan  deities,  part  man 
and  part  goat. 

SA-T?R'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  satyrs. 

SaU(JE,  n.  [Fr.  sauce,  L.  Lat.  salsa, 
prop,  salt-pickle.]  A  mixture  to  be 
eaten  with  food  to  improve  its  rel¬ 
ish.—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
apply  a  sauce  or  a  relish  to.  2.  To 
be  impudent  to.  [ Low .]  [fellow. 

Sauc;e'box,  n.  A  saucy,  impudent 

SAU'CER,  n.  [Fr.  saucicre.  See 
Sauce.]  A  small  dish,  in  which  a 
tea-cup  is  set. 

Sau'^i-ly,  adv.  Impudently. 

Sau'CI-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
saucy  ;  impertinence. 

Sau'^y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [Eng. 
sauce,  fr.  Lat.  salsus,  salt,  sharp  ] 
1.  Transgressing  the  rules  of  deco¬ 
rum  ;  impudent.  2.  Expressive  of 
impudence. 

Sauer’  kraut  (sour'krout),  n. 
[Ger.,  from  sauer,  sour,  and  kraut, 
cabbage.]  Cabbage  preserved  in 
brine  and  allowed  to  ferment. 

Saun'ter  (san'ter),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[From  Fr.  sainte  terre,  the  holy  land, 
from  idle  people  wTho  roved  about 
asking  charity  under  pretense  of 
going  d  la  sainte  terre,  to  the  holy 
land.]  To  wander  about  idly. 

Syn. —  See  Loiter. 

Saun'ter-er,  n.  One  who  saunters. 

SAU'RT-AN,  a.  [Gr.  aavpa,  cravpos,  a 
lizard.]  Pertaining  to  a  saurian.  — 
v.  Any  four-legged  scaly  reptile,  as 
the  lizard. 

Sau'sage,  n.  [Fr.  saucisse.  See 
Sauce.]  Meat  mincedaud  seasoned, 
and  inclosed  in  a  cylindrical  skin. 

Sav'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being  saved. 

SXv'AGE,  a.  [0.  Eng.  salvage,  from 
Lat.  silva,  a  wood.]  1.  Wild ;  un¬ 
tamed  ;  uncivilized.  2.  Character¬ 
ized  by  cruelty.  —  n.  1.  A  wild 


person.  2.  A  man  of  extreme,  bru¬ 
tal  cruelty. 

SXv'AGE-LY,  adv.  In  a  savage  man¬ 
ner  ;  cruelly. 

SXv'age-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  savage. 

Sav'age-ry,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
savage.  2.  An  act  of  cruelty. 

Sav'ag-ism,  n.  Savageness. 

Sa-vXn'NA,  n.  [Sp.  savana,  sabana, 
a  large  plain  covered  with  snow,  fr. 
Gr.  aa^avov,  a  linen  cloth.]  An  ex¬ 
tensive  open  plain  or  meadow. 

Sa  FAlvr(sa/v6ng'),  n. ;  pi.  sa  vants 
(sa/vong').  [Fr.,  fr.  savoir,  to  know.] 
A  man  of  learning. 

Save,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  sal- 
vare,  fr.  salvus,  safe.]  1.  To  make 
safe ;  to  preserve  from  evil  of  any 
kind.  2.  To  keep  from  being  spent. 
3.  To  prevent.  — v.  i.  To  hinder  ex¬ 
pense.  — prep.  Except ;  not  includ¬ 
ing. 

Save '-ALL,  n.  [From  save  and  all.] 
Any  contrivance  intended  to  prevent 
waste  or  loss. 

Sav'er,  n.  One  who  saves. 

SXv'lN,  ii.  [Lat.  sabina.]  An  ever¬ 
green  tree  or  shrub. 

Sav'JNG,  p.  a.  1.  Avoiding  unneces¬ 
sary  expenses  ;  frugal.  2.  Incurring 
no  loss.  —  p.  pr.,  but  commonly 
called  a  prep.  In  favor  of ;  except¬ 
ing.  —  n.  1.  Exception.  2.  That 
which  is  saved. 

Sav'ing-ness,  it.  Frugality. 

Sav'ings-bank,  n.  A  bank  in  which 
savings  are  deposited  and  put  to  in¬ 
terest. 

SAV'IOR  1  (sav'yur),  n.  [Lat.  salva- 

Sav'iour  )  tor,  fr.  salvare,  to  save.] 

1.  One  who  saves  or  delivers  from 
destruction  or  danger.  2.  Specijic- 
ally,  Jesus  Christ. 

Sa'vor,  n.  [Lat.  sapor,  fr.  sapere,  to 
taste,  savor.]  I.  Quality  affecting 
the  organs  of  taste  or  smell.  2. 
Specific  flavor  or  quality. — v.  i. 
[-ED;  -ing.]  1.  To  have  a  particu¬ 
lar  smell  or  taste.  2.  To  indicate 
the  presence  or  influence. 

Sa'vor-i-ness,  n.  Quality  or  condi¬ 
tion  of  being  savory. 

Sa'vor-less,  a.  Having  no  savor. 

SA'VOR-Y,a.  Pleasing  to  the  taste  or 
smell. — n.  [Lat.  satureia.)  An 
aromatic  plant,  used  in  cooking. 

SAW,  imp.  of  See.  —  n.  [A.-S.  sage, 
”lcel.  sog\]  A  toothed  instrument  for 
cutting.  —  v.t.  [SAWED;  SAWED, 
or  sawn;  sawing.]  [Allied  to  Lat. 
secure,  to  cut.]  To  cut  or  separate 
with  a  saw.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  use  a  saw- 

2.  To  cut  with  a  saw. 

Saw'dGst,  n.  Small  fragments  of 

wood  or  other  material,  made  bye, 
saw.  [timber,  &c. 

Saw'-MILL,  n.  A  mill  for  sawing 

Saw'-PIT,  n.  A  pit  over  which  tim¬ 
ber  is  sawed  by  two  men. 

Saw'-set,  a.  An  instrument  to  turn 
"the  teeth  of  a  saw  a  little  outward. 

Saw'YER,  n.  [From  saw ,  like  law- 
"yer  from  law.)  1.  One  who  saws 
timber.  2.  A  tree,  fallen  into  a 

S,  hard;  A§;  exist;  N  as  Nfi  ;  this 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  to'ok;  Urn,  rue,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  E, 


SAXIFRAGE 


SCARIFICATION 


378 


stream,  and  rocking  above  and  be¬ 
low  the  surface  of  the  water,  like 
the  motion  of  a  saw.  \Amer. ] 

SXx'I-FRAGE,  n.  [Lat.  saxifraga; 
sazum ,  rock,  and  frangere ,  to  break.] 
A  plant  growing  naturally  ou  or 
among  rocks. 

{SAX'ON  (or  saks'n),  n.  [A.-S.  Seaxu, 
pi.  Seaxe ,  fr.  seax,  a  knife,  a  dag¬ 
ger.]  1.  (a.)  One  of  a  German  peo¬ 
ple  who  conquered  England  in  the 
5th  and  6th  centuries.  (b.)  A  na¬ 
tive  of  Saxony.  2.  The  language  of 
the  Saxons.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Saxons,  to  their  country,  or  to  their 
language.  [idiom. 

SXx'on-Tsm  (or  saksOi-),  n.  A  Saxon 

Say,  v.  t.  [said;  saying.]  [A.-S. 
secgan ,  seggan.]  1.  To  utter  in 
words;  to  speak.  2.  To  repeat;  to 
recite.  3.  To  announce  as  a  decision 
or  opinion  ;  hence,  to  be  sure  about. 
—  n.  Something  said. 

Say'ing,w.  Au  expression  ;  especially 
a  proverbial  expression. 

Se.Xb,  n.  [A.-S.  srabb  ;  aliiedto  shave.] 

1.  An  incrustation  over  a  sore.  2.  A 
contagious  disease  of  sheep. 

SeXb'bard,  n.  [Of.  I  cel.  skalpr ,  scab¬ 
bard.]  Case  for  the  blade  of  a  sword, 
&c.  ;  a  sheath. 

Scab'bed  (60),  a.  1.  Diseased  with 
scabs.  2.  Mean  ;  paltry. 

SeXb'bed-ness,  I  n.  State  of  being 

Sgab'BI-NESS,  (  scabbed. 

SeXb'by,«  [-ER;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Af¬ 
fected  with  scabs.  2.  Diseased  with 
the  scab. 

Sea'bi-ous,  a.  [Lat.  scabiosus ;  sca¬ 
bies,  the  scab.]  Consisting  of  scabs. 

Sea'brous,  a.  [Lat.  smbrosus ;  sca- 
ber,  rough.]  Rough;  rugged. 

SeXf'fold,  n.  [L.  Lat.  esc.  a  f aid  us , 
fr.  the  Romansch  catar,  to  view,  and 
It .falco,  a  scaffold,  stage,  from  0.  II. 
Ger.  palcho,  balco,  beam.]  A  tem¬ 
porary  stage  or  elevated  platform, 
esp.  one  for  the  execution  of  a  crim¬ 
inal. —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  fur¬ 
nish  with  a  scaffold. 

SeXf'fold-ing,  n.  1.  A  scaffold.  2. 
Materials  for  scaffolds. 

SEAGL-io'LA  (skal-yo'la),  n.  [It. 
scagliuola,  dim.  of  sraglia ,  a  scale, 
shell.]  An  imitation  of  marble, formed 
from  gypsum  mixed  with  glue,  &c. 

Seal'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
scaled. 

Sea-lade',  n.  [See  Scale,  v.  t.]  An 
assault  on  a  besieged  place  with  lad¬ 
ders  to  mount  the  walls. 

SEALD,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ex- 
caldare ;  ex,  and  caldus,  calidus, 
warm,  hot.]  1.  To  burn  with  hot 
liquid.  2.  To  expose  to  a  boiling  or 
violent  heat  over  a  fire. — n.  1.  A 
burn  by  some  hot  liquid,  or  by  steam. 

2.  [Originally  scall.]  Scurf  on  the 
head  ;  scab. 

SeXld,  n.  [Teel,  skald,  Ger.  skalde, 
allied  to  0.  II.  Ger.  scellan,  to  sound.] 
A  reciter  of  heroic  poems,  among  the 
Norsemen. 

Seald'-h£ad,  n.  A  pustular  erup¬ 
tion  of  the  hairy  scalp. 


SeXld'IE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  scalds 
or  poets  of  antiquity. 

Seale,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  scalu,  scealu,  dish 
of  a  balance,  balance.]  The  dish  of 
a  balance  ;  hence,  in  the  pi.,  the  bal¬ 
ance  itself.  2.  [A.-S.  scealu,  scalu , 
a  shell,  parings.]  One  of  the  small 
pieces  which  form  the  covering  of 
many  fishes  and  reptiles.  3.  Any 
thin  layer  or  leaf.  4.  [Lat.  scalx, 
scala.]  A  ladder.  5.  Any  thing 
graduated,  esp.  when  employed  as  a 
measure  or  rule  ;  in  music,  the  gam¬ 
ut.  6.  Gradation. — v.t.  1.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  climb  by  a  ladder,  or  as 
if  by  a  ladder.  2.  To  strip  of  scales. 

3.  To  take  off  in  scales.  — v.  i.  To 
come  off  in  thin  layers. 

Sea-lene',  a.  [Gr.  o-KaXijvds.]  Hav¬ 
ing  the  sides  and  angles  unequal ;  — 
said  of  a  triangle. 

Sea'li-ness,  n.  State  of  being  scaly. 

Seall,  n.  [See  Scald  and  Scale.] 
Scab  ;  scabbiness  ;  leprosy. 

Seall'Ion  (-yun),  n.  [Lat.  expa  As- 
calonia,  fr.  Ascalon,  a  town  in  Pal¬ 
estine.]  A  plant  allied  to  the  onion. 

Seal'lop  (skSPlup),  n.  [See  Esca- 
LOP.]  1.  A  marine  shell-fish.  2.  A 
curving  of  the  edge  of  any  thing.  3. 
A  dish  for  baking  oysters  in.  —  v.t. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  To  mark  or  cut  the 
edge  of  into  segments  of  circles. 

SDal'loped  (skoFlupt),  a.  Made  or 
done  with  or  in  a  scallop. 

Scalp,  n.  [Cf.  Lat.  scalpere ,  to  cut, 
carve.]  Skin  of  the  top  of  the  head  ; 
—  torn  off,  with  the  hair  belonging  to 
it,  by  Indian  warriors,  as  a  token  of 
victory. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
deprive  of  the  scalp. 

Seal'pel,  n.  [Lat.  scalpellurn.  See 
supra.]  A  knife  used  in  surgical  op¬ 
erations. 

Sea'ly,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  scales  ; 
rough.  2.  Resembling  scales. 

Seam'ble,  r.  /.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  D. 
schampelen,  to  deviate,  to  slip.]  To 
stir  quick  ;  to  be  busy. 

SCAM'BLER,  n.  One  who  scambles. 

SeXm'MO-NY,  it.  [Gr.  crKa.jU.jU.io via.]  A 
certain  plant  and  its  inspissated  sap. 

Scamp,  n.  [See  infra.]  A  great  ras¬ 
cal  ;  a  scoundrel. 

SeXMP'ER,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Er.  escamper,  to  escape,  to  save  one’s 
self.]  To  run  with  speed. 

Sean,  v.  t.  [-pied;  -ning.]  [Lat. 
scandere,  to  climb,  to  scan.]  1.  To 
go  through  with,  as  a  verse,  distin¬ 
guishing  the  feet  of  which  it  is  com¬ 
posed.  2.  To  scrutinize. 

SCAN'DAL,  n.  [Gr.  (rKavSa Aov,  stick 
or  spring  in  a  trap,  snare,  offense, 
scandal.]  1.  Imputed  disgrace.  2. 
Defamatory  speech  or  report. 

SeXN'DAL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  give  offense  to.  2.  To  reproach ; 
to  defame. 

SCAN'DAL-otis,  a.  1.  Calling  out  con¬ 
demnation.  2.  Bringing  shame  or 
infamy.  3.  Defamatory. 

Sean'dal-ous-LY,  adv.  Shamefully. 

SeXn'dent,  a.  [Lat.  scandens,  climb¬ 
ing.]  Climbing,  as  a  plant. 


SEAN'SION,  n.  [Lat.  scansio,  fr.  scan¬ 
dere,  to  climb.]  The  act  of  scanning. 

Sean-so'ri-al,  a.  Climbing,  or  adapt¬ 
ed  to  climbing. 

Scant,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From  the 
adj.]  1.  To  limit ;  to  treat  illiberal¬ 
ly.  2.  To  make  small,  or  scanty. — 
—  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  sewn  ed, 
p.  p.  of  srxnan,  to  break,  wound, 
destroy.]  Scarcely  sufficient.  [ner. 

Sea NT'i-LY,  adr.  In  a  scanty  man- 

SCANT'I-NESS,  n.  Want  of  sufficiency. 

Scant'LING,  n.  [Fr.  echantillon,  a 
sample,  from  cantel,  chantel,  corner, 
side  ]  A  piece  of  timber  sawed  or 
cut  of  a  small  size. 

SeXnt'ly,  adv.  Not  fully  or  suffi¬ 
ciently.  [scant. 

Scantiness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

ScXnt'Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142].  [From 
scant.]  1.  Wanting  extent.  2.  Ilardly 
sufficient.  3.  Sparing  ;  niggardly. 

Scape,  v.  t.  or  t.  To  escape.  —  n. 
[Gr.  ff/cdi tos,  crKr)7ro?.]  A  peduncle 
rising  from  the  ground  or  a  subter¬ 
ranean  stem. 

Scape'-goat,  n.  A  goat  upon  whose 
head  were  sy  mbolically  placed  the 
sins  of  the  people,  after  which  he 
was  suffered  to  escape  into  the  wil¬ 
derness.  [brained  fellow. 

Scape'-gra^e,  n.  A  graceless,  hair- 

Seape'ment,  n.  See  Escapement. 

SpA  Pf  U-LA  ,  11.  ;  pi.  S€A  P '  TJ-PJE. 

[Lat.]  The  shoulder-blade. 

Scap'u-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
scapula. 

Scap'u-la-ry,  n.  A  part  of  the  habit 
of  certain  religious  orders  in  the  Ro¬ 
man  Catholic  church. 

Sear,  n.  [Dan.  skaar,  a  cut,  notch, 
slash,  fr.  skare,  skiare.,  to  cut.]  Mark 
of  a  healed  wound  ;  a  cicatrix.  —  v.t. 
[-red;  -ring.]  To  maik  with  a 
scar. 

Scarce,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [0.  Fr. 
e scats,  eschars ,  fr.  Low  Lat.  scarpu.s, 
excarpsus,  for  Lat.  txnrptvs,  picked 
out,  contracted.]  Not  pleniilul  or 
abundant. 

Scarce,  1  adv.  "With  diflhulty; 

Scarce 'ly,  j  hardly  ;  barely. 

Scarce'ness,  1  n.  1.  Condition  of 

Sear'CI-ty,  J  being  scarce;  de¬ 
fect  of  plenty.  2.  Infrequency. 

Seare  (4),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Icel. 
skirra ,  to  drive  away.]  To  terrify 
suddenly  ;  to  make  afraid. 

Seare'erow,  n.  Any  thing  set  up 
to  frighten  crows  or  other  fowls  from 
cornfields  ;  hence,  a  vain  terror. 

Searf,  n.  1.  [A  -R.  scearf,  a  fragn  ent, 
and  hence,  a  strip  cut  off.]  A  light 
cloth,  worn  Icosely  over  the  shoul¬ 
ders  or  about  the  neck.  2.  Part  cut 
away  from  each  of  two  pieces  of  tim¬ 
ber  to  be  joined  longitudinally.  3. 
The  joint  so  formed.  —  v.  t.  1.  [-ED: 
-ING.]  To  put  on  like  a  scarf.  2.  [Ger. 
scharben.  to  notch,  indent.]  To  cut 
a  scarf  on,  as  for  a  joint  in  timber. 

Searf'siun,  n.  Outer  thin  integu¬ 
ment  of  the  body  ;  cuticle. 

SeXr'I-fi-ea'tion,  n.  Operation  of 
scarifying. 


A,  E,  I,  o.  u,  Y,  long ;  A,  £,  I,  6,  0,  ?,  short ; 


CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT 


Lre,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  soif{ 


SCARIFIER 

Sgar'i-fI'er,  n.  1.  One  who  scari¬ 
fies.  2._  Instrument  for  scarifying. 

SOXR'I-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  sear  i fir  are,  from  Gr.  <TKapc(f>acr- 
dca,  to  scratch  up.]  1.  To  scratch  or 
cut  the  skin  of.  2.  To  stir  the  sur¬ 
face  soil  of. 

SOAR'LA-TI'NA,  n.  [N.  Lat.]  Scarlet 
fever.  See  Scarlet  Fever. 

Ccar'let,  n.  [L.  Lat.  scar  latum,  Per. 
sakarlat.]  A  bright  orange-red  color. 

—  a.  Of  a  bright  orange-red  color. 

Scarlet  Fever ,  a  contagious  febrile  dis¬ 
ease,  characterized  by  a  scarlet  rash. 

Scarp,  n.  [See  Escarp.]  Interior 
slope  of  the  ditch  nearest  the  para¬ 
pet.  —  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  cut 
down  perpendicularly,  or  nearly  so. 

Scath,  n.  [A.-S.  sced/i,  for  scadhi.] 
Damage  ;  injury. 

Scath,  I  v.  t.  "[-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  in- 

Scathe,  j  jure  ;  to  damage;  to  de- 

Scath'ful,  a.  Injurious.  [stroy. 

SCATH'LESS,  a.  Without  damage. 

SCAT'TER,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
scateran ,  allied  to  seed  dan,  to  shed.] 
1.  To  strew  about.  2.  To  cause  to 
separate  in  different  directions. 

Syx.—  To  disperse;  dissipate;  spread. 

—  v.  i.  To  be  dispersed. 

SCAT'TER-BRATN,  n.  A  giddy  or 

thoughtless  person. 

Sc.vv'EN-GER,  n.  [A.-S.  scafen,  to 
shave,  to  scrape.]  One  who  cleans 
the  streets  of  a  city. 

Scene  (seen),  n.  [Lat.  scena,  fr.  Gr. 
<TKr}vrj,  a  covered  place,  tent,  stage.]  1 
1.  Stage  of  a  theater.  2.  One  of  the 
slides,  or  other  devices,  used  to  give 
an  appearance  of  reality  to  a  play.  3. 
Portion  of  a  play,  subordinate  to  the 
act.  4.  Place,  time,  circumstances, 
& c.,  in  which  any  thing  is  imagined 
to  occur.  5.  Spectacle  ;  exhibition  ;  1 
view.  6.  A  striking  exhibition  of 
passionate  feeling,  or  an  interview, 
&c.  ;  often,  action  done  for  effect. 

S<ien'er-y,  u.  1.  Paintings  repre¬ 
senting  the  scenes  of  a  play.  2. 
Combination  of  natural  views. 

S\'N. —  Representation;  imagery. 

SCEN'IC,  or  S^EN'IC,  1  a.  Relating 

Scen'ic-al  (110),  )  to,  or  of  the 

nature  of.  scenery  ;  theatrical. 

Scen'o-grXph'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to 
seenography  ;  drawn  in  perspective. 

S^e-nog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  cneyvo- 
ypeufria.  ;  (TK-qvrj ,  scene,  stage,  and 
ypa.(f>ei.v,  to  write.]  llepresen  tation  of 
a  body  on  a  perspect  ve  plane. 

S<JENT,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [FromFr. 
sentir,  to  feel,  to  smell,  Lat.  sen  tire.] 

1.  To  smell.  2.  To  imbue  with  odor  ; 
to  perfume.  —  n.  1.  Odor;  smell. 

2.  Sense  of  smell.  3.  Chase  followed 
by  the  scent. 

S<^ent'LESS,  a%  Having  no  scent. 

Scep'ter,  I  n.  [Gr.  (Tnr\nTpov,  a  staff 

S^ep'tre,  )  to  lean  upon, a  scepter, 
from  cncrpmeLv ,  to  lean.]  1.  A  staff 
borne  by  kings,  as  a  badge  of  au¬ 
thority.  2.  Royal  authority. — v.t. 
[-ed  ;  -TNG.]  To  invest  with  royal 
authority. 


379 

S€fip'Tl€,  n.  See  Skeptic  ;  and  for 
I  Sceptical,  &c.,  see  Skeptical, 
&  c. 

Sched'ule  (sked'yjjl  ;  in  Eng.  com¬ 
monly  shed'yijl,  30),  n.  [Lat.  sched- 
ula,  dim.  of  sclieda,  a  strip  of  papy¬ 
rus,  a  leaf  of  paper,  Gr.  crxe'Srj,  a 
tablet,  leaf.]  An  official  or  formal 
list  or  inventory. 

Syn.— Catalogue  ;  list.  —  A  list  is  a 
bare  record  of  names,  titles,  &c.  A  cat¬ 
alogue  is  a  list  arranged  according  to 
some  principle,  and  is  usually  designed 
to  describe  things  more  or  less  particu¬ 
larly.  A  schedule  is  a  formal  list  or  in¬ 
ventory  prepared  for  legal  or  business 
purposes. 

SCHEM'A-TISM  (skSm'a-),  n.  [Gr. 
< T\r\p.aTurp.6\ ;,  the  assuming  of  a 
shape  or  posture.]  Particular  form 
or  disposition  of  a  thing;  outline. 

Schem'a-tIst  (skem/-),  n.  A  schemer. 

Scheme  (sk5m),n.  [Lat.  schema,  Gr. 
crx^aa,  form,  shape,  outline,  plan.] 
1.  A  combination  of  things  connected 
and  adjusted  by  design.  2.  A  plan 
of  something  to  be  done. 

Syn.  —  Plan.  —  Scheme  and  plan  are 
subordinate  to  design.  Scheme  is  the 
least  definite  of  the  two,  and  lies  more  in 
speculation.  A  plan  is  drawn  out  into 
details  with  a  view  to  being  carried  into 
effect. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  plan;  to 
contrive.  —  v.  i.  To  form  a  plan. 

Schem'er,  In.  One  who  schemes  or 

SCHEM'IST,  (  contrives. 

Schism  (slzm),  n.  [Gr.  crxio>ux,  from 
< ,  to  split.]  Permanent  divis¬ 
ion  in  the  Christian  church. 

Schis-MAT'IC  (siz-,  123),  a.  Relating 
to,  or  implying,  schism  ;  tending  to 
schism.  —  n.  One  guilty  of  schism. 

Schist  (shist),  n.  [Gr.  crytcnos,  di¬ 
vided,  divisible.]  A  rock  having  a 
slaty  structure. 

Schistose'  (125),  )  a.  Admitting  of 

SciHST'cms,  )  natural  cleav¬ 

age  into  slabs,  or  slates. 

Schol'ar  (skoPar),  n  [See  School  .] 
1.  One  who  learns  of  a  teacher.  2.  A 
learned  person. 

S yn.  —  Pupil.  —  A  scholar  is  one  who 
is  under  instruction ;  a  pupil  is  one  who 
is  under  the  immediate  and  personal 
care  of  an  instructor  ;  hence,  a  bright 
scholar  and  an  obedient  pupil. 

Schol'ar-LY,  a.  Like,  or  becoming, 
a  scholar. 

Schol'ar-ship,  n.  1.  Attainments 
in  science  or  literature.  2.  A  founda¬ 
tion  for  the  support  of  a  student. 

Scho-l  as't  iG,  n.  One  who  adheres 
to  the  method  or  subtilities  of  the 
schools.  —  a.  [Gr.  (xxoAcuttikos.  See 
SCHOOL.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  suit¬ 
ing,  a  scholar  or  a  school.  2.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  schoolmen  of  the  mid¬ 
dle  ages. 

Scho-las'tic-al-ly,  adv.  In  a 
scholastic  manner. 

SCHO-LAS'Tl-clgM,  n.  The  method 
or  the  subtilties  of  the  schools  of 
philosophy. 

Scho'LT-ast  (skodT-),  n.  [Gr.  crxo- 
Aiac TTr\s,  from  cxoAiov,  a  scholium.] 
A  commentator  or  annotator. 


SCIENTIFICALLY 


Pertaining  to  a 


Sch5'li-Xst'I€,  a. 
scholiast. 

Seno'Li-UM,  n. ;  Lat.  pi.  send '- 
LI- a,  Eng.  pi.  SGHO'LI-IIMS.  [N. 
Lat.  scholium,  fr.  Gr.  crxoAiov.  See 
School.]  1.  A  marginal  annota¬ 
tion.  2.  A  remark  subjoined  to  a 
denionstration . 

School  (sk<J"ol),n.  [Lat.  schola,  from 
Gr.  axohri,  leisure,  a  school.]  1.  An 
institution  for  learning  ;  esp.  a  place 
of  elementary  instruction.  2.  A  body 
of  pupils.  3.  A  sect  or  denomina¬ 
tion  in  philosophy,  theology,  &e.  4. 
[A.-S.  seed,  a  multitude.]  A  com¬ 
pact  body,  as  of  fish. —  v.t.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  train  in  an  institution 
of  learning.  2.  To  chide  and  ad¬ 
monish.  [a  school. 

School'— boy,  n.  A  boy  who  attenas 

School'-fel'lo  w,  n.  A  companion 
at  school.  [use  of  schools. 

School '-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  for  the 

Schooling,  n.  1.  Instruction  in 
school.  2.  Reproof;  reprimand.  3. 
Compensation  for  instruction. 

School'-man  (150),  n.  One  versed 
in  the  school  divinity  of  the  middle 
ages.  [teaches  a  school. 

School'— mas'ter,  n.  A  man  who 

School'-mis/tress,  n.  A  woman 
who  teaches  a  school. 

Schoon'er  (skdon'er), 
n.  [From  scoon,  a 
word  used  in  some 
parts  of  New  England 
to  denote  the  act  of 
making  stones  skip 
along  the  surface  ofj 
the  water.  Cf.  A.-S. 
scunian ,  to  avoid, 
shun.]  A  small,  two-masted  vessel, 
with  fore-and-aft  sails. 

Schorl  (shorl),  n.  [Ger.  schorl.] 
Black  tourmaline. 

Sfjl-AT'IC,  ( n.  [Gr.  ccrxmSuco?, 

S^i-AT'l-CA,  )  subject  to  pains  in  the 
hips  and  loins ;  tcrxt'oe,  hip  joint.] 
1.  Neuralgia  of  the  sciatic  nerve.  2. 
A  rheumatic  affection  of  the  hip 
joint. — a.  Pertaining  to  the  hip. 

S^l'EN^E,  n.  [Lat.  scientia ,  fr.  scire, 
to  know.]  1.  Penetrating  and  com¬ 
prehensive  information  or  skill.  2. 
Knowledge  duly  arranged,  aud  re¬ 
ferred  to  geueral  truths  and  prin¬ 
ciples. 

Syn.  —  Literature  ;  art.  —  Science  de¬ 
notes  a  systematic  and  orderly  arrange¬ 
ment  of  knowledge,  and  hence  we  speak 
of  reducing  a  subject  to  a  science.  In  a 
more  distinctive  sense,  science  embraces 
those  branches  of  knowledge  which  give 
a  positive  statement  of  truth  as  founded 
in  the  nature  of  things  or  established  by 
observation  and  experiment.  The  term 
literature  sometimes  denotes  all  compo¬ 
sitions  not  embraced  under  science,  but 
is  usually  confined  to  the  belles-lettres. 
Art  is  that  which  depends  on  practice 
and  skill  in  performance. 

SoI'EN-TIF'IC,  a.  [Lat.  scientia,  sci¬ 
ence,  and  facere,  to  make.]  Agreeing 
with,  or  depending  on,  the  rules  or 
principles  of  science. 

SoPen-tif'ic-al-ly,  ndv.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  principles  of  science. 


Schooner. 


OR,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue  ,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  ji  as  NG ; 


THIS. 


SCILICET  380  SCOWL 


SplL’I-pitT  (sIFi-sSt).  [Lat.  contr. 
from  scire  licet,  you  may  know.]  To 
wit ;  namely. 

S9IMT-TER,  I  n.  A  short  sword  with 

S^lM'I-TAR,  }  a  recurved  point. 

SciN'TlL  -LANT,  a.  [Lat.  scintillans .] 
Emitting  sparks ;  sparkling. 

SCJLN'TIL-LATE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  scintillare,  -latum,  fr.  scintilla, 
a  spark.]  1.  To  emit  sparks.  2.  To 
sparkle,  as  the  fixed  stars. 

ScIn'til-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  emit- 
ing  sparks,  or  of  twinkling. 

S^l'o-LIgM  (sl'o-lizm),  n.  Superficial 
science. 

S^I'O-LIST  (sPo-list),  n.  [Lat.  sciolus, 
dim.  of  scius,  knowing.]  One  whose 
knowledge  is  superficial ;  a  smatterer. 

S^I'ON,  n.  [See  Cion  ]  1.  A  shoot  of 
a  plant,  especially  for  ingrafting.  2. 
A  descendant ;  an  heir. 

S9I-6p'TI€,  )  a.  [Gr.  owid,  shadow, 

SGI-OP'TRIE,  j  and  oartKos,  belong¬ 
ing  to  sight.]  Pertaining  to  an  opti¬ 
cal  arrangement  for  forming  images 
in  a  darkened  room. 

SciRE-FA  C IAS  (sPre-fa/shi-as),  n. 
[Lat.,  cause  you  to  know.]  A  writ, 
founded  upon  some  record,  and  re¬ 
quiring  the  party  proceeded  .against 
to  show  cause  why  the  party  bring¬ 
ing  it  should  not  have  advantage  of 
such  record,  or  why  the  record 
should  not  be  annulled. 

Seir-rhos'i-ty  (sklr-rosfi-ty),  n.  [See 
Scirrhus.]  A  morbid  induration, 
as  of  a  glaud. 

SciR'RHOiJS  (skn^rus),  a.  Of  the  na¬ 
ture  of  scirrhus ;  indurated  ;  knotty. 

Seir'RHUS  (skir/rus),  n.  ;  Lat.  pi. 
SeiR'RHI,  Eng.  pi.  SEIR'RHUS-E£. 
[Gr.  cr/ctppos,  cr/ctpos.]  1.  An  indo¬ 
lent  induration  of  the  glands.  2.  A 
hard,  cancerous  growth. 

S<?is'sel  (61),  n.  [See  Scissile.] 
Clippings  of  metals. 

Scus'slLE  (sis'sil),  a.  [Lat.  scissilis,  fr. 
scindere,  to  cut,  split.]  Capable  of 
being  cut  or  divided. 

Sclg'siON  (slzlPun),  n.  [Lat.  scissio, 
from  scindere,  to  cut,  split.]  Act  of 
cutting  [or  shears. 

S^lg'gOR,  v.  t.  To  cut  with  scissors 

Scissors  (siz'zurs),  n.  pi.  [Lat.  scis¬ 
sor,  one  who  cleaves  or  divides.]  A 
cutting  instrument  consisting  of  two 
cutting  blades  movable  on  a  pin. 

Sclg'sURE  (slzli/yjjr),  n.  [Lat.  scis¬ 
sor  a.  from  scindere,  to  cut,  split.]  A 
longitudinal  cut,  [nian. 

SeLA-vo'Nl-AN,  a.  &  n.  See  Slavo- 

Sele-rot'ie,  a.  [Gr.  crKArjpov,  hard.] 
Hard;  firm. — n.  The  firm,  white 
outer  coat  of  the  eye. 

SEOBg,n.  sing.  &  pi.  [Lat.,  fr.  scabere, 
to  scrape.]  1.  Raspings  of  ivory, 
metals,  &c.  2.  Dross  of  metals. 

Geoff,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Teel. 
slcuppa,  to  laugh  at.]  To  show  inso¬ 
lent  ridicule  or  mockery.  — v.  t.  To 
treat  with  derision  or  scorn.  —  n. 
Expression  of  scorn  or  contempt. 

Scoff'er,  n.  One  who  scoffs. 

Seoff'ing-ly,  adv.  With  mockery. 

Seold,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [D.  schel-  j 

A,  E,  i,  o,  u,  Y ,lon 


den,  0.  II.  Ger.  sceltan.]  To  chide 
sharply  or  coarsely.  —  v.  t.  To  chide 
with  rudeness  ;  to  rate  ;  also,  to  re¬ 
buke  with  severity.  —  n.  One  who 
scolds ;  especially,  a  rude,  clamorous, 
foul-mouthed  woman  ;  a  shrew. 

Seol'lop,  n.  See  Scallop. 

Seon^e,  n.  [D.  schans,  Icel.  skans.] 

1.  A  fort.  2.  A  helmet.  3.  The  head  ; 
also,  brains  ;  sense.  4.  A  fixed  hang¬ 
ing  or  projecting  candlestick. 

SEOOP,n.  [Allied  to  shove  and  shovel.] 

1.  A  large  ladle  ;  a  vessel  for  bailing 
boats.  2.  A  spoon-shaped  ladle.  3. 
A  basin-like  cavity.  4.  A  sweep  ;  a 
stroke. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To 
take  out  with,  or  as  with ,  a  scoop.  2. 
To  empty  by  lading.  3.  To  excavate. 

Seoop'-net,  n.  A  hand-net,  to  fish 
from  a  river. 

Seope,  n.  [Gr.  ctkottos,  fr.  aKoireev,  to 
view.]  1.  That  at  which  one  aims. 

2.  Amplitude  of  opportunity ;  free 
course.  3.  Length  ;  extent ;  sweep. 
Syn.  —  Space  ;  room  ;  intention  ;  drift. 

Seor-bu'TIE,  a.  [N.  Lat.  scorbuticus , 
II.  Ger .  scharbock,  schorbock,  scurvy.] 
Relating  to,  like,  or  affected  with, 
scurvy. 

Seorch,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat. 
excorticare ,  from  Lat.  ex,  from,  and 
cortex,  corticis,  bark.]  1.  To  burn 
superficially  ;  to  parch.  2.  To  affect 
painfully  with  heat,  or  as  with  heat. 
—  v.  i.  To  be  burnt  on  the  surface ; 
to  be  parched. 

Seore,  n.  [A.-S.  scor ,  from  sceran,  to 
shear,  cut.]  1.  A  notch  ;  esp.  a  mark 
made  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  ac¬ 
count.  2.  Debt  or  account  of  debt. 

3.  Reason ;  motive.  4.  The  number 
of  twenty.  5.  Original  draught,  or 
its  transcript,  of  a  musical  composi¬ 
tion,  with  all  the  parts,  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  notch.  2.  Especially, 
to  mark  with  significant  lines  or 
notches,  for  keeping  account.  3.  To 
set  down  ;  to  charge.  4.  To  write 
down,  as  music. 

Sro'ri-a,  n. ;  pi.  sro’ri-je.  [Gr. 
tr/oopta,  fr.  crKtop,  dung.]  1.  Slag: 
dross.  2.  The  cellular,  slaggy  lavas 
of  a  volcano. 

SecCri-A'ceoGs,  a.  Relating  to  sco¬ 
ria  ;  like  dross. 

Seo'ri-form,  a.  [Lat.  scoria,  dross, 
a_nd  forma,  form.]  Like  scoria. 

Seo'ri-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  scoria,  dross,  and  facere ,  to 
make.]  To  reduce  to  scoria. 

Seorn,  n.  [0.  Fr.  escorner,  to  humil¬ 
iate,  outrage,  lit.,  to  break  off  the 
horns,  fr.  Lat.  ex,  from,  .and  cornu, 
a  horn.]  1.  Extreme  and  passion¬ 
ate  contempt.  2.  That  which  is 
scorned.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
hold  in  extreme  contempt. 

Syn.  —  See  Contemn. 

Seorn'er,  n.  One  who  scorns. 

Seorn'ful,  a.  Full  of  scorn  or  con¬ 
tempt. 

Seorn'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  scornful 
manner. 

Seor'pi-on,  n.  [Gr.  owop7rios,  <r«op- 


nl<ov,  allied  to 

Eng.  sharp.]  1. 

A  sort  of  spider, 
with  a  very  acute 
sting.  2.  A  pain¬ 
ful  scourge.  3. 

The  eighth  sign  of 
the  zodiac.  4.  A 
certain  sea-fish.  Scorpion. 

Sect,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  tax  or  contribu¬ 
tion  ;  a  fine.  2.  A  native  of  Scot¬ 
land. 

Seotch,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scotland 
or  its  inhabitants;  Scottish.  —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  [Cf.  Armor,  skoaz, 
the  shoulder,  skoazia,  to  shoulder 
up,  to  prop.]  To  prevent,  as  a  wheel, 
fr.  rolling.  2.  [Gael,  sgoch,  to  slit.] 
To  wound  superficially.  —  n.  A 
slight  cut ;  a  shallow  incision. 
Seotcii'eol'lops,  ) 

Seotciied'-eol'lops  (skotcht'-),  j 
n.  pi.  Yeal  cut  into  small  pieces. 

Seotch'man  (150),  n.  A  native  of 
Scotland ;  a  Scot. 

Seot'-free,  a.  1.  Free  from  pay¬ 
ment;  untaxed.  2.  Unhurt;  safe. 

Seots,  a.  Scotch  ;  Scottish. 

Seot'ti-^Ism,  n.  An  expression  pe¬ 
culiar  to  the  Scotch. 

Seot'TISII,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Scotch,  or  to  their  oouutry  or  lan¬ 
guage. 

Seoun'drel,  n.  [Corrupted  fr.  Ger. 
schandkerl,  fr.  schande,  infamy,  and 
kcrl,  fellow.]  A  mean,  worthless 
fellow  ;  a  rascal.  —  a.  Low  ;  base ; 
mean.  [cality. 

Seoun'drel-ism,  n.  Baseness;  ras- 

SEOUR,  V.  t.  ""  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
scfir,  a  scouring,  N.  Fr.  dourer,  from 
Lat.  ex  and  curare,  to  take  care  of.] 
1.  To  rub  hard,  for  the  purpose  of 
cleaning.  2.  To  purge  violently.  3. 
To  remove  by  rubbing.  4.  To  pass 
swiftly  over.  — v.  i.  1.  To  clean  any 
thing  by  rubbing.  2.  To  be  purged 
to  excess.  3.  To  run  with  celerity. 

SeoOrge,  n.  [Fr.  escovrgde ,  fr.  Lat. 
excoriata  (sc.  scvtica),  from  ex  and 
coriutn ,  leather.]  1.  A  lash ;  a 
strap  or  cord  ;  a  whip.  2.  A  pun¬ 
ishment,  or  a  means  of  inflicring 
punishment.  • — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  whip  severely.  2.  To  afflict 
for  sins  or  faults. 

Seout,  n.  [0.  Fr.  escout,  spy,  fr.  Lat. 
auscultare,  to  listen  to.]  One  sent 
out  to  gain  tidings  of  the  movements 
and  condition  of  an  enemy.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Prov.  Eng.  scout, 
to  pelt.]  1.  To  spy  out.  2.  To  re- 
connoiter.  3.  To  sneer  at. — v.i. 
To  act  as  a  scout. 

Seow  (skou),  n.  [Ger.  schauen,  to 
look,  to  see,  prob.  because  it  was 
visible  by  a  flag  set  up.]  A  large, 
flat-bottomed  boat. 

SEOWL,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [II.  Ger. 
schielen,  to  squint.]  1.  To  wrinkle 
the  brows,  as  in  frowning  or  dis¬ 
pleasure.  2.  To  look  gloomy,  dark, 
or  tempestuous.  —  n.  1.  The  wrink¬ 
ling  of  the  brows  in  frowning.  2. 
Gloom  ;  dark  or  rude  aspect. 


g;  X,£,I,  o*0,Y,  short ;  gAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  what;  ERE,  VEIL,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  sorr. 


SCRABBLE 


381 


SCULLERY 


SgrXb'ble  (skvab'bl),  v.  i.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  [Diminutive  of  scrape .]  1. 

To  scramble.  [  Colloq .]  2.  To  scrib¬ 
ble  ;  to  scrawl.  n.  A  scramble. 
Scrag,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  Gael,  scrabach, 
rough,  rugged.]  Something  lean 
with  roughness  ;  especially,  a  neck 
piece  of  meat. 

SGRAG'GED,  [  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.] 
Sgrag'gy,  J  1.  Rough  with  irreg¬ 
ular  points.  2.  Lean  and  rough. 
Seram/ble,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prov. 
Eng.  scramb,  to  rake  together  with 
the  hands.  Cf.  Scrabble.]  1. 
To  clamber  with  hands  and  knees. 
2.  To  struggle  with  others  for  some¬ 
thing  thrown  down.  —  n.  Act  of 
scrambling,  or  clambering. 

ScrXp,  n.  [From  scrape.]  A  small 
piece  ;  a  bit ;  a.  fragment. 
Scrap'-book,  n.  A  blank  book  in 
which  extracts  may  be  pasted. 
Scrape,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
screpan,  screopan.]  1.  To  rub  the 
surface  of  with  a  sharp  instrument. 

2.  To  remove  by  rubbing.  3.  To  col¬ 
lect  by  coarse  and  laborious  effort. 
4.  To  express  disapprobation  of  by 
noisy  movements  of  the  feet.  —  n.  1. 
A  rubbing  with  something  harsh ; 
hence,  the  effect  produced  by  rub¬ 
bing.  2.  An  embarrassing  predica¬ 
ment. 

SCRAP'ER,  n.  An  instrument  with 
which  any  thing  is  scraped. 
SCRAP'ING,  n.  Something  scraped  off. 
ScrXtch,u.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  II. 
Ger.  krazjan,  krnzZn.)  1.  To  rub 
and  tear  the  surface  of.  2.  To  dig 
with  the  claws. — •  v.  i.  To  use  the 
claws  in  tearing  or  digging.  —  n.  1. 
A  slight  incision  or  laceration.  2. 
Test  or  trial  of  courage.  [  Collog.] 

3.  (pi.)  Dry  chaps  or  scabs,  between 
the  heel  and  pastern  joint  of  a 
horse.  4.  A  kind  of  partial  wig. 

Scrawl,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
D .  schravelen,  to  scratch  or  scrape  ; 
Eng.  scrabble  and  crawl.]  To  draw 
or  write  awkwardly  and  irregularly. 
—  v.  i.  To  write  unskillfully. —  n. 
1.  Unskillful  or  inelegant  writing.  2. 
A  ragged,  broken  branch. 
Scrawl'er,  n.  One  who  scrawls. 
ScrEak,  v.  i.  [ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
Shriek  and  Screech.]  To  creak, 
as  a  door  or  wheel.  —  n.  A  creaking  ; 
a  screech. 

Scream,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
A.-S.  hrdmnn,  hnjman,  to  cry  out.] 
To  utter  a  sudden ,  sharp  outcry  ;  to 
shriek. — n.  A  shriek,  or  sharp, 
shrill  cry,  uttered  suddenly. 
Screech,  v.  i.  [-ed; -ing.]  [Icel. 
skrsekia,  to  howl,  s/crlkja ,  to  twit¬ 
ter.]  To  utter  a  harsh,  shrill  cry  ; 
to  scream  ;  to  shriek.  —  n.  A  harsh, 
shrill,  and  sudden  cry.  [screeches. 
Screech'-owl,  n.  An  owl  that 
Screed,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  screade ,  a 
shred,  leaf.  See  SHRED.]  A  wooden 
rule  for  running  moldings. 

Screen,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  scirm,scerm.] 
1.  Any  thing  that  shelters,  or  shuts 
off  view,  See.  2.  A  long,  coarse 


To 

2. 


a,  nut;  b, 
handle,  or 
lever  ;  c, 
screw. 


Screw-propeller. 


sieve.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1. 
protect  by  hiding ;  to  conceal. 

To  pass  through  a  screen. 

Screw  (skrq),  n.  [Icel. 
skriifa ,  D.  schroef.)  1.  A 
cylinder  grooved  spirally  ; 

—  one  of  the  six  mechan¬ 
ical  powers.  2.  Any  thing 
like  a  screw  ;  esp.,  a  form 
of  wheel  for  propelling 
steam-vessels. — v.  t.  [-ED ; 

-ing.]  1.  To  press  or  fas¬ 
ten  by  a  screw.  2.  To 
squeeze  ;  to  press.  3.  To 
distort.  4.  To  examine  minutely. 

Screw'-drIv'ER  (skrij7-),  n.  An  im¬ 
plement  for  turning  screws. 

SCREW'-PRO-PEL'LER  (skrj}/-),  71.  A 
steam-vessel  pro¬ 
pelled  by  a  screw ; 
also,  the  screw  it¬ 
self. 

Scrib'ble  (sknV- 
bl),  v.  t.  [-ed; 

-ING  J  [From  Lat. 
scribere,  to  write.] 

1.  To  write  with¬ 
out  care.  2.  To  fill  with  worthless 
writing.  —  v.  i.  To  write  without 
care,  elegance,  or  value. — n.  Hasty 
or  careless  writing. 

Scrib'ble r,  ».  One  who  scribbles; 
a  petty  writer. 

Scribe,  n.  [Lat.  scriba ,  fr.  scribere , 
to  write.]  1.  A  writer;  esp.,  an  offi¬ 
cial  writer.  2.  (Jewish  Hist.)  One 
who  read  and  explained  the  law  to 
the  people.  —  v.  t.  [-edj-ing.]  To 
fit,  as  one  edge  of  a  board,  &c.,  to 
another  edge,  or  to  a  surface. 

Scrim'mage,  n.  [Prob.  a  corrupt,  of 
skirmish .]  A  general  row  or  fight. 

Scrimp,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Ii  Ger 
schrmnpfen,  to  crumple,  shrink.]  To 
make  too  small  or  short ;  to  scant. 

SCRIP,  n.  1.  [Icel.  skreppa,  W.  ysgrab.] 
A  small  bag  ;  a  wallet.  2.  [Abbrev. 
fr.  script .]  A  small  writing  or  sched¬ 
ule.  3.  Certificate  given  in  exchange 
for  a  loan. 

Script,  n.  [Lat.  scriptum ,  something 
written.]  A  kind  of  type  in  imita¬ 
tion  of  handwriting. 


ScrIpt'UR-AL,  a.  Contained  in,  or 
according  to,  the  Scriptures. 

ScrIpt'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat.  scriptura , 
fr.  scribere,  to  write.]  1.  Any  thing 
written.  2.  The  books  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament ;  the  Bible ; 
—  chiefly  in  the  pi. 

Script 'ur-Ist,  n.  One  versed  in  the 
Scriptures. 

ScrIve'ner  (sknv'ner),  n.  [0.  Fr. 
escrivain ,  fr.  Lat.  scribere,  to  write.] 
One  who  draws  contracts  or  other 
writings. 

Scrof'u-lA,  n.  [Lat.  scrofulas,  from 
scrofa,  a  breeding  sow,  because  swine 
are  subject  to  it,  or  by  a  fanciful 
comparison  of  the  swellings  to  little 
pigs.]  A  disease  affecting  the  lym¬ 
phatic  glands,  esp.  those  of  the  neck. 


Scrof'u-loOs,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
diseased  with,  scrofula. 

SCROLL,  n.  [0.  Fr.  escrol,  escrou,  fr. 
Lat.  ex,  con,  and  rotulus,  rotula.  See 
Roll.]  1.  A  roll  of  paper  or  parch¬ 
ment.  2.  (Arch.)  A  convolved  or 
spiral  ornament. 

Scro'ti-form,  a.  [Lat.  scrotum ,  and 
forma,  form.]  Purse-shaped. 

SeRO'TUM,  n.  [Lat.]  The  bag  which 
contains  the  testicles. 

SCROb,  V.  t.  [-BED;  -BING.]  [D. 
schrobben,  L.  Ger.  schrubben,  to 
scrub.]  To  rub  hard,  with  a  brush, 
or  something  coarse  or  rough.  —  v.  i. 
To  be  diligent  and  penurious.  —  n.  1. 
A  mean  drudge.  2.  A  worn-out 
brush. 

Scrue'by,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.] 
Small  and  mean  ;  stunted  in  growth. 

SCRU'PLE,  n.  [Lat.  scrupulus ,  a  small, 
sharp  stone,  24th  of  an  ounce,  un¬ 
easiness,  doubt.]  1.  A  weight  of 
20  grains.  2.  A  very  small  quantity. 
3.  Hesitation  as  to  action  from  the 
difficulty  of  determining  what  is 
right  or  expedient. — v.  i.  [-E D  ; 

-ing.]  To  doubt  or  hesitate. 

Scru'pler,  n.  One  who  scruples. 

SCRU'PU-LOS'I-TY,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  scrupulous. 

Scru'pu-loDs,  a.  1.  Full  of  scru¬ 
ples.  2.  Careful ;  cautious  ;  exact. 

Scru'pu-loOs-ly,  adv.  With  a  nice 
regard  to  particulars  or  to  propriety. 

Sgru'pu-lous-ness,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  scrupulous;  niceness,  or 
caution  in  determining  or  in  acting. 

Scru'ti-nize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing^] 
[From  scrutiny.]  To  examine  or  in¬ 
quire  into  critically. 

Scru'ti-ny,  n.  [Lat.  scrutinium,  fr. 
scrutari,  lit.,  to  search  even  to  the 
rags,  from  scruta,  gruta,  Gr.  ypvnj, 
trash,  trumpery.]  Minute  inquiry 
or  search. 

Sgru-toire'  (-tworQ,  n.  [See  Es- 
critoir.]  A  desk,  with  a  lid  open¬ 
ing  downward  for  writing  on  it. 

SgOd,  c.  i.  [-DED  ;  -DING.]  [A.-S. 
sceotan,  to  shoot,  haste  away.]  To 
be  driven  with  haste  ;  esp.  before  a 
tempest,  with  little  or  no  sail  spread. 
—  n.  1.  A  driving  along.  2.  Loose, 
vapory  clouds  driven  swiftly  by  the 
wind. 

Sguf'fle,  n.  [See  Shove,  and  cf. 
Shuffle.]  1.  A  trial  of  strength 
between  two  persons  who  grapple. 
2.  A  confused  contest.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  struggle  with  close 
grapple.  2.  To  strive  or  contend 
tumultuously. 

Sguf'fler,  n.  One  who  scuffles. 

SgOlk,  v.  i.  See  Skulk. 

SgDll,  n.  1.  A  boat.  2.  A  short 
oar  ;  esp.  one  used  in  propelling  a 
boat,  by  placing  it  over  the  stern.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  impel  by 
moving  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

Sgul'ler,  n.  1.  A  boat  rowed  by 
one  man  with  two  sculls.  2.  One 
who  sculls. 

SgAl'ler-Y,  n.  [0.  Fr.  esculier,  fr. 
escuelle ,  a  dish,  porringer,  from  Lat. 


SCULLION 

scutefla,  a  square  salver.]  A  place 
for  kitchen  utensils,  &c. 

SuDl'lion  (-yun),  n.  1.  [See  Scul¬ 
lery.]  A  servant  who  does  menial 
services  in  the  kitchen.  2.  A  kind 
of  imperfect  onion. 

SetJL'PlN,  n.  A  certain  small  fish. 

SuDlp'tor,  v.  One  who  sculptures. 

ScGlpt'ur-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 

sculpture. 

Sculpt'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  sculptura , 
fr.  sculpere ,  to  carve.]  1.  Art  of 
cutting  wood,  stone,  or  other  mate¬ 
rial  into  images.  2.  Carved  work.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  carve;  to 
engrave. 

ScOm,  n.  [Teel,  sktlm ,  0.  IT.  Ger. 
seftm.]  1.  Impurities  which  rise  to 
the  surface  of  liquids,  in  boiling  or 
fermentation,  See.  ;  also,  scoria.  2. 
Refuse.  — v.  t.  [-Med  ;  -MING.]  To 
take  the  scum  from  ;  to  skim. 

S-CUM'BLE,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Dim. 
of  scum.]  To  cover  lightly  with 
opaque  or  semi-opaque  colors. 

ScGp'per,  n.  [Prob.  from  scoop.]  A 
channel  cut  through  the  side  of  a 
ship,  for  carrying  off  the  water  from 
the  deck. 

Suup'per-hose,  n.  A  pipe  attached 
to  the  mouth  of  the  scuppers,  on  the 
outside  of  a  vessel.  Lbroad  head. 

ScDp'PER-NAIL,  n.  A  nail  with  a 

ScOrf,  n.  [A.-S.,  from  sceorfan,  to 
gnaw,  bite.]  A  dry  scao  or  mealy 
crust  on  the  skin  of  an  animal. 

ScDrf  I-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 
scurfy.  [with  scurf. 

ScfjRF'Y,a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  Covered 

ScOr'rile,  a.  [Lat.  scurrilis ,  fr.  scur- 
ra,  a  buffoon.]  Scurrilous  ;  low  ; 
mean. 

SCUR-RIL'I-TY,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  scurrilous.  2.  Gross  or  obscene 
language  or  behavior. 

Suur'RIL-oDs,  a.  1.  Using  low  and 
indecent  language.  2.  Containing 
low  indecency. 

SeOr'vi-ly,  adv.  Basely;  meanly. 

SeffR'vi-NESS,  n.  Vileness  ;  mean¬ 
ness. 

S-eftR'VY,  n.  [See  Scurf.]  A  disease 
characterized  by  livid  spots,  pale¬ 
ness,  languor,  spongy  and  bleeding 
gums,  &c.  —  a.  [-ER ; -est,  142.]  1. 
Scurfy;  diseased  with  the  scurvy.  2. 
Vile  ;  mean  ;  contemptible. 

ScOr'vy-grass,  n.  A  plant  used  as 
a  remedy  for  the  scurvy. 

ScIjtch'eon,  n.  [See Escutcheon.] 
1.  An  escutcheon.  2.  An  ornamental 
brass  plate  over  a  key-hole. 

Scu'ti-form,  n.  [Lat.  scutum,  shield, 
and  forma ,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  buckler. 

ScOt'tle,  n.  1.  [Lat.  scutella ,  dim. 
of  scutra,  a  dish  or  platter.]  A  wide¬ 
mouthed  vessel  for  coal.  2.  [0.  Fr. 
escoutille ,  fr.  escouter ,  to  listen.]  A 
small  outer  opening  furnished  with  a 
lid,  or  the  lid  itself. — v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  [From  the  n.]  To  sink,  as  a 
ship,  by  making  holes  through  the 
bottom. 

SCYTHE  (sTth),  n.  [A.-S.  sidhe,  for 

382 

sigdhe,  allied  to  Eng.  saw.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  mowing  grass,  grain, 
and  the  like. 

S<^ YTH'I-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Scythia, 
or  the  northern  part  of  Asia  and  Eu¬ 
rope. —  n.  1.  A  native  of  Scythia. 
2.  Language  of  the  Scythians. 

Sea,  n.  [A  -S.  sat,  sSo.]  1.  A  large 
body  of  salt  water,  less  than  an 
ocean.  2.  A  lake.  [Rare.]  3.  The 
ocean.  4.  A  high  wave  ;  a  surge. 

Sea'-board,  n.  [<S>aand  board ,  Fr. 
bord,  side.]  The  sea-shore. 

Sea'-born,  a.  1.  Born  of  the  sea. 
2.  Born  at  sea. 

Sea'-breacii,  n.  Irruption  of  the 
sea  by  breaking  the  banks. 

Sea'-breeze,  n.  A  current  of  air, 
blowing  from  the  sea. 

Sea'-uXp'tain  (42),  n.  The  captain 
of  a  vsssel. 

Sea'— coal.  v.  Coal  brought  by  sea; 
—  mineral  coal.  [sea  or  ocean. 

Se  a '-coast,  n.  Shore  adjacent  to  the 

Sea'-fAr'er,  n.  A  mariner  ;  a  sailor. 

Sea'-far'ing,  a.  Following  the  busi¬ 
ness  of  a  seaman. 

Sea'-fIght  (-fit),  n.  An  engagement 
between  ships  at  sea. 

Sea'-fowl,  n.  Any  bird  that  lives 
near,  and  procures  its  food  from,  salt 
water. 

Sea'-gage,  n.  The  depth  that  a  ves¬ 
sel  sinks  in  the  water. 

Sea'-god,  n.  A  marine  deity. 

Sea'-green,  a.  Having  the  color  of 
sea- water. 

Sea'-horse,  n.  1.  The  walrus.  2. 
The  hippopotamus. 

Sea'-kTng,  n.  A  Norse  pirate  chief. 

Seal,  v.  1.  [A.-S. 
seal ,  seolk.]  An 
aquatic  carniv- 

stamp.  3.  Wax  geaj_ 

or  wafer  stamped 

with  a  seal.  4.  Hence,  that  which 
confirms  or  authenticates. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  affix  a  seal  to  ; 
to  ratify.  2.  To  mark  with  a  stamp, 
as  an  evidence  of  legal  size,  & c.  3. 
To  fasten  with  a  seal.  4.  To  shut  or 
keep  close. 

Sea'-leg^,  n.  pi.  Ability  to  walk 
steadily  on  deck  in  a  rough  sea. 

Se al'er, n.  One  who  seals;  especial¬ 
ly  an  officer  who  seals  writs,  stamps 
weights  and  measures,  &c. 

Seal'ing-wXx,  n.  A  resinous  com¬ 
pound  for  sealing  letters. 

Seam,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  seam ,  fr.  seowian , 
to  sew.]  Line  on  cloth  formed  by 
sewing.  2.  A  line  of  junction ;  a 
suture.  3.  A  narrow  vein  between 
two  thicker  ones.  4.  A  scar.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  form  a  seam  up¬ 
on  or  of.  2.  To  scar.  3.  To  knit 
with  a  certain  stitch. 

Sea'-man  (150),  n.  A  mariner  ;  a 
sailor.  [man. 

Sea'MAN-siiip,  n.  Skill  of  a  good  sea- 

SEASONABLY 

Sea'-mark,«.  A  beacon  visible  from 
the  sea. 

Seam'less,  a.  Without  a  seam. 

Seam'stress,  or  Seam'stress,  n. 

[For  seamsteress.]  A  woman  whose 
occupation  is  sewing.  [seams. 

Seam'Y.  a.  Containing,  or  showing, 

Seance  (sa'ongss'),  v.  [Fr.,  fr.  Lat. 
sedens.  sitting.]  Session,  as  of  some 
public  body.  [of  the  sea. 

Sea'-nympii,  n.  A  nymph  or  goddess 

Sea'-pie,  n.  Paste  and  meat  boiled 
together  ;  —  so  named  because  com¬ 
mon  at  sea. 

Sea'-pieoe,  n.  A  picture  represent¬ 
ing  a  scene  at  sea.  [shore. 

Sea'-port,  n.  A  port  on  the  sea- 

Sear,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  sear- 
ian,  to  dry.]  1.  To  wither  ;  to  dry 
up.  2.  To  scorch  ;  to  make  callous. 

—  a.  Dry;  withered. 

SEARCH,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
cercare ,  circare,  fr.  Lat.  circum,  circa, 
around.]  1.  To  look  over  or  through, 
to  find  something.  2.  To  inquire 
after ;  to  look  for.  3.  To  put  to  the 
test. — v.  i.  To  seek  ;  to  make  in¬ 
quiry  or  exploration.  —  n.  A  seeking 
or  looking  for  something. 

Search'a -ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
searched.  [a  seeker. 

Search'er,  n.  One  who  searches  ; 

SEarch'-war'rant,  n.  A  warrant 
authorizing  persons  to  search  for 
stolen  goods. 

Sear'-cloth,  n.  [A.-S.  sar-cladh. 

See  Sore.]  A  cloth  to  cover  a  sore. 

Sear'ed-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
seared;  hence,  insensibility. 

Sea'-room,  n.  Distance  from  land 
sufficient  for  a  ship  to  drive  or  scud 
without  danger  of  shipwreck. 

Sea'-ser'pent,  n  A  serpent-like 
animal  of  great  size,  supposed  to 
dwell  in  the  sea. 

Sea'-shell,  n.  A  marine  shell. 

Sea'-shore,  n.  1.  Coast  of  the  sea. 

2.  [Law.)  All  the  ground  between 
the  ordinary  high-water  and  low- 
water  marks. 

SEA'siCK,  a.  Affected  with  nausea  on 
account  of  the  motion  of  a  vessel.  ! 

Sea'sick-ness,  n.  Sickness  occa¬ 
sioned  by  the  motion  of  a  vessel. 

Sea'-side,  n.  The  land  bordering  on 
the  sea.  J 

SEA'gON  (se'zn ),  n.  [Fr.  saison ,  fr. 

Lat.  satio ,  a  sowing,  a  planting.]  1. 

One  of  the  four  divisions  of  the  year, 
spring,  summer,  autumn,  winter.  2. 

A  suitable  or  convenient  time.  3.  A 
period  of  time  not  very  long.  —  v.  t. 

[-ED;  -ing.]  1.  To  prepare.  2.  To 
accustom.  3.  To  prepare  by  dr} ing 
or  hardening.  4.  To  render  palata¬ 
ble  ;  to  spice.  5.  To  fit  for  enjoy¬ 
ment.  6.  To  imbue  ;  hence,  to  com¬ 
municate  first  instruction  to.  — v.  i. 

To  become  mature  ;  to  grow  fit  for 
use. 

Sea's ON-A-BLE  (-se'zn-),  a.  Occur¬ 
ring  in  good  time  or  due  season. 

SEA'§ON-A-BLE-NESS  (se'zn-),  n.  Op¬ 
portuneness.  [time. 

SEA'gON-A-BLY  (se'zn-), adv.  In  due 

A,  E,  1,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  E,  1,  6,  u,  ? ,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASIC,  ALL,  what;  Ere,  VEIL,  term;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 

SEASONING  383  SEDITION 


Sea's  on-ing  (se'zn-ing),  n.  1.  A 
condiment.  2.  Something  added  to 
enhance  enjoyment. 

Seat,  n.  [A.-S.  siot,  set.  See  Sit.] 
1.  That  on  which  one  sits.  2.  Place 
where  any  thing  is  situated ;  site  ; 
abode.  3.  Something  to  be  set  in  or 
upon.  4.  Posture  of  sitting  on  horse¬ 
back. —  V.  t.  [-E  D  j  -ING.]  1.  To 
place  on  a  seat.  2.  To  station  ;  to 
locate.  3.  To  assign  a  seat  or  se  its  to. 
4.  To  repair  by  making  the  seat  new. 

Sea'ward,  a.  Directed  toward  the  sea. 
—  adv.  In  the  direction  of  the  sea. 

Sea'-weed,  n.  A  marine  plant. 

Sea'-WOK/thy  (-wfir'thy),  a.  Fit  for 
a  voyage,  as  a  vessel. 

Se-BA'ceous,  a.  [N.  Lat.  sebaceus , 
fr.  Lat.  sebum ,  tallow.]  1.  Made  of, 
or  pertaining  to,  fat.  2.  Affording 
fatty  secretions. 

Se'gant,h.  [Lat  .secerns.]  Cutting; 
dividing  into  two  parts. — n.  1.  A 
line  that  cuts  an¬ 
other.  2.  (  Trigo¬ 
nometry.)  A  right 
line  from  the  cen¬ 
ter  of  a  circle 
through  one  end  Secant  (2). 
of  an  arc  to  a  tangent. 

Se-^ede',  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
secerlere ,  secessum  ;  fr.  se,  aside,  and 
cedere ,  to  go.]  To  withdraw  from 
fellowship  or  association. 

Se-^ed'er,  n.  One  who  secedes 

Se-^ern',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
ser.ernere ;  se,  aside,  and  cernere,  to 
separate.]  1.  To  separate.  2.  To 
secrete.  [of  secreting. 

Se-^ern-ment,  n.  Process  or  act 

Se-^es'sion  (-sesh/un),  n.  [Lat.  se- 
cessio.  See  SECEDE.]  Act  of  se¬ 
ceding;  separation  from  fellowship 
or  association.  [holds  secession. 

Se-^es'sion-Ist,  n.  One  who  up- 

Seck'el  (sekd),  n.  A  small,  pulpy 
variety  of  pear. 

Se-clude',  V.  t.  [-ED;-ING.]  [Lat. 
secludere ,  seclusum,  fr.  se,  aside,  and 
claudtre ,  to  shut.]  1.  To  shut  up 
apart  from  others.  2.  To  prevent 
from  entering ;  to  exclude. 

SE-€LU'slON,  n.  Separation  from  so¬ 
ciety  or  connection. 

Syn.  —  See  Solitude. 

Sec'ond,  a.  [Lat.  secundus ,  fr .  sequi, 
to  follow.]  1.  Immediately  follow¬ 
ing  the  first ;  next  to  the  first  in  or¬ 
der  of  place  or  time.  2.  Next  in 
value,  power,  excellence,  dignity,  or 
rank. — n.  1.  One  who  follows.  2. 
One  who  acts  as  another’s  aid  in  a 
duel.  3.  Sixtieth  part  of  a  minute. 
4.  ( Mus .)  Second  part  in  a  concerted 
piece  ;  —  often  popularly  applied  to 
the  alto.  —  v.  t.  [-ED:  -ING.]  To 
follow  or  attend  ;  to  support ;  to  en¬ 
courage.  [ary  manner  or  degree. 

SEc'OND-a-ri-ly,  adv.  In  a  second- 

SEc'ond-a-ry,  a.  1.  Of  second  place, 
origin,  rank,  and  the  like.  2.  Acting 
by  delegated  authority. — n.  1.  One 
who  occupies  a  subordinate  place.  2. 
A  satellite.  3.  A  quill  on  the  sec¬ 
ond  bone  of  a  bird’s  wing. 


Sec'ond-hXnd,  n.  Possession  by 
transfer  from  a  previous  owner.  —  a. 
1.  Not  original  or  primary.  2.  Pre¬ 
viously  possessed  by  another. 

Sec'ond-LY,  adv.  In  the  second 
place. 

Sec'ond-rate,  a.  Of  the  second 
size,  rank,  quality,  or  value. 

Sec'ond-sigiit  (-sit),  n.  Power  of 
seeing  things  future  or  distant. 

Se'€RE-9  Y,  n.  1.  State  of  being  se¬ 
cret  ;  retirement ;  privacy.  2.  Fi¬ 
delity  to  a  secret. 

SE'ERET,  a.  [Lat.  secretus,  separated.] 
1.  Separate;  hence,  hid.  2.  Known 
only  to  oue  or  to  few. 

Syn.— See  Hidden. 

—  n.  1.  Something  studiously  con¬ 
cealed.  2.  A  thing  not  discovered. 
3.  pi.  The  genital  organs. 

Sec're-ta-ry  (44),  n.  [From  Lat. 
secretum,  a  secret ;  orig.  a  confidant.] 
1.  One  employed  to  write  orders,  let¬ 
ters,  dispatches,  &c.  2.  Chief  offi¬ 
cer  of  a  department  of  government. 
3.  A  piece  of  furniture  with  conve¬ 
niences  for  writing. 

Sec're-ta-ry-bIrd,  n.  [From  the 
feathers  at  the  back  of  its  head, 
which  resemble  pens  stuck  behind 
the  ear.]  A  bird  of  South  Africa. 

SEc're-ta-ry-shIp,  n.  Office  of  a 
secretary. 

Se-crete',  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing  ]  [Lat. 
secretus ,  separated,  secret,  hidden.] 

1.  To  deposit  in  a  place  of  hiding. 

2.  To  separate  by  natural  processes, 
from  the  circulating  fluids,  as  the 
blood,  sap,  &c. 

Syn. —  To  conceal;  hide. 

Se-gre'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  secreting. 
2.  Matter  secreted. 

Se'gre-tPtioDs  (-tish/us),  a.  Pro¬ 
duced  by  animal  secretion. 

SE-CRET'lYE,  a.  Tending  to  secrete. 

SE-€RET'1VE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
_being  secretive. 

Se'gret-ly,  adv.  In  a  secret  man¬ 
ner  ;  with  secresy. 

Se'cret-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  secret. 

Se'cre-to-ry,  or  Se-gret'o-ry,  a. 
Performing  the  office  of  secretion. 

Sect,  n.  [Lat.  secta,  fr.  secure,  to  cut 
off.]  A  school  or  denomination; 
esp.,  a  religious  denomination. 

Sec-TA'ri-an  (89),  a.  Pertaining  or 
peculiar  to  a  sect.  — n.  One  of  a  sect. 

Sec-ta'ri-an-Ism,  n.  Devotion  to 
the  interests  of  a  sect. 

Sec'TA-ry,  n.  [See  Sect.]  A  secta¬ 
rian  ;  member  of  a  sect. 

Sec'tIle,  a.  [Lat.  sectilis,  fr.  secure, 
to  cut.]  Capable  of  being  cut. 

SEC'TION,  n.  [Lat.  sectio.]  1.  Act  of 
cutting  off.  2.  A  part  separated 
from  the  rest;  a  division  ;  esp.,  (a.) 
A  distinct  part  of  a  book  or  writing. 
(6.)  A  distinct  part  of  a  country  or 
people,  community,  or  class.  3. 
Representation  of  any  thing  as  it 
would  appear  if  cut  through. 

Sfic'TiON-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
section. 


Sec'tor,  n.  [Lat.,  a 
cutter  ]  1.  A  part  of 
a  circle  comprehended  /  \  \ 

between  two  radii  and/  \|c  ) 

the  included  arc. 

A  mathematical 
strument,  used 

plotting,  &c.  a,  c,  b,  sector. 

Sec'U-lar,  a.  [Lat.  secularis;  seen- 
lum,  a  generation,  age,  world.]  1. 
Coming  or  observed  once  in  an  ago. 
2.  Pertaining  to  an  age,  or  the  pro¬ 
gress  of  ages.  3.  Pertaining  to  this 
present  world ;  worldly.  4.  Not 
bound  by  monastic  vows.  —  n.  1. 
An  ecclesiastic  not  bound  by  monas¬ 
tic  rules.  2.  A  church  officer  con¬ 
nected  with  the  choir. 

Sec'u-lXr'i-ty,  n.  \Aorldliness. 

Sec'U-lar-I-za'TION,  n.  Act  of  ren¬ 
dering  secular. 


SEC'U-LAR-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  secular.  [manner. 

Sec'U-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  a  secular 

Sec'un-dine,  n.  pi.  The  membranes 
in  which  the  fetus  is  wrapped  in  the 
womb;  the  after-birth. 

Se-cure',  a.  [Lat.  securus,  fr.  se,  for 
sine,  without,  and  cura,  care.]  1. 
Free  from  care  or  anxiety.  2.  Con¬ 
fident  in  opinion.  3.  Not  exposed 
to  danger. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  make  safe  ;  to  guard.  2.  To  as¬ 
sure  ;  to  insure.  3.  To  close,  inclose, 
or  confine  effectually.  4.  To  get 
possession  of. 

Se-CURE'ly,  adv.  In  a  secure  man¬ 
ner;  without  danger ;  safely. 

Se-cure'ness,  n.  Confidence  of  safe¬ 
ty  ;  want  of  vigilance. 

Se-cu'ri-ty,  n.  1.  Condition  of  be¬ 
ing  secure.  2.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  secures  cr  makes  safe.  3.  An 
evidence  of  debt  or  of  property,  as  a 
bond,  &c. 

Se-dXn',  n.  [Said  to  be  named  from 
Sedan,  in  France.]  A  covered  vehi- 
cle  for  carrying  a  single  person. 

Se-date',  a.  [Lat.  sedatus.]  Un 
ruffled  by  passion.  [ner 

Se-date'Ly,  adv.  In  a  sedate  man, 

Se-date'ness,  n.  Freedom  from  agi¬ 
tation;  composure;  tranquillity. 

Sed'a-tIve,  a.  [See  Sedate.]  tend¬ 
ing  to  tranquilize ;  allaying  irritabil¬ 
ity. —  n.  A  remedy  which  allays 
irritability  and  irritation. 

S£d'en-ta-ry  (44),  a.  [Lat.  sedenta- 
rius  ;  sedere,  to  sit.]  1.  Accustomed 
to  sit  much.  2.  Requiring  much  sit¬ 
ting.  3.  Inactive. 

SEdge,  n.  [A.-S.  secg\]  A  kind  of 
grass  growing  in  dense  tufts. 

Sis dg'y,  a.  Overgrown  with  sedge. 

Sed'i-ment,  n.  [Lat.  sedimentum , 
fr.  sedere,  to  sit,  to  settle.]  Matter 
which  subsides  to  the  bottom. 

Syn.  —  Settlings;  lees;  dregs. 

SEdO-mEnt'a-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to^ 
or  consisting  of,  sediment. 

Se-dPtion  (-dTsh'un),  n.  [Lat.  se  di¬ 
tto  ;  se,  sed ,  aside,  and  itio,  a  going.] 
The  raising  of  commotion  in  a  state, 
not  amounting  to  insurrection.  See 
Insurrection. 


?>r,  do,  wolf,  too,  to'ok  ;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL ;  e,  T,  o, silent ;  y,6,  soft;  c,G ,hard;  Ag;  e^cist;  n  as  ng  ;  this 


SEDITIOUS 

Se-dT'tious  (-dish'us),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  guilty  of,  sedition. 

Sf.-dPtious-LY  (-dish'us-),  adv.  In  a 
seditious  manner. 

Se-dI'tioOs-ness  (-dish7 us-),  n. 

Quality  of  being  seditious. 

SEd'litz  Pow'ders  (L8).  [From 
Sedlitz ,  in  Bohemia.]  Certain  ape¬ 
rient  powders  which  form  an  effer¬ 
vescing  drink. 

SE-DU^E',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
seducere,  fr.  se,  aside,  and  ducere ,  to 
lead.]  1.  To  draw  aside  from  the 
path  of  rectitude.  2.  To  induce  to 
surrender  chastity. 

Se-du^e'ment,  n.  Seduction. 

Se-du'cer,  n.  One  who  seduces. 

Se-dOg'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  seducing. 
2.  That  which  seduces. 

Se-i>U€'tive,  a.  Tending  to  lead 

astray.  [try. 

Se-DU'LI-TY,  n.  Unremitting  indus- 

SEd'U-lous,  a.  [Lat.  sedulus,  fr  se¬ 
vere,  to  sit.]  Diligent  in  application  ; 
steadily  iudustrious.  [manner. 

SEd'u-loDs-ly,  adv.  In  a  sedulous 

SEE,n.  [Lat.  sedes ,  a  seat.]  1.  A  dio¬ 
cese  ;  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop  or  arch¬ 
bishop.  2.  Pope  or  court  of  Rome  ; 
papacy. — v.t.  [saw;  seen;  see¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  seon.]  1.  Toperceiveby 
the  eye.  2.  To  perceive  mentally.  3. 
To  take  care  of.  4.  To  have  an  inter¬ 
view  with.  5.  To  meet  or  associate 
with. —  v.  i.  1.  To  have  or  use  the 
power  of  sight.  2.  To  have  intellect¬ 
ual  apprehension. 

Seed,  n.  [A.-S.  seed,  fr.  s&wan,  to  sow.] 
1.  A  matured  ovule,  the  growth  of 
which  gives  origin  to  a  new  plant.  2. 
Generative  fluid  of  the  male.  3.  That 
from  which  any  thing  springs.  4. 
Progeny;  offspring.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  produce  seed. — v.t.  To 
sow  with,  or  as  if  with,  seed. 

Seed'-bOd,  n.  Germ  or  rudiment  of 
fruit  in  embryo.  [the  seed. 

Seed'ling,  n.  A  plant  reared  from 

SEEDg'MAN  (150),  n.  One  who  deals  in 
seeds.  _  [ing. 

Seed'tIme,  n.  Season  proper  for  sow- 

Seed'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Abounding  with  seeds.  2.  Old  and 
worn  out ;  shabbily  clothed. 

See'ING,  p.  pr.,  called  a  conj.  Con¬ 
sidering  ;  inasmuch  as  ;  since. 

Seek,  v.  t.  [sought  (sawt) ;  seek¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  sccan,ssecan,fc.  sacan, 
to  contend,  strive.]  To  go  in  search 
or  quest  of;  to  try  to  find.  —  v.  i.  1. 
To  make  search  or  inquiry.  2.  To 
endeavor.  [quirer. 

Seek'er,  n.  One  who  seeks  ;  an  in- 

SEEL,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Fr.  siller, 
tiller,  fr.  Lat.  c ilium ,  an  eyelash.]  1. 
To  render  incapable  of  seeing  by  sew¬ 
ing  the  eyelids  together.  2.  To  make 
blind. 

Seem,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Prov.  Eng. 
seem,  to  think,  imagine;  0.  Eng. 
seem ,  to  become,  befit ;  A.-S.  sSman, 
to  judge,  appease.]  To  have  a  show 
or  appearance. 

Syn.  —  To  appear.  —  To  appear  has 
reference  to  a  tiling’s  being  presented  to 

384 

our  view;  as,  the  sun  appears;  to  seem 
is  connected  witli  the  idea  of  semblance, 
and  usually  implies  an  inference  of  our 
mind  as  to  the  probability  of  a  thing’s 
being  so;  as,  a  storm  seems  to  be  coming. 

Seem'ing,;?.  a.  Appearing  like ;  hav¬ 
ing  the  semblance  of. — n.  Appear¬ 
ance  ;  show ;  semblance. 

Seem'ing-ly,  adv.  In  appearance. 

Seem'ing-ness,  n.  Fair  appearance. 

Seem'li-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  seemly. 

Seem'ly,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  [From 
seem,  v.  t.]  Suited  to  the  object,  oc¬ 
casion,  purpose,  or  character. 

Seen,  p.  p.  of  See. 

Seer,  n.  [From  see.]  One  who  fore¬ 
sees  events ;  a  prophet. 

See 'saw,  n.  [Prob.  a  reduplication  of 
saw.)  1.  A  board  supported  in  the 
middle,  so  as  to  move  alternately  up 
and  down.  2.  A  reciprocating  motion. 
—  v.i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  move  up¬ 
ward  and  downward  alternately. 

Seethe,^,  t.  [seethed;  seethed, 

or  SODDEN  ;  SEETHING.]  [A.-S.‘«d- 
dhan,  siodhan.]  To  prepare  for  food 
in  hot  liquid  ;  to  boil.  —  v.  i.  To  be 
in  a  state  of  ebullition  ;  to  boil. 

SEg'ment,  n.  [Lat.  g_ 

sezmentum ,  from  se-  a.s  7 

care ,  to  cut  off.]  1.  /  \ 

A  section ;  a  por-  [  1 

tion.  2.  That  part  l  J 

of  a  circle  contained  \  / 

between  a  chord  and 
an  arc  of  that  circle.  Segment  (2). 

SEG'RE-GATE,  v.  t.  ab,  chord;  «,  c,  b, 
[-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat.  segment. 

segregare ,  -gatum,  fr.  se,  aside,  and 
gregare ,  to  collect  into  a  flock.]  To 
separate  from  others. 

Seg're-ga'tion,  n.  Separation  from 
others ;  a  parting. 

SeId'litz  (sld'lits).  See  Sedlitz. 

Seign-eu'ri-al  (seen-yjp-),  a.  [Fr. 
See  Seignior  ]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
lord  of  a  manor.  2.  Vested  with 
large  powers. 

Seign'ior  (seen'yur-),  n.  [Fr.  seign¬ 
eur,  0.  Fr.  seignor,  from  Lat.  senior, 
elder.]  A  lord  ;  the  lord  of  a  manor. 

Grand  Seignior,  the  sultan  of  Turkey. 

Seign'ior-a&e  (seen'yur-,  45),  n.  A 
certain  toll  or  deduction  on  bullion 
brought  to  a  mint  to  be  coined. 

Seign'IOR-y  (seen'yur-jQ,  n.  1.  Do¬ 
minion.  2.  A  lordship  ;  a  manor. 

SEINE,  n.  [Fr.  seine,  Gr.  <ray)jvij.]  A 
large  net  for  catching  fish. 

Sei§'in,  n.  See  Seizin.  [seized. 

Seiz'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Seize,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  II.  Ger. 
bi-sazjan,  to  occupy  ;  to  seize.]  1. 
To  take  suddenly  or  by  force.  2.  To 
take  possession  ofby  legal  authority. 
3.  To  fasten  together,  as  ropes. 

Syn.  —To  catch;  grasp;  gripe;  snatch. 

Seiz'in,  n.  [See  Seize.]  1.  Posses¬ 
sion  of  an  estate  of  freehold.  2. 
Thing  possessed. 

Setz'or,  n.  One  who  seizes. 

Seiz'ure,  n.  1.  Act  of  seizing,  or 
state  of  being  seized.  2.  Possession. 
3.  Thing  taken  or  possessed. 

SELF-POSSESSION 

Se'LAH,  n.  [Heb.,fr.  salah,  to  be 
silent.]  A  word  occurring  in  the 

Psalms  ;  by  some  supposed  to  sig¬ 
nify  silence  or  a  pause  in  the  song. 

Sel'dom,  adv.  [A.-S.  seldon,seldurn.] 

Rarely ;  not  often. 

SE-LE€T',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
seligere,  selectum ;  se,  aside,  apart, 
and  legere,  to  gather.]  To  choose 
from  a  number;  to  pick  out.  —  a. 

Taken  from  a  number  by  preference  ;  ; 

of  special  value.  ' 

Se-lEe'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  selecting, 
or  state  of  being  selected.  2.  That  ‘ 

which  is  selected. 

Se-lect'man  (150),  n.  A  town  officer 
chosen  annually,  in  New  England,  to 
manage  the  concerns  of  the  town. 

Se-lEet'or,  n.  One  who  selects. 

Sel'E-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ere Atjvtj, 

the  moon,  ypdtyeiv,  to  describe.]  A  i 

description  of  the  surface  of  the  moon. 

Self  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  si  If,  self,  Goth. 
silba,  prob.  contr.  from  si-liba ,  from  ; 

sik,  one’s  self,  and  lip,  body,  having 
one’s  ow’n  body.]  1.  A  person  as  a 
distinct  individual.  2.  Love  of  pri¬ 
vate  interest. 

SElf'-a-base'ment,  n.  Humiliation 
proceeding  from  conscious  inferior¬ 
ity- 

SElf'-a-buse',  n.  Abuse  of  one’s  own 
person  or  powers. 

SElf'-eon-^eit',  n.  A  high  opinion 
of  one’s  powers  or  endowments. 

SElf'-eon-^eit'ed,  a.  Vain  ;  puffed 
up  ;  conceited. 

SElf'-e&n'fi-den^e,  n.  Confidence 
in  one’s  own  opinion  or  powers. 

SElf'-eon'seious,  a.  1.  Conscious 
of  one’s  acts  or  states  as  belonging 
to  one’s  self.  2.  Conscious  of  one’s 
self  as  an  object  of  the  observation 
of  others. 

SElf'-eon-trol',  n.  Restraint  exer¬ 
cised  over  one’s  self. 

SElf'-de-fense',  1  n.  Act  of  de- 

SElf'-de-fEn^e',  j  fending  one’s 
own  person,  property,  or  reputation. 

SElf'-de-NI'AL,  n.  Denial  of  one’s 
own  appetites  or  desires. 

SElf'-es-teem',  n.  Good  opinion  of 
one’s  self ;  complacency. 

SElf'-Ev'i-dent,  a.  Evident  with¬ 
out  proof  or  reasoning. 

SElf'-e?c-Ist'ent  (-egz-),  a.  Exist. 

ing  of  or  by  himself. 
SElf'-gov'ern-ment,  n.  1.  Self, 
control.  2.  Government  by  the  peo¬ 
ple  ;  democracy. 

SElf'-in'ter-est,  n.  Private  inter¬ 
est  ;  one’s  own  advantage. 

SElf'ish,  a.  Regarding  one’s  own 
good  alone.  [ner. 

SElf'ish-ly,  adv.  In  a  selfish  man- 

SElf'ish-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
selfish. 

SElf'-love',  n.  Love  of  one’s  self 

Syn.  —  Selfishness. 

SElf'-made,  a.  Made  by  one’s  self, 
or  by  means  of  one’s  own  talents  or 
energies.  „ 

SElf'-pos-sEs'sion  (-pos-sesh'un  or 
-poz-zesh'un),  n.  Calmness;  presence  j 

of  mind. 

A,  e,  i,  o,u,  y,long;  X,E,I,o ,  ft short ;  cAre,  far,  ask,  ^ll,  what;  Ere,  veil,  tErm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 

SELF-REPROACH 

SElf'-RE-PROACH',  n.  Act  of  re¬ 
proaching  one’s  self.  [identical. 

SElf'-same,  a.  Precisely  the  same; 

SElf'-suf-fPcient  (-flsh'ent),  a. 
Having  full  confidence  in  one’s  self ; 
hence,  haughty.  [stinacy. 

SElf'-WILL,  n.  One’s  own  will ;  ob- 

SElf'-wilLjED',  n.  Governed  by 
one’s  own  will  alone. 

,3Ell,p.  t.  [sold;  selling.]  [A.-S. 
sellan,  syllan.]  1.  To  transfer  to 
another  for  a  price.  2.  To  betray. 
3.  To  make  a  fool  of ;  to  cheat.  —  v. 

1.  1.  To  pi-actice  selling.  2.  To  be 
sold.  —  n.  An  imposition  or  trick. 

SEll'er,  n.  One  who  sells;  a  vender. 

SEl'VAGE,  [  n.  [Prob.  fr.  self  and 

SEl'vedge,  i  edge,  as  if  its  own 
proper  edge.]  Edge  of  cloth,  woven 
so  as  to  prevent  raveling. 

SElve§,  pi.  of  Self. 

SEm'A-PHORE,  n.  [Gr.  crrjpa,  a  sign, 
and  4>epe iv,  to  bear.]  A  kind  of  tele¬ 
graph. 

SEm'BLAN^E,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  sembler,  to 
seem,  resemble.]  1.  Seeming;  ap¬ 
pearance.  2.  Likeness  ;  resemblance. 

Se'MEN,  n.  [Lat.]  Male  generative 
product  of  animals.  [yearly. 

SEm'T-Xn'NU-AL  (-iWyu-),  a.  Half 

SEmG'-an'nu-al-LY  (-an'yi]-),  adv. 
Every  half  year. 

SEm^'-an'nu-lar  (-Sn'yii-),  a.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  figure  of  a  half  circle. 

SEm/I-BREVE,  n.  A  note,  of  half  the 
time  of  the  breve  ;  —  called  also  a 
whole  note. 

SEm'I  GHCPRUS,  n.  [Lat.  semichorus .] 
A  short  chorus  by  a  few  singers. 

SEmG^Tr'ole,  n.  The 
half  of  a  circle. 

SEM/f-9IR'GU-LAR,  a. 

Having  the  form  of 
half  of_a  circle. 

SEmG-go'lon  (110),  n. 

A  point  [;]  indicating 
a  separation  between  Semicircles, 
parts  of  a  sentence,  more  distinct 
than  that  marked  by  a  comma. 

SEmG  di-Xm'e-ter,  n.  Half  of  a 
diameter ;  a  radius. 

SEmG-NAL,  a.  [Lat.  seminalis ;  se¬ 
men,  seed.]  1.  Pertaining  to  seed. 

2.  Holding  the  relations  of  seed  or 
first  principle. 

SemG-na-ry  (44),  n.  [Lat.  semina- 
rium;  semen,  seed.]  An  institution 
of  education ;  a  school,  academy, 
college,  or  university. 

SEmG-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  sowing. 

SEmGqua/ver,  n.  Half  the  quaver  ; 
a  sixteenth  note. 

SE-MlTG€,  a.  [From  Sem,  or  Shem, 
the  son  of  Noah.]  Relating  to  the 
family  of  nations  or  languages  of 
which  the  Hebrews,  the  Syrians,  and 
the  Arabs  are  the  chief  members. 

SEmG-tone,  n.  ( Mus .)  Haifa  tone. 

BEmG-TON'IG,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of,  a  semitone. 

SEm'I-vow'el,  n.  1.  A  sound  be¬ 
tween  a  vowel  and  a  consonant,  or 
partaking  of  *the  nature  of  both.  2. 
Sign  of  such  a  sound. 

SEm'pi-ter'nal,  a.  [Lat.  sempiter- 


385 

nus ;  semper,  always.]  Endless  ;  hav¬ 
ing  beginning,  but  no  end. 

SEm'PI-ter'ni-ty,  n.  Future  dura¬ 
tion  without  end. 

SEmp'stress,  n.  See  Seamstress. 

SEn'ARY,  a.  [Lat.  senurivs,  fr.  seni , 
six  each,  from  sex ,  six.]  Belonging 
to,  or  containing,  six. 

SEn'ATE,  n.  [Lat.  senatus,  fr.  senex, 
old,  an  old  man.]  A  legislative  body  ; 
a  state  council ;  especially  the  upper 
or  less  numerous  branch  of  a  legis¬ 
lature,  as  in  the  United  States. 

Senate-house,  a  house  in  which  a  sen¬ 
ate  meets. 

SEn'a-tor,  n.  A  member  of  a  senate. 

SEn'A-to'ri-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  becoming,  a  senator  or  a  senate. 

2.  Entitled  to  elect  a  senator. 

SEn'a-to'ri-al-ly,  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  senate. 

SEn'a-tor-ship,  n.  Office  or  dignity 
of  a  senator. 

SEnd, r.  t.  [sent;  sending.]  [A.-S. 
send  an,  allied  to  sidh,  wa\ ,  journey.] 

1.  To  cause  to  go  in  any  manner.  2. 
To  procure  the  going  or  transmission 
of.  3.  To  cast ;  to  throw.  4.  To 
inflict. 

Se-nEs'cen^e,  n.  [Lat.  senescens, 
growing  old.]  A  growing  old  ;  decay 
by  time. 

Se-nEs'^ENT,  a.  Growing  old. 

SEn'es-^hal  (sen'e-shal)  (95),  n.  0. 
Ger.  scnescalc,  seneschalt,  fr.  the  root 
sin ,  signifying  strength,  age,  and 
scale ,  scalh,  a  servant.]  A  steward, 
_esp.  of  princes  and  dignitaries. 

Se'nile,  a.  [Lat.  senilis ,  from  senex, 
senis.  old.]  Pertaining  to  old  age. 

Se-nil'i-ty,  n.  Old  age. 

SENGOR  (-yur),  a.  [Lat.  senior ,  corn- 
par.  of  senex,  senis,  old.]  1.  More 
advanced  in  age  or  rank  ;  elder.  2. 
Belonging  to  the  last  year  of  the 
course  in  American  colleges,  or  in 
professional  schools.  —  n.  1.  One 
older  in  years,  or  office.  2.  An  aged 
person.  3.  One  in  the  last  year  of 
his  course  at  ah  American  coilege  or 
at  a  professional  school. 

Sen-ior'i-ty  (seen-yorG-ty),  n.  1. 
Priority  of  birth.  2.  Priority  or  su¬ 
periority  in  office  or  rank. 

SEn'nA,  n.  [Ar.  sand  or  send.]  A 
plant,  and  its  leaves,  which  last  are 
used  as  a  cathartic. 

SEn'night  (sgn'nit),  n.  [Contr.  from 
sevennight.]  A  week. 

Se-NO€'u-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  seni,  six  each, 
and  oculus,  eye.]  Having  six  eyes. 

SEn'sate,  a.  [Lat.  sensatus,  gifted 
with  sense  ;  sensus,  sense.]  Perceived 
by  the  senses. 

Sen-sa'tion,  n.  [Lat.  sensus,  sense.] 
1.  An  impression  upon  the  mind 
through  the  organs  of  sense.  2. 
Feelings  occasioned  by  objects  not 
material.  3.  A  state  of  excited  in¬ 
terest. 

Sen-sa'tion-al,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  sensations.  2.  Fitted  to  excite 
great  interest. 

SEnse,  n.  [Lat.  sensus,  from  sentire, 
to  perceive,  feel.]  1.  Perception  by 


SENSUALISM 

the  bodily  organs  ;  sensation  ;  feel- 
ing.  2.  Apprehension  ;  discernment. 

3.  Sound  perception  and  reasoning. 

4.  Judgment;  notion.  5.  Meaning. 

Sriv.  —Understanding;  reason—  Sense 
is  the  mind’s  acting  in  the  direct  cogni¬ 
tion  either  of  material  objects  or  of  its 
own  mental  states.  Understanding  is  the 
power  of  apprehending  under  general 
conceptions,  or  the  power  of  classifying, 
arranging,  and  making  deductions. 
Reason  is  the  power  of  apprehending 
those  fundamental  principles  which  are 
the  conditions  of  all  scientific  knowl¬ 
edge,  and  which  control  the  mind  in  all 
its  processes  of  investigation  and  deduc¬ 
tion. 

SEnse'less,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  sense, 
appreciation,  sympathy,  or  under¬ 
standing.  2.  Contrary  to  reason  or 
sound  judgment ;  foolish. 

SEnse'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  senseless 
manner.  [ity. 

SEnse'less-ness,  n.  Folly;  stupid- 

SEn/si-bTlG-ty,  n.  1.  Capacity  to 
feel  or  perceive.  2.  Capacity  of  the 
soul  for  any  feeling  or  emotion  ;  esp. 
a  specific  one.  3.  Quick  emotion  or 
^sympathy.  4.  Delicacy. 

SEn'si-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  sensibilis ,  from 
sensus,  sense.]  1.  Capable  of  being 
perceived  by  the  senses  or  the  mind. 

2.  Having  the  capacity  of  receiving 
impressions  from  external  objects. 

3.  Easily  affected  ;  especially  by  nat¬ 
ural  agents.  4.  Cognizant ;  satisfied. 

5.  Having  moral  perception.  6.  Char¬ 
acterized  by  good  sense. 

Syx.  —  Intelligent.  —  "VVe  cnll  a  man 
sensible  whose  judgments  and  conduct 
are  marked  and  governed  by  sound 
judgment.  We  call  one  intelligent  who 
is  quick  and  clear  in  understanding. 
The  sphere  of  the  sensible  man  lies  in 
matters  of  practical  concern  ;  of  the  in¬ 
telligent  man,  in  subjects  of  intellectual 
interest. 

SEn'si-ble-ness,  n.  Sensibility. 

SEn'si-bly,  adv.  1.  Perceptibly  to 
the  senses.  2.  With  good  sense. 

Sen-sIfGg,  a.  [Lat.  sensificus ;  sen - 
sus,  sense,  facer  e ,  to  make.]  Pro' 
ducing  sensation. 

SEn'si-tIve,  a.  1,  Having  sense  or 
feeling  ;  esp.  having  quick  and  acute 
sensibility  or  susceptibilit}'.  2.  Re¬ 
lating  to,  or  depending  on,  sensa¬ 
tion.  [manner. 

SEn'si-tive-ly,  adv.  In  a  sensitive 

SEn'si-tive-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  sensitive. 

SEN-SOGtI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
sensorium. 

Sen-so'ri-UM,  )  n.  [Lat.  sentire,  sen- 

SEn'so-ry,  )  sum,  to  perceive  by 
the  senses.]  1.  The  whole  nervous 
system  so  far  as  it  is  susceptible  of 
sensations.  2.  An  organ  of  sense.  — 
a.  Connected  with  the  sensory,  or 
with  sensation. 

SEn'su-AL  (  shp-),  a.  [Lat.  sensualism 
sensus,  sense.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  or 
affecting,  the  senses.  2.  Carnal  ; 
fleshly.  3.  Luxurious  ;  voluptuous. 

4.  Pertaining  to  sensualism. 

SEn'SU-AL-I§M  (-ship),  n.  1.  Condi¬ 
tion  of  one  who  is  sensual ;  sensual¬ 
ity.  2.  The  doctrine  that  all  our 

G,  hard;  A§ ;  E^CIST  ;  NasNG;  THI& 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Orn, rue , pvll ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  4,  soft;  €, 

25 


SENSUALIST  086  SERF 


ideas  are  transformed  sensations, 
or  copies  or  relics  of  sensations. 

SEn'su-AL-Ist  (-shij-),  n.  One  given 
to  the  indulgence  of  the  senses. 

SEn'SU-Xl'I-ty  (-shij-),  n.  Free  in¬ 
dulgence  in  sensual  pleasures. 

S£n'su-AL-ize  (-shij-),  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  make  sensual. 

Sen'su-al-ly  ( -shjj-),  adv.  In  a  sen¬ 
sual  manner. 

SEn'su-OUS  (-shi;-),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  senses  ;  connected  with  sensible 
objects. 

Sen'ten^e,  n.  [Lat.  sententia,  from 
sentire ,  to  discern,  feel,  think.]  1.  A 
decision ;  especially  a  philosophical  or 
theological  opinion.  2.  Judgment 
of  a  court.  3.  A  combination  of 
words,  complete  as  expressing  a 
thought.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
pass  judgment  upon  ;  to  doom. 

Sen-ten'tial,  a.  1.  Comprising  sen¬ 
tences.  2.  Pertaining  to  a  sentence. 

Sen-ten'tious,  a.  Abounding  with 
pithy  sentences,  axioms,  ancl  maxims. 

Sen-ten'tioOs-ly,  adv.  With  strik¬ 
ing  brevity. 

Sen-ten'tioEs-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  sententious. 

SEn'TI-ent  (-shi-),  a.  [Lat.  sentiens, 
p.  pr.  of  sentire,  to  perceive  by  the 
senses.]  Having  a  faculty  of  sensa- 
ticu  and  perception. — n.  One  who 
has  the  faculty  of  perception. 

Sen'ti-ment,  n.  [From  Lat.  sentire, 
to  perceive,  feel,  think.]  1.  A 
thought  prompted  by  feeling.  2. 
Decision  formed  by  deliberation  or 
reasoning.  3.  A  maxim ;  a  toast. 
4.  Sensibility ;  feeling. 

SEN'TI-MENT'AL,  a.  1.  Abounding 
with  sentiments.  2.  Artificially  or 
affectedly  tender.  [tality. 

SEn'TI-ment'al-ism,  n.  Sentimen- 

Sen'ti-mEnt'al-ist,  n.  One  who 
affects  exquisite  sensibility. 

SEn'TI-MEN-TAL'I-ty,  n.  Affecta¬ 
tion  of  exquisite  sensibility. 

Sen'ti-ment'al-Ize,  v.  i.  To  affect 
exquisite  sensibility. 

SEn'TI-MENT'AL-ly,  adv.  In  a  sen¬ 
timental  manner. 

Sen'ti-nel,  n.  [Lat.  sentina,  bot¬ 
tom  of  a  ship,  which  the  sentinator 
was  obliged  to  take  care  of,  on  ac¬ 
count  of  the  sea-water  continually 
entering ;  transferred  from  the  navy 
to  theanny.]  A  soldicrset  to  watch. 

Sen'try,  7i.  [Corrupted  fr.  sentinel.] 
1.  A  soldier  on  guard;  a  sentinel.  2. 
Duty  of  a  sentinel. 

SEn'try-box,  n.  A  box  to  shelter 
a  sentinel  from  the  weather. 

Se'pal,  n.  [N.  Lat.  sepalum.]  A  leaf 
of  the  calyx.  [separated. 

SEp'A-ra-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

SEP'A-RATE , 'f.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
separate ,  -ratum  ;  se,  aside,  and  pa- 
rare,  to  make  ready,  prepare.]  1.  To 
part  in  any  manner.  2.  To  hold  apart. 
3.  To  select  from  among  others. 

Syn.  —  To  disunite  ;  sever;  disjoin; 
divide;  disconnect. 

—  v.i.  To  become  disunited;  to 
withdraw  from  each  other. 


SEp'a-rate  (45),  a.  1.  Divided  from 
another  or  others  ;  disconnected.  2. 
Not  united ;  distinct. 

Sep'a-rate-LY,  adv.  Apart;  singly. 

Sep'a-ra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  sepa¬ 
rating.  2.  State  of  being  separate. 
3.  Disunion  of  married  persons. 

Syn.  — Divorce. 

SLp'a-ra-tism,  n.  Disposition  to 
withdraw,  or  the  practice  of  with¬ 
drawing,  from  a  church. 

Sep'a-ra-tist,  n.  One  who  separates 
himself,  esp.  from  a  church. 

Sep'A-RAJtor,  n.  One  who  separates. 

Sep'a-RA-TO-RY  (50),  n.  A  chemical 
vessel  for  separating  liquors. 

Se-pawn',  n.  Meal  of  maize  boiled 
in  water  ;  hasty  pudding.  [Amer.] 

SE'POY,  n.  [Ilind.  sipahee..]  A  na¬ 
tive  of  India,  employed  as  a  soldier 
in  the  service  of  a  European  power. 

SLpt,  n.  [A.-S.  sib,  consanguinity ; 
Icel.  sift,  line  of  consanguinity.]  A 
clan,  race,  or  family  ;  —  in  Ireland. 

SEPT-AN'GU-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  septrm, 
seven,  and  an  gulus,  an  angle.]  Hav¬ 
ing  seven  angles. 

Sep-tem/ber,  71.  [Lat.,  fv.  septem, 
seven,  as  being  the  seventh  month 
of  the  Roman  year.]  Month  follow¬ 
ing  August  ;  ninth  month  of  the  year. 

Sep'ten-A-ry,  a.  [Lat.  septenarius ; 
septem,  seven.]  Consisting  of,  or  re¬ 
lating  to,  seven. 

Sep-ten'ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  septennis ; 
septem,  seven,  and  annus ,  year.]  1. 
Continuing  seven  years.  2.  Hap¬ 
pening  once  in  every  seven  j  ears. 

Sep-tLn'tri-on,  n.  [Lat.  septentrio , 
the  north,  septe7itriones,  the  7  stars 
near  the  north  pole,  called  the  Great 
Bear,  lit.  the  7  plow-oxen ;  fr.  sep¬ 
tem,  seven,  and  trio ,  a  plow-ox.] 
The  north.  [the  north. 

Sep-tEn'TRI-ON-AL,  a.  Relating  to 

Sep'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  ctt/tt-ti/cos,  from  enj- 
ttslv,  to  make  putrid.]  Having  power 
to  promote  putrefaction. 

Sep-till'ion,  n.  [From  Lat.  sep¬ 
tem,  seven.]  According  to  the  Eng. 
notation,  the  product  of  a  million 
involved  to  the  seventh  power,  or  the 
number  expressed  by  a  unit  with  42 
ciphers  annexed;  according  to  the 
Fr.  notation,  the  number  expi-essed 
by  a  unit  with  24  ciphers. 

Sep'TU-aG'e-na-RY,  a.  [Lat.  sep- 
tuagenarius ;  septuaginta,  seventy.] 
Consisting  of  seventy  ;  seventy  years 
old.  —  v.  A  person  seventy  years  old. 

Sep'  tu-a-ges’  i-ma,  n.  [Lat.  sep- 
tuagesimus,  the  seventieth.]  Third 
Sunday  before  Lent ;  — seventy  days 
before  Easter.  [of  seventy. 

SEp'tu-a-ges'i-mal,  a.  Consisting 

SEP'TU-A-GINT,  7i.  [Lat .septuaginta, 
seventy.]  A  Greek  version  of  the 
Old  Testament ;  —  the  work  of  70,  or 
rather  of  72,  interpreters. 

Sep' tum,  n. ;  pi.  sep'ta.  [Lat., 
an  inclosure,  hedge.]  A  partition 
which  separates  two  cells  or  cavities. 

SLp'TU-PLE,  a.  [Lat.  septuplum.] 
Seven  times  as  much.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  multiply  by  seven. 


S£p'UL-€HER,  1  n.  [Lat .  sepidchrum, 

Sep'ul-chre,  )  fr.  sepelire,  to  bury.] 
A  grave ;  a  tomb. 

Se-pOl/gher,  I  V.  i!.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 

Se-pijl'ghre,  )  bury  ;  to  inter. 

Se-pDl'€HRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  bur¬ 
ial,  or  to  monuments  to  the  dead. 

Sep'ul-ture  (53),  n.  [Lat.  sepultura.] 
A  burial  ;  interment. 

Se-qua'cioOs,  a.  [Lat.  sequax,  se- 
quacisjiv.  sequi,  to  follow.]  Follow¬ 
ing  ;  attendant. 

SE'QUEL,  7i.  [Lat.  sequela’,  sequi,  to 
follow.]  1.  That  which  follows;  c, 
_contiuuation.  2.  Consequence  :  event. 

Se'quence,  7i.  1.  Succession.  2. 

That  which  follows  or  succeeds. 

Se'quent,  re.  [Lat.  seqpens.]  Fol¬ 
lowing  ;  succeeding. 

Se-qu£s'ter,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
sequestrate ,  to  give  up  for  safe  keep¬ 
ing.]  1.  To  separate  from  the  owner 
for  a  time.  2.  To  take  from,  as  par¬ 
ties  in  controversy,  and  put  into  the 
possession  of  an  indifferent  person. 
3.  To  separate  from  other  things.  — 
v.  i.  To  renounce,  as  a  widow,  any 
concern  with  the  estate  of  her  hus¬ 
band.  [being  sequestered. 

Se-ques'tra-ble,  a.  Capable  of 

Se-ques'trate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  sequester. 

SeqGjes-tra'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  se¬ 
questering  ;  a  setting  aside  a  thing 
in  controversy.  2.  State  of  being 
separated  or  set  aside  ;  retirement. 

Seq'ues-TRA'tor,  n.  One  who  se¬ 
questers  property. 

Se'QUIN,  71 .  [It.  zeechino,  fr.  zecca, 
the  mint,  fr.  Ar.  sekknh,  a  stamp.]  A 
gold  coin  of  Italy  worth  about  $2.30, 
and  of  Turkey  worth  about  $1.85. 

Se-RAGL'io (-raPyo),  n.  [It.  serraglio, 
an  inclosure  of  palisades,  fr.  It.  ser¬ 
rate,  to  shut ;  afterward  used  for  the 
Per.  ser&’i,  a  palace.]  1.  Palace  of 
the  Turkish  sultan,  in  which  is  the 
harem.  2.  A  house  of  debauchery. 

Ser'aph  (154),  n.  [Heb.  saraph,  to 
burn,  to  be  eminent.]  An  angel  of 
the  highest  order. 

Se-rXph'ic,  la.  Pertaining  to, 

Se-rapiCic-al,  )  or  becoming,  a 
seraph;  angelic;  sublime. 

Ser'a-piiIm,  n.  pi.  [Pee  Seraph.] 
Angels  of  the  highest  order  in  the 
celestial  hierarchy. 

SEr'APII-INE,  n.  [From  seraph.]  An 
instrument  of  the  reed-organ  kind. 

Sere, a. _  Dry  ;  withered.  See  Sear. 

Ser'e-nade',  n.  [Fr.,  It.  sera,  even¬ 
ing,  from  Lat.  serus,  late.]  Music  in 
the  open  air  at  night  in  compliment 
to  some  person.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  entertain  with  nocturnal  music. 
—  v.  i.  To  perform  nocturnal  music. 

Se-rene',  a.  [I  at.  strews.]  1.  Clear 
and  calm.  2.  Undisturbed. 

GOT*  Serene  is  given  ns  a  title  to  several 
princes  and  magistrates  in  Europe. 

SE-RENE'LY,  adv.  Calmly  ;  quietly. 

Se-ren'i-ty,  n.  1.  Clearness  and 
calmness.  2.  Calmness  of  mind. 

SErf  (14),  n.  [Lat.  sen- us.]  A  slavo 
employed  in  husbandry. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  Y ,  tong ;  A,  E,  1,6,  tf,  ¥,  short;  care,  far,  Ask,  all,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


t 


SERFDOM 


SETTLER 


Syjt.  —  Slave. —  A  slave  is  the  abso- 
ute  property  of  his  master,  and  may  be 
sold  in  any  way:  a  serf  is  usually  one 
bound  to  work  on  a  certain  estate,  and 
thus  attached  to  the  soil,  though  in  some 
countries  serfs  are  mere  slaves. 

SErf'dom,  n.  Condition  of  serfs. 

Ser&e,  n.  [L.  Lat.  sargia,  sargium , 
fr.  Lat.  serious ,  silken;  orig.  a  silken 
stuff.]  A  woollen  twilled  stuff. 

SER'GEAN-y  Y  (stiffen-  or  ser'jen-),  n. 
Office  of  a  sergeant. 

Ser'geant  (sar'jent  or  serpent),  n. 
[Fr. ;  Lat.  serviens,  serving.]  1.  (Mil.) 
A  non-commissioned  officer,  next  in 
rank  above  the  corporal.  2.  A  law¬ 
yer  of  the  highest  rank.  [Eng.] 

Serjeant-at-arms'  (stir'- or  ser'-), 
n.  An  officer  who  executes  the  com¬ 
mands  of  a  legislative  body  in  pre¬ 
serving  order,  &c. 

Se'RI-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  a  series.  —  n.  A  work  ap¬ 
pearing  in  a  succession  of  parts. 

Se-RI'ceous  (-rlsh'us),  a.  [Lat.  se- 
riceus,  from  Seres,  the  Chinese,  cele¬ 
brated  for  their  silken  fabrics.]  Silk¬ 
en  ;  silky. 

Se'RIES  (se'rez  or  sa'rl-ez,  89),  n. 
[Lat.,  fr.  severe,  to  join  or  bind  to¬ 
gether.]  A  connected  order  or  suc¬ 
cession  of  things ;  sequence  ;  chain. 

Se'ri-O-EOM'ie,  I  a.  Having  a 

Se/RI-o-€OM'I€-AL,  )  mixture  of 
seriousness  and  comicality. 

Se'RI-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  serius.]  1.  Grave 
in  manner  or  disposition  ;  earnest. 
2.  Really  intending  what  is  said.  3. 
Important.  4.  Attended  with  danger. 

Syn.  —  See  Grave. 

Se'RI-oDs-LY,  adv.  Gravely  ;  solemn¬ 
ly  ;  in  earnest ;  without  levity. 

Se'RI-oDs-ness,  n.  Gravity  of  man¬ 
ner  or  of  mind  ;  solemnity. 

Ser'jeant,  n.  See  Sergeant. 

Ser'MON  (14),  n.  [Lat.  sermo ,  ser- 
monis ,  a  speaking,  discourse.]  1.  A 
religious  discourse  delivered  in  pub¬ 
lic.  2.  A  set  exhortation  or  reproof. 

S£r'MON-IZE  ,  V.  L  [-ED  J  -ING.]  To 
compose  or  write  sermons  ;  to  preach. 

Ser'mon-Iz'er,  n.  One  who  ser¬ 
monizes. 

Se-ROON',  n.  [Sp.  seron ,  a  hamper, 
pannier,  augm.  of  sera,  a  large  pan¬ 
nier  or  basket.]  A  package  of  skin 
or  leather  for  drugs,  or  the  like. 

Se-ros'i-ty,  n.  A  thin,  watery  liquid 
forming  the  chief  constituent  of 
most  animal  fluids. 

Se'roDs,  a.  1.  Thin;  watery;  like 
whey.  2.  Pertaining  to  serum. 

SER'PENT,  n.  [Lat.  serpens ,  serpentis 
(sc.  bestia),  fr.  serpere,  to  creep.]  1. 
A  snake  ;  an  ophidian  reptile  without 
feet.  2.  A  certain  constellation.  3. 
A  brass  wind  instrument. 

SER'PEN-TINE,  a.  Resembling  a  ser¬ 
pent  ;  crooked  ;  spiral.  —  n.  A  min¬ 
eral  or  rock  of  a  spotted  or  mottled 
appearance. 

Ser'rate,  1  a.  [Lat.  serratus,  fr. 

SER'RA-TED,  )  serra,  a  saw.]  Notched 
on  the  edge,  like  a  saw. 

Ser'ra-ture  (53),  n.  [Lat.  serratura, 


387 

a  sawing.]  A  notching  like  that  be¬ 
tween  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

Se'RUM,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  Liquid  portion 
of  the  blood.  2.  A  fluid  of  similar 
nature  from  the  blood-vessels. 

SERV'ANT,  n.  [Lat.  serviens.]  1.  One 
who  serves,  or  does  service.  2.  One 
in  a  state  of  subjection. 

Serve  (14),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
servire.]  1.  To  work  for;  to  be  in 
the  employment  of.  2.  To  be  subor¬ 
dinate  to.  3.  To  attend  at  meals.  4. 
To  bring  forward,  arrange,  deal,  dis¬ 
tribute.  5.  To  do  the  duties  re¬ 
quired  in  or  for.  6.  To  conduce  to  ; 
to  satisfy.  7.  To  behave  one’s  self  to. 
—  v.i.  1.  To  be  a  servant.  2.  To 
wait ;  to  attend.  3.  To  act  as  a  sol¬ 
dier  or  seaman,  &c.  4.  To  be  of  use. 

SER'ViyE,  n.  1.  Act  of  serving;  oc¬ 
cupation  of  a  servant.  2.  Labor 
performed  for  another.  3.  Duty  per¬ 
formed  in,  or  appropriate  to,  any 
office  ;  specifically ,  military  or  naval 
duty.  4.  Benefit ;  avail.  5.  A  set 
of  vessels  used  at  table.  6.  Mate¬ 
rials  for  serving  a  rope,  as  spun-yarn, 
&c.  7.  A  tree  and  its  fruit. 

SER'viyE-A-BLE,  a.  1.  Doing  ser¬ 
vice  ;  beneficial.  2.  Active ;  diligent. 

SER'v'i^E-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  serviceable. 

Ser'vile,  a.  [Lat.  servilis,  fr.  servire. 
to  serve.]  1.  Slavish ;  mean.  2. 
Dependent.  3.  Cringing  ;  fawning. 

SEr'vIle -LY,  aclv.  Slavishly. 

Ser-vil'i-ty,  n.  Condition  of  a  slave ; 
slavish  deference. 

Ser'vi-tor,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  servant ; 
an  attendant.  2.  ( University  of 
Oxford.)  An  undergraduate  partly 
supported  by  the  college  funds. 

Ser'vi-tijde  (14),  w.  [Lat.  servitudo, 
fr.  servire,  to  serve.]  Service  ;  slav¬ 
ery  ;  bondage. 

Ses'a-me,  n.  [Gr.  a-rja-apy] ,  Ar.  sim- 
sim.]  An  annual  herbaceous  plant. 

Ses-quip'e-dal,  )  a.  [Lat.  ses- 

Ses-QU1P/e-DA'li-AN, )  quipedalis ; 
sesqui ,  one  and  a  half,  and  pes,  a 
foot.]  Being  a  foot  and  a  half  long. 

Ses'sYle,  a.  [Lat.  sessilis,  low,  dwarf, 
fr.  sadere,  to  sit.]  Attached  without 
any  sensible  projecting  support. 

Ses'SION,  n.  [Lat.  sessio,  fr.  sedere, 
to  sit.]  1.  Actual  sitting  of  a  court, 
legislature,  &c.,  for  business.  2. 
Term  during  which  a  court,  legisla¬ 
ture,  & c.,  meet  for  business. 

Ses'sion-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ses¬ 
sion,  or  to  sessions. 

Sess'-pool,  n.  [Cf.  Cess-pool,.]  A 
cavity  sunk  in  the  earth  to  receive 
the  sediment  of  drains. 

Ses'terce,  n.  [Lat.  sestertius  (sc. 
nummus),  fr.  sestertius ,  two  and  a 
half  (asses).]  A  Roman  coin,  worth 
about  2  pence  sterling,  or  4  cents. 

©:iT*  The  sestertium  was  equivalent  to 
1000  sesterces,  equal  to  about  $40. 

Set.  r.  t.  [set  ;  setting.]  [A.-S. 
settan.]  i.  To  cause  to  sit ;  to  seat ; 
to  place  ;  to  put.  2.  To  cause  to  be. 
3.  To  make  fast  or  permanent  ;  to 

I  render  motionless.  4.  To  appoint; 


to  assign.  5.  To  put  into  a  desired 
position  or  condition  ;  to  adjust ;  to 
regulate.  6.  To  variegate  with  ob¬ 
jects  placed  here  and  there.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  go  down  as  the  sun.  2.  To 
become  fixed  or  rigid.  3.  To  con¬ 
geal  or  concrete.  4.  To  move  on  ;  to 
tend.  5.  To  apply  one’s  self.  —  p.  a. 
1.  Fixed;  firm.  2.  Regular;  uni¬ 
form.  3.  Established. — n.  1.  Act 
of  setting.  2.  That  which  is  set,) 
placed,  or  fixed.  3.  A  number 
of  things  of  the  same  kind,  ordina- 
rily  used  together.  4.  A  clique. 

Se-ta'CEOUs,  a.  [Lat.  seta,  a  bristle.] 
Bristly. 

Set'-off,  n.  1.  That  which  is  set 
off  against  another  thing.  2.  A 
counter-claim. 

Syn.  —  Offset.  —  Offset  originally  de¬ 
noted  “  that  which  branches  off  or  pro¬ 
jects,”  as  a  shoot  from  a  tree,  but  has 
long  been  used  in  America  in  the  sense 
of  set-off,  or  equivalent.  This  use  is 
beginning  to  obtain  in  England,  though 
most  English  writers  use  set-off.  Set-off 
is  the  appropriate  term  in  legal  proceed¬ 
ings. 

Se'ton  (colloq.  sS'tn),  n.  [Lat.  seta, 
a  bristle.]  A  twist  of  silk  or  hair 
drawn  through  the  skin  to  make  an 
issue. 

Se-tose'.(125),  )  a.  [Lat.  setosus,  fr. 

Se'toOs,  )  seta,  bristle.]  Set 

with  bristles  ;  bristly. 

Set-tee',  n.  [From  set.]  A  long  seat 
with  a  back. 

Set'ter,  n. 

1.  One  who 
sets.  2.  A 

hound  that 
indicates  by 
crouching 
the  place 
where  game  Setter  (2). 

lies  hid. 

Set'ting,  n.  1.  Act  of  placing  or 
fixing.  2.  A  sinking  below  the  hor¬ 
izon.  3.  Something  inserted.  4. 

That  in  which  something,  as  a  gem, 
is  set.  5.  Direction  of  a  current, 
sea,  or  wind. 

SET'TLE.  n.  [A.-S.  sitel,  setel,  fr.  sit- 
tan,  to  sit,.]  A  bench  with  a  high 
back. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
set.]  1.  To  place  in  a  fixed  or  per¬ 
manent  condition ;  to  make  firm  or 
stable ;  to  establish.  2.  To  render 
quiet,  clear,  or  the  like;  to  still.  3. 
To  lower ;  to  depress.  4.  To  free 
from  uncertainty  or  wavering.  5. 
To  adjust,  as  something  in  discus¬ 
sion  ;  to  liquidate ;  to  balance.  6. 
To  colonize  ;  to  people.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
become  fixed  or  permanent ;  to  be 
established.  2.  To  become  quiet  or 
clear ;  or  to  become  dry  and  hard. 
3  To  subside.  4.  To  adjust  differ¬ 
ences  or  accounts. 

Set'tle-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  set¬ 
tling,  or  state  of  being  settled.  2. 
That  which  settles,  or  is  settled,  es¬ 
tablished,  or  fixed.  3.  Residence; 
legal  residence. 

SiET'TLER,n.  One  who  settles ;  a  col¬ 
onist. 


G ,  hard ;  As  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  to"c>k  ;  Orn,  rue,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent;  y,  6- ,  soft ;  €, 


SETTLINGS 

SfiT'TLINGg,  n.  pi.  Lees  ;  dregs  ; 
sediment. 

SET'-TO,  n.  A  conflict  of  any  kind. 

Sev'-EN  (sev'n),  a.  or  n.  [A.-S.  seofon, 
seofe.n ,  allied  to  Lat.  septem.]  One 
more  than  six.  [times. 

Sev'en-fold,  a.  Repeated  seven 

SLv'-EN-nIght  (sgn'nit,  101),  n.  A 
week. 

SEv'en-teen,  a.  or  n.  One  more 
than  sixteen  or  less  than  eighteen. 

Sev'en-teenth,  a.  The  ordinal  of 
seventeen. — n.  One  of  seventeen 
equal  parts. 

Sfiv'ENTH  (sev'nth),  a.  1.  Next  in  or¬ 
der  after  the  sixth.  2.  Being  one  of 
seven  equal  parts.  —  n.  1.  One  of 
seven  equal  parts.  2.  One  next  in 
order  after  the  sixth.  3.  A  certain 
interval  in  music.  [place. 

Sev'enth-ly,  adv.  In  the  seventh 

Sev'en-ti-etii,  a.  The  ordinal  of 
seventy. — n.  1.  One  of  seventy 
equal  parts.  2.  One  next  in  order 
after  the  sixty -ninth. 

Sfiv'EN-TY,  a.  &  n.  Seven  times  ten. 

Sev'er,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
separate.  See  Separate.]  1.  To 
separate.  2.  To  cut  or  break  apart. 
3.  To  keep  distinct  or  apart.  4.  To 
part  possession  of. — v.  i.  To  be 
parted  or  rent  asunder. 

Sev'er-AL,  a.  [L.  Lat.  separalis.  See 
supra.]  1.  Separate ;  distinct.  2. 
Diverse ;  different.  3.  More  than 
two,  but  not  very  many  ;  sundry. 

Sev'er-al-ly,  adv.  Separately  ;  dis¬ 
tinctly.  [tion. 

Sev'er-AL-TY,  n.  A  state  of  separa- 

Sev'er-an^e,  n.  Act  of  severing; 
separation. 

Se-vere',  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat. 
severus .]  1.  Serious  in  feeling  or 
manner.  2.  Very  strict.  3.  Rigidly 
methodical.  4.  Difficult  to  be  en¬ 
dured.  [painfully. 

Se-vere'ly,  adv.  Rigidly  ;  strictly  ; 

Se-ver'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being  se¬ 
vere  ;  extreme  strictness  ;  rigor. 

Sew  (so),  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 
siwian,  seowian.]  To  unite  with  a 
needle  and  thread.  —  v.  i.  To  prac¬ 
tice  sewing. 

Sew'AGE  (su'oj,  45),  n.  1.  Contents 
of  a  sewer.  2.  Systematic  arrange¬ 
ment  of  sewers. 

Sew'er  (sii'er),  v.  1.  [From  A.-S. 
slhan,  contr.  sedn,  to  strain,  filter, 
descend.]  A  drain  to  convey  off 
water  and  filth  under  ground.  2. 
[From  0.  Eng.  sew,  to  follow,  to 
bring  on  and  remove  meat  at  table, 
Fr.  suivre,  fr.  Lat.  sequi.]  An  upper 
servant  who  set  on  and  removed  the 
dishes  at  a  feast. 

Sew'er  (so'er),  n.  One  who  sews. 

Sew'er-age  (su'er-,  45).  n.  1.  Con¬ 
struction  of  a  sewer.  2.  System  of 
sewers  in  a  town.  3.  Materials  dis¬ 
charged  by  sewers. 

Sex,  n.  [Lat.  sexus.]  1.  The  phys¬ 
ical  difference  between  male  and  fe¬ 
male.  2.  Womankind;  females. 

S£x'A-ge-na'ri-an,  n.  A  person  of 
the  age  of  sixty  years. 


388 

Sex-X6'e-na-ry,  or  S£x'a-6e-na- 
RY,  a.  [Lat.  sexagenarius ,  fr.  sexa- 
ginta,  sixty.]  Pertaining  to,  ordesig- 
natingj  the  number  sixty. 

SEX' A-GES'  1-mA,  n.  [Lat.  sexagesi- 
mus,  sixtieth.]  The  second  Sunday 
before  Lent,  —  about  the  sixtieth 
day  before  Easter. 

Sex'a-gLs'i-mal,  a.  Sixtieth. 

Sex-en'ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  sexennis  ;  sex, 
six,  and  annus,  a  year.]  Lasting  six 
years,  or  happening  once  in  six  years. 

Sex'fid.  a.  [Lat.  sex,  six,  and  fin- 
dere,fidi,  to  cleave.]  Divided  into 
six  parts. 

Sex'tain,  n.  [Lat.  sextus,  sixth.]  A 
stanza  of  six  lines. 

Sex'tant,  n.  [Lat.  sex,  six.]  1. 
Sixth  part  of  a  circle.  2.  An  in¬ 
strument  for  measuring  angular  dis¬ 
tances  between  objects. 

Sex'TILE,  7i.  [Lat.  sextus,  the  sixth.] 
Position  of  two  planets  when  distant 
from  each  other  sixty  degrees. 

Sex-tIll'ion  (-yun),  n.  [Lat.  sex, 
six.]  According  to  the  Eng.  nota¬ 
tion,  the  number  expressed  by  a  unit 
with  36  ciphers  annexed  ;  according 
to  the  Fr.  notation,  the  number  ex¬ 
pressed  by  a  unit  with  21  ciphers  an¬ 
nexed. 

SEX'TO-DEC'I-MO,  7i.  [Lat.  sextu.s- 
decimus,  the  sixteenth.]  A  book,  or 
the  size  of  a  book,  composed  of 
sheets  folded  so  as  to  make  sixteen 
leaves,  or  thirty-two  pages. 

Sex'ton,  n.  [Contr.  fr.  sacristan.] 
An  under  officer  of  a  church,  who 
takes  care  of  the  vessels  of  the 
church,  digs  graves,  &c. 

Sex'ton-siTip,  n.  Office  of  a  sexton. 

Sex'tu-ple,  a.  [L.  Lat.  sextuplus.] 
Six  times  as  much  ;  sixfold. 

SLx'u-al  (sek'stnj-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  distinguishing,  sex. 

Sex'u-Xl'i-ty  (sek'shi}-),  n.  State  of 
being  distinguished  by  sex. 

Siiab,  v.  i.  [-bed;  -bing,]  [See 
SCAB,  3  ]  To  play  mean  tricks. 

Shab'bi-LY,  adv.  Meanly;  raggedly. 

Shab'bi-NESS,  7i.  Meanness;  ragged¬ 
ness. 

Shab'by,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [Cf. 
Scabby.]  Poor;  mean;  ragged. 

Shack,  n.  [See  Shake.]  1.  Grain 
left  after  harvest ;  fallen  acorns.  2. 
A  shiftless  fellow. 

Sha  ck'le  ,  n.  [Generally  in  the  pi.] 
[A.-S.  scacul,  sceacul ,  fr.  scacan,  to 
shake.]  1.  A  fetter ;  gyve.  2.  A 
link  for  connecting  railroad  cars.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  confine  the 
limbs  of,  so  as  to  prevent  free  mo¬ 
tion  ;  to  fetter  ;  to  join  by  a  link,  as 
railroad  cars.  2.  To  impede. 

Shad,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  [Cf.  Skate.]  A 
fish,  highly  prized  for  food. 

ShXd'dock,  n.  [Said  to  be  so  called 
fr.  a  Captain  Shaddock.]  A  tree  and 
its  fruit ;  a  large  species  of  orange. 

Shade,  n.  [A.-S.  scadu,  scad,  scead.] 
1.  Obscurity  caused  by  Interception 
of  the  rays  of  light.  2.  An  obscure 
or  secluded  place.  3.  A  shadow.  4. 
A  disembodied  spirit ;  a  ghost.  5. 


SHALL 

Variation  of  color,  as  darker  or 
lighter.  6-  A  minute  difference  ;  de¬ 
gree.  7.  A  screen. — v.t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  1.  To  screen  by  intercepting 
the  light.  2.  To  protect;  to  shelter. 

3.  To  obscure.  4.  To  mark  with 
gradations  of  light  or  color. 

Shad'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  shady. 

Siiad'ow,  n.  [A.-S.  scadu.  Sec 
Shade.]  1.  Shade  within  defined 
limits,  representing  the  form  of  a 
body.  2.  Darkness ;  obscurity.  3. 
Secluded  retreat ;  shelter.  4.  Faint 
representation  ;  hence,  mystical  rep¬ 
resentation  ;  type.  5.  Phantom; 
mockery. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  put  in  shade;  to  shade.  2.  To 
protect.  3.  To  represent  faintly,  im¬ 
perfectly,  or  typically. 

Shad'ow-y,  a.  1.  Full  of  shade; 
serving  to  shade.  2.  Hence,  dark ; 
obscure;  gloomy.  3.  Faintly  light. 

4.  Faintly  representative;  typical. 
5^  Unsubstantial  ;  unreal. 

Shad'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  Abound¬ 
ing  with  shade  or  shades. 

Shaft,  n.  [A.-S.  sceaft,  scdft.] 

1.  The  cylindrical,  column-shaped 
part  of  any  thing.  2.  An  arrow  ;  a 
missile  weapon.  3.  The  pole  or  one 
of  the  thills  of  a  carriage.  4.  [Upper 
Ger.  schaft,  allied  to  Gr.  crsd^os,  a 
trench,  a  pit,  a-Kd-nreiv,  to  dig.]  A 
well-like  entrance  to  a  mine. 

Shag,  n.  [A.-S.  sceacga ,  a  bush  of 
hair,  that  vhich  is  shaggy.]  1. 
Coarse  nap,  or  rough,  woolly  hair. 

2.  Cloth  having  a  long,  coarse  nap. 
—  v.  t.  [-GED  ;  -GING.]  1.  To  make 
rough  or  hairy.  2.  To  deform. 

Siiag'ged,  |  a.  T-er;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Shag'gy,  I  rough  with  long  hair 
or  wool.  2.  Rough  ;  rugged. 

ShXg'ged-ness,  In.  State  of  being 

Siiag'gi-ness,  j  shagged  or  sbag- 
gy. 

Siia-green',  n.  [Per.  sagri,  back  of 
a  horse,  leather  of  a  horse's  back  ] 
A  kind  of  untanned  leather,  grained 
so  as  to  be  covered  with  small  round 
pimples. 

Shah,  n.  [Per.  shah.]  The  king  of 
Persia. 

Shake,  v.  t.  [shook;  shaken; 
SHAKING.]  [A.-S.  scacan,  sceacan.] 
1.  To  cause  to  move  with  quick  vi¬ 
brations  ;  to  make  to  tremble ;  to 
agitate.  2.  To  cause  to  waver.  3. 
To  trill. — v.  i.  To  be  agitated;  to 
tremble;  to  shiver;  to  quake.  —  n. 
1.  A  wavering  motion  ;  agitation.  2. 
A  fissure  in  timber,  or  in  rock  or 
earth.  3.  (Mus.)  A  trill. 

Shak'er,  n.  1.  A  person  or  thing 
that  shakes.  2.  One  of  a  certain 
sect  of  Christians. 

Shale,  n.  [See  Shell.]  1.  A  shell 
or  husk.]  2.  A  fine-grained  rock, 
having  a  slaty  structure. 

ShXll,  v.  i.,  auxiliary  and  defective, 
[imp.  SHOULD.]  [A.-S.  seal,  sceal, 
I  am  obliged.]  It  is  used  to  form 
the  future  tense,  and  indicates  a 
duty  or  necessity  whose  obligation  is 
derived  from  the  person  speaking. 


A,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y , long ;  X,  £,  I,  6,  tr,  ?,  short,  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  FIRM ;  s6N, 


SHALLOON 


SHEET 


389 


Siial-loon',  n.  [From  Chalons,  in 
France.]  A  worsted  stuff. 

ShXl'lop,  n.  [H.  Ger.  schaluppe, 
scldupe,  from  schlupfen ,  to  glide.]  A 
large  boat  with  two  masts. 

SiiXe'eow,  n.  [From  shelf,  2.]  A 
shoal;  a  flat;  a  sand-bank. — a. 
[-ER  ;  -EST.]  1.  Having  little  depth  ; 
shoal.  _  2.  Ignorant;  superficial. 

ShXl'low-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
shallow  ;  want  of  depth. 

Sham,  a.  [Of.  Icel.  skammr,  0.  If. 
Ger.  scamm,  short.  Of.  also  Shame.] 
False  ;  counterfeit.  — n.  [See  infra.] 
Any  trick  or  device  that  deludes  and 
disappoints.  —  v.  1.  [-MED  ;  -MING-.] 
1.  To  trick ;  to  cheat.  2.  To  imi¬ 
tate  ;  to  ape.  —  v.  i.  To  make  false 
pretenses. 

Sham'ble,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
0.  D.  schampelen,  to  slip.  Cf.  SCAM- 
BLE.l  To  walk  awkwardly  and  un¬ 
steadily  ;  to  shuffle  along. 

SHAM'BLEg,  n.  pi.  [A.-S.  scamol, 
scamul ,  scamel ,  a  bench,  form,  stool.] 
PJace  where  butcher’s  meat  is  sold. 

Shame,  n.  [A.-S.  scamu,  sceamu.] 

1.  A  painful  sensation  excited  by  a 
consciousness  of  guilt,  or  of  having 
done  something  which  injures  repu¬ 
tation.  2.  Reproach  incurred  or 
suffered.  3.  Cause  of  shame.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  make  ashamed. 

2.  To  dishonor  ,  to  disgrace. 

Shame 'fac bd  (-fast),  a.  [Orig. 

shamefast,  like  steadfast.]  Easily 
confused;  bashful. 

Shame 'F lie,  a.  1.  Bringing  shame 
or  disgrace.  2.  Raising  shame  in 
others.  [manner. 

Shame'ful-lv,  adv.  In  a  shameful 

Shame'less,  a.  Destitute  of  shame. 

Siiame'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  shame¬ 
less  manner ;  without  shame. 

Siiame'less-ness,  11.  Impudence. 

Sham'my,  71.  [See  Chamois.]  A 
kind  of  leather  much  esteemed  for 
its  softness  and  pliancy. 

SHAM-POO', v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Hind. 
tshampnh,  to  press,  to  squeeze.]  To 
rub  and  manipulate  the  body  or  bead 
of,  in  connection  with  the  hot  bath. 

Sham'ROCK,  n.  [Ir.  seamrog.]  White 
trefoil ;  white  clover. 

Shank,  n.  [A.-S.  scanc ,  sceanc.]  1. 
Joint  of  the  leg  from  the  knee  to  the 
foot ;  sometimes  the  bone  of  the  leg. 

2.  Corresponding  part  of  an  instru¬ 
ment,  tool,  or  other  thing. 

Shan'ty,  n.  [Ir.  sean,  old,  and  tig , 
ahouse.]  A  mean  dwelling. 

Shape,  v.  t.  [shaped;  shaping.] 
[A.-S.  scapan,  sceapan.]  1.  To  form  ; 
to  make.  2.  To  regulate  ;  to  adjust. 

3.  To  image  ;  to  conceive.  — n.  Char¬ 
acter  or  construction  of  a  thing  as 
determining  its  external  appearance. 

Shape'less,  a.  Destitute  of  shape 
or  regular  form. 

Shape'less-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
shapeless. 

Shape'EY',  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  Sym¬ 
metrical  ;  well-formed. 

Shard,  n.  [A.-S.  sceard,  fr.  sceran , 
to  shear,  cut.]  1.  A  piece  or  frag¬ 


ment  of  an  earthen  vessel,  &c.  2. 
Hard  wing-case  of  a  beetle. 

ShAre,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  sear,  scear.] 
Broad  blade  of  a  plow  which  cuts  the 
ground.  2.  [A.-S.  scearu ,  scant.] 
A  portion ;  a  part.  3.  The  part 
allotted  or  belonging  to  one.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  scerian,  from 
sceran,  to  shear,  cut.]  To  part 
among  two  or  more  ;  to  divide.  — v. 
i.  To  have  part. 

Siiare'-hold'er,  «.  One  who  holds 
a  share  in  a  joint  property. 

Shar'er,  n.  One  who  shares. 

SHARK,  n.  [Gr.  Kapyapiax ,  fr.  Kapya- 
pos,  with  sharp  or  jagged  teeth.]  1. 
A  voracious  cartilaginous  fish.  2.  A 
rapacious,  artful  lellow. — v.t.  To 
pick  up  hastily,  slyly,  or  in  small 
quantities. — v.i.  [-E D  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  swindle.  2.  To  live  by  shifts  and 
stratagems.  [ing. 

Shark'ek,)i.  One  who  lives  byshark- 

Sharp,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  scearp, 
fr.  the  root  of  shear.]  1.  Having  a 
thin  edge  or  fine  point.  2.  Affecting 
the  senses  as  if  pointed  or  cutting. 
3.  ( Mus .)  (a.)  High  in  pitch,  (b.) 
Raised  a  semitone  in  pitch.  4.  Cut¬ 
ting  in  language  or  import.  5.  Ea¬ 
ger  in  pursuit.  6.  Violent;  impetu¬ 
ous.  7.  Of  keen  perception  ;  dull. 
8.  Whispered,  as  certain  consonants. 
—  n.  (Mus.)  (a.)  A  note  raised  a 
semitone  above  its  proper  pitch.  ( b .) 
The  character  [$]  which  directs  that 
a  note  be  thus  raised.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  sharpen.  2.  To  raise 
a  semitone  above  the  natural  tone. 

Sharp'en  (sharp'n),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING,]  To  make  sharp  ;  to  give  a 
keen  edge  or  fine  point  to  ;  to  render 
acute.  [ing  bargains. 

SHARP'ER,  n.  A  shrewd  man  in  mak- 

Sharp'LY,  adv.  Keenly;  severely. 

Sharp'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
sharp,  in  any  of  its  senses. 

Sharp'- set,  a.  Eager  in  appetite; 
ravenous.  _  [marksman. 

Sharp'-shoot'er,  n.  A  skillful 

Sharp'-sigiit'ed  (-slt'ed),  a.  Having 
acute  sight. 

Sharp'wIt'ted,  a.  Having  an  acute, 
discerning  mind. 

Shat'Ter,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
scateran.]  1.  To  break  at  once  into 
many  pieces.  2.  To  disorder  ;  to  de¬ 
range. —  v.  i.  To  be  broken  into 
fragments.  —  n.  A  broken  piece  ;  — 
generally  in  the  plural.  [pieces. 

Shax'ter- y,  a.  Easily  breaking  to 

Shave,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ed,  or  -en; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  scafan.]  1.  To  cut  or 
pare  off.  2.  To  make  bare  by  cutting 
off.  3  To  strip  ;  to  fleece. — n.  1. 
Operation  of  shaving.  2.  Exorbitant 
discount  on  a  note,  See.,  for  cash  in 
hand.  3.  A  tool  for  shaving  wood. 

Shave'eing,  n.  A  man  shaved; 
hence,  a  monk. 

Shav'er,  11.  1.  One  who  shaves.  2. 
A  cheat.  3.  A  plunderer.  4.  A  lit¬ 
tle  fellow.  [ Collot /.] 

Shav'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  paring  the 
surface.  2.  A  thin  slice  pared  off. 


Shawl,  n.  [Per.  and  Turk,  shhl.]  A 
cloth,  used  as  a  loose  covering  for  the 
neck  and  shoulders. 

Shawm,  «.  [Lat.  calamus,  a  reed- 
pipe.]  A  wind  instrument  of  music. 

She,  pron.  [A.-S.  seo,  heo .]  1.  This  or 
that  female.  2.  A  woman  ;  —  used 
as  a  noun. 

Siieaf  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  sceaf,  fr.  seft- 
fan,  sceofan,  to  shove.]  Stalks  of 
wheat,  rye,  or  oats,  & c.,  bound  to¬ 
gether. —  v.  i.  To  make  sheaves. 

Shear,  v.  t.  [sheared  ;  sheared, 
or  shorn  ;  shearing.]  1.  To  cut 
with  shears  or  scissors.  2.  To  clip 
from  a  surface. 

Shears],  n.  pZ.  1.  A  cutting  instru¬ 
ment  consisting  of  two  blades,  mov¬ 
able  on  a  pin.  2.  Any  thing  in  the 
form  of  shears ;  esp.  an  apparatus 
for  raising  heavy  weights. 

Siiear'-steee,  n.  Steel  suitable  for 
shears,  scythes,  & c. 

Sheath,  n.  [A.-S.  scsedh ,  sceadh, 
prob.  fr.  Skr.  tshid,  to  cover.]  1.  A 
case  for  a  sword  ;  a  scabbard.  2.  Any 
thin  covering  for  protection. 

Sheathe,  v.t.  [-ed;-ing.]  1.  To 
put  into  a  case  or  scabbard.  2.  To 
furnish  with  a  sheath.  3.  To  case 
with  boards  or  sheets  of  copper.  4. 
To  cover  or  line. 

Sheat-h'ing,  n.  Covering  of  a  ship’s 
bottom  and  sides,  or  materials  for 
such  covering. 

Sheave,  n.  [0.  D.  schijve,  orb,  disk, 
wheel.]  A  wheel  in  a  block,  yard, 
&c.,  on  which  a  rope  works. 

Shed,  v.  t.  [shed;  shedding.] 
[A.-S.  seed  dan.]  1.  To  throw  off  or 
give  forth  from  one’s  self ;  to  emit. 
2.  To  cause  to  flow  off  without  pene¬ 
trating.  —  v.  i.  To  let  fall  the  parts. 
—  n.  [Sw.  sky dd,  a  defense.  Cf. 
Shade.]  A  slight  or  temporary  out¬ 
building  ;  a  hut. 

Siied'der,  n.  One  who  sheds. 

Sheen,  i  a.  [A.-S.  seine,  scene, 

SHEEN'Y,  )  bright,  splendid.  See 
Shine.]  Bright;  glittering;  showy. 

Sheen,  n.  Brightness;  splendor. 

Sheep,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  [A.-S.  saep, 
seeap.]  A  small  woolly  quadruped. 

Sheep'-Cot,  )  n.  A  small  inclo- 

Sheep'-fold,  )  sure  for  sheep. 

Sheep'ish,  a.  Like  a  sheep  ;  bashful. 

Sheep'ish-ness,  n.  Excessive  mod¬ 
esty  or  diffidence.  [ing  look. 

Sheep  s'-e  ye  (-1),  n.  A  diffident  lov- 

Sheep'-shear'er,  n.  One  who 
shears  the  wool  from  sheep. 

Sheep'-skIn,  n.  Skin  of  a  sheep,  or 
leather  prepared  from  it. 

Sheep'-walk  (-wawk),  n.  Pasture 
for  sheep. 

Sheer,  a.  [A.-S.  sr.b,  scyr.]  1.  Pure; 
clear.  2.  Simple;  mere.  8.  Clear; 
thin.  4.  Perpendicular.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [See  Shear,  the  sense  of 
which  is,  to  separate.]  To  deviate  ; 
to  turn  aside. — n.  Longitudinal 
curve  of  a  ship’s  sides. 

Sheet,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  scSte  ;  sceotan,  to 
shoot,  extend.]  Any  broad,  uninter¬ 
rupted  expanse;  specifically,  (a.)  A 


SHEET-ANCHOR 


SHIRE 


390 


broad  piece  of  cloth  for  a  bed.  (b.) 
A  broad  piece  of  paper,  (c.)  pi.  A 
book  or  pamphlet.  2.  A  rope  fast¬ 
ened  to  the  lower  corner  of  a  sail. 

Sheet'-ANCH'OR,  n.  [0.  Eng.  shoot- 
anchor.]  1.  The  largest  anchor  of  a 
ship.  2.  Chief  support  ;  last  refuge 
for  safety. 

Gheet'ing,  n.  Cloth  for  sheets. 

Sheik,  n.  [Ar.  sheikh ,  shaykh,  a  ven¬ 
erable  old  man,  a  chief.]  A  chief; 

—  among  the  Arabians  and  Moors. 

Shek'el  (shek'l),  n.  [Heb.,  fr.  cha- 

kal,  to  weigh.]  An  aucient  coin 
among  the  Jews,  in  value  equal  to 
about  624  cents. 

Shelf  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  sr.elfe.\  1.  An 
elevated  board,  to  lay  things  on.  2. 
A  sand-bank  in  the  sea,  or  a  danger¬ 
ous  rock  under  the  water. 

Shelf'y,  a.  Full  of  dangerous  shal¬ 
lows. 

Shell,  n.  [A.-S.  sce.ll.  See  Scale.] 
1.  A  hard  outside  covering  ;  esp.  that 
serving  as  the  natural  protection  of 
certain  fruits  and  animals  :  also,  the 
covering  of  an  egg.  2.  A  bomb.  3. 
Any  frame-work  or  incomplete  exte¬ 
rior  structure.  4.  pi.  Husks  of  the 
cacao-uut,  used  as  a  substitute  for 
chocolate,  & c.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  strip  off  the  shell  of  ;  or,  to 
take  out  of  the  shell.  2.  To  sepa¬ 
rate  from  the  ear.  3.  To  bombard. 

—  v .  i.  To  fall  off,  as  a  crust  or  ex¬ 
terior  coat. 

Shel'lac,  ]  n.  The  resin  lac  spread 

Shell'— LAC,  )  into  thin  plates,  after 
being  melted  and  strained. 

SHELL'-FISH,  n.  An  aquatic  animal, 
whose  external  covering  consists  of 
a  shell. 

Shell'-WORK  (-w(lrk),«.  Work  com¬ 
posed  of  shells,  or  adorned  with 
them. 

SHELL'Y,  a.  Abounding  wTith  shells. 

Shel'ter,  n.  [See  Shield.]  1. 
That  which  covers  or  defends.  2. 
One  who  protects.  3.  State  of  being 
protected. — v.t.  [-ED  ; -ING.]  1. 
To  cover  from  harm  or  injury.  2. 
To  betake  to  a  safe  place.  —  v.  i.  To 
take  shelter.  [ter. 

Shel'ter-less,  a.  Destitute  of  shel- 

Shel'TIE,  n.  A  Shetland  pony. 

Shelve,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
furnish  with  shelves.  2.  To  place  on 
a  shelf ;  hence,  to  put  or  thrust  aside. 

—  v.i.  To  be  sloping. 

Shelv'y,  a.  Full  of  rocks  or  sand¬ 
banks  ;  shallow. 

SHEP'HERD  (shep'erd),  n.  [From  sheep 

t  and  herd.]  1.  A  man  who  tends  and 
guards  sheep.  2.  A  rural  lover. 

Chep'herd-ess  (shep'erd-),  n.  A  wo¬ 
man  that  tends  sheep. 

SHER'BET,  n.  [Ar.  sherbet ,  prop,  one 
drink  or  sip,  from  shariba ,  to  drink.] 
A  drink,  composed  of  water,  lemon- 
juice,  and  sugar,  with  some  drops  of 
rose-water. 

Sherd,  n.  A  fragment.  See  Shard. 

Sher'iff,  n.  [A.-S.  seir-gerefa,  from 
scir,  scire,  a  shire,  and  gerefa ,  a 
reeve.]  The  chief  officer  of  a  shire 


or  county,  to  whom  is  intrusted  the 
execution  of  the  laws, 

Sher'iff-al-ty,  n.  Office  or  juris¬ 
diction  of  sheriff. 

SHER'R\r,  n.  A  strong  wine  of  a  deep 
amber  color ;  —  from  Xeres,  in  Spain. 

ImwSiLa),  | 

Shewn  (shon),  )  shown. 


®3f*  The  use  of  shew  (shu)  for  shewed 
or  showed,  is  a  gross  vulgarism. 

SHlB'BO-LETH,  n.  [Ileb.  shibboleth , 
ear  of  corn,  a  stream,  a  flood.]  1.  A 
word  by  which  the  Ephraimites  were 
distinguished  from  the  Gileadites. 
See  Judges,  xi.  and  xii.  2.  Some  pe¬ 
culiarity  which  distinguishes  one 
party  from  another. 

Shield,  n.  [A.-S.  scild,  scyld,  from 
skyla ,  to  cover,  defend.]  1.  A  broad 
piece  of  defensive  armor,  carried  on 
the  arm.  2.  Any  thing  resembling 
such  a  piece  of  armor.  3.  Defense; 
protection. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  To 
cover  as  with  a  shield  ;  to  protect. 

Shift,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
sciftan,  to  divide,  declare,  appoint, 
decline,  drive  away.]  1.  To  change  ; 
to  alter.  2.  To  transfer.  3.  To  put 
off  or  out  of  the  way.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
change  about  ;  to  move.  2.  To 
change  one:s  under  garments.  3. 
To  resort  to  expedients  for  accom¬ 
plishing  a  purpose.  —  n.  1.  A  turn¬ 
ing  from  one  thing  to  another ;  hence, 
an  expedient  tried  in  difficulty.  2. 
Fraud  ;  artifice.  3.  A  chemise. 

Shift'er,  n.  One  who  shifts. 

Shift'less,  a.  Characterized  by  fail¬ 
ure  to  use  means  requisite  for  success. 

Shift'less-ness,  n.  A  state  of  being 
shiftless. 

Siiil-la'lah,  1  n.  An  oaken  cudgel, 

Shil-LA/ly,  )  said  to  be  from  a 
wood  in  Ireland  of  that  name. 

SHIL'LING,  n.  [A.-S.  scilling,  prob. 
fr.  scillan ,  to  sound.]  1.  An  English 
silver  coin,  equal  to  twelve  pence,  or 
about  24  cents.  2.  In  New  York, 
one  eighth  of  a  dollar,  or  12^  cents  ; 
in  New  England,  one  sixth,  of  a  dol¬ 
lar,  or  16|  cents  ;  —  a  term  in  trade. 

ShIm'mer,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
scimerian ,  from  scimian,  sciman,  to 
glitter.]  To  shine  faintly  ;  to  gleam  ; 
to  glimmer. —  n.  A  glimmering. 

Shin,  n.  [A.-S.  scinu,  Ger.  schiene.] 
Fore  part  of  the  leg  between  the  an¬ 
kle  and  the  knee.  —  v.  t.  To  climb 
by  the  aid  of  the  hands  and  legs 
alone.  [  Colloq.  Amer.] 

ShIn'dy,  n.  A  spree  ;  a  row  ;  a  riot. 

Shine,  v.  i.  [shone,  sometimes 
SHINED  ;  SHINING.]  [A.-S.  scinan, 
Icel.  skina.]  1.  To  emit  rays  of  light. 
2.  To  be  lively  and  animated.  3.  To 
be  eminent  or  conspicuous.  —  n.  1. 
Fair  weather.  2.  Brightness;  splen¬ 
dor  ;  luster.  3.  A  liking  for  a  per¬ 
son.  [  Colloq.] 

Shin'gle  (shlng/gl),  n.  [0.  Eng. 
shindle ,  Lat.  scindula, fr.  scindere,  to 
split.]  1.  A  piece  of  wood  with  one 
end  thinner  than  the  other,  used  in 
covering  roofs,  & c.  2.  Loose  gravel 


and  pebbles,  on  shores  and  coasts. 
3.  pi.  [Lat.  cingulum ,  a  girdle,  from 
cinsere ,  to  gird.]  A  kind  of  herpes, 
which  spreads  around  the  body.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover  with 
shingles.  2.  To  cut,  as  hair,  so  that 
one  portion  overlaps  another. 

Shin'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Bright;  radiant. 

2.  Illustrious  ;  distinguished. 

Syn.  —  Brilliant;  sparkling. —  Shining 
describes  the  emission  of  a  strong  light 
from  a  clear  or  polished  surface,  bril¬ 
liant  denotes  a  shining  of  great  bright¬ 
ness,  but  with  gleams  or  flashes.  Spark¬ 
ling  implies  a  shining  intensely  from 
radiant  points  or  sparks,  by  which  the 
eye  is  dazzled. 

ShIn'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,142.]  Bright; 
luminous. 

Ship,  n.  [A.-S.  scip.  Cf.  Gr.  o-xd^rj, 
a  boat,  from  aua-TneLv,  to  scoop  out.] 
Any  large  sea-going  vessel,  esp.  one 
with  three  masts,  and  square  rigged. 


Ground  Plan  of  a  Ship. 

p,  prow  ;  l,  larboard  or  port ;  s,  star¬ 
board  ;  1,  round-house  ;  2,  tiller;  3,  gra¬ 
ting;  4,  wheel  ;  5,  wheel-chains  ;  6,  bin¬ 
nacle  ;  T,  rnizzen-mast  ;  8,  skylight  ;  9, 
capstan  ;  10,  main-mast  ;  11,  pumps;  12, 
galley  or  caboose  ;  13,  main  hatchway  ; 
14,  windlass;  1.5,  fore- mast  ;  10,  fore- 
hatchway  ;  17,  bitts  ;  18,  bowsprit ;  19, 
head-rail  ;  20,  boomkins  ;  21,  bows  ;  22, 
fore-chains  ;  23,  main-chains  ;  24,  miz- 
zen-chains. 

—  v.t.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  1.  To  put 
on  board  of  a  vessel  of  any  kind  for 
transportation  ;  hence,  to  get  rid  of. 
2.  To  engage  for  service  on  board  of 
a  ship.  3.  To  fix  any  thing  in  its 
place._  [ship. 

Ship'board,  adv.  On  or  within  a 

Siup'-chan'dler,  n.  O.e  who  deals 
in  cordage,  canvas,  &c. 

Ship'mate,  n.  One  who  serves  on 
board  of  the  same  ship. 

Ship'ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  shipping; 
embarkation.  2.  That  which  is 

shipped. 

Ship'-mon'ey,  n.  (Eng.  Hist.)  An 
imposition  formerly  charged  on  the 
ports,  towns,  &c.,  for  providing  cer¬ 
tain  ships  for  the  king’s  service. 

Ship'per,  n.  One  who  places  goods 
on  board  a  ship  for  transportation. 

Ship'ping,  7i .  Collective  body  of 

ships ;  tonnage. 

Ship'-shape,  adv.  In  a  seaman -like 
manner  ;  hence,  properly. 

Ship'wreck  ( -rek ), »? .  1.  Destruction 
of  a  vessel  by  being  driven  against 
rocks  or  shoals,  &c.  2.  A  ship  de¬ 

stroyed  on  the  water.  3.  Total  de¬ 
struction. —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1. 
To  destroy  by  natural  violence,  as  a 
ship  at  sea.  2.  To  expose  to  destruc¬ 
tion  by  the  loss  of  a  ship. 

ShIp'wright  (-rlt),  n.  One  whose  oc¬ 
cupation  is  to  construct  ships. 

Shire,  or  Shire,  n.  [A.-S.  scire,  srir , 
fr.  sciran,  sreran,  to  cut  off,  divide.] 
1.  A  territorial  division,  usually  iden- 


A,  E,  1,  0,0,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  Ask;  ALL,  WHAT;  ERE,  VEIL,  TlRM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 


SHIRE-TOWN 


SHOVEL 


391 


tical  with  a  county.  [Eng-.]  2.  A 
county.  [ Amer .] 

Shire'-town,  or  Shire '-town,  n. 

Capital  town  of  a  county. 

Shirk  (18),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
Shark.]  To  avoid  or  get  off  from.  — 
n.  One  who  seeks  to  avoid  duty. 

ShIrred,  a.  [Cf.  0.  Ger.  schirren,  to 
prepare.]  Having  lines  or  cords  in¬ 
serted  between  two  pieces  of  cloth. 

SSlllRT  (18),  n.  [Prob.  fr.  the  root  of 
short.  Cf.  Skirt.]  A  loose  garment 
worn 'by  men  next  the  body.  — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover,  as  with 
a  shirt.  2.  To  change  the  shirt  of. 

ShTrt'ing,  n.  Cloth  for  shirts. 

Shive,  n.  [Teel,  slc'ifa,  from  skifa ,  to 
split.  Cf.  Sheave.]  1.  A  slice.  2. 
A  little  piece  or  fragment. 

Shiv'er,  n.  [Cf.  Siiive.]  1.  A  small 
fragment  made  by  sudden  breaking. 

2.  A  thin  slice.  3.  A  shaking,  caused 
by  cold,  pain,  or  fear,  &c. — v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  [Ger.  schiefern,  to 
shiver,  to  scale.]  1.  To  dash  to 
pieces  by  a  blow.  2.  To  cause  to 
shake  in  the  wind,  as  sails. — v.  i. 
[Cf.  0.  D.  schoeveren.)  1.  To  quake; 
to  tremble.  2.  To  quiver  from  cold. 

3.  To  fall  at  once  into  many  small 
pieces. 

SniV'ER-Y,  a.  1.  Trembling.  2.  Easily 
falling  into  many  pieces. 

Shoal,  n.  [A.-S.  scdlu.  scedlu,  a  school, 
company,  crowd.]  1.  A  multitude, 
esp.  offish.  2.  [Cf.  Shelf,  Shal¬ 
low.]  A  sand-bank,  or  bar.  — v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  assemble  in  a 
multitude.  2.  To  become  more  shal¬ 
low. —  a.  Of  little  depth  ;  shallow. 

Shoal'y,  a.  Full  of  shoals. 

Shock,  n.  [Allied  to  shake.]  1.  A 
collision.  2.  A  blow  ;  an  offense.  3. 
[Ger.  schock,  a  heap,  quantity,  score, 
threescore.]  A  pile  of  sheaves  of 
wheat  or  rye,  &c.  4.  A  violent  agi¬ 
tation  of  any  organ,  or  of  the  ner¬ 
vous  system.  5.  [From  shag.]  A 
dog  with  long  hair.  6.  A  thick  mass 
of  short  hair. 

Syx. —  Concussion. —  A  shock  is  lit¬ 
erally  a  violent  shake  or  agitation  ;  a 
concussion  is  a  shaking  of  tilings  to¬ 
gether.  A  shock  may  affect  the  body  or 
the  mind  ;  a  concussion  properly  affects 
only  the  body  or  material  objects  ;  as,  a 
concussion  of  the  brain. 

—  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  strike 
against  suddenly.  2.  To  offend  ;  to 
disgust.  3.  To  collect  into  shocks, 
as  sheaves. 

Shocking,  a.  Striking,  as  with  hor¬ 
ror;  extremely  offensive. 

Shock'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
shock. 

Shod,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Shoe. 

Shod'dy,  n.  A  material  obtained  by 
tearing  into  fibers  woolen  rags,  &c. 

Shoe  (shoo),  n.  [A.-S.  scCh,  sed,  seed.] 
A  covering  for  the  foot,  usually  of 
leather;  also,  any  thing  resembling 
a  shoe  in  form  or  use. — v.  t.  [shod; 
SHOEING,  140.]  1.  To  furnish  with 
shoes.  2.  To  cover  at  the  bottom. 

Shoe'-blXck,  n.  One  who  cleans 
and  blacks  shoes  or  boots. 


Shoe'-mak'er,  n.  One  who  makes 
shoes.  [feet. 

Sho'er,  n.  One  who  fits  shoes  to  the 

Shoe'-string,  n.  A  string  to  fasten 
ashoe  to  the  foot.  [Shine. 

Shone,  or  Shone,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of 

SHotnc,  imp.  of  Shake.  —  n.  [Cf. 
Prov.  Eng.  shook,  split,  as  wood  is 
by  shrinking.]  1.  A  set  of  staves 
for  one  cask  or  barrel,  & c.  2.  A  set 
ofboards  for  a  sugar-box. 

Shoot,  v.  t.  [shot;  shooting.] 
[A.-S.  sceotan,  scotian;  Skr.  tskud, 
to  send.]  1.  To  let  fly  with  force,  as 
an  ari’ow  or  bullet.  2.  To  hit  with 
a  missile.  3.  To  discharge;  to  emit; 
to  hurl.  4.  To  push  or  thrust  for¬ 
ward.  5.  To  pass  rapidly  through 
or  under.  —  v.i.  1.  To  perform  the 
act  of  discharging  with  force.  2.  To 
be  shot  or  propelled  forcibly.  3.  To 
be  felt,  as  if  darting  through  one.  4. 
To  bud ;  to  sprout.  5.  To  make  pro¬ 
gress  ;  to  advance.  6.  To  overspread. 
7.  To  jut ;  to  project.  —  n.  1.  Act 
of  propelling  any  thing  with  vio¬ 
lence  ;  discharge.  2.  A  young  branch. 

3.  [Fr.  chute.]  An  inclined  plane, 
down  which  timber,  coal,  &c.,  are 
cajrsed  to  slide.  [Amer.] 

Shoot'er,  n.  1.  One  who  shoots.  2. 
That  which  shoots,  as  a  fire-arm. 

Shop,  n.  [A.-S.  sceoppa ,  treasury, 
storehouse.]  A  building  for  mechan¬ 
ical  work  or  for  retailing  goods, 
wares,  &c .—v.i.  [-PED  ;  -PING. ]  To 
visit  shops  for  purchasing  goods. 

Shop'-keep'er,  n.  A  trader  who 
sells  goods  in  a  shop. 

Shop'-lift'er,  n.  One  who  steals 
any  thing  in  a  shop. 

Shop'MAN  (150),  n.  1.  A  shop-keep¬ 
er ;  a  tradesman.  2.  A  salesman. 

Sh5re,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  score ,  fr.  sceran, 
to  shear,  divide.]  Coast  adjacent  to 
a  large  body  of  water.  2.  [D.  schoor.] 
A  prop  or  support. — v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ing.]  To  support  by  a  post :  to 
prop.  [tourmaline. 

Siiorl,  n.  [See  Schorl.]  Black 

Short,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  scort, 
sceorl,  prob.  fr.  the  root  of  shear.]  1. 
Not  long  in  space.  2.  Notextended  in 
time.  3.  Limited  in  quantity  ;  scanty. 

4.  Insufficiently  provided.  5.  Defi¬ 
cient  ;  defective.  6.  Near  at  hand. 
7.  Not  tenacious,  as  memory.  8. 
Less  important,  efficacious,  or  pow- 
ei-ful.  9.  Abrupt  ;  petulant.  10. 
Breaking  readily ;  crisp ;  brittle  ; 
friable.  11.  Pronounced  with  a  less 
prolonged  utterance,  and  with  a 
somewhat  slenderer  sound;  —  said 
of  vowels  as  distinguished  from  the 
same  when  having  the  “  long  ” 
sound ;  as,  a  in  bat,  o  in  not,  &c.  — 
7i.  1.  A  summary  account.  2.  pi. 
Part  of  ground  grain  sifted  out  which 
is  next  finer  than  the  bran. — adv. 
In  a  short  manner. 

Short'-breathed  (-bretht),  a. 
Having  short  breath. 

Short'-com'ing,  n.  Act  of  failing 
or  coming  short. 

SHORT'EN  (short'n),  v.  t.  [-ed; 


-ING.  ]  To  make  short  or  shorter. — 
v.  i.  To  become  short  or  shorter. 

SHORT'EN-ING,  n.  1.  A  making  or 
becomiug  short.  2.  That  which  ren¬ 
ders  pastry  short  or  friable. 

Short'-hand,  n.  A  compendious 
method  of  writing  ;  stenography. 

Siiort'-lIved,  a.  Not  living  or 
lasting  long. 

Siiort'ly,  adv.  In  a  short  or  brief 
time  or  manner  ;  briefly. 

Short'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
short ;  brevity  ;  conciseness ;  limited 
extent ;  deficiency. 

Short'-sight'ed  (-slt'ed),  a.  1.  Not 
able  to  see  far ;  near-sighted.  2. 
Of  limited  forecast  or  intellect.  3. 
Having  little  care  for  the  future. 

Short'-waist'ed,  a.  Short  from 
the  armpits  to  the  waist,  or  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  commencement  of 
the  skirt. 

Short'-wind'ed,  a.  Affected  with 
shortness  of  breath. 

Shot,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Shoot.  —  n. ;  pi. 
shot,  or  shots.  [See  Shoot.]  1. 
Act  of  shooting.  2.  A  ball  or  bul¬ 
let.  3.  Small  globular  masses  of 
lead,  for  shooting.  4.  Distance  to 
which  a  missile  weapon  fiies.  5.  A 
marksman.  6.  [See  Scot.]  Share; 
reckoning. — v.  t.  [-ted  ;  -ting.] 
To  load  with  shot  over  a  cartridge. 

Siiote,  n.  [A.-S.  sceota,  fr.  sceotan, 
to  shoot.]  1.  A  fish  resembling  the 
trout.  2.  A  young  hog. 

Shot'— free  ,  a.  Exempted  from  any 
share  of  expense  ;  scot-free. 

Siiot'ten,  a.  [From  shoot.]  Hav¬ 
ing  ejected  the  spawn. 

Shotten  herring,  a  gutted  herring  dried 
for  keeping. 

Siiough  (shok),  7i.  A  kind  of  shaggy 
dog ;  a  shock. 

Should  (shood),  imp.  of  Shall. 

Shoul'der,  n.  [A.-S.  sculdor,  prob. 
fr.  Icel.  skyla ,  to  cover,  defend.]  1. 
Joint  by  which  the  human  arm,  or 
the  fore  Jeg  of  a  quadruped,  is  con¬ 
nected  with  the  body.  2.  The  up¬ 
per  part  of  the  back.  3.  Support. 
4.  That  which  resembles  a  human 
shoulder. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  push  with  the  shoulder.  2.  To 
take  upon  the  shoulder. 

Shoul'der  blade,  n.  The  flat 
bone  of  the  shoulder. 

Shoul'der— knot  (-not),  n.  An  or¬ 
namental  knot  worn  on  the  shoulder. 

Shoul'der-strap,  n.  (Mil.  &  Na¬ 
val.)  A  narrow  strap  worn  on  the 
shoulder  of  a  commissioned  officer, 
indicating  the  rank  he  holds. 

Shout,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Perh. 
a  contraction  fr.  shoot  out.]  To  utter 
a  sudden  and  loud  outcry.  —  v.t. 
To  utter  with  a  shout.  —  n.  A  ve¬ 
hement  and  sudden  outcry. 

Shove,  v.  t.  [-ed  :  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
sceofan,  sciifan.]  To  drive  along  by 
pressing;  to  push. —  v.  i.  1.  To  push 
or  drive  forward.  2.  To  push  off. — 
n.  Act  of  shoving  ;  a  push. 

SHOV'EE  (shtlv'l),  71.  [A.-S.  Srqfl, 

sceofl,  fr.  sceofan,  to  shove.]  An  in- 


SHOW 


SICK 


392 


strument  to  move  loose  substances. 
—  V.t.  [-ED,-ING;  or -LED, -LING, 

137.]  To  take  up  or  move  with  a 
shovel. 

Show,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -n,  or  -ed; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  scawian,  sceawian, 
to  look,  see.]  1.  To  exhibit  to  view. 
2.  To  teach ;  to  point  out  to.  3.  To 
usher  or  guide.  4.  To  prove ;  to 
explain.  5.  To  confer  ;  to  afford.  — • 
v.  i.  To  appear;  to  seem.  —  n.  1. 
Appearance.  2.  That  which  is  shown. 
3-  Ostentatious  display.  4.  Sem¬ 
blance  ;  likeness.  5.  Pretext. 

Show'-bread,  n.  ( Jewish  Antiq.) 
Loaves  of  bread,  representing  the 
twelve  tribes,  placed  on  the  golden 
table  in  the  sanctuary. 

Show'er,  n.  One  who  shows. 

SHOW'ER,  n.  [A.-S.  sntr,  sccor .]  1. 

A  fall  of  l’ain  of  short  duration.  2. 
A  copious  supply  bestowed.  —  v.t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  wet  copiously 
with  rain.  2.  To  bestow  liberally. 

—  v.  i.  To  rain  in  showers. 

Show'er-bXth,  n.  A  bathin  which 

water  is  showered  upon  the  person, 
by  some  contrivance,  from  above. 

Show'er-y,  a.  Raining  in,  or  sub¬ 
ject  to,  showers.  [ner. 

Show'i-ly,  adv.  In  a  showy  man- 

Siiow'I-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  showy. 

Show'y,  a.  [-ER ; -est,  142.]  Mak¬ 
ing  a  show ;  attracting  attention. 

Shrank,  imp.  of  Shrink. 

Shred,  v.  t.  [shred  ;  shred¬ 
ding]  [A.-S.  screadian.]  To  cut 
or  tear  into  narrow  and  long  pieces. 

—  n.  1.  A  long,  narrow  piece  cut  or 
torn  off.  2.  A  fragment. 

Shrew  (shrij),  n.  [Prop,  a  brawler, 
from  L.  Ger.  schrauen ,  to  bawl.]  A 
brawling,  turbulent  woman  ;  a  scold. 

Shrewd' (shrijd),  a.  [-er;  -est.] 
[Orig.  the  p.  p.  of  shrew.]  1.  As¬ 
tute  ;  penetrating.  2.  Involving  or 
displaying  a  sagacious  judgment. 

S  yk.  — Sagacious. — One  who  is  shrewd 
is  keen  to  detect  errors,  to  penetrate 
false  disguises,  to  foresee  and  guard 
against  the  selfishness  of  others.  It  is 
not,  therefore,  a  word  of  as  much  dig¬ 
nity  as  sagacious,  which  leads  us  to 
think  of  a  man  as  possessing  a  compre¬ 
hensive  as  well  as  penetrating  mind, 
whereas  shrewd  does  not.  See  Saga¬ 
cious’. 

Shrewd'ly  (shrjjd'lJr),  adv.  Saga¬ 
ciously  ;  with  good  guess. 

Shrewdness  (shrijd'-),  n.  Quality 
or  state  of  being  shrewd  ;  astute¬ 
ness;  sagacity. 

Shrew'ish  (shrij'ish),  a.  Like  a 
shrew  ;  peevish. 

Shrew'ish-LY  (shrij'ish-),  adv.  Pee¬ 
vishly  ;  petulantly. 

Shrew'ish- ness  (shrij'ish-), n.  State 
of  being  shrewish  ;  petulance. 

Shriek,  v.  i.  [-ed  :  -ing.]  [See 
Screak  and  Screech.]  To  utter 
a  loud,  sharp,  shrill  cry.  —  n.  A 
sharp,  shrill  outcry  or  scream. 

Shriev'al-ty,  n.  [Contracted  from 
sheriffalty.]  Office  of  a  sheriff. 

Shrift,  n.  [A.-S.  scrift,  fr.  scrlfan, 


to  shrive.]  Confession  made  to  a 
priest.  [cious  European  bird. 

Shrike,  n.  [From  shriek.]  A  rapa- 

Shrill,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [L.  Ger. 
schrill.]  Sharp  ;  piercing,  as  sound. 
—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  utter  an 
acute,  piercing  sound. 

Shrill'ness,  n.  State  of  being  shrill. 

SHRlL'LY,  adv.  In  a  shrill  manner. 

Shrimp,  n.  [A.-S.  scrimman,  to  dry, 
dry  up,  wither.]  1.  A  long-tailed, 
decapod  crustacean.  2.  A  dwarf ;  — 
in  contempt. 

Shrine,  n.  [From  0.  Eng.  serine ,  fr. 
Lat.  scrinium ,  a  case  or  chest  for 
books,  papers,  &c.]  1.  A  case  or  box 
for  sacred  relics.  2.  Hence,  any  sa¬ 
cred  or  hallowed  place ;  an  altar ; 
a  place  of  worship. 

SiirInk,  v.  i.  [shrunk  ;  shrank, 
shrunken;  shrinking.]  [A.-S. 
scrincan.]  1.  To  shrivel;  to  con¬ 
tract;  to  dry  up.  2.  To  recoil,  as 
in  fear,  horror,  or  distress. — v.  t.  To 
cause  to  contract. —  n.  Contraction  ; 
recoil.  [less  compass. 

Siirink'age  ,  n.  Contraction  into  a 

Shrive,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
scrlfan.]  1.  To  hear  or  receive  the 
confession  of ;  —  said  of  a  priest.  2. 
To  confess  ;  — used  reflexively. 

Shriv'jel  (shriv'l),  v.  i.  [Cf.  Icel. 
skrifl. ,  a  thing  torn,  and  Eng.  ruffle.] 
To  draw,  or  be  drawn,  into  wrinkles. 
—  V.  t.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING, 

137.]  To  cause  to  shrink  or  contract. 

Shroud,  n.  [ 
scrud,  a  garr 
shroud.]  1.  A  i 
ing-sheet.  2. 
which  clothes  or 
ers,  like  a  shrou 
pi.  A  set  of  : 
reaching  from 
mast-heads  to 
sides  of  a  vess< 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -j 

1.  To  inclose  in  a  Shrouds, 
winding-sheet.  2.  To  cover,  as  with 
a  shroud  ;  to  veil. 

Shrove '-tide,  In.  TheTues- 

Shrove'-Tues'day,  )  day  preced¬ 
ing  the  first  day  of  Lent ;  —  so  called 
because  formerly  the  priests  shrove, 
or  shrived,  the  people  on  this  day. 

Shrub,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  scrob,  scrobb.]  A 
woody  plant  of  a  size  less  than  a 
tree.  2.  [See  Sirup  and  Sherbet.] 
A  liquor  composed  of  acid  and  sugar, 
with  spirit.  [shrubs. 

I  Shrub'ber-y,  n.  A  collection  of 

|  Shrub'by,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Full  of  shrubs.  2.  Resembling  a 
shrub. 

Shrug,  v.  t.  [-ged;  -ging.]  [Allied 
to  shrink.]  To  draw  up  ;  esp.  by 
way  of  expressing  dislike  or  doubt, 
&c.  — v.  i.  To  raise  or  draw  up  the 
shoulders,  as  in  expressing  dread  or 
doubt. — n.  A  drawing  up  of  the 
shoulders,  as  in  dislike  or  doubt. 

j  ShrOnk'EN,  p.  p.  of  Shrink. 

Shuck,  n.  [Allied  to  Ger.  schote,  a 
husk,  shell.]  A  shell;  a  husk  or 
pod  ;  esp.,  the  covering  of  a  nut. 


Shud'der,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [O.D. 
schudderen,  from  D.  schudden,  to 
shake.]  To  tremble  or  shake  with 
fear,  horror,  or  aversion  ;  to  quake. 
—  h.  A  shaking  with  fear  ;  a  tremor. 

SHilF'FLE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  shove.]  To  mix  by  pushing  or 
shoving,  as  cards  in  the  pack. —  v.  i. 
1.  To  change  the  relative  position 
of  cards  in  a  pack.  2.  To  practice 
shifts  to  elude  detection.  3.  To  use 
arts  or  expedients.  4.  To  move  in  a 
slovenly,  dragging  manner.  — n.  1. 
Act  of  shuffling.  2.  An  evasion;  an 
artifice. 

Siiuf'fler,  n.  One  who  shuffles. 

Shun,  v.  t.  [-ned  ;  -ning.]  [A.-S. 
scunian ,  scconian.]  To  avoid;  to 
get  out  of  the  way  of ;  to  neglect. 

ShDnt,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Shun.]  To  turn  off  to  one  side,  as  a 
railway  carriage  upon  a  side  track  ;  to 
switch  off.  —  n.  [D.  schwinte ,  slope- 
ness,  declivity,  or  contr.  fr.  slivn  it.] 
A  turn  off  to  a  side  or  short  rail. 

Shut,  v.  t.  [shut  ;  shutting.]  [A.-S. 
scytlan,  scitlan,  to  shut  or  lock  up.] 

I.  To  close ;  to  contract.  2.  To 
close  so  as  to  hinder  ingress  or 
egress.  3.  To  prohibit ;  to  bar.  — 
v.  i.  To  close  itself;  to  become 
closed. — p.  a.  Having  the  sound 
suddenly  interrupted  by  a  succeed¬ 
ing  consonant,  as  the  o  in  hop. 

Shut'ter,  n.  1.  One  who  shuts.  2. 
A  close  cover  for  a  ivindow. 

Shut'tle,  n.  [A.-S.  sceatel  from 
sceotan,  to  shoot.]  An  instrument 
for  passing  the  thread  in  weaving. 

SiiOt'tle-€ock,  )  n.  A  cork  stuck 

Shut'tle-cork,  }  with  feathers, 
used  to  be  struck  by  a  battledoor  in 
play  ;  also,  the  play  itself. 

Shy,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  sreoh,  0. 

II.  Ger.  sciuhan,  to  shun,  beshy.]  1. 
Sensitively  timid;  reserved.  2.  Easily 
frightened.  3.  Cautious  :  wary. 

Syn.—  Coy.  —  Coy  has  reference  to 
that  reserve  with  which  a  delicate  female 
shrinks  from  the  other  sex ;  slnmess  is  a 
characteristic  of  sensitive  minds,  lead¬ 
ing  them  to  avoid  society  from  the  pain 
it  gives  them  to  meet  others. 

—  v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  start  sud¬ 
denly  aside,  as  if  a  little  frightened. 

SHY'LY,  adv.  In  a  shy  or  timid  man¬ 
ner.  [being  shy. 

Shy'ness,  «.  Quality  or  state  of 

SlB'l-LANT,  a.  [Lat.  sib  dans.]  Mak¬ 
ing,  or  uttered  with,  a  hissing  sound. 

—  n.  A  letter  uttered  with  a  hissing 
of  the  voice,  as  s  and  z. 

SIb'i-la'tion,  n.  Utterance  with  a 
hissing  sound  ;  also,  the  sound  itself. 

SlB'YL,  n.  [Lat.  sibylla,  Gr.  cri'/SvAAa, 
a.  prophetess,  prop,  she  that  tells  tho 
will  of  Jupiter,  fr.  Doric  2ios  /SoAAa, 
counsel  of  Zeus,  or  Jupiter.]  1.  A. 
pagan  prophetess.  2.  A  lemale  for¬ 
tune-teller. 

SIb'yl-lIne,  a.  Relating  to  the  sib¬ 
yls  ;  uttered  or  composed  by  sibyls. 

SICE  (sTz).  n.  [From  Lat.  sex,  six.] 
Six  at  dice. 

Sick,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  syc, 
side.]  1.  Affected  with,  or  attended 


SICKEN 


393 


SILLY 


by,  nausea.  2.  Having  a  strong  dis¬ 
like.  3.  Affected  with  auy  disease. 

Syn.  —  See  III. 

Sick'bn,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make 
sick  ;  to  disgust ;  to  disease.  —  v.  i. 
To  become  sick  or  disgusted. 

Gick'ish,  a.  1.  Somewhat  sick.  2. 
Nauseating;  nauseous.  [sickish. 

SlCK'ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Sick'le  (slk'I),  n.  [A.-S.  sicol ,  sicel, 
Lat.  secula,  from  secare ,  to  cut.]  A 
hooked  instrument  for  cutting  grain. 

SIck'li-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sick¬ 
ly  ;  unhealtliiness. 

SIck'ly,  a.  [-EE ;  -EST,  142.]  1. 

Somewhat  sick  ;  disposed  to  illness. 

2.  Producing  or  tending  to  disease. 

3.  Appearing  as  if  sick. 

Sick'ness,  n.  1.  State  of  being  sick. 

_2.  A  disease  ;  especially,  nausea. 

Side,  n.  [A.-S.  side,  fr.  sidan,  to  be 
extended.]  1.  Edge,  or  border  of  a 
surface  ;  especially,  one  of  the  longer 
edges.  2.  One  of  the  surfaces  of  a 
solid ;  esp.  one  of  the  longer  surfaces. 
3.  The  part  of  the  body  about  the 
ribs.  4.  Relative  position  of  a  per¬ 
son  .or  party.  5.  A  parry  ;  associa¬ 
tion. —  a.  1.  Lateral.  2.  Indirect; 
collateral. — v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
embrace  the  opinions  of  one  party, 
or  engage  in  its  interest. 

Side 'board,  n.  A  piece  of  cabinet 
work,  placed  on  one  side  in  a  dining¬ 
room  to. hold  dishes,  & c.  [sloping. 

SIde'ling,  a.  Inclining  to  one  side  ; 

Side'long,  a.  Lateral;  oblique. — 
ado.  1.  Laterally ;  obliquely.  2. 
On  the  side. 

Sid'er-al,  a.  Relating  to  the  stars; 
hence,  baleful. 

SI-de're-AL,  a.  [Lat.  sideralis ,  and 
sidereits ,  fr.  sidus,  a  constellation, 
star.]  Relating  to  the  stars  ;  starry. 

SlD'ER-O-GRAPH'IC,  [  a.  Pertain- 

SId'er-O-GRAPH'ic-AL, )  ing  to  sid¬ 
erography. 

SlD'ER-oG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  cnTbjpos, 
iron,  and  ypa^etv,  to  engrave.]  Art 
or  practice  of  steel  engraving. 

SId'er-o-sgope,  n.  [Gr.  crtSijpov, 
iron,  and  aKoneiv,  to  view.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  detecting  small  quan¬ 
tities  of  iron.  [woman. 

STde'-sad'dle,  n.  A  saddle  for  a 

SIde'walk  (-wawk),  n.  A  raised  foot¬ 
path  at  the  side  of  a  street.  [Amer.] 

SlDE'wTgE ,  adv.  1.  Toward  one  side. 
2.  Laterally  ;  on  one  side. 

SI'dle,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  go  or 
move  side  foremost. 

Siege,  n.  [Fr.  siege,  a  seat,  a  siege, 
fr.  Lat.  sedcs,  a  seat.]  1.  The  setting 
of  an  army  around  or  before  a  forti¬ 
fied  place  for  the  purpose  of  compel¬ 
ling  the  garrison  to  surrender.  2.  A 
continued  attempt  to  gain  possession. 

Si/en-ite,  n.  See  Syenite. 

Sf-ES’TA.  n.  [Sp  ,  fr.  Lat.  sexta  (sc. 
hora),  the  sixth  hour.]  A  nap  taken 
about  noon  or  in  the  afternoon. 

Sieve,  n.  [A.-S.  sife.]  A  utensil  for 
separating  the  fine  part  of  any  sub¬ 
stance  from  the  coarse. 

SIft,  v.  t.  [-E  d  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  sep¬ 


arate  by,  or  as  if  by,  a  sieve.  2.  To 
analyze ;  hence,  to  scrutinize. 

SIft'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
sifts ;  a  sieve. 

Sigh  (si),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
sican,  siojian.]  1.  To  make  a  deep 
respiration,  as  from  fatigue  or  grief. 
2.  To  make  a  sound  like  sighing.  — 
v.  t.  To  express  by  sighs.  —  n.  A  sin¬ 
gle  deep  respiration  ;  a  long  breath. 

Sight  (sit),  n.  [From  the  root  of  sec.] 

1.  Act,  power,  or  instrument  of  see¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  is  seen.  3.  In¬ 
spection  ;  examination.  4.  A  guide 
to  the  eye  in  taking  aim.  5.  A  great 
number,  quantity,  or  sum.  [  Colloq.] 

Syn.  —  Vision;  view;  show;  spectacle. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  get 
sight  of ;  to  see.  2.  To  see  or  aim 
accurately. 

Sight'less  (sit'-),  a.  Wanting  sight ; 
blind. 

Sight'li-ness  (sit'-),  n.  State  of 
being  sightly. 

Sight'ly  (slt'ly),  a.  1.  Conspicuous. 

_2.  Fleasing  to  the  sight. 

Sight'-see'ing  (sit'-),  a.  Eager  for 
novelties  or  curiosities. 

Sig'moid,  la.  [Gr.  cn.yp.oe1.Sr7s,  fr. 

SlG-MOID'AL,  j  criy/aa,  sigma,  and 
elSog,  form.]  Curved  in  two  direc¬ 
tions,  like  the  Greek  letter  ?. 

Sign  (sin),  n.  [Lat.  signum.\  That  by 
which  any  thing  is  made  known  or 
represented;  specifically,  (a.)  Any 
symbol  or  emblem  which  represents 
an  idea.  (b.)  A  significant  motion, 
action,  or  gesture,  (c.)  A  conspicu¬ 
ous  notice  before  a  building  to  adver¬ 
tise  business.  (d.)  Twelfth  part  of 
the  ecliptic  or  zodiac. 

Sujn-manual ,  the  royal  signature  su¬ 
perscribed  at  the  top  of  bills  of  grants 
andletters-patent;  the  signature  of  one’s 
name  in  his  own  handwriting. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  signify. 

2.  To  affix  a  signature  to.  —  v.  i.  To 
make  a  sign  or  signal. 

S-G'NAL,  11.  [L.  Lat.  signale.  See 

SIGN.]  1.  A  sign  agreed  upon  to  give 
notice.  2.  A  token;  an  indication. 

—  a.  Distinguished  from  what  is  or¬ 
dinary. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
communicate  by  signals. 

SlG'NAL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  make  eminent.  2.  To  communi¬ 
cate  with  by  signals. 

Sig'nal-LY,  adv.  In  a  signal  man¬ 
ner  ;  eminently. 

SIg'na-ture  (53),  n.  [L.  Lat.  signa- 
tura.  See  SIGN.]  1.  A  sign  or  mark 
impressed.  2.  The  name  of  a  person 
written  with  his  own  hand.  3.  A 
letter  or  figure  by  which  the  sheets 
of  a  book  are  distinguished. 

SlGN'ER  (sln'er),  n.  One  who  signs. 

SlG'NET,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  dim.  of  signe, 
sign.]  A  seal ;  especially  the  private 
seal  of  a  sovereign. 

SIG-NIF'I-EANCE,  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  significant.  2.  That  which  is 
signified.  3.  Moment  ;  consequence. 

SlG-NlF'l-CANT,  a.  [Lat.  significans, 
signifying.]  1.  Standing  as  a  sign 
or  token.  2.  Important ;  momentous. 


SIG-NIF'I-€ANT-L Y,  adv.  In  a  signif¬ 
icant  manner. 

S!g'ni-fi-oa'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  sig 
nifying.  2.  That  which  is  signified 
or  made  known. 

SIG-nIf'i-€A-tive  ,  a.  Having  .sig.. 
nification  or  meaning. 

Sig'NI-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.]  [Lat. 
signijicare ;  sig  man.  a  sign,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  1.  To  make  known, 
esp.  by  a  sign.  2.  To  convey  the 
notion  of.  — v.  i.  To  express  mean¬ 
ing  with  force. 

SlGN'-POST  (sin'-),  n.  A  post  on  which 
a  sign  hangs,  or  on  which  advertise¬ 
ments  are  placed. 

Sl'LENCE,  n.  1.  Entire  absence  of 
sound.  2.  Forbearance  of  speech.  3. 
Secrecy.  4.  Calmness ;  quiet.  5- 
Oblivion.  —  interj.  Be  silent.—  v.  t. 

J-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  still. 

Sl'LENT,  a.  [Lat.  silens,  silentis,  p. 
pr.  of  silere,  to  be  silent.]  1.  Free 
fr.  sound  or  noise.  2.  Indisposed  to 
talk.  3.  Keeping  at  rest.  4.  Not  pro¬ 
nounced;  having  no  sound.  5.  Not 
engaged  in  active  business  ;  dormant- 
Syx.  —  See  Mute. 

Si-i,e'SI-A  (-le'shl-a,  95),  n.  A  thin, 
coarse  linen,  orig.  made  in  Silesia. 

Sl'LEX,  ii.  [Lat.,  a  flint.]  The  sub¬ 
stance  constituting  flint,  quartz,  and 
most  sands  and  sandstones.  f 

SIl'hou-ette  (-do-),  n.  [From  Eti¬ 
enne  Silhouette,  a  very  economical 
Fr.  minister  of  finance,  about  1757.] 
A  profile  filled  in  with  a  black  color. 

ST-Ei'ceous  I  (si-lish'us),  a.  [Lat. 

Sl-El'cious  )  siliceus;  silex,  a  flint.] 
Relating  to,  or  containing,  silex. 

Sil'i-€ON,  it.  [See  Siliceous.]  A 
nut-brown  elementary  substance,  the 
base  of  silex. 

SIl'i-qua,  n. ;  pi.  sfL'I-QUiE.  Same 
as  SlLIQUE. 

Sil'IQUE  (sll'ik  or  si-lek'),  n.  [Lat. 
siliqua,  a  pod  or  husk.]  A  pod  with 
seeds  fixed  to  both  sutures. 

Sil'i-quous,  a.  Bearing  or  resembling 
siliques. 

Silk,  n.  [A.-S.  seolc,  seoloc,  fr.  Lat. 
sericum,  silk.]  1.  The  fine,  soft 
thread,  produced  by  the  silk-worm, 
&c.  2.  Thread  spun,  or  cloth  woven, 
from  the  same.  3.  The  thread-like 
styles  of  the  female  flower  of  maize. 

SlLK'-EN,  a.  Made  of,  or  resembling, 
silk  ;  soft ;  delicate. 

SiLK'l-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  silky  ; 
softness  and  smoothness. 

Silk'— worm  (-warm),  n.  The  cater¬ 
pillar  which  produces  silk. 

SlLK'Y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  Made 
of,  or  like,  or  relating  to,  silk. 

Sill,  n.  [A.-S.  syl,  syll,  prob.  from 
Goth,  snljan,  to  lay  a  foundation.] 
The  foundation  of  a  thing,  as  of  a 
house,  door,  or  window,  &c. 

Sil'la-bCb,  n.  [Cf.  Prov.  Eng.  site, 
to  strain,  and  bub,  liquor.]  A  mixt¬ 
ure  of  wine  or  cider  with  milk. 

Sil'li-ly,  adv.  In  a  silly  manner. 

Sil'li-NESS,  n.  Want  of  sound  sens«. 

SlL'LY,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [A.-S. 
sxlig,  gesselig,  happy,  good.]  1. 

G,  hard;  As  ;  exist  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  do  wolf  too,to"ok;  Brn,  rue ,  py:LL ;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  (f,  G, soft;  €, 


SILT 


394 


SINUOSITY 


Weak  in  intellect.  2.  Proceeding 
from  want  of  common  judgment. 

Syn.  —  Simple;  stupid. 

Silt.  n.  [From  Prov.  Eng.  sile,  to 
strain.]  Mud  deposited  from  water. 

—  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  flow  into, 
or  percolate  through,  crevices  or  nar¬ 
row  places,  as  muddy  water. 

{Sil'va,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  collection  of 

■  poems.  2.  Natural  history  of  the 
forest  trees  of  a  country. 

Sil'van,  a.  [Lat.  silva,  a  wood  or 
grove.]  Pertaining  to  woods  ;  woody. 

SlL'VER,  n.  [A.-S.  silfor,  syl/'cr.]  1. 
A  soft,  white  metal.  2.  Money  made 
of  silver.  3.  Any  thing  like  silver. 

—  a.  1.  Made  of  silver.  2.  Resem¬ 
bling  silver. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  cover  with  silver.  2.  To  cause  to 
resemble  silver.  3.  To  make  hoary. 

SlL'VER-ING,  n.  1.  Art  or  practice  of 
covering  with  silver.  2.  The  silver 
thus  laid  on. 

SlL'VER-SMiTH,  7i.  One  who  works 
in  silver.  [with  silver. 

SlL'VER-Y,  a.  Resembling,  or  covex-ed 

Sim'i-lar,  a.  [Lat.  similis.]  1.  Pre¬ 
cisely  alike.  2.  Somewhat  like. 

Sim/i-L  ar'i-ty,  n.  Resemblance. 

SIm'i-lar-ly,  adv.  In  like  manner. 

SIm'i-le  (147),  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  similis , 
like.]  A  word  or  phrase  by  which  any 
thing  is  likened  in  one  of  its  aspects 
to  another  tiling  ;  a  similitude. 

Sl-MIL'I-TUDE,  7i.  1.  Resemblance; 

likeness.  2.  Act  of  comparing. 

Sim'mer,  V.  t.  or  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [An 
onomatopoetic  word.]  To  boil  gently. 

Si-MO'ni-A€,  7i.  One  who  bm  s  or  sells 
preferment  in  the  church. 

Sim/o-ni,A€-al,  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  simony. 

SlM'ON-Y,  n.  [From  Simon  Magus. 
See  Acts  viii.]  The  crime  of  buying 
or  selling  ecclesiastical  preferment. 

Sl-MOOM',  )  7i.  [Ar.  samfim,  fr.  sam- 

SI-MOON',  j  ma,  to  poison.]  A  hot, 
dry  wind,  in  Arabia,  Syria,  &c. 

Sim'per,  v.  i.  To  smile  in  a  silly,  af¬ 
fected  manner. — n.  A  silly  smile. 

SlM'PLE,  a.  [-ER ;  -est.]  [Lat.  sim¬ 
plex,  simplicis ,  from  sine,  without, 
and  plica ,  a  fold.]  1.  Single;  not 
complex;  not  compounded.  2.  Plain; 
unadorned.  3.  Not  given  to  artifice. 
4.  Clear ;  intelligible.  5-  Weak  in 
intellect. —  n.  1.  Something  not 
compounded.  2.  A  medicinal  plant. 

Sim'ple-ness,  7i.  Quality  of  being 
simple. 

Sim/ple-ton,  7i.  A  silly  person. 

Sim-pt/k;'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  uncompounded.  2.  Quality  of 
being  not  complex.  3.  Artlessness  ; 
sincerity.  4.  Plainness.  5.  Clear¬ 
ness.  6.  Silliness.  [ing  simple. 

STm'plI-fi-ca'tion,  n.  Act  ofmak- 

SlM/PLI-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[L.  Lat.  simplificare ;  Lat.  simplex , 
simple,  and  facere,  to  make.]  To 
make  simple  ;  to  reduce  from  the 
complex  state. 

Sim'plist,  n.  One  skilled  in  simples. 

SlM'PLY,  adv.  In  a  simple  manner; 
artlessly  ;  plainly  ;  merely ;  foolishly. 


SlM'U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat 
simulare,  - latum ,  from  similis,  like.] 
To  assume  the  mere  appearance  of 
without  the  reality;  to  feign. — a. 
Feigned ;  pretended. 

S'nvPu-LA'xiON,  n.  Act  of  simulating, 
or  putting  on  what  is  not  true. 
SCmul-ta'ne-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  shnul , 
at  the  same  time,  together.]  Being  at 
the  same  time.  [same  time. 

SPMUL-TA'NE-ofts-LY,  adv.  At  the 
SIN,  n.  [A.-S.  synn,  sin.]  Transgres¬ 
sion  of  the  law  of  God  ;  moral  defi¬ 
ciency  in  the  character. 

Syn. —  See  Crime. 


Sin6e,  V.  t.  [singed;  SINGEING, 
140.]  [A.-S.  sengan,  oiig.  to  cause  to 
sing,  from  the  sound  produced  by 
burning  slightly.]  To  burn  the  sur¬ 
face  of. —  n.  A  burning  of  the  surface. 

Sing'er,  n.  One  who  sings. 

SlNG'lNG-BOOK,  n.  A  book  contain¬ 
ing  music  for  singing. 

Sing'ing-mas'ter,  n.  One  who 
teaches  vocal  music. 

SIn'gle  (slng/gl,  82),  a.  [Lat.  singu- 
Ins.]  1.  One  only  ;  individual ;  sep¬ 
arate.  2.  Having  no  companion.  3. 
Unmanned.  4.  Performed  by  one 
person.  5.  Uncompounded.  G.  Un- 


—  v.  ?'.  [-NED  ;  -NING.]  To  depart 
voluntarily  from  any  known  rule  of 
duty. 

SiN'A-PISM,  n.  [Gr.  criva7r«rjU.o's,  fr. 
crivaTn ,  mustard.]  A  poultice  or 
blister  of  mustard  seed  pulverized 

Since,  adv.  [0.  Eng.  sithenre,  from 
A.-S.  sldhthan,  fr.  sidh,  lately,  after¬ 
ward,  and  than,  for  thdm,  to  the,  to 
this.]  Before  this  or  now;  ago. — 
prep.  From  the  time  of ;  after.  — 
conj.  1.  Since  the  time  whSn.  2. 
In  view  of  the  fact  that ;  because. 

Sincere',  a.  [-er  ;  -est.j  [Lat. 
sincerus,  fr.  sine,  without,  and  cera, 
wax,  as  if  applied  originally  to  pure 
honey.]  1.  Pure  ;  unmixed.  2.  Be¬ 
ing  in  reality  what  it  appears  to  be. 

Syn.  —  See  Hearty. 

Unfeignedly. 


prejudiced;  sincere. — r.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  select,  as  one  from  among 
a  number.  [duplicity. 

SIn'gle-heartGgd,  a.  Having  no 

SIn'gle -NESS,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
separate  fi’om  all  others.  2.  Purity 
of  mind  and  purpose  ;  sincerity. 

SlN'GLY,  adv.  1.  Individually.  2. 
Only  by  one’s  self. 

SIng'-song,  71.  A  drawling  tone,  as 
of  a  monotonous  song. 

Sin'GU-lar,  a.  [Lat .  si7igularis ,  from 
singulns,  single.]  1.  Single;  individ¬ 
ual.  2.  Denoting  one  person  or 
thing.  3.  Out  of  the  ordinary  course 
of  things.  4.  Rarely  equaled. — n. 
The  singular  number. 

SlN'GU-LAR'l-TY,  n.  1.  Stateof  being 
singular ;  peculiarity.  2.  Possession 
of  a  particular  privilege  or  distinc- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  6,  R,  ¥,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


SINUOUS 


SKIP-JACK 


SiN'U-ous,  a.  [Lat.  sinuosus •]  Bend¬ 
ing  in  and  out. 

SI'NUS,  n.;  Lat.  pi.  SI'NUS;  Eng. 
pi.  Sl'NUS-Eg.  [Lat.,  a  curve,  bosom, 
bay.]  1.  A  hollow.  2.  A  recess  in 
the  shore. 

SIP,  v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  [A.-S.  si- 
pan.]  To  drink  or  imbibe  in  small 
quantities.  —  v.  i.  To  drink  a  small, 
quantity.  —  n.  A  small  draught  with 
the  lips. 

Sl'PHON,  n.  [Gr.  cri- 
(jxn v.]  A  bent  tube 
or  pipe  for  drawing 
liquor  from  a  vessel. 

SIR  (18),  n.  [0.  Fr. 
sire,  fr.  Lat.  senior , 
an  elder,  elderly  per¬ 
son.]  1.  A  title  of  a'  eoinmon  si- 

res  pect  to  any  man  pmve,l  siphon 
of  position.  2.  A  with  exhaust- 
knight  or  baronet ;  ins  tube. 

_ —  prefixed  to  the  Christian  name. 

Sire,  n.  [See  Sir.]  1.  A  father.  2. 
One  who  stands  in  the  relation  of  a 
father,  as  a  king.  3.  Male  parent  of 
a  beast.  — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 

beget ;  used  especially  of  stallions. 

Si'ren  (89),  n.  [Lat.]  1.  One  of 
three  fabled  damsels,  who  sung  with 
ravishing  sweetness.  2.  An  enticing 
woman.  — a.  Pertaining  to  a  siren  ; 
fascinating ;  alluring. 

SlR'l-us,  n.  [Lat.,  from  Gr.  <retpto?, 
<re tpds,  hot,  scorching  ]  The  large 
and  bright  star  called  the  Dog-star. 

SlR'LOlN,  n.  [Fr.  surlonge,  from  sur, 
upon,  over,  and  longe,  loin.]  A  loin 
of  beef.  [Written  also  surloin.] 

SIr'name.  n.  See  Surname. 

Si-roo'oo,  n. ;  pi.  sl-Roe'uos.  [Ar. 
shoruk,  from  shark,  the  rising  of  the 
sun,  the  east.]  An  oppressive,  re¬ 
laxing  wind  from  the  Libyan  deserts. 

Sir' RAH,  n.  [From  sir ,  or  fr.  Ir.  sir- 
reach ,  poor,  sorry,  lean.]  Sir; — a 
word  of  contempt  or  of  familiarity. 

SlR'UP,  n.  [Ar.  sharab ,  sharhb ,  drink, 
sirup,  fr.  shariba ,  to  drink.]  Sweet¬ 
ened  juice  of  vegetables  or  fruits ; 
also,  any  sweetened  liquid. 

Sls'TER,  n.  [A.-S.  sweostor,  suster .] 

1.  A  female  born  of  the  same  parents. 

2.  A  female  associate. 

Sis'TER-HOOD,  n.  1.  A  society  of  sis¬ 
ters,  or  of  women  united  in  one  faith 
or  order.  2.  State  of  being  a  sister. 

SYs'TER-in-law  (155),  n.  A  hus¬ 
band’s  or  wife’s  sister ;  also,  a  broth¬ 
er’s  wife. 

Sfs'TER-LY,  a.  Becoming  a  sister ;  af¬ 
fectionate. 

SlT,  v.  i.  [sat  ;  SITTING.]  [A.-S. 
sittan,  allied  to  Skr.  sad.]  1.  To 
rest  on  the  haunches.  2.  To  perch. 

3.  To  remain  in  repose ;  to  abide. 

4.  To  fit.  5.  To  incubate  ;  to  brood 
over.  6.  To  be  engaged  in  public 
business,  as  legislators,  See. 

SITE,  n.  [  Lat.  situs,  fr.  sinere ,  si  turn, 
to  let,  put,  or  set  down.]  Place  for 
a  building ;  situation. 

SIT'ter,  n.  One  who  sits. 

SlT'TlNG,  n.  1.  A  resting  on  a  seat. 
2.  Time  of  remaining  in  session. 


395 

SYt'u-ate,  la.  [L.  Lat.  situatus, 

SlT'U-A/TED,  ]  fr.  situare,  to  place. 
See  SITE.]  Seated,  placed,  or  per¬ 
manently  fixed ;  residing. 

SlT'U- A'TION,  n.  1.  Relative  position, 
locatiou,  or  condition.  2.  Perma¬ 
nent  position. 

Six,  a.  or  n.  [A.-S.  six,  sex,  Lat.  sex.] 
Twice  three.  [many. 

Six' fold,  a.  Six  times  as  much  or 

Six'PEN^E,  n.  An  English  silver  coin, 
worth  half  a  shilling,  or  about  12 
cents. 

Six'TEEN,  a.  and  n.  Six  and  ten. 

Six'TEENTH,  a.  1.  Sixth  after  the 
tenth.  2.  Being  one  of  sixteen  equal 
parts  of  any  thing. — n.  1.  One  of 
sixteen  equal  parts.  2.  The  next, 
after  the  fifteenth. 

Sixth,  a.  1.  Next  after  the  fifth.  2. 
Being  one  of  six  equal  parts  of  any 
thing. — n.  1.  One  of  six  equal 
parts.  2.  The  next  after  the  fifth. 

SIxth'ly,  adv.  In  the  sixth  place. 

Six'Ti-ETH,  a.  1.  Next  after  the 
fifty-ninth.  2.  Being  one  of  sixty 
equal  parts  of  any  thing. — n.  1. 
One  of  sixty  equal  parts.  2.  The 
next  after  the  fifty-ninth. 

Six'TY,  a.  and  n.  Six  times  ten. 

SlZ'A-BLE,  a.  Being  of  considerable 
or  suitable  size. 

Sl'ZAR,  n.  (  Univ.  of  Cambridge ,  Eng.) 
One  of  a  body  of  students  next  below 
the  pensioners. 

Size,  n.  [Abbrev.  fr.  assize.]  1.  Ex¬ 
tent  of  volume.  2.  A  conventional 
relative  measure  of  dimension.  3. 
[W.  syth,  glue,  size,  from  syth,  stiff, 
rigid.]  A  kind  of  weak  glue. —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  arrange,  accord¬ 
ing  to  size.  2.  To  prepare  with  size. 

Siz'l-NESS,  n.  Glutinousness. 

Siz'lNG,  n.  A  kind  of  weak  glue  ;  size. 

STz'y,  a.  Glutinous;  thick  ;  viscous. 

Siz'ZLE,  v.  i.  To  make  a  hissing 
sound,  as  hot  metal  dipped  into  wa¬ 
ter. —  n.  A  hissing  sound. 

Skald,  n.  See  Scald. 

Skate,  n.  1.  [D.  schaats .]  A  frame 
for  the  foot  with  a  metallic  runner, 
for  moving  rapidly  on  ice.  2.  [Lat. 
squatus,  A.-S.  sceadda.]  A  cartilagi¬ 
nous  fish  of  a  rhomboid  form. — v. 
i.  [  ED  ;  -ING.]  To  move  on  skates. 

Skat'er,  n.  One  who  skates. 

Ske-dad'dle,  v.  i.  [Said  to  be  of 
Sw.  origin.]  To  run  away  with  pre¬ 
cipitation,  as  if  in  a  panic.  [ Amer .] 

Skein  (skan),  n.  [0.  Fr.  escaigne, 
Gael,  sgeinn.]  A  knot,  or  a  number 
of  knots,  of  thread  or  yarn. 

SKfiL'E-TON,  n.  [Gr.  erne AeroV  (sc. 
< rthpa ),  a  dried  body,  a  mummy.]  1. 
Natural  frame-work  of  an  organized 
body,  as  bones,  shells,  &c.  2.  Gen¬ 
eral  structure  or  frame  of  any  thing. 

SkEp'TIC,  n.  [Written  also  sceptic.] 
[Gr.  o-xea-TtKo?,  thoughtful,  reflec¬ 
tive;  Lat.  scepticus.]  1.  One  who  is 
yet  undecided  as  to  what  is  true.  2. 
One  who  disbelieves  the  diviue  origin 
of  Christianity.  [a  skeptic. 

Skep'TIC-AL,  a.  Relating  to,  or  being, 

Skep'TI-ci§m,  n.  1.  Doubt ;  uncer¬ 


tainty.  2.  A  doubting  of  the  truth 
of  revelation. 

Sketch,  n.  [Lat.  schedium,  (sc.  car¬ 
men ),  an  extemporaneous  poem,  Gr. 
o-XeSios,  made  suddenly  or  off-hand.] 
A  first  rough  or  incomplete  plan  of 
any  design. 

Syn.  —  Outline;  delineation. —  Outline 
explains  itself ;  a  sketch  fills  up  the  out¬ 
line  in  part,  giving  broad  touches  by 
which  an  imperfect  idea  may  be  con¬ 
veyed;  a  delineation  goes  further,  carry¬ 
ing  out  the  more  striking  features  of  the 
picture,  and  going  so  much  into  detail 
as  to  furnish  a  clear  conception  of  the 
whole. 

—  r.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  draw  in 
outline  ;  to  make  a  rough  draught  of. 

Sketch'Y,  a.  In  the  manner  of  a 
sketch  ;  incomplete. 

Skew'd R  (sku'er),  n.  [Prob.  allied  to 
the  root  of  shove.]  A  pointed  rod  for 
fastening  meat  while  roasting.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  fasten  with  skewers. 

Skid,  n  [A.-S.  scide ,  fr.  scldan,  to 
cleave.]  A  piece  of  timber  used 
for  support  or  to  protect  a  vessel's 
side.  [boat. 

Skiff,  n.  [Cf.  Ship.]  A  small,  light 

Skill,  n.  [A.-S.  sc  Hi  an ,  scylan,  to 
separate,  to  distinguish.]  1.  Knowfe 
edge.  2.  F'amiliar  knowledge  united 
with  readiness  in  performance. 

Syn.  —  Dexterity.  —  Skill  involves  su¬ 
perior  capacity  and  cultivation  of  the 
intellect;  dexterity  implies  a  greater  tal¬ 
ent  for  imitation,  and  a  sleight  of  hand 
obtained  by  practice. 

Skilled,  a.  Expert ;  skillful. 

Skil'let,  n.  [0.  Fr.  escuellette ,  from 
Lat.  scutella ,  dim.  of  scutra,  a  dish.] 
A  small  vessel  with  a  handle. 

Skill'ful,  I  a.  Possessed  of,  or  dis- 

Skil'ful,  [  playing  skill. 

SKILL'FUL-LY,  l  adv.  With  skill; 

Skil'ful-ly,  )  dexterously. 

SKILL'FUL-NESS,  1  n.  Quality  of  pos- 

Skil'FUL-NESS,  I  sessing  skill. 

Skim,  v.  t.  [A  different  form  of  scum.] 
[-MED;  -MING.]  1.  To  clear,  as  a 
liquid  from  scum.  2.  To  take  off  by 
skimming.  3-  To  pass  near  the  sur¬ 
face  of.  —  v.  i.  To  pass  lightly. 

Skim'MER,  n.  A  utensil  for  skimming. 

SkYm'-milk,  n.  Milk  from  which  the 
cream  has  been  taken. 

Skim'mings,  n.  That  which  is  re¬ 
moved  by  skimming. 

Skin,  n.  [A.-S.  scinn.]  1.  Natural 
covering  of  animal  bodies.  2.  A  hide ; 
a  pelt.  3.  Exterior  coat  of  fruits  and 
plants.  — v.  t.  [-NED  ;  -NiNG.]  1. 
To  strip  off  the  skin  of;  to  flay.  2. 
To  cover  with  skin.  —  v.  i.  To  be 
covered  with  skin. 

Skin'- deep,  a.  Superficial ;  slight. 

SkYn'flYnt,  n.  A  miser ;  a  niggard. 

Skin'less,  a.  Having  no  skin. 

Skin'NER,  n.  One  w'ho  skins. 

Skin'ny,  a.  [-er  ;  -EST,  142.]  Con¬ 
sisting  of  skin,  or  of  skin  only. 

SkIp,  v.  i.  [-ped;  -ping.]  [Cf.  Icel. 
sicopa ,  skoppa,  to  run.]  To  leap  ;  to 
bound.  — v.  t.  To  pass  over  or  bv; 
to  omit.  —  n.  1.  A  leap  ;  a  bound. 
2.  Act  of  passing  over  an  interval. 

Skip'-jack,  n.  An  upstart. 

G,  hard;  A§;  exist  ;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO  TOOK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  9,G ,soft;€, 


SKIPPER 


SLEEK 


396 


S^I'p'per,  n.  [See  Skipper  and 
Skip.]  1.  The  master  of  a  small 
trading  vessel.  2.  [From  skip.]  The 
cheese  maggot. 

SkIr'mish  (18),  n.  [0.  Eng.  scarmishe , 
scrymishe,  fr.  0.  H.  Ger.  skerman , 
s/cirman,  to  defend.]  A  slight  fight, 
esp.  between  detachments  and  small 
parties.  —  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
fight  slightly  or  in  small  parties. 

SkIr'mish-ER.  n.  One  who  skirmishes. 

SKiRT  (18),  n.  [A.-S.  scyrtan,  to  short¬ 
en.  Cf.  Shirt.]  1.  Lower  and  loose 
part  of  a  garment.  2.  Border;  edge. 

3.  A  woman’s  garment  like  a  petti¬ 
coat. —  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To  form 
or  to  run  along  the  edge  of.  • — v.  i. 
To  be  on  the  border. 

SKIT'tish,  a.  [From  A.-S.  sceotan , 
sc/tan,  to  shoot,  cast.]  Easily  fright¬ 
ened;  shunning  familiarity  ;  shy. 

Skit'tish-ly,  adv.  In  a  skittish 
manner.  [ness. 

Skit'tisii-ness,  n.  Timidity  ;  shy- 

Siut'tles  (skit'tlz),  n.  pi.  [See  Skit¬ 
tish.]  Ninepins. 

Ski'ver,  n.  [See  Shiver.]  Split 
sheepskin,  tanned  with  sumac,  anu 
dyed. 

SkiJlk,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ins.]  [Dan. 
skulke ,  to  play  the  truant,  allied  to 
skiule ,  to  hide.]  To  get  out  of  the 
way  in  a  sneaking  manner ;  to  lurk. 

Skulk'er,  n.  One  who  skulks. 

Skull,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  sciulla ,  skull. 
Cf.  Scale  and  Shell.]  Bony 
case  inclosing  the  brain. 

Skull'-cap,  n.  A  close-fitting  cap. 

Sktjnk,h.  [Abenaki  seganku.]  A  fetid 
animal  of  North  America. 

SK?  (72),  n.  [0.  Sax.  scio ,  sceo,  region 
Of  clouds.  Cf.  A.-S.  scha,  schwa, 
shadow.]  The  vault  of  heaven. 

Sky'ey,  a.  Like  the  sky  ;  ethereal. 

Sky'-lark,  n.  A  species  of  lark  that 
mounts  and  sings  as  it  flies. 

Sky'-LARKHNG.  n.  Act  of  running 
about  the  rigging  of  a  vessel  in 
sport ;  frolicking. 

Sky'-lTgiit  (-lit),  n.  A  window  in 
the  roof  or  deck. 

Sky'-r5ck/et,  n.  A  rocket  that  as¬ 
cends  high,  and  burns  as  it  flies. 

Sky'-sail  (colloq.  ski'sel),  n.  The 
sail  set  next  above  the  royal. 

Slab,  n.  [Cf.  W.  yslab,  llab,  a  thin 
slip.]  1.  A  thin  piece  of  any  thing, 
as  of  marble  or  other  stone,  having 
plane  surfaces.  2.  An  outside  piece 
sawed  from  a  log. 

Slab'ber  (colloq.  slobber),  v.  i. 
[-ED;  ING.]  [IF.  Ger.  schlabbern , 
frequentative  form  of  schlabben,  to 
lap  ]  To  let  the  saliva  fall  from  the 
mouth  ;  to  drivel.  —  n.  Saliva  care¬ 
lessly  let  fall  from  the  mouth. 

Black,  a.  [-er  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  sleac, 
side.]  1.  Not  drawn  tight.  2.  Not 
holding  first.  3.  Not  earnest  or  eager. 

4.  Not  violent ;  not  rapid. 

Slack  water ,  the  interval  between  the 
flux  and  reflux  of  the  tide. 

• — adv.  In  a  slack  manner  ;  partially. 
—  n.  The  part  of  a  rope  that  hangs 
loose.  —  v.  t.  or  i.  To  slacken. 


SlSck'sn,  v.  i.  [slackened; 
SLACKENING.]  [A.-S.  sleacian ,  sla- 
cian .]  1.  To  become  less  tense  or 

rigid.  2.  To  be  remiss ;  to  neglect. 
3.  To  lose  cohesion.  4.  To  abate.  5. 
To  languish  ;  to  flag.  —  v.  t.  1.  To 
make  less  tight.  2.  To  render  less 
earnest,  rapid,  or  decided.  3.  To 
withhold ;  to  use  less  liberally.  4.  To 
slake. 

Slack'ly,  adv.  Loosely;  remissly. 

Slack'NESS,  m.  State  of  being  slack  ; 
negligence ;  slowness  ;  tardiness. 

Slag,  n.  [H.  Ger.  schlacke .]  Dross  of 
a  metal ;  also,  vitrified  ciuders. 

Slake,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Allied  to 
slack.]  1.  To  quench ;  to  extin¬ 
guish.  2.  To  mix  with  water,  so 
that  a  true  chemical  combination 
shall  take  place. 

Slam,  v.  t.  [-med;  -ming.]  [Cf.  0. 
Eng.  lam,  to  beat,  Goth.  Ik  0.  II.  Ger. 
slahan.  [See  Slay.]  To  shut  with 
violence.  —  v.  i.  To  strike  violently 
and  noisily. — n.  A  violent  driving 
and  striking  or  shutting. 

Slan'der,  ii.  [0.  Eng.  esclaundre, fr. 
Gr.  <TKavbo.\ov.  See  SCANDAL.]  A 
false  and  malicious  report  tending  to 
injure  another's  reputation.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  injure  by  mali¬ 
ciously  uttering  a  false  report. 

Syn.  —  To  defame. 

Slan'der-er,  n.  A  calumniator. 

SLAN'DER-ous,  a.  1.  Disposed  to 
slander.  2.  Containing  slander  ;  ca¬ 
lumnious. 

Slan'der-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  slan¬ 
derous  manner. 

Slang,  n.  [Said  to  bo  of  gypsy  origin  ; 
but  cf.  Lingo.]  Low,  vulgar,  unau¬ 
thorized  language. 

Slant,  a.  [Sw.  slinta ,  to  slide,  W. 
ysgle.ntiaw.]  Inclined;  sloping; 
oblique.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
turn  from  a  direct  line. — v.i.  To 
lie  obliquely.  — n.  An  oblique  direc¬ 
tion  or  plane;  a  slope. 

SLANT'LY,  1  adv.  In  an  inclined 

Slant'wI.se,  J  direction;  obliquely. 

Slap,  n.  A  blow  with  something  broad 
and  flat,  as  the  hand.  —  v.  t.  [-PED  ; 
-PING.]  To  strike  with  the  open  hand, 
or  with  something  broad. — adv. 
With  a  sudden  blow  ;  hence,  quickly. 

Slap'dash,  adv.  1.  At  random.  2. 
All  at  once.  [  Colloq.] 

Slap'jack,  n.  A  sort  of  flat  cake 
baked  upon  a  griddle.  [Local.] 

Slash ,v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Icel. 
slasa ,  to  wound.]  To  cut  in  long 
cuts  by  striking  violently  and  at  ran¬ 
dom. —  n.  1.  A  long  cut;  a  cut 
made  at  random .  2.  A  large  slit  in 
the  thighs  and  arms  of  old  costumes. 

Slat,?i.  [SeeSLOAT].  A  narrow  board 
to  fasten  together  larger  pieces.  — 
v.  t.  [-ted;  -ting.]  To  slap  ;  to 
strike  ;  to  throw  down  violently. 

Slate,  n.  [0.  Eng  srlate,  sclat ;  0. 
II.  Ger.  sleizan,  for  slcleizan,  to  slit, 
split.]  1.  An  argillaceous  stone 
which  readily  splits  into  plates.  2. 
A  prepared  piece  of  such  stone  ;  esp. 
for  roofing  houses,  & c.,  or  for  writing 


upon.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To 
cover  with  slate. 

Slat'er  ,  it.  One  who  slates  buildings. 

Slat'ing,  n.  1.  Act  of  covering  with 
slates.  2.  The  covering  thus  put  on. 
3.  Slates  collectively. 

Slat'tern,  n.  [Cf.  Slut.]  A  woman 
negligent  of  her  dress  or  house. 

Slat'tern-ly,  a.  Negligent ;  dirty. 

—  adv.  Negligently;  awkwardly. 

Slat'Y,  a.  Resembling  slate  ;  having 

the  nature  or  properties  of  slate. 

Slaugh'ter  (slaw/ter),  n.  [Goth. 
slauhts,  slaughter.]  1.  Extensive  and 
unnecessary  destruction  of  human 
life.  2.  A  killing,  as  a  matter  of  busi¬ 
ness  ;  butchery.  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
1.  To  kill.  2.  To  butcher. 

Slaugii'ter-house  (slaw'ter-),  n. 
A  house  where  beasts  are  butchered. 

Slave,  n.  [From  the  Slavonians,  L. 
Lat.  Slavi,  who  were  frequently 
made  slaves  by  the  Germans.]  1.  A 
person  held  in  bondage.  2.  One  who 
has  lost  the  power  of  resistance.  3. 
One  who  labors  like  a  slave.  —  v.  i. 
To  drudge  ;  to  toil.  [slaves. 

Slave '-holder,  n.  One  who  holds 

Slav'er,  n.  1.  A  vessel  engaged  in 
the  slave-trade.  2.  One  who  deals 
in  slaves. 

Slav'er,  n.  [See  Slabber.]  Saliva 
driveling  from  the  mouth. — v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  suffer  spittle  to 
issue  from  the  mouth.  2.  To  be  be¬ 
smeared  with  saliva.  —  v.  t.  To  smear 
with  saliva  issuing  from  the  mouth. 

Slav'er-er,  n.  A  driveler  ;  an  idiot. 

Slav'er-y,  n.  Entire  subjection  of 
one  person_  to  the  will  of  another. 

Slave '-trade  ,  n.  Traffic  in  slaves. 

Slav'ISH,  a.  Servile  ;  base;  laborious; 
mean.  [ly  ;  basely. 

Slav'ish-LY.  adv.  Servilely;  mean- 

Slav'ish-ness,  n.  Servility. 

Sla-vo'ni-an,  n.  A  native  of  Sla¬ 
vonia.  a.  Pertaining  to  Slavonia ; 

—  applied  especially  to  the  language 
now  spoken,  in  its  various  dialects,  in 
Russia,  Poland,  Bohemia,  &c. 

Slaw,  n.  [D.  si  a,  slaa,  contr.  from 
salade.  See  Salad.]  Sliced  cabbage, 
cooked,  or  uncooked. 

Slay,  v.t.  [slew;  slain;  slay¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  slahan ,  sleahan,  contr. 
slean,  sldn ,  to  strike,  beat,  slay.]  To 
put  to  death  by  a  weapon,  or  by  vio¬ 
lence  ;  hence,  to  kill ;  to  destroy. 

Slay'er.  n.  One  who  slays. 

Sleave,  n.  [Icel.  slefa,  a  slender 
thread.]  Silk  or  thread  untwisted. 

—  v.t.  To  separate,  as  threads. 

Slea'zy,  a.  [Ger.  schleiszig ,  schlissig , 

worn  out,  fr.  schleiszen,  to  split,  de¬ 
cay.]  Wanting  firmness  of  texture. 

Sle D, n.  [Icel.  sledi,  A.-S.  slidan,  to 
slide.]  A  vehicle,  or  a  light  seat, 
moved  on  runners,  over  the  snow.  — 
v.t.  [-DED ;  -DING.]  To  convey 
on  a  sled. 

Sledge,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  slecge,  fr.  sla¬ 
han,  to  strike,  beat.]  A  large,  heavy 
hammer.  2.  A  vehicle  moved  ou 
runners,  or  on  low  wheels. 

Sleek,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Icel. slikia, 


A,  E,  i,  6,  u,  Y , long;  X,  E, I,  6,  t),  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re  V£iL,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fTrm;  son, 


SLEEKLY 

to  smooth,  polish.]  Having  an  even, 
smooth  surface ;  glossy.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  even  and  smooth, 
or  soft  and  glossy. 

Sleek'ly,  adv.  Smoothly.  [sleek. 

Sleek'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Sleep,  v.  i.  [slept;  sleeping.] 
[A.-S.  slxpan ,  slapan.]  1.  To  take 
rest  by  a  suspension  of  the  volun¬ 
tary  exercise  of  the  powers  of  the 
body  and  mind.  2.  To  be  dead.  3. 
To  be  unemployed  ;  to  rest.  —  n.  A 
natural  and  periodical  suspension  of 
the  exercise  of  the  bodily  and  men¬ 
tal  powers  for  the  purpose  of  rest. 

Syn. —  Slumber;  repose;  rest. 

Sleep'er,  n.  1.  One  who  sleeps.  2. 
A  timber  for  the  support  of  some 
superstructure,  or  to  steady  rails. 

Sleep'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  sleepy  man¬ 
ner;  drowsily.  [sleepy. 

Sleep'I-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Sleeping,  p.  a.  Occupied  with  sleep 
or  for  sleeping. 

Sleep'less,  a.  1.  Having  no  sleep  ; 
wakeful.  2.  Perpetually  agitated. 

Sleep'less-ness,  n.  Want  of  sleep. 

Sleep'- WALK/ER  (-wawk'-),  n.  A 
somnambulist ;  one  who  walks  in  his 
sleep. 

Sleep'y,  a.  [-er ;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Drowsy  ;  inclined  to  sleep.  2.  Tend¬ 
ing  to  induce  sleep. 

Sleet,  n.  [A.-S.  sliht,  fr.  slahan,  to 
strike.]  A  fall  of  hail  or  snow  min¬ 
gled  with  rain.  —  v.  i.  To  snow  or 
hail  with  a  mixture  of  rain. 

SLEET'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  sleet. 

Sleeve,  n.  [A.-S.  slef,  slS/e,  fr.  sU- 
fan,  to  put  on,  clothe.]  Part  of  a 
garment  fitted  to  cover  the  arm. — 
v.  t.  To  furnish  with  sleeves. 

Sleeve'less,  a.  Having  no  sleeves. 

Slid d  (slad),  v.  t.  [-eii  ;  -ing.]  [See 
Sley.]  To  sley  or  prepare  for  use 
in  the  weaver’s  sley. 

Sleigh  (sla),n.  [See  Sled.]  A  ve¬ 
hicle  on  runners,  for  moving  on  snow 
or  ice. 

Sl§igh'ing  (sla'ing),  n.  1.  State  of 
the  snow  which  admits  of  running 
slejghs.  2.  Act  of  riding  in  a  sleigh. 

Sleight  (slit),  n.  [Eng.  sly.]  1.  An 
artful  trick.  2.  Dexterity. 

Slen'der,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [0.  D. 
slinder ,  slender,  slinderen ,  slidderen , 
to  creep  ]  1.  Thin  or  narrow  in  pro¬ 
portion  to  circumference  or  width. 
2.  Weak  ;  feeble.  3.  Moderate  ;  in¬ 
considerable.  4.  Small ;  meager. 

Slen'der-ly, ndv.  Slightly;  feebly. 

Slen'der-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  slender. 

Slept,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Sleep. 

Slew,  imp.  of  Slay. 

Sl^y  (sla),  n.  [A.-S.  six.]  A  weaver’s 
reed.  —  v.  t.  To  part  the  threads  of, 
and  arrange  them  in  a  sley. 

Slr?e,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
slitan.]  To  cut  into  thin  pieces,  or 
to  cut  off  a  thin  piece  from.  — n.  1. 
A  thin,  broad  piececut  off.  2.  That 
which  is  thin  and  broad,  like  a  slice. 

SlIck,  a.  Sleek ;  smooth. 

Slid,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Slide 


397 

Slide,  v.  i.  [slid;  slid,  slidden  ; 

SLIDING.]  [A.-S.  slldan.]  1.  To 
move  along  a  surface  by  slipping ;  to 
glide.  2.  To  pass  inadvertently.  3. 
To  move  gently  onward  without  fric¬ 
tion. —  v.  t.  1.  To  thrust  along  by 
slipping.  2.  To  pass  or  put  imper¬ 
ceptibly.  —  n.  1.  A  smooth  and 
easy  passage.  2.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  slides.  3.  Descent  of  earth 
or  rock  down  a  declivity.  [slides. 

Slid'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Slid'ing-rule,  n.  An  instrument 
for  the  mechanical  performance  of 
addition,  subtraction,  multiplication, 
and  division. 

Slid'ing-scale,  n.  A  scale  for  rais¬ 
ing  or  lowering  imposts  in  proportion 
to  the  fall  or  rise  of  prices. 

Slight  (slit),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Goth. 
slaihts ,  smooth,  even.]  1.  Not  de¬ 
cidedly  marked ;  inconsiderable ;  un¬ 
important.  2.  Slender. — n.  A  mod¬ 
erate  degree  of  contempt,  manifested 
cliielly  by  neglect. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  disregard,  as  of  little  value 
and  unworthy  of  notice. 

Syn.  —  To  neglect.  —  To  slight  is 
stronger  than  to  neglect.  We  may  neg¬ 
lect  a  duty  or  person  from  inconsidera- 
tion,  or  from  being  over-occupied  in 
other  concerns.  To  slight  is  always  a 
positive  and  intentional  act,  resulting 
from  feelings  of  dislike  or  contempt. 

SlIght'ly  (sllt'ly),  adv.  In  a  slight 
manner ;  negligently. 

Slight'ness  (slit'-),  n.  Weakness  ; 
want  of  force  or  strength. 

Sli'ly,  adv.  See  Slyly. 

Slim,  a.  [-mer;  -mest,  136.]  [M.  II. 
Ger.  slim,  Icel.  slamr,  ill,  bad.]  1. 
Slender.  2.  Weak  ;  slight. 

Slime,  n.  [A.-S.  &  Icel.  slim,  0.  II. 
Ger.  slim,  slihmo.]  Soft,  moist,  and 
adhesive  earth,  or  clay. 

Slim'i-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  slimy. 

Slim'ness,  n.  State  of  being  slim. 

Slim'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Abounding  or  overspread  with  slime. 
2.  Viscous  ;  glutinous. 

SlI'ness,  n.  See  Slyness. 

SlTng,h.  [0.  H.  Ger.  slinga.]  1.  An 
instrument  for  throwing  stones.  2. 
A  throw.  3.  A  hanging  bandage,  in 
which  a  wounded  arm  is  sustained. 
4.  A  rope,  with  hooks,  by  which  a 
cask  or  bale  is  swung  in  or  out  of  a 
ship.  5.  [Cf.  L.  Ger.  slingen,  to 
swallow.]  Spirit  (usually  gin)  and 
water  sweetened. — v.  t.  [slung; 
slinging.]  1.  To  throw  with  a 
sling.  2.  To  hang  so  as  to  swing. 

Slink,  v.  i.  [slunk;  slinking.] 
[A.-S.  slincan.]  1.  To  steal  away  ; 
to  sneak.  2.  To  miscarry,  as  a  beast. 

Slip,  v.  i.  [-ped;  -ping.]  [A.-S. 
slipan.]  1.  To  slide;  to  glide.  2. 
To  sneak  ;  to  depart  secretly.  3.  To 
err.  4.  To  pass  unexpectedly  or  im¬ 
perceptibly. —  v.  t.  1.  To  convey 
secretly.  2.  To  part  from  the  stem , 
as  a  branch.  3.  To  let  loose.  4. 
To  disengage  one's  self  from.  — n. 
1.  Act  of  slipping.  2.  An  uninten¬ 
tional  error.  3.  A  twig  separated 
from  the  main  stock.  4.  An  escape 


SLOUCH 

5.  A  long,  narrow  piece.  6.  Any 
thing  easily  slipped  on.  7.  Space 
between  wharves  or  in  a  dock.  8.  A 
long  seat  in  churches. 

SLIP'-KNOT  (-not),  n.  A  knot  which 
slips  along  the  line  around  which  it 
is  made. 

Slip'per,  n.  A  light  shoe,  which  may 
be  slipped  on  with  ease.  [slippery. 

SlIp'per-i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Slip'per-y,  a.  1.  Allowing  or  caus¬ 
ing  any  thing  to  slip  ;  smooth.  2. 
Not  affording  firm  footing  or  confi¬ 
dence.  3.  Apt  to  slip  away.  4.  Un¬ 
stable  ;  changeable. 

Slip'shod,  a.  1.  Wearing  shoes,  with¬ 
out  pulling  up  the  heels.  2.  Care¬ 
less  in  manners,  style,  &c. 

SlIt,  v.t.  [slit;  slit,  or  SLIT- 
TED  ;  SLITTING.]  [A.-S.  slitan.] 

I.  To  cut  lengthwise.  2.  To  make  a 
long  fissure  in  or  on.  3.  To  rend ; 
to  split.  —  n.  A  long  cut,  or  a  nar¬ 
row  opening. 

Slit'ting-mill,  m.  A  mill  where 
iron  plates  are  slit  into  narrow  strips. 

SLIV'ER,or SLI'VER, V.  t.  [-ED  J-ING.] 
[A.-S.  slifan ,  to  split.]  To  cut  or 
divide  into  long,  thin  pieces.  — n.  A 
piece  cut  or  rent  lengthwise. 

Slob'ber,  n.  &  v.  See  Slabber. 

Sl5e,  n.  [A.-S.  sl&,  sUthe.]  A  small, 
bitter,  wild  plum. 

Sloop,  n.  [D.  sloep, 

II.  Ger.  schlupe , 
schaluppe.]  A  vessel 
with  one  mast. 

Slop,  n.  1.  [Cf.  Ir.  & 

Gael,  slaih,  mud,i 

dirt.]  Water  care- 1 

l.essly  spilled.  2.  pi.  I 
Water  in  which  any^ 
thing  has  been  ’ 
washed.  3.  [A.-S.  slop, 
a  frock,  fr.  sltipan,  sledpan,  to  entef 
secretly.]  pi.  Ready-made  clothes, 
bedding,  &c.  —  v.t.  1.  To  spill.  2. 
To  spill  liquid  upon.  —  v.  u  To  over¬ 
flow  or  be  spilled. 

Sl5pe,  a.  [Allied  to  A.-S.  slopen ,  a 
slipping.]  Inclined,  or  inclining.  — 
n.  1.  A  direction  downward.  2.  A 
declivity  or  acclivity.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  direct  obliquely ;  to  in- 
c2ine.  —  v.  i.  To  be  inclined. 

Slop'ing.  p.  a.  Inclining,  or  inclined ; 
oblique. 

Slop'py,^.  [-ER;  -EST,  142.]  [From 
slop.]  Wet,  so  as  to  spatter  easily. 

Slop'-shop,  n.  A  shop  where  ready¬ 
made  clothes  are  sold. 

Slosh,  n.  See  Slush. 

Slot,  n.  [Cf.  slit ;  also,  Icel.  slodi ,  a 
path.]  A  slit  in  a  plate  of  metal. 

Sloth,  or  Sloth  (20),  n.  [A.-S. 
slewdh ,  slaivdh,  fr.  slaw,  slow.]  1. 
Sluggishness ;  laziness.  2.  A  slow- 
moving  South-American  mammal. 

Sloth'fvl,  or  Sloth'fvl,  a.  Slug¬ 
gish  ;  lazy ;  indolent. 

Sloth'fi/l-ly,  or  Sloth'ft;l-ly, 
adv.  In  a  slothful  manner  ;  lazily. 

Sloth'fvl-ness,  or  Sloth'fvl- 
ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  slothful. 

Slouch,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 


Sloop. 


- >  -  l'  •  X-  - - -  .  - -  - - X -  - - 7  »■  7  J  L - 

OR, do,  YVQLF,  to-o,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  RUE,pyLL;  E,I,  O,  silent ;  q,&,soft;  €,Gr,hard;  Ag;  EJIST  ;  ftosNG;  this. 


SLOUGH 


398 


SMIRK 


Eng.  slug,  slack.]  To  hang  down  ; 
to  have  a  downcast,  clownish  look  or 
manner. — v.t.  To  cause  to  hang 
down.  —  n.  [See  infra.]  1.  A  de¬ 
pression  of  the  head  or  of  some  other 
part  of  the  body.  2.  An  awkward, 
heavy,  clownish  fellow. 

Slough  (slou),  n.  [A.-S.  slug,  a  hol¬ 
low  place.]  A  place  of  deep  mud  or 
mire. 

Slough  (sluf),  n.  [M.  II.  Ger.  sluch, 
skin  of  a  serpent.]  1.  Cast  skin  of  a 
serpent.  2.  The  part  that  separates 
from  a  foul  sore.  — v.  i.  To  separate, 
as  the  matter  formed  over  a  sore. 

SloughW  (sluffy),  a.  Of  the  nature 
of  the  dead  matter  of  a  sore. 

Sl6v'en  (or  sluv'n,  58),  n.  [0.  D. 
sloe/,  slow,  squalid,  negligent.]  A 
man  or  boy  careless  of  dress  and 
cleanliness. 

Sl6v'en-li-ness  (or  sluv'n-),  n. 
Habitual  want  of  cleanliness. 

Slov'en-ly  (or  sldv'n-),  a.  1.  Neg¬ 
ligent  of  dress  or  neatness.  2.  Disor¬ 
derly.  —  adv.  In  a  slovenly  manner. 

SLOW,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  slaw, 
allied  to  Goth,  slavan,  to  be  silent.] 
1.  Not  swift ;  deliberate.  2.  Not 
ready  ;  not  prompt. 

Syn.  —  Dilatory ;  tardy.  —  Slow  is  the 
wider  term,  denoting  either  a  want  of 
rapid  motion  or  inertness  of  intellect. 
Dilatory  signifies  a  habitof  delaying  the 
erformanee  of  what  we  know  must  be 
one.  Tardy  denotes  the  habit  of  being 
behindhand. 

Slow'ly, adv.  In  a  slow  manner; 
not  rapidly.  [being  slow. 

Slow'ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

SlOdge,  n.  [See  Slough.]  Soft 
mud ;  slush. 

Slue,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Icel. 
sniia,  to  turn,  bend.]  To  turn  about 
a  fixed  point,  as  a  piece  of  timber. 
—  v.  i.  To  turn  about ;  to  slip. 

SlGg,  n.  [Allied  to  slack.]  1.  A 
drone.  2.  A  kind  of  snail.  3.  [Prob. 
from  the  root  of  slay.]  A  piece  of 
metal,  for  the  charge  of  a  gun. 

SLlJG'GARD,  n.  [From  slug  and  the 
termination  ard.]  A  person  habit¬ 
ually  lazy  ;  a  drone. 

Slug'gisii,  a.  1.  Habitually  idle  and 
lazy.  2.  Having  little  motion.  3. 
Stupid  ;  tame  ;  simple. 

Syn.—  See  Inert. 

SlOg'gish-ly,  adv.  In  a  sluggish 
manner;  lazily. 

SlOg'gISH-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
sluggish ;  sloth. 

Sluice,  n.  [0.  Fr.  escluse,  L.  Lai;,  ex- 
clusa,  fr.  Lat.  excludere,  to  shutout.] 
1.  A  passage  for  water  with  a  gate, 
for  regulating  the  flow.  2.  The 
stream  which  flows  through  a  flood¬ 
gate.  3.  Any  thing  regarded  as  flow¬ 
ing  in  a  stream.  [from  a  sluice. 

Slui'^y,  a.  Falling  in  streams,  as 

SlGm,  n.  [Said  to  be  a  contr.  of  asy¬ 
lum,  vulgarly  pron.  as'y-lum  ;  but 
cf.  Slump.]  A  dirty  back  street  of 
a  city. 

SL&M'BER,  V.  i.  [-ed;  -TNG.]  tA.-S. 
slumerian,  fr.  sluma,  slumber.]  1. 
To  sleep  lightly ;  to  doze.  2.  To 


sleep.  3.  To  be  in  a  state  of  in¬ 
activity.  —  n.  Light  sleep ;  repose. 
Slum'ber-ous,  a.  Causing  or  invit¬ 
ing  slumber. 

SlIjmp,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Icel. 
slumpaz,  slernbaz,  to  be  jolted  sud¬ 
denly.]  To  sink  suddenly  through, 
or  in,  as  when  walking  on  snow,  &c. 
Slung,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Sling. 
SlCng'-shot,  n.  A  metal  ball,  with 
a  string  attached,  used  for  striking. 
Slunk,  imp.  &  p.p.  of  Slink. 

SlDr,  v.  t.  [-RED  ;  -RING.]  [D.  sleu- 
ren,  sloren,  to  train,  drag,  to  do  neg¬ 
ligently.]  1.  To  soil;  to  sully.  2. 
To  pass  lightly.  3.  (Mus.)  To  per¬ 
form  in  a  smooth,  gliding  style.  — n. 
1.  A  stain  ;  hence,  slight  reproach ; 
also,  an  innuendo.  2.  (Mus.)  A  mark 
[  ^ — v  or  ^  ],  connecting  notes 
to  be  sung  to  the  same  syllable. 
SlPsh,  n.  [See Sludge  and  Slough.] 

1.  Soft  mud.  2.  A  mixture  of  snow 
and  water.  3.  A  mixture  of  grease, 
&c.,  for  lubrication. — v.t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  smear  with  slush. 

SlUt,  n.  [D.  slet,  a  rag,  a  slut,  0.  D. 
slodde,  a  slut.]  1.  An  untidy  woman. 

2.  A  bitch.  [careless. 

SlOt'tish,  a.  Like  a  slut  ;  untidy; 
Slut'tish-ly,  adv.  In  a  sluttish 

manner.  [sluttish. 

Slut'tish-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
Sly,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [H.  Ger.  schlau. 
Cf.  Sleight.]  1.  Artfully  dexter¬ 
ous  ;  shrewd.  2.  Secretly  mischiev¬ 
ous  ;  insidious.  3.  Marked  by  artful 
and  dexterous  secrecy. 

Syn.  — See  Cunning. 

Sly'-eoots,  n.  A  sly  person. 
Sly'ly,  adv.  Craftily;  insidiously. 
Sly'NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  sly. 
SmXck,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
smeccan,  to  taste.]  1.  To  kiss  with  a 
loud  sound.  2.  To  be  tinctured.  — 
v.  t.  1.  To  kiss  with  a  sharp  noise.  2. 
To  make  a  noise  with,  as  the  lips,  by 
separating  them  after  tasting.  3.  To 
crack,  as  a  whip.  —  n.  1.  A  loud 
kiss.  2.  A  quick,  sharp  noise,  as  of 
a  whip.  3.  Taste  ;  flavor.  4.  [D. 

smak,  A.-S.  snacc.]  A  small  coasting 
or  fishing  vessel. 

Small,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  smal, 

smal. ]  1.  Not  large;  little;  minute. 
2.  Being  of  slight  consequence.  3. 
Evincing  little  worth  or  ability.  4. 
Not  prolonged  in  duration.  5.  Weak  ; 
mild.  —  n.  Slender  part  of  a  thing. 

Small'ish,  a.  Somewhat  small. 
Small'-arm§,  n.pl.  Muskets,  rifles, 
pistols,  &c. 

Small'ness,  n.  State  of  being  small; 
littleness. 

Small'-pox,  n.  [Small,  and  pox, 
pocks.]  An  eruptive  febrile  disease. 
Smalt,  n.  [See  Smelt.]  Glass  of  a 
fine  deep  blue,  used  as  a  pigment. 
SMART,  n.  [D.  smart,  smert,  allied  to 
Lat.  mors ,  death  ]  1.  Pungent,  lively 
pain.  2.  Severe  pain  of  mind.  — v.  i. 
[•ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  feel  a  lively,  pun¬ 
gent  pain.  2.  To  be  punished.  — a. 
[-ER  ;  -est.]  1.  Causing  a  keen,  lo¬ 
cal  pain.  2.  Severe  ;  poignant  3.  Vig¬ 


orous  ;  sharp.  4.  Active  ;  efficient.  5. 
Vivacious  ;  witty.  6.  Showy  ;  spruce. 

Syn. —  Clever. — Smart  lias  been  much 
used  in  New  England  to  describe  a  per¬ 
son  who  is  intelligent,  vigorous,  and  act¬ 
ive;  as,  a  smart  workman!  &c.,  coinciding 
very  nearly  with  the  English  sense  of 
clever.  The. nearest  approach  to  this  in 
England  is  in  such  expressions  as,  he 
was  smart  (pungent  or  witty)  in  his  re¬ 
ply.  But  smart  and  smartness,  when  ap¬ 
plied  to  persons,  are  more  commonly 
used  in  reference  to  dress;  as,  a  smart 
appearance,  &c. 

Smart'ly,  adv.  Keenly  ;  sharply. 

SMART'-MON'EY  (-mfiiV-),  n.  Money 
paid  by  a  person  to  buy  himself  off. 

Smart'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
smart  or  pungent. 

Smash,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From  the 
root  of  smite.]  To  dash  to  pieces.  — 
n.  A  breaking  to  pieces. 

SMAT'TER,  v.  i.  [From  the  root  of 
smite.)  To  have  a  slight,  superficial 
knowledge.  —  n.  Slight,  superficial 
knowledge. 

Smat'ter-er.  n.  One  who  has  only 
a  superficial  knowledge  ;  a  sciolist. 

Smat'ter-ing,  n.  A  slight,  super¬ 
ficial  knowledge. 

Smear,  y.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
smerician,  smerian,  fr.  smeru,  fat.] 
1  To  daub.  2.  To  soil ;  to  pollute. 

Smell,  v.  t.  [smelled,  smelt; 
smelling.]  [L.  Ger.  smellcn,  schme- 
len,  to  smoke,  to  reek.]  1.  To  per¬ 
ceive  by  the  nose.  2.  To  give  heed 
to.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  affect  the  olfactory 
nerves.  2.  To  have  a  particular 
smack  of  any  quality.  3.  To  exercise 
the  sense  of  smell  — n.  1.  Sense  of 
perception  by  the  nose.  2.  Quality 
of  any  tiling  which  affects  the  olfac¬ 
tory  organs. 

Syn. —  Scent;  odor. 

Smell'er,  n.  1.  One  who  smells.  2. 
The  nose. 

Smelt,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Smell.  —  n. 
[See  Smell.]  A  small  fish,  allied  to 
the  salmon.  It  emits  a  peculiar  odor, 
whence  the  name.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  [Cf.  Melt.]  To  melt  as  ore, 
in  order  to  separate  the  metal. 

Smelt'er,  n.  One  who  melts  ore. 

SmLlt'er-y,  n.  A  place  for  smelting 
ores. 

SMICK'ER,  v.  i.  [Icel.  smeikr,  slip¬ 
pery.]  To  look  amorously  or  wan¬ 
tonly. 

Smile,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Ger. 
schmielen,  allied  to  Skr.  smi,  to 
laugh.]  1.  To  express  pleasure  or 
kindness  in  the  features  of  the  face. 
2.  To  look  gay  aud  joyous.  3.  To 
be  propitious.  — v.  t.  To  express  by 
a  smile.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  smiling;  a 
peculiar  look  of  pleasure,  &c.  2. 

Favor ;  propitiousness. 

Smil'ing-ly,  adv.  With  a  smile. 

Smirch  (18),  v.  t.  [From  the  root  of 
smear.]  To  cloud  ;  to  dusk  ;  to  soil. 

Smirk,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
smercian ,  smearician.  Cf.  SMILE.] 
To  look  affectedly  soft  or  kind ;  to 
smile  in  an  affected  manner.  — n. 
An  affected,  conceited,  or  silly  smile. 


A,  e,  I,  o,v,\,long;  X,fi,I,  6,  B,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  tLrm;  pique,  firm  ••  s6n, 


SMITE 


SNORE 


SMITE,  V.  t.  [SMOTE  ;  SMITTEN, 
smit  ;  SMITING.]  [A.-S.  smitan.]  1. 
To  strike.  2.  To  kill.  3.  To  blast. 
4.  To  affect  with  passion,  as  love. 

SmIt'ER,  n.  One  who  smites. 

SmIth,  n.  [A.-S.  smidh.]  One  who 
works  in  metals. 

SmIth'er-y,  n.  1.  Workshop  of  a 
smith.  2.  Work  done  by  a  smith. 

SMlTH'Y,  n.  Shop  of  a  smith. 

SMIT'TEN,  p.  p.  of  Smite.  1.  Struck; 
killed.  2.  Affected  by  love  ;  enam¬ 
ored. 

Smock,  n.  [A.-S.  smocc .]  A  woman’s 
under  garment ;  a  chemise. 

Smoke  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  smocca,  smeoc.] 

1.  The  visible  vapor  from  a  burning 
body.  2.  Watery  exhalations.  — v.  i. 
[-E D  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  emit  smoke.  2. 
To  use  tobacco  in  a  pipe  or  cigar.  — 
i'.  t.  1.  To  apply  smoke  to.  2.  To 
burn  or  use  in  smoking,  as  a  cigar.  3. 
To  subject  to  smoke,  for  the  purpose 
of  annoying. 

Sm5ke'-jXck,  n.  A  contrivance  for 
turning  a  spit  by  means  of  the  as¬ 
cending  air  in  a  chimney. 

Smok'er,  n.  One  who  smokes. 

Smok'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being  smoky. 

Smok'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Emitting  smoke.  2.  Filled  with 
smoke,  or  with  a  vapor  resembling 
it.  3.  Liable  to  be  filled  with  smoke. 
4^  Tarnished  with,  or  as  with,  smoke. 

SMOL'DER,  (v.  i.  [D.  sraeulen.]  To 

Smoul'der,  )  waste  away  by  a  slow 
and  suppressed  combustion. 

Smooth,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
smSdhe ,  smsedhe.]  1.  Even  ;  not 
rough.  2.  Gently  flowing.  3.  Ut¬ 
tered  without  obstruction  or  hesita¬ 
tion.  4.  Bland  ;  mild. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  smooth. 

SMO~OTH'LY,  ado.  Evenly;  unob- 
structedly  ;  blandly. 

Smooth'ness,  n.  Quality  or  condi¬ 
tion  of  being  smooth. 

Smote,  imp.  of  Smite. 

SMOTH'ER  (smtith'er),  v.  t.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  smorian .]  1.  To  kill 
by  suffocation.  2.  To  stifle.  3.  To 
repress  the  action  of ;  to  suppress.  — 
v.  i.  To  be  suffocated  or  stilled. 

Smoul'der.  v.  i.  See  Smolder. 

SmAg'gle,  V.t.  [-E  D  :  -ING.]  [L. 
Ger.  smuggeln,  D.  smokkelen ;  A.-S. 
smedgan ,  smitgan,  to  creep,  to  flow 
or  spread  gradually.]  1.  To  import 
or  export  secretly,  contrary  to  the 
law.  2.  To  convey  clandestinely. 

SmOg'gLER,  n.  One  who  smuggles. 

SmDt,  n.  [A.-S.  smitta.]  1.  Foul 
matter,  like  soot,  or  the  spot  which 
it  makes.  2.  A  parasitic  fungus  on 
grain.  3.  Ribaldry  ;  obscenity. —  v.t. 
[-ted;  -ting.]  1.  To  stain  with 
smut.  2.  To  taint  with  mildew.  — 
v.  i.  1.  To  gather  or  be  converted 
into  smut.  2.  To  give  off  smut ;  to 
crock. 

SmOtch,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
smoke.]  To  blacken  with  smut.  — 
n.  Stain  ;  dirty  spot. 

Smut'ti-ly,  adv.  In  a  smutty  man¬ 
ner. 


399 

SmGt'ti-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
smutty. 

SmDt'ty,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Soiled  with  smut.  2.  Tainted  with 
mildew.  3.  Obscene. 

SnXck,  n.  [0.  &  Prov.  Eng.  snack , 
to  snatch,  allied  to  snap.]  A  share  ; 
an  equal  part  or  portion. 

SnXf'fle,  n.  [L.  Ger.  snuff,  snvffe, 
snuff ,  a  snout,  nose.]  A  bridle  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  bit  without  branches.  — 
v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  bridle;  to 
manage  with  a  bridle. 

SnXg,  n.  [From  Gael.  &  Ir.  snaigh , 
snaidh,  to  cut  down,  prune,  sharpen.] 

1.  A  short  branch,  ora  rough  branch. 

2.  Trunk  of  a  large  tree  fixed  to  the 
bottom  of  a  river  at  one  end,  and 
rising  to  the  surface  at  the  other  end. 
—  v.t.  [-GED ;  -GING.]  To  injure 
or  destroy  by  or  upon  a  snag. 

SnXg'ged,  (  a.  Full  of  short,  rough 

SnXg'gy,  J  branches  or  sharp 
points. 

Snail,  n.  [A.-S.  sn'dgel,  sndgl ,  snxl, 
dim,  of  snar.a ,  snake.]  1.  An  air- 
breathing  moliusk,  which  moves  very 
slowly  by  creeping.  2.  A  sluggard. 

Snake,  n.  [A.-S.  snar.a,  fr.  snacan , 
to  creep,  to  sneak.]  A  serpent  of  the 
oviparous  kind.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

1.  To  drag,  as  a  snake  from  a  hole. 

2.  To  wind  round  spirally,  as  a  large 
rope  with  a  smaller  one. 

Snak'y,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem¬ 
bling,  a  snake  ;  serpentine. 

SnXp,  v.  t.  [-PED ;  -ping.]  [Icel. 
snapa.]  1.  To  break  short.  2.  To 
strike  with  a  sharp  sound.  3.  To 
bite  or  seize  suddenly.  4.  To  crack, 
as  a  whip.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  break  short. 

2.  To  make  an  effort  to  bite.  3.  To 
utter  harsh,  angry  words. — n.  1.  A 
sudden  breaking.  2.  A  sudden  seiz¬ 
ing,  or  effort  to  seize,  with  the  teeth. 

3.  A  crack  of  a  whip.  4.  A  sudden 
and  severe  interval,  as  of  cold  weath¬ 
er.  5.  A  small  catch  or  Listening. 
6.  A  crisp  kind  of  gingerbread. 

SnXp'-drXg'on,  n.  1.  A  plant  and 
its  flower.  2.  A  play  in  which  rai¬ 
sins  are  snatched  from  burning 
brandy. 

SnXp'pish,  a.  1.  Apt  to  snap.  2. 
Apt  to  speak  angrily  or  tartly. 

SnXp'pish-ly,  adv.  In  a  snappish 
manner.  [snappish. 

SnXp'pish-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

SnAre  (4),  n.  [Icel.  snara ,  snare; 
Goth,  snorjo ,  a  string.]  1.  A  con¬ 
trivance  for  entangling  birds,  &c. ;  a 
trap  ;  a  wile.  2.  Any  thing  by  which 
one  is  entangled.  3.  String  across 
the  lower  head  of  a  drum. — v.  l. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  catch  with  a  snare  ; 
to  entangle. 

Snarl,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  D. 
snarren.]  1.  To  growl,  as  an  angry 
dog.  2.  To  speak  roughly.  —  v.  t. 
[From  snare.]  1.  To  entangle.  2. 
To  embarrass;  to  insnare. — n.  A 
complication  of  hair,  thread,  or  the 
like  ;  hence,  embarrassing  difficulty. 

!  SnXrl'er,  n.  One  who  snarls. 

!  SnXtch,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [0.  Eng. 


snack,  to  snatch.]  To  seize  abruptly, 
or  without  permission.  —  n.  1.  A 
hasty  seizing.  2.  An  attempt  to 
seize  suddenly.  3.  A  small  piece  or 
quantity. 

SnXtch'er,  n.  One  who  snatches. 

SnXth,  n.  [A.-S.  snxd.]  The  handle 
of  a  scythe. 

Sneak,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
snican ,  snacan.  Cf.  Snake.]  1  To 
creep  or  steal  away  privately.  2.  To 
behave  with  meanness  and  servility. 

—  n.  A  mean,  sneaking  fellow. 

Sneak'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Mean;  servile. 

2.  Covetous ;  niggardly. 

Sneak'ing-LY,  adv.  Meanly. 

Sneer, v.i.  [-ed ;  -ing.]  [Cf .snort, 
to  laugh  loudly.]  To  show  contempt 
by  turning  up  the  nose,  by  a  partic¬ 
ular  cast  of  countenance,  or  by  a 
covert  expression. 

Syn.  —  To  scoff ;  jeer.  —  The  verb  to 
sneer  implies  to  cast  contempt  indirectly 
or  by  covert  expressions.  To  jeer  is 
stronger,  and  denotes  the  use  of  severe 
sarcastic  reflections.  To  scoff  is  stronger 
still,  implying  the  use  of  insolent  mock¬ 
ery  and  derision. 

—  n.  1.  A  look  of  contempt  or  de¬ 
rision.  2.  An  expression  of  ludicrous 
scorn. 

Sneer'er,  n.  One  who  sneers. 

Sneer/ing-ly,  adv.  With  a  look  of 
contempt. 

Sneeze,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
A.-S.  fnedsan,  to  sneeze.]  To  emit 
air  through  the  nose,  audibly  and 
violently.  —  n.  A  sudden  and  vio¬ 
lent  ejection  of  air  through  the  nose. 

Snick'er,  v.  i.  [Prov.  Ger.  schnickern , 
from  schnicken,  to  move  quickly.]  1. 
To  laugh  slyly.  2.  To  laugh  with 
small,  audible  catches  of  voice.  — n. 
A  half-suppressed  broken  laugh. 

Sniff,  v.  i.  [See  Snuff.]  To  draw 
air  audibly  up  the  nose.  —  v.  t.  1. 
To  draw  in  with  the  breath  through 
the  nose.  2.  To  scent ;  to  smell.  — n. 

1.  Perception  by  sniffing.  2.  That 
which  is  taken  by  sniffing. 

SnIg'ger,  n.  and  v.  See  Snicker. 

Snip,  v.  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  [Cf.  Nip.] 
To  cut  off;  to  nip.  —  n.  1.  A  single 
cut,  as  with  scissors.  2.  A  small 
shred. 

Snipe,  n.  [H.  Ger.  schnebbe,  schnibbe, 
bill ;  —  so  named  from  its  long  bill.) 
A  bird  that  frequents  the  banks  of 
rivers  and  the  borders  of  fens. 

SnIv'-EL  (snlvfl),  n.  [Cf.  Sniff  and 
Snuffle.]  Mucus  running  from 
the  nose. — v.  i.  [-E  D,  -ING  ;  or  -LED, 
-LING,  137.]  1.  To  run  at  the  nose. 

2.  I  o  cry,  as  childreu. 

SnIv'el-er,  In.  Oue  who  cries  with 

SnIv'el-ler,  )  snivelling. 

Snob,  n.  [Prov.  E  g.  snob,  snot, snot} 

a  miserable  fellow.]  A  vulgar  person, 
who  apes  gentility,  or  affects  the  in¬ 
timacy  of  distinguished  persons. 

Snojj'BISH,  a.  Relating  to  a  snob. 

Snooze,  n.  [A  modif.  of  snuff,  to 
snort.]  A  short  sleep  ;  a  nap. 
[Colloq.]  —  v.  i.  To  sleep  ;  to  doze. 

Snore,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 


snora ,  a  snoring  ;  Icel.  snarka,  to 


OR,  do,  WQLF,  TO"o,TO'bK;  f)RN,  RUE,  PVLL;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  <?,&,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag ;  E£IST  ;  5f  as  NG  ;  THIS 


SNORT 

crackle.]  To  breathe  with  a  hoarse 
noise  in  sleep. — n.  A  breathing 
with  a  harsh  noise  in  sleep. 

Snort,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
snore.]  To  force  the  air  with  vio¬ 
lence  through  the  nose,  as  a  horse. 
Snot,»j.  [A.-S.J  Mucus  in  or  from 
the  nose.  [mean ;  dirty. 

Snot'TY,  a.  Foul  with  snot ;  hence, 
Snout,  n.  [Teel,  snMr.]  1.  The 
long,  projecting  nose  of  a  beast.  2. 
Nozzle  or  end  of  a  hollow  pipe. 

Snow,  n.  [A.-S.  snaw.]  Watery  par¬ 
ticles  congealed  into  white  or  trans¬ 
parent  crystals,  or  flakes,  in  the  air. 
— v.i.  [-ed  :  -ING.]  To  fall  in  snow. 
Snow'-ball,  n.  A  round  mass  of 
snow  pressed  together.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  pelt  with  snow-balls. 
Snow'-BIRD,  n.  The  popular  name 
of  various  birds  which  appear  in 
time  of  snow. 

Snow'-blind'ness,  n.  Blindness 
caused  by  the  light  from  snow. 
Snow'-drift,  n.  A  bank  of  snow 
driven  together  by  the  wind. 
Snow'-drop,  n.  A  bulbous  plant 
bearing  white  flowers. 

Snow'-plow,  1  n.  A  machine  for 

Snow'-plough,  j  throwing  snow 
from  a  railway. 

Snow'-shoe,  n.  ^ 

sinking  into  Snow-shoe, 

snow. 

Snow'-white,  a.  White  as  snow. 
Snow'y,  a.  1.  White  like  snow.  2. 
Full  of  snow. 

Snub,  tv  t.  [-bed  ;  -bing.]  [Icel. 
snubba ,  to  rebuke.  Cf.  Snip.]  1.  To 
check  or  rebuke  with  a  tart,  sarcas¬ 
tic  remark.  2.  To  slight  designedly. 
SnOb'-nose,  n.  [Prov.  Eng.  snub ,  to 
stunt.]  A  short  or  flat  nose. 

SnDff,  n.  [Ger.  schnuppe ,  fr.  schnup- 
pen ,  for  schnupfen.]  1.  Part  of  a 
candle-wick  charred  by  the  flame. 

2.  Pulverized  tobacco  for  snuffing  up 
into  the  nose. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

1.  To  inhale.  2.  To  scent ;  to  smell. 

3.  To  take  off  the  end  of  the  snuff  of. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  inhale  air  with  noise. 

2.  To  take  offense. 

SnDff'  box,  n.  A  box  for  carrying 
snuff  about  the  person. 

Snuff'er,  n.  1.  One  who  snuffs.  2. 
pi.  An  instrument  for  cropping  the 
snuff  of  a  candle. 

SnOf'fle,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing]  [D. 
snuffelen.]  To  speak  or  breathe  hard 
through  the  nose  ;  to  sniffle.  —  n.  1. 
Sound  made  by  air  passing  through 
the  nostrils.  2.  An  affected  nasal 
twang. 

SnOf'fler,  n.  One  who  snuffles. 
SNiJF'FLBg  (sntiPflz),  n.  pi.  Obstruc¬ 
tion  of  the  nose  by  mucus. 

SnOff'y,  a.  Soiled  with  snuff. 

SnOg,  a.  [-GER  ;  -GEST.]  [Allied  to 
A.-S.  snican,  to  creep.]  1.  Closely 
pressed.  2.  Concealed.  3.  Compact, 
convenient,  and  comfortable  — v.  i. 
[See  infra.]  To  lie  close. 

400 

SnBg'gle,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
snug.]  To  move  one  way  and  the 
other  to  get  a  close  place. 

SnOg'LY,  adv.  Closely  ;  safely. 

SnBg'ness,  n.  State  of  being  snug. 

So,  adv.  [A.-S.  sjca.]  1.  In  that 
manner  or  degree.  2.  Thus.  3.  In 
such  manner.  4.  Very  ;  in  a  high 
degree.  5.  In  this  or  that  condition. 
6.  Therefore.  —  conj.  Provided  that ; 
in  case  that. 

Soak,  tv  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S.  sOcian. 
Cf.  Suck.]  1  To  steep.  2.  To 
drench;  to  wet  thoroughly. — v.  i. 

1.  To  lie  steeped  in  water  or  other 
fluid.  2.  To  enter  into  pores  or  in¬ 
terstices. 

Soaic'er,  n.  A  hard  drinker.  [Low.] 

Soap  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  sape,  Lat.  sapo.] 
A  compound  of  acids  obtained  from 
a  fatty  body,  with  alkalies  or  oxides. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  rub  or 
wash  over  with  soap. 

Soap'-boil'er,  n.  One  who  makes 
soap. 

Soap'-stOne,  n.  A  soft  magnesian 
mineral,  having  a  soapy  feel. 

SoAP'-siJDg,  n.  pi.  Water  impreg¬ 
nated  with  soap. 

SOAP'Y,  a.  1.  Resembling,  or  having 
the  qualities  of,  soap.  2.  Smeared 
with  soap. 

Soar,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [It.  sorare, 
fr.  Lat.  ex  and  aura,  the  air.]  1.  To 
fly  aloft,  as  a  bird.  2.  To  rise  in 
imagination.  —  n.  A  towering  flight. 

S5b,  v.  i.  [-bed;  -bing.]  [A.-S. 
sedfian,  sidfian,  to  complain,  bewail.] 
To  sigh  with  a  sudden  heaving  of  the 
breast.  —  n.  1.  A  convulsive  sigh. 

2.  Any  sorrowful  cry. 

So'ber,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [Lat.  so- 
brius.]  1.  Habitually  temperate  in 
the  use  of  spirituous  liquors.  2.  Not 
intoxicated.  3.  Self-controlled.  4. 
Serious.  —  v.t.ovi.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  make  or  become  sober. 

So'ber-ly,  adv.  In  a  sober  manner. 

So'ber-mInd'ed,  a.  Having  a  dis¬ 
position  or  temper  habitually  sober. 

So'ber-ness,  n.  State  of  being  so¬ 
ber  ;  temperance ;  gravity. 

So-BRI'E-TY,  n.  1.  Habitual  sober¬ 
ness  or  temperance.  2.  Habitual 
freedom  from  passion.  3.  Gravity 
without  sadness. 

Sobriquet  (so'brc-ka'),  n.  [Fr., 
from  sot ,  foolish,  and  0.  Fr.  briquet, 
id.]  A  nickname. 

So€,  n.  [A.-S.  sGc,  power  of  holding 
court,  sway,  domain.]  1.  Power  or 
privilege  of  holding  a  court  in  a  dis¬ 
trict.  2.  Liberty  of  tenants  excused 
from  customary  burdens. 

Soe'AGE,  n.  A  tenure  of  lands  and 
tenements  by  a  determinate  service. 

So'cia-bIl'i-ty  (so'sha-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  sociable. 

So'ClA-BLE  (so'sha-bl),  a.  [Lat.  so- 
ciabilis ,  fr.  socius ,  a  companion.]  1. 
Disposed  to  company.  2.  Ready  to 
converse.  3.  Affording  opportuni¬ 
ties  for  conversation. 

So'cia-ble-ness  (s5'sha-bl-),  n.  In¬ 
clination  to  company  and  converse. 

- -  ■ 

SOFT 

So'CIA-BLY  (so'sha-),  adv.  In  a  so¬ 
ciable  manner ;  familiarly. 

So'ciAL,  a.  [Lat.  socialis  ;  socius.  a 
companion.]  1.  Pertaining  to  soci¬ 
ety.  2.  Disposed  to  mix  in  friendly 
converse.  3.  Consisting  in  mutual 
converse. 

So'ciAL-igM,  n.  Doctrine  or  theory 
of  a  better  arrangement  of  the  so¬ 
cial  relations  of  mankind  than  that 
which  has  hitherto  prevailed. 

So'cial-Tst,  n.  One  who  advocates 
socialism.  [like,  socialism. 

ScPcial-Ist'ig,  a.  Relating  to,  or 

SO'CI-AL'I-TY  (-sill-,  95),  n.  Quality 
of  being  social.  [render  social. 

SO'OIAL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 

So'cial-ly,  adv.  In  a  social  way. 

So-^I'E-TY,  n.  [Lat.  societas ;  socius, 
a  companion.]  1.  A  number  of  per¬ 
sons  associated.  2.  Any  community, 
esp.  the  more  cultivated  portion  of 
any  community.  3.  Companionship. 

So-yiN'l-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Socinus 
or  his  religious  creed.  —  n.  One  of  j 

the  followers  of  Socinus. 

So-<;:in'i-an-i§m,  n.  Tenets  of  those 
who  deny  the  Trinity,  the  deity  of 

Christ,  the  vicarious  atonement,  &c. 

So/ci-oL'0-GrY  (so'shl-),  n.  Thephi- 
losophy  of  human  society  ;  sc  cial 
science. 

Sock,  n.  [Lat.  soccus,  a  low-heeled, 
light  shoe.]  A  covering  for  the  foot ; 
esp.  the  shoe  worn  by  an  ancient 
actor  of  comedy. 

Sock'et,  n.  [From  sorF.]  An  open¬ 
ing  into  which  any  thing  is  fitted. 

So-CRAT'l€,  1  a.  Pertaining  to  i 

So-CR X  T'lC-AL,  j  Socrates,  or  to  his 
manner  of  teaching ;  ?.  e.  by  ques¬ 
tions  leading  to  the  desired  result. 

SO-€R.Xt'I€-al-ly,  adv.  In  the  So- 
cratic  method.  ! 

Sod,  n.  [D.  zode,  zoC.]  Earth  filled 
with  the  roots  of  grass  ;  turf.  —  v.  t. 

[-DE  D  ;  -ding.]  To  cover  with  sod  ; 

_to  turf. 

So'DA,  n.  [From  Lat.  salsus,  salted.] 

An  alkali  composed  of  one  equivalent 
of  oxygen  and  one  of  sodium. 

So-dXl'I-ty,  n.  [Lat.  sodalitas ;  so- 
falls,  a  comrade.]  A  fraternity. 

So'DA-WVTER,  n.  Simple  water 

highly  charged  with  carbonic  acid. 

SoD'DEN,  p.  p.  of  Seethe. 

So'DI-UM,  n.  [N.  Lat.,  fr.  soda.]  A 
yellowish-white  metallic  element;  j 

the  metallic  base  of  soda.  i 

Sod'om-Ite,  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of 
Sodom.  2.  One  guilty  of  sodomy. 

Sod'om-y,  n.  Unnatural  copulation. 

So'fA  (20),  n.  [Ar.  soffah,  fr.  saffa , 
to  dispose  in  order.]  A  long  orna¬ 
mental  seat,  with  a  stuffed  bottom. 

So'fI,  n. ;  pi.  so'Flg.  [Per.  stifi,  or 
soji.]  A  dervish.  [the  Softs, 

So'FlgM,  n.  Doctrine  or  principles  of 

Sof'fit,  n.  [It.  soffitta,  soffitto ,  fr. 

Lat.  sufixus.  fastened  beneath  or  be¬ 
low.]  Under  side  of  staircases,  arch-  j 

ways,  cornices,  & c. 

Soft  (21),  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
sGfle,  soft.]  1.  Easily  yielding  to 
pressure.  2.  Not  rough  to  the  touch. 

A,  E,  I,  6,u,  Y,  long;  X,  E,  I,  6,  0,  short;  cAr'e,  fXr,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm,-  s6n, 

There  are  401  electoral  votes.  Every 
■State  has  as  many  electoral  votes  as 
:here  are  Congressman  and  two  more, 
called  electors  at  large.  Thus  Colorado, 
with  one  Congressman,  has  three  elec¬ 
toral  votes,  and  Ohio  with  twenty-one 
Congressmen  has  twenty-three  electoral 
rates.  Therefore  there  are  325  Congress¬ 
men,  there  being  thirty-eight  States, 
ind  seventy-six  electors  at  large.  It 
takes  201  electoral  votes  to  be  neceseary 
to  a  choice.  The  solid  South  will  give 
Cleveland  153  votes.  So  that  he  needs 
>nly48  votes  from  the  North  to  secure 
the  Presidency.  If  he  can  get  New 
York,  36  votes,  and  Indiana,  15  votes, 
ne  will  have  204  votes  which  is  three 
more  than  is  necessary  to  a  choice.  We 
Delieve  he  will  not  carry  either  of  these 
States.  If  he  loses  New  Tork  there  is 
ao  probability  of  his  election,  even  if  he 
should  get  Indiana,  New  Jersey  and 
Connecticut. 


see- 


llove 

was 

Idua- 


I’mau 
>f  the 
[rasol, 
‘iog, 
icour- 


of  him. 

Two  big  tears  jumped  into  his  < 
he  made  a  desperate  swallow  and  8€ 
his  cap  and  started  for  the  hotel 
run.  f 

Father*  and  mothers  are  easily 
back/  half  an  hour— in  less  time- 
three  were  walking  together  toward 
famous  ball-room.  “We  won’t  g 
George,”  said  the  old  lady  trembih 
—he  had  wanted  her  to  go  iu,  that 
enough — and  she  cried  again  and 
to  herself  that  George  was  the  big 
and  the  best  of  them  all. 

But  they  did  go  in,  and  here 
George  just  ordering  people  around 
getting  his  mother  a  seat,  and  w 
that  was  done  he  pointed  out  his  cl 
mates  that  he  had  written  about 
the  professors  who  had  taught  I 
And  the  mother  looked  on  at  the  sc 
and  wondered  how  George  could  bf 
miliar  with  such  splendor.  In  the  ^ 
of  all  she  exclaimed:  “Why,  thei 


SOLSTICE 


SOFTEN 

3-  Agreeable  to  any  sense  or  feel.  4. 
Effeminate.  5.  Gentle  in  action  or 
motion.  6.  Not  tinged  with  salts, 
as  water.  7-  Easy;  quiet. — adv. 
Gently ;  quietly. 

Soft'en  (sofln),  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  or  become  soft  or 
more  soft. 

Soft'-he art/ed,  a.  Gentle  ;  meek. 

Soft'ly,  adv.  In  a  soft  manner  ; 
gently ;  quietly  ;  mildljr. 

Soft'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  soft. 

Sog'gy,  a.  [-ER;  -EST,  142.]  [Icel. 
soggr,  damp.  Cf.  SOAK.]  Tilled 
with  water ;  wet. 

So-HO',  inter j.  A  word  used  in  call¬ 
ing  from  a  distant  place. 

5’02'-X)/SAiVr(swa/de/z5ngQ,  a.  [Fr.] 
Calling  himself ;  self-styled. 

Soil,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S .  sylian, 
sS/an.]  1.  To  make  dirty  on  the 
surface.  2.  To  cover  with  any  thing 
extraneous.  3.  To  manure.  —  v.  t. 
[0.  Fr.  saoler,  saouler,  to  satiate, 
Lat.  satullare ,  from  satullus ,  dim.  of 
satur,  sated.]  To  feed,  as  cattle  with 
green  food  cut  for  them. — n.  1. 
Dirt ;  foulness  ;  spot.  2.  Stain  ; 
tarnish.  3.  [Lat.  solum ,  bottom, 
soil.]  Upper  stratum  of  the  earth  ; 
mold.  4.  Compost ;  manure. 

Soiree  (swa/ra/),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  soir, 
evening.]  An  evening  party. 

SoMoOrn,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
Lat.  sub ,  under,  about,  and  diurnus , 
belonging  to  the  day.]  To  dwell  for 
a  time.  — n.  A  temporary  residence. 

So'JOURN-ER,  n.  A  temporary  resi- 
_dent.  [porary  residence. 

SOMOURN-MENT  (so-jurn-),  n.  Tem- 

SOL  (20),  n.  A  syllable  applied  to  the 
fifth  tone  of  the  diatonic  scale. 

Sol'A9E,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
cheer  in  grief.  2.  To  assuage. 

Syn. —  To  comfort;  alleviate;  allay. 

—  n.  [Lat.  solatium ,  fr.  solari,  to 
comfort.]  Alleviation  of  grief,  anx¬ 
iety,  or  distress. 

Syn.  —  See  Comfort. 

Sol'a^e-ment,  n.  Act  of  solacing,  or 
state  of  being  solaced. 

So'LAR,  a.  [Lat.  Solaris;  sol,  the 
sun.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  proceed¬ 
ing  from,  the  sun.  2.  Measured  by 
_the  progress  of  the  sun. 

Sold,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Sell. 

Sol'der,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
solidare,  fr.  solidus,  solid.]  To  unite 
the  surfaces  of,  as  metals,  by  means 
of  a  more  fusible  metal.  —  n.  A  me¬ 
tallic  composition  for  uniting  the 
surface  of  metals. 

Sol'dier  (soFjer,  77),  n.  [Lat.  soli¬ 
dus,  a  piece  of  money,  pay  of  a  sol¬ 
dier.]  1.  One  who  is  engaged  in 
military  service,  especially  a  private. 
2.  A  brave  warrior. 

SOL'DIER-LY  (sSFjer-),  a.  Like  or 
becoming  a  real  soldier ;  brave ; 
martial.  [body  of  soldiers. 

SOL'DIER-Y  (sohjer-),  n.  A  collective 

SoLE,n.  [A.-S.;  Lat.  solea.]  1.  Bot¬ 
tom  of  the  foot.  2.  Bottom  of  a 
shoe  or  boot.  3.  Bottom  or  lower 


401 

part  of  any  thing.  4.  [Lat.  solea.] 
A  marine  flat  fish.  —  v.t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  To  furnish  with  a  sole.  —  a. 
[Lat.  solus.]  1.  Being  or  acting  with¬ 
out  another.  2.  Unmarried. 

Sol'E-^LSM,  n.  [Gr.  coAoucur/ao?,  fr. 
the  corruption  of  the  Attic  dialect 
by  the  Athenian  colonists  of  SoAoi, 
in  Cilicia.]  1.  Impropriety  in  lan¬ 
guage,  or  a  gross  deviation  from  the 
rules  of  syntax.  2.  Any  absurdity. 

Syn.  —  Barbarism. 

Sol'e-cIst,  n.  One  who  commits  a 
solecism. 

Sol'e-^ist'ig,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
_involviug,  a  solecism. 

SOLE'LY  (109),  adv.  Singly  ;  alone. 

Sol'emn  (soPem),  a.  [Lat.  solemnis, 
solennis,  from  Oscan  sollus,  all,  and 
Lat.  anvus ,  a  year,  prop,  that  which 
takes  place  every  year,  esp.  religious 
solemnities.]  1.  Marked  with  religious 
rites  and  pomps.  2.  Fitted  to  awaken 
or  express  serious  reflections.  3.  Af¬ 
fectedly  grave. 

Syn.—  See  Grave. 

So-LEM/Nl-TY,  n.  1.  A  religious  rite 
or  ceremony.  2.  A  steady  serious¬ 
ness.  3.  Affected  gravity.  4.  Ap¬ 
pearance  calculated  to  inspire  with 
solemn  feelings. 

Sol'em-NI-ZA'tion,  n.  Act  of  sol¬ 
emnizing;  celebration. 

S&L'EM-NlZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  perform  with  solemn  ceremonies 
or  legal  forms.  2.  To  celebrate  ;  to 
make  famous.  [emn  manner. 

Sol'EMN-ly  (-em-),  adv.  In  a  sol- 

S5l-fX',  v.i.  [-ED ;  -ING,  144.]  [From 
the  syllables  sol,  fa.]  To  pronounce 
the  notes  of  the  gamut. 

Sol-feg'gio  (sol-fed^o),  n.  [It., 
fr.  sol  fa,  the  gamut.]  (Mus.)  Sys¬ 
tem  of  arranging  the  scale  by  the 
names  do,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  si,  by 
which  singing  is  taught. 

So-l1'9'it,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
sollicitare,  solicitare,  fr.  sollicitus, 
wholly  moved,  from  Oscan  sollus, 
whole,  and  ritus,  moved.]  1.  To  ask 
from  with  earnestness.  2.  To  en¬ 
deavor  to  obtain.  3.  To  excite  to 
action;  to  invite. 

Syn.  —  To  ask;  request;  supplicate; 
entreat;  implore;  importune. 

So-lB^it-A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  so¬ 
liciting.  2.  Invitation. 

S0-L19OT-OR,  n.  1.  One  who  solicits. 
2.  One  admitted  to  practice  in  a 
court  of  chancery  or  equity. 

So-lB^IT-or-gen'er-al,  n.  A  legal 
officer  of  the  crown.  [Eng.] 

So-Ltg'lT-oOs,  a.  Eager  to  obtain,  or 
anxious  to  avoid;  concerned. 

So-lic'it-oDs-ly,  adv.  Anxiously. 

So-li'9'it-ress,  n.  A  woman  who 
solicits. 

So-L'19'l-TUDE  (30),  n.  Uneasiness 
of  mind  occasioned  by  the  fear  of 
evil  or  the  desire  of  good. 

Sol'id,  a.  [Lat.  solidus,  from  solum , 
the  bottom.]  1.  Having  the  con¬ 
stituent  parts  firmly  cohering.  2. 
Not  hollow  or  spongy ;  dense.  3. 


Cubic.  4.  Worthy  of  credit,  trust, 
or  esteem. 

Syn.  —  Hard.  —  Solid  and  hard  berth 
relate  to  the  internal  constitution  of 
bodies;  but  hard  denotes  a  firmer  ad¬ 
herence  of  the  component  parts  than 
solid.  Hard,  is  opposed  to  soft,  and 
solid  to  fluid  or  liquid.  Wood  is  always 
solid  ;  but  some  kinds  of  wood  are  hard , 
and  others  are  soft. 

—  n.  1.  A  firm,  compact  substance 
held  in  a  fixed  form  by  cohesion 
among  its  particles.  2.  A  magnitude 
which  has  length,  breadth,  and 
thickness. 

S6l'i-dar'i-ty,  n.  [Fr.  solidarity, 
fr.  solide,  solid.]  Consolidation  of 
interests  and  responsibilities. 

S0-L1DG-FI-€A'T10N,  n.  Act  of  mak¬ 
ing  solid. 

So-LID'I-FY,  V.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING, 
142.]  [Lat.  solidus,  solid,  and  facere, 
to  make.]  To  make  or  become  solid. 

So-LID'I-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  being 
solid.  2.  Moral  firmness  or  sound¬ 
ness.  3.  Solid  contents  of  a  body. 

Sol'id-ly,  adv.  Densely  ;  compact¬ 
ly  ;  firmly. 

Sol'id-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
solid  ;  solidity. 

SolGd-un'gu-lous,  a.  [Lat.  solidus, 
solid,  and  ungula ,  a  hoof.]  Having 
hoofs  that  are  not  cloven. 

SolG-fId'i-an,  n.  [Lat.  solus,  alone, 
and  fides,  faith.]  One  who  main¬ 
tains  that  faith  alone  is  sufficient  for 
justification.  — a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Solifidians._ 

SO-LIL'O-QUIZE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING./ 
To  utter  a  soliloquy. 

So-LtL'O-QUY,  n.  [Lat.  soliloquium ; 
solus,  alone,  and  loqui,  to  speak.]  A 
talking  to  one’s  self. 

Sol'i-ped,  n.  [Lat.  solus,  alone,  and 
pes,  pedis ,  a  foot.]  An  animal  whose 
hoof  is  not  cloven. 

SolG-tAire',  n.  [Fr.  See  Solita 
RY.]  A  certain  game  which  one  per¬ 
son  can  play  alone.  [solitary. 

Sol'i-ta-ri-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 

SolG-ta-ry,  a.  [Lat.  solitarius,  fr. 
solus,  alone.]  1.  Inclined  to  be  alone  ; 
living  alone.  2.  Not  much  visited; 
retired.  3.  Single  ;  individual.  —  n. 
One  who  lives  alone  ;  a  recluse. 

Sol'I-tude  (30),  n.  [Lat.  solitudo, 
fr.  solus,  alone.]  1.  A  state  of  being 
alone.  2.  Destitution  of  company. 
3.  A  lonely  place. 

Syn.  —  Loneliness;  seclusion  ;  retire¬ 
ment.  —  Retirement  is  a  withdrawal  from 
general  society.  Solitude  describes  the 
fact  that  a  person  is  alone;  seclusion, 
that  he  is  shut  out  from  others,  usually 
by  his  own  choice;  loneliness,  that. he 
feels  the  pain  and  oppression  of  being 
alone. 

Sol/MI-z ACTION,  n.  [From  the  mu- 
_sical  notes  sol ,  mi.]  Act  of  sol-faing. 

So'lo,  n. ;  pi.  so'lo§.  [It.,  from 
Lat.  solus,  alone.]  A  tune  or  strain, 
played  by  a  single  instrument,  or 
sung  by  a  single  voice. 

Sol'STI^E,  n.  [Lat.  solstitium,  from 
sol,  sun,  and  sistere,  stiti,  to  cause 
to  stand.]  Point  in  the  ecliptic  at 
which  the  sun  is  furthest  from  the 


H,  hard;  Ag;  E^IST/  N  as  NG;  this. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Brn,  rue,  pyLL  ]  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  c,  <jr,  soft;  -e, 

26 


SOLSTITIAL 


SOREL 


402 


equator,  or  time  of  the  sun’s  enter¬ 
ing  such  point. 

Sol-stPtial  (-stTsh7al),  a.  Relating 
to,  or  happening  at,  a  solstice,  esp. 
the  summer  solstice.  [solution. 

Sol7u-bil'i-ty,  n.  Susceptibility  of 

Sol'U-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  solubilis ,  fr.  sol¬ 
vere,  to  loosen,  dissolve.]  Capable 
of  solution. 

So-LU'TION,  n.  [Lat.  solutio,  from 
solvere ,  to  loosen,  dissolve.]  1.  Dis¬ 
entanglement  of  any  intricate  prob¬ 
lem  or  question.  2.  Disintegration. 
3.  Action  by  which  a  solid  becomes 
fluid  when  brought  in  contact  with 
a  fluid.  4.  Preparation  made  by 
dissolving  a  solid  in  a  liquid. 

Soi/U-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  dissolve. 

Solv7a-b!l'i-ty,  n.  Ability  to  pay 
all  just  debts. 

Solv'a-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
solved.  2.  Capable  of  being  paid. 

Solv'A-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  solvable. 

SSlve,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  sol¬ 
vere.]  1.  To  loosen  or  separate  the 
parts  of.  2.  To  clear  up,  as  what  is 
obscure.  [debts. 

Solv'en-^y,  n.  Ability'  to  pay  all 

Solv-END',  n.  [Lat.  solvendus,  from 
solvere.  See  Solution.]  A  sub¬ 
stance  to  be  dissolved. 

Solv'ENT,  a.  1.  Having  the  power 
of  dissolving.  2.  Able  to  pay  all 
just  debts. — 7i.  A  fluid  that  dis¬ 
solves  any  substance. 

Solv'er,  n.  One  who  solves. 

So7MA-TOL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  <ju>p.a.,cnj>p.a.- 
tos,  bodyr,  Ao-yos,  discourse.]  Doctrine 
of  the  general  properties  ot  bodies. 

Som'ber,  1  a.  [From  Lat.  sub  umbra, 

SSm'bre,  J  under  shade.]  Dull; 
dusky  ;  cloudy  ;  gloomy. 

Som'brous,  a.  Gloomy  ;  somber. 

Some  (sum),  a.  [A.-S.  sum.]  1.  Con¬ 
sisting  of  a  greater  or  less  portion. 
2.  A  certain.  3.  Not  much ;  a  lit¬ 
tle.  4.  About ;  near.  5.  A  part ;  a 
portion  ;  —  used  pronominally. 

Some'bod-y  (sum7-),  n.  1.  A  person 
unknown  or  indeterminate.  2.  A 
person  of  consideration.  [other. 

SGme'how,  adv.  In  one  way  or  an- 

Som'er-sault  1  (sHnPer-),  n.  [Cor- 

SOM/ER-sfiT  )  rupted  fr.  Fr.  sou- 
bresaut ,  fr.  Lat.  supra ,  over,  and 
saltus ,  a  leap.]  1.  A  leap  with  heels 
over  head.  2.  A  sudden  and  com¬ 
plete  change. 

Some7 thing,  n.  1.  A  thing  unde¬ 
termined.  2.  A  part ;  a  portion, 
more  or  less.  —  adv.  In  some  de¬ 
gree  ;  somewhat. 

S6me'time,  adv.  1.  Once;  former¬ 
ly.  2.  At  one  time  or  other  here¬ 
after.  _  [and  then. 

Some'time§,  adv.  At  times;  now 

Some'what,  n.  A  certain  quantity 
or  degree,  indeterminate.  —  adv.  In 
some  degree  or  quantity. 

Some'whLre,  adv.  In  one  place 
or  another. 

SOM-NAM'BU-LA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  som- 
nus ,  sleep,  and  umbulatio,  a  walking 
about.]  Act  of  walking  in  sleep. 


SOM-NAM'BU-LI€,  a.  Walking  in 
sleep.  [sleep. 

Som-nam'bu-lI§M,  n.  A  walking  in 
Som-nam'bu-list,  n.  One  who  walks 
in  his  sleep. 

Som-nIf'er-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  so7nnifer ; 
somnus ,  sleep,  and  ferre ,  to  bring.] 
Causing  or  inducing  sleep. 
Som-nif'ic,  a.  [Lat.  somnificus ;  som¬ 
nus,  sleep,  and  facere,‘  to  make.] 
Causing  sleep.  [in  his  sleep. 

Som-nIl'O  QUIST,  n.  One  who  talks 
SOMl-NIL'O-QUOUS,  a.  [Lat.  somnus, 
sleep,  and  loqui,  to  speak.]  Apt  to 
talk  in  sleep.  [sleep. 

Som-nIl'o-quy,  n.  A  talking  in 
Som'no-lence,  1  n.  [Lat.  somno- 
Som'no-len-’gy,  )  lentia.]  Sleepi¬ 
ness  ;  drowsiness. 

Som'no-lent,  «.  Sleepy;  drowsy. 
Som'no-lent-ly,  adv.  In  a  somno¬ 
lent  manner. 

Son  (sQn),  n.  [A.-S.  sunu ,  Skr.  sunu, 
from  sd,  to  beget.]  1.  A  male  child. 
2.  A  male  descendant,  however  dis¬ 
tant.  3.  Any  male  person  spoken 
of  as  a  child.  4.  Produce  of  any 
thing.  5.  Jesus  Christ. 

So'NANT,  a.  [Lat.  sonans,  sounding.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  sound.  2.  (Pro7i.) 
Uttered  with  intonated  or  resonant 
breath  ;  vocal,  not  surd. 

So-NA'  TA,  n.  [It  ,  from  sonare,  to 
sound.]  An  extended  musical  com¬ 
position  for  one  or  two  instruments. 
Song,  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  singan,  to  sing.] 
1.  A  short  poem  to  be  sung.  2.  A 
lay  ;  a  poem.  3.  A  mere  trifle. 
Song'STER,  n.  One  who  siugs  ;  espe¬ 
cially  a  bird  that  sings. 
Songstress,  n.  A  female  singer. 
So-NIF'er-oDs,  a.  [Lat.  sonus,  sound, 
and  ferre ,  to  produce.]  Producing 
sound. 

Son'-in-law  (155),  n.  A  man  mar¬ 
ried  to  one’s  daughter. 

Son'net,  n.  [It.  sonetto,  fr.  suono,  a 
sound,  song,  fr.  Lat.  sonus,  a  sound.] 
A  rhymed  poem  of  fourteen  lines. 
SonGNET-eer',  n.  A  composer  of  son¬ 
nets  or  small  poems  ;  —  usually  in 
contempt. 

So-no'roDs  (118),  a.  [Lat.  sonorus, 
fr.  sonor,  a  sound.]  1.  Giving  a  clear 
or  loud  sound.  2.  Yielding  sound  ; 
vocal.  3.  Magnificent  in  respect  of 
sound.  [manner. 

So-NO'Rofis-LY,  adv.  In  a  sonorous 
So-n5'ro0s-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  sonorous.  [son;  filiation. 

S6_n'ship,  n.  State  or  character  of  a 
Soon  (28),  adv.  [A.-S.  sona,  suna.] 
1.  In  a  short  time.  2.  Readily  ;  wil¬ 
lingly. 

Soot  (sdbt  or  sobt),  n.  [A.-S.  &  Icel. 
sot.]  A  black  substance  formed  by 
combustion. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  foul  with  soot. 

Soot'er-k!n,  n.  [Cf.  Prov.  Ger.  sut- 
tern,  to  boil  gently'.]  A  kind  of  false 
birth.  [ality. 

Sooth,  n.  [A.-S.  sudh.]  Truth  ;  re- 
SOOTHE,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
gesOdhiun,  to  soothe,  flatter.]  1.  To 
flatter.  2.  To  soften  ;  to  assuage. 


Sooth'er,  n.  One  who  soothes. 

Sooth'say,  V.  i.  To  predict. 

Sooth'say-er,  n.  A  prognosticator. 

Sooth's  ay- ING,  n.  The  foretelling 
of  events. 

Soot'i-ness  (sdbt7-  or  stTot7-),  n. 
Quality  of  being  sooty. 

Soot'y  (soot7y  or  sobt'5’),  a.  [-ER ; 
-EST,  142.]  Producing,  pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  soiled  by,  soot. 

Sop,  n.  [A.-S.  sijpe,  fr.  sit  pan,  to  sip, 
taste,  soak.]  1.  Something  eatable 
steeped  in  any  liquid.  2.,  Any  thing 
given  to  pacify. — v.  i.  [-ped; 
-ping.]  To  steep  or  dip  in  liquor. 

So'phi,  n.  See  Sofi. 

SoPH'ISM,  n.  [Lat.  aoifnapa,  fr.  o-o(f>t- 
gecrOai.,  to  play  the  sophist.]  Any  fal¬ 
lacy  designed  to  deceive. 

Soph'ist,  n.  [Gr.  o-cx/ncm)?.]  A  cap¬ 
tious  or  fallacious  reasoner. 

Soph'ist-er,  n.  [See  si7?ra.]  (Eng. 
Universities.)  A  student  advanced 
beyond  the  first  y  ear  of  his  residence. 

So-PHIST'l€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
sophist,  or  embody  ing  sophistry. 

So-Pii jst'ic-al-l Y,  adv.  In  a  sophis¬ 
tical  manner. 

SO-PHi'ST'I-€ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  render  worthless  by  admixture ; 
to  pervert. 

So-phTst'i-gate,  1  a.  Adulter- 

So-ph1st'i-€A'ted,  )  ated  ;  not 
genuine. 

So-phistG-ca/tion,  n.  Adulteration ; 
debasement^  [adulterates. 

So-phIst'i-ea'tor,  n.  One  who 

SoPH'lST-RY,  7i.  Fallacious  reasoning. 

Soph'o-MORE,  7i .  [Prob.  fr.  Soph  or 
Sophisur,  and  Gr.  /uwpos,  foolish.] 
One  belonging  to  the  second  of  the 
four  classes  in  an  American  college. 

Soph'o-mok'ic,  )  a.  Pertaining 

Soph7o-mor'I€-al,  )  to,  or  like,  a 
sophomore;  inflated  in  style.  [ Amer .] 

ScP7ORlF'l€,  a.  [Lat.  sopor,  a  heavy 
sleep,  and  facere,  to  make.]  Causing, 
or  tending  to  cause,  sleep.  —  n.  A 
medicine  to  induce  sleep. 

Sop'o-rose7  (126),  (  a.  [Lat.  soporus.] 

Sop'o-roOs,  j  Causing  sleep. 

So-PRA’NO ,  n.  [It.,  fr.  soprano,  su¬ 
perior,  highest.]  The  treble  ;  the 
highest  female  voice. 

SOR'c/ER-ER,  7i.  [L.  Lat.  sortiarius, 

fr.  Lat.  sors,  sortis,  a  lot,  fate.]  A 
conjurer ;  an  enchanter. 

Sor'cer-ess,  n.  A  female  sorcerer. 

Sor'CER-oCs,  a.  Relating  to  sorcery. 

SOR'^ER-Y,  n.  Divination  by  the  as¬ 
sistance  of  evil  spirits  ;  magic. 

Sor'did,  a.  [Lat.  sordidvs .]  1.  Tile  ; 
base.  2.  Meanly  avaricious. 

Sor'DID-ly,  adv.  Meanly;  basely; 
covetously.  [liness. 

Sor'did-ness,  n.  Baseness  ;  niggard- 

SORE,  n.  [A.-S.  sar.]  1.  A  part  of 
flesh  ruptured  or  bruised,  so  as  to  bo 
painful.  2.  An  ulcer.  —  a.  [-ER; 
-EST  ]  1.  Tender;  painful.  2.  Easily 
pained,  grieved,  or  vexed.  3.  Severe; 
afllictive  ;  distressing.  —  adv.  1. 
With  pain.  2.  Greatly;  violently. 

Sor'el,  n.  [Dim.  of  sore,  a  buck.]  A 
buck  of  the  third  year. 


A,  e,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  long;  A,  £,I, 6,  0,  Y,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


SORELY 

Sore'ly,  adv.  Grievously;  greatly, 

Sore'ness,  n.  State  of  being  sore; 
tenderness ;  painfulness. 

SGr'ghum  (sor'gum),  n.  A  genus  of 
canes,  of  which  some  species  are  used 
for  the  manufacture  of  sugar. 

Sd-RpTEg,  n.  [Gr.  <7u>petT7]s  (sc.  <rvA- 
Aoytcrpd?),  lit.  heaped  up  ;  hence,  a 
heap  of  syllogisms.]  An  abridged 
form  of  stating  a  series  of  syllogisms. 

So-ror'i-^ide,  n.  [Lat,  sororicida , 
fr.  soror ,  a  sister,  and  csedere,  to  kill.] 
The  murder,  or  the  murderer,  of  a 
sister. 

Sor'rel,  a.  [0.  Er.  sor,  sore ,  yellow¬ 
ish  brown.]  Of  a  yellowish  or  red¬ 
dish  brown  color.  —  n.  1.  A  yellowish 
or  reddish  brown  color.  2.  [A.-S.  siir, 
sour.]  A  plant  having  a  sour  juice. 

SoR'Rl-LY,  adv.  In  a  pitiful  manner. 

Sor'row,  n.  [A.-S.  sorg ,  sorh,  allied 
to  sore..]  Pain  of  mind  produced  by 
the  loss  of  any  good,  real  or  sup¬ 
posed,  or  by  disappointment  in  the 
expectation  of  good ;  regret. 

Syn.  —  Grief;  sadness.  —  Sorrow  de¬ 
notes  suffering  of  mind,  from  the  loss  of 
some  good,  or  disappointment  in  our  ex¬ 
pectation  of  good.  Grief  expresses  a 
poignant  or  uncontrollable  degree  of 
sorrow,  which  presses  down  the  mind 
under  a  sense  of  loss.  Sadness  is  that  de¬ 
pression  of  thought  and  feeling  which  is 
a  frequent  but  uot  invariable  result  of 
sorrow. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.]  To  feel  pain 
of  miud  in  consequence  of  evil  expe¬ 
rienced,  feared,  or  done. 

Sor'row-ful,  a.  1.  Full  of  sorrow. 

2.  Producing  sorrow.  3.  Expressing 
sorrow.  [ful  manner. 

S5r'row-ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  sorrow- 

Sor'row-ful-ness,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  sorrowful ;  grief. 

Sor'ry ,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [Allied 
to  sorrow  aud  sore.]  1.  Grieved  ; 
pained  for  some  evil.  2.  Melancholy  ; 
dismal.  3.  Poor  ;  mean. 

Sort,  n.  [Lat.  sors,sortis,  a  lot,  part.] 

1.  A  kind  or  species.  2.  Manner ; 
form.  3.  Degree  of  any  quality. 

Out  of  sorts,  in  ill-humor;  unwell. 

Syn.  —  Kind.  —  Kind  originally  de¬ 
noted  things  of  the  same  family,  or 
bound  together  by  some  natural  affinity ; 
and  hence,  a  class.  Sort  signifies  that 
which  constitutes  a  particular  lot  or  par¬ 
cel,  notimplying,  necessarily,  the  idea  of 
affinity,  but  of  mere  assemblage.  The 
two  words  are  now  used  to  a  great  extent 
interchangeably. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -TNG.]  1.  To  separate 
and  place  in  distinct  classes.  2.  To 
reduce  to  order.  3.  To  select;  to 
cull. — v.  i.  1.  To  be  joined  with 
others  of  the  same  species  ;  to  agree. 

2.  To  associate.  3.  To  suit ;  to  fit. 

Sort'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

sorted. 

Eor'tie,  n.  [Fr. ,  from  sortir,  to  go 
out.]  The  issuing  of  troops  from  a 
besieged  place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 

Sor'TI-le6e,  n.  [Lat.  sors,  sortis ,  a 
lot,  and  legere,  to  select.]  A  drawing 
of  lots. 

S5'-so,  a.  Passable  ;  tolerable. 

Sot,  n.  [A.-S.  sot ,  L.  Lat.  sottus,  fr. 


403 

Chald.  skoteh,  foolish.]  An  habitual 
drunkard. 

Sot'TISH,  a.  Dull  or  stupid,  especially 
with  intemperance. 

Sot'tisii-ly,  adv.  Stupidly. 

Sot'tish-ness, 7i.  Stupidity,  especial¬ 
ly  from  intoxication. 

Sotto  Voce  (sot'to  vo'cha).  [It.] 
With  a  restrained  voice. 

Sou  (sob),  n. ;  pi.  sous  (sob).  [Fr.  sou, 
sol ,  from  Lat.  solidus.  See  Soldier.] 
A  French  money ,  and  coin,  worth  the 
20th  part  of  a  franc. 

Sou-^hong',  7i.  [Chin,  se  ou  chong, 
i.  e.,  small,  good  quality.]  A  kind  of 
black  tea. 

Sough  (sdf),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
seofian,  sidfian,  to  groan.  Cf.  Sigh 
and  Sob.]  To  whistle  or  sigh,  as  the 
wind.  —  7i.  A  buzzing  or  hollow  mur¬ 
mur. 

Sought  (sawt),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Seek. 

Soul,  n.  [A.-S.  sawel ,  sdvd,  sdwL]  1. 
The  spiritual,  rational,  and  immortal 
part  in  man.  2.  The  animating  or 
essential  part.  3.  Leader ;  inspirer. 
4.  Any  noble  manifestation  of  the 
moral  nature.  5.  A  person  ;  a  man. 

Soul'less  (109),  a.  Without  a  soul ; 
mean  ;  spiritless. 

Sound,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  sund.] 
1.  Entire;  unbroken.  2.  Healthy. 

3.  Firm ;  strong.  4.  Founded  in 
truth  ;  weighty.  5.  Heavy  ;  laid  on 
with  force.  6.  Profound ;  undis¬ 
turbed.  7-  Free  from  error.  8.  Legal ; 
valid.  —  adv.  Soundly  ;  heartily.  — 
n.  1.  [A.-S.  sund,  a  swimming.]  Air- 
bladder  of  a  fish.  2.  [A.-S.  sund,  for 
swumd ,  fr.  swimman,  to  swim.]  A 
narrow  passage  of  water  ;  a  strait.  3. 
[A.-S.  sundline,  a  sounding  line.]  A 
probe  of  any  kind.  4.  [0.  Eng.  soun, 
Lat.  sonus,  noise.]  A  sensation  re¬ 
ceived  by  means  of  the  ear.  5.  Noise 
without  signification. — v.  i.  1.  To 
use  the  lead  in  searching  the  depth 
of  water.  2.  To  make  a  noise.  3.  To 
be  spread  or  published.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  measure  the  depth  of 
by  means  of  a  line  and  plummet.  2. 
To  examine  ;  to  test.  3.  To  play  on. 

4.  To  utter  audibly.  5.  To  cause  to 
be  reported. 

Sound'-board,  n.  A  sounding-board. 

SoUND'JNG,p.  a.  Sonorous;  making 
a  noise.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  emitting 
sound.  2.  pi.  Any  part  of  the  ocean 
or  other  water  where  a  line  will  reach 
the  bottom. 

Sound'in g-board,  u.  1.  A  thin 
board  to  propagate  the  sound  in  an 
organ,  violin,  &c.  2.  A  structure 

with  a  flat  surface,  over  a  pulpit  to 
give  distinctness  to  a  speakers  voice. 

Sound'ly,  adv.  In  a  sound  manner. 

Soundness,  n.  State  of  being  sound  ; 
freedom  from  error  or  fallacy. 

Soup,  n.  [See  Sop  and  Sup.]  Broth, 
highly  seasoned. 

Sour,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S.  sGr.] 

1.  Sharp  to  the  taste  ;  acid ;  tart. 

2.  Coagulated,  as  milk;  rancid.  3. 
Harsh  of  temper.  4.  Disagreeable  to 
the  feelings.  5.  Expressing  discon¬ 


SOYEREIGN 

tent. — v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
make  acid.  2.  To  make  harsh  or 
unkindly.  3.  To  make  cross  or  crab¬ 
bed. —  v.  i.  1.  To  become  acid.  2 
To  become  peevish  or  crabbed. 

Source,  n.  [Fr.  source,  fr.  sourdre , 
to  spring  forth  or  up,  fr.  Lat.  surgere, 
to  lift  or  spring  up.]  1.  That  from 
which  any  thing  proceeds.  2.  Spring; 
fountain-head.  [See  Origin.] 

SOUR'-GROUT,  I  n.  [Ger.  sauer-krauf 

Sour'-krout,  )  i.  e.,  sour-cab- 
bage.]  Cabbage  cut  fine,  and  suf¬ 
fered  to  ferment. 

Sour'ish,  a.  Somewhat  sour. 

Sour'ly,  adv.  In  a  sour  manner. 

SoUR'NESS,  7i.  State  of  being  sour. 

Souse,  n.  [A  modif.  of  sauce.]  1. 
Pickle  made  with  salt.  2.  Something 
pickled;  esp.  the  ears,  feet,  &c.,  of 
swine.  3.  A  plunging  into  water.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  plunge  into 
water.  2.  To  steep  in  pickle.  —  v.  i. 
[Cf.  Ger.  sausen,  to  rush,  bluster.] 
To  fall  suddenly,  as  a  bird  on  its  prey. 

South,  n.  [A.-S.  sfidh,  for  sundh,  fr. 
sunne,  the  sun.]  1.  Point  of  com¬ 
pass  opposite  to  the  north.  2.  Any 
particular  land  considered  as  opposed 
to  the  north.  —  a.  Lying  toward  the 
south,  or  in  a  southern  direction. — 
adv.  Toward  or  from  the  south. 

South,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
move  toward  the  south.  2.  To  come 
to  the  meridian  ;  —  said  of  the  moon. 

South-east',  n.  The  point  equally 
distant  from  the  south  and  east. 

South-east'er-LY,  (  a.  Pertaining 

South-east'ern,  )  to,  or  pro¬ 
ceeding  from,  the  south-east. 

South'er-ly  (suth'er-ly ),  I  a.  Be- 

SoOth'ern  (suth'ern),  )  longing 
to,  or  proceeding  from,  the  south ; 
proceeding  toward  the  south. 

South'ern-er,  7i.  A  native  of  the 
south  or  Southern  States. 

South'ern-most  (sBth'ern-most, 
20),  a.  Furthest  toward  the  south. 

South'ING,  n.  1.  Motion  to  the 
south.  2.  Time  at  which  the  moon 
passes  the  meridian.  3.  Course  or 
distance  south. 

SofJTH'RON  (suth'-),  n.  An  inhab¬ 
itant  of  the  south  ;  a  southerner. 

South'w ard  (or  sBth'ard),  adv.  To¬ 
ward  the  south.  —  7i.  Southern  re¬ 
gions. 

South-west',  n.  Point  equally  dis¬ 
tant  from  the  south  and  west. 

South— wifi  ST',  I  a.  Pertaining 

South-west'er-LY,  )  to, proceed¬ 
ing  from,  or  lying  in  the  direction  of, 
the  south-west. 

South-w£st'er,  7i.  A  storm  from, 
the  south-west. 

South-west'ern,  a.  In  the  direc¬ 
tion  of  south-west,  or  nearly  so. 

Souvenir  (soov'neer'),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
remembrancer ;  a  keepsake. 

Sov'ER-ElGN  (sov'er-in  or  sBv'er-in, 
22),  a.  [O.  Fr.  soverai7i.,  suverain, 
fr.  Lat.  superus,  upper,  higher.]  1. 
Supreme  in  power  ;  chief.  2.  Effica¬ 
cious  in  the  highest  degree ;  predom¬ 
inant. —  7i.  1.  A  supreme  ruler.  2. 

G , hard ;  A5;  EXIST;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  URN,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  6,  soft ;  €, 


SOVEREIGNTY 


SPECIALITY 


A  gold  coin  of  England,  worth  20 
shillings  sterling,  or  about  $4.84. 

Sov'ER-ElGN-T Y  (sSv'ei'-in-  or  suv7- 
er-in-),  n.  Exercise  of,  or  right  to 
exercise,  supreme  power,  [hog  kind. 

Sow,  n.  [A.-S.  sugu.]  Female  of  the 

Sow,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ed,  or  -N;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  sawan.]  1.  To  scatter,  as  seed. 
2.  To  spread  abroad;  to  propagate. 
8.  To  scatter  over.  — v.  i.  To  scatter 
seed  for  growth. 

Sow'ER,  n.  One  who  sows. 

SOY,  n.  A  kind  of  sauce  for  fish. 

Spa  ,  n.  A  spring  of  mineral  water ;  — 
from  a  place  of  this  name  in  Belgium. 

Space,  n.  [Lat.  spatium;  spatiari, 
to  walk  about.]  1.  Extension  ;  room. 
2.  Interval  between  two  or  more  ob¬ 
jects.  3.  Quantity  or  interval  of 
time.  4.  A  small  piece  of  metal, 
used  to  separate  words  or  letters.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  {Print.)  To  ar¬ 
range  the  spaces  in  or  between. 

Spa'cious,  a.  1.  Vast  in  extent.  2. 
Having  large  or  ample  room. 

Syn.—  Ample;  capacious.  —  Ample 
implies  largeness  in  quantity  or  amount, 
as,  ample  room,  ample  resources  ;  spa¬ 
cious  denotes  wide  physical  extent  or 
space,  as,  a  spacious  hall;  capacious  de¬ 
notes,  literally,  the  power  of  holding 
much,  and  hence  wide  or  comprehen¬ 
sive,  as,  a  capacious  mind. 

Spa/cioOs-ly,  adv.  Widely  ;  exten¬ 
sively.  [tent. 

Spa/cio fts-NESS,  n.  Largeness  of  ex- 

Spade,  n.  [A.-S.  spadu ,  spad,  Gr. 
anaOrj.]  1.  An  instrument  for  dig¬ 
ging.  2.  pi.  A  suit  of  cards.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  dig  with  a  spade. 

Spa-di'ceous  (-dish'us),  a.  [Lat. 
spadix,  spad  ids,  a  date-brown  color.] 
Of  a  light  red  color. 

Spa-dille',  n.  [Sp.  espadilla,  dim. 
of  e spad  a,  a  sword.]  Ace  of  spades. 

SpXn,  n.  [A.-S.  spann.\  1.  Space 
from  the  end  of  the  thumb  to  the 
end  of  the  little  finger  when  extend¬ 
ed  ;  nine  inches.  2.  A  brief  portion 
of  time.  3.  Extent  of  an  arch  be¬ 
tween  its  abutments.  4.  [From  A.-S. 
spannan,  to  span,  join.]  A  pair  of 
horses  driven  together.  [Amer.]  — 
v.  t.  [-NED  ;  -NING.]  1.  To  meas¬ 
ure  with  the  fingers  extended.  2.  To 
measure ;  to  compass. 

Span'drel,  n.  [Eng.  span,  0.  Eng. 
spande.]  The  irregular  triangular 
space  between  the  curve  of  an  arch 
and  the  rectangle  inclosing  it. 

Span'GLE,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  A.-S.  span- 
nan,  to  span,  clasp,  join.]  A  small 
plate  or  boss  of  shining  metal.  — v. 
t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  set  or  sprinkle 
with  spangles.  [Spain. 

Spaniard  (-yard),  a.  A  native  of 

Span'iel  (-yel), 
n.  [From  His¬ 
paniola,  where 
was  the  best 
breed  of  this 
dog.]  A  vari¬ 
ety  of  dog.  Spaniel. 

SpXn'ish,  a.  Pertaining  to  Spain.  — 
n.  The  language  of  Spain. 

Spank,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 


404 

span.)  To  strike  on  the  breech  with 
the  open  hand  ;  to  slap. 

SpXnk'er,  n.  1.  [From  spank.]  Af¬ 
ter-sail  of  a  ship  or  bark.  2.  A  stout 
person.  [Eng.]  3.  Something  very 
large. 

SpXnk'ing,  p.  a.  Moving  with  a 
quick,  lively  pace. 

Span'ner,  n.  1.  One  who  spans,  2. 
An  instrument  used  to  tighten  nuts 
on  screws. 

Spar,  n.  1.  [0.  Eng.  spaad,  spat.  Cf. 
M.  II,  Ger.  spat,  a  splinter.]  Any 
earthy  mineral  that  breaks  with  reg¬ 
ular  surfaces,  and  has  some  degree 
of  luster.  2.  [Icel.  sparra.]  A  mast, 
yard,  boom,  or  gaff.  — v.  i.  [-red  ; 
-ring.]  [Cf.  A.-S.  spyrian,  to  in¬ 
quire,  argue,  dispute.]  1.  To  con¬ 
tend  with  the  fists  ;  to  box.  2.  To 
dispute  ;  to  quarrel. 

Spar'a-ble,  n.  [Corrupted  fr.  spar- 
row-bill.]  A  small  nail  used  by  shoe¬ 
makers. 

SpAre  (4 ),v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
span' an.]  1.  To  use  frugally  ;  to 

save.  2.  To  part  with  reluctantly  ; 
to  give  up,  3.  To  dispense  with.  4. 
To  save  from  danger  or  punishment. 

—  v.  i.  To  be  frugal  or  parsimoni¬ 
ous. —  a.  [-ER ; -EST.]  1.  Not  abun¬ 
dant.  2.  Parsimonious.  3.  Over  and 
above  wThat  is  necessary.  4.  Held  in 
reserve.  5.  Wanting  flesh. 

SpAre'ness,  n.  Thinness  ;  leanness. 

SpAre'-rib,  n.  Ribs  of  pork  with 
little  fiesh  on  them. 

SpAr'ing,  a.  1.  Scarce.  2.  Scanty. 
3.  Saving ;  chary. 

Spark,  n.  [A.-S.  spearca ,  and  sprin- 
gan,  to  spring.]  1.  A  small  particle  of 
fire.  2.  A smali,  transient  light.  3.  A 
feeble  germ.  4.  A  brisk,  showy,  gay 
man.  5.  A  lover. 

Spark'ish,  a.  1.  Airy ;  gay.  2. 
Showry ;  well-dressed. 

Spark'le  (spark'!),  n.  A  little  spark. 

—  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING,  140.]  1.  To 

emit  sparks.  2.  To  twinkle.  3.  To 
flash ,  as  with  sparks. 

Spark'ler,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  sparkles. 

Spark'ling,  p.  a.  Emitting  sparks. 

Spa r'row,  n.  [A.-S.  speamva ,  speara.] 
One  of  several  species  of  small  birds. 

Spar'ROW-iiawk,  n.  A  species  of 
short-winged  hawk. 

Spar'ry,  a.  Resembling  spar. 

Sparse,  «.  [-er;-est.]  [Lat.  spar- 
sus,  p.  p.  of  sparger e,  to  scatter.]  Set 
or  planted  here  and  there. 

Sparse'ly,  adv.  Thinly. 

Sparse'ness,  n.  State  of  being  sparse. 

Spar'tan,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sparta  ; 
hence,  hardy  ;  undaunted. 

Spasm,  n.  [Gr.  anaapo'; ,  fr  cnaeiv, 
anav,to  draw,  convulse.]  1.  An  in¬ 
voluntary  and  morbid  contraction  of 
muscles.  2.  A  sudden,  violent  effort. 

Spas-mod'ie,  a.  1.  Relating  to 
spasm  ;  consisting  in  spasm.  2.  Soon 
relaxed  or  exhausted. 

Spas'TIG,  a.  [Gr.  crTracrri/cds.]  Re¬ 
lating  to  spasm. 

Spat,  imp.  of  Spit. 


Spa-tha'CEOUS,  a.  Having  or  re¬ 
sembling  a  spathe. 

SPATHE,  h.  [Lat.  spatha,  Gr.  anaOr).] 
A  sheath. formed  involucre. 

Spath'ig,  a.  [Ger.  spath,  spar.]  Like 
spar ;  foliated  or  lamellar. 

Spath'i-form,  a.  [N.  Lat.  spathvm, 
spar,  and  Lat.  forma ,  form.]  Re- 
sembling'spar  in  form. 

Spath'ose,  I  a.  1.  Having  a  spathe ; 

Spath'ous,  )  spathaceous.  2.  Hav¬ 
ing  the  characters  of  spar. 

SpXt'ter,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing,]  [From 
the  root  of  spit.]  To  sprinkle  with 
any  wet  substance,  as  water,  mud, 
or  the  like. 

Spat'ter-dash'e^s,  n.  pi.  [Spatter 
and  dash.]  Coverings  for  the  legs. 

Spat'u-la,  n.  [Lat.  spatida,  dim.  of 
spatha.  Cf.  Spade.]  Athin,broad- 
bladed  knife,  for  spreading  plasters. 

Spat'u-late,  a.  Shaped  like  a  spat¬ 
ula,  or  like  a  battledoor. 

SPAV'IN,  n.  [From  0.  H.  Ger.  spar- 
wari,  a  spaiTt>w-hawk,  because  it 
makes  a  horse  raise  its  leg,  like  a 
sparrow-hawk.]  A  swelling  in  or 
near  some  of  the  joints  of  a  horse. 

Spav'in.ed,  a.  Affected  with  spavin. 

Spawn,  n.  [A.-S.  spanu ,  spana,  a 
teat ;  0.  II .  Ger.  spanian,  to  milk.] 

1.  Eggs  of  fish  or  frogs  when  ejected. 

2.  Any  product  or  offspring. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  produce  or  de¬ 
posit,  as  fishes  their  eggs.  2.  To 
bring  forth;  —  in  contempt.  —  v.i. 
To  deposit  eggs,  as  fish  or  frogs. 

SpAy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  W. 
yspaddv,  to  geld,  Gr.  cnrdSuv,  a 
eunuch,  fr.  o-naeiv,  anqu,  to  draw 
out.]  To  extirpate  the  ovaries  of. 

Speak,  v.  i.  [spoke  (spake,  nearly 
obs.)-,  spoken;  speaking.]  [A.-S. 
sprecan,  spec.an.]  1.  To  utter  words 
or  articulate  sounds.  2.  To  expi'ess 
opinions.  3.  To  utter  a  speech  or 
harangue.  4.  To  give  sound.  —  v.  t. 
1.  To  utter  with  the  mouth.  2.  To 
declare.  3.  To  converse  in.  4.  To 
accost.  5.  To  make  known.  6.  To 
communicate.  [spoken. 

SpeAK'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Speak'er,  n.  1.  One  who  speaks.  2. 
One  who  presides  over  a  deliberative 
assembly  ;  a  chairman. 

SPEAK'ER- SHIP,  n.  Office  of  speaker. 

SPEAR,  n.  [A.-S.  spere,  speore.]  1.  A 
long,  pointed  weapon  ;  a  lance.  2. 
A  shoot,  as  of  grass. — v.i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  pierce  or  kill  with  a  spear. 
—  v.  i.  To  shoot  into  a  long  stem. 

Spear'man  (ICO),  n.  One  who  is 
armed  with  a  spear. 

Spear'mint.  n.  A  species  of  mint. 

Spe'cial  (spesh'al),  a.  [Lat.  speci- 
alis,  fr.  species.]  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  constituting,  a  species.  2.  Ex¬ 
traordinary  ;  uncommon.  3.  Lim¬ 
ited  in  range. 

Syn.  —  See  Peculiar. 

Sp£'cial-Ist  (spesh'al-ist),  n.  One 
who  devotes  himself  to  a  specialty. 

SpL'ci-Al'i-ty  (spgshG-),  n .  1.  A 
particular  or  peculiar  case.  2.  A 
special  occupation  ;  a  specialty. 


SPECIALLY 


SPHINX 


405 


Spe  CIA L-LY  (spesh'al-),  adv.  Par¬ 
ticularly  ;  especially. 

Spe'CIAL-TY  (spesh'al-),  n.  1.  A  par¬ 
ticular  or  peculiar  case.  2.  A  con¬ 
tract  under  seal.  3.  That  which  one 
makes  an  object  of  special  attention. 

SPE'ClE  (spS'shy),  n.  [Of.  obs.  spe¬ 
cies,  c_oin.]  Coin  ;  hard  money. 

SPE'ciEg  (spe'shaz),  n.  sing.  &  pi. 
[Lat.,  fr.  specere ,  to  behold.]  1.  A 
conception  subordinated  to  another 
conception,  called  a  genus.  2.  A 
class  of  beings,  associated  according 
to  attributes,  or  properties  deter¬ 
mined  by  scientific  observation.  8. 
Sort ;  kind. 

SPE-9'fF'I€,  a.  [Lat.  species ,  a  par¬ 
ticular  sort,  and  facer e,  to  make.] 

1.  Pertaining  to,  characterizing,  or 
constituting  a  species.  2.  Definite  ; 
limited  ;  precise.  —  n.  A  remedy 
supposed  to  be  infallible,  [manner. 

Spe-^if'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  specific 

Spe^'i-fi-gA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
specifying.  2.  Particular  mention. 

3.  A  written  statement  containing 
an  enumeration  of  particulars.  4. 
Any  thing  specified. 

Spe^'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[See  Specific.]  To  mention,  as  a 
particular  thing. 

SpEc'1-MEN,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  specere,  to 
behold.]  A  part  intended  to  exhibit 
the  kind  and  quality  of  the  whole. 

S  yn.  —  Sam  pie.  —  A  specimen  is  a  rep¬ 
resentative  of  the  class  of  things  to 
which  it  belongs;  as.  a  specimen  of  pho¬ 
tography.  A  sample  is  a  part  of  the 
thing  itself,  designed  to  show  the  qual¬ 
ity  of  the  whole;  as,  a  sample  of  sugar 
or  of  broadcloth. 

Spe'CIOUS,  a.  [Lat.  speciosus;  species , 
look,  appearance.]  Apparently  right ; 
superficially  fair,  just,  or  correct. 

Syn.  — .  See  Plausible. 

Spe'cious-LY,  adv.  With  a  fair  ap¬ 
pearance. 

Spe'cioCs-ness,  n.  Plausible  ap¬ 
pearance  ;  fair  external  show. 

Speck,  n.  [A.-S.  specca.]  1.  A  small 
spot  or  blemish,  extraordinary  or 
noteworthy.  2.  A  very  small  thing. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  stain  in 
spots  ;  to  spot. 

Speck'le  (spekfl),  n.  [Dim  of  speck.] 
A  little  spot ;  a  speck.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING  ]  To  mark  with  small  spots  of 
a  different  color. 

Spec'ta-cle,  n.  [Lat.  spectaculam, 
fr.  spectare ,  to  look  at.]  1.  Some¬ 
thing  exhibited  to  view.  2.  pi.  An 
optical  instrument  used  to  correct 
some  defect  of  vision.  [cles. 

Spec'ta-clfid,  a.  Wearing  specta- 

Spec-tag'U-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to 
spectacles. 

Speg-ta'tor,  n.  One  who  sees  or 
beholds  ;  a  witness.  [er 

Spec-ta'tress,  n.  A  female  behold- 

Speg'ter,  1  n.  [Lat.  spectrum ,  an  ap- 

Spec'tre,  j  pearance,  fr.  specere,  to 
look.]  An  apparition;  a  ghost;  a 
phantom.  [ter;  ghostly. 

Spec'tral,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  spec- 

SPE€'  TRUM,  71.;  pi.  SPEE'TRA. 


[Lat.]  The  colored  and  other  rays 
of  which  light  is  composed,  sepa¬ 
rated  by  a  prism. 

SPEe'U-LAR,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a  speculum  or  mirror. 

SpEg'u-late,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  speculari,  -latus,  to  spy  out, 
observe,  fr.  specere ,  to  look.]  .1.  To 
think  philosophically  or  abstractly  ; 
to  meditate.  2.  To  buy  with  the 
expectation  of  selling  at  a  profit. 

Spec/U-la'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  spec¬ 
ulating  ;  as,  (a.)  Meditation;  con¬ 
templation.  (6.)  A  buying,  in  ex¬ 
pectation  of  selling  at  an  advance. 

2.  Mere  theory  ;  conjecture. 

Spec'u-la-tIve,  a.  Given  to,  or 
concerning,  speculation ;  theoretical. 

Speg'u-la'tive-ly,  adv.  In  a  spec¬ 
ulative  manner.  [lates. 

SpegH.i-la/tor,  7i.  One  who  specu- 

Speg'u-la-to-ry,  a.  Exercising  spec¬ 
ulation  ;  speculative. 

SPEE’  U-LUM,  71.;  pi.  SPEE'U-LA. 
[Lat.,  fr.  specere,  to  behold.]  A  mir¬ 
ror  or  looking-glass ;  a  reflector. 

Sped,  imp.  Sc,  p.  p.  of  Speed. 

Speech,  n.  [See  Speak.]  1.  Power 
of  speaking.  2.  Words,  as  express¬ 
ing  ideas.  3.  A  particular  language. 

4.  A  formal  discourse. 

Syn.  — -  See  Habangue  and  Lan¬ 
guage. 

Speech'I-fy,  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Eng.  speech ,  and  Lat.  facere,  to 
make.]  To  make  a  speech. 

Speech'less,  a.  Destitute  or  de¬ 
prived  of  speech  ;  dumb  ;  mute. 

Speech'eess-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
speechless. 

Speed,  v.  i.  [sped;  speeded; 
speeding.]  [A.-S.  spedan,  fr.  spo- 
wan ,  to  succeed.]  1.  To  make  haste. 
2.  To  prosper ;  to  succeed.  —  v.  t.  1. 
To  cause  to  make  haste.  2.  To  cause 
to  succeed.  3.  To  bring  to  a  result. 

4.  To  ruin. 

Syn.  —  To  dispatch  ;  hasten  ;  accele¬ 
rate;  hurry. 

—  7i.  1.  A  moving  forward  with  ce¬ 
lerity.  2.  Favorable  issue  ;  success. 

Syn.  —  See  Haste. 

Speed'i-ly,  adv.  In  a  speedy  man¬ 
ner  ;  quickly. 

Speed'i-ness,  n.  Haste;  dispatch. 

Speed'y,  a.  [-er  ; -est,  142.]  Swift; 
nimble ;  rapid  in  motion. 

Spell,  v.t.  1.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 

spelia.71 ,  to  supply  another’s  place.] 
To  relieve ;  to  help.  2.  [spelled; 
or  SPELT  ;  SPELLING.]  [A.-S.  spel- 
lian,  to  relate.]  To  read  ;  —  with 
out.  3.  To  tell  the  letters  of,  as  a 
word.  4.  To  write  or  print  with  the 
proper  letters.  —  v.  i.  To  form  words 
with  the  proper  letters.  — n.  1.  Re¬ 
lief  of  one  by  another  in  any  work. 
2.  A  short  period  ;  a  season.  3.  [A.- 

5.  spell,  history,  tale,  speech,  a  magic 
charm.]  A  verse  repeated  for  its 
magical  power;  hence,  any  charm. 

Spell'-bound,  a.  Locked  up  by  a 
spell  or  charm. 

SpEll'er,  n.  1.  One  who  spells.  2. 
A  spelling-book.  [Amer.] 


Spelling,  n.  1.  Act  of  naming  the 
letters  of  a  word.  2.  Formation  of 
words  with  letters  ;  orthography. 

Spell'ing-bo'ok  (27),  n.  A  book 
for  teaching  to  spell  and  read. 

Spel'ter,  n.  [L.  Ger.  spialter.]  [See 
Pewter.]  Zinc. 

Spender,  n.  [From  a  certain  Lord 
Spencer .]  A  short  over-jacket. 

Spend,  v.  t.  [spent  ;  spending.] 
[A.-S.  spendan ,  fr.  Lat.  e.rpendere  or 
dispendere,  to  weigh  out,  expend, 
dispense.]  1.  To  dispose  of ;  to  part 
with.  2.  To  bestow  for  any  purpose. 

3.  To  consume ;  to  waste.  4.  To 
pass,  as  time.  5.  To  exhaust  of 
strength.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  make  ex¬ 
pense.  2.  To  be  lost  or  wasted. 

Spend'er,  n.  One  who  spends. 

Spend'thrift,  n.  One  who  spends 
money  profusely  ;  a  prodigal. 

SpERBI  (14),  7l.  [Gr.  crneppa,  fr.  anei- 
pe iv,  to  sow.]  1.  Animal  seed.  2. 
Spermaceti.  [  Colloq.]  3.  Spawn. 

SpErm/ a-ce'tI,  77.  [Lat.  sperona, 
sperm,  cetus,  a  whale.]  A  fatty  mat¬ 
ter  from  the  head  of  a  kind  of  whale. 

SPER-MAT're,  1  a.  Pertaining  to, 

Sper-matHg-AL,  j  orconsisting  of, 
semen. 

SPER-MAT'O-^ELE,  n.  [Gr.  aneppa, 
anepparos,  sperm,  and  K17A17,  a  tu¬ 
mor.]  A  swelling  of  the  spermatic 
vessels. 


Spew  (spu),  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  speoivian .]  To  vomit. 
Spiia^./e-la'tion,  n.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Gr.  o-^d/ce Aos,  gangrene.]  A  becom¬ 
ing  gaugrenous ;  mortification. 
Sphe'noid,  [  a.  [Gr.  cn^Tju,  a 
Sphe-noid'al,  )  wedge,  and  elSo s, 
likeness.]  Resembling  a  wedge. 
SPHERE,  n.  [Lat.  sphera ,  Gr.  <x(|>cupa.] 
1.  A  body,  every  part  of  the  surface 
of  which  is  equally  distant  from  a 
point  within,  called  its  center.  2. 
An  orb  or  star.  3.  Circuit  of  action, 
knowledge,  or  influence.  4.  Rank  ; 
order  of  society. 

Syn.  —  See  Globe. 


—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  place  in 
a  sphere. 

Spher'IG,  1  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
Spher'ig-al,  |  having  the  form  of, 
a  sphere ;  globular.  [a  sphere. 

Spher'ie-al-ly,  adv.  In  the  form  of 
Sphe-rRJH-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
spherical ;  rounduess.  [sphere. 

Spher'IGS,  n.  sing.  Science  of  the 
Sphe'ROID,  n.  [Gr.  <r<[)aipoet8ij?, 
spherical ;  acfiacpa,  sphere,  and  elfios, 
form.]  A  body  nearly  spherical. 
Sphe-roid'al, 

Sphe-roidHg-al, 
roid. 

Spher'ule  (53),  n. 

Sphinx','  n.  [Lat. 
sphinx,  Gr.  cr(juy£, 
from  afyLyyeiv,  to 
bind  tight,  as  if  the  "  A 
throttler.]  A  fabled 
monster,  which  Sphinx, 
proposed  riddles 
and  put  to  death  all  who  were 
able  to  solve  them. 


1  a.  Having  the 
-, )  form  of  a  sphe- 


A  little  sphere. 


un- 


SPHRAGISTICS 


SPLENDIDLY 


SPHRA-Gls'Ties,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  tr^pa- 
yis,  a  seal  ]  The  science  of  seals. 

Spice  ,  n.  [Lat.  species,  a  species  ;  Late 
Lat.  spices,  drugs,  &c.,  of  the  same 
sort  ]  1.  An  aromatic  and  pungent 

vegetable  production.  2.  That  which 
resembles  spices  ;  also,  a  small  quan¬ 
tity. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  season 
or  perfume  with,  or  as  with,  spice. 

SpI'^er-y,  n.  Spices  in  general. 

Spi€'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  spiculum ,  a 
dart.]  Resembling  a  dart. 

Spio'ule,  n.  [Lat.  spiculum,  dim.  of 
spicum .  spica,  a  point,  dart.]  A  mi¬ 
nute,  slender  granule  or  point. 

Spi'^Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  abounding  with, spices. 

2.  Pungent;  pointed. 

SpI'der,  n.  [For  spinder,  fr.  spin,  so 
named  from  spinning  his  web.]  1. 
An  animal  that  spins  webs  for  taking 
its  prey.  2.  A  frying-pan. 

Spig'ot,  n.  [From  spick,  for  spike.] 

A  peg  to  stop  a  small  hole  in  a  cask. 

Spike,  n.  [Icel.  spikari,  allied  to  Lat. 
spicn,  a  point,  dart.]  1.  A  sort  of 
large  nail.  2.  An  ear  of  grain.  3. 

A  shoot.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
fasten  or  set  with  spikes. 

Spiice'let,  n.  A  small  spike. 

SPlKE'NARD  ( colloq .  spik'nard),  n. 
[See  Spike  and  Nard.]  1.  An  aro¬ 
matic  plant.  2.  A  fragrant  essential 
oil.  [points,  j 

SpIk'y,  a.  Having  a  sharp  point  or 

SpIle,  n.  [D.  spijl.]  1.  A  small  peg 
to  stop  a  hole.  2.  A  stake  driven  in¬ 
to  the  ground  ;  a  pile. 

Spill,  v.  t.  [spilled;  spilt; 
SPILLING.]  [A.-S.  spillan.]  1.  To 
suffer  to  fall  or  run  out.  2.  To  shed, 
or  suffer  to  be  shed,  as  in  battle.  — 
v.  i.  To  be  shed  ;  to  be  lost  or  wasted. 

Spin, v.  t.  [spun;  spinning.]  [A.-S. 
spinnan,  allied  to  span.]  1.  To  draw 
out  and  twist  into  threads.  2.  To 
extend  to  a  great  length.  3.  To  pro¬ 
tract.  4.  To  twirl. — v.  i.  1.  To 
practice  spinning.  2.  To  draw  and 
twist  threads.  3.  To  whirl,  as  a  top. 
4.  To  stream  or  issue  in  a  thread. 

Spin'ACH  I  (spln'ej),  n.  [Lat.  spina,  : 

Spin'age  j  a  thorn,  prickle  ;  —  from 
its  pointed  leaves.]  A  garden  plant,  j 

Spi'nal,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  spine. 

Spin'dle,  n.  [A.-S.  spindel,  fr.  spin-  1 
nan,  to  spin.]  1.  The  rod  in  spin¬ 
ning-wheels  by  which  the  thread  is 
twisted.  2.  An  axis  or  arbor.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  To  grow  in  a  long,! 
slender  stalk  or  body.  [person. 

SPI N ' D L E -S II A N K S ,  n.  A  tall,  slender  ! 

Spine,  n.  [Lat.  spina,  a  thorn,  the 
spine.]  1.  A  sharp  woody  process;  a 
thorn.  2.  The  back-bone. 

Spi'nel,  or  SpI-nel',  1  n.  [L.  Lat. 

Spi-NELLE'  (spi-neF),  }  spinellus,  fr. 
Lat.  spina,  a  thorn,  prob.  from  its 
pointed  crystals.]  A  mineral  of  great 
hardness. 

Spin'et,  or  SpI-net',  n.  [From  Lat.  j 
spina,  a  thorn,  because  its  quills  re¬ 
semble  thorns.]  An  instrument  of 
music  resembling  a  harpsichord  ;  — 
now  superseded  by  the  piano-forte. 


406 

SpIn'NER,  n.  One  who  spins. 

Spin'ner-ET,  n.  An  organ  with  which 
spiders  and  some  insects  form  their 
silk  or  webs. 

Spin'ning-jen'ny,  n.  A  machine  for 
spinning  wool  or  cotton. 

Spin'ning-wheel,  n.  A  machine 
for  spinning,  in  which  a  wheel  drives 
a  single  spindle. 

SPI-NOS'I-TY,  n.  State  of  being  spiny. 

SpT'noOs,  a.  Full  of  spines  ;  thorny. 

Spin'ster,  n  [From  spin  and  the 
termination  ster.]  An  unmarried  wo¬ 
man  ;  —  used  in  legal  proceedings. 

SpIn'y,  a.  1.  Full  of  spiues  ;  thorny. 
2.  Perplexed ;  difficult. 

Spir'a-cle  (or  spPra-kl,  89),  n.  [Lat. 
spiraculum,  fr.  spirare,  to  bi'eathe.] 
A  small  aperture  in  animal  and  veg¬ 
etable  bodies,  by  which  air  or  other 
fluid  is  exhaled  or  inhaled. 

SpI'RAL  (89),  a.  [Lat.  spira,  a  coil, 
spire.]  Winding  like  a  screw. 

SpPral-ly,  adv.  In  a  spiral  form. 

Spi'RANT,  7i.  [Lat.  snirans,  spirant  is, 
breathing.]  A  consonant  sound  ut¬ 
tered  with  perceptible  emission  of 
breath  ;  —  said  of  f,  v,  th,  & c. 

SPIRE,  n.  [Lat.  spira,  Gr.  aneipa,  a 
coil,  spire  ;  Icel.  spira,  pinnacle.]  1. 
A  winding  line  like  the  threads  of  a 
screw.  2.  A  body  that  shoots  up  to  a 
point ;  a  steeple.  3.  A  stalk  or  blade 

Spi’R'IT,  n.  [Lat.  spiritus ,  fr.  spirare, 
to  breathe.]  1.  Breath.  2.  Life, 
considered  independently  of  corpo¬ 
real  existence.  3-  The  intelligent  and 
immortal  part  of  mar..  4.  A  disem¬ 
bodied  soul.  5.  A  specter  ;  a  ghost. 
G.  Any  remarkable  manifestation  of 
life.  7.  One  of  great  activity  or  pe¬ 
culiar  characteristics  of  mind.  8. 
Temper  or  disposition  of  mind;  often 
in  the  pi.,  animation  ;  cheerfulness. 
9.  pi.  Hence,  a  liquid  produced  by 
distillation  ;  esp.  alcohol.  10.  In¬ 
tent  ;  real  meaning.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  excite;  to  encourage. 
2.  To  convey  rapidly  and  secretly. 

Spir'it-ed, p.  a.  Animated;  full  of 
spirit  or  fire.  [manner. 

SPIR'IT-ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  spirited 

Spir'IT-less,  a.  Wanting  animation  ; 
dejected ;  depressed. 

Spir'it-less-ly,  adv.  In  a  spiritless 
manner.  [or  vigor. 

Spir'it-less-ness,  n.  Want  of  life 

Spir'it-ous,  a.  Like  spirit;  refined. 

Spir'1T-U-al,  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
spirit ;  incorporeal.  2.  Mental ;  in¬ 
tellectual.  3.  Pertaining  to  the  soul; 
pure  ;  holy.  4.  Ecclesiastical. 

Spir'it-u-al-ism,  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  spiritual.  2.  Doctrine  that  all 
which  exists  is  spirit  or  soul.  3.  A 
belief  in  the  frequent  communication 
of  intelligence  from  the  world  of 
spirits.  [in  spiritualism. 

Spir'it-u-al-ist,  n.  One  who  believes 

Spir'it-u-al'i-ty,  n.  1.  Stateof  be¬ 
ing  spiritual.  2.  That  which  belongs 
to  the  church,  or  to  an  ecclesiastic. 

Spir'it-u-al-i-za'tion,  n.  Act  of 
spiritualizing. 

SpIR'IT-U-AL-IZE  ,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 


1.  To  refine.  2.  To  imbue  with  spir. 

ituality.  [manner. 

SPiR'lT-u-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  spiritual 

Spir'it-U-ous,  a.  1.  Having  the  qual¬ 
ity  of  spirit ;  active ;  pure.  2.  Con¬ 
sisting  of  refined  spirit  ;  ardent. 

Spi-rom'e-ter.  n.  [Lat.  spirare,  to 
breathe,  and  Gr.  p. eVpov,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  ca¬ 
pacity  of  the  lungs. 

Spip.t,  v.  t.  &  i.  See  Spurt. 

Spir'y,  a.  1.  Of  a  spiral  form.  2. 
Pyramidical. 

SpTs'si-tude  (30),  n.  [Lat.  spissitudo ; 
spissus,  dense.]  Thickness  of  soft 
substances. 

Spit,  n.  [A.-S.  spitu.  Icel.  sp'ita,  a 
wooden  nail,  spiot,  a  spear.]  1.  An 
iron  prong  on  which  meat  is  roasted. 

2.  A  point  of  land  running  into  the 
sea.  3. Saliva. —  v.  t.  [-TED;  -ting.] 
1.  To  thrust  a  spit  through.  2.  To 
pierce.  3.  [spit  ;  spitting.]  [A.-S. 
spittan,  spxlan.]  To  eject  from  the 
mouth,  as  saliva.  —  v.i.  To  throw 
out  saliva  from  the  mouth. 

Spite,  n.  [Abbreviated  from  despite.] 
Rancorous  ill-will ;  malignity. 

Syn.  — Malice.  — Malice  denotes  a  spir¬ 
it  which  desires  evil  to  others.  Spite  is 
a  temper  which  delights  to  express  itself 
in  bitter  and  cutting  language,  or  in  low 
and  irritating  actions. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ; -ING.]  l.Tobeangry 
at ;  to  hate.  2.  To  injure ;  to  thwart. 

Spite'ful,  a.  Filled  with  spite  ;  ma¬ 
lignant;  malicious.  [manner. 

Spite'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  spiteful 

SpIte'ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
spiteful :  malice. 

SPIT'FIRE,  n.  A  passionate  person. 

Spit'ter,  n.  One  who  spits. 

Spit'tle,  n.  [From.  Eng.  spit.]  The 
matter  secreted  by  the  salivary 
glandsj  saliva.  [spittle. 

Spit-toon',  n.  A  vessel  to  receive 

Splash,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  Allied 
to  plash.]  To  spatter  with  water,  or 
mud. — v.  i.  To  strike  and  dash 
about  water. — n.  Water,  or  water 
and  dirt  thrown  upon  any  thing. 

Splash'y,  a.  Full  of  dirty  water; 
wet  and  muddy. 

Splay',  a.  [Abbrev.  fr.  display.]  Dis¬ 
played  ;  turned  outward. 

Splay'-foot,  n.  A  foot  having  the 
sole  flattened  instead  of  concave. 

Splay'-foot'ed,  a.  Having  a  wide 
foot.  -  [in  derision. 

Splay'-moutii,  n.  A  mouth  stretched 

Spleen,  n.  [Gr.  anX-yv.]  1.  A  gland¬ 
ular  organ  to  the  left  of  the  stomach  ; 
the  milt.  2.  Anger;  ill-humor.  3. 
Melancholy. 

Spleen'ish,  a.  Spleenv. 

Spleen'y,  a.  1.  Peevish;  fretful.  2. 
Melancholy. 

Splen'dent,  7i.  [Lat.  splendens.]  1. 
Shining.  2.  Illustrious. 

Splen'DID,  a.  [Lat.  splendidus ,  fr. 
splendere,  to  shine.]  1.  Shining; 
very  bright.  2  Showy;  magnifi¬ 
cent.  3.  Illustrious ;  famous. 

Splen'did-ly,  adv.  In  a  splendid 
manner;  brightly. 


a,  e,  l,  o,  u,  y,  long;  a,  e.  i,  6,  0,  ?,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  FIRM ;  son, 


t 


SPLENDOR 


SPRIGHTLINESS 


Splen'dor,  n.  1.  Great  brightness ; 
brilliancy.  2.  Great  show  of  richness 
and  elegance.  3.  Eminence. 

Splen'e-TI€  (123),  a.  Affected  with 
spleen. — n.  A  person  affected  with 
spleen. 

Splice,  v.  t.  [-eu  ;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  split.]  1.  To  unite  as  two  ropes, 
by  interweaving.  2.  To  unite,  by 
lapping  two  ends  together,  and  bind¬ 
ing.  —  n.  1.  Union  of  ropes  by  inter¬ 
weaving  the  strands.  2.  Connection 
by  means  of  overlapping  parts. 

SplInt,  n.  [See  Speinter.]  1.  A 
piece  split  off ;  a  splinter.  2.  A  thin 
piece  of  wood  to  protect  a  broken 
bone  when  set.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  confine  with  splints,  as  a  broken 
limb. 

SplIn'ter,  n.  A  thin  piece  of  wood 
split  off. — v.  t.  or  i.  [See  Split.] 
To  split  or  be  split  into  long  thin 
pieces ;  to  shiver. 

Splin'ter-y,  a.  Resembling  splinters. 

Split,  v.  t.  [split;  splitting.] 
[Ieel.  splita.]  1.  To  divide  length¬ 
wise;  to  cleave.  2.  To  burst;  to 
rend.  3.  To  separate  into  parts  or 
parties. — v.  i.  1.  To  part  asunder. 
2.  To  burst  with  laughter. — n.  1. 
A  crack,  or  longitudinal  fissure.  2. 
A  breach,  as  in  a  political  party. 

SplGt'ter,  n.  A  bustle;  astir. — v. 
i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  speak  hastily 
and  confusedly. 

Spoil,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  spo- 
liare.]  1.  To  plunder  ;  to  rob.  2.  To 
seize  by  violence.  3.  To  vitiate  ;  to 
mar.  4.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  practice  plunder.  2.  To  be 
corrupted;  to  decay. — n.  That 
which  is  taken  by  violence ;  pillage. 

Spoil'er,  7i.  1.  One  who  spoils;  a 

plunderer.  2.  One  who  corrupts. 

Spoke  (20),  imp.  of  Speak.  —  n.  [A.-S. 
spaka.]  1.  One  of  the  small  bars  of 
a_wheel.  2.  Round  of  a  ladder. 

Spok'en  (spok/n,  20),  p.  p.  of  Speak. 

Spokes'MAN  (150),  7i.  [From  speak , 
spoke ,  and  man.]  One  who  speaks 
for  another. 

Spo'li-ate,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
spoliate, -aturn.]  To  plunder;  to  pil¬ 
lage. —  v.  i.  To  practice  plunder. 

Spo'li-a'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  plunder¬ 
ing;  despoliation.  2.  Robbery  in 
war,  esp.  at  sea,  under  authority. 

Spon-da'ic,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  spon¬ 
dee  ;  consisting  of  spondees. 

SPON'DEE,  n.  [Gr.  crn-ovSeto?  (sc. 
7rou?),  fr.  crirovSrj,  a  libation;  slow, 
solemn  melodies,  chiefly  in  this  me¬ 
ter,  having  been  used  at  libations.] 
A  poetic  foot  of  two  long  syllables. 

Sponge  (spunj),  n.  [Lat.  sportgia,  Gr. 
crTroyycd.]  1.  A  fibrous  and  porbus 
marine  substance.  2.  One  who  lives 
on  others.  3.  Dough  before  it  is  knead¬ 
ed. —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  cleanse 
with  a  sponge.  2.  To  efface ;  to  de¬ 
stroy  all  trace  of.  — v.  i.  1.  To  im¬ 
bibe,  as  a  sponge.  2.  To  gain  or  live 
by  mean  arts. 

Spon'ger,  n.  1.  One  who  uses  a 
sponge.  2.  A  hanger-on. 


407 

Sp6n'gi-ness,  n.  Quality  of  bei^ 
spongy. 

Spon'ging-house,  n.  A  bailiff's 
house  to  put  debtors  in  before  being 
taken  to  jail. 

SPON'GY,  a.  1.  Soft  and  full  of  cavi¬ 
ties.  2.  Wet ;  drenched. 

Spon'sal,  a.  [Lat.  sponsalis,  from 
sponsus ,  a  betrothal.]  Relating  to 
marriage. 

Spon'sion,  7i.  [Lat.  sponsio ,  from 
spo7i/fere,  to  promise  solemnly.]  Act 
of  becoming  surety  for  another. 

Spon'sor,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  A  surety.  2. 
A  godfather  or  godmother. 

Spon'ta-ne'i-ty,  71.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  spontaneous. 

Spon-ta'ne-oijs,  a.  [Lat.  spontaneus , 
fr.  sponte,  of  free  will.]  1.  Proceed¬ 
ing  from  natural  feeling  or  disposi¬ 
tion,  or  from  a  native  internal  prone¬ 
ness  or  tendency.  2.  Proceeding 
from  internal  impulse,  without  ex¬ 
ternal  force. 

Syn.  —  Voluntary.  —  What  is  volun¬ 
tary  is  the  result  of  a  volition ,  or  act  of 
choice:  it  therefore  implies  some  degree 
of  consideration,  and  may  be  tire  result 
of  mere  reason,  without  excited  feeling. 
What  is  spontaneous  springs  wholly  from 
feeling  by  a  kind  of  outburst  of  the  mind 
which  admits  of  no  reflection :  as,  a  spon¬ 
taneous  burst  of  applause.  Hence,  tire 
term  is  sometimes  applied  to  things  in¬ 
animate. 

SPON-TA'NE-OUS  IiY,  ar/t*.  1.  Of  one’s 
own  accord.  2.  By  its  own  force. 

SPON-TOON',  7i.  [It.  sponto7ie,  from 
spnntare ,  to  break  off  the  point.]  A 
kind  of  half  pike. 

Spool,  n.  [D.  spoel.]  A  hollow  cyl¬ 
inder  of  wood,  used  to  wind  thread 
on.  —  v.  t.  [-El) ;  -ING.]  To  wind 
on  spools. 

Spoon,  n.  [A.-S.  spZn,  spoon,  a  chip.] 
A  small  concave  basin  with  a  handle, 
used  in  partaking  of  food. 

Spoon 'bill,  n.  A  wading  bird,  al¬ 
lied  to  the  heron  ;  —  so  named  from 
the  shape  of  the  bill. 

Spoon'ful  (155),  n.  As  much  as  a 
spoon  wiU  hold. 

Spoon'-jmeat,  n.  Rood  eaten  with  a 
spoon ;  liquid  food. 

SPO-RAD'ie,  )  a.  [Gr.  ariropahi.- 

Spo-rad'I€-al,  )  /cos,  scattered,  fr. 
oTretpeiv,  to  sow  seed.]  Occurring 
singly  or  in  scattered  cases  ;  single. 

Spore,  )  ».  [Gr.  o-a-opo?,  a  sow- 

Spor'ule,  |  ing,  seed.]  One  of  the 
minute  grains  in  flowerless  plants 
which  performs  the  function  of  seeds. 

Sport,  n.  [Abbrev.  fr.  disport.]  1. 
That  which  diverts  and  makes  mirth. 
2.  Contemptuous  mirth.  3.  A  toy. 
4.  Diversion  of  the  field,  as  fowling, 
fishing,  & c.  — v.  t.  1.  To  divert ;  to 
make  merry  ;  —  used  reflexively.  2. 
To  bring  out  in  public.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  play  ;  to  frolic.  2.  To 
trifle.  [some. 

Sport'ful,  a.  Full  of  sport ;  frolic- 

Sport'ive,  a.  Gay  ;  frolicsome. 

Sport'ive-ly,  adv.  Playfully. 

Sports'man  (150),  n.  Onewhohunts, 
fi_shes,  and  fowls.  [sportsmen. 

Sports'man-ship,  n.  Practice  of 


>  Spot,  n.  [From  the  root  of  spit.]  1 
A  mark  on  a  substance  made  by 
foreign  matter.  2.  A  stain  on  char¬ 
acter.  3.  Any  particular  place.  — 
v.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.]  1.  To  dis¬ 
color  ;  to  stain  ;  to  blot.  2.  To  note 
so  as  to  insure  recognition.  3.  To 
tarnish,  as  reputation. 

Spot'less,  a.  Without  a  spot ;  esp. 
free  from  reproach  or  impurity. 

Spot'less-ly,  adv.  In  a  spotless 
manner. 

Spot'less- ness,  n.  Freedom  from 
spot  or  stain.  [spotty. 

Spot'ti-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Spot'ty,  a.  Full  of  spots. 

SPOUg'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  spouse, 
or  to  a  marriage. —  n.  Marriage; 
nuptials;  —  generally  in  the  plural. 

Spouse,  n.  [0.  Fr.  espous ,  espos,  fem. 
espouse ,  spouse,  Lat.  sponsus,  sponsa, 
from  spondere,  to  promise  solemnly.] 
A  married  person  ;  husband  or  wife. 

Spouse'less,  a.  Destitute  of  a 
spouse. 

Spout,  n.  [Allied  to  spit.]  1.  A  pipe 
for  conducting  a  fluid.  2.  A  pro¬ 
jecting  mouth  for  directing  a  stream 
of  a  liquid  poured  out.  —  v.  t.  [-E  D  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  throw  out,  as  liquids, 
through  a  narrow  orifice.  2.  To 
throw  out,  as  words,  with  affected 
gravity. — v.  i.  1.  To  issue  with 
violence,  as  a  liquid  through  a  nar¬ 
row  orifice.  2.  To  utter  a  speech, 
especially  in  a  pompous  manner. 

Sprain,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
espreindre,  to  press,  to  force  out,  fr. 
Lat.  exprimere.  See  EXPRESS.]  To 
weaken  or  overstrain,  as  a  joint  or 
muscle,  —n.  Excessive  strain  of 
the  muscles  or  ligaments  of  a  joint. 

Sprang,  imp.  of  Spring.  See 
Spring.  [herring. 

Sprat,  n.  A  small  fish,  allied  to  the 

Sprawl,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Dan. 
spralle,  spr'dlde,  to  palpitate.]  1.  To 
lie  with  the  limbs  stretched  out  or 
struggling.  2.  To  spread  irregularly, 
as  vines. 

Spray,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  spree,  a  twig, 
branch,  0.  II.  Ger.  sprahhZn,  to  cut. 
Cf.  Sprig.]  (a.)  A  small  shoot;  a 
twig.  ( b .)  Small  branches  collect¬ 
ively.  2.  [A.-S.  spregati,  to  pour.] 
Water. 

Spread,  v.  t.  [spread;  spread¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  sprsedan  ]  1.  To  ex¬ 

tend  in  any  direction.  2.  To  divulge  ; 
to  publish.  3.  To  set  and  furnish 
with  provisions. — v.  i.  1.  To  ex¬ 
tend  in  any  or  every  direction.  2. 
To  be  propagated. — n.  1.  Extent; 
compass.  2.  Expansion  of  parts.  3. 
A  table,  furnished  with  a  meal. 

Spree,  n.  [Fr.  spre,  a  spark,  spirit.) 
A  merry  frolic ;  a  carousal. 

Sprig,  n.  [A.-S.  spree.  See  Spray.] 
A  small  shoot  or  twig. —  v.  t.  [-GED  ; 
-GTNG.]  To  mark  or  adorn  with 

SPRIG'GY,  a.  Full  of  sprigs,  [sprigs. 

SprIgttt  (sprit),  n.  [Contr.  fr  spirit.] 
A  spirit  :  a  soul ;  an  apparition. 

SprTght'li-ness  (sprit'-),  n.  Qual¬ 
ity  of  being  sprightly ;  liveliness. 

G,  hard;  A§;  exist;  n  as  NG;  this. 


or,  DQ,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  urn,  rue,  pull;  E,  I,  o,  silent;  9,4  ,soft;  <3, 


SPRIGHTLY 


SprIght'ly  (sprit/-),  a.  Spirit-like, 
or  spright-like ;  lively  ;  animated. 

Spring,  v.  i.  [sprung  (formerly 
sprang);  sprung;  springing.] 
[A.-S.  springan .]  1.  To  leap  ;  to  jump. 

2.  To  issue  suddenly.  3.  To  tly  back  ; 
to  start.  4.  To  proceed ;  to  result.  — 
v.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  spring  up  or 
forth.  2.  To  produce  unexpectedly. 

3.  To  cause  to  explode.  4.  To  burst ; 
to  break.  5.  To  crack  or  split.  —  n. 

1.  A  leap  ;  a  jump.  2.  A  flying  back. 
3.  Elastic  force.  4.  An  elastic  body. 
5.  Any  source  of  supply  ;  esp.  a  foun¬ 
tain.  6.  Cause;  origin.  7-  Season 
of  the  year  when  plants  begin  to 
vegetate. 

Springe,  n.  [From  spring,  v.  i.]  A 
noose  or  snare.  [which,  springs. 

SpRING'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

Spring'-halt,  n.  A  lameness  in 
which  a  horse  suddenly  twitches  up 
his  legs.  [source. 

Spring'-hEad,  n.  A  fountain  or 

Spring'i-ness,  n.  1.  Elasticity.  2. 
Wetness  or  sponginess,  as  of  land. 

Spring'-tTde,  n.  1.  The  tide  at,  or 
soon  after,  the  new  and  full  moon. 

2.  Time  of  spring. 

Spring'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  1. 

Elastic ;  light.  2.  Wet ;  spongy. 

Sprink'le  (sprink'l),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [Dim.  of  A.-S.  sprengan , 
sprencan ,  to  sprinkle.]  1.  To  scatter 
in  small  drops  or  particles.  2.  To 
scatter  on.  3.  To  baptize  ;  hence,  to 
purify. — v.  i.  1  To  perform  the 
act  of  scattering  small  drops  or  par¬ 
ticles.  2.  To  rain  moderately.  —  n. 
A  small  quantity  scattered. 

Sprink'eing,  n.  1.  Act  of  scattering 
in  small  drops  or  particles.  2.  A 
small  quantity. 

Sprit,  n.  [A.-S.  spreot,  a  sprit,  spear.] 
A  small  pole,  crossing  the  sail  of  a 
boat  diagonally. 

Sprite,  n.  [Contr.  from  spirit.]  A 
spirit;  an  apparition.  [a  sprit. 

Sprit'-sail,  n.  A  sail  extended  by 

Sprout,!.?.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 

spreot  an,  spryttan.]  To  shoot  as  a 
seed ;  to  germinate.  —  n.  The  shoot 
of  a  plant. 

Spruce, a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Perh.  fr. 
spruce ,  or  Prussia ,  leather,  which  was 
an  article  of  finery.  Cf.  also  Prov. 
Ger.  spreuszen,  to  boast  of.]  Neat, 
without  elegance  or  dignity. 

Syn.  —  See  Finical. 

— v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  dress  with 
affected  neatness. — n.  [0.  Eng. 
Pruse ,  so  named  because  it  was  first 
known  as  a  native  of  Prussia.']  A 
certain  coniferous  tree;  —  applied  in 
the  United  States  to  the  hemlock 
spruce.  [spruce. 

SPRUCE'-BEER,  n.  Beer  flavored  with 

SPRUCE'LY,  adv.  With  affected  neat¬ 
ness.  [spruce ;  trimness. 

Spru^e'ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Sprung,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Spring. 

Spry,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  Nimble;  act¬ 
ive;  vigorous.  [Prov.  or  Coll.oq.] 

SpBd,  n.  [Dan.  spyd ,  a  spear.]  An 
implement  for  destroying  weeds. 


408 

SPUME,  n.  [Lat.  spuma ,  from  spuere, 
to  spew.]  Froth  ;  foam  ;  scum.  —  v. 
i.  [-Ed  ;  -ing.]  To  froth  ;  to  foam. 

Spu-MES'^en^E.  n.  Frothiness. 

Spum'OUS,  I  a.  [Lat.  spurn o sus ;  spu- 

Spum'y,  j  ma,  foam.]  Consisting 
of  froth  or  scum  ;  foamy. 

Spun,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Spin. 

SpDngf,w.  See  Sponge. 

Spunk,  n.  [A.-S.  sponge,  a  sponge, 
spon ,  spoon,  a  chip,  tinder.  Cf. 
Punk.]  1.  Touchwood  ;  also,  a  kind 
of  tinder  made  from  a  species  of 
fungus  ;  punk  2.  Spirit ;  pluck. 

SpDnk'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.]  Full 
of  spunk  ;  spirited.  [  Colloq.] 

Spiin'-yarn,  n.  A  line  formed  of 
two  or  three  rope-yarns  twisted. 

Spur,  n.  [A.-S.  spurn, allied  to  spear.] 
1.  An  instrument  with  sharp  points, 
worn  on  a  horseman’s  heels,  to  prick 
a  horse.  2.  Incitement.  3.  The  pro¬ 
jection  on  a  cock’s  leg.  4.  A  moun¬ 
tain  that  shoots  laterally  from  any 
other  mountain  or  range.  5.  Ergot. 

—  v.t.  [-red;  -ring.]  1.  To  prick 
with  spurs ;  to  incite.  2.  To  urge 
or  encourage  to  action. — v.  i.  1. 
To  hasten.  2.  To  press  forward. 

SpOr'-gall,  n.  A  place  galled  or 
excoriated  by  much  using  of  the  spur. 

SPU'Ri-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  spurius.]  1. 
Not  genuine.  2.  Not  legitimate. 

Syn.  —  Counterfeit;  false;  fictitious. 

Spu'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  Falsely. 

Spu'ri-ous-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  spurious. 

Spurn,!',  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
spurnan ,  allied  to  spurn,  heel.]  1. 
To  kick.  2.  To  reject  with  disdain. 

—  v.i.  1.  To  kick.  2.  To  manifest 
disdain  in  rejecting  any  thing  — n. 
1.  A  kick.  2.  Contemptuous  treat¬ 
ment. 

Spurred,  p.  a.  1.  Wearing  spurs, 
or  having  shoots  like  spurs.  2.  Af¬ 
fected  with  ergot. 

SPIJRT,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Written 
also  spirt ,  formed  fr.  0.  Eng.  sprit,  to 
sprout,  by  transposing  tbe  i  and  r.] 
To  throw  out,  violently,  as  a  liquid  in 
a  stream.  — v.  i.  To  gush  out  in  a 
stream. —  n.  A  sudden  gushing  of  a 
liquid  from  a  tube  or  orifice  ;  a  jet. 

Sput'ter,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
the  root  of  spout  and  spit  ]  1.  To 

emit  saliva  from  the  mouth  in  small 
portions,  as  in  rapid  speaking.  2. 
To  utter  words  hastily  and  indis¬ 
tinctly. —  v.  t.  To  utter  with  indis¬ 
tinctness.  —  n.  Moist  matter  thrown 
out  in  small  particles. 

SpBt'ter-er,  n.  One  who  sputters. 

Spy,  n.  [See  Espy.]  1.  One  who 
constantly  watches  the  conduct  of 
others.  2.  A  person  sent  into  an 
enemy’s  camp  to  gain  information, 
and  secretly  communicate  it  to  the 
proper  officer. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing, 
142.]  1.  To  discover  at  a  distance  ; 

to  espy.  2.  To  examine  secretly.  — 
v.  i.  To  search  narrowly. 

Spy'-glAss,  n.  A  small  telescope. 

Squab,  a.  [Icel.  qvap,  soft,  fat, 
qvapa,  to  tremble  with  loose  fat,  Ger. 


SQUARE 

quabbe ,  a  dewlap.]  1.  Fat ;  thick  , 
bulky.  2.  Unfledged. —  n.  1.  A  young 
pigeon.  2.  A  person  of  a  short,  fat 
figure. 

Squab'ble,  v.  t.  [  ED;  -ING.]  [Al¬ 
lied  to  L.  Ger.  kabbeln,  to  quarrel.] 
1.  To  contend  for  superiority.  2.  To 
debate  peevishly. — n.  A  wrangle; 
a  brawl ;  a  petty  quarrel.  [son. 

Squab'bler,  n.  A  contentious  per- 

Squad  (skwod),  n.  [Lat.  ex  and  qua¬ 
dra,  a  square,  fr.  qvatuor,  four.]  A 
small  party  of  men  for  drill,  inspec¬ 
tion,  or  service. 

Squad'ron,  n.  [See  supra.]  1.  A 
body  of  cavalry  comprising  two  com¬ 
panies  or  troops.  2.  A  detachment 
of  vessels  under  the  command  of 
the  senior  officer. 

Squal'id  (skwol'id),  a.  [Lat.  sqvali- 
dus.]  Foul ;  filthy.  [ness. 

Squa-lid'i-ty,  n.  Foulness;  filtlii- 

Squag'id-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  squalid. 

Squall,!,  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Sw. 
sqvci'a,  to  cry  out.]  To  scream  or 
cry  violently.  — n.  1.  A  loud  scream 
or  cry.  2.  A  sudden  and  violent  gust 
of  wind. 

Squall'er,  n.  One  who  squalls. 

Squall'y,  a.  Abounding  with  squalls. 

SQUA'loid,  a.  [Lat.  squ.alvs,  a  shark, 
and  Gr.  elfios,  likeness.]  Resembling 
a  shark. 

Squa'lor ,  n.  [Lat.]  Filthiness; 
squalidity. 

SQUA-MOSE'  (125),  )  a.  [Lat.  squa- 

Squa'mous,  )  mo  sus  •,  squa¬ 

ma,  a  scale.]  Covered  with,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  scales. 

Squan'der  (skwon'-),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ing.]  [0.  11  Ger.  suandian,  suen- 
tan ,  fr.  swindan,  sivintan,  to  vanish, 
dwindle.]  To  spend  lavishly  or  prod¬ 
igally.  [ders. 

Squan'der-er,  n.  One  who  squan- 

SquAre  (4),  a.  [From  Lat.  ex,  and 
quadra,  a  square.]  1.  Having  four 
equal  sides  and  four  right  angles.  2. 
Forming  a  right  angle.  3.  Exactly 
correspondent;  true;  just.  4.  Ren¬ 
dering  equal  justice;  fair;  honest. 
5.  Even  ;  leaving  no  balance.  6.  Of 
greater  length  than  usual ;  as,  a 
square  sail.  — n.  1.  A  figure  having 
four  equal  sides  and  four  right  an¬ 
gles.  2.  That  which  is  square,  or 
nearly  so,  or  is  reckoned  by  squares. 

3.  An  area  of  four  sides, 
with  houses  on  each 
side.  4.  An  instrument 
used  to  lay  out  or  test 
square  work.  5.  Prod¬ 
uct  of  a  number  or 
quantity  multiplied  by !! 
itself.  6.  Relation  of  ex-  Carpenter’s 
act  agreement:  equali-  Square, 
ty.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  form 
with  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
angles.  2.  To  form  to  right  angles. 

3.  To  reduce  to  any  given  measure. 

4.  To  adjust ;  to  regulate.  5.  To 
make  even  ;  to  leave  no  difference  or 
balance.  6.  To  multiply  by  itself.  — 
v.  i.  To  suit ;  to  fit. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y ,  long ;  A,E,I,  6,  U,¥,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  flRE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON 


SQUAKELY 


409  STALACTITE 


SQUAre'ly,  adv.  In  a  square  form 
or  manner.  [square. 

SquAre'ness,  n.  State  of  being 

SquAre'-rigged,  a.  Having  the 
chief  sails  extended  by  yards,  sus¬ 
pended  by  the  middle. 

Squash  (skwosh),  v.  t.  [Eng.  quash , 
or  from  0.  Fr.  escacher,  esquachier.] 
To  press  into  pulp  ;  to  crush.  — n.  1. 
A  sudden  fall  of  a  heavy,  soft  body. 
2.  [Mass.  Ind.  asq,  pi.  asquash ,  raw, 
green;  askutasquash,  vine-apple.]  A 
gourd-like  plant  and  its  fruit. 

Squat  (skwot),  v.  i.  [-ted  ;  -ting.] 
[Of.  It.  quatto,  squat,  cowering,  from 
Lat.  coactus ,  driven  or  urged  to¬ 
gether.]  1.  To  sit  upon  the  hams  or 
heels.  2.  To  settle  on  another’s  land 
without  title.  [Amer.]. —  a.  1.  Sit¬ 
ting  on  the  hams  or  heels  ;  cowering. 
2.  Short  and  thick. 

SQUAT'ter,  n.  1.  One  who  squats  or 
sits  close.  2.  One  who  settles  on  new 
land  without  a  title.  [Aimer.] 

SQUAW,  n.  [Massachusetts  squa,esh- 
qua.]  An  Indian  woman. 

Squeak,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  Sw. 
sqvaka,  to  cry  out,  II.  Ger.  quieken , 
to  squeak,  squeal.]  To  utter  a  sharp, 
shrill  cry  ;  or  to  make  a  sharp  noise. 
—  n.  A  sharp,  shrill  sound  suddenly 
uttered. 

SQUEAL,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Sw. 
sqvdla,  to  cry  out.  See  SQUALL.] 
To  cry  with  a  shrill,  prolonged  sound, 
as  certain  animals  do.  —  n.  A  shrill, 
and  somewhat  prolonged  cry. 

SQUEAMISH,  a.  [From  qualmish .] 
Having  a  stomach  that  is  easily  nau¬ 
seated  ;  hence,  nice  to  excess  in  taste. 

Syn. —  See  Fastidious. 

Squeam'ish-ly,  adv.  F’astidiously. 

Squeam'ish-ness,  n.  Fastidiousness. 

Squeeze,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 
cwisan,  cwissan ,  to  crush,  squeeze.] 
1.  To  press  between  two  bodies.  2. 
To  oppress.  3.  To  compel,  or  cause 
to  pass.  — v.  i.  To  urge  one’s  way  ; 
to  pass  by  pressing.  —  n.  Act  of  one 
who  squeezes;  compression. 

SQUIB,  n.  1.  A  little  pipe,  filled  with 
combustible  matter ;  a  cracker.  2. 
[Allied  to  quib.\  A  brief,  sarcastic  or 
witty  essay  or  paragraph. 

SquId,  n.  The  cuttle-fish. 

SQUILL,  n.  [Lat.  squilla,  Gr.  cnaAAa.] 

1.  A  lily-like  plant,  with  a  medicinal 
root.  2.  A  crustaceous  sea  animal. 

Squint,  a.  [D.  schuinte,  a  slope.  Cf. 
Askant.]  1.  Looking  obliquely.  2. 
Looking  with  suspicion.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  see  obliquely 

2.  To  have  the  axes  of  the  eyes  not 
coincident.  —  n.  1.  Act,  or  habit,  of 
squinting.  2.  Want  of  coincidence 
of  the  axes  of  the  eyes.  [squints. 

SquInt'-eye  (-1),  n.  An  eye  that 

Squire,  n.  Same  as  Esquire. — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  attend  as  a 
squire.  2.  To  attend  as  a  beau,  or 
gallant.  [Colloq.] 

Squirm  (18),  v.  i.  or  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Allied  to  Skr.  kriini ,  a  worm.  Cf. 
Swarm,  v.  i.,  5.]  1.  To  move,  or 
cause  to  move,  like  a  worm.  2.  To 


climb,  by  embracing  with  the  hands 
and  feet. 

SQUIR'REL  (skwlr'rel  or  skwur'rel),  n. 
[L.  Lat.  squirelus,  dim.  of  Lat.  sciu- 
rus,  Gr.  cr/aovpos,  from  cnad,  shade, 
and  ovpa,  tail.]  A  small,  rodent 
mammal  having  a  bushy  tail. 

Squirt  (18),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf. 
L.  Ger.  swirtjen,  to  squirt,  0.  Sw. 
squatta ,  id.]  To  eject  out  of  a  nar¬ 
row  pipe,  in  a  stream. — v.i.  To 
throw  out  liquid  from  a  narrow  ori¬ 
fice,  in  a  rapid  stream.  —  n.  An  in¬ 
strument  with  which  a  liquid  is 
ejected. 

Stab,  v.  t.  [-bed;  -bing.]  [From 
the  root  of  sta  ff,  stave.  ]  1.  To  wound 
with  a  pointed  weapon.  2.  To  injure 
secretly.  —  v.  i.  To  give  a  wound 
with  a  pointed  weapon. — n.  A 
thrust  or  wound  with  a  pointed 
weapon. 

Sta' BAT  MX' TER.  [Lat.]  A  cele¬ 
brated  Latin  hymn,  beginning  with 
these  words. 

Stab'ber,  n.  One  who  stabs. 

Sta-bIl'i-ty,  ii.  1.  State  of  being 
stable  or  firm.  2.  Steadiness  of 
character  or  purpose. 

Sta'ble,  a.  [Lat.  stabilis,  fr.  stare , 
to  stand.]  1.  Firmly  established. 
2.  Steady  in  purpose.  • — n.  [Lat .sta- 
buium,  fr.  stare,  to  stand.]  A  build¬ 
ing  for  beasts. —  V.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  put  or  keep  in  a  stable. — v.  i. 
To  dwell  or  lodge  in  a  stable. 

Sta'bling,  ii.  1.  Act  of  keeping 
cattle  in  a  stable.  2.  A  house  for 
horses  and  cattle. 

Sta'bly,  adv.  F'ixedly  ;  steadily. 

Sta€-ea'  TO,  a.  [It.]  (Mus.)  Dis¬ 
connected  ;  distinct ;  —  a  direction  to 
perform  the  notes  of  a  passage  in  a 
short,  distinct,  and  pointed  manner. 

StXck,  n.  [From  the  root  of  stick.] 
1.  A  large  pile  of  hay  or  grain,  See.  ; 
a  conical  pile  of  muskets.  2.  A  num¬ 
ber  of  funnels  or  chimneys  standing 
together.  3.  Chimney  of  a  locomo¬ 
tive  or  steam-vessel. — v.t.  [-ED  ; 

-ing.]  To  make  into  a  conical  or 
other  pile. 

Stad'dle,  n.  [From  the  root  of  stead, 
steady.]  1.  Support  of  a  stack  of  hay 
or  grain.  2.  A  small  forest  tree. 

Sta'di-um,  n.;pl.  sta'di-a.  [Lat., 
from  Gr.  araStov.]  A  Greek  measure 
of  length,  equal  to  606  feet  9  inches 
English^ 

Stadt'iiold-er  (stXt'-),  n.  [D.  stad- 
houder ;  stad,  a  city,  a  town,  and 
t louder ,  a  holder.]  Formerly,  the 
chief  magistrate  of  Holland. 

Staff,  n. ;  pi.  stave§  or  stAffs  (in 
the  first  three  senses),  stAffs  (in 
the  last  sense).  [A.-S.  staf,  a  staff, 
prop.]  1.  A  stick  for  support  or  de¬ 
fense  ;  hence,  a  support.  2.  The  five 
lines  and  the  spaces  on  which  music 
is  written.  3.  A  pole  to  hoist  a  flag 
upon.  4.  [From  staff',  as  an  ensign 
of  authority.]  A  corps  of  officers 
attached  to  a  superior  officer. 

STAFF'-OF'Fl-fjER.  ii.  An  officer  be¬ 
longing  to  the  staff  of  a  regiment. 


Stag,  n.  [Teel,  steggr,  male  of  several 
animals.]  1.  The  male  red  deer.  2 
A  young  bull  castrated. 

Stage,  n.  [O.  Fr.  estage,  N.  Fr.  6tage, 
as  if  fr.  a  Lat.  staticus,  fr.  stare,  to 
remain.]  1.  A  platform  slightly  ele¬ 
vated.  2.  A  scaffold.  3.  A  theater; 
hence,  also,  the  drama.  4.  A  place 
where  any  thing  is  publicly  exhib¬ 
ited.  5-  Distance  between  two  places 
of  rest  on  a  road.  6-  A  degree  of 
advancement  or  progress.  7.  A  pub¬ 
lic  coach  running  from  station  to 
station.  _  [coach. 

Stage'-goach  (20),  n.  A  public 

StAge'-play,  n.  A  dramatic  enter¬ 
tainment. 

Sta'ger,  n.  1.  One  who  has  long 
acted  on  the  stage  of  life.  2.  A  horse 
used  in  drawing  a  stage. 

Stag'ger,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [O. 
D.  staggeren,  fr.  staken,  siaecken,  to 
stop.]  1.  To  reel ;  to  vacillate.  2. 
To  begin  to  give  way.  3.  To  hesi¬ 
tate.  —  v.  t.  To  make  less  steady  or 
confident. 

Stag'gers,  n.  pi.  Apoplexy  in  horses 
and  other  animals. 

Sta'ging,  n.  A  structure  of  posts 
and  boards  for  supporting  workmen, 
&c.,  in  building.  [nant. 

Stag'nan-cy,  ii.  State  of  being  stag- 

Stag'nant,  a.  [Lat.  stagnans.]  1. 
Motionless  ;  impure  from  want  of 
motion.  2.  Not  active  ;  dull. 

Stagnate,  v.  %.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
slagnare ,  -malum,'  from  stagnum, 
standing  water.]  1.  To  cease  to  flow. 
2.  To  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active. 

Stag-na'tion,  n.  1.  Cessation  of 
flowing,  as  of  a  fluid.  2.  State  of  being 
dull. 

Staid,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Stay.  —  a. 
[From  stay,  to  stop.]  Sober;  not 
wild,  volatile,  flighty,  or  fanciful. 

StaidNess,  ii.  State  or  quality  of 
being  staid. 

Stain,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Abbrev. 
from  distain.]  1.  To  discolor  bv  the 
application  of  foreign  matter.  2.  To 
color,  as  wood,  glass,  &c.  3.  To  im¬ 
press  with  figures,  in  colors  different 
from  the  ground.  4.  To  bring  re¬ 
proach  on. —  v.  1.  A  discoloration. 
2.  Taint  of  guilt.  3.  Cause  of  re¬ 
proach  . 

Stain'er,  n.  One  who  stains. 

Stain'less,  a.  Free  from  any  stain. 

StAir,  n.  [A.-S.  stager ,  iv.stigan,  to 
ascend.]  1.  One  step  of  a  series.  2.  A 
series  of  steps ;  —  usually  in  the  pi. 

StAir'-€ASE,  n.  A  flight  of  stairs  with 
their  supporting  framework,  &c. 

Stake,  n.  [From  the  root  of  st/'efc.] 
1.  A  stick,  pointed  at  one  end.  2. 
Martyrdom,  esp.  by  fire.  3.  That 
which  is  laid  down  as  a  wager.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  fasten,  defend, 
or  mark  off,  with  stakes.  2.  To 
wager. 

Sta-lag'TI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  stalac¬ 
tites  ;  resembling  a  stalactite ;  stalac- 
titic. 

Sta-lag'tTte  (147),  n.  [From  Gr. 
< TTa.Ka.nr6s ,  oozing  out  in  drops.]  A 


or, do,  wolf, too, took;  Orn, rue ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  &,  soft;  E,(i,hard;  A§;  E£IST;  n  as  NG  ;  this 


STALACTITIC  410  START 


pendent  cone  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
resembling  an  icicle. 

STAi/A€-TiT'ie,  )  a.  Relating  to, 

Stal/A€-tit'I€-ai,,  j  or  resembling, 
a  stalactite. 

StA-LAG'mItE,  n.  [Gr.  a’rb.Xa.yfxa, 
that  which  drops,  a  drop.]  A  deposit 
of  earthy  or  calcareous  matter,  made 
by  calcareous  water  dropping  on  the 
floors  of  caverns.  [of  stalagmites. 

tjTAL/AG-MiT'ie,  a.  Having  the  form 

Stale,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From  A.-S. 
steall ,  Eng.  stall ,  a  stable.]  To  dis¬ 
charge  urine  ;  —  said  of  beasts.  —  a. 
[From  stale  (obs.),  urine,  —  first  used 
of  beer.]  1.  Vapid  or  tasteless  from 
age.  2.  Not  freshly  made.  3.  Worn 
out  by  use  ;  trite ;  common. 

Stale'ness,  n.  Sta  te  of  being  stale. 

Stalk  (stawk),  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  stealc, 
stielc,  high,  steep.]  1.  Stem  or  main 
axis  of  a  plant.  2.  Petiole,  pedicel,  or 
peduncle  of  a  plant.  3.  Stem  of  a 
quill.  — v.i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
stxlcan,  stealcian ,  from  slide,  stealc , 
high.]  To  walk  with  high,  proud 
steps. — v.  t.  To  approach  under 
cover  of  a  screen,  or  by  stealth. 

Stalk'er  (stawkyer),  n.  One  who 
stalks. 

Stalk'ing-horse  (stawk'-),  n.  1. 
A  horse,  or  a  figure  resembling  a 
horse,  behind  which  a  fowler  con¬ 
ceals  himself  from  the  sight  of  game. 
2.  Hence,  a  pretense.  [stalk. 

Stalk'y  (stawk/y),  a.  Resembling  a 

Stall,  n.  [A.-S.  steall ,  stall,  a  place, 
station,  a,  stable,  condition,  fr.  the 
root  stal,  Skr.  sthal ,  to  stand.]  1. 
Place  where  a  horse  or  an  ox  is  kept 
and  fed.  2.  A  stable.  3.  A  slight 
shed  for  the  sale  of  merchandise.  4. 
Seat  of  an  ecclesiastic  in  the  choir 
of  a  church. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 

1.  To  put  into  a  stall  or  stable.  2. 
To  plunge  into  mire  so  as  not  to  be 
able  to  proceed. 

Stall/age,  n.  Rent  paid  for  a  stall. 

Stall'-feed,  v.  t.  [-fed;  -feed¬ 
ing.]  To  feed  and  fatten  in  a  sta¬ 
ble,  or  on  dry  fodder. 

Stall'ion  (staPyun),  n.  [From  A  -S. 
steall,  Eng.  stall,  a  stable.]  A  male 
horse  used  for  raising  stock. 

Stal'wart,«.  [Cf.  A.-S.  stielweordh, 
worth  stealing  or  taking,  afterward 
extended  to  other  causes  of  estima¬ 
tion.]  Brave;  bold;  strong. 

St  a/men,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  STA'MENg 
(used  only  in  the  fourth  sense) ;  Lat. 
pi.  S TA Mr i-N A  (in  the  first  three 
senses).  [Lat.  stamen,  a  thread, 
fiber,  fr.  Gr.  la-rava i,  to  stand.]  1. 
A  thread.  2.  pi.  F'ixed,  firm  part 
of  a  body.  3.  pi.  Whatever  consti¬ 
tutes  the  principal  strength  of  any 
thing.  4.  The  male  organ  of  flow¬ 
ers  for  furnishing  the  pollen. 

StamQ-nal,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
sisting  in,  stamens  or  stamina. 

Stam'1-nate,  a.  Furnished  with,  or 
producing,  stamens. 

Sta-mIn'e-oOs,  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  stamens. 

Stam'mer,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  II. 


Ger.  stammalCn,  stammen,  A.-S. 
stommetlan.]  To  hesitate  in  speak¬ 
ing  ;  to  stutter.  —  v.  t.  To  utter  with 
hesitation,  or  imperfectly.  —  n.  De¬ 
fective  utterance ;  a  stutter. 

Stam'mer-er,  n.  One  who  stammers. 

Stamp,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  II.  Ger. 
stamphun.]  1.  To  strike  with  the 
bottom  of  the  foot.  2.  To  impress 
with  some  mark.  3.  To  imprint ;  to 
fix  deeply.  4.  To  coin  ;  to  mint. — 
v.  i.  To  strike  the  foot  forcibly  down¬ 
ward. —  n.  1.  Act  of  stamping-  2. 
Any  instrument  for  making  impres¬ 
sions.  3.  Mark  made  by  stamping. 
4.  A  thing  stamped.  5.  A  stamped 
or  printed  device,  required  by  law  to 
be  affixed  to  certain  papers.  6.  An 
instrument  for  cutting  out  mate¬ 
rials.  7.  Make  ;  form  ;  character. 

Stamp'— act,  n.  An  act  of  the  Brit¬ 
ish  Parliament,  imposing  a  duty  on 
all  paper  and  parchment  used  in 
the  British  American  colonies. 

Stam-pede',  n.  [From  stamp.]  A 
sudden  fright  and  running  away  of 
large  bodies  of  cattle  or  horses. 

Stanch  (66)  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L. 
Lat.  stancare ,  fr.  Lat.  stagnare ,  to  be 
or  make  stagnant.]  To  stop  the  flow¬ 
ing  of,  as  blood. — v.i.  To  stop 
flowing,  as  blood.  — a.  [-ER  ;  -est.] 
[From  stanch ,  v.  t.,  and  hence,  lit. 
stopped.]  1.  Strong  and  tight.  2. 
Firm  in  principle  ;  steady. 

Stanchion  (stan/shun),  n.  [See 
Stanch,  v.  t.]  A  prop  ;  a  small 
post. 

Stand,  v.  i.  [stood  ;  standing.] 
[A.-S.  standan.]  1.  To  remain  at 
rest  in  an  erect  position.  2.  To  be 
situated.  3.  To  stop  ;  to  halt.  4. 
To  endure.  5.  To  be  fixed,  steady, 
or  firm.  6.  To  be  in  some  particu¬ 
lar  state.  7-  To  continue  in  force. 
—  v.t.  1.  To  endure;  to  sustain. 

2.  To  withstand.  3.  To  abide  by  ; 
to  admit.  —  n.  1.  A  place  where  one 
stands.  2.  A  stop ;  a  halt.  3.  An 
structure  erected  for  spectators.  4. 
Something  on  which  a  thing  rests  or 
is  laid.  5.  Resistance. 

Stand'ard,  n.  [From  Lat.  extendere. , 
to  spread  out.]  1.  A  staff  with  a 
flag  or  colors.  2.  That  which  is  es¬ 
tablished  as  a  rule  or  measure  of 
quantity.  3.  Model ;  criterion.  4. 
A  standing  tree  or  stem.  5.  An  up¬ 
right  support.  —  a.  Having  a  fixed 
or  permanent  value. 

Standing,  p.  a.  1.  Established ; 
settled ;  permanent.  2.  Stagnant. 

3.  Remaining  erect.  —  n.  1.  State 
of  being  erect.  2.  Duration  ;  con¬ 
tinuance.  3.  Power  to  stand.  4. 
Reputation ;  rank. 

Stand/ish  (146),  n.  [From  stand  and 
dish.]  A  stand  for  pen  and  ink. 

Stand'-point,  n.  A  fixed  point  or 
station  ;  point  of  view.  [Recent.] 

Stand'-still,  n.  A  stop. 

Stan'hope  (colloq.  stan7 up),  n.  A 
light  carriage,  without  a  top;  — 
named  from  Lord  Stanhope. 

STAN'NA-RY,  a.  [Lat.  stannum ,  tin.] 


Pertaining  to  tin. — n.  A  tin-mine; 
or  tin-works.  [tained  from,  tin. 

Stan'nic,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  ob- 

Stan'zA,  n.  [It.  stanza,  lit.  a  stop, 
fr.  Lat.  stans,  standing.]  A  combi¬ 
nation  of  verses,  whether  like  or  un¬ 
like  in  measure. 

Sta'ple,  n.  [A.-S.  stapu.l ,  stapel, 
step,  prop,  post,  fr.  stapan,  to  step, 
go,  raise.]  1.  A  principal  production 
of  a  country.  2.  Principal  element. 

3.  Thread  or  pile  of  wool,  cottonyor 
flax.  4.  A  loop  of  metal  to  hold  a 
hook.  —  a.  Chief ;  principal. 

Star,  n.  [A..-S.  steorra,  Skr.  stri.]  1. 
One  of  the  innumerable  luminous 
bodies  in  the  heavens.  2.  Figure 
of  a  star.  3.  A  person  of  brilliant 
and  attractive  parts.  — v.  t.  [-red  ; 
-RING.]  To  set  or  adorn  with  stars. 

Star/board  (colloq.  star/burd),  n. 
[A.-S.  steorbord ,  fr.  steoran,  to  steer, 
and  bord ,  a  board,  border.]  The 
right-hand  side  of  a  ship,  looking 
forward.  — a.  Pertaining  to  the 
right-hand  side  of  a  ship. 

Starch,  a.  [A.-S.  sle.arc ,  strong, 
rough.  See  Stark.]  Stiff  ;  precise. 

—  n.  A  granular  substance,  used  for 
stiffening  cloth.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  stiffen  with  starch. 

Star'-cham/rer,  ti.  [Either  from 
A.-S.  steoran,  to  steer,  govern,  or 
from  being  held  in  a  room  w'herc  cer¬ 
tain  Jewish  contracts  and  obliga¬ 
tions  called  slarrs  were  kept.]  An 
ancient  criminal  court  in  England. 

Starched  (starcht),  p.  a.  Stiff; 
precise ;  formal.  [starched. 

Starch'ed-ness,  7i.  State  of  being 

Starcii'ly,  adv.  Formally  ;  stiffly. 

Starch/ness,  n.  Stiffness  ;  precise¬ 
ness.  [starch  ;  stiff. 

STARCll'y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  like, 

Stare, v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  sta- 
rian.]  To  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide 
open. — v.  t.  To  look  earnestly  at. 

—  7i.  A  fixed  look  with  eyes  wide 
open. 

Star'er,  ti.  One  who  stares. 

Star'-gaz/er,  n.  One  who  gazes  at 
the  stars  ;  an  astronomer  ;  —  in  con¬ 
tempt. 

Star'-gazGng,  ti.  Act  of  observing 
the  stars  with  attention. 

Stark,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  stearc, 
strong,  rough  ;  formed  on  the  root 
of  Ger.  starr,  stiff.]  1.  Stiff;  strong. 
2.  Mere  ;  sheer  ;  downright.  —  adv. 
Wholly  ;  absolutely. 

Star'less,  a.  Having  no  stars  visible. 

Star/light  (-lit),  n.  Light  proceed¬ 
ing  from  the  stars.  — a.  Lighted  by 
the  stars. 

Star'ling,  n.  [See  Stare.]  A  small 
bird,  common  in  Europe. 

Star'ry  ,  a.  1.  Adorned  with  stars.  2. 
Consisting  of  the  stars  ;  stellar.  3- 
Shining  like  stars. 

Start,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  Eng. 
stirle,  sterte,  allied  to  the  root  of  stir.] 
1.  To  move  suddenly,  as  with  a 
spring.  2.  To  shrink  ;  to  wince.  3. 
To  set  out ;  to  begin.  — v.  t.  1.  To 
cause  to  move  suddenly.  2.  To  pro- 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  y  , long;  A,E,  i,  5,  u,V,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  vgiL,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son. 


STARTING-POST 


STEEL 


duce  suddenly  to  view.  3.  To  bring 
within  pursuit.  —  n.  1.  A  sudden  mo¬ 
tion.  3.  An  unexpected  movement ; 
a  sally.  3.  Act  of  setting  out.  4. 
[A.  -S.  steort ,  a  tail,  an  extremity.] 
A  projection  ;  a  horn  ;  a  tail. 

Start'ing-post,  n.  A  post  from 
which  competitors  in  a  race  start. 

StXrt'le  (start'!),*;.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Dim.  of  start.]  To  shrink  on  feeling 
a  sudden  alarm. — v.t.  To  excite 
by  sudden  alarm. — n.  A  sudden 
motion  or  shock  occasioned  by  an 
unexpected  alarm,  surprise,  or  ap¬ 
prehension  of  danger. 

Star-va'tion,  n.  Act  of  starving, 
or  state  of  being  starved. 

Starve,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  steorfan ,  slear- 
Jian;  N.  H.  Ger.  sterben,  to  die.]  1. 
To  perish  or  die  with  cold.  [Eng.] 
2.  To  perish  with  hunger  ;  to  be  very 
indigent. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1. 
To  kill  with  cold.  [Eng.]  2.  To  kill 
with  hunger  or  want. 

Starve'ling  (starv'ling),  a.  Hun¬ 
gry  ;  pining.  —  n.  An  animal  or 
plant  pining  from  want  of  nutri¬ 
ment. 

State,  n.  [Lat.  status,  a  standing, 
position.]  1.  Circumstances  or  con¬ 
dition.  2.  Any  community  of  a  par¬ 
ticular  character.  3.  YVrhole  body  of 
people  united  under  one  government. 
4.  A  commonwealth.  5.  Pomp. 

Syn.  —  Situation;  condition. — State  is 
generic;  the  situation  of  a  thing  is  its 
state  in  reference  to  external  objects  and 
influences;  its  condition  is  its  internal 
state.,  or  what  it  is  in  itself  considered. 

—  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  express 
the  particulars  of ;  to  narrate. 

Stat'ed,  a.  Settled  ;  occurring  at 
regular  times. 

Stat'ed-ly,  a/lv.  At  appointed  times. 

State'-house,  n.  The  building  in 
which  a  legislature  holds  its  sessions. 

State'li-ness,  n.  Condition  of  being 
stately. 

State'ly,  a.  [-ER ;  -est,  142.] 
Evincing  state  or  dignity.  —  adv. 
Majestically ;  loftily. 

State 'me  nt,  n.  i.  Act  of  stating. 
2.  A  narrative  ;  a  recital. 

State'-room  (28),  n.  1.  A  magnifi¬ 
cent  room.  2.  A  iodging-room  in  a 
ship’s  cabin. 

States'man  (150),  n.  A  man  versed 
in  the  arts  of  government. 

States'man-shYp,  n.  Qualifications 
or  employments  of  a  statesman. 

STAT'ie,  1  a.  [Gr.  arariuoq,  from 

STAT'I€-AL,  )  laravai,  to  cause  to 
stand.]  1.  Pertaining  to  bodies  at 
rest,  or  in  equilibrium.  2.  Acting 
by  mere  weight. 

Stat'IGS,  n.  sing.  That  branch  of 
mechanics  which  relates  to  bodies  as 
held  at  rest  by  the  forces  acting  on 
them . 

Sta'TION,  n.  [Lat.  statio,  fr.  stare, 
statuvi,  to  stand.]  1.  Place  where 
any  thing  stands,  or  is  appointed  to 
remain  fora  time;  esp.  (a.)  A  stop¬ 
ping-place  on  railways,  (b.)  Rendez¬ 
vous  of  a  police  force.  2.  Situation  ; 


411 

position.  3.  Employment ;  occupa¬ 
tion.  4.  Condition  of  life. 

Syn.  —  Depot.  —  It  is  unfortunate 
that,  in  America,  the  stopping-places  on 
our  railways  first  received  the  name  of 
depot  —  a  gross  misapplication  of  the 
term,  since  it  means  siin ply  a  store-house, 
or  magazine.  In  England,  the  name 
has  always  been  “  station,”  or  “  station- 
house;  ”  and  there  is  now  a  strong  ten¬ 
dency  to  adopt  this  in  America  as  the 
only  proper  word. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  place  ;  to 
set.  [tion. 

Sta'tion-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  sta- 

Sta'tion-a-ry,  a.  1.  Not  moving; 
stable  ;  fixed.  2.  Not  improving. 

Sta'tion-ER,  n.  One  who  sells  pa¬ 
per,  pens,  ink,  &c. 

Sta'tion-er-y,  n.  Articles  usually 
sold  by  stationers.  [man. 

Sta'tist,  n.  [From  state.]  A  states- 

Sta-tjs'tig,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

Sta-tIs'tig-al,  (  statistics. 

Stat'IS-tj'cian  (-tish'an),  n.  A  per¬ 
son  familiar  with  statistics. 

STA-TisT'res,  n.  pi.  [From  Eng.  sta¬ 
tist,  a  statesman.]  1.  A  classified  col¬ 
lection  of  facts,  respecting  the  con¬ 
dition  of  a  people  or  class.  2.  sing. 
The  science  which  has  to  do  with  the 
collection  of  such  facts. 

Stat'u-a-RY,  n.  1.  Art  of  carving 
statues.  2.  One  who  makes  statues. 
3.  A_collection  of  statues. 

Stat'ue,  n.  [Lat.  statua,  i.  e.,  stat- 
iva  effigies ,  from  stativus,  standing 
still.]  An  image  carved  out  of  mar¬ 
ble  or  other  solid  substance. 

Stat'u-Esque'  (-esk'),  a.  Statue¬ 
like  in  character  or  appearance. 

Stat'u-ette',  n.  A  small  statue. 

Stat'ure  ,  n.  [Lat.  statura,  fr.  stare, 
staturn ,  to  stand.]  Natural  height 
of  the  body. 

Sta'TUS,  n.  [Lat.]  State;  condition. 

Stat'u-ta-ble,  a.  Made  by,  or  be¬ 
ing  in  eonfoi’mity  to,  statute. 

Stat'ute,  n.  [L.  Lat.  statutum,  fr. 
statu  ere,  to  set,  ordain.]  An  act  of 
the  legislature  of  a  country  ;  a  posi¬ 
tive  law. 

Stat'u-to-ry,  a.  Enacted  by  statute. 

Staunch,  a  See  Stanch. 

Stave,  n.  [Eng.  staff,  Ger.  stab.]  1. 
A  thin,  narrow  piece  of  wood  for  a 
cask.  2.  A  stanza.  —  v.t.  [staved, 
or  stove  ;  staving.]  From  .stare, 
staff,  n.]  1.  To  break  a  hole  in  ;  to 
burst.  2.  To  push,  as  with  a  staff. 
3^  To  delay  ;  to  drive  away. 

Stay,  v.  i.  [stayed,  or  staid; 
staying.]  [Sw.  sta ,  to  stand.  Cf. 
Lat.  stare.]  1.  To  remain  ;  to  con¬ 
tinue  in  a  place  ;  to  stop.  2.  To  wait  ; 
to  attend.  3.  To  dwell ;  to  tarry.  4. 
To  rely;  to  trust. — v.  t.  1.  To 
withhold  ;  to  restrain.  2.  To  delay  ; 
to  obstruct.  3.  [0.  Fr.  eslayer,  to 
prop,  fr.  Icel.  stedia,  to  confirm.]  To 
prop;  to  support.  —  n.  1.  Continu¬ 
ance  ;  sojourn.  2.  Stand  ;  stop.  3. 
That  which  serves  as  a  prop.  4.  pi. 
A  corset.  5.  A  large,  strong  rope,  to 
support  a  mast.  [a  stay. 

Stay '-SAIL,  n.  Any  sail  extended  on 


Stead,  n.  [A.-S.  stede,  a  place,  sta¬ 
tion.]  Place  or  room  which  another 
had,  or  might  have. 

Stead'fast,  a.  [From  stead  and 
fast,  i.  e.,  fast  in  place.]  1.  Fast 
fixed;  firm.  2.  Constant;  resolute. 

Stead'fast-LY,  adv.  In  a  steadfast 
manner.  [steadfast. 

Stead'fast-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

STEAD'I-LY,  adv.  Firmly. 

Stead'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
steady ;  firmness. ' 

Stead'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  1. 

Firm  in  standing  or  position.  2. 
Constant  in  feeling,  purpose,  or  pur¬ 
suit.  3.  Constant;  uniform.  —  v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  To  hold  or  keep 
firm ;  to  support. 

Steak,  n.  [Icel.  steik ,  broiled  meat, 
steikia,  to  broil.  Cf.  A.-S.  sticce,  a 
piece,  steak.]  A  slice  of  beef,  pork, 
or  venison,  &c.,  broiled  or  cut  for 
broiling. 

Steal,  v.  t.  [stole;  stolen; 
stealing.]  [A.-S.  stelan ,  stxlan. ] 
1.  To  take  without  right  or  leave.  2. 
To  gain  or  win  by  address  or  imper¬ 
ceptible  means. 

Syn. —  To  filch;  pilfer;  purloin. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  practice  theft.  2.  To 
slip  in,  along,  or  away,  unperceived. 

Steal'er,  n.  One  who  steals  ;  a  thief. 

Stealth,  n.  A  secret  or  clandestine 
procedure. 

STEALTH'I-LY,  ar/t).  By  stealth. 

Stealth'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
stealthy. 

Stealth'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.] 
Done  by  stealth  ;  secret ;  private  ;  sly. 

Steam,  n.  [A.-S.  steam,  st§m.  Low 
Ger.  slum,  weather  when  snow  or 
rain  is  drifted.]  1.  Vapor  into  which 
water  is  converted,  when  heated  to 
the  boiling  point.  2.  Mist  formed 
by  condensed  vapor.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  rise  or  pass  off  in  va¬ 
por.  2.  To  travel  by  the  agency  of 
steam.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  exhale.  2.  To 
apply  steam  to.  [by  steam. 

Steam'-boat,  n.  A  vessel  propelled 

Steam'-boil'er,  n.  A  boiler  for 
generating  steam. 

Steam'-en'gine,  n.  An  engine 
moved  by  steam. 

Steam'er,  n.  1.  A  vessel  propelled 
by  steam.  2.  A  steam  fire-engine. 
3.  A  culinary  vessel  in  which  articles 
are  subjected  to  the  action  of  steam. 

Steam'-pack'et,  n.  A  packet  or 
vessel  propelled  by  steam. 

Steam'-ship,  n.  A  ship  propelled  by 
steam.  [bling,  steam. 

Steam'Y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  resem- 

STE'A-RINE,  n.  [Gr.  areap,  tallow, 
suet.]  One  of  the  proximate  princi¬ 
ples  of  animal  fat. 

STE'A-TITE,  n.  [Gr.  areap,  errearos, 
fat,  tallow.]  A  soft  magnesian  rock  ; 

—  called  also  soap-stone. 

Steed,  n.  [A.-S.  steda,  stedha,  from 
stdd,  a  stud  of  breeding  steeds.]  A 
spirited  horse  for  state  or  war. 

Steel,  n.  [A.-S.  si  el,  styl ,  for  stxhel.] 
1.  Iron  combined  with  carbon.  2. 
An  instrument  made  of  steel.  3. 


G,  hard;  A£  ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG ;  THIS. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,  took  ;  Crn,  rue ,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  £,  G,  soft ;  €, 


STEELY 


STIBIUM 


Hardness  ;  sternness  ;  rigor.  —  v.  t. 
[-El)  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  overlay,  point, 
or  edge  with  steel.  2.  To  harden.  3. 
To  cause  to  resemble  steel. 

Steel'Y,  a.  1.  Made  of  steel.  2.  Re¬ 
sembling  steel ;  hard;  firm. 

Steel'yard  (col- 
loq.  stiPyard),  n.  *\r 

A  form  of  balance.  9" uEaHk 

Steep,  a.  [-er  ;  i 
-est.]  [A.-S.  (j 

steap.]  Descend-  Steelyard, 
ing  with  great  in¬ 
clination  ;  precipitous.  —  n.  A  pre¬ 
cipitous  place,  hill,  or  mountain. — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Ger.  stippen , 
to  steep,  dip.]  To  soak  in  a  liquid  ; 
to  macerate.  [are  steeped. 

Steepler,  n.  A  vat  in  which  things 

STEE'PLE,  n.  [Of.  steep.]  A  tower  of  a 
church,  ending  in  appoint ;  a  spire. 

Stee'ple-chase,  n.  A  race  between 
a  number  of  horsemen,  to  see  which 
can  first  reach  some  distant  object 
(as  a  church  steeple)  in  a  straight 
course. 

Steep'ly,  adv.  With  steepness. 

Steep'ness,  n.  State  of  being  steep  ; 
precipitous  declivity. 

Steer,  n  [A.-S.  steor,  Skr.  sthourin, 
sthurin,  Gr.  raSpo?.]  A  young  ox.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  stedran , 
stioran,  to  establish.]  To  guide  ;  to 
govern  ;  —  applied  to  a  vessel  in  the 
water.  — v.  i.  1.  To  direct  and  gov¬ 
ern  a  vessel  in  its  course.  2.  To  be 
directed  and  governed. 

Steer'age,  n.  1.  Act  or  practice  of 
steering.  2.  An  apartment  in  a  ship 
for  an  inferior  class  of  passengers.  3. 
That  by  which  a  course  is  directed. 

Steers'MAN  (150),  n.  One  who  steers. 

STEEVE.v.  i.  [Cf.  O.D.  steve,  staff.] 
To  make  an  angle  with  the  line  of  a 
vessel’s  keel ;  — said  of  the  bowsprit. 

SteG'A-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  o-reya- 
vos,  covered,  and  ypd^eiv,  to  write.] 
The  art  of  writing  in  ciphers. 

Stel'lar,  la.  [Lat .  stellar  is  ;  stel- 

Stel'LA-ry,  )  In,  a  star.]  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  full  of,  stars  ;  starry. 

Stel'late,  a.  [Lat.  stellatus,  set  or 
covered  with  stars ;  Stella,  a  star.] 
Resembling  a  star  ;  radiated. 

Stel-lif'er-ous,  a.  [Lat.  si  ell  if  er ; 
Stella ,  a  star,  and  ferre,  to  bear.] 
Abounding  with  stars. 

Stel'li-form,  a.  [Lat.  Stella,  a  star, 
and  forma,  a  form.]  Like  a  star; 
radiated. 

Stel'lu-lar  (stePyij-),  a.  [Lat.  stel- 
lula,  dim.  of  Stella,  a  star.]  Shaped 
like  little  stars. 

Ste-log'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  ctttjAt),  a 
post,  pillar,  and  ypafyeiv,  to  write.] 
Art  of  inscribing  characters  on  pil¬ 
lars. 

Stem,  n.  [A.-S.  stemn,  stefn ;  allied  to 
the  root  of  staff.]  1.  Main  body  of  a 
tree,  or  other  plant.  2.  A  little  branch 
beariug  a  fruit  or  flower.  3.  Stock  of 
a  family.  4.  [A.-S.  stefn,  Icel.  stafn.] 
A  curved  timber  at  the  fore  end  of 
a  vessel ;  hence,  the  forward  part  of  a 
vessel.  —  v.  t.  [-MED;  -MING.]  1.  To 


412 

oppose,  or  cut,  as  with  the  stem  of 
a  vessel ;  to  make  progress  against, 
as  a  current.  2.  To  oppose,  as  a  stream 
or  moving  force. 

Stench  ( 66),  n.  [A.-S.  stenc,  fr.  stin- 
can,  to  stink.]  An  ill  smell ;  stink. 

Stencil,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  stenge,  a  bar, 
stake,  pole.]  A  thin  plate  of  metal, 
or  other  material,  on  which  a  pat¬ 
tern  is  cut,  used  in  painting,  mark¬ 
ing,  &c. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing,  137.] 
To  paint  or  mark  with  stencils. 

Ste-nog'ra-pher,  n.  One  skilled  in 
stenography. 

Sten'o-graph'io,  }  a.  Pertain- 

Sten'o-graph'I€-al,  j  ing  to  ste¬ 
nography. 

Ste-nog'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  <ttev6?, 
narrow,  close,  and  ypd<f>et.v,  to  write.] 
The  arj  of  writing  in  short-hand. 

STEN-TO'RI-AN,  a.  [From  Stentor,  a 
herald,  spoken  of  by  Homer,  having 
a  very  loud  voice.]  Extremely  loud. 

Step,  v.  i.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  [A.-S. 
steppan,  stapan.]  1.  To  advance  or 
recede  by  moving  the  feet.  2.  To 
walk  gravely  or  slowly.  —  v.  t.  1.  To 
set,  as  the  foot.  2.  To  fix  the  foot 
of,  as  a  mast,  in  its  place.  —  n.  1. 
An  advance  made  by  one  removal  of 
the  foot ;  a  pace.  2.  One  remove  in 
ascending  or  descending.  3.  Space 
passed  by  the  foot  in  walking  or  run¬ 
ning.  4.  A  small  distance.  5.  Gra¬ 
dation;  degree.  6.  Footprint ;  trace. 
7.  Proceeding  ;  action.  8.  pi.  A  port¬ 
able  frame-work  of  stairs. 

Step'-broth'er,  n.  A  brother  by 
marriage.  [riage  only. 

Step'-child,  n.  A  child  by  mar- 

Step'-daugh'ter  (-daw'ter),  n.  A 
daughter  by  marriage  only. 

Step'-fatWer,  n.  A  father  by  mar¬ 
riage  only. 

Step'-moth'er  (-mhth'er),  n.  A 
mother  by  marriage  only. 

Steppe,  n.  [Russ,  stepj .]  One  of  the 
vast  barren  plains  in  South-eastern 
Europe  and  Asia. 

Step'ping-stone,  n.  1.  A  stone  to 
raise  the  feet  above  the  water  or 
mud.  2.  A  means  of  advancement. 

Step'-  sis'ter,  n.  A  sister  by  mar¬ 
riage  only.  [riage  only. 

Step'-son  (-shn),  n.  A  son  by  mar- 

StEr^o-ra'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  stercus, 
stercoris,  dung.]  Pertaining  to  dung, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature. 

Ste're-o-graph'ie,  a.  Delineated 
on  a  plane. 

Ste're-og'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  oreped?, 
firm,  solid,  and  ypafyeev,  to  write.] 
Art  of  delineating  the  forms  of  solid 
bodies  on  a  plane. 

STE'RE-OM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  crreped?. 
firm,  solid,  and  perpov,  a  measure.] 
Art  of  measuring  solid  bodies. 

STE'RE-O-SCOPE,  n.  [Gr.  crrepeds, 
firm,  solid,  and  o-Konelv,  to  view.] 
An  optical  instrument  for  giving  to 
pictures  the  appearance  of  solid 
forms,  as  seen  in  nature. 

Ste're-o-scop'ie,  a.  Relating  or 
adapted  to  the  stereoscope. 

Ste'RE-ot'o-MY,  n.  [Gr.  crrepeds, 


firm,  solid,  and  T^pf\,  a  cutting.] 
Science  or  art  of  cutting  solids  into 
certain  figures. 

STE'RE-O-TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  o-repeos, 
firm,  solid,  and  TV7ros,  type.]  1.  A 
plate  of  type-metal,  resembling  a 
page  of  type.  2.  Art  of  making  plates 
of  type-metal  in  imitation  of  pages  of 
type.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  males 
stereotype  plates  for,  as  for  a  book. 

Ste're-o-typ'er,  n.  One  w'ho  makes 
stereotype  plates. 

STER'lLE,  a.  [Lat.  sterilis.]  1.  Bar¬ 
ren  ;  unfruitful.  2.  Destitute  of 
ideas. 

Ste-ril'i-ty,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  sterile  ;  unproductiveness. 

StEr'LING,  a.  [From  Easterling,  the 
name  of  German  traders  in  England, 
whose  money  was  of  the  purest  qual¬ 
ity.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  British 
coinage.  2.  Genuine;  pure. 

Stern  (14),  a.  [-er;  -est]  [A.-S. 
Sterne,  allied  to  0.  II .  Ger.  star,  stiff  ] 
1.  Severe  in  look  or  manner.  2.  Rigid¬ 
ly  steadfast.  —  n.  [A.-S.  stearn,  from 
the  root  of  steer.]  1  Hind  part  of 
a  vessel,  or  boat.  2.  Hinder  part  of 
any  thing.  [bone. 

STRRN'AL,a.  Pertaining  to  thebreast- 

Stern'-chase,  n.  A  chase  in  which 
one  vessel  follows  in  the  wake  of  the 
other  [from  the  stern. 

StErn'-chas'er,  n.  A  gun  to  fire 

Stern'ey,  adv  In  a  stern  manner. 

Stern'ness  (109),  n.  Rigor  ;  severity. 

Stern'-sheets,  n.  pi.  Part  of  a  boat 
between  the  stern  and  the  aftermost 
seat  of  rowers. 

STER'NUM,  n.  [N.  Lat.  ;  Gr.  trrep- 
vov.]  The  breast-bone. 

Ster'nu-ta'tion,  n.  [Lat.  sternu- 
tatio.]  Act  of  sneezing. 

Ster-ntt'ta-tive.  I  a.  Provoking 

Ster-nu't_a-to-RY,  (  to  sneeze. 

STfiRN'-WAY,ft  Movement  of  a  ship 
with  her  stern  foremost. 

StEr'TO-roCs,  a.  [Lat.  sterte.re,  to 
snore.]  Breathing  hoarsely'  or  heav¬ 
ily  ;  snoring. 

StEth'o-scope,  n.  [Gr.  ctt^oj, 
breast,  and  o-Koneiv,  to  examine.] 
An  instrument  used  to  distinguish 
sounds  in  the  human  chest. 

Steve,  v.  t.  [From  the  root  of  stow.] 
To  stow,  as  in  a  ship’s  hold. 

Ste've-dore,  ii.  One  whose  occu¬ 
pation  is  to  load  and  unload  vessels. 

Stew  (stu),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Stove.]  To  boil  slowly  and  gently  ; 
to  seethe.  — v.  i.  To  be  seethed  in  a 
slow,  gentle  manner.  —  n.  1.  A  house 
for  bathing,  sweating,  & c.  2.  A  house 
of  prostitution.  3.  A  dish  cooked  by 
stewing.  4.  Confusion.  [  Colloq.] 

Stew'ard  (stu'ard),  n.  [A.-S.  sltge~ 
weard,  stiweard.]  1.  A  man  who  man¬ 
ages  the  domestic  concerns  of  an¬ 
other.  2.  A  waiter  on  board  a  ship. 

Stew'ard-ess,  it.  A  female  waiter 
on  shipboard.  [ard. 

Stew'ard-ship,  n.  Office  of  a  stew- 

Stjb'i-al,  a.  Like,  or  having  the  qual¬ 
ities  of,  antimony. 

Stib'i-um,  n.  [Lat.]  Antimony. 


A,  e,  i,  o,  u,  v  -long;  X,e,  1,5,  tl,  y ,  short ;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  son, 


STICH  413  STOCKHOLDER 


STICH  (stik),  n.  [Gr.  crri'xos,  a  row, 
line.]  A  verse  or  line  in  poetry. 
STICK,  n.  [A.-S.  sticca,  allied  to  ste- 
can,  stician ,  to  stab,  prick.]  1.  A 
small  shoot  of  a  tree  or  shrub,  cut 
off.  2.  Any  stem  or  branch  cut  for 
fuel  or  timber.  3.  Any  thing  shaped 
like  a  stick.  —  v.t.  [stuck;  stick¬ 
ing.]  1.  To  pierce  ;  to  stab.  2.  To 
set ;  to  fix  in  or  on.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  ad¬ 
here.  2.  To  be  united  closely.  3.  To 
be  hindered  from  proceeding.  4.  To 
hesitate.  [sticky. 

StYck'I-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
StYck'le  (stlk'l),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[From  the  practice  of  prize-fighters, 
who  placed  seconds  with  sticks  to 
interpose  occasionally.]  To  con¬ 
tend  pertinaciously  on  insufficient 
grounds. 

StYck'ler,  n.  One  who  stickles. 
STICK'Y,  a.  •  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  In¬ 
clined  to  stick  ;  adhesive  ;  tenacious. 
STIFF,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  st'if.] 

1.  Not  easily  bent.  2.  Not  liquid  or 
fluid.  3.  Not  easily  subdued  ;  firm. 
4.  Formal  in  manner. 

STIFFEN,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To 
make  or  become  stiff. 

Stiff'ly,  adv.  In  a  stiff  manner. 
Stiff'-necked  (-nekt),  a.  Stubborn. 
Stiff'ness,  n.  State  of  being  stiff. 
StI'fle,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  stive.]  1.  To  stop  the  breath  ;  to 
choke.  2.  To  extinguish  ;  to  quench. 

3.  To  suppress  ;  to  conceal.  —  n. 
[From  stiff.]  1.  Joint  on  the  hind 
leg  of  a  horse  next  to  the  flank.  2. 
A  disease  in  the  knee-pan  of  a  horse. 

StIg'mA,  n. ;  Eng.pl.  stig'ma§  ;  Lai. 
pi.  S  TIG' MA- TA .  [Gr.  CTTt'yjaa,  from 
( rrigeiv ,  to  prick,  brand.]  1.  A  brand. 

2.  Any  mark  of  infamy.  3.  (Bot.)  The 

top  of  the  pistil.  [ma. 

Stig-mat'ic,  a.  Marked  with  a  stig- 
StIg'ma-tize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
set  a  mark  of  disgrace  on ;  to  brand. 
Stile,  n.  [A.-S.  stigel,  ladder,  fr.  sti- 
gan,  to  ascend.]  A  set  of  steps,  for 
passing  a  fence  or  wall. 

StY-lEt'to,  n. ;  pi.  stY-lEt'to§. 
[It.,  dim.  of  stilo,  a  dagger,  fr.  Lat 
stilus,  stylus,  a  pointed  instrument.] 

1.  A  small  rouud  dagger.  2.  A  point¬ 
ed  instrument  for  making  eyelet 
holes.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING,  144.]  To 
stab  with  a  stiletto. 

StIll,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  [A.-S. 
stillan,  fr.  stille,  still.]  To  stop,  as 
noise,  motion,  or  agitation  ;  to  quiet. 

2.  [Abbrev.  from  distill.]  To  distill. 
—  a.  [-ER;  -est.]  1.  Silent.  2. 
Undisturbed.  3.  Motionless.  —  adv. 
1.  To  this  time.  2.  Habitually  ;  al¬ 
ways.  3.  By  an  additional  degree. 

4.  Nevertheless ;  —  sometimes  used 
as  a  conjunction.  5.  After  that.  — n. 
A  vessel  used  in  distillation. 

StiVla-ti'tio&s  (-tTsh'us),  a.  [Lat. 
stillatitius  ;  stilla,  a  drop.]  Falling  in 
drops. 

StYll'-born,  a.  Dead  at  the  birth. 
Still'-life,  n.  The  class  or  style  of 
painting  which  represents  fruits, 
flowers,  dead  game,  &c. 


StYll'ness,  n.  Freedom  from  noise, 
motion, agitation,  or  excitement,  &c. 

StYl'ly  (109),  adv.  1.  Silently.  2. 
Calmly ;  quietly. 

Stilt,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  stclza.]  A  piece 
of  wood  constructed  to  raise  the  foot 
above  the  ground  in  walking.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ing.]  1.  To  raise  on  stilts. 
2.  To  raise  by  unnatural  means. 

STIM'U-LANT,  a.  Serving  to  stimu¬ 
late. —  n.  That  which  stimulates, 
provokes,  or  excites. 

STIM'U-LATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
stimulare ,  -latum ;  stimulus,  a  goad.] 
To  excite,  rouse,  or  animate  to  action 
or  more  vigorous  exertion. 

StYm'u-la'tion,  n.  Act  of  stimu¬ 
lating,  or  state  of  being  stimulated. 

StYm'u-l  ACTIVE ,  a.  Having  the  qual¬ 
ity  of  stimulating.  —  n.  That  which 
stimulates.  [lates. 

StYm'u-LA'TOR,  n.  One  who  stimu- 

Stlm’u-lus,  n.  ;  pi.  stim'u-li. 
[Lat.]  Something  that  rouses  the 
mind  or  spirits,  or  increases  vital  ac¬ 
tion. 

Sting,  n.  [A.-S.  sting,  stincg.  Cf. 
Stick.]  1.  A  sharp-pointed  weapon 
with  which  certain  animals  are  armed 
by  nature  for  their  defense.  2.  W ound 
made  by  a  sting.  3.  Any  thing  that 
gives  acute  pain.  4.  Point  of  an  epi¬ 
gram,  or  sarcasm.  —  v.  t.  [STUNG ; 
STINGING.]  1.  To  pierce  with  a 
sting.  2.  To  pain  acutely. 

Sting'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
stings. 

Stin'gi-ly,  adv.  In  a  stingy  manner. 

Stin'gi-ness,  m.  State  or  quality  of 
being  stingy. 

STIN'GY,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  [Orig. 
eager,  greedy,  stimulated,  fr.  sting.] 
Meanly  avaricious  ;  niggardly. 

Stink,  v.  i.  [stank  or  stunk  ; 

STINKING.]  [A.-S.  stincan.]  To 
emit  a  strong,  offensive  smell.  —  n. 
A  strong,  offensive  smell. 

StInt,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  stin- 
tan,  to  blunt.  Cf.  STUNT.]  1.  To 
restrain  within  certain  limits.  2.  To 
assign  a  certain  task  to.  — n.  1.  Lim¬ 
it  ;  restraint  ;  extent.  2.  Quantity 
assigned. 

Stipe,  n.  [Lat.  stipes,  a  stock,  post.] 
(Bot.)  (a.)  Base  of  a  frond,  as  of  a 
fern,  (b.)  Stalk  of  a  pistil,  (c.)  Stem 
of  a  fungus  or  mushroom. 

StPpend,  n.  [Lat.  stipendium ;  stips,  a 
gift  in  small  coin,  and  pend  ere,  to  pay 
out.]  Settled  pay  or  compensation. 

Sti-pend'i-a-ry,  a.  Receiving  wages. 
—  n.  One  who  receives  a  stipend. 

StIp'ple,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [D.  stip- 
pelen,  to  spot,  dot ;  stip,  stippel ,  a 
dot,  spot.]  To  engrave  by  means  of 
dots.  —  n.  A  mode  of  engraving  by 
means  of  dots  instead  of  lines. 

Stip'u-late,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
stipulari,  - latus ,  orig.  to  conclude  a 
money  transaction,  from  stips,  a  gift 
in  small  coin.]  To  make  an  agree¬ 
ment  ;  to  bargain  ;  to  contract.  —  a. 
Furnished  with  stipules. 

Stip'u-la/tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  stipu¬ 
lating.  2.  That  which  is  stipulated. 


STiPru-LA/TOR,  n.  One  who  stipm 
lates. 

Stip'ule  ,  n.  [Lat.  stipula,  a  stalk, 

straw.]  A  leaf-like  appendage  at  the 
base  of  petioles  or  leaves. 

StIr  (18), v.  t.  [-red;  -ring.]  [A.-S. 
styrian .]  1.  To  change  the  place  of 
in  any  manner.  2.  To  bring  into  de 
bate.  3.  To  instigate ;  to  prompt. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  move  one’s  self.  2. 
To  be  in  motion,  —  n.  1.  Agitation: 
tumult.  2.  Public  commotion. 

Stir'rup  (stQr'rup  or  stlUrup),  n. 
[A.-S.  stigerap,  stirap ;  stigan,  to 
mount,  and  rap,  a  rope.]  A  ring  for 
the  foot  of  a  rider,  attached  to  a 
strap  which  is  fastened  to  the  saddle. 

Stitch,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
stician,  to  prick.]  1.  To  form  stitches 
in.  2.  To  sew  together.  — v.  i.  To 
practice  stitching.  —  n.  1.  A  single 
pass  of  a  needle,  or  the  loop  made  by 
it.  2.  Space  between  two  double 
furrows  in  plowed  ground.  3.  An 
acute  pain. 

StYth'Y,  n.  [Icel.  stedlii.]  An  anvil 

Stive,  v.  t.  [Allied  to  stew,  slow , 
stuff.]  To  make  hot  and  close. 

Sti'ver,  n.  [D.  stuiver.]  A  Dutch 
coin,  worth  two  cents. 

Stoak,  v.  t.  [Cf.  Ger.  stocken,  to 
stop.]  To  choke.  [dish  color. 

Stoat,  n.  The  ermine,  when  of  a  red- 

Stoc-cade',  n.  See  Stockade. 

Stock,  n.  [A.-S.  stocc,  a.  stock,  stick. 
See  STICK.]  1.  Stem  of  a  tree  or 
plant.  2.  Something  fixed,  solid, 
and  senseless.  3.  One  who  is  as  dull 
and  lifeless  as  a  post.  4.  The  prin¬ 
cipal  supporting  part.  5.  Original 
progenitor;  also,  lineage ;  family.  6. 
Money  invested  in  business  ;  pi. 
shares  in  joint-stock  companies 
[Amer.],  or  in  the  obligations  of  a 
government  for  its  funded  debt. 
[Eng.]  7.  Supply  provided.  8.  Do¬ 
mestic  amimals 
used,  or  raised, 
on  a  farm.  9.  A  ^ 
stiff,  wide  band 
for  the  neck.  10. 
pi.  A  frame  in 
which  the  feet  or 
feet  and  hands  of 
criminals  were  Stocks 
confined.  11.  pi.  Framfe  on  which 
a  ship  rests  while  building.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  provide  with  ma¬ 
terial  requisites  ;  to  store  ;  to  supply. 

—  a.  Standard;  permanent. 

Stock-ade',  n.  [See  Stock.]  A  line 

or  inclosure  of  posts,  set  as  a  fence 
or  barrier.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
fortify  with  sharpened  posts  fixed  in 
the  ground.  [deals  in  stocks. 

Stock'-bro'ker,  n.  A  broker  who 

Stock'-dove  (-duv),  n.  The  wild 
pigeon  of  Europe. 

Stock'-ex-chanGe',  n.  1.  Place 
where  stocks  are  bought  and  sold. 
2.  An  association  of  stock-brokers. 
[Eng.]  [without  salt. 

Stock'-fYsh,  m.  Cod  dried  in  the  sun 

Stock'hold-er,  n.  A  proprietor  of 
stock  in  any  public  funds. 

hard;  A§;  ejist  ;  Jl  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  0,  <5-,  soft;  €,  G 


STOCKING 


STOWAGE 


414 


iSTOCK'ING,  n.  [From stock.]  Aclose- 
fitting  covering  for  the  foot  and  leg. 

Stock'-JOB'BER,  ».  One  who  spec¬ 
ulates  in  stocks. 

Stock'-JOB'bing,  n.  Act  or  art  of 
dealing  in  stocks.  [post. 

Stock'-still,  a.  Still  as  a  fixed 

Stock'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [From 
stock.]  Thick  and  firm  ;  stout. 

Sto'ig,  n.  [Gr.  otwITgos,  from  crrda ,  a 
porch,  esp.  me  where  Zeno  taught.] 

1.  A  disciple-  of  the  philosopher  Zeno. 

2.  Oue  nr  t  easily  excited ;  an  apa¬ 
thetic  pe?son. 

Sto'i-e,  )  a.  Unfeeling ;  manifest- 

STO'l€-Arj,  [  ing  indifference  to 
pleasure  or  pain. 

Sto'IG-A2.-ly,  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  the  Stoics.  [stoical. 

Sto'ig-al-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

STO'x-^i'gM,  n.  1.  Opinions  and  max¬ 
ims  of  the  Stoics.  2.  Indifference  to 
pleasure  or  pain. 

Stok'er,  n.  [Prov.  Eng.  stoke ,  to 
stir  the  fire,  fr.  stoke ,  a  stock,  stick.] 
One  who  tends  the  furnace  of  a  loco¬ 
motive  or  steam-engine. 

Stole,  imp.  of  Steal.  —  n.  [Gr.  o-toAtj, 
dress,  robe,  from  crre'AAeu/,  to  array.] 
1.  A  long,  loose  garment.  2.  A  nar¬ 
row  band  worn  by  Roman  Catholic 
deacons,  bishops,  and  priests. 

Stolen  (stdln,  58),  p.  p.  of  Steal. 

Stol'ID,  a.  [Lat.  stolidus.]  Hope¬ 
lessly  insensible  or  stupid. 

Sto-lId'i-ty,  n.  Dullness  of  intel¬ 
lect  ;  stupidity. 

St6m'A€H  (stQm'ak),  n.  [Gr.  o-toju.- 
a\o<;,  from  erropa,  a  mouth,  outlet.] 

1.  The  principal  organ  of  digestion. 

2.  Appetite.  3.  Inclination  ;  liking. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  resent. 
2.  To  brook. 

Stom'a-cher  (-cher),  n.  An  orna¬ 
ment  worn  on  the  breast  by  women. 

Sto-MA€H'I€,  a.  Exciting  the  action 
of  the  stomach.  —  n.  A  medicine 
that  strengthens  the  stomach  and 
excites  its  action. 

Stone  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  start.]  1.  A 
mass  of  concreted  earthy  or  mineral 
matter.  2.  A  monument  to  the 
dead.  3.  A  calculous  concretion  in 
the  kidneys  or  bladder.  4.  Nut  of  a 
drupe.  5.  A  weight  which  legally  is 
fourteen  pounds,  but  in  practice 
varies. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
pelt  or  kill  with  stones.  2.  To  free 
from  stones.  3.  To  wall  with  stones. 

Stone'-blind,  a.  Perfectly  blind. 

Stone '-goal,  n.  Anthracite  coal. 

Stone'-gtJt'ter,  n.  One  who  cuts 
or  hews  stones. 

Stone'-fruit,  n.  Fruit  whose  seeds 
are  covered  with  a  hard  shell  envel¬ 
oped  in  the  pulp  ;  a  drupe. 

Ston'er,  n.  1.  One  who  stones.  2. 
One  who  walls  with  stones. 

STONE’g'-THROW,  n.  Distance  which 
a  stone  may  be  thrown. 

Stone '-ST  ILL,  a.  Motionless. 

Stone'-wAre,  n.  A  species  of  pot¬ 
ter’s  ware. 

Ston'i-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  stony. 


Ston'y,  a.  Relating  to,  made  of, 
abounding  in,  or  resembling,  stone. 

StoDd,  imp.  of  Stand. 

Stook,  n.  A  small  collection  of 
sheaves  set  up  in  the  field. 

Stool,  n.  [A.-S.  stol,  allied  to  0.  II. 
Ger.  stellan,  to  put,  set.]  1.  A  seat 
without  aback.  2.  A  discharge  from 
the  bowels.  , 

Stoop,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
stupian.]  1.  To  bend  downward  and 
forward.  2.  To  descend  from  rank  or 
dignity.  3.  To  come  down  on  prey, 
as  a  hawk  ;  to  swoop.  4.  To  alight 
from  the  wing.  — n.  1.  Act  of  stoop¬ 
ing.  2.  Condescension.  3.  Fall  of 
a  bird  on  its  prey  ;  a  swoop.  4  [0. 
D.  stoepen,  to  sit.]  A  porch  with 
balustrade  and  seats  on  the  sides. 
[Amer.]  5.  [A.-S.  stoppa,  a  large 
cup  ]  A  vessel  of  liquor  ;  a  flagon. 

Stop,  v.  t.  [-fed;  -ping.]  [From 
Lat.  stupa,  stuppa,  coarse  part  of  flax, 
oakum.]  1.  To  close,  as  an  aperture, 
by  filling.  2.  To  arrest  the  progress 
of.  3.  To  hinder  liom  moving.  4.  To 
punctuate. — v.  i.  To  cease  from 
any  motion  or  course  of  action.  — n. 

1.  Act  of  stopping  or  state  of  being 
stopped.  2.  That  which  stops.  3.  A 
contrivance  by  which  the  sounds  of 
a  musical  instrument  are  regulated. 
4.  A  mark  of  punctuation. 

Stop'-eock,  n.  A  pipe  for  a  fluid, 
stopped  by  a  turning-cock. 

Stop'-gap,  n.  1.  That  which  closes 
a  gap.  2.  A  temporary  expedient. 

Stop'page  ,  n.  Act  of  stopping,  or 
state  of  being  stopped. 

Stop'per,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  stops;  that  which  closes  a 
hole  in  a  vessel.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  close  or  secure  with  a  stopper. 

Stop'PLE,  n.  That  which  stops  the 
mouth  of  a  vessel ;  a  stopper. 

Stor'age  (45),  n.  1.  A  putting  in  a 
store.  2.  Price  for  keeping  goods  in 
a_store. 

Sto'rax,  n.  [Lat.]  A  fragrant  resin 
resembling  benzoin. 

St5re,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  stor,  great,  large, 
vast.]  1.  A  great  quantity,  or  num¬ 
ber.  2.  A  store-house ;  a  magazine. 
3.  Any  place  where  goods  are  sold. 
[Amer.]  4 .pi.  Articles  accumulated 
for  some  object. 

Syn.  —  Shop.  —  The  English  call  the 
place  where  goods  are  sold  a  shop ,  and 
confine  the  word  store  to  its  original 
meaning ;  viz.,  a  warehouse  or  place 
where  goods  are  stored.  Our  American 
application  of  the  word  store  to  all  places, 
except  the  lowest,  where  goods  are  sold, 
marks  a  tendency  to  “  scale  upward  ”  in 
the  use  of  terms,  which  we  have  in  com¬ 
mon  with  the  French,  among  whom 
boutique  has,  in  like  manner,  given  place 
to  magasin  as  a  place  for  the  sale  of 
goods. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  fur¬ 
nish  ;  to  supply.  2.  To  lay  up 
against  a  future  time.  3.  To  deposit 
for  preservation. 

Store'-house,  n.  A  building  for 
keeping  goods ;  a  ware-house. 

StS'ri'ed,  p.  a.  1.  Told  in  a  story. 

2.  Having  a  history. 


Storlt. 
Assault  on  a  for- 
[-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 


Stork,  n.  [A.-S.  store.]  A  large 
wading  bird. 

Storm,  n.  [From 
the  root  of  stir.] 

1.  A  violent  dis¬ 
turbance  of  the  at¬ 
mosphere,  pro¬ 
ducing  wind,  rain, 
snow,  hail,  or 
thunder  and  light¬ 
ning;  hence,  often, 
a  fall  of  rain  or 
snow.  2.  A  civil, 
political,  or  domes¬ 
tic  commotion.  3- 
tified  place.  —  v.  t. 
attack  and  attempt  to  take  by  scal¬ 
ing  the  walls,  &c. — v.i.  1.  To 
raise  a  tempest.  2.  To  blow  with 
violence  :  also,  to  rain,  hail,  snow, 
or  the  like.  3.  To  rage. 

Storm'-beat,  a.  Beaten  by  storms. 

Storm'I-ness,  v.  Tempestuousness. 

Storm'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Agitated  with  furious  winds ;  bois¬ 
terous.  2.  Violent;  passionate. 

Stouth' ING  (stort'ing),  n.  [Norw. 
storting,  fr.  stor,  great,  and  ting, 
court.]  The  Parliament  of  Norway. 

Sto'ry  (20),  n.  [From  history.]  1. 
A  recital  of  that  which  has  occurred; 
esp.  a  short  narrative  ;  a  tale.  2.  A 
falsehood.  3.  [Either  frem  store,  or 
allied  to  stair.)  A  set  of  rooms  on 
the  same  floor  ;  aloft.- — v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING,  142.]  To  narrate  or  describe. 

STO'RY-TELL'ERjn.  One  who  tells 
stories. 

Stoup,  n.  [See  Stoop.]  Basin  for  holy 
water  at  the  entrance  of  churches. 

Stout,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [Icel .  stoltr, 
D.  stout.]  1.  Strong;  vigorous;  ro¬ 
bust..  2.  Bold  ;  valiant ;  brave.  3. 
Big  in  stature  ;  large. 


Syn.  —  Corpulent.— .Stoat,  in  our  early 
writers,  was  used  chiefly  or  wholly  in 
the  sense  of  strong  or  bold;  as,  a  stout 
champion,  a  stout  heart,  a  stout  resist¬ 
ance.  At  a  later  period  it  was  used  for 
thick-set  or  bulky;  and  more  recently, 
especially  in  England,  the  idea  has  been 
carried  still  further,  so  that  Taylor  says 
in  his  Synonyms,  “  The  stout  man  has 
the  proportions  of  an  ox;  he  is  corpu¬ 
lent,  fat,  and  fleshy  in  relation  to  his 
size.”  Few  in  America  entirely  drop 
the  original  sense;  and  many  who  have 
read  Washington  Irving’s  story  of  the 
“  Stout  Gentleman  ”  never  suspected 
that  he  was  merely  a  very  fat  man. 

—  n.  A  strong  kind  of  beer. 
Stout'LY,  adv.  Lustily  ;  boldly  ; 

obstinately.  [stout. 

Stout'ness,  n.  Condition  of  being 
STOVE,  n.  [A.-S.  stofe,  a  stove,  bath.] 
An  apparatus  forwarming  a  room  or 
house,  or  for  culinary  or  other  pur¬ 
poses.  —  v.  imp.  of  Stave. 

Sto'ver,  n  [0.  Fr.  estover ,  neces¬ 
sity,  provisions.]  All  kinds  of  pro¬ 
vision  for  cattle. 


Stow,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  A.-S. 
stov,  a  place,  a  fixed  mansion  ]  1. 
To  arrange  in  a  compact  mass.  2. 
To  fill,  by  packing  closely. 
Stow'a&e,  n.  1.  Act  of  stowing.  2. 
Room  for  the  reception  of  things. 
3.  State  of  being  laid  up. 


a,  e,  I,  o,  v,\,long ;  X,£,I,  6,  0,  t, short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


STRABISMUS 

STRA-Bis'MUS,  n.  [Gr.  <rrpaj3icrfxo9  ; 
oTpajSqJeii',  to  squint,  <rrpe</>eiv,  to 
twist,  turn.]  Squinting. 

StrXd'dle,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

[From  the  root  of  stride.]  To  stand 
or  walk  with  the  legs  far  apart.  — 
v.  t.  To  stand  or  sit  astride  of.  —  n. 
Act  or  position  of  one  who  straddles. 

StrXg'gle  ,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [From 
stray.]  To  wander  from  the  direct 
course ;  to  rove. 

Strag'gler,  n.  One  who  straggles. 

Straight  (strat),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.] 
[A.-S.  streht ,  p.  p.  of  streccan,  to 
stretch.]  1.  Direct ;  not  deviating 
or  crooked.  2.  According  with  jus¬ 
tice  ;  upright. — adv.  Directly;  in 
the  shortest  time. 

Straight'en  (strat'ri),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  straight. 

STRAIGHT'FOR-WARD  (strat'-),  a. 
Proceeding  in  a  straight  course  ;  not 
deviating.  [right  line. 

Straight'ly  (strat'lyj,  adv.  In  a 

Straight'ness  (strat'-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  straight ;  rectitude. 

STRAIGHT'WAY  (strat'-),  adv.  Im¬ 
mediately. 

Strain,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
straindre ,  Lat.  stringere,  to  draw  or 
bind  tight.]  1.  To  draw  with  force  ; 
to  stretch.  2.  To  exert  to  the  ut¬ 
most.  3.  To  harm  by  over-exertion. 

4.  To  filter.  — •  v.  i.  1.  To  make  vio¬ 
lent  efforts.  2.  To  be  filtered.  —  n.  1. 
A  violent  effort.  2.  A  sprain.  3.  A 
particular  portion  of  a  tune.  4.  Style. 

5.  Tendency  ;  inborn  disposition. 

STRAIN'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  strains. 

2.  That  through  which  any  liquid 
passes  for  purification. 

Strait,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [From  Lat. 
str ictus,  drawn  together,  close,  tight.] 
1.  Narrow.  2.  Difficult ;  distress¬ 
ful. —  n.  1.  A  narrow  pass  or  pas¬ 
sage  ; —  chiefly  in  the  pi.  2.  Dis¬ 
tress  ;  difficulty. 

Strait'en,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To 
narrow  ;  to  confine.  2.  To  make  tense 
or  tight.  3.  To  distress.  [coat. 

Strait'-jack'et,  n.  A  strait-waist- 

STRAIT'-LA^ED  (-last),  a.  1.  Bound 
tightly  with  stays.  2.  Strict  in  man¬ 
ners  or  morals. 

Strait'ly,  adv.  Narrowly  ;  strictly. 

Strait'ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  strait. 

STRAlT'-WAlST'eoAT,  n.  A  dress 
used  for  restraining  maniacs. 

Strake,  n.  [See  Streak.]  1.  An 
iron  band  by  which  felloes  are  se¬ 
cured  to  each  other.  2.  A  continu¬ 
ous  rauge  of  planks  on  the  bottom  or 
sides  of  a  vessel,  from  stem  to  stern. 

Stra-mo'ni-um,  n.  [N.  Lat.]  A  plant 
used  in  medicine  as  a  narcotic. 

StrXnd,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  Shore  of  the 
sea,  or  of  a  lake.  2.  One  of  the 
twists  of  a  rope.  — v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  drive  or  run  aground 
on  a  shore.  2.  To  break  one  of  the 
strands  of,  as  a  rope. 

StranGe,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [0.  Fr. 
estrange,  fr.  Lat.  extraneus ,  being 
without,  externally.]  1.  Not  before 

415 

known,  heard,  or  seen.  2.  Causing 
surprise  ;  exciting  curiosity.  [ner. 

Strange'ey,  adv.  In  a  strange  man- 

Strange'ness,  n.  Condition  of  be¬ 
ing  strange  ;  reserve  ;  uncouthness  ; 
estrangement ;  wonderfulness. 

Stran'ger,  n.  One  who  is  strange  ; 
a  foreigner ;  a  guest. 

StrXn'GLE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
strangulare ,  Gr.  a7pa.yya.kav ,  from 
arpayyaky,  a  halter.]  1.  To  destroy 
the  life  of  by  stopping  respiration ; 
to  suffocate;  to  choke.  2.  To  sup¬ 
press. 

Stran'gler,  n.  One  who  strangles. 

Stran'gles,  n.  A  swelling  in  a 
horse’s  throat. 

Stran'gu-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
strangling  ,  suffocation.  2.  Inordi¬ 
nate  constriction.  [strangury. 

Stran-gu'ri-ous,  a.  Of  the  nature  of 

Stran'gu-ry,  n.  [Lat.  stranguria , 
Gr.  arpayyovpia,  fr.  arpdy^,  arpdy- 
yos,  a  drop,  and  ovpeiv,  to  make 
water.]  A  painful  discharge  of 

urine,  drop  by  drop. 

StrXp,  n.  [Lat.  stroppus,  Gr.  arpoipog, 
from  arpe^eLV,  to  twist.]  1.  A  long, 
narrow  slip  of  leather,  or  other  mate¬ 
rial.  2.  An  iron  plate  for  connecting 
timbers.  —  v.t.  [-ped;  -ping, 136.] 
1.  To  chastise  with  a  strap.  2.  To 
fasten  with  a  strap.  3.  To  sharpen  by 
rubbing  on  a  strap,  as  a  razor. 

Strap-pa'do,  n.  [It.  strappata,  a 
pull.]  A  military  punishment  con¬ 
sisting  in  drawing  an  offender  to  the 
top  of  a  beam,  and  letting  him  fall. 

Strap'ping,  a.  Tall;  lusty. 

S tr a' ta,  n. ;  pi.  of  Stratum. 

StrXt'A-GEM,  11.  [Gr.  arpaTpyppa  ; 
crparrcyds,  a  commander.]  1.  A 
scheme  for  deceiving  an  enemy.  2. 
Any  artifice. 

Stra-te'gic,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 

Stra-te'gic-ae, J  or  effected  by, 
strategy.  [egy. 

StrXt'e-Aist,  n.  One  skilled  in  strat- 

StrXt'E-GY,  n.  Science  of  directing 
great  military  movements. 

StrXt'i-fi-ca'tion,  11.  A  forming 
or  being  formed  into  layers  in  the 
earth. 

StrXt'i-form,  a.  [Lat.  stratum  and 
forma ,  form.]  Having  the  form  of 
strata. 

StrXt'i-fy,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  stratum  and  facer e ,  to  make.] 
To  form  or  deposit  in  strata. 

STRA-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  oTpa-ros, 
an  army,  and  ypd<f>eiv,  to  write.] 
Description  of  an  army. 

Stra'tum  (147),  n. ;  Lat.  pi.  stra¬ 
ta.  [Lat.,  fr.  sternere,  stratum ,  to 
spread.]  A  layer  of  earth  or  rock. 

Straw,  n.  [From  the  root  of  strew.] 
1.  Stalk  of  certain  species  of  grain, 
pulse,  &c.  2.  A  mass  of  such  stalks. 
3.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless. 

Straw'ber-ry,  n.  A  plant  and  its 
fruit.  [lowish  color. 

Straw'— g6l'or,  m.  A  delicate,  yel- 

Straw'y,  a.  Made  of,  or  like,  straw. 

Stray,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
estrayer ,  fr.  Lat.  extra ,  without,  and 

STRETCHER 

vagare,  to  stroll  about.]  To  wander, 
as  from  a  direct  course  or  from  com¬ 
pany ,  or  the  proper  limits.  —  a.  Wan¬ 
dering. —  n.  Any  domestic  animal 
that  is  lost. 

Streak,  n.  [A.-S.  strica ,  a  line, 
stroke,  fr.  strican ,  to  go.]  1.  A  line 
of  a  different  color ;  a  stripe.  2. 

( Ship-building .)  A  range  of  planks, 
reaching  from  the  stem  to  the  stern. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  form  streako 
or  sti’ipes  in  ;  to  stripe. 

Streak' Y,  a.  Having  streaks  ;  striped. 

Stream,  n.  [A.-S.  stream.]  1.  A 
current  of  water  or  other  fluid.  2. 

Any  thing  continuously  issuing  from 
a  source.  3.  Drift ;  tendency. 

Syn. —  Current. —  Current  gives  us 
but  one  idea,  that  of  running;  stream 
adds  the  idea  of  this  onward  flow  being 
the  result  of  some  uniform  force  ;  hence 
we  speak  of  a  shifting  current  and  a 
steady  stream. 

—  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  flow 
in  a  current,  as  a  fluid  or  whatever 
resembles  fluids.  2.  To  emit  an 
abundant  stream. — v.  t.  To  send 
forth  in  a  current  or  stream. 

Stream'er,  n.  A  flag;  a  pennon. 

Stream'let,  n.  A  small  stream. 

Stream'y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with 
streams.  2.  Flowing  with  a  current. 

Street,  n.  [L.  Lat.  strata  (sc.  via), 
a  paved  way ;  Lat.  sternere ,  stratum, 
to  pave.]  A  way  or  road  in  a  town. 

Syn.  —  See  Road. 

Street'-walk'er  (-wawlc'-),  n.  A 
common  prostitute  who  offers  her¬ 
self  to  sale  in  the  streets. 

Strength,  n.  [A.-S.  slrengdhu, 

strengdk.  See  STRONG.]  1.  Capac¬ 
ity  for  exertion  or  endurance.  2. 
Power  of  resisting  attacks.  3.  Legal 
or  moral  force.  4.  Amount  or  num¬ 
bers  of  any  body.  5.  Vigor  of  style. 

6.  Intensity  of  the  distinguishing 
and  essential  element. 

Syn.  —  See  Force. 

Strengthen,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  or  grow  strong  or 
stronger. 

Strength'en-er.  n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  increases  strength. 

STREN'U-offs,  a.  [Lat.  slrenuus.] 

Eagerly  pressing  or  urgent. 

STREN'u-offs-LY ,  adv.  Vigorously. 

StrEn'u-oDs-ness,  n.  Eagerness  ; 
earnestness ;  active  zeal. 

Stress,  n.  [Abbrev.  from  distress.] 

That  which  bears  with  weight ;  that 
which  constrains  ;  pressure. 

Stretch,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
streccan.]  1.  To  extend,  esp.  in 
length.  2.  To  spread ;  fo  expand. 

3.  To  reach  out.  4.  To  strain.  5. 

To  exaggerate.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  bo 
drawn  out  in  length  or  in  breadth, 
or  both.  2.  To  be  extended.  3.  To 
exaggerate.  4.  To  make  violent  efforts 
in  running.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  stretch¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  stretched ;  ef¬ 
fort.  2.  Any  extended  portion  or 
division.  3.  Reach  or  extent;  a  tack. 

Stretch'er,  n.  1.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  stretches.  2.  A  brick  or 

or,do,wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Arn,  Rue,  pyiiL;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6, soft;  c,g,  hard;  Ag;  ejist  ;  N  as  NG ;  this 

- - - - -  -  -  -  ■  -- 

STREW 

stone  laid  with  its  longer  dimension 
in  the  line  of  direction  of  the  wall. 
3.  A  frame  for  carrying  wounded  or 
dead  persons. 

Strew  (strjj  or  stro),  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  strewian,  streowian, 
Goth,  straujan.)  1.  To  scatter;  to 
spread  by  scattering.  2.  To  cover  by 
scattering. 

JStrPA,  n. ;  pi.  strPje  [Lat.]  A 
small  channel,  or  thread-like  line,  in 
the  surface  of  a  shell,  &c. 

Stri'ATE  )  a.  [Lat.  striatus.] 

StrI'a-ted,  j  Formed  with  small 
channels. 

STRfc  K'jEN,  p.  p.  of  Strike,  and  p.  a. 
Struck  ;  smitten. 

Strxck'le  (strlk'l),  n.  An  instru¬ 
ment  to  strike  grain  to  a  level  with 
the  measure. 

Strict,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat .  stric- 
tus ,  drawn  or  bound  tight.]  1.  Drawn 
close  ;  tight.  2.  Tense.  3.  Exact ; 
rigorously  nice.  4.  Observing  exact 
rules  ;  rigorous.  5.  Rigidly  inter¬ 
preted  ;  restricted. 

Syn  .  —  Severe.  —  Strict  points  to  a 
person  or  th  ng,  as  one  that  binds  closely 
or  keeps  under  control,  as,  strict  in  dis¬ 
cipline,  strict  rules ;  severe  marks  a 
readiness  or  disposition  to  inflict  pain. 

StrIgt'ly,  adv.  Tightly  ;  exactly  ; 
rigorously.  [tion  of  being  strict. 

Strigt'NESS,  n.  Quality  or  condi- 

Str'Ict'Ore  (53),  n.  1.  Critical  re¬ 
mark  ;  censure.  2.  A  morbid  con¬ 
traction  of  any  passage  of  the  body. 

Stride,  v.  i.  [strid,  strode  ; 

STRID,  STRIDDEN  ;  STRIDING.] 
[A.-S.  slridan,  to  walk  about.]  1. 
To  walk  with  long  steps.  2.  To 
straddle.  —  v.  t.  To  pass  over  at  a 
step. — n.  [See?«/ra.j  A  long,  meas¬ 
ured  ,  or  pompous  step. 

STRID'U-Lofts,  n.  [Lat.  stridulus.] 
Making  a  small,  harsh,  creaking 
sound. 

Strife,  n.  [See  Strive.]  1.  Ex¬ 
ertion  or  contention  for  superiority. 
2.  Contention  in  battle. 

STRI-GOSE',  a.  [Lat.  strigosus  ;  strin- 
gere,  to  scrape.]  Set  with  stiff  bristles. 

Strike,  v.  t.  [struck;  struck, 
stricken;  striking.]  [A.-S.  stri- 
can.]  1.  To  touch  or  hit  with  some 
force.  2.  To  cause  to  sound  by  one 
or  more  beats.  3.  To  let  or  take 
down.  4.  To  impress  strongly.  5. 
To  affect  by  a  sudden  impression.  6. 
To  make  and  ratify.  7.  To  level,  as 
a  measure  of  grain,  &c. —  v.  i.  1. 
To  make  a  quick  blow  or  thrust.  2. 
To  hit ;  to  dash.  3.  To  sound  by 
percussion.  4.  To  combine  in  order 
to  compel  an  increase,  or  prevent  a 
reduction,  of  wages.  5.  To  lower  a 
flag  in  token  of  respect  or  surrender. 
—  n.  1.  An  instrument  for  leveling 
grain,  &c.  2.  Act  of  combining  and 
demanding  higher  wages  for  work. 

Strik'er,  n.  One  who  sti’ikes. 

Striking,  a.  Impressive. 

String,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  slender  line 
or  cord.  2.  A  line  or  a  series  of 
things.  —  V.  t.  [STRUNG;  STRING- 

416 

ING.]  1.  To  furnish  with  strings. 
2.  To  make  tense.  3.  To  strip  the 
strings  from. 

Strin'gen-CY,  n.  Severe  pressure. 

STRIN'GENT,  a.  [Lat.  stringens,  draw¬ 
ing  or  binding  tight.]  Urgent;  mak¬ 
ing  severe  requirements. 

StrIng'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  strings 
or  makes  strings.  2.  (Railways.)  A 
longitudinal  sleeper. 

String'-halt,  n.  A  convulsive 

twitching  of  the  hinder  leg  of  a  horse ; 
spring-halt.  [stringy. 

StrIng'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Stri'ng'Y,  a.  1  Consisting  of  strings  ; 
fibrous.  2.  Ropy  ;  viscid. 

Strip,!’,  t.  [-ped  ;  -ping,  136.]  [A.- 
S.  strypan.]  1.  To  pull  or  tear  off, 
as  a  covering.  2.  To  deprive  of  a 
covering.  3.  To  bereave. — v.  i.  To 
undress.  —  n.  A  narrow  piece,  com¬ 
paratively  long. 

Stripe,  n.  [See  Strip,!,  t.]  1.  A 
line  or  long  narrow  piece  of  a  differ¬ 
ent  color  from  the  ground.  2.  A 
blow  with  a  rod  or  scourge.  — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  form  with  stripes. 

Strip'ling,  n.  [As  if  a  small  strip 
from  the  main  stock.]  A  lad. 

Stripping  s,  n.  pi.  The  last  milk 
drawn  from  a  cow  at  a  milking. 

Strive,  v.  i.  [STROVE,  STRIVEN  ; 
STRIVING.]  [0.  Fr.  estriver ,  0.  II. 
Ger.  streban .]  1.  To  make  efforts ; 

to  use  exertions  ;  to  labor  hard.  2. 
To  struggle  in  opposition.  3.  To  con¬ 
tend  reciprocally. 

Syn.  —  To  emulate  ;  endeavor. 

StrIv'er,  n.  One  who  strives. 

STkoB'lLE,  n.  [Gr.  o-Tpo|3i,Aos,  from 
crTpe<t>eLv,  to  twist.]  A  cone,  as  that 
of  the  hop  or  pine. 

Stroke,  n.  [From  strike .]  1.  A  blow. 
2.  A  sudden  attack,  as  of  disease  or 
death.  3.  Sound  of  a  clock.  4.  Touch 
of  a  pen  or  pencil.  5.  A  masterly 
effort.  6.  An  effort  suddenly  pro¬ 
duced.  7.  Sweep  of  an  oar  in  rowing. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S. stracian, 
fr.  strlcan ,  to  strike.]  1.  To  rub  gently 
with  the  hand.  2.  To  make  smooth. 

Str5kes'MAN  (150),  n.  (Rowing.) 
The  man  who  rows  the  aftermost  oar. 

Stroll,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  ram¬ 
ble  idly  or  leisurely.  —  n .  A  wan¬ 

dering  idly  and  leisurely  ;  a  ramble. 

Stroll'er,  n.  One  who  strolls. 

Str5ng,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  82.]  [A.-S. 
strang,  strong ,  fr.  the  root  of  string .] 
1.  Having  great  power  to  act  or  to 
endure.  2.  Violent ;  impetuous.  3. 
Zealous  ;  earnestly  engaged.  4.  Full 
of'  spirit ;  intoxicating.  5.  Affecting 
any  sense  forcibly.  6.  Having  great 
Yigor  or  power,  as  the  mind. 

Syn.  —  See  Robust. 

Strong'hold,  n.  A  fortified  place. 

Strong'ly,  adv.  With  strength. 

Stron'ti-A  )  (-shT-),  n.  [From 

Stron'ti-AN  |  Strontian,  in  Ar- 
gyleshire.]  An  earth  of  a  white  color. 

Strop,  n.  [See  Strap.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  sharpening  razors,  &c. — 
v.  t.  [-PED  ;  -PING,  136.]  To 

STUCCO 

draw  over  a  strop  with  a  view  to  : 

sharpen. 

STRO'PHE,  n.  [Gr.  crrpo<^»j,  fr.  orpe'<£- 
eiv,  to  turn.]  That  part  of  an  an¬ 
cient  song,  or  dance,  which  was  per¬ 
formed  by  turning  from  the  right  to 
the  left  of  the  orchestra. 

Strove,  imp.  of  Strive. 

Strow,  v.  t.  Same  as  Strew. 

Struck,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Strike. 

Struct'ur-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 
structure. 

Struct'ure,  n.  [Lat.  structura ,  fr. 
slruere,  to  join  together.]  1.  Form  ; 
construction.  2.  Arrangement  of 
parts.  3.  Manner  of  organization. 

4.  An  edifice. 

STRhG'GLE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Cf.  : 

Icel.  striugr,  a  hostile  disposition.] 

1.  To  use  great  efforts.  2.  To  labor 

in  any  kind  of  difficulty  or  distress.  j 

Syn. —  To  strive;  contend;  labor. 

See  Endeavor.  : 

—  n.  1.  Great  labor  or  effort.  % 
Contention  ;  strife.  3.  Agony. 

Syn.  —  See  Endeavor. 

StrOg'gler,  ii.  One  who  struggles 

Stru'ma,  ii.  [Lat.]  Same  as  SCROF  i 

ULA. 

Stru-mose',  1  a.  Scrofulous  ;  having 

Strumous,  j  struma. 

Strum'pet,  n.  [Lat.  stuprata,  from 
shi], rare,  to  debauch.]  A  prostitute. 

Strung,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  String. 

StrGt,  v.  i.  [-TED  ;  -TING.  J  [Dan. 
strutte.]  To  walk  affectedly  with  a 
lofty,  proud  gait,  and  erect  head. — 
n.  1.  Affectation  of  dignity  in  walk¬ 
ing.  2.  A  brace. 

Strych'ni-A,  1  n.  [From  Gr.  o-Tpu'x- 

Strych'nine,  f  vos,  a  kind  of  night¬ 
shade.]  A  vegetable  alkaloid,  used 
as  a  medicine,  but  very  poisonous 
when  taken  in  excess. 

StOb,  n.  [A.-S.  stybb,  stcb,  allied  to 

Lat.  stipes.]  Stump  of  a  small  tree.  j 

—  v.  t.  [-bed;  -BING.]  1.  To  grub 
up  by  the  roots.  2.  To  strike,  as  the 
toes,  against  a  stump  or  stone,  &c. 

Stub'bed  (60),  a.  Short  and  thick. 

StOb'bed-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  stubbed. 

Stub'ble ,  n.  [Dim.  of  stub.]  Stumps 
of  grain,  left  in  the  ground. 

StOb'born,  a.  [From  stub.]  1.  Un¬ 
reasonably  obstinate  ;  not  to  be  per-  | 

suaded.  2.  Enduring  without  com¬ 
plaint  ;  hardy. 

Syn. — Obstinate.  —  Stubborn  describes 
a  high  degree  of  obstinacy.  He  who  is 
obstinate  is  one  who  will  not  yield  to  the 
appeals  wTe  make  to  his  reason  and  his 
better  feelings.  lie  who  is  stubborn 
grows  more  obstinate  the  more  clearly 
his  unreasonableness  is  exposed. 

Stijb'BORN-LY  adv.  Obstinately. 

StDb'born-ness  (109),  n.  Obstinacy; 
contumacy. 

StGb'by,  a.  1.  Abounding  with  stubs. 

2.  Short  and  thick. 

StOb'-nail,  n.  A  short,  thick  nail.  > 

StTjg'co,  n.  [It. ,  fr.  O.  H.  Ger.  stuc- 
chi,  shell,  stucco.]  1.  Plaster  for 
walls  ;  esp.,  a  fine  kind  used  for  in¬ 
ternal  decorations.  2.  Work  made 

A,  E,  l,  o,u,y,  long;  X,£,I,  6,  0 short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  wh^t  •,  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n, 

STUCK 


SUBDUE 


of  stucco.  —  v.  t.  [  ed;  -ing,  144.] 
To  overlay  with  stucco. 

StCck,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Stick. 

StOd,  n.  [A.-S.  studu.]  1.  A  small 
piece  of  timber  used  to  support 
beams.  2.  A  large-headed  orna¬ 
mental  nail.  3.  An  ornamental  but¬ 
ton  for  a  shirt.  4.  [A.-S.  stud.  Cf. 
Steed.]  A  collection  of  breeding 
horses  and  mares  ;  or  the  place  where 
theyarekept. — v.t.  [-ded;  -dung, 
136.]  To  adorn  or  set  with  studs. 

St Od' ding-sail,  n.  A  light  sail  set 
outside  of  a  square  sail  of  a  vessel. 

Stu'dent,  n.  [Lat.  studens,  study¬ 
ing.]  1.  One  engaged  in  study  ;  a 
scholar.^  2.  A  bookish  man.  [ing. 

Stud'-horse,  n.  A  horse  for  breed- 

StDd'i.ed,  p.  a.  1.  Well-considered. 
21  Premeditated. 

Stu'di-o  (147),  n.  [It.,  study,  school.] 
The  workshop  of  an  artist. 

STU'Dl-oits,  a.  1.  Given  to  study. 
2.  Diligent ;  attentive.  3.  Planned 
with  study. 

Stu'di-oOs-ly,  adv.  With  study  ; 
attentively.  [studious. 

Stu'DI-oDs-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 

StTid'y,  n.  [Lat.  stadium,  fv.sludere, 
to  study.]  1.  Application  to  books, 
to  arts  or  science,  or  to  any  subject. 

2.  Thoughtful  attention.  3.  Any 
object  of  attentive  consideration.  4. 
A  room  devoted  to  study.  —  v.  i.  1. 
To  apply  the  mind  to  books  or  to 
any  subject.  2.  To  endeavor  dili¬ 
gently. —  v.t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.]  1. 

.  To  apply  the  mind  to.  2.  To  con¬ 
sider  attentively. 

StOff,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  Lat.  stuppa ,  tow, 
oakum.]  1.  Material  to  be  manufac¬ 
tured.  2.  Cloth  not  made  into  gar¬ 
ments.  3.  Refuse  or  worthless  mat¬ 
ter  ;  hence,  nonsense. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  fill  by  crowding.  2.  To 
thrust  or  crowd.  3.  To  fill  by  being 
put  into.  4.  To  fill  with  seasoning. 
—  v.  i.  To  feed  gluttonously. 

StDff'ing,  n.  1.  That  which  is  used 
for  filling.  2.  Seasoning  for  meat. 

Stul'ti-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  stultus,  foolish,  fncere.  to  make.] 
1.  To  make  a  fool  of.  2.  To  allege 
or  prove  to  be  insane. 

STUM,  n.  [D.  stom.]  Unfermented 
grape-juice;  must.  —  v.  t.  To  re¬ 
new,  as  wine,  by  mixing  must  with  it. 

STiJM'BLE,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Prov. 
Eng.  stammer ,  to  stumble.]  1.  To 
trip  in  walking  or  running.  2.  To 
err.  3.  To  light  by  chance. — n.  1. 
A  trip  in  walking  or  running.  2.  A 
blunder ;  a  failure. 

StDm'bler,  n.  One  who  stumbles. 

Stum'bling-block,  I  n.  Any  cause 

Stum'bling-stone,  )  of  stumbling 
or  error. 

StOmp,  n.  1.  The  part  of  a  tree  re¬ 
maining  in  the  earth  after  the  trunk 
is  cut  off.  2.  Part  of  a  limb  or  other 
body  remaining  after  a  part  is  lost. 

3.  pi.  Legs.  [  Colloq .] 

Stump-orator,  one  who  harangues  the 
populace  from  the  stump  of  a  tree,  or 
other  elevation.  [ Amer .] 


417 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  strike 
with  the  toe.  2.  To  travel  over,  de¬ 
livering  speeches  for  electioneering 
purposes.  [Amer.] 

StC'MP'y,  a.  Full  of  stumps. 

ST&N,  V.  t.  [-NED;  -NING.]  [A.-S. 
stunian .]  1.  To  make  senseless  with 
a  blow.  2.  To  overpower  the  hear¬ 
ing  of. 

Stung,  imp.  &  p.p.  of  Sting. 

Stunk,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Stink. 

StDnt,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
stintan ,  to  blunt,  stunt,  blunt.]  To 
hinder  from  growth. 

Stupe,  n.  [Lat.  stupa,  stuppa,  tow. 
Cf.  Stuff.]  Medicated  cloth  applied 
to  a  hurt  or  sore. 

Stu'pe-fag'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  stu¬ 
pefying.  2.  Insensibility  ;  stupidity. 

STU'PE-FA-e'TiVE,  a.  Causing  insen¬ 
sibility. _  [which,  stupefies. 

Stu'pe-fPER,  n.  One  who,  or  that 

Stu'pe-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  stupefacere ;  stupere,  to  be 
struck  senseless,  and  facere,  to 
make.]  To  make  stupid  ;  to  blunt 
the  sensibility  of. 

Stij-pen'dous,  a.  [Lat.  stupendus.] 
Astonishing ;  especially,  of  aston¬ 
ishing  magnitude  or  elevation. 

Stu-pen'dous-ly,  adv.  In  a  stu¬ 
pendous  manner. 

Stu-pen'dous-ness,  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  stupendous. 

Stu'pid,  a.  [Lat.  stupidus.]  1.  Very 
dull ;  wanting  in  understanding.  2. 
Resulting  from,  or  evincing,  stu¬ 
pidity. 

Syn.  —  See  Silly. 

Stu-pid'i-ty,  n.  Extreme  dullness  of 
perception  or  understanding.  [ner. 

Stu'PID-LY,  adv.  In  a  stupid  man- 

Stu'pid-ness,  n.  Stupidity. 

Stu'por,  n.  [Lat.,  from  stupere,  to  be 
struck  senseless.]  Great  diminution 
of  sensibility ;  numbness. 

Stu-pra'tion,  n.  [Lat.  stuprare, 
-pratum,  to  ravish.]  Violation  of 
chastity  by  force. 

StOr'di-ly,  adv.  In  a  sturdy  man¬ 
ner  ;  hardily  ;  stoutly.  [sturdy. 

StOr'di-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

StOr'dy,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [0. 
Fr.  estourdi ,  stunned,  thoughtless, 
rash.  Cf.  Icel.  styrdr ,  rigid,  hard.] 
1.  Foolishly  obstinate.  2.  Charac¬ 
terized  by  strength  or  force. 

StDr'geon  (stur'jun),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
sturio,  sturgio,  A.-S.  styria,  styriga.] 
A  large  cartilaginous  fish. 

STUT'TElf,  V.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [II. 
Ger.  stottern.]  To  hesitate  in  utter¬ 
ing  words  ;  to  stammer. — n.  Actof 
stuttering. 

StCt'ter-er,  n.  One  who  stutters. 

Sty,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  sligend,  fr.  stigan, 
to  rise.]  An  inflamed  tumor  on  the 
edge  of  the  eyelid.  2.  [A.-S.  sttge.] 
A  pen  for  swine.  —  v.  t.  To  shut  up 
in  a  sty. 

St56'i-an,  a.  [Lat.  Stygius ,  fr.  Gr. 
2tu£,  Srvyos,  Styx,  i.  e.,  the  Hate¬ 
ful.]  Relating  to  Styx,  a  fabled 
river  of  hell  over  which  the  shades 
of  the  dead  passed  ;  hence,  infernal. 


Style,  n.  [Lat.  stylus ,  Gr. 
cttvAos,  a  pillar,  a  writing 
instrument.]  1.  An  instru¬ 
ment  for  writing  on  waxed 
tablets.  2.  Any  thing 
resembling  the  ancient 
style;  as ,(a.)  The  pin  of 
a  dial.  ( b . )  The  cylin¬ 
drical  and  tapering  por¬ 
tion  of  a  pistil.  3.  Choice 
of  words.  4.  Mode  0f  Style  (2,6). 
presentation,  in  music  or  the  fine 
arts.  5.  Fashion.  6.  Title ;  official 
designation.  7.  A  mode  of  reckon¬ 
ing  time. —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
give  a  title  to  in  addressing. 

Syn.  —  To  call;  name;  denominate. 

Styl'et,  n.  [Dim.  of  style  ]  A  small 
dagger  ;  a  stiletto.  [genteel. 

Styl'ish,  a.  Highly  fashionable ; 

StHtp'tig,  n.  Something  which  serves 
to  arrest  hemorrhage. — a.  [Gr. 
(TTvirTtKos ,  fr.  arvfyeLv,  to  contract.] 
Having  the  quality  of  restraining 
hemorrhage  ;  astringent. 

Su'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  sued. 

SUA'glON,  71.  [Lat.  suasio.]  Persua¬ 
sion. 

Sua'sIve,  a.  Persuasive.  [suade. 

Sua'so-ry,  a.  Able  or  tending  to  per- 

Suav'i-TY  (swavG-ty),  n.  [Lat.  suav- 
itas,  fr.  suavis,  sweet.]  Agreeable¬ 
ness  ;  pleasantness  ;  sweetness.  > 

SBb'-a (,: 'E-TATE,  n.  An  acetate  hav¬ 
ing  an  excess  of  the  base. 

Sub-a^'id,  a.  Moderately  acid  or  sour. 

Sub-ag'rid,  a.  Moderately  acrid. 

Sub-al'tern  (113),  a.  [Lat.  sub,  un¬ 
der,  and  alternus,  one  after  another.] 
Subordinate;  inferior. — n.  A  per¬ 
son  holding  a  subordinate  position. 

Sub'al-tEr'nate,  a.  Succeeding  by 
turns  ;  successive.  [ter. 

SOb-a'que-oOs,  a.  Being  under  wa- 

SOb-as'TRAL,  a.  Beneath  the  stars. 

Sub'as-trin'gent,  a.  Mo’derately 
astringent. 

StJB'AU-Dl'TlON  (-dish'un),  n.  [Lat. 
subauditio,  fr.  sub,  under,  and  au- 
dire,  to  hear.]  Act  of  understanding 
something  not  expressed. 

SBb'-base  (109),  )  n.  Deepest  pedal 

SOb'-bass,  )  stop,  or  the  low¬ 
est  tones  of  an  organ. 

SiJB^eoM-MiT'TEE,  n.  An  under 
committee.  [servant. 

SCb-dea'€ON  (-de/kn),  n.  A  deacon’s 

StJB'Dl-viDE',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
divide  again,  as  what  has  already 
been  divided. 

SOB'Dl-vi's'lON  (-vlzh'un),  «.  1.  Act 
of  subdividing.  2.  Part  made  by 
subdividing.  [above  the  tonic. 

SOb-dom'i-nant,  ».  The  fourth  tone 

Sub-dOet',  v.  t.  [Lat.  s'ubducere, 
-ductum.]  1.  To  withdraw.  2.  To 
subtract  by  arithmetical  operation. 

Sub-due'tion,  n.  Act  of  subducting. 

Sub-due',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  140.] 
[Lat.  sub,  under,  and  ducere,  to  lead.] 
1.  To  conquer  permanently  ;  to  over¬ 
power.  2.  To  overcome  by  persua¬ 
sion,  or  other  mild  means.  3.  To 
make  mellow  ;  to  break,  as  land. 

Syn. —  See  Conquer. 

g  ,  ,hard ;  A§  ;  exist;  N  as  NG;  this. 


or,  do,  w<?lf,  too,  took;  Orn,  rue ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent1,  y,  4,  soft;  c, 

27 


SUBDUER 


SUBSIDY 


418 


Sub-du'er,  n.  One  who  subdues. 

Su-b£r'ic,  a.  [Lat.  suber ,  the  coi’k- 
tree.]  Pertaining  to  coi-k. 

Sub'i-ta'ne-cmjs,  a.  Sudden  ;  quick. 

StfB-JA'9ENT,  a.  [Lat.  subjacent,  ly¬ 
ing  under.]  Being  in  a  lower  situa¬ 
tion,  though  not  directly  beneath. 

SOb'ject,  a.  [Lat.  subjectus,  lying 
under.]  1.  Placed  or  situate  under. 
2.  Placed  under  the  power  of  an¬ 
other.  3.  Exposed ;  disposed. 

Syn.  —  See  Liable. 

—  n.  1.  One  under  the  authority  of 
a  ruler.  2.  That  which  is  brought 
under  any  physical  operation  or  ex¬ 
amination  ;  that  which  is  taken  up 
for  discussion.  3.  That  of  which 
any  thing  is  affirmed  or  predicated. 
4.  That  in  which  any  quality,  attri¬ 
bute,  or  relation,  inheres ;  sub¬ 
stance. —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
bring  under  the  power  of.  2.  To 
make  liable.  3.  To  make  accounta¬ 
ble.  4.  To  cause  to  undergo. 

Sub-jec'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  subject¬ 
ing.  2.  State  of  being  subject. 

Sub-JECT'ive,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
subject.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or  de¬ 
rived  from,  one’s  own  consciousness. 

Syjj.— See  Objective. 

Sub-JECT'Ive-LY,  adv.  In  relation 
to  the  subject. 

SuB-JEGT'iVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  subjective. 

SUB'JEGT-lv'l-TY,  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  subjective.  2.  That  which  is 
treated  in  a  subjective  manner. 

SDb'ject-mat/ter,  n.  The  matter 
presented  for  consideration. 

Sub-join',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To 
add  after  something  else  has  been 
said  or  written. 

SDb'ju-gate,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  subjugare,  -gatuni ;  sub ,  un¬ 
der,  and  jugum,  a  yoke.]  To  sub¬ 
due  and  bring  under  the  absolute 
control  of  another.  [gating. 

Sub'ju-ga'tion,  n.  Act  of  subju- 

SUB-JUNG'TION,  n.  A  subjoining,  or 
being  subjoined. 

Sub-jDng't'ive,  a.  [Lat.  subjunc- 
ticus.]  1.  Added  to  something  be¬ 
fore  said  or  written.  2.  Expressing 
contingency,  hypothesis,  or  condi¬ 
tion.  —  n.  The  subjunctive  mode. 

Sub-la/tion,  n.  [Lat.  sublatio,  fr. 
subiollere ,  sublatum ,  to  take  away.] 
Act  of  taking  away. 

SOB-LET',  V.  t.  [-LET;  -LETTING.] 
To  underlet ;  to  lease,  as  a  lessee  to 
another  person.  [sublimated. 

Sub-lYm'a-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

SiJB'LI-MATE,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  sublimare ,  -malum,  to  elevate, 
fr.  sublimis,  high.]  1.  To  bring  by 
heat,  as  a  solid,  into  the  state  of  va¬ 
por.  2.  To  refine  and  exalt. 

StJB'LI-MATE,  n.  Product  of  a  subli¬ 
mation.  —  a.  Vaporized  by  heat,  and 
again  condensed,  as  solid  substances. 

SOb'LI-MA/TION,  n.  Act  of  sublimat¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  sublimated. 

Sub-lIme',  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat. 
sublimis.]  1.  High  in  place.  2.  Dis¬ 


tinguished  by  lofty  traits.  3.  Awak¬ 
ening  or  expressing  the  emotion  of 
awe,  adoration,  heroic  resolve,  &c. 
—  n.  A  grand  or  lofty  style.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ing.]  1.  To  sublimate.  2. 
To  dignify  :  to  ennoble.  [ner. 

Sub-lime 'ly,  adv.  In  a  sublimeman- 

Sub-lime'ness,  n.  Sublimity. 

Sub-lIm'I-TY,  n.  1.  Lofty  height.  2. 
Nobleness  of  nature  or  character.  3. 
Feeling  of  astonishment  and  awe,  at 
the  contemplation  of  what  is  lofty  or 
exalted.  4.  Loftiness  of  sentiment  or 
style. 

Syx.  —  Grandeur.  —  The  mental  state 
indicated  by  these  two  words  is  the  same; 
namely,  a' mingled  emotion  of  aston¬ 
ishment  and  awe.  In  speaking  of  the 
quality  which  produces  this  emotion,  we 
call  it  grandeur  when  it  springs  from 
what  is  vast  in  space,  power,  &c.  ;  we 
call  it  sublimity  when  it  springs  from 
what  is  elevated  far  above  the  ordinary 
incidents  of  humanity.  An  immense 
plane  is  grand.  The  heavens  are  not 
only  grand,  but  sublime  (as  the  predom¬ 
inating  emotion),  from  their  immense 
height. 

SOb-lin'e-a/tion,  n.  A  mark  under 
a  word  in  a  sentence.  [tongue. 

StJB-LIN'GUAL,  a.  Situated  under  the 

SCb-lIPnar,  )  a.  Being  beneath  the 

Sub'LU-na-ry,  f  moon  ;  terrestrial. 

SObAIA-RINE',  a.  Being,  or  growing, 
under  water,  in  the  sea.  [scale. 

SBb-me'di-ant,  n.  Sixth  tone  of  the 

SuBtMErge',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
submergere ,  fr.  sub ,  under,  and  mer- 
gere,  mersum,  to  plunge.]  To  put 
underwater;  to  plunge  ;  to  drown. 

SUB-MfiRSED'(-merst/),  a.  [Seesiyira.] 
Being  or  growing  under  water. 

Sub-mer'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  sub¬ 
merging.  2.  State  of  being  putunder 
water  or  other  fluid. 

Sub-mis'sion  (-mish'un),  n.  1.  Act 
of  submitting  ;  obedience.  2.  State 
of  being  submissive  ;  meekness ;  res¬ 
ignation.  3.  Acknowledgment  of  a 
fault.  [submit. 

Sub-mis'sive,  a.  Inclined  or  ready  to 

Sub-mis'sive-ly,  adv.  With  submis¬ 
sion.  [submissive. 

Sub-mis'sive-ness,  «.  State  of  being 

Sub-mit', v.  t.  [-ted;  -ting.]  [Lat. 
submittere  ;  sub ,  under,  and  milter  e, 
to  send.]  1.  To  yield  to  power,  will, 
or  authority.  2.  To  leave  to  the  dis¬ 
cretion  or  judgment  of  another. — 
v.  i.  1.  To  yield  one’s  person  to  the 
power,  or  one’s  opinion  to  the  opin¬ 
ion,  of  another.  2.  To  yield  without 
murmuring. 

SIjb-mul'ti  ple  ,  n.  A  number  or 
quantity  which  is  contained  in  an¬ 
other  an  exact  number  of  times. 

Sub-nas'9ENT,  a.  [Lat.  subnascens.] 
Growing  underneath. 

Sub-or'di-na-^y,  n.  [Lat.  sub ,  under, 
and  ordinans ,  arranging.]  State  of 
being  subordinate. 

Sub-or'di-nate,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat.  sub,  under,  and  ordinare,  -na- 
tum,  to  arrange.]  1.  To  place  in  a 
lower  order.  2.  To  subdue. 

SUB-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  1.  Holding  a 
lower  position.  2.  Inferior  in  order, 


nature,  power,  or  importance,  &c. — 
n.  One  who  ranks  below  another. 

Su  b-or'di-nate-ly,  adv.  In  a  sub¬ 
ordinate  mariner. 

SUB-OR/Dl-NA'TlON,  7i.  1.  Act  of  sub¬ 
ordinating.  2.  State  of  being  subor¬ 
dinate.  3.  Place  of  rank  among  in¬ 
feriors. 

SUB-ORN',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
subornare ;  sub,  under,  secretly,  and 
ornare,  to  furnish.]  1.  To  cause  to 
take  a  false  oath.  2.  To  procure  by 
collusion.  [ing, 

Sub'or-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  suborn- 

Sub-orn'ER,  n.  One  who  suborns. 

Sub-o'val,  a.  Nearly  oval. 

Sub-pce'nA,  7i.  [Lat.  sub,  under,  and 
pcena,  punishment.]  A  writ  com¬ 
manding  the  attendance  in  court  of 
a  witness,  under  a  penalty. — v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing,  144.]  To  serve  with  a 
writ  of  subpoena. 

Sub'salt,  n.  A  compound  of  an  acid 
containing  oxygen  and  a  salifiable 
base,  but  having  fewer  equivalents 
of  the  acid  than  of  the  base. 

Sub-sgribe',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
subscriber e ;  sub ,  under,  and  scribere, 
to  write.]  1.  To  sign  with  one’s  own 
hand  ;  to  bind  one’s  self  by  writing 
one’s  name  beneath.  2.  To  attest.  3. 
To  promise  to  give,  by  writing  one’s 
name.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  give  consent  by 
signing  one’s  name ;  hence,  to  as¬ 
sent.  2.  To  enter  one’s  name  for  a 
newspaper  or  a  book,  &c. 

SUB-SGRlB'ER,  n.  One  who  subscribes. 

SOb'sgript,  a.  Written  underneath. 

Sub-SGRIP'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  sub¬ 
scribing.  2.  That  which  is  sub¬ 
scribed.  3.  Sum  subscribed. 

Sub'se-quen^e,  n.  State  of  being 
subsequent. 

SDb'se-qiient,  a.  [Lat.  svbseqvens.] 
Following  in  time  or  order  of  place. 

SUB'SE-QUENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  subse¬ 
quent  time,  manner,  or  position. 

SUB-SERVE',  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
subservire ;  sub,  under,  and  service, 
to  serve.]  To  serve  in  subordination 
or  instrumentally  ;  to  promote. 

Sub-sLrv'i-en^e,  In.  Use  or  oper- 

Sub-s£rv'i-en-9Y,  )  ation  that  pro¬ 
motes  some  purpose. 

Sub-serv'i-ent,  a.  Fitted  or  dis¬ 
posed  to  subserve  ;  subordinate. 

Syn.—  Subject  ;  inferior  ;  submissive. 

Sub-sIde',  v.  7.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
subsidere  ;  sub,  under,  below,  and  si¬ 
de  re ,  to  settle.]  1.  To  sink  or  fall  to 
the  bottom.  2.  To  fall  into  a  state  of 
quiet.  3.  To  descend  ;  to  sink. 

Syx.  —  See  Abate. 

Sub-sid'enge,  n.  Act  of  subsiding. 

Sub-sid'i-a-r  Y  (44),  a.  Furnishing  a 
subsidy  ;  auxiliary.  —  n.  One  who 
contributes  aid  ;  an  auxiliary. 

SOb'si-dIze,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  ing.]  To 
purchase  the  assistance  of  by  pay¬ 
ment  of  a  subsidy. 

SOb'SI-DY,  n.  [Lat.  subsidium,  orig., 
troops  stationed  in  reserve,  fr.  sub¬ 
sidere,  to  sit  down.]  1.  Support  ; 
aid.  2.  Money  paid  by  one  prince  or 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  X,  e,I,o,  0,  Y,  short.;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


SUBSIST 


SUCCULENT 


nation  to  another,  to  purchase  the 
service  of  auxiliary  troops. 

Syn.  —  Tribute.  —  A  subsidy  is  volun¬ 
tary  ;  a  tribute  is  exacted.  A  subsidy  is 
paid  U)  an  ally  for  his  services  ;  a  tribute 
is  given  in  acknowledgment  of  depend¬ 
ence  or  subjection. 

Sub-s!st',  v.  i.  [-E  D ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
subsistere  ;  sub,  under, 'and  sistere,  to 
stand,  be  fixed.]  1.  To  be  ;  to  have 
existence.  2.  To  continue.  3.  To 
be  supported;  to  live. — v.  t.  To 
feed ;  to  maintain. 

SUB-sisT'ENCE,  n.  1.  Real  being.  2. 
Inherency.  3.  Means  of  support. 

Sub-sTst'ent,  a.  1.  Having  real  be¬ 
ing.  2.  Inherent. 

SuB'soiL,n.  The  bed  or  stratum  of 
earth  which  lies  immediately  beneath 
the  surface  soil.  [of  a  species. 

Sub-spe'cie§  (-shez),  n.  A  division 

SGb'stan^e,  n.  [Lat.  substantia ,  fr. 
sub ,  under,  and  stare ,  to  stand.]  1. 
That  which  constitutes  any  thing 
what  it  is  ;  nature.  2.  The  charac¬ 
teristics  of  any  thing.  3.  Body  ;  mat¬ 
ter.  4.  Estate ;  property. 

Sub-stan'tial,  a.  1.  Belonging  to 
substance ;  actually  existing.  2.  Real ; 
true.  3.  Strong;  stout ;  solid.  4. Mod¬ 
erately  wealthy. 

SUB-STAN'TI-AI/I-TY  (-shi-Sl'i-ty),  n. 
State  of  being  substantial. 

Sub-st  a n'tial-ly,  adv.  Really  ; 
essentially.  [material  parts. 

SUB-STAN'TIALS,  n.  pi.  Essential  or 

SUB-ST  A  N'T  I- ATE  (-shl-at),  V.  t. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  establish  by  proof 
or  competent  evidence. 

SlJB'STAN-TlVE,  a.  1.  Betokening  ex¬ 
istence  ;  real.  2.  Enduring  ;  firm. — 
n.  A  noun  ;  the  part  of  speech  which 
designates  something  that  exists. 

SGb'stan-tive-ly,  adv.  1.  In  sub¬ 
stance.  2.  As  a  substantive  name,  or 
noun. 

SGb'sti-tute,  v.  t.  [-eg;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  substituere,  -tuturn ;  sub,  under, 
and  statuere,  to  put.]  To  put  in  the 
place  of  another.  —  n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  is  put  in  the  place  of  an¬ 
other. 

SGb'sti-tu'tion,  n.  Act  of  substi¬ 
tuting,  or  state  of  being  substituted. 

Sub'sti-tu'tion-al,  a.  Pertaining 
to  substitution. 

SUB-STRA'TUM,  n.  ;  pi.  SUB-STRA'- 
TA.  [Lat.  substratus ,  strewed  under.] 

1.  That  which  is  laid  or  spread  under. 

2.  The  subsoil.  3.  Substance. 

Sub-st  RUE'TION,  n.  [Lat.  substruc- 

tio,  from  sub,  under,  and  struere,  to 
build.]  Under-building;  foundation. 

Sub'style,  n.  A  right  line,  on  which 
the  style  of  a  dial  is  erected. 

Sub-sOl'to-ry.  a.  [Lat.  subsilire, 
-sultum,  to  spring  up.]  Moving  by 
sudden  leaps. 

Sub-t£nd',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
subtendere ,  fr.  sub,  under,  and  ten- 
dere,  to  extend.]  To  extend  under, 
or  be  opposite  to. 

Sub-tense',  n.  [Lat.  subtendere,  -ten- 
sum,  to  stretch  underneath.]  A  line 
subtending ;  chord. 


419 

Sub-t£r'flu-ent,  )  a.  [Lat.  subter- 

Sub-ter'flu-ous,  )  fluens,  flowing 
beneath. ]_ Runniug  under. 

SDb'TER-FUGE,  n.  [L.  Lat.  subter- 
fugium,  fr.  Lat.  subter,  under,  and 
fugere ,  to  flee.]  That  to  which  a  per¬ 
son  resorts  for  escape  or  concealment ; 
an  evasion. 

SijB'TER-RA'NE-AN  (124),  )  a.  [Lat. 

SUB'TER-RA'NE-OUS,  )  Subter- 
raneus ; sub,  under, -and  terra,  earth.] 
Being  under  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Sub'TILE,  a.  [Lat.  subtilis ; sub,  under, 
slightly,  and  tela,  a  web,  warp.]  1. 
Thin;  rare.  2.  Nice;  fine;  delicate. 
3  Acute ;  piercing.  4.  Refined. 

Syn.  —  Acute.  —  In  acute  the  image  is 
that  of  a  needle’s  point ;  in  subtile  that 
of  a  thread  spun  out  to  extreme  fineness. 
Hence,  he  who  is  acute  has  a  piercing 
judgment,  which  enables  him  to  discern 
and  discriminate  with  the  nicest  accu¬ 
racy  ;  he  who  has  a  subtile  intellect  can 
spin  the  finest  thread  of  thought,  and 
follow  out  a  subject  in  its  most  compli¬ 
cated  relations.  'Acuteness  guards  against 
error  ;  subtilty  carries  forward  our  inves¬ 
tigations  into  tenuous  and  recondite 
truths. 

SUB'TILE-LY  (109),  adv.  In  a  subtile 
manner.  [of  being  subtile. 

Sub'TILE -NESS,  n.  State  or  quality 

SUB'TIL-I-Z  A'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of 
making  subtile.  2.  A  making  so 
volatile  as  to  rise  in  steam  or  vapor. 

3.  Refinement. 

SOb'til-ize,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1. 
To  make  thin  or  fine.  2.  To  refine. 

SUB'TIL-TY,  n.  1.  Thinness ;  fine¬ 
ness.  2.  Refinement.  3.  Cunning. 

SUBT'LE  (sut'l),  a.  [-ER;  -EST.] 
[Contr.  fr.  subtile.]  1.  Sly;  artful; 
cunning.  2.  Cunningly  devised. 

Subt'le-ness  (sut'l-nes),  n.  Quality 
of  being  subtle. 

S0bt'LE-TY  (sut'l-ty),  n.  1.  Cun¬ 
ning;  craftiness;  artfulness.  2. 
Acuteness ;  shrewdness. 

Subt'LY  (sut'ly),  adv.  1.  Slyly  ;  art¬ 
fully.  2.  Delicately.  [consonant. 

Sub-ton'IE,  n.  A  vocal  or  sonant 

Sub-tract',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
subtrakere ,  -tractum;  sub,  under,  and 
trahere ,  to  draw.]  To  withdraw  or  take 
from  the  rest,  as  a  part.  [tracts. 

Sub-tract'er,  n.  One  who  sub- 

Sub-trac'tion,  n.  The  taking  of  a 
lesser  number  or  quantity  from  a 
greater. 

Sub-trac'tIve,  a.  Tending,  or  hav¬ 
ing  power,  to  subtract. 

Sub'tra-hend',  n.  Number  to  be 
subtracted  from  another. 

SOb'-trEa§'u-ry,  n.  A  subordinate 
treasury  or  place  of  deposit. 

SUB'URB,n.  [Lat.  suburb ium  ;  sub, un¬ 
der,  near,  and  urbs,  a  city.]  Region 
on  the  con  fines -of  any  large  town, 
including  buildings,  streets,  &c. 

Sub-Or'ban,  a.  Relating  to,  or  being 
in,  the  suburbs  of  a  city,  [variety. 

Sub'VA-ri'e-TY,  n.  A  subordinate 

Sub-VER'sion,  n.  Act  of  subverting; 
entire  overthrow  ;  utter  ruin. 

Sub-v£r'sive,  a.  Tending  to  subvert 
or  overthrow  and  ruin. 

Sub-vert',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -TNG.]  [Lat. 


subverterc,  -versum;  sub,  under,  and 
vertere,  to  turn.]  1.  To  overthrow 
from  the  foundation  ;  to  ruin  utterly. 
2.  To  pervert,  as  the  mind. 

Sub-v£rt'er,  n.  One  who  subverts. 

SuB-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
subverted.  [ordinate  worker. 

Sub-work'er  (-wurk'er),  n.  A  sub- 

Suc'ce-da'ne-oOs,  a.  [See  Suc¬ 
ceed.]  Supplying  the  place  of 
something  else. 

Sue1  pe-da' ne-um,  n.  ;  pi.  sue'- 
PE-da'NE-A.  [Lat.  See  infra.]  A 
substitute. 

Suc-^eed',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
succedere,  -cessum  ;  sub,  under,  and 
cedere,  to  go,  to  go  from.]  1.  To  fol¬ 
low  in  orddr.  2.  To  be  subsequent 
or  consequent. 

Syn.  —  See  Follow. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  come  next  in  order. 

2.  To  come  in  the  place  of  another. 

3.  To  obtain  the  object  desired. 

Suc-ceed'er,  n.  One  who  succeeds. 

Suc-^ESS',  n.  [Lat.  successus.]  Fa¬ 
vorable  termination  of  any  attempt. 

Sue-CESS'FUL,  a.  Resulting  in,  as¬ 
suring,  or  promotive  of,  success. 

SU€-<jess'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  success¬ 
ful  manner.  [conclusion. 

Sue-CESS'FUL-NESS,  n.  Prosperous 

SUC-CES'SION  (-sesh'un),  n.  1.  A  fol¬ 
lowing  of  things  in  order  of  time  or 
place,  or  a  series  of  things  so  follow¬ 
ing.  2.  Line  of  descendants.  3.  Power 
or  right  of  inheritance. 

Suc-CES'SION-AL  (-sgsh'un-),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  succession  ;  consecutive. 

SU€-£ES'sfVE,  a.  Following  in  order. 

Suc-CES'sIve-ly,  adv.  In  a  series  or 
order.  [ing  successive. 

Suc-cfis'siVE-NESs,  n.  State  of  be- 

SUC-CES'SOR,  n.  One  who  succeeds  or 
follows. 

Suc-^inct',  a.  [Lat.  succinctus,  gird¬ 
ed  below,  or  from  below,  tucked  up.] 
Compressed  into  a  narrow  compass. 

Syn. —  Short;  concise;  compendious. 

SU€-CIN€T'LY,  adv.  Briefly;  con¬ 
cisely.  [ciseness. 

Sug-cIngt'ness,  n.  Brevity;  con- 

SU€-91N'I€,  a.  [Lat.  succihum,  am¬ 
ber.]  Pertaining  to  amber. 

SCe'cl-NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  re¬ 
sembling,  amber. 

SflC'UOR,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [It.  SOC- 
correre,  Lat.  succurrere ,  fr.  sub,  un¬ 
der,  and  currere ,  to  run.]  To  relieve 
when  in  difficulty,  want,  or  distress. 

Syn.— To  relieve;  deliver;  comfort. 

—  n.  Aid  ;  help  ;  assistance,  especial¬ 
ly  in  distress.  [cor. 

SOe'uoR-ER,  n.  One  who  affords  suc- 

Suc'-eo-RY,  n.  [Corrupt,  fr.  chicory.] 
A  plant ;  chicory. 

Sue'co-TASH,  n.  [Narraganset  Ind. 
msickquatash,  corn  boiled  whole.] 
Green  maize  and  beans  boiled  to¬ 
gether. 

Su€'eu-LENCE,  In.  Condition  of 

Suc'GU-LE  n*c Y,  )  being  succulent. 

Sue'GU-LENT,  a.  [Lat.  succulenlus , 
from  succus,  juice.]  Full  of  juice; 
juicy. 

G , hard ;  AS  ;  EXIST;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  P\ILL  ;  E,  I,  O,  Silent  J  q,  <i ,  soft ; 


SUCCUMB 


SU€-et?MB'  (62),  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  succumbere ;  sub ,  under,  and 
cumbere ,  for  cubare,  to  lie  down.]  To 
yield ;  to  submit  unresistingly. 

Su-e-ciJS'SION  (-kiish'un),  n.  [Lat.  suc- 
cussio  ;  sub,  under,  below,  and  qua- 
tere,  to  shake.]  A  shaking;  a  shake. 

SUCH,  a.  [0.  Eng.  swiche,  swilk ,  A.-S. 
sivelic,  sivilc,  Goth,  svaleiks,  fr.  sva , 
so,  and  leiks,  like.]  1.  Of  that  kind  ; 

I  of  the  like  kind.  2.  Of  a  character 
specified.  3.  The  same  that. 

Suck,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  sftean.] 
1.  To  draw  up,  in,  or  out,  with  the 
mouth.  2.  To  draw  milk  from,  with 
the  mouth.  3.  To  inhale  ;  to  absorb. 
4.  To  draw  in,  as  a  whirlpool.  — v.  i. 

1.  To  draw  by  exhausting  the  air. 

2.  To  draw  the  breast. — n.  1.  Act 
of  drawing  with  the  mouth.  2.  Milk 
drawn  from  the  breast. 

SOck'er,  n.  1.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  sucks.  2.  The  shoot  of  a 
plant.  3.  A  fish.  [at  the  breast. 

StJCK'LE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  nurse 

Suck'ling,  n.  A  child  or  animal 
nursed  at  the  breast. 

Suc'tion,  n.  [Lat.  sugere,  suctum,  to 
suckj  Act  of  sucking.  [ing. 

Sue-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Adapted  for  suck- 

Su'DA-TO-RY,  a.  [Lat.  sudatorius.] 
Sweating ;  perspiring.  —  n.  A  sweat¬ 
ing-bath  . 

Sud'den  (58),  a.  [0.  Fr.  sodain,  su- 
dain,soubdain ,  fr.  Lat.  subitus,  sud¬ 
den,  fr.  sub,  under,  secretly,  and  ire , 
to  go.]  1.  Coming  unexpectedly.  2. 
Hastily  prepared  or  employed  ;  quick. 

StJd'den-ly,  adv.  In  an  unexpected 
manner. 

SOd'den-NESS,  n.  A  coming  or  hap¬ 
pening  without  previous  notice. 

Su'DOR-IF'lO,  a.  [Lat.  sudor,  sweat, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  Causing  sweat. 
—  n.  A  medicine  that  produces  sweat. 

StJDg,  n.  sing.  [Ger.  sud,  a  seething ; 
sieden,  to  seethe.]  Water  impreg¬ 
nated  with  soap. 

Sue  (64),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Sew.]  1.  To  follow  up.  2.  To  pros¬ 
ecute  judicially. —  v.  i.  1.  To  peti¬ 
tion  ;  to  plead.  2.  To  prosecute  ;  to 
make  legal  claim. 

Su'ET,  n.  [Fr.  suif, Lat.  sevum.]  Hard 
fat  about  the  kidneys  and  loins. 

Su'ET-Y,  a.  Consisting  of  suet. 

SOf'FER,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
suffer  re ;  sub,  under,  and  .ferre,  to 
bear.]  1.  To  feel  with  pain  or  an¬ 
noyance  ;  to  undergo.  2.  To  endure 
without  sinking.  3.  To  allow. —  v.i. 

1.  To  feel  or  undergo  pain.  2.  To 

be  injured.  [suffered. 

SOf'fer-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

SOf'fer-a-ble-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  sufferable  ;  tolerable¬ 
ness.  [manner. 

SOf'FER-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  sufferable 

SOf'fer-an^e,  n.  1.  Pain  endured. 

2.  Submission.  3.  Negative  consent 
by  not  forbidding. 

SOf'fer-er,  n.  One  who  suffers. 

S&F'FER-ING,  n.  The  bearing  of  pain ; 
pain  endured  ;  distress,  loss,  or  in¬ 
jury  incurred. 


420 

Suf-fIce'  (-fTz',  65),  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  suflicere ;  sub,  under,  and  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  To  be  enough.  — v.  t. 
To  satisfy  ;  to  content. 

SUF-FP9IEN-9Y  (-flsh'en-),  n.  1. 
State  of  being  sufficient.  2.  Ability  ; 
capacity.  3.  Competence.  4.  Ample 
stock. 

SUF-FI'CIENT  (-fish'ent),  a.  1.  Ade¬ 
quate  to  suffice.  2.  Of  competent 
power  or  ability.  [Enough. 

SUF-FI'CIENT-LY  (-fTsh'ent-),  adv. 

SOf'fix,  n.  [See  infra.]  A  letter  or 
syllable  added  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

SUF-FIX',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  suf- 
figere ,  - fixum ,  to  fix  below  or  on.]  To 
add  to  the  end,  as  a  syllable  to  a  word. 

SUF-FLATE',  v.  t.  [Lat.  sufflare,  -fla- 
tum ,  from  sub,  under,  and  flare,  to 
blow.]  To  inflate. 

Suf-fl action,  n.  Act  of  inflating. 

SCf'fo-€ATE,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  suffoc.are,  -catum ;  sub,  under, 
and  fauces,  the  throat.]  To  kill  by 

stopping  respiration  ;  to  smother.  — 
v.  i.  To  become  choked. 

StJF'FO-eA'TioN,  n.  Act  of  suffocat¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  suffocated. 

Suf'FO-€A/TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  suffo¬ 
cate. 

Suf-fos'sion,  n.  [Lat.  suffosio.]  A 
digging  under  ;  an  undermining. 

StJF'FRA-GAN,  a.  [Lat.  suffragans,  fr. 
suffragium,  a  vote.]  Assisting.  —  n. 
A  bishop  considered  as  an  assistant 
to  his  metropolitan. 

Suf'frage,  n.  [Lat.  suffragium.]  A 
voice  given  in  deciding  a  question ,  or 
choosing  a  man  for  an  office  ;  vote. 

SUF-FU'MI-GATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  suffumigare ,  -gatum.;  sub,  un¬ 
der,  below,  and  fumigare,  to  smoke.] 
To  apply  fumes  or  smoke  to  the  parts 
of. 

SUF-FU/MI-G  a/tion,  n.  Operation  of 
smoking  any  thing;  fumigation. 

SUF -FUSE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
suffundere,  -fusum;  sub,  under,  and 
fundere ,  to  pour.]  To  overspread,  as 
with  a  fluid  or  tincture. 

Suf-fu'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  suffusing. 
2.  State  of  being  suffused.  3.  That 
which  is  suffused. 

Sug'ar  (shdbgLar),  n.  [Lat.  saccha- 
rum,  Gr.  <ja.K\ap,  cra.Kxa.pov,  Ar.  suk- 
kar.]  1.  A  sweet,  crystalline  vegeta¬ 
ble  substance.  2.  That  which  re¬ 
sembles  sugar  in  taste  or  appearance, 
&c ,  —  v.t.  [-ED  ,  -ING.]  To  sweet¬ 
en  or  cover  with  sugar. 

Sug'ar— e a ne  (shdbg'ar-),  n.  The 
plant  from  whose 
juice  sugar  is  ob¬ 
tained. 

Sug'ar- loaf 
(shdbg'ar-),  n. 

A  conical  mass 
of  refined  sugar. 

SUG'AR-PLtJM 
(shdbg'ar-),  n.  A 
small  ball  or 
disk  of  candy  ;  a 
sweetmeat. 

SUG'AR-Y  (shdbg'-  Sugar-cane. 

ar-),  a.  Like,  or  containing,  sugar. 


SULPHATE 

Sug-6£st'  (sug-jgst'  or  sud-jest7),  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  svggtrere,  -ges- 
tum;  sub,  under,  and  gerere,  to  car¬ 
ry.]  1.  To  introduce  indirectly  to 
the  thoughts.  2.  To  propose  with 
diffidence. 

Syn. —  To  hint;  allude;  insinuate. 

Sug-ges'tion  (sug-jest'yun  or  sud- 
jgst'yun),  n.  1.  Act  of  suggesting. 
2.  A  diffident  proposal  or  mention. 

Syn.  —  Hint.  —  A  hint  is  literally  a 
nod,  and  is  the  briefest  mode,  of  calling 
one’s  attention  to  a  subject;  a  suggestion 
is  literally  a  throwing'of  something  be¬ 
fore  the  mind,  a  modest  or  delicate  mode 
of  presenting  argument  or  advice.  A 
hint  is  usually  something  slight  or  cov¬ 
ert,  and  may  be  merely  negative  in  its 
character;  a  suggestion  is  ordinarily  in¬ 
tended  to  furnish  us  with  some  practical 
assistance  or  directions.  “  He  gave  me 
a  hint  of  my  danger,  and  added  some  sug¬ 
gestions  as  to  the  means  of  avoiding  it.” 

SUG-GEST'IVE  (sug-jSst'-orsud-jesf/-), 
a.  Containing  a  suggestion. 

Su'l-tpiD'AL  (110),  a.  Partaking  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  the  crime  of  suicide. 

Su'I-^iDE  (92),  n.  [L.  Lat.  suicidium , 
fr.  Lat.  sui,  of  one's  self,  and  cxdere, 
to  kill.]  1.  Self-murder.  2.  One 
guilty  of  self-murder. 

Suit,  n.  [Fr.  suite,  fr.  suivre ,  to  fol¬ 
low.]  1.  Act  of  suing;  endeavor.  2. 
Courtship.  3.  Prosecution  of  right 
before  any  legal  tribunal.  4.  A  ret¬ 
inue  ;  company  of  attendants.  5. 
Individuals  of  a  series,  as  of  rooms, 
cards,  &c.  6.  A  number  of  things 

used  together  ;  a  set.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ing.]  1.  To  fit;  to  adapt.  2.  To 
become.  3.  To  please. — v.i.  To 
_agree ;  to  accord. 

Suit'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  suiting; 
likely  to  suit.  [priety. 

Suit'A-ble-ness,  n.  Fitness ;  pro- 

Suit'a-bly,  adv.  Fitly  ;  agreeably. 

Suite  (sweet),  n.  [Fr.  See  Suit,  «.] 
1.  Itetinue.  2.  A  connected  series, 
_as  of  objects  ;  a  set,  as  of  rooms. 

Suit'or,  n.  1.  One  who  sues  ;  a  peti¬ 
tioner  ;  esp.  a  wooer  ;  a  lover.  2.  One 
who  prosecutes  a  demand  in  court. 

Sul'CATE,  (a.  [Lat.  sidcatus,  fur- 

Sul'ca-ted,  j  rowed,  fr.  sulcus,  a 
furrow.]  Furrowed  or  grooved  lon¬ 
gitudinally. 

SiJLK'i-LY,  adv.  Sullenly  ;  morosely. 

SIjlk'I-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  sulky. 

Sulks,  n.  pi.  A  sulky  mood  or  humor. 

SOlk'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [From 
sulk.]  Sullen;  sour;  morose.  —  n. 
[From  sulky,  a.,  from  the  owner's 
desire  of  riding  alone.]  A  two- 
wheeled  carriage  for  a  single  person. 

StJL'LEN,  a.  [0.  Eng.  solein,  solain, 
fr.  Lat.  solus,  alone.]  1.  Gloomy  ; 
dismal.  2.  Gloomily  angry  and  si¬ 
lent  ;  cross.  3.  Obstinate.  [ly. 

SiiL'LEN-LV,  adv.  Gloomily  ;  morose- 

SOl'len-ness  (109),  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  sullen. 

SIjl'ly,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [See 
Soil.]  1.  To  soil  ;  to  dirt.  2.  To 
tarnish.  3.  To  injure,  as  the  purity 
of  reputation.  — v.  i.  To  be  soiled. 

SOl'phate  (45),  n.  A  salt  formed  by 


SULPHUR 

sulphuric  acid  in  combination  with 
any  base. 

SlJL'PHUR,  n.  [Lat.]  A  combustible 
mineral  of  a  yellow  color  ;  brimstone. 

SlJL'PHU-RATE,  a.  Belonging  to,  or 
resembling,  sulphur. 

SiJL/PHU-RA'TiON,  «.  The  subjecting 
a  thing  to  the  action  of  sulphur. 

SuL-PHU'RE-ofts,  a.  Consisting  of, 
or  having  the  qualities  of,  sulphur. 

Sui/PHU-RET,  ft.  A  combination  of 
sulphur  with  another  element. 

Sul/phu-retVed,  a.  Containing,  or 
combined  with,  sulphur. 

SUL-PIIU'RIC,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
obtained  from,  sulphur. 

SOl'phur-oijs,  a.  Pertaining  to,  re¬ 
sembling,  or  containing,  sulphur. 

Sul'phur-Y,  a.  Partaking  of  sulphur. 

Sui/tan,  ft.  [Ar.  sultan,  sulutan ,  fr. 
snlita ,  to  be  strong].  Empei’or  of  the 
Turks.  [a  sultan. 

Sul-ta'na,  or  Sul-ta'nA,  ft.  Wife  of 

Sul'tan-ess,  71.  A  sultana. 

Sul'tri-ness,  ft.  Heat  with  a  moist 
or  close  air. 

Sul'try,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [Cor¬ 
rupted  from  sweltry.]  Hot,  close, 
stagnant,  and  oppressive. 

SUM,  n.  [Lat.  summa,  from  summits, 
highest.]  1.  Aggregate  of  two  or 
more  numbers,  quantities,  or  par¬ 
ticulars.  2.  A  quantity  of  money  or 
currency.  3.  Amount ;  substance  ; 
compendium.  4.  Height ;  completion. 
5.  A  problem  to  be  solved  in  arith¬ 
metic.  — - v.  t.  [-MED;  -MING.]  1. 
To  cast  up,  as  a  column  of  figures. 
2.  To  bring  iuto  a  small  compass. 

Su'MAC  )  ( colloq .  shiRmak),  ft.  [Ar. 

Sy'MAGH  )  sum  male  ;  samaka,  to  be 
high  or  tall.]  A  shrub  of  many  species. 

Sum'ma-RI-ly,  adv.  1.  Briefly  ;  con¬ 
cisely.  2.  Without  delay. 

SDm'MA-RY,  a.  1.  Summed  up  ;  re¬ 
duced  into  a  narrow  compass.  2. 
Quickly  performed. —  ft.  Anabridged 
account ;  an  abstract. 

SUM-MA'TION,  /t.  1.  Act  of  summing. 
2.  An  aggregate. 

Si/M'MER,  ft.  1.  [A.-S.  sumor ,  sumer .] 
Warmest  period  of  the  year.  2. 
[Fr.  sommier,  a  rafter.]  A  large  stone 
or  beam  placed  horizontal!}'  on  col¬ 
umns,  piers,  or  posts,  &c.  — v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  pass  the  summer. 

SOm'mer-fal/eow,  ft.  A  fallow 
made  during  the  warm  months. 

SDm'mer-house,  ft.  A  house  in  a 
garden,  to  be  used  in  summer. 

SUM'MER-SET,  ft.  See  SOMERSET. 

Sum'mit,  ft.  [Lat.  summits,  highest.] 
The  top ;  the  highest  point. 

SdM'MON,  v  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
summonere,  to  give  a  hint,  fr.  sub,  un¬ 
der,  secretly,  and  monere,  to  warn.] 

1.  To  call,  cite,  or  notify  to  appear. 

2.  To  excite  into  action  or  exertion. 

Syn. —  To  convene;  invite;  bid. 

SOm'mon-er,  ft.  One  who  summons. 

SGm'mon§,  ft.  sing. ;  pi.  sOm'mons- 
E§.]  1.  Command  to  appear  at  a 
place  named,  or  to  attend  to  some 
public  duty.  2.  A  warning  to  ap¬ 
pear  in  court  at  a  day  specified. 


421 

SOMP'TER,  ft.  [N.  Fr.  sommier,  a 
beast  of  burden,  Lat.  sagmarius ,  a 
pack-horse  ;  sagma,  a  pack-saddle.] 
An  animal  that  carries  packs  or  bur¬ 
dens. 

SOmpt'u-a-ry,  a.  [Lat.  sumptuarius, 
fr.  surnere ,  sump  turn ,  to  take,  spend.] 
Regulating  expense  or  expenditure. 

SUMPT'U-OUS  (84),  a.  Involving  large 
expense. 

Syn.  —  Costly;  splendid;  magnificent. 

Sumpt'u-ous-ly,  ado.  In  a  sumpt¬ 
uous  manner.  [expensiveness. 

Sumpt'u-ous-NESS,  n.  Costliness ; 

SON,  ft.  [A.-S.  sunna,  sunne ,  Skr. 
shryr,  fr.  soar,  heaven.]  1.  The  lu¬ 
minous  orb,  round  which  the  earth 
and  planets  revolve.  2.  The  sun¬ 
shine.  3.  Whatever  resembles  the 
sun. — v.  t.  [-NED;  -ning.]  To 
warm  or  dry  in  the  light  of  the  sun. 

Sun'-be  AM,  ft.  A  ray  of  the  sun. 

SUN'bOrN,  V.  t.  [-BURNED,  or 
-BURNT  ;  -BURNING.]  To  burn  or 
tan  by  the  sun. 

StJN'DA.Y,  ft.  [Anciently  dedicated  to 
the  Sun.]  First  day  of  the  week. 

Syn. —  See  Sabbath. 

SiJN'DAY-seHOOi,,  ft.  A  school  for 
religious  instruction  on  Sunday. 

SOn'der,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
sunderian,  fr.  sundor,  sunder ,  sepa¬ 
rate,  apart.]  To  disunite  in  almost 
any  manner  ;  to  part ;  to  sever.  — ft. 
A  separation  into  parts. 

Sun'— dual,  n.  An  instrument  to 
show  the  time  of  day  by  a  shadow  on 
a  plate,  marked  off  for  the  hours. 

SCn'down,  ft.  Sunset. 

Sun'dries,  ft.  pi.  Many  different  or 
small  things. 

Sun'dry,  a.  [A.-S.  sundrig,  fr.  sun- 
dor,  sunder,  separate.]  Several ; 
more  than  one  or  two. 

SGn'flow-er,  ft.  A  plant  having  a 
large  flower,  with  yellow  rays,  which 
turns  toward  the  sun. 

Sung,  imp.  &  p.p.  of  Sing. 

Sunk,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Sink. 

Sunk'en  (stink/n),  a.  Lying  at  the 
bottom  of  water  ;  sunk. 

Sun'less,  a.  Destitute  of  sunlight. 

Sun'light  (-lit),  ft.  Light  of  the  sun. 

SiJN'NY,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.  142.]  1.  Re¬ 
lating  to,  proceeding  from,  or  like, 
the  sun.  2.  Exposed  to  the  sun's 
raysL 

SiJN'RlsE,  )  ft.  First  appearance, 

Sun'ris-ING,  )  or  time  of  appear¬ 
ance,  of  the  sun  above  the  horizon  in 
the  morning. 

SDn'set,  1  ft.  Descent  of  the 

Sun'set-ting,  )  sun  below  the  ho¬ 
rizon  ;  hence,  evening 

SDn'shine,  ft.  .Light  of  the  sun,  or 
the  place  where  it  shines. 

SOn'shin-y,  a.  1.  Bright  with  the 
sun’s  rays.  2.  Bright  like  the  sun. 

SOn'-stroke  ,  ft.  A  sudden  prostra¬ 
tion  of  the  physical  powers,  occa¬ 
sioned  by  excessive  heat. 

S&P,  v.  t.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  [A.-S.  stl- 
pan,  to  sip,  drink.  See  SlP.]  To  take 
into  the  mouth  with  the  lips  ;  to  sip. 


SUPERFICIALLY 

—  v.  i.  To  eat  the  evening  meal.  —  w 
_A  small  mouthful,  as  of  liquor  ;  a  sip 

Su'per-a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  superabilis , 
fr.  super ,  above,  over.]  Capable  of 
being  overcome. 

Su'PER-A-BOUND',  v.  i.  To  be  very 
_abundant.  [enough. 

SWPER-A-BtJN'DANCE,  ft.  More  than 

SWPER-A-BUN'DANT,  a.  Abounding 
_to  excess.  [than  sufficient. 

Su'per-a-bOn'dant-ly,  adv.  More 

SuTer-add',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
_add  over  and  above. 

SWper-ad-dI'tion  (-dislUun),  n.  1. 
Act  of  adding  to  something.  2.  That 
which  is  added. 

SU'PER-AN-GEL'IE,  a.  Superior  in 
_nature  or  rank  to  the  angels. 

SU'PER-AN'NU-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  super,  above,  over,  and  annus, 
a  year.]  To  impair  or  disqualify  by 
_old  age. 

Su'per-an'nu-a'tion,  m.  State  of 
being  superannuated ;  decrepitude. 

Su-p£rb',  a.  [Lat.  superbus,  fr.  su¬ 
per,  above,  over.]  1.  Grand  ;  mag¬ 
nificent ;  stately.  2.  Rich  ;  elegant. 
3.  Showy  ;  pompous.  [ner. 

Su-PERB'LY,  adv.  In  a  superb  man- 

Su'per-gar'go,  ft.  A  person  in  a 
merchant  ship,  whose  business  is  to 
superintend  the  commercial  concerns 
of  the  voyage. 

Su'PER-^iL'i-otis,  a.  [Lat.  supercil- 
iosus,  fr.  supercilium,  an  eyebrow, 
pride.]  1.  Lofty  with  pride  ;  haugh¬ 
ty.  2.  Manifesting  haughtiness ; 
_overbearing. 

SWPER-ciL'l-otjs-LY,  adv.  In  a  su¬ 
percilious  manner. 

SWPer-cIl'i-ous-ness,  ft.  An  over¬ 
bearing  manuer ;  haughtiness. 

Su'PER-DOM'l-NANT,ft.  ( Mus .)  Sixth 
tone  of  the  scale  ;  that  which  is  next 
_above  the  dominant. 

Su'PER-EM'I-NEN^E,  ft.  State  of 
_being  supereminent. 

SU'PER-EM'I-NENT,  a.  Eminent  in 
a  superior  degree. 

StbPER-EM'l-NENT-LY,  adv.  In  a 
superior  degree  of  excellence. 

SU'PER-ER'O-GATE,  V.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  supererogare,  -gatum, 
to  spend  or  pay  out  over  and  above.] 
_To  do  more  than  duty  requires. 

SU/PER-ER/0-GA'TION,  ft.  A  doing 
more  than  duty  or  necessity  requires. 

SuTer-e-rog'a-to-ry,  a.  Per¬ 
formed  to  an  extent  not  required  by 
_duty  or  necessity. 

Su'PER-EX'^EL-LENCE,  ft.  Superior 
excellence. 

Su'PER-Ex'CEL-LENT,  a.  Excellent 
in  an  uncommon  degree. 

StbPER-FE-TA'TION,  ft.  [Lat.  super, 
above,  over,  and  fetare,  to  bring 
forth.]  A  second  conception  after  a 
prior  one,  and  before  the  birth  of 
the  first. 

SiPPER-Ff'ClAL  (-flsh'al),  a.  [See 
Superficies.]  1.  Lying  on,  or 
pertaining  to,  the  surface.  2.  Not 
profound ;  shallow. 

SO'per-fPcial-ly  (-fislUal-),  adv. 
On  the  surface  only. 

G,  hard;  A§ ;  EXIST  ;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


or,  do,  wolf,  too,took;  Brn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  g,G,  soft;  c, 


SUPERFICIALNESS 


SUPPLICATE 


SU'PER-FI'CIAL-NESS  (-fish'al-),  n. 
State  of  being  superficial. 

Su'per-fi'CIES  (-flsh'ez),  ft.  [Lat., 
from  super ,  above,  over,  and  facies , 
make,  figure.]  Surface ;  exterior  part 
of  a  thing. 

Su'per-fine  (110),  a.  Yery  fine  ;  sur¬ 
passing  others  in  fineness. 

Su'per-flu'I-ty,  n.  1.  A  greater 

.  quantity  than  is  wanted.  2.  Some¬ 
thing  beyond  what  is  wanted. 

Srx.  —  Superabundance,-  excess;  re¬ 
dundancy. 

Su-p£r'flu-ous,  a.  [Lat.  svperfiuus, 
fr.  superjiuere ,  to  overflow.]  More 
than  is  wanted  or  sufficient. 

Syn.  —  Unnecessary  ;  exuberant. 

Su-PER'FLU-oOs-LY,  adv.  In  a  su¬ 
perfluous  manner. 

Su-per'flu-oDs-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  superfluous. 

Su'per-hu'man,  a.  Above  what  is 
human;  divine. 

SU'PER-IM-POSE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  lay  or  impose  on  something  else. 

SO'PER-IN-EUM'BENT,  a.  Resting  on 
something  else. 

SU'PER-IN-DUCE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG.] 
To  bring  in,  or  upon,  as  an  addition. 

Su'PER-IN-dOu'tion,  n.  Act  of  su¬ 
perinducing. 

Su'PER-IN-TEND',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  have  or  exercise  the  charge  and 
oversight  of. 

SuTer-in-tend'en^e,  )n.  Care 

Su'per-in-tend'en-9  Y,  )  and  over- 
_sight  for  the  purpose  of  direction. 

SuTer-in-tend'ent,  (110),  7i.  One 
who  has  the  oversight  and  charge  of 
something. 

Su-PE'RI-OR  (89),  a.  [Lat.  superior , 
compar.  of  superus,  being  above,  fr. 
super ,  above.]  1.  More  elevated  in 
place,  rank,  or  character,  See. ;  sur¬ 
passing  others.  2.  Beyond  the  power 
or  influence  of.  —  n.  1.  One  older  or 
more  elevated  in  rank.  2.  One  who 
surpasses  others  in  excellence,  or 
qualities  of  any  kind.  3.  Chief  of  a 
monastery,  convent,  or  abbey.  4.  A 
small  letter  or  figure  standing  near 
the  top  of  the  line,  as,  a  or  L 

Su-pe'ri-or'i-ty  (89),  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  superior. 

Su-PER'LA-TIVE  (14),  a.  [Lat.  super- 
lativus,  fr.  super ,  over,  and  ferre, 
latum,  to  bear.]  1.  Most  eminent; 
supreme.  2.  Expressing  the  highest 
degree  of  a  quality,  as  among  ob¬ 
jects  that  are  compared.  —  n.  1.  That 
which  is  most  eminent.  2.  Highest 
degree  of  comparison. 

Su-pLr'la-tive-ly,  ado.  In  a  su¬ 
perlative  manner,  [ing  superlative. 

Su-per'la-tive-ness,  n.  State  of  be- 

Su'per-lu'nar,  1  a.  Being  above 

Su'PER-LU'NA-RY,  )  the  moon. 

Su-PER'NAL,  a.  [Lat.  supernus,  from 
super,  above.]  1.  Being  in  a  higher 
place  or  region.  2.  Relating  to  things 
above ;  celestial. 

Su'per-nA'TANT,  a.  [Lat.  superna- 
tans ,  swimming  above.]  Swimming 
or  floating  on  the  surface. 


422 

Su'per-nXt'U-ral,  a.  Being  beyond 
the  powers  or  laws  of  nature  ;  mirac¬ 
ulous. 

Syn.  —  Preternatural. —  Preternatural 
signifies  beside  nature,  and  supernatural , 
above  or  beyond  nature.  The  dark  day 
which  terrified  all  Europe  nearly  a  cen¬ 
tury  ago  was  preternatural ;  the  resur¬ 
rection  of  the  dead  is  supernatural. 

Su'per-nXt'u-ral-ism,  n.  1.  State 
of  being  supernatural.  2.  Doctrine 
of  a  supernatural  agency  in  the  mir¬ 
acles  and  revelations  of  the  Bible. 

SO'PER-NXt'U-RAL-LY,  adv.  In  a 
supernatural  manner. 

Su'per-nu'mer-A-ry,  a.  Exceeding 
the  number  stated,  prescribed,  nec¬ 
essary,  or  usual.  — n.  A  person  or 
thing  beyond  what  is  necessary  or 
usual. 

Su'per-po-si'tion  (-zish'un),  n.  1. 
A  being  placed  above.  2.  That  which 
is  situated  above  something  else. 

Su'PER-ROY'AL,  a.  Denoting  the 
largest  regular  size  of  printing  paper. 

Su'per-salt,  n.  A  salt  with  a  greater 
number  of  equivalents  of  acid  than 
of  the  base. 

SU'PER-sXt'U-RAtE,  V.  t.  [-ED  J 
-ING.]  To  add  to  beyond  saturation. 

SU'PER-SGRIBE'.  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  superscribere.\  To  write  on  the 
top,  outside,  or  surface  ;  to  write  the 
address  of  a  person  on  the  cover  of. 

Su'per-sorip'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
superscribing.  2.  That  which  is  su¬ 
perscribed. 

SU'PER-SEDE',  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  supersedere ,  to  sit  above,  omit.] 
1.  To  displace ;  to  replace.  2.  To 
set  aside  ;_to  render  unnecessary. 

Su'PER-SE'DE-AS,  ii.  [Lat.,  sus¬ 
pend,  set  aside.]  A  writ  to  stay  pro¬ 
ceedings  under  another  writ, 

Su'PER-SED'URE,  n.  Act  of  super¬ 
seding. 

Su'per-sti'tion  (-stish'un),  n.  [Lat. 
superstitio,  orig.  a  standing  still  over 
a  thing  ;  hence,  amazement.]  1.  Ex¬ 
cessive  exactness  or  rigor  in  religious 
opinions  or  practice.  2.  Worship  of 
false  gods.  3.  Belief  in  omens  and 
prognostics. 

Syn.  —  Fanaticism.  —  Superstition 
springs  from  the  imagination  in  a 
gloomy  state;  fanaticism  from  this  same 
faculty  in  a  state  of  high-wrought  and 
self-confident  excitement.  The  former 
leads  to  weak  fears  or  excessive  scrupu¬ 
losity  as  to  outward  observances;  the 
latter  to  an  utter  disregard  of  reason  un¬ 
der  the  false  assumption  of  enjoying  a 
direct  guidance  from  on  high. 

Su'per-sti'tioijs  (-stish'us),  a.  1. 
Pertaining  to  superstition.  2.  Full 
of  idle  fancies  and  scruples  in  regard 
to  religion. 

SU-PER-STI'TIOfirS-LY  (-StlSh'US-), 
adv.  In  a  superstitious  manner. 

SU'PER-STI'TIOUS-NESS  (-StFtioUS-), 
n.  Superstition. 

Su'per-strA'tum,  n. ;  pi.  su/per- 
STRA'tA.  A  stratum  or  layer  above 
another. 

Su'per-struc'TION,  n.  [Lat.  super- 
struere,  -structum ;  super,  over,  and 
struere,  to  build.]  1.  Act  of  build¬ 


ing  upon  something.  2.  That  which 
is  built  upon  some  foundation. 

Su'per-strBet'ure  (53),  n.  Any 
structure  built  on  something  else. 

SU^PER-VENE',  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  supervenire ,  to  come  over  or 
upon.]  To  come  upon  as  something 
extraneous  ;  to  happen. 

Su'PER-VEN'lENT,  a.  Coming  upon 
_as  something  additional.  [vening. 

Su'PER-VEN'TlON,  ft.  Act  of  super- 

Su'PER-vig'AL,  ft.  Act  of  supervis¬ 
ing  ;  supervision. 

SU'PER-VISE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  super,  over,  and  visere,  to  look 
at  attentively,  survey.]  To  oversee 
_for  direction  ;  to  superintend. 

SlPPER-vis'lON  (-vizh'un),  n.  Act 
of  overseeing  ;  superintendence. 

Su'PER-vig'OR,  «.  An  overseer. 

Su'PER-vis'o-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  having,  supervision. 

Su'pi-nA'tion,  ft.  [See  Supine.] 
Lying  with  the  face  upward. 

Su'PlNE,  ft.  [Lat.  svpinus,  thrown 
backward  ;  —  though  furnished  with 
substantive  case-endings,  it  throws 
itself  back,  as  it  were,  on  the  verb.] 
A  substantival  modification  of  the 
infinitive  mood,  in  Latin. 

Su-pIne',  a.  1.  L}ing  on  the  back. 
2.  Inclining  with  exposure  to  the 
sun.  3.  Negligent ;  heedless. 

Su-PINE'LY,  adv.  In  a  supine  man¬ 
ner  ;  carelessly.  [ing  supine. 

Su-pIne'ness  (109),  ft.  State  of  be- 

Sup'per.  ft.  [See  Soup  and  Sup.]  A 
meal  taken  at  the  close  of  the  day. 

Sijp'per-less,  a.  Wanting  supper. 

Sup-plant',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
supplantare,  to  trip  up  one's  heels, 
to  throw  down.]  1.  To  displace  by 
stratagem  ;  or  to  remove  and  take 
the  place  of.  2.  To  undermine. 

SCp'PLAN-TA'tion,  ft.  Act  of  sup¬ 
planting.  [plants. 

Sup-plant'er,  ft.  One  who  sup- 

SDp'ple,  a.  [Lat.  supvlex,  bending 
the  knees.]  1.  Easily  bent.  2.  Com¬ 
pliant  ;  not  obstinate.  3.  Bending 
to  the  humor  of  others.  —  v.  t.  or  i. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  make  or  become 
soft  and  pliant. 

StJP'PLE-MENT,  ft.  [Lat.  supplemen- 
tum .]  Something  added  to  a  book 
or  paper  to  supply  deficiencies  or 
correct  errors. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  supply  by  additions. 

Sup'ple-ment'al,  la.  Added  to 

SUP'PLE-MENT'A-RY, )  supply  what 
is  wanted  ;  additional.  [supple. 

Sup'ple-ness,  ft.  Quality  of  being 

Sup'ple-to-RY,  a.  Supplying  defi¬ 
ciencies. 

Sup'pli-ant,  a.  [Fr.  suppliant,  p. 
pr.  of  supplier,  to  entreat.]  1.  Ask¬ 
ing  earnestly  and  submissively.  2. 
Manifesting  entreaty.  —  n.  A  hum¬ 
ble  petitioner. 

SDp'pli-ant-ly,  adv.  In  a  suppli¬ 
ant  manner.  [cates. 

Sup'pli-eant,  ft.  One  who  suppli- 

StJP'PLI-EATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  supplicare ,  - catum ,  fr.  supplex, 
kneeling  down.]  1.  To  seek  by  ear- 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  A,  £,  I,  6,  tt,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  SON, 


SUPPLICATION 


SURREJOIN 


423 


nest  petition.  2.  To  address  in 
prayer.  —  v.  i.  To  offer  a  petition. 

StJP'PLl-GA'TlON,  n.  Act  of  suppli¬ 
cating  ;  humble  petition  or  prayer  ; 
earnest  request. 

SuP'PL.I-CA-TO-RY,a.  Containing  sup¬ 
plication  ;  submissive. 

Sup-plI'er,  n.  One  who  supplies. 

Sup-ply',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
supplere  fr.  sub,  under,  and  plere,  to 
fill.]  1.  To  furnish  with  what  is 

I  wanted.  2.  To  serve  instead  of.  3. 
to  bring  or  furnish. — n  Sufficiency 
of  things  for  use  or  want. 

Sup-port',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
supportare ;  sub ,  under,  and  portare, 
to  carry.]  1.  To  keep  from  falling. 

2.  To  endure  3.  To  keep  from  faint¬ 
ing.  4.  To  furnish  with  the  means 
of  livelihood.  5.  To  carry  on  ;  to 
enable  to  continue.  6.  To  uphold 
by  aid  or  countenance. 

Syn.—  To  maintain;  nurture;  shield; 
protect;  forward. 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  upholding  or  sustain¬ 
ing.  2.  That  which  upholds.  3. 
That  which  preserves  from  being 
overcome,  failing,  sinking,  &c. 

Sup-port'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  supported. 

Sup-port'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  supports. 

SUP-PO s'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
supposed. 

SuP-POg'AL,  n.  Supposition. 

Sup-pose',  v.  t.  [-Et> ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
sub,  under,  and  pausare ,  to  pause  ; 
or  Lat.  supponere.  -positum,  fr.  sub, 
under,  and  ponere,  to  put.]  1.  To 
assume  to  be  true.  2.  To  require  to 
exist  or  be  true. 

Syn.  —  To  imagine ;  conjecture;  assume. 

—  v.  i.  To  think  ;  to  believe. 

SCp/po-si'tion  (-zish'un), n.  1.  Act 

of  supposing.  2.  That  which  is  sup¬ 
posed;  hypothesis. 

SuP-POgO-Ti'Tious  (-tish'us),  a. 
[Lat.  supposititius .]  Put  by  trick  in 
the  place  of  another  ;  spurious. 

Stjp-pos'i-ti'tious-ly  (-tish'us-ly), 
adv.  By  trickish  substitution. 

Sup-pos'i-TIVE,  a.  Implying  suppo¬ 
sition. 

Sup-press',  v.  t.  [-ed:  -ing.]  [Lat. 
supprimere,  - pressum ,  fr.  sub,  under, 
and  premere,  to  press.]  1.  To  over¬ 
power  and  crush.  2.  To  restrain 
from  utterance  or  vent.  3.  To  re¬ 
tain  without  disclosure. 

SuP-PRES'slON(-presh/un),u.  1.  Act 
of  suppressing,  or  state  of  being  sup¬ 
pressed.  2.  Concealment;  obstruc¬ 
tion. 

SUP-PRESS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  sup¬ 
press  ;  subduing ;  concealing. 

Sup-PRESS'or,  n.  [Lat.]  One  who 
suppresses. 

SOp'pu-rate,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  supvurare ,  -ratum  ;  sub,  under, 
and  pus,  purls,  matter.]  To  gener¬ 
ate  pus._  [ing  pus. 

SiJP/PU-RA'TlON,  n.  Process  of  form- 

SOp'pu-ra-TIVE,  a.  Promoting  sup¬ 
puration.  —  n.  A  medicine  that  pro¬ 
motes  suppuration. 


Su'pra-mOn'dane,  a.  Being  above 
the  world. 

SU'PRA-NAT'U-RAL-ISM,  n.  Same  as 
SUPE  R  NATURAL  ISM. 

Su-PREM'A-CY,  n.  State  of  being  su¬ 
preme  ;  higher  authority. 

Su-PREME'  (92),  a.  [Lat.  supremus, 
superl.  of  superus,  being  above.]  1. 
Highest  in  government  or  power.  2. 
Highest,  greatest,  or  most  excellent. 

3.  Utmost.  [degree. 

Su-PREME'LY,  adv.  In  the  highest 

Su'RAL,  a.  [Lat.  sura ,  calf  of  the  leg.] 
Pertaining  to  the  calf  of  the  leg. 

Sur'base,  it.  A  cornice  on  the  top  of 
the  base  of  a  pedestal,  &c. 

SUR-CHARGE',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Fr .  sur charger.  See  CHARGE.]  To 
overload;  to  overburden. — n.  An 
excessive  load  or  burden,  [charges. 

SUR-CHAR'GER,  ii.  One  who  sur- 

SUR'CIN-GLE  (-sing-gl),  n.  [Prefix 
sur  and  ciilgte. ]  A  girth,  which 
passes  over  a  saddle,  or  over  any 
thing  laid  on  a  horse’s  back. 

StfR'EOAT,  n.  [Prefix  sur  and  coal.] 
A  short  coat  worn  over  the  other- 
garments. 

Surd,  a.  [Lat.  surdus,  lit.  deaf.]  1. 
Not  capable  of  being  expressed  in 
rational  numbers.  2.  Uttered  with 
simple  breath  ;  not  sonant. — n.  A 
quantity  which  cannot  be  expressed 
by  rational  numbers. 

Sure  (shirr),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Fr. 
"stir.  See  Secure.]  1.  Certainly 
knowing.  2.  Certain  to  find  or  re¬ 
tain.  3.  Certain  not  to  fail. 

Syn.  —  Certain  ;  unfailing  ;  firm  ; 
stable  ;  secure  ;  confident ;  positive. 

—  adv.  Without  doubt. 

Sure'-fo'ot/ed  (shijU-),  a.  Not  apt 
to  stumble. 

Sure'LY  (shijr'-),  adv.  Certainly  ; 
undoubtedly  ;  steadily.  [sure. 

Sure'ness  (shpU-),  n.  State  of  being 

SuRE'TY  (shjjr'-),  n.  1.  Certainty  ; 
"security.  2.  Ground  of  confidence. 

3.  Security  against  loss  or  damage. 

4.  A  bondsman ;  a  bail. 

S u RE 'T Y -SHIP  (shijU-),  n.  State  of 
"being  surety. 

Surf,  n.  [Cf.  0.  Fr.  surflot ,  the  rising 
of  billow  upon  billow.]  Swell  of  the 
sea  which  breaks  upon  the  shore. 

Sur'fa^e,  n.  [Fr.  surface.  See 
Superficies,  and  Face.]  1.  Ex¬ 
terior  part  of  any  thing  that  has 
length  and  breadth  ;  superficies  ; 
outside.  2.  Outward  appearance. 

Sur'feit,  n.  [0.  Fr.  surf  ait,  excess, 
arrogance,  crime,  fr.  surfaire ,  to  aug¬ 
ment,  exaggerate,  from  sur,  over,  and 
faire,  to  make,  do,  Lat.  facere.]  1. 
Fullness  and  oppression,  occasioned 
by  excessive  eating  and  drinking.  2. 
Disgust  caused  by  excess  :  satiety.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  overfeed,  and 
produce  sickness  or  uneasiness. 

Sur'fe’/t-er,  n.  One  who  surfeits. 

Surge,  n.  [Lat.  surgere,  to  rise.]  A 
large  wave.  —  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  I. 
To  swell;  to  rise  high  and  roll,  as 
waves.  2.  To  slip  back,  as  a  cable. 

Sur'geon  (sfir'jun),  n.  [Contr.  from 


chirurgeon.]  One  who  undertakes  to 
cure  injuries  of  the  body  by  manual 
operation. 

S0r'geon-<]!  y,  n.  Office  of  a  surgeon. 

SUR'GER-Y,  n.  [Contr.  from  0.  Eng. 
surgeonry .]  1.  Art  of  healing  by 
manual  operation.  2.  A  place  where 
surgical  operations  are  performed,  or 
medicines  prepared.  [or  surgery. 

Sur'GIC-AL,  a.  Relating  to  surgeons 

Sur'gy,  a.  Rising  in  billows. 

SOr'li-ly,  adv.  In  a  surly  manner. 

SOr'li-ness,  n.  Sta,te  of  being  surly. 

SUr'loin,  n.  [Fr.  surlonge  ;  sur , 
upon,  and  longe,  loin.]  Upper  part 
of  the  loin  of  beef.  See  SIRLOIN. 

Sur'ly,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [From 
sour.]  1.  Gloomily  morose ;  crab¬ 
bed  ;  2.  Rough  ;  tempestuous. 

Sur-mise',  ii.  [0.  Fr.  surmise,  accusa¬ 
tion.]  The  thought  that  something 
may  be,  on  feeble  or  scanty  evidence. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  imagine  with¬ 
out  certain  knowledge  ;  to  suppose. 

Sur-mount',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
surmonler ;  fr.  sur,  over,  and  inonter, 
to  mount.]  1.  To  rise  higher  than. 
2.  To  overcome.  3.  To  surpass. 

Sur-mount'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  surmounted.  [mounts. 

Sur-mount'er,  ii.  One  who  sur- 

SOr'name,  n.  [Prefix  sur  and  name.] 

1.  A  name  added  to  the  baptismal  or 
Christian  name  ;  a  family  name.  2. 
An  appellation  added  to  the  original 
name. 

SUR-NAME',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
call  by  an  appellation  added  to  the 
original  name. 

Sur-pass',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
surpasser ;  sur,  over,  and  passer,  to 
pass.]  To  go  beyond  in  any  thing. 

Su R-PA  ss'A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being 
surpassed.  [eminent  degree. 

Sur-pass'ING,  p.  a.  Excellent  in  an 

Sur'pli^e,  n.  [Fr.  surplis,  L.  Lat. 
super pellicium,  from  super,  over,  and 
pellicium,  a  robe  of  fur.]  A  white 
ecclesiastical  garment. 

Sur'PLUS,  n.  [Fr.  surplus,  from  sur, 
over,  and  plus,  more.]  Excess  be¬ 
yond  what  is  prescribed  or  wanted. 

Sur'plus -AGE,  n.  1.  Surplus;  ex¬ 
cess.  2.  Matter  in  pleading  not 
necessary  or  relevant  to  the  case. 

Sur-pris'al,  n.  Act  of  surprising,  or 
state  of  being  surprised. 

Sur-pri§e',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
surprendre ,  p.  p.  surpris ,  fr.  Lat.  su¬ 
per,  over,  and prendere,pre/iendere,  to 
take.]  1.  To  come  on  unexpectedly. 

2.  To  strike  with  astonishment.  3. 
Toconfuse.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  surprising 
or  state  of  being  surprised.  2.  A 
moderate  degree  of  sudden  wonder. 

Sur-prIs'ing,p.  a.  Exciting  surprise ; 
wonderful :  astonishing. 

Sur-prT§'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  sur¬ 
prising  manner  or  degree. 

SGr'RE-but',  v.  i.  [Prefix  sur  and 
rebut.]  To  reply,  as  a  plaintiff  to  a 
defendant’s  rebutter. 

SiJR'RE-BlTT'TER,  n.  The  plaintiff’s 
reply  to  a  defendant’s  rebutter. 

SOr're-join',  v.  i.  [Prefix  sur  and 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  took;  Urn,  RUE ,  PULL ;  je,  /,  o,  silent ;  £,  G,  soft;  €,  G,  hard;  Ag  ;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


SURREJOINDER 


424  SWAMPY 


rejoin .]  To  reply,  us  a  plaintiff  to  a 
defendant’s  rejoinder. 

SOr'RE-join'der,  n.  Answer  of  a 
plaintiff  to  a  defendant’s  rejoinder. 

SUR-REN'DER,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Fr.  surrender ;  sur,  over,  and  rendre, 
to  render.]  1.  To  give  up  possession  of 
on  compulsion  or  demand.  2.  To  yield 
to  any  influence,  passion,  or  power. 
—  v.  i.  To  give  up  one’s  self  into  the 
power  of  another.  —  n.  Act  of  sur¬ 
rendering  or  yielding  to  another. 
Bur-re n'de r-or  (127),  n.  One  who 
makes  a  surrender. 

SftR'REP-Ti'Tiofts  (-tlslFus),  a.  [Lat. 
surreptitius .]  Done  by  stealth  or 

fraud. 

SftR'REP-TI'TIOftS-LY  (-tish'us-), 
adv.  By  stealth;  fraudulently. 

SOr'RO-GATE,  n.  [Lat.  surrogate, 
-gatus,  to  substitute,  fr.  sub,  under, 
and  rogare,  to  ask,  propose.]  1.  A 
deputy,  esp.  the  deputy  of  an  eccle¬ 
siastical  judge.  2.  An  officer  who 
presides  over  the  probate  of  wills. 

SUR-ROUND',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Pre¬ 
fix  sur  and  i ound.)  1.  To  inclose  on 
all  sides.  2.  To  lie  or  be  on  all  sides  of. 
Syn. —  To  encompass  ;  environ  ;  invest. 

Sur-sol'id,  n.  (Math.)  Fifth  power  of 
a  number. 

Sur-tout'  (-toot'),  n.  [Fr.  surtout ; 
sur,  over,  and  tout ,  all.]  An  overcoat, 
esp.  when  long  and  fitting  closely. 

Sur  veillance  (sur-vahyongss'), 
n.  [Fr.]  Watch;  inspection. 

SUR-VEY'  (115),  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[0.  Fr.  surveoir,  from  sur,  over,  and 
veoir,  Lat.  videre,  to  see.]  1.  To  in¬ 
spect,  as  from  a  high  place.  2.  To 
view  with  a  scrutinizing  eye.  3.  To 
examine  with  reference  to  condition, 
situation,  and  value.  4.  To  measure, 
as  a  tract  of  land  or  a  coast,  & c. 

SUR'VEY,  n.  1.  A  general  view.  2. 
A  particular  view  ;  esp.  an  official  ex¬ 
amination.  3.  Act  of  measuring  any 
part  of  the  earth’s  surface ;  also,  a  de¬ 
lineation  of  any  portion  of  country. 

Sur-VEY'ING,  n.  That  branch  of 
mathematics  which  teaches  the  art 
of  measuring  and  delineating  land. 

SUR-VEY'OR,  n.  1.  An  overseer,  in¬ 
spector,  or  examiner.  2.  One  who 
measures  land.  3.  (  Customs.)  (a.)  An 
officer  who  ascertains  the  contents  of 
casks;  a  gauger,  (b.)  (U.  S.)  An  offi¬ 
cer  who  ascertains  the  weight  and 
quantity  of  goods  subject  to  duty. 

Sur-vey'OR-ship,  n.  Office  of  a  sur¬ 
veyor.  [another. 

Sur-VIV'al,  n.  A  living  longer  than 

SUR-VIVE',  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
survivre. ,  from  sur,  above,  beyond, 
and  vivre,  to  live.]  To  live  beyond, 
or  longer  than. — v.  i.  To  remain 
alive.  [outlives  another. 

Sur-viv'or,  n.  One  who  survives  or 

Sur-viv'or-siiip,  n.  1.  State  of 
being  a  survivor.  2.  Right  of  one 
who  has  a  joint  interest  in  an  estate, 
to  take  the  whole  estate  upon  the 
death  of  the  other. 

Sus-^ep'ti-bil'i-ty,  a.  Capability 


Sus-cftp'Tl-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  suscipere, 
to  take  up,  undertake,  admit.]  1. 
Capable  of  admitting  any  thing  ad¬ 
ditional,  or  any  change.  2.  Capable 
of  impression ;  tender.  3.  Having 
nice  sensibility. 

Sus-^IP'l-ENT,  a.  [Lat.  suscipiens, 
taking  up,  admitting.]  Receiving ; 
admitting.  —  n.  One  who  admits. 

SlJS-PEdV,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
suspicere, -spectum ;  sub,  under,  and 
specere,  to  look.]  1.  To  imagine  to 
exist,  or  to  be  guilty,  often  upon  weak 
evidence  or  no  evidence  at  all.  2.  To 
hold  to  be  uncertain. — v.  i.  To 
imagine  guilt.  [suspected. 

Sus-PE€T'ed-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Sus-PE€T'ER,  n.  One  who  suspects. 

SUS-PEND'',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  sus- 
pendere,  - pen  sum ,  from  sits  or  subs, 
for  sub,  under,  and  pend  ere,  to  hang.] 

1.  To  attach  to  something  above. 

2.  To  make  to  depend.  3.  To  cause 
to  cease  for  a  time.  4.  To  hold  in  a 
state  undetermined.  5.  To  debar 
from  any  privilege. 

Syn. —  To  hang;  delay;  intermit. 

—  v.  i.  To  cease  from  operation  or 
activity ;  especially,  to  stop  payment. 

Sus-PfiND'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  sus¬ 
pends.  2.  pi.  Straps  for  holding  up 
pantaloons  ;  braces. 

Sus-pense',  n.  1.  A  state  of  uncer¬ 
tainty.  2.  Cessation  for  a  time. 

Sus-pen'sion,  n.  1.  Act  of  suspend¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  suspended; 
esp.  temporary  delay  or  cessation. 
2.  A  conditional  withholding,  inter¬ 
ruption,  or  delay.  [Suspending. 

Sus-PEN'so-RY,  a.  1.  Suspended.  2. 

Sus-PI'CION  (-pisb/un),  n.  [Lat.  sus¬ 
picion  Act  of  suspecting. 

Syn.  —  Jealousy;  mistrust;  doubt. 

Sus-Pi'ciofts  (-plslhus),  a.  1.  Inclined 
to  suspect.  2.  Indicating  suspi¬ 
cion.  3.  Liable  to  suspicion. 

Syn.—  See  Jealous. 

Sus-pRcious-ly  (-pish/us),  adv.  In 
a  suspicious  manner. 

Sus-pi'cious-ness  (-pish'us),  n. 
Quality  of  being  suspicious. 

Sus/pi-ra,tion,  n.  Act  of  sighing. 

Sus-PIRE',  v.  i.  [Lat.  suspirare,  fr. 
sub,  under,  and  spirare,  to  breathe.] 
To  sigh. 

Sus-TAIN',  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
sustinere ,  from  sus  or  subs,  for  sub , 
under,  and  tenere,  to  hold.]  1.  To 
keep  from  falling;  to  bear.  2.  To 
maintain;  to  keep  alive.  3.  To  aid, 
vindicate,  comfort,  or  relieve.  4.  To 
endure.  5.  To  suffer ;  to  undergo. 

Sus-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  sustained. 

Sus-TAlN'ER,  n.  One  who  sustains. 

Slis'TE-NANCE,  n.  [0.  Fr.  suste¬ 
nance.  See  Sustain.]  1.  Act  of 
sustaining.  2.  That  which  supports 
life  :  food  :  provisions. 

StJS'TEN-TA'TlON,  n.  [Lat.  sustenta- 
tio.  See  Sustain.]  Support ;  susten¬ 
ance. 

SftT'LER,  n.  [0.  D.  soeleler,  from 
soetelen,  to  undertake  low  offices.] 


One  who  follows  an  army,  and  sells 
to  the  troops  provisions,  liquors, 
cigars,  &c. 

Sut-tee',  n.  [Skr.  satl,  f.  of  sat, 
real,  true,  good.]  1.  A  "widow  who 
burns  herself  on  the  funeral  pile  of 
her  husband.  2.  The  burning  it¬ 
self.  [India.] 

Sut-tee'ism,  n.  Practice  of  self- 
immolation  among  widows  in  Hin- 

_dosjtan . 

Sut'ur-al,  a.  Relating  to  a  suture  or 
seam . 

Sut'ure,  n.  [Lat.  sutura,  from 
suere,  sutum,  to  sew.]  1.  Act  of 
sewing  ;  also,  the  line  along  which 
two  things  are  sewed  together ;  a 
seam.  2.  Seam  or  joint  of  the  bones 
of  the  skull. 

Su'ze-rain,  n.  [Fr.  suzerain ,  from 
sus,  above,  over.  See  Sovereign.] 
A  superior  lord,  to  whom  fealty  is 
due. 

Swab,  n.  [From  the  root  of  sweep.] 

1.  A  mop.  2.  A  bit  of  sponge  or 
cloth  fastened  to  a  handle  for  cleans¬ 
ing  the  mouth. — v.  t.  [-BED  ;  -BING.] 
To  clean  with  a  swab. 

Swab'ber,  n.  One  who  uses  a  sw7ab. 

Swad'dle  (swoddll),  n.  [A.-S.  swsed- 
hil,  swedkel,  a  bundle,  fr.  swedhian, 
to  bind.]  Clothes  bound  tight  round 
the  body. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
bind,  as  with  a  bandage ;  to  swathe. 

SWAD'DLING— BAND,  I  n.  A  cloth 

Swad'dling-uloth,  )  wrapped 
round  an  infant. 

Swag,  v.  i.  [-ged  ;  -ging.]  [Allied 
to  swing.]  To  sink  down  by  its 
weight ;  to  lean. 

Swage,  n.  A  tool  for  shaping  metal 
work.  —  v.  t.  To  shape  by  means  of 
a  swage. 

SWAG'GEIt,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Cf. 
A.-S.  swegan,  to  make  a  noise,  swe- 
gian,  to  prevail.]  To  boast  or  brag 
noisily;  to  bluster. — n.  Boastful¬ 
ness  of  manner. 

Swag'ger-er,  n.  A  blusterer;  a 
bully^ 

Swag'gy,  a.  Hanging  by  its  weight. 

Swain,  n.  [A.-S.  swan.]  A  rustic; 
especially,  a  country  lover. 

Swale,  n.  [Gael,  sgail,  a  shade, 
shadow.]  A  tract  of  low,  and  usu¬ 
ally  wet,  land.  [Amer.]  —  v.  t.  &  i. 
To  waste  ;  to  sweal. 

Swal'low,  n.  [A.-S.  sicalewe, 
swealwe.]  A  small  bird  with  a 
forked  tail.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.- 
S.  swelgan,  swilgan,  0.  Ger.  schwalg , 
the  throat.]  1.  To  take  into  the  stom¬ 
ach.  2.  To  draw  into  an  abyss.  3. 
To  receive,  as  opinions,  without  ex¬ 
amination.  4.  To  appropriate.  5.  To 
exhaust.  6.  To  retract.  —  n.  1.  The 
gullet  or  esophagus.  2.  As  much  as 
can  be  swallowed  at  once. 

Swamp  (swomp),  n.  [From  the  root  of 
swim.]  Land  wet  and  spongy.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  plunge,  or 
sink  in  a  swamp,  or  as  in  a  swamp. 

2.  To  overset,  or  sink,  as  a  boat. 

Swamp'y,  a.  Consisting  of,  or  like,  a 

swamp. 


of  receiving  impressions. 


a,  e,  l,  o,  0,  y,  long;  A,  E,  I,  6,  ft,  ft,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  ere,  veil,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  FIRM ;  son, 


SWAN 


425 


SWINGLE 


Swan,  m.  [A.-S.] 

A  large  web-foot- 
ed  bird,  like  the 
goose. 

SWAN’g'  -  DOWN, 
re.  A  fine,  soft, 
thick  cloth  of 
wool  mixed  with 
silk  or  cotton. 

Swan'— SKIN,  re.  A  kind  of  fine  flannel. 

Swap,  re.  t.  [-peo;  -ping.]  [O.Eng., 
to  strike.  Of.  to  strike  a  bargain.] 
To  exchange ;  to  barter.  —  re.  An 
exchange ;  barter. 

Sward,  re.  [A.-S.  sweard.]  The 
grassy  surface  of  land;  turf. — re.  t. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  To  cover  with  sward. 

Swarm,  re.  [A.-S.  swearm,  from  the 
root  of  Skr.  swar ,  to  sound.]  1.  A 
large  number  of  small  animals  or  in¬ 
sects,  esp.  when  in  motion.  2.  Any 
great  number  or  multitude.  —  re.  i. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  leave  a  hive  in 
a  body,  as  bees.  2.  To  throng  togeth¬ 
er.  3.  To  be  crowded.  4.  To  be  filled, 
as  with  a  crowd  of  objects.  5.  [Allied 
to  worm.]  To  climb,  as  a  tree,  em¬ 
bracing  it  with  the  arms  and  legs. 

Swart,  I  a.  [A.-S.  sweart.]  Being 

Sw’arth,  )  of  a  dark  hue  ;  tawny. 

Swarth'i-ness,  a.  State  of  being 
swarthy. 

Swarth'y,  a.  [-ER;  -EST,  142.] 
[From  swnrlh,  or  swart.]  Being  of 
a  dark  hue  or  dusky  complexion  ; 
black  or  tawny. 

Swash,  re.  i.  [Sw.  swassa,  to  bully  ; 
Ger.  schwatzen,  to  talk,  prate.]  1. 
To  bluster.  2.  [From  wash,  with  .s 
prefixed.]  To  dash  or  flow  noisily ,  as 
water. — re.  1.  Impulse  of  water 
flowing  with  violence.  2.  A  narrow 
channel  of  water  within  a  sand-bank, 
or  between  that  and  the  shore. 

Swatii  (swawth),  re.  [A.-S.  swadhu.] 

1.  A  band  or  fillet.  2.  A  line  of  grass 
or  grain  cut  down  in  mowing.  3.  The 
whole  sweep  of  a  scythe. 

Swathe,  re.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
swedhian,  to  bind.]  To  bind  with  a 
swath  or  bandage.  —  re.  A  bandage. 

Sway,  re.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  swS- 
gian,  to  prevail.  Cf.  Swag.]  1.  To 
move  or  wield  with  the  hand.  2.  To 
influence  or  direct.  3.  To  cause  to 
incline  to  one  side. — re.  i.  1.  To  bear 
rule.  2.  To  have  weight  or  influence. 
3.  To  be  drawn  to  one  side  by  weight. 
—  re.  1.  Power  exerted  in  governing. 

2.  Influence,  weight,  or  authority 
that  inclines  to  one  side.  3.  Prepon- 
deration.  4.  Swing  of  a  weapon. 

Sweat,  re.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
swHan,  to  burn  slowly  and  without 
a  flame.]  To  melt  and  run  down,  as 
the  tallow  of  a  candle. 

Swear  (4),  re.  i.  [swore  ;  sworn  : 
SWEARING.]  [A.-S.  swerinn,  allied 
to  swarian ,  to  affirm.]  1.  To  affirm, 
with  an  appeal  to  God  for  the  truth 
of  what  is  affirmed.  2.  To  give  evi¬ 
dence  on  oath.  3  To  be  profane.  — 
re.  t.  1.  To  administer  an  oath  to.  2. 
To  declare  or  charge  upon  oath. 

Swear'er,  re.  One  who  swears. 


Sweat,  re.  [A.-S.  swat,  allied  to  Skr. 
s  fed  as.]  1.  Sensible  moisture  ex¬ 
creted  from  the  skin.  2.  Moisture 
issuing  from  any  substance.  —  re.  i.  or 
t.  [SWEAT  ;  SWEATED  ;  SWEAT¬ 
ING.]  1.  To  excrete,  or  cause  to  ex¬ 
crete,  sensible  moisture  from  the  skin. 

2.  To  toil ;  to  drudge.  3.  To  emit 
moisture,  as  green  plants  in  a  heap. 

Sweat'i-ness,  re.  State  of  being  : 
sweaty.  [with  sweat. 

Sweat'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  Moist 

SWED'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sweden. 
—  re.  Language  of  the  Swedes. 

Sweep,  re.  t.  [swept  ;  sweeping.] 
[A.-S.  swapan.]  1.  To  brush,  or 
clean,  with  a  broom.  2.  To  carry 
along  or  off  by  a  long  stroke.  3.  To 
destroy  or  carry  off  many  at  a  stroke. 
4.  To  carry  with  a  long  swinging  or 
dragging  motion.  5.  To  draw  or  drag 
over.  —  re.  V.  1.  To  pass  swiftly  and 
violently.  2.  To  pass  with  pomp.  3. 
To  move  with  a  long  reach.  —  re.  1. 
Act  of  sweeping.  2.  Compass  of  a 
stroke  or  of  any  turning  body.  3.  Di¬ 
rection  and  extent  of  any  motion  not 
rectilinear.  4.  One  who  sweeps.  5.  The 
pole  used  to  raise  and  lower  a  bucket. 

Sweep'er,  re.  One  who  sweeps. 

SWEEP'INGS,  re.  pi.  Things  collected 
by  sweeping. 

Sweep'stakes,  it  .  sing.  ov  pi.  1.  The 
whole  money  or  other  things  staked 
or  won  at  a  horse-race.  2.  One  who 
wins  all.  [a  great  compass. 

Sweep'y,  a.  Passing  with  speed  over 

Sweet,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
swSte .]  1.  Having  a  taste  like  that 
of  sugar.  2.  Pleasing  to  any  sense.  3. 
Fresh,  not  salt.  4.  Not  changed  from 
a  sound  or  wholesome  state.  — re.  1. 
That  which  is  sweet  to  the  taste.  2. 
That  which  is  pleasing  to  any  of  the 
senses  or  to  the  mind.  3.  A  darling. 

Sweet'-bread,  re.  Pancreas  of  an 
animal,  used  for  food. 

Sweet'-brI'er,  re.  A  shrub  of  the 
rose  kind. 

SWEET'EN,  re.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
make  sweet  to  the  taste.  2.  To  make 
pleasing  to  the  mind.  3.  To  make 
delicate.  4.  To  restore  to  purity. — 
re.  i.  To  become  sweet. 

Sweet'en-er,  re.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  sweetens.  [tress. 

Sweet'heart,  re.  A  lover  or  mis- 

Sweet'ing,  re.  1.  A  sweet  apple.  2. 
A  darling. 

Sweet'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  sweet. 

Sweet'ly,  adv.  In  a  sweet  manner. 

Sweet' me  at,  re.  Fruit  preserved 
with  sugar.  sweet. 

Sweet'ness,  re.  Quality  of  being 

Swell,  re.  i.  [swelled  ;  swelled 
(swollen  or-swoLN, obsolescent) ; 
SWELLING.]  [A.-S.  sivellan.]  1.  To 
grow  larger,  esp.  by  matter  added 
within.  2.  To  be  driven  into  billows. 

3.  To  be  puffed  up.  4.  To  be  bombast¬ 
ic.  —  re.  t.  1.  To  increase  the  size  of. 
2.  To  aggravate.  3.  To  raise  to  arro¬ 
gance. —  re.  1.  Act  of  swelling.  2. 
Gradual  increase.  3.  A  fluctuation  of 
the  sea  after  a  storm.  4.  A  gradual  in¬ 


crease  and  decrease  of  the  volume  Jf 
sound.  5.  A  showy,  boastful  person. 
Swell'ing,  re.  1.  Protuberance ; 

prominence.  2.  A  tumor. 
Swell'-mob,  re.  Well-dressed  thieves. 
SWELT'ER,  re.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.- 
S.  sweltan,  to  perish.]  To  be  over, 
come  with  heat. — re.  t.  To  oppress 
with  heat. 

:  Swept,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Sweep. 
SwErve,  re.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [D. 
zwerven.  Cf.  Swarm.]  To  wander 
from  any  line  prescribed,  or  from  a 
rule  of  duty  ;  to  deviate. 

Swift,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  Cf. 
Sweep.]  1.  Moving  with  celerity. 
2.  Beady;  prompt. — re.  1.  A  reel. 
2.  A  small  bird,  like  the  swallow.  3. 
A  species  of  lizard. 

SwiFT'LY,  adv.  With  celerity. 
Swift'ness,  re.  State  or  quality  of 
being  swift ;  speed. 

Swig,  re.  t.  and  i.  [A.-S.  swilgan,  to 
swallow.]  To  drink  by  large  draughts. 

—  re.  A  large  draught.  [  Vulgar.] 
Swill,  re.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.- 

S.  swilgan .  to  swallow,  swilian,  to 
wash.]  To  drink  grossly  or  greedily. 

—  re.  1.  Large  draughts  of  liquor.  2. 
Mixture  of  liquid  substances,  given 
to  swine. 

Swill'er,  re.  One  who  swills. 

Swim,  re.  i.  [swam,  swum  ;  swim¬ 
ming.]  [A.-S.  swimman.  J  1.  To  float. 
2.  To  move  in  water  by  the  hands  and 
feet,  or  fins.  3.  To  be  borne  along  by 
a  current.  4.  To  glide  along.  5.  To 
be  dizzy.  6.  To  abound. — re.  t.  1.  To 
pass  by  swimming.  2.  To  cause  to 
swim  or  float.  — re.  Act  of  swimming. 
SwiM'MER,  re.  One  who  swims. 
SwiM'MING-LY,  adv.  In  an  easy, 
gliding  manner,  as  if  swimming ; 
hence,  successfully. 

SWIN'DLE,  re.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [N.  II. 
Ger.  schwindeln ,  to  be  giddy,  to 
cheat,  from  schwinden,  to  vanish, 
dwindle.]  To  cheat  grossly,  or  with 
deliberate  artifice.  —  re.  Act  of  de¬ 
frauding  by  systematic  imposition. 
Swin'dler,  re.  One  who  swindles. 

Syn.  —  Sharper.  —  One  who  obtains 
money  or  goods  under  false  pretenses  is 
a  swindler ;  one  who  cheats  by  sharp 
practice,  as  in  staking  what  he  can  not 
pay,  is  a  sharper. 

Swine,  re.  sing.  &  pi.  [A.-S.  streire.] 
A  hog  ;  a  boar  or  sow  ;  a  pig. 
Swine'-hErd,  re.  A  keeper  of  swine. 
Swing,  re.  i.  [swung;  swinging.] 
[A.-S.  swingan.]  1.  To  move  to  and 
fro,  as  a  body  suspended  ;  to  vibrate. 
2.  To  piactice  swinging.  3.  To  movo 
or  float.  4.  To  be  hanged. — re.  t. 
1.  To  cause  to  wave,  or  vibrate.  2. 
To  move  to  and  fro  ;  to  brandish. 

—  re.  1.  Act  of  swinging  ;  vibratory 
motion.  2.  A  line  suspended,  on 
which  any  thing  may  swing.  3.  Un¬ 
restrained  liberty ;  tendency. 

Swinge,  re.  t.  [A  -S.  sivingan ,  to 
swing,  whip.]  To  beat  soundly. 
Swinge 'ing,  a.  Huge.  [  Vulgar.] 
SwiN'GLE,  re.  t.  [From  swing.]  To 
I  clean,  as  flax,  by  beating  it  with  a 


SWINGLE-TREE 

swingle. — n.  A  sort  of  large  knife 
for  cleaning  flax. 

Swin'gle-tree,  n.  A  whiffle-tree. 

Swin'ish,  a.  Like  swine :  gross  ; 

Swipe,  n.  A  sweep.  [hoggish. 

Swip'le  (swip'l),  n.  Part  of  a  flail 
which  strikes  the  grain. 

Swirl,  n.  [Icel.  swirra,  to  whirl.] 
An  eddy  ;  a  whirl. 

{Swiss,  n.  sing.  &  pi.  A  native,  or 
the  people,  of  Switzerland.  —  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  Switzerland. 

Switch,  n.  [From  swing ,  swinge .] 
1.  A  small,  flexible  twig.  2.  A  mov¬ 
able  part  of  a  railway  track,  for 
transferring  a  car  to  another  track. 
—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  strike 
with  a  small  twig  or  rod.  2.  To  turn 
from  one  railway  track  to  another. 

SwiTCH'MAN  (150),  n.  One  who  tends 
a  switch  on  a  railway. 

Swiv'£L,n.  [A.-S. 
swtfan,  to  move 
quickly,  revolve. 

Of.  Swift.]  1.  Swivel  and  Chain. 
A  turning  ring,  link,  or  staple.  ?.  A 
small  cannon  turning  on  a  pivot.  — 
v.  i.  To  turn  on  a  staple,  or  pivot. 

Swob,  n.  &  v.  Same  as  Swab. 

}****««■ 

Swoon,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
swunnn,  to  fail  in  intellect,  allied  to 
swanian,  to  faint.]  To  sink  into  a 
fainting  fit.  —  n.  A  fainting  fit. 

Swo"op,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  sweep.]  To  fall  on  with  a  sweep¬ 
ing  motion  and  seize. —  v.  i.  To  de¬ 
scend  with  closed  wings  from  a  height 
upon  prey.  —  n.  A  pouncing,  as  of 
a  rapacious  fowl  on  his  prey. 

Swop,  v.  t.  Same  as  Swap. 

Sword  (sord),  n.  [A.-S.  sweord , 
sword.]  A  weapon  for  cutting  or 
thrusting. 

SwORD'-BELT  (sord'-),  n.  A  belt  to 
suspend  a  sword  by.  [a  sword. 

Sword'ed  (sordid),  a.  Girded  with 

Sword'  -  fish  * 

(sord'-),  n.  A  — 

large  fish  hav¬ 
ing  the  upper  _  ,  „  , 

jaw  elongated  Sword-fish. 

inJ;o  a  sword -shaped  process. 

Sword'-knot  (shrd'not),  n.  A 
bon  tied  to  the  hilt  of  a  sword. 

Swords 'man  (sordz'-,  150),  n. 
skilled  in  the  use  of  the  sword.* 

Swore,  imp.  of  Swear. 

Sworn,  p.  p.  or  p.  a.  of  Swear. 

Swum,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Swim. 

Swung,  imp.  &  p.  p-  of  Swing. 

Syb'A-rite,  n.  [From  Sybaris ,  in 
Italy,  noted  for  voluptuousness.]  A 

.  person  devoted 
to  luxury  and 
pleasure. 

Svb'a-rit'IC,  a. 

Luxurious ;  wan¬ 
ton. 

Syc'a-mine,  n. 

[Or.  cruKayuvcx;.] 

The  mulberry- 
tree. 

S?€'A-MORE, 


rib- 

One 


n. 


Sycamore. 


426 

[Gr.  (Tuxop-opo;,  the  fig-mulberry,  fr. 
t tvkov ,  a  fig.  and  popov,  the  black 
mulberry  ;  Heb.  si/c'  mah.]  A  large 
Eastern  tree  allied  to  the  tig;  in  Amer¬ 
ica,  the  plane  tree,  or  button-wood  ; 
in  England,  a  large  maple. 

S^-£EE',  n.  Silver  in  the  form  of 
small  lumps,  used  as  a  currency. 
[  China.]  [tery  ;  servility. 

S?€'o-PHAN-9Y,  n.  Obsequious  flat- 

SYC'O-PIIANT,  n.  [Gr.  crvKotfxxvTr]^,  fr. 
crvKov,  a  fig,  and  <j>aCveiv,  to  show.] 

1.  Originally,  an  informer,  who 
sought  favor  by  denouncing  those 
who  exported  figs  contrary  to  law. 

2.  A  base  parasite  ;  a  mean  flatterer, 
especially  of  great  men. 

S^c'o-phXnt'ic,  1  a.  Obsequi- 

Syc'o-phant'ig-AL,  )  ously  flut¬ 
tering  ;  parasitic. 

Sy'E-nIte  .  n.  A  crystalline  rock  re¬ 
sembling  granite ;  —  named  from 
Syene,  in  upper  Egypt. 

SYL-LAB'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  a  syllable  or  syllables. 

Syl-lab'I€-al-LY,  adv.  In  a  sylla¬ 
bic  manner. 

Syl-lab'i-eate,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  form  into  syllables. 

Syl-lab'I-ga'tion,  n.  Division  of 
words  into  syllables. 

Syl-lXb'I-fy,i\  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING, 142.] 
To  divide  into  syllables. 

SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  crvAAa|3 y,  from 
crvAhapfidveiv ,  to  take  together.]  1. 
An  elementary  sound,  or  a  combina¬ 
tion  of  elementary  sounds,  uttered 
by  a  single  effort  of  the  voice.  2. 
Part  of  a  written  or  printed  word 
separated  from  the  rest.  [See  Prin. 
of  Pron.  §  129.]  [and  milk. 

Syl'la-bub,  n.  A  drink  made  of  wine 

Syl'lA-bus,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  sAl'la- 
BUS-E§;  Lal.pl.  fiYL’LA-BI.  [Lat., 
fr.  the  same  source  as  syllable.]  A 
compendium  containing  the  heads 
of  a  discourse. 

SYL'LO-GI§M,  n.  [Gr.  <rvAAo-yi.a-p.ds, 
a  reasoning,  from  <rvAAoyi£ea-da.i,  to 
reckon  all  together,  to  infer.]  The 
logical  form  of  every'  argument,  con¬ 
sisting  of  three  propositions. 

Syl'lo-gis'tig,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of,  a  syllogism. 

Syl'lo-gis'tig-al-ly,  adv.  In  the 
form  of  a  syllogism  ;  by  means  of 
syllogisms. 

Syl'lo-gize,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
reason  by  syllogisms. 

Sylph,  n.  [Gr.  criAcfrrj.  a  bind  of  grub 
or  moth.]  A  kind  of  fairy  inhabiting 
the  air. 

Sylph'id,  n.  A  little  or  young  sylph. 

Syl'van,  n.  [F’rom  Lat.  sylva,  a 
wood  or  forest.]  A  fabled  deity  of 
the  wood;  a  satyr;  a  faun;  some¬ 
times,  a  rustic. —  a.  1.  Forest-like; 
also,  rural ;  rustic.  2.  Abounding  in 
forests  or  in  trees. 

Sym'BOL,  n.  [Gr.  <rvp/8oAoi/,  fr.  <rvp- 
/3dAAeiv,  to  throw  oi  put  together,  to 
compare.]  1.  Sign  of  something  moral 
or  intellectual  by  the  images  or  prop¬ 
erties  of  natural  things.  2.  A  siginfi- 
cant  letter  or  character. 


SYNyERESIS 

SYM-BOL'ie,  n.  That  branch  of  the¬ 
ology  which  treats  of  creeds. 

Sym  bol'ig,  |  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 

Sym-bol'I€-AL,  (  in  the  nature  of, 
a  symbol ;  representative. 

Sym-bol'ie-al-ly,  adv.  By  signs. 

Sym-bol'IES,  n.  sing.  Same  as  SYM¬ 
BOLIC. 

Sym'bol-Ism,  n.  1.  A  system  of  sym¬ 
bols.  2.  The  science  of  creeds. 

Sym'bol-i-za'tion,  n.  Act  of  sym¬ 
bolizing. 

Sym'bol-ize,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
have  a  resemblance  of  qualities  or 
properties.  —  v.t.  1.  To  make  rep¬ 
resentative  of  something.  2.  To  rep¬ 
resent  by  a  symbol. 

Sym-bol'o-gy,  n.  [Gr.  crvpjSoAoi', 
symbol,  and  Ao-yos,  discourse.]  Art 
of  expressing  by  symbols. 

Sym-met'ric-al,  a.  Proportional  or 
harmonious  in  its  parts. 

Sym-met'ric-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  sym¬ 
metrical  manner. 

Sym'me-trize,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.] 
To  reduce  to  symmetry. 

Sym'me-try,  n.  [Gr.‘ crvyLfjLeTpia,  fr. 
arvv,  with,  together,  and  /ae'rpov, 
measure.]  A  due  proportion  of  the 
several  parts  of  a  body  to  each  other. 

Sym'pa-tiiet'ic,  i  a.  1.  Inclined 

S^M'PA-THET'ie-AL,  J  to,  or  exhibit¬ 
ing,  sympathy.  2.  Produced  by  sym¬ 
pathy. 

Sym'pa-tiiet'ic-al-ly,  adv.  With 
or  by  sympathy. 

Sym'pa-thize,  v.  i.  [-ed;  ing.]  To 
have  a  common  feeling. 

SYM'PA-THY,  n.  [Gr.  (rvp.nd6eia,  fr. 
c~uv ,  with,  and  7ra0os,  suffering.]  1. 
Feeling  corresponding  to  that  which 
another  feels.  2.  An  agreement  of 
affections  or  inclinations.  3.  Recip¬ 
rocal  influence  of  the  parts  of  the 
body  on  one  another. 

Sv  x.  —  Commiseration. — Sympathy  is 
literally  a  fellow-feeling  with  others  in 
their  varied  conditions  of  joy  or  of  grief. 
This  term,  however,  is  now  more  com¬ 
monly  npp’ied  to  a  fellow-feeling  with 
others  under  affliction,  nnd  then  coin¬ 
cides  very  nearly  with  commiseration- 

Sym-ph5'ni  ous,  a.  Agreeing  in 
sound ;  harmonious. 

SifM'PHO-NY,  n.  [Gr.  <rvp<jb<o via.,  from 
avv,  with,  and  <f>u ivy,  a  sound.]  1.  A 
consonance  or  harmony  of  sounds.  2. 
An  elaborate  instrumental  composi¬ 
tion  for  a  full  orchestra. 

Sym-po'si-ag,  n.  [See  Symposium.] 
A  conference,  as  of  philosophers  at  a 
banquet. 

Sym-po i- um,  n.; pi. s ym-po'si-a . 
[Lat.  ;  Gr.  avp-Troaiov ,  fr.  avv,  with, 
and  niveiv,  to  drink.]  A  drinking  to¬ 
gether  ;  a  merry  feast. 

Symp'tom  (84),  n.  [Gr.  avpi r-rcopa,  fr. 
(rvp.niiTTeiv,  to  fall  together.]  1.  A 
perceptible  change  which  indicates 
disease.  2.  That  which  indicates  the 
existence  of  something  else. 

S?MP'TOM-AT'i€,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  according  to,  symptoms. 

Syn-jER'e-sIs,  n.  TGr.  crur-atpecris,  a 
taking  or  drawing  together.]  A  figure 
by  which  two  vowels  that  are  ordi- 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  E,  I,  6,  0,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  veil,  term  ;  PIQUE,  firm  ;  SON, 


SYNAGOGICAL 

narily  separated  are  drawn  together 
into  one  syllable.  [synagogue. 

Sy^A-GOGGE-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

SYN'A-GOGUE ,  n.  [Gr.  cruvayuiyr) ,  an 
assembly,  fr.  arvudyeiv,  to  bring  to¬ 
gether,  from  avv,  with,  and  ayeiv,  to 
lead.]  An  assembly  of  Jews  met  for 
worship,  or  their  place  of  worship. 

Syn'ehro-nal  (sink/ro-),a.  Same  as 
Synchronous. 

S¥n'€HRO-NISM,  n.  [Gr.  crvyxpovLcr- 
p.o? .  ]  Concurrence  of  two  or  more 
events  in  time. 

Syn'eiiro-nize,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  i 
To  agree  in  time ;  to  be  simultaneous. 

SifN'EHRO-NOUS,  a.  Happening  at 
the  same  time  ;  simultaneous. 

Syn'eo-pate  (sfnk/o-),  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ing.]  [See Syncope.]  Tocontract, 
as  a  word,  by  taking  one  or  more 
letters  or  syllables  from  the  middle. 

S? n'eo-PA'tion,  n.  Contraction  of 
a  word  by  taking  a  letter  or  letters 
from  the  middle. 

SYN’EO-PE ,  n.  [Gr.  avyuorr y,  from 
ovyKoiTTeiv,  to  beat  together.]  1.  Re¬ 
trenchment  of  one  or  more  letters 
from  the  middle  of  a  word.  2.  A 
fainting. 

Syn'€RE-TI§M,  n.  [Gr.  crvyicpr]Ti.crp.6?, 
from  crvyKprjTi^eLV,  to  make  two  par¬ 
ties  join  against  a  third.]  Attempted 
union  of  principles  or  parties  irrecon¬ 
cilably  at  variance  with  each  other. 

Syn'dic,  n.  [Gr.  owSucos,  helping 
in  a  court  of  justice,  an  advocate.J 
A  magistrate  or  agent 

Syn'die-ate,  n.  A  body  of  syndics, 
or  persons  chosen  to  transact  busi¬ 
ness  for  others  ;  an  association  of 
persons  authorized  to  negotiate  some 
business. 

SYN-EE'DO-EHE.  n.  [Gr.  c rwe/cSoxi)  ; 
avv,  with,  and  e/cfie'xeo-dai,  to  receive.] 
A  trope  by  which  the  whole  is  put  for 
a  part,  or  a  part  for  the  whole. 

Svn'ec-doch'ic-al  (-dok'-),  a.  Ex¬ 
pressed  by  synecdoche. 

SJn'od,  n.  [Gr.  oaivoSo?,  a  meeting.] 


427 

1.  An  ecclesiastical  council.  2.  A 
meeting  or  convention. 

Syn-od'IE,  )  a.  Relating  to,  or 

Syn-od'ic-al,  j  transacted  in,  a 
synod. 

Syn-od'ie-al-ly,  adv.  By  the  au¬ 
thority  of  a  synod. 

SfN'o-NYM,  [  n.  [See  Synony- 

Syn'o-nyme,  )  MOUS.]  One  of  two  or 
more  words  in  the  same  language 
which  are  equivalents  of  each  other. 

Syn-on'y-mIze,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  express  in  different  words  of  the 
!  same  meaning. 

Syn-6n'Y-mous,  a.  [Gr.  <ru iwv/uos  ; 
avv,  with ,  together,  and  ovopa ,  bvvp.a, 
name.]  Conveying  the  same  idea ; 
pertaining  to  synonyms. 

Syr.  —  Identical.  —  If  no  words  are 
synonymous  except  those  which  are  iden¬ 
tical  in  use  and  meaning,  so  that  the  one 
can  in  all  cases  be  substituted  for  the 
other,  we  have  scarcely  ten  such  words 
in  our  language.  But  the  term  more 
properly  denotes  that  the  words  in  ques¬ 
tion  approach  so  near  to  each  other, 
that,  in  many  or  most  cases,  they  can  be 
used  interchangeably. 

Syn-on'y-mous-ly,  adv.  In  a  syn¬ 
onymous  manner.  [synonymous. 

SYN-ON'Y-MY,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Syn-op'sis,  n. ;  pi.  syn-op'se§.  [Gr. 
tTwoi/us,  avv,  with,  together,  and 
Si/n?,  view.]  A  collection  of  parts  so 
arranged  as  to  exhibit  a  general  view 
of  the  whole. 

Srx. —  See  Abridgment. 

Syn-op'TIE,  1  a.  Affording  a  gen- 

Syn-op'tie-al,  j  eral  view  of  the 
whole. 

Syn-tae'TIE,  1  a.  Pertaining  to, 

Syn-tae'tie-al,  )  or  according  to 
the  rules  of,  syntax. 

S5n'TAX,«.  [Gr.  cravrafo, ;  <7uv,with, 
and  T&aaeiv,  to  put  in  order.]  Due 
arrangement  of  words  in  sentences, 
according  to  established  usage. 

S?N'THE-SIS,  n.  ;  pi.  SYN'THE-SES. 
[Gr.  avvOeais ,  fr.  cruvrideVat,  to  put 
together.]  1.  The  putting  of  two  or 


TABLE-D’HOTE 

more  things  together.  2.  Combina¬ 
tion  of  separate  elements  of  thought 
into  a  whole. 

Syn-thet'ie,  1  a.  Pertaining  to, 

SYN-TIIET'IE-AL,  )  or  consisting  in, 
synthesis.  [thesis. 

Syn-tiiet'IE-AL-LY,  adv.  By  syn- 

SKph'i-LIS,  n.  [From  Sypkilus ,  a 
shepherd  in  a  Latin  poem ,  published 
in  1530;  from  Gr.  <j-5?,  swine,  and 
</>i'Aos,  loving,  a  friend.]  An  in¬ 
fectious  venereal  disease. 

SifPHG-LlT'IE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
infected  with,  syphilis. 

Sy'ren,  n.  The  same  as  Siren. 

Syr'i-ae,  n.  The  ancient  language  of 
Syria.  — a.  Pertaining  to  Syria. 

SY-RIN'GA,  n.  [Gr.  avpiy£,  crapiyyos, 
a  pipe,  tube.]  A  genus  of  plants ; 
the  lilac ;  also,  the  mock  orange. 

Syr'inge,  7i.  [Gr.  <rupi.y£,  a  pipe  or 
tube.]  An  instrument  for  injecting 
or  expelling  liquids. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  inject  or  cleanse  by  means 
of  a  syringe. 

Syr'up,  n.  See  Sirup. 

Sys'TEM,  n.  [Gr.  avaTrjpa ;  c ruvicrTa- 
vai,  to  place  together.]  1.  An  assem¬ 
blage  of  objects  arranged  after  some 
distinct  method.  2.  The  universe.  3. 
Regular  method  or  order.  4.  The 
body  as  a  functional  unity'  or  whole. 

Sys'TEM-ATGE,  [  a.  Pertaining 

Sys'tem-atGE-AL,  (  to,  or  consist¬ 
ing  in,  system  ;  methodical. 

S^S'TEM-AT'IE-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a 
systematical  manner. 

S?s'tem-a-tIze,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
To  arrange  methodically. 

Sys'tem-A-tiz/er,  n.  One  who  sys¬ 
tematizes. 

Sys'TO-LE,  n.  [Gr.  avaroXy,  fr.  ava- 
reWeiv,  to  contract.]  1.  The  shorten¬ 
ing  of  a  long  syllable.  2.  The  con¬ 
traction  of  the  heart  and  arteries. 

Syz'y-gy,  n.  [Gr.  av^vyia,  union.] 
Point  of  an  orbit,  as  of  the  moon,  at 
which  it  is  in  conjunction  or  opposi¬ 
tion  ;  —  commonly  in  the  plural. 


\ 


T(te),  the  twentieth  letter  of  the 
English  alphabet,  is  a  simple  con¬ 
sonant.  See  Prin.  of  Pron.  §§  96  — 
100.  [ladies’  bonnets. 

Tab,  n.  A  border  of  lace,  worn  in 
Tab'ard,  n.  [W.  tabar .]  A  sort  of 
tunic  formerly  worn  over  the  armor. 
Tab'ard-er,  n.  One  who  wears  a 
tabard. 

Tab'BY',  n.  [Per.  utabl,  a  rich,  undu¬ 
lated  silk.]  1.  A  waved  silk,  usually 
watered.  2.  A  cat  of  a  tabby  color. 
—  a.  1.  Having  a  wavy  appearance. 
2.  Brindled ;  diversified  in  color.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  To  water, 
or  cause  to  look  wavy  by  calendering. 
TXb'er-na-ele,  n.  [Lat.  tabemacu- 
lum,  dim.  of  taberna,  a  hut,  shed.] 


1.  A  slightly  built  habitation  ;  a  tent. 

2.  A  portable  structure  for  worship, 
used  by  the  Jews  during  the  exodus. 

3.  The  Jewish  temple :  sometimes, 
any  place  of  worship.  —  v.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  dwell  or  reside  for  a  time. 

Tab'id,  a.  [Lat.  tabidus.]  Wasted 
away  by  disease. 

Tab'la-ture  (53),  n.  [Bat.  tabula , 
a  board,  tablet.]  A  painting  on  a 
wall  and  ceiling. 

TA/ble,  n.  [Lat.  tabula,  a  board, 
tablet.]  1.  A  smooth,  flat  surface. 
2.  A  slab,  leaf,  or  flat  superficies  of 
wood,  stone,  metal,  or  other  mate¬ 
rial  ;  a  tablet.  3.  A  condensed  state¬ 
ment  which  may  be  comprehended 
by  the  eye  in  a  single  view  ;  a  synop¬ 


sis  ;  an  index.  4.  An  article  of  fur¬ 
niture  used  to  eat,  work,  or  write 
upon.  5.  Fare  ;  style  of  living. — v.t. 
[-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  form  into  a  table ; 
to  tabulate.  2.  To  postpone  the  con¬ 
sideration  of,  by  a  formal  vote. 

Tableau  (tab-loQ,  n.  ;  pi.  tab¬ 
leaux'  (tab-lozQ.  [Fr.  See  TA¬ 
BLE.]  A  vivid  representation  ;  esp. 
the  representation  of  some  scene  by 
persons  grouped  in  the  proper  man¬ 
ner,  and  remaining  silent  and  per¬ 
fectly  still.  [dum-book. 

Ta/ble-book  (27),  n.  A  memoran- 

Table-d'  hote  (ta/bl-d5t'),  n. 
[Fr.,  lit.  landlord’s  table.]  A  com¬ 
mon  table  for  guests  at  a  French 
hotel. 


OR,  DO,WQLF,  TOO,  took;  Orn,  RyE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o, silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  e,  g,  hard;  A§;  exist;  NasNG;  this. 


TABLE-LAND 


Ta'ble-land  (109),  n.  Elevated  flat 
Jand ;  a  plateau' 

1’a'ble-spoon,  n.  One  of  the  lar¬ 
ger  spoons  used  at  the  table. 

Tab'let,  n.  [Dim.  of  table.]  1.  A 
small  table  or  flat  surface.  2.  pi.  A 
kind  of  pocket  memorandum-book. 
3.  A  solid  kind  of  medicinal  confec¬ 
tion  ;  a  lozenge  or  troche. 

Ta'ble-talk  (-tawk),  n.  Conversa¬ 
tion  at  table. 

Ta'bling,  n.  1.  A  forming  into  ta¬ 
bles.  2.  The  letting  of  one  timber 
into  another  by  alternate  scores  or 
projections. 

Ta-bo~o',  n.  A  political  and  religious 
prohibition  among  the  inhabitants 
of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  ;  hence, 
a  total  prohibition  of  intercourse 
with  or  approach  to  any  thing.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  144.]  To  interdict 
approach  or  use. 

Ta'BOR,  n.  [Ar.  &  Per.  tumbixr,  tam- 
biir ,  a  drum.]  A  small  drum. 

Tab'o-rine,  n.  [Cf.  Tambourine.] 
A  small,  shallow  drum  ;  a  tabor. 

Tab'ou-ret,  n.  [Fr.  ;  from  its  re¬ 
semblance  to  a  drum.  See  Tabor.] 
1.  A  cushioned  seat  without  arms 
or  back.  2.  An  embroidery  frame. 

Tab'U-lar,  a.  [Lat.  tabular  is ;  tabu¬ 
la,  a  board,  table.]  Having  the  form 
of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  table. 

Tab'u-late,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [L. 
Lat.  tabulare.]  1.  To  reduce  to  ta¬ 
bles  or  synopses.  2.  To  shape  with 
a  flat  surface. 

Tac'a-ma-hac  (110),  n.  A  tree  of 
North  America. 

TA-uhyg'ra-phy,  n.  [Gr.  ra\v s, 
quick,  and  ypacfreiv,  to  write.]  Ste¬ 
nography  ;  short-hand  writing. 

Tac'it,  a.  [Lat.  tacitus ,  fr.  tacere,  to 
be  silent.]  Implied,  but  not  ex¬ 
pressed  ;  silent.  [cation. 

Ta^'it-ly,  adv.  Silently  ;  by  impli- 

Tac'I-turn,  a.  Habitually  silent;  not 
free  to  converse. 

Syn.  —  Silent.  —  Silent  has  reference 
to  the  act;  taciturn,  to  the  habit.  A  man 
may  be  silent  from  circumstances;  he  is 
taciturn  from  disposition.  The  loqua¬ 
cious  man  is  at  times  silent  ;  one  who  is 
taciturn  may  now  and  then  make  an  ef¬ 
fort  at  conversation. 

TXc'i-turn'i-ty,  n.  Habitual  si¬ 
lence  or  reserve  in  speaking. 

TXcK,n.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  .  [Allied  to 
take.]  1.  To  fasten  or  attach,  esp.  in  a 
slight  or  hasty  manner,  as  by  stitch¬ 
ing  or  nailing.  2.  To  change  the 
course  of,  as  a  ship  by  shifting  the 
position  of  the  sails  and  rudder.— v.  i. 
To  change  the  course  of  a  ship,  by 
shifting  the  tacks  and  position  of  the 
sails  and  rudder.  —  n.  [D.  tak.]  1.  A 
small,  short,  sharp-pointed  nail.  2. 
(a.)  A  rope  to  confine  the  foremost 
lower  corners  of  a  sail,  (b.)  Part  of 
a  sail  to  which  the  tack  is  fastened, 
(c.)  Course  of  a  ship  as  to  the  posi¬ 
tion  of  her  sails. 

Tack'le  (tSk'l,  not  ta'kl),  n.  [Allied 
to  take.]  1.  A  machine  for  raising 
or  lowering  heavy  weights.  2.  Weap¬ 
ons.  3.  figging  and  apparatus  of  a 


428 

ship.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To 
harness.  2.  To  seize  ;  to  lay  hold  of. 

Tack'ling,  n.  1.  Furniture  of  the 
masts  and  yards  of  a  ship.  2.  Car¬ 
riage-harness. 

Taut,  n.  [Lat.  tang  ere,  tactum,  to 
touch.]  Ready  power  of  appreciating 
and  doing  what  is  required  by  cir¬ 
cumstances. 

Tac'TIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  tactics. 

Tac-tPcian  (-tlsthan),  n.  One  versed 
in  tactics  ;  hence,  an  adroit  manager. 

TAC'TICS,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  ra-Krutoi,  pi., 
fr.  racrcreu',  rarreiu,  to  put  in  order.] 
Science  and  art  of  disposing  military 
and  naval  forces  in  order  for  battle, 
and  performing  evolutions. 

Tac'tile,  a.  [Lat.  tact  ills,  fr.  tan- 
gere,  to  touch.]  Capable  of  being 
touched  or  felt.  [touch. 

Tac-til'i-ty,  n.  Perceptibility  by 

Tac'tion,  n.  [Lat.  tactio.]  Act  of 
touching ;  touch. 

Tagt'u-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  touch. 

Tad'pole,  n.  [0.  Eng.  tadde,  now 
toad,  and  the  root  of  Lat.  pullus,  a 
young  animal,  Eng.  foal.]  The  young 
of  a  frog,  in  its  first  state. 

Tju* Di-UM,  n.  See  Tedium. 

Ta’en  (tan).  A  contraction  of  Taken. 

Taf'fer-el,  n.  See  Taffrail. 

Taf'fe-tA,  I  n.  [Per.  taftah,  i.  e., 

Taf'fe-ty,  )  orig.,  twisted,  woven.] 
A  fine,  glossy  stuff  of  silk. 

Taff'rail,  n.  [D.  taf creel,  a  panel, 
picture,  from  tafel,  table.]  The  rail 
around  a  ship’s  stern.  [molasses. 

Taf'fy,  n.  A  kind  of  candy  made  of 

Tag,  n.  [Allied  to  tack.]  1.  A  metal¬ 
lic  point  at  the  end  of  a  string.  2.  A 
direction-card,  or  label.  3  Some¬ 
thing  paltry  ;  the  rabble.  4.  [Allied 
to  tack,  to  Listen,  attach.]  A  play  in 
which  one  runs  after  and  touches  an¬ 
other,  then  runs  away. —  v.  t.  [-GED  ; 
-GING,  136.]  1.  To  fit  with  a  point 

or  points.  2.  To  fit,  as  one  thing  to 
another.  —  v.  i.  To  follow  closely. 

Tag  Li  a  (tiiFya),  n.  [It.]  A  peculiar 
combination  of  pulleys. 

TAIL,  n.  [A.-S.  tsegel,  tsegl,  fr.  Goth. 
tagl,  hair.]  1.  The  part  of  an  ani¬ 
mal  which  terminates  its  body  be¬ 
hind.  2.  Back,  lower,  or  inferior  part 
of  any  thing.  3.  Side  of  a  coin  op¬ 
posite  that  which  bears  the  effigy.  4. 
Whatever  resembles  the  tail  of  an  an¬ 
imal.  5.  [Fr.  tailler ,  to  cut.]  Limita¬ 
tion;  abridgment.  —  a.  [See  supra.] 
Limited  ;  abridged  ;  curtailed. 

Tai'lor,  n.  [Fr.  tailleur ,  fr.  tailler, 
to  cut.]  One  who  cuts  out  and  makes 
men’s  garments. 

Tai'lor-ess,  n.  A  female  tailor. 

Taint,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  teindre, 
teint,  to  dye,  tinge,  fr.  Lat.  tingere, 
to  tinge.]  1.  To  impregnate,  as  with 
some  extraneous  matter,  esp.  with 
something  odious,  noxious,  or  poi¬ 
sonous.  2.  To  stain  ;  to  sully.  —  v.  i. 
1.  To  be  infected.  2.  To  be  affected 
with  incipient  putrefaction.  —  n.  1. 
Tincture  ;  stain.  2.  Infection  ;  cor¬ 
ruption.  3.  A  blemish  on  reputa¬ 
tion. 


TALK 

Taint'ure  (53),  n.  Taint. 

Take,  v.  t.  [took;  taken;  tak¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  tacan.]  1.  In  a  more  ac¬ 
tive  sense,  to  lay  hold  of ;  to  seize  ;  to 
get  into  one’s  hold  or  possession; 

—  often  used  in  general  senses,  lim¬ 
ited  by  the  following  complement,  in 
many  rather  idiomatic  phrases.  2. 
In  a  more  passive  sense,  (a.)  To  ac¬ 
cept.  as  something  offered,  (b  )  To 
swallow,  (c.)  To  undertake  readily. 
(d.)  To  submit  to;  to  tolerate,  (e.) 
To  admit  mentally  ;  also,  to  under¬ 
stand  ;  to  suppose.  (/.)  To  admit; 
to  receive  ;  to  bear ;  to  submit  to ; 
to  agree  with  ;  —  used  in  general 
senses.  3.  With  prepositions,  to  con¬ 
vey,  move,  or  remove  ;  to  conduct  ; 
to  transfer  ;  to  recover ;  to  assume  ; 
&c.  —  v.i.  1.  To  catch.  2.  To  have 
effect.  3.  To  gaiu  reception.  4.  To 
betake  one’s  self ;  to  go.  —  a.  Quan¬ 
tity  of  fish  caught  at  one  haul. 

Take'-off  (147),  n.  An  imitation; 
especially,  a  caricature. 

Tak'er,  n.  One  who  takes. 

Tak'ing,  p.  a.  Alluring  ;  attracting. 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  gaining  possession. 
2.  Distress  of  mind. 

Tal'eot,  n.  A  quick-scented  dog. 

Talc,  n.  [Ar.  talk.]  A  soft  magne¬ 
sian  mineral,  of  a  soapy  feel. 

Talck'y,  \  a.  Pertaining  to,  com- 

Tal-COSE',  t  posed  of,  or  resembling, 

Talc'oOs,  )  talc. 

Tale,  n.  [A.-S.  talu,  fr.  telian,  to  tell.] 

1.  That  which  is  told.  2.  Enumera¬ 
tion  ;  a  number  reckoned  or  stated. 

Tale'-bear'er,  n.  One  who  offi¬ 
ciously  tells  tales. 

Tale'-beArGNG,  n.  Act  of  inform¬ 
ing  officiously. 

Tal'ent,  n.  [Lat.  talentvm,  fr.  Gr. 
TaAavrov,  a  balance,  a  definite  weight, 
a  talent,  fr.  rAav,  to  bear.]  1.  Among 
the  ancient  Greeks,  a  weight  (about 
57  lbs.)  and  a  denomination  of  money 
(about  $1180).  2.  Among  the  He¬ 
brews,  a  weight  (93|  lbs.)  and  a  de¬ 
nomination  of  money,  variously  es¬ 
timated  at  from  $1645  to  $1916.  3. 
Intellectual  ability,  natural  or  ac¬ 
quired  ;  a  special  gift.  See  Matt.  xxv. 

Tal'ent-ed,  a.  Furnished  with  tal¬ 
ents  or  skill. 

TA'LE$,n.pl.  [Lat., pi.  of  fod/s, such.] 
A  supply  of  persons  from  those  in  or 
near  the  court-house  to  make  up  any 
deficiency  in  the  number  of  jurors. 

TALEg'MAN  (150),  n.  A  person  called 
to  make  up  the  deficiency  in  the 
number  of  jurors. 

TXl'is-man  (150),  n.  [Ar.  tilism,  a 
magical  image,  pi.  talasim,  from  Gr. 
reheapa,  tribute,  tax,  Late  Gr.,  in¬ 
cantation.]  1.  A  magical  figure,  to 
which  wonderful  effects  are  ascribed. 

2.  Something  that  produces  extraor¬ 
dinary  effects  ;  a  charm. 

TalGs-man'iu,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
having  the  properties  of,  a  talisman. 

Talk  (tawk),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Al¬ 
lied  to  tell.]  To  converse  familiarly. 

—  v.  t.  1.  To  use  for  conversing.  2. 
To  mention  in  talking.  3.  To  spend 


A,  E,  I,  0,U,  Y ,  long ;  A,  E,I,  6,  0,  Y,  Short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  £RE,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 


I 

TALKATIVE 

in  talking  — n.  1.  Familiar  con¬ 
verse.  2.  Report ;  rumor. 

Syn.  —  See  Conversation. 

Talk'a-tive  (tawk'-),  a.  Given  to 
much  talking ;  loquacious. 

Syn.  —  See  Garrulous. 

Talk'a-tive-ness  (tavvk'-), n.  Qual¬ 
ity  or  condition  of  being  talkative. 

Talk'er  ( tawk'-),  n.  1.  Ooewlio  talks. 
2.  A  loquacious  person. 

Tall.  a.  [-er  ;  -EST.]  [W.  tdl,  talari , 
to  make  or  grow  tall.]  High  in  stat¬ 
ure  ;  long  and  comparatively  slender. 

Syn.  —  High:  lofty.  —High  is  the  ge¬ 
neric  term,  and  is  probably  allied  to  the 
verb  to  hang ,  as  hung  up.  Tall  describes 
that  which  lias  a  small  diameter  in  pro¬ 
portion  to  its  height:  hence,  we  speak  of 
a  tall  man,  a  tall  steeple,  a  tall  mast,  &c., 
but  not  of  a  tall  hill,  or  a  tall  house. 
Lofty  has  a  special  reference  to  the  ex¬ 
panse  above  us,  and  may  be  applied  to 
extension  in  breadth  as  well  as  height; 
as,  a  lofty  mountain,  a  lofty  room.  Tall  is 
applied  only  to  physical  objects;  high 
and  lofty  have  a  moral  acceptation,  as, 
high  thought,  lofty  aspirations. 

Tall'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  tall. 

TXl'low,  n.  [A.-S.  telg,  talg.]  1. 
Fat  of  certain  animals,  esp.  those 
of  the  sheep  and  ox  kinds.  2.  The 
fat  obtained  from  certain  plants.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  grease  or 
smear  with  tallow. 

TXl'low-chAnd'ler,  n.  One  who 
makes  or  sells  tallow  candles. 

TXl'LOW-Ish,  a.  Resembling  tallow. 

TXl'LOW-Y,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  tallow ;  greasy. 

TXl'LY,  n.  [Fr.  taille,  a  cutting, 
tally,  fr.  tailler,  to  cut.]  1.  A  stick 
on  which  notches  are  cut,  as  the 
marks  of  number.  2.  One  thing 
made  to  suit  another.  — v.  t.  [-ed  ; 
-ING,  142.]  To  score  with  corre¬ 
spondent  notches  ;  to  make  to  cor¬ 
respond.  —  v.  i.  To  be  fitted  ;  to  suit. 

TXl'LY-HO,  inter j.  &  n.  The  hunts¬ 
man’s  cry  to  urge  on  his  hounds. 

TXl'ly-man  (150),  n.  One  who  keeps 
the  tally. 

TXl'mud,  n.  [Chald.  talmiid ,  in¬ 
struction.]  The  body  or  the  book  of 
the  Hebrew  laws,  traditions,  &c. 

TAL-MIJD'IE,  a.  Relating  to,  or  con¬ 
tained  in,  the  Talmud.  [Talmud. 

TXl'mud-ist,  n.  One  versed  in  the 

TXl'mud- 1ST' IE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  the  Talmud. 

TXl'on,  n.  [L.  Lat.  talo,  from  Lat. 
talus ,  ankle,  heel.]  Claw  of  a  fowl. 

Ta'lus,  n.  [Lat.,  ankle.]  1.  That 
bone  of  the  foot  which  articulates 
with  the  leg.  2.  The  slope  of  a  work. 

Tam'a-ble  ,n.  Capable  of  being  tamed. 

TXm'a-rXck,  n.  The  larch. 

TXm'a-rInd,  n.  [Ar.  tamar-hindi , 
i.  e.,  Indian  date.]  (a.)  A  tropical 
tree  and  its  fruit  which  abounds  with 
an  acid  pulp.  [tree  or  shrub. 

T.X M'A-RlSK,  n.  [Lat.  tamariscus.]  A 

TXm'bour,  n.  [Fr.  tambour,  a  drum. 
See  Tabor.]  1.  A  small  flat  drum  ; 
a  tambourine.  2.  A  small  circular 
frame,  for  embroidery ;  also,  em¬ 
broidery  in  which  threads  of  gold 
and  silver  are  worked. 

429 

TXm'bour-ine',  n. 

[See  supra.]  1.  A  l 

shallow  drum,  Jf 

with  one  skin,  y"* 

played  on  with  /  /  / 

French  dance. 

Tame,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 

-ING.]  [A.-S.  Tambourine. 

tamian,  allied  to  Skr.  dam,  Gr. 
Sap.Su.]  1.  To  reduce  from  a  wild  to 
a  domestic  state ;  to  reclaim  ;  to  do¬ 
mesticate.  2.  To  subdue;  to  conquer. 

—  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  1.  Having  lost  its 
native  wildness  ;  accustomed  to  man. 
2.  Crushed ;  spiritless.  3.  Deficient 
in  animation. 

Tame'ly,  adv.  In  a  tame  manner. 

Tame 'ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  tame. 

Tam'er,  n.  One  who  tames. 

TXm'is,  )  n.  A  woolen  cloth,  often 

TXm'my,  )  used  for  straining  sauces. 

TXmp,  v.  t.  [See  Tap.]  To  fill  up,  as 
a  hole  for  blasting,  esp.  by  driving 
in  something  with  frequent  strokes. 

TXm'per,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A 
modif.  of  temper.]  To  meddle  ;  to 
try  little  experiments. 

TXm'pi-ON,  n.  [Fr.  tampon,  fr.  Eng. 
tap.  See  Tap,  n.,  4.]  Stopper  of  a 
cannon,  &c. 

TXn,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  Armor,  tann,  an 
oak,  and  oak- bark,  allied  to  Ger. 
tanne,  a  fir.]  1.  Bark  of  certain 
trees,  broken  and  used  for  tanning 
hides.  2.  A  yellowish-brown  color. 

—  v.t.  [-NED;  -NING.]  1.  To  con¬ 
vert  into  leather,  as  skins.  2.  To 
make  brown  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

—  v.  i.  To  become  tanned. 

TXn'dem,  flA.  [Lat., at  length.]  One 

after  another  ;  —  said  of  horses  har¬ 
nessed  one  before  another. 

TXNG,  n.  [Icel.  tangi ;  Gr.  rayyd?, 
rancid.]  1.  A  strong  taste,  esp.  of 
something  extraneous  to  the  thing 
itself.  2.  Relish.  3.  A  projecting 
part  by  means  of  which  a  thing  is 
secured  to  some  other  part.  [ing. 

T.Xn'gen-£Y,  n.  A  contact  or  touch- 

TXn'&ent,  n.  [Lat.  ® 
tangens,  p.  pr.  of  tan- 
gere,  to  touch.]  A  \ 

right  line  which  3 

touches  a  curve  but  Tangent, 
does  not  cut  it.  —  a.  ac,  tangent; 
Touching  at  a  single  ad,  tangen- 
point.  tial  radius  ; 

TAN-4En'TIAL,«.  Per-  be,  arc. 
taining  to,  or  being  in  the  direction 
of,  a  tangent. 

TXn'4i-b1l'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 
tangible. 

TXn'4i-ble,  a.  [Lat.  tangibilis,  from 
tangere,  to  touch.]  1.  Perceptible 
by  the  touch.  2.  Readily  apprehen¬ 
sible  by  the  mind. 

TXn'4i-bly,  adv.  So  as  to  be  felt ; 
palpably. 

TXn'gle,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Prob. 
afiied  to  Goth,  tagl,  hair.]  1.  To 
unite  or  knit  together  confusedly. 
2.  To  insnare;  to  entrap.  —  v.t.  To 
be  entangled  or  united  confusedly. 

TAPESTRY 

—  n.  A  knot  of  threads,  or  other 
things  not  easily  disengaged. 

TXnk,  i.  [0.  Fr.  estanc,  Lat.  stag- 
num.\  A  large  basin  or  cistern. 

TXnk'ARD,  n.  [0.  Fr.  tanquart ,  0 

D.  tanckaerd.]  A  drinking  vessel, 
with  a  cover. 

TXn'ner,  n.  One  who  tans  hides. 

TXn'ner-y.  n.  The  house  and  appa¬ 
ratus  for  tanning.  [from,  tan. 

TXn'nic,  a.  Relating  to,  or  derived 

TXn'nin,  n.  [See  Tan.]  The  as¬ 
tringent  principle  of  oak-bark,  &c. 

TXN'gY,  n.  [Fr.  tanaisie,  from  Gr. 
aOauaaia  immortality.]  An  extreme¬ 
ly  bitter  plant.  [hopes. 

TXn'ta-lIsm,  n.  A  teasing  with  vain 

TXn'ta-li-za'tion,  n.  Act  of  tan¬ 
talizing. 

TXn'ta-lTze,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

[From  Tantalus.  See  infra.]  To 
torment  with  a  prospect  of  good  that 
can  not  be  realized. 

Syn.  —  To  disappoint.  — To  disappoint 
is  literally  to  do  away  what  was  ap¬ 
pointed ;  hence,  the  peculiar  pain  from 
hopes  thus  dashed  to  the  ground.  To 
tantalize  describes  a  most  distressing 
form  of  disappointment,  as  in  the  case 
of  Tantalus,  a  Phrygian  king  in  fabu¬ 
lous  history,  who  was  condemned  to 
stand  up  to  his  chin  in  water,  with  a  tree 
of  fair  fruit  over  his  head,  both  of  which, 
as  he  attempted  to  allay  his  hunger  or 
thirst,  fled  from  his  approach.  Hence,  to 
tantalize  is  to  visit  with  the  bitterest 
disappointment,  —  to  torment  by  ex¬ 
citing  hopes  or  expectations  which  can 
never  be  realized. 

TXn'ta-mount',  a.  [Lat.  tantus,  so 
much,  and  Eng.  amount.]  Equiva¬ 
lent  in  value  or  signification. 

Tan-tiv'? ,  or  TXn'ti-vy,  adv.  [From 
the  note  of  a  hunting-horn.]  Swift¬ 
ly  ;  —  a  hunting  term. 

TXn'trum,  n.  A  whim  or  burst  of 
ill-humor.  [leather  is  tanned. 

TXn'-yard,  n.  An  inclosure  where 

TXp,  v.  t.  [-ped;-ping.]  [Prov.  Ger. 
tapp,  tapps,  a  blow,  tappe,  a  paw, 
fist.]  1.  To  strike  with  a  very  gentle 
blow.  2.  To  put  a  new  sole  or  heel  on. 

3.  [A.-S.  tdppan,  tappian.]  To  pierce 
so  as  to  let  out  a  fluid.  4.  To  draw 
from  in  any  analogous  way. —  v.i.  To 
strike  a  gentle  blow.  —  n.  1.  A  slight 
blow.  2.  The  piece  of  leather  used  in 
repairing  a  sole  or  heel.  3.  [A.-S 
tdppa.  Cf.  Tampion.]  A  hole  or  pipe 
through  which  liquor  is  drawn.  4. 

A  plug  for  stopping  a  hole  in  a  cask 

5.  A  place  where  liquor  is  drawn  for 
drinking  ;  a  bar.  6.  A  conical  screw, 
for  cutting  threads  in  nuts. 

Tape,  n.  [A.-S.  tappe,  a  fillet.  Cf. 
Tippet.]  A  narrow  piece  of  woven 
fabric  used  for  strings,  &c. 

Ta'per,  n.  [A.-S.  tapur,  taper.]  1. 

A  small  wax-candle  or  light.  2.  A 
gradual  diminution  of  diameter.  — 
a.  [Prob.  from  the  form  of  a  taper.] 
Regularly  narrowed  toward  the  point. 

—  v.i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  become 
gradually  smaller  toward  one  end. 

Ta'per-ING,  a.  Becoming  smaller  in 
diameter  toward  one  end. 

TXp'es-TRY,  n.  [Fr.  tapisserie,  from 
tapis,  a  carpet,  carpeting  ;  from  Lat. 

OR,  DO,  WQLF,  too,  took;  Orn  ,  r^je  ,  pyLL  ;  e  ,  I,  o ,  silent ;  9,  4,  so/t;  €,G  ,hard;  Ag;  ejist;  u  as  NG  ;  this. 

TAUNT 


TAPE-WORM 


430 


tapes ,  or  tapete,  tapetis,  carpet,  tap¬ 
estry.]  Woven  hangings  of  wool  and 
silk,  often  enriched  with  figures  in 
gold  and  silver. 

T apestry  carpet ,  a  kind  of  two-ply  or 
ingrain  carpet,  in  which  the  warp  or  weft 
is  printed  before  weaving. 

—  v.  t.  To  adorn  with  tapestry. 

Tape '-worm  (-warm),  n.  A  broad, 
fiat,  many-jointed  intestinal  worm. 

TXp'-house,  n.  A  house  where 
liquors  are  retailed. 

TXp'i-o'eA,  n.  A  granular  substance 
from  the  roots  of  a  Brazilian  plant. 

Ta'PIR,  n.  [Braz.  tapifra.)  A  hoofed 
mammal,  somewhat  like  a  pig. 

TA'pis  (or  ta-p3'),  n.  [Fr.  See  Tap¬ 
estry.]  Carpeting;  tapestry;  for¬ 
merly  the  cover  of  a  council-table. 

Upon  the  tapis,  on  the  table,  or  under 
consideration. 

TXp'-ROOM,  n.  A  room  where  liquors 
are  served  ;  —  commonly  applied  to 
the  kitchen  of  a  public  house  in 
England,  where  the  meaner  custom¬ 
ers  drink  and  smoke. 

TXp'-root,  n.  The  root  which  runs 
directly  downward. 

Tap'STER,  n.  [From  tap,  to  pierce.] 
One  who  draws  ale  or  other  liquor. 

Far,  n.  [A.-S .teru,teor.]  1.  A  thick, 
resinous  substance,  obtained  from 
pine  and  fir-trees,  by  burning  the 
wood  with  a  close,  smothering  heat. 
2.  A  sailor  ;  —  from  his  tarred 
clothes.  —  v.  t.  [-red;  -ring.]  To 
smear  with  tar. 

Ta-rXnt'u-lA,  n. 

[From  Taranto,  in 
Italy  ]  A  species 
of  spider. 

Tar'di-ly,  adv. 

Slowly. 

Tar'di-ness,  n. 

Slowness ;  lateness.  Tarantula. 

Tar'dy,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [Lat. 
tardus ,  slow.]  1.  Moving  with  a 
slow  motion.  2.  Not  in  season  ;  late. 

Syn.—  Sec  Slow. 

TAre,  n.  [Cf.  Prov.  Eng.  tare,  brisk, 
eager.]  1.  A  weed  growing  among 
other  grain.  2.  (a.)  A  plant  of  sev¬ 
eral  species,  which  are  troublesome 
weeds.  3.  [Ar.  tarali,  thrown  away, 
removed.]  Allowance  of  a  certain 
weight  or  quantity  from  the  weight 
or  quantity  of  a  commodity  sold  in 
a  cask,  chest,  bag,  &c. 

Target,  n.  [A.-S.  targe.  Cf.  0.  II. 
Ger.  zarga,  frame,  edge.]  1.  A  kind 
of  small  shield.  2.  A  mark  for 
marksmen  to  fire  at.  [a  target. 

TXr'get-eer',  n.  One  armed  with 

Tar'gum,  n.  [Chald.  targhm,  inter¬ 
pretation.]  A  paraphrase  of  the 
Scriptures  in  Chaldee. 

Tar'iff,  n.  [Ar.  tabif,  information, 
explanation,  definition.]  (a.)  A  list 
or  table  of  goods  with  the  duties  or 
customs  to  be  paid  for  the  same.  (h. ) 
A  list  of  duties.  [muslin. 

Tar'la-tan,  n.  A  thin,  transparent 

TXrn,  n.  [Icel  .Worn.]  A  small  lake 
among  the  mountains. 


Tar'nish, v.  1.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Fr.  tcr- 
nir,  p.  pr.  ternissant,  to  tarnish,  fr. 
0.  II.  Ger.  tarnjan,  A.-S.  dernan,  to 
hide.]  To  diminish  or  destroy  the 
luster  or  the  purity  of.  —  v.  i.  To  lose 
luster  ;  to  become  dull.  — n.  A  being 
soiled  or  tarnished  ;  soil ;  blemish. 

Tar-pau'LIN,  7i.  [Cf.  0.  Eng.  pall,  a 
sort  of  fine  cloth,  and  Prov.  Eng. 
pauling ,  a  covering  for  a  cart.]  1. 
Canvas  covered  with  tar  or  a  water¬ 
proof  composition.  2.  A  sailor’s 
painted  or  tarred  hat ;  hence,  a  sailor. 

TXr'ras,  n.  See  Trass. 

TXr'ry  (5),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[0.  Fr.  larger,  targier,  as  if  fr.  a  Lat. 
word  tardicare ,  fr.  tardare ,  to  make 
slow.]  1.  To  stay  behind.  2.  To 
delay.  3.  To  remain, 

Syn.  —  To  abide;  continue;  lodge. 

—  7i.  Stay;  stop;  delay. 

Tar'ry  (5),  a.  Consisting  of,  covered 
uith,  or  like,  tar. 

Tart,  a.  [A.-S.  teart ,  fr.  tearan,  to 
tear,  split.]  1.  Sharp  to  the  taste  ; 
acid.  2.  Keen  ;  severe.  —  n.  [Lat. 
tortus,  twisted,  bent ;  —  because  orig. 
of  a  twisted  shape.]  A  species  of  small 
.  open  pie,  containing  jelly  or  conserve. 

TXr'tan,  ti.  [Fr.  tirelaine,  linsey- 
woolsey,  Sp.  tiritana,  a  thin  silk,  fr. 
tiritar,  to  shiver  with  cold.]  Woolen 
cloth,  checkered,  worn  in  Scotland. 

TAR'TAR,  ti.  [L.  Gr.  rdprapov.]  1. 
An  acid  concrete  salt,  deposited  from 
wines.  When  it  is  pure,  it  is  called 
cream  of  tartar.  2.  A  concretion 
which  often  in  crusts  the  teeth.  3.  A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  Tartary. 

Tar-ta're-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tar- 
tarusj  hellish. 

Tar-ta're-oCs,  a.  1.  Consisting  of,  or 
like,  tartar.  2.  Relating  to  Tartarus. 

Tar-tXr'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  ob¬ 
tained  from ,  tartar. 

TXr'tar-Ize,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
impregnate  with  tartar. 

TAR'TA-Rf;s,  ».  [Lat. ;  Gr.  Tdprapo?.] 
( Gr.  Myth.)  The  place  of  punish¬ 
ment  for  the  spirits  of  the  wicked. 

TXrt'LY,  adv.  Sourly  ;  sharply. 

Tart'ness,  ti.  Quality  of  being  tart. 

Syn.  —  Acrimony  ;  sourness;  keen¬ 
ness;  poignancy;  severity;  asperity. 

Tar'TRATE, 71.  A  salt  formed  by  com¬ 
bining  tartaric  acid  with  a  base. 

Tar-tuffe',  ti.  A  hypocritical  dev¬ 
otee  ; —  so  called  from  the  name  of 
the  hero  in  a  comedy  of  Moliere. 

TXr'-wa'ter,  7i.  A  cold  infusion  of 
tar,  used  as  a  medicine. 

Task,  ti.  [L.  Lat.  tasca,  taxa.  Cf. 
Tax.]  1.  Business  or  study  imposed 
by  another.  2.  Business  ;  undertak¬ 
ing.  3.  Burdensome  .employment. 
4.  A  lesson. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1. 
To  impose  a  task  upon.  2.  To  op¬ 
press  with  burdens. 

TAsk'er,  )  n.  One  who  im- 

TAsk'-mAs'TER,  )  poses  a  task  ;  an 
overseer. 

TXs'sel,  «.  [Lat.  taxillvs,  a  little  die.] 
1.  A  sort  of  pendent  ornament,  end¬ 
ing  in  loose  threads.  2.  Pendent 


flower  or  head  of  some  plants.  —  v.t 
[-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -EED,  -LING,  137-]To 
adorn  with  tassels.  [being  tasted. 

Tast'a-ble,  a.  Capable  or  worthy  of 

Taste,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  Fr."W- 
ter ,  fr.  Lat.  taxare,  to  touch  sharply, 
to  estimate,  from  tangere ,  to  touch.] 

1.  To  try  the  relish  or  flavor  of  by  the 
touch  of  the  tongue.  2.  To  eat  a  small 
quantity  of.  3.  To  experience  ;  to 
undergo.  4.  To  partake  of ;  to  par¬ 
ticipate  in.  —  v.  i.  1.  Toeat  or  drink-, 
sometimes  to  eat  or  drink  a  little  only. 

2.  To  have  a  particular  quality  or 
character.  3.  To  partake.  —  «.  1.  Act 
of  tasting.  2.  Sensation  excited  by 
the  application  of  a  substance  to  the 
tongue.  3.  Sense  by  which  the  savor 
of  bodies  is  ascertained.  4.  Intellec¬ 
tual  relish.  5.  Nice  perception  ;  crit¬ 
ical  judgment ;  discernment.  6.  Man¬ 
ner  ;  style.  7.  A  small  specimen ;  a 
bit.  8.  A  narrow  ribbon. 

Syn. —  Sensibility’’ ;  judgment.—  Some 
consider  taste  as  a  mere  sensibility,  and 
others  as  a  simple  exercise  of  judgment ; 
but  a  union  of  both  is  requisite  to  the 
existence  of  any  thing  which  deserves 
the  name. 

Taste'ful,  a.  1.  Having  a  high  rel¬ 
ish.  2.  Having,  or  showing,  good  taste. 

Taste'FUL-LY,  adv.  With  good  taste. 

Taste'fvl-NESS,  ti.  State  or  quality 
of  being  tasteful. 

Taste'less,  a.  Having  no  taste  ;  in¬ 
sipid  ;  vapid.  [tasteless. 

Taste'less-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Tast'er,  n.  One  who  tastes. 

Tast'I-ly,  adv.  With  good  taste. 

Tast'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  a  nice  perception  of  excellence. 
2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  princi¬ 
ples  of  good  taste. 

Tat'ter,  v.  t.  &  i.  [Cf.  Icel.  tetr, 
letur,  a  torn  garment.]  To  tear  into, 
or  to  be  in,  tatters;  —  obsolete,  ex¬ 
cept  in  the  p.  p.  —  n.  A  rag,  ora 
part  torn  and  hanging. 

TXt'TER-DE-mXi,'ION,  71.  [Eng.  tat¬ 
ter,  andO.  Fr.  TnaiUon ,  long-clothes.] 
A  ragged  fellow.  [woven  or  knit. 

Tat'TING,  ti.  A  kind  of  lace  edging 

TXt'tle,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  ing.]  [L.  Ger. 
tateln,  tatern,  Upper  Ger.  tattern.]  1. 
To  prate.  2.  To  tell  taies  or  secrets. 

—  n.  Idle,  trifling  talk  ;  prate. 

TXt'tljir,  n.  One  who  tattles. 

TAT-TOO',  ti.  1.  [D.  taptoe ,  fr.  tap, 

a  tap,  faucet,  and  toe,  to  shut  (i.  e., 
the  taps,  or  drinking-houses,  shut 
from  the  soldiers).]  A  beat  of  drum 
at  night,  to  call  soldiers  to  quarters. 
2.  Indelible  figures  made  by  intro¬ 
ducing  some  pigment  under  the  skin. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  144.]  [Prob.  by 
reduplication  of  Polynesian  ta,  to 
strike.]  To  color  indelibly,  as  tho 
flesh,  by  pricking  in  dve-stuffs. 

Taught  (tawt,  75),  a.  [From  the  root 
of  tight.]  Tightly  drawn  or  strained. 

—  v.,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Teach. 

Taunt,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [0.  Sw. 

tanla ,  danta ,  to  reproach,  0.  D.  tan- 
den,  to  attack.]  To  reproach  with 
severe  or  insulting  words. 


A,  E,  I,  6,  u,  y .long;  A,  £,I,  6, 0,  tf,  short ;  cAre,  far,  Asic,  all,  what;  Ere,  vglL,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n 


TAUNTER 


TEETHING 


Syn. — To  revile;  upbraid.  See  Deride. 

—  n.  Upbraiding  words  ;  bitter  or 
sarcastic  reproach. 

Taunt'er,  n.  One  who  taunts. 

Taunt'ing-ly,  ad v.  Insultingly. 

Tau'RI-FORM.  a.  [Lat.  tauriformis  ,• 
taurus,  a  bull,  and  forma,  a  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  bull. 

TAU'RINE,  a.  [Lat.  taurinus;  taurus, a, 
bull.]  Relating  to  a  bull,  or  to  the 
common  ox  and  cow. 

Tau'rus,  n.  [Lat.  ;  Gr.  Tempos.]  The 
Bull,  one  of  the  12  signs  of  the  zodiac. 

Taut,  a.  Tight.  See  Taught,  a. 

TaU-tog',  n.  [PL  of  taut,  the  Indian 
name  ]  A  fish  found  on  the  coast  of 
New  England. 

Tau'to-log'ig-AE,  a.  Having  the 
same  signification.  [tautology. 

Tau-tol'o-gIst,  n.  One  who  uses 

Tau-t6l'o-6ize,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  repeat  the  same  thing  in  different 
words. 

TAU-TOI/O-&Y,  n.  [Gr.  TauroAoyia  ; 
Tauro,  the  same,  and  Aoyos,  speech.] 
A  repetition  of  the  same  meaning  in 
different  words. 

Syn.  —  Repetition.  —  There  may  be 
frequent  repetitions  ( as  in  legal  instru¬ 
ments)  which  are  warranted  either  by 
necessity  or  convenience;  but  t.autolog// 
is  always  a  fault,  being  a  sameness  of  ex¬ 
pression  which  adds  nothing  either  to 
the  sense  or  the  sound. 

TAU'TO-PHON'IG-AL,  a.  [Gr.  raiiTo- 
0wi/os,  fr.  ravro ,  the  same,  and  (/xoejj, 
sound.]  Repeating  the  same  sound. 

Tau-toph'o-ny,  n.  Repetition  of 
the  same  sound. 

TXv'ERN,  n.  [Lat.  taberna .]  A  pub¬ 
lic  house  for  the  accommodation  of 
travelers  ;  an  inn  ;  a  hotel. 

Taw,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  tawi- 
an,  to  prepare,  to  taw,  Goth,  taujan , 
to  do.]  To  dress  and  prepare  in  white, 
as  skins  for  gloves,  &c.  —  n.  1.  A 
large  marble.  2.  A  game  at  marbles. 

Taw'dri-LY,  adv.  In  a  tawdry  man¬ 
ner.  [being  tawdry. 

Ta  w'DRl-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

Taw'dry,  a.  [  er;  -est,  112  ]  [Cor¬ 
rupt.  fr.  Saint  Audrey , or  Auldrey,  i.e. 
Saint  Etkelreda;  originally  implying, 
bought  at  the  fair  of  St.  Audrey.] 
Very  showy  in  colors,  without  taste. 

Taw'er,  n.  A  dresser  of  white  leather. 

Taw'ny,  «.  [-E  R  ;  -est,  142. 1  [Er. 
tanne,  p.  p.  of  tanner ,  to  tan.]  Of  a 
dull  yellowish- brown  color,  like 
things  tanned 

Tax,  n.  [L.  Lat.  taxa,  for  Lat.  tax.a- 
tio ,  from  taxare ,  to  estimate.]  1.  A 
charge,  especially  a  pecuniary  burden 
imposed  by  authority.  2.  A  task  ex¬ 
acted.  3.  A  disagreeable  or  burden¬ 
some  duty. 

Syn. —impost;  tribute;  duty;  assess¬ 
ment;  exaction. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  subject 
to  pay  a  tax  or  taxes.  2.  To  assess, 
as  the  amount  of  cost  on  actions  in 
court.  3.  To  accuse. 

TXx'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
taxed ;  liable  to  be  taxed. 

Tax-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  laying  a  tax, 
or  of  imposing  taxes. 


431 

TXx'ER,  n.  One  who  taxes. 

TXx'i-der'mist,  n.  A  person  skilled 
in  taxidermy. 

TXx'I-der'MY,  n.  [Gr.  tcI£is,  ar¬ 
rangement,  Seppa,  skin.]  Art  of  pre¬ 
serving  the  skins  of  animals,  so  as  to 
represent  their  natural  appearance. 

Tea,  n.  [Chin,  tsha ,  Prov.  Chin,  tha , 
the.]  1.  Leaves  of  a  Chinese  shrub, 
or  an  infusion  of  them  in  boiling 
water.  2.  Any  decoction,  esp.  when 
made  of  the  dried  leaves  of  plants. 
3.  The  evening  meal ;  supper. 
Teach,  v.t.  [taught  ;  teaching.] 
[A.-S.  tsecan,  to  show,  teach,  allied 
to  tihan ,  teon ,  to  say,  accuse.]  1. 
To  impart  the  knowledge  of ;  to  tell. 
2.  To  guide  the  studies  of. 

Teach'a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
taught ;  also,  readily  receiving  in¬ 
struction.  [being  teachable. 

Teach'a-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

Teach'er,  n.  One  who  teaches. 

Teaching,  n.  Act  or  business  of 
instructing. 

Syn.  —  See  Education. 

Tea'-cOp,  n.  A  small  cup  for  drink¬ 
ing  tea  from. 

Teak,  n.  [Malabar  theica,  telclca.]  A 
tree  of  the  East  Indies,  which  fur¬ 
nishes  very  excellent  ship  timber; 
also,  the  timber  of  the  tree. 

teal,  n.  A  web-footed  water-fowl, 
nearly  allied  to  the  common  duck. 

Team,  n.  [A.-S.  team,  for  teaham,  off¬ 
spring,  any  thing  following  in  a  row 
or  team,  from  teamian,  teman,  to 
bear,  teem.]  Two  or  more  horses, 
oxen,  or  other  beasts  harnessed  to¬ 
gether  for  drawing. 

Team'ster,  n.  [From  team  and  the 
term,  sler.]  One  who  drives  a  team. 

Tea'-pot,  n.  A  vessel  to  serve  tea  in. 

Tear,  n.  [A.-S.,  Goth,  tagr  ;  Gr. 
Saxpv,  SaKpvpa,  Lat.  lacnma.,  for  0. 
Lat.  dacrima.]  1.  A  drop  of  the  fluid 
secreted  by  the  lachrymal  gland,  and 
flowing  from  the  eyes.  2.  Something 
in  the  form  of  a  transparent  drop. 

TEAR,  t’.  t.  [TORE  ;  TORN  ;  TEAR¬ 
ING.]  [A.-S.  teran,  Goth,  tairan.]  1. 
To  separate  by  violence  ;  to  pull  apart 
by  force  ;  to  rend  ;  to  lacerate.  2.  To 
move  violently.  — v.  i.  To  move  or 
rush  with  violence  ;  hence,  to  rage  ; 
to  rave.  —  n.  A  rent ;  a  fissure. 

Tear'er,  n.  One  who  rends  or  raves. 

Tear'ful.,  a.  Abounding  with  tears. 

Tear'LESS,  a.  Free  from  tears. 

Tease,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  tx- 
san.  Cf.  Touse.]  1.  To  comb  or  card, 
as  wool  or  flax.  2.  To  annoy  by  petty 
requests,  or  by  jests  and  raillery. 

Syn.  —  To  vex.  —  To  tease  ia  literally 
to  pull  or  scratch,  and  implies  a  pro¬ 
longed  annoyance  in  respect  to  little 
things.  Vex  meant  originally  to  seize 
and  bear  away  hither  and  thither,  and 
hence,  to  disturb  ;  as,  to  vex  the  ocean 
with  storms.  This  sense  of  the  term  now 
rarely  occurs;  butreccis  still  a  stronger 
word  than  tease,  denoting  the  disturb¬ 
ance  or  anger  created  by  minor  provoca¬ 
tions,  losses,  disappointments,  &c. 

TEA'gEL  (tS'zl),  n.  [See  supra.]  1. 
A  plant  which  bears  a  bur  used  for 


raising  a  nap  on  cloth.  2.  The  bur 
of  the  plant,  or  any  substitute  there¬ 
for.  —  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  137.]  To 
subject  to  the  action  of  teasels. 

Teas'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
teases.  _  [drinking  tea,  &c-’ 

Tea'-spoon,  n.  A  small  spoon  used  in 

Teat,  n.  [A.-S.  tit ,  titt.]  That  organ 
through  which  milk  is  drawn  from 
_the  breast  or  the  udder. 

Tea'-ta/ble,  n.  A  table  on  which 
tea  furniture  is  set. 

Tech'I-LY,  adv.  Touchily. 

Tech'i-ness,  n.  Touchiness. 

TEGH'NIG,  1  a.  [Gr.  Texuixos,  fr. 

Tegh'nig-AL,  )  re,\v>j,an  art.]  Re¬ 
lating  to,  or  specially  appropriate  to, 
any  art,  science,  business,  or  the  like. 

Tegh/ni-cai/i-ty,  n.  1.  State  or 
quality  of  being  technical.  2.  That 
which  is  technical.  [manner. 

Tegh'nig-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  technical 

Teeh'nigs,  n.  sing,  or  pi.  Doctrine 
of  arts  in  general ;  such  branches  of 
learning  as  respect  the  arts ;  in  the 
pi. ,  technical  terms.  [technology. 

TEGH'NO-JLOG'ie-AL,  a.  Relating  to 

TE€H-Ndi/o-G!sT,  n.  One  who  treats 
of  the  terms  of  art. 

Tegh-nol/O-gy,  n.  [Gr.  rexvri,  an 
art,  and  hoy os,  discourse.]  1.  A 
treatise  on  the  useful  arts.  2.  Au 
explanation  of  technical  terms. 

Tech'y,  a.  [Corrupted  from  touchy.] 
Peevish  ;  fretful. 

Teg-ton'IG,  a.  [Gr.  tcktovucos, fr.  tsk- 
Ttnu,  a  carpenter,  builder.]  Relating 
to  building. 

Ted,  v.  t.  [-DED ;  -ding.]  [W.teddu, 
to  spread  out,  display.]  To  spread, 
as  new-mowed  grass  from  the  swath. 

Ted'der,  n.  A  tether.  See  Tether. 

Te  De'VM.  [Lat.]  An  ancient 
Christian  hymn  ;  —  so  called  from 
the  first  words,  “  Te  Deum  lauda- 
mus  ”  — We  praise  thee,  0  God. 

Te'di-oOs  (or  ted'yus),  a.  [Lat.  txdi- 
osus,  fr.  txdium.  See  TEDIUM.]  Tire¬ 
some  from  continuance,  prolixity,  or 
slowness. 

Syn.  —  Wearisome  ;  fatiguing  ;  slug¬ 
gish.  See  Irksome. 

Te'di-ous-ly  (or  tjd'yus-),  adv.  In  a 
tedious  manner. 

Te'di-oijs-ness  (or  ted'yus-),  n. 
Quality  of  being  tedious  ;  wearisome¬ 
ness. 

Te'di-Om,  n.  [Lat.  txdium,  fr.  txdet, 
it  disgusts,  wearies  one.]  Irksome¬ 
ness  ;  wearisomeness. 

Teem,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  ty~ 
man,  tSman,  teamian  ]  1.  To  bring 
forth ,  as  an  animal ;  to  produce  fruit ; 
to  bear.  2.  To  be  pregnant ;  to  con¬ 
ceive.  3.  To  be  full  or  prolific.— 
v.  t.  To  produce ;  to  bring  forth. 

TEEM-ER,  n.  One  who  teems. 

Teens,  n.  pi.  The  years  of  one’s  age, 
beginning  with  thirteen  and  ending 
with  nineteen. 

Tee'ter,  v.  i.  To  ride  on  the  ends  of  a 
balanced  board. 

Teeth,  n. ;  pi.  of  Tooth.  [teeth. 

Teeth,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  breed 

Teeth'ing,  n.  Process  by  which  first 

g, hard;  as;  ejist  ;  nr  as  NG;  THIS. 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Crn,  rue ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  €, 


TEETOTAL  432  TENDER 


teeth  make  their  way  through  the 
gums. 

Tee-to'TAL,  a.  Total.  [Colloq.] 

Tee-t5'tum,  n.  A  child’s  toy. 

TEg'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  Lat.  tegularis ; 
tegula ,  a  tile. ]  Pertaining  to,  or 
arranged  like,  tiles. 

Teg'u-ment,  n.  [Lat.  tegumentum ; 
tegere ,  to  cover.]  A  covering,  esp. 
of  a  living  body,  or  of  some  organ. 

TEg'u-ment'a-ry,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
consisting  of,  teguments.  [linden. 

Teil,  n.  [Lat.  tilia.]  The  lime-tree  or 

Tel'e-GRAM,  n.  [Gr.  rrjAe,  afar,  and 
ypdppa,  that  which  is  written.]  A 
message  sent  by  telegraph. 

Tel'e-grXph,  n.  [Gr.  TrjXe,  afar,  far 
off,  and  ypd<f>en',  to  write.]  An  ap¬ 
paratus  for  communicating  intelli¬ 
gence  rapidly  between  distant  points, 
by  means  of  certain  signals. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  convey  or  announce 
by  telegraph.  [operator. 

Tel'e-graph'er,  n.  A  telegraphic 

TEl'e-GrXph'I€,  1  a.  Pertaining 

Tel/E -GRAPH'I€-AE, j  to,  or  com¬ 
municated  by.  telegraph. 

Te-lEg'ra-phIst,  or  Tel'e- 
GrXph'IST,  n.  A  telegrapher. 

Te-leg'RA-PHY,  11.  Science  or  art  of 
constructing,  or  of  communicating 
by  means  of,  telegraphs. 

TE'LE-OL'O-GY  (110),  n.  [Gr.  Te'Xos. 
T€ Aeos,  end,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.] 
Doctrine  of  the  final  causes  of  things. 

TEL'E-PHONE,  n.  [Gr.  ri,\e,  far,  and 
< fiaivT] ,  sound.]  An  instrument  for 
reproducing  articulate  speech  at  a 
distance,  by  the  aid  of  electricity  or 
electro-magnetism. 

Tel'e  phon'ie,  n.  Relating  to  the 
telephone. 

TEL/E-S€OPE,  n.  [Gr.  r^Aeo-KOTro?, 
viewing  afar,  fr.  TrjAe,  far,  far  off, 
and  (TKonelu,  to  view.]  An  optical  in¬ 
strument  for  viewing  distant  ob¬ 
jects. 

Tel'e-seop'ie,  )  a.  Relating  to 

Tel'e-seop'ig-al,  )  a  telescope. 

Te-les'tigh,  n.  [Gr  re'Aos,  end,  and 
cm'xo?,  line,  verse.]  A  poem  in  which 
the  final  letters  of  the  lines  make  a 
name  ;  —  the  reverse  of  an  acrostic. 

Tell,  v.  t.  [told;  telling.]  [A.- 
S.  tellian ,  tellan.]  1.  To  enumerate  ; 
to  count.  2.  To  give  an  account  of. 
3.  To  make  known  ;  to  publish.  4. 
To  teach.  5.  To  find  out ;  to  dis¬ 
cover.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  give  an  account. 
2.  To  produce  a  marked  effect. 

TEll'ER,  n.  1.  One  who  tells.  2. 
A  bank  officer  who  pays  money  out  on 
checks.  3.  One  appointed  to  count 
votes  in  a  public  meeting. 

Tell'-tale,  a.  Telling  tales  ;  bab¬ 
bling.  —  n.  An  officious  informer. 

TEL-LU'RI€,  a.  [Lat.  tellus,  telluris, 
the  earth.]  Pertaining  to,  or  pro¬ 
ceeding  from,  the  earth. 

Tel-lu'ri-um,  n.  [From  Lat.  tellus, 
telluris ,  the  earth.]  A  metal  of  a 
silver-white  color. 

Te-mer'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  temeritas,  fr. 
temere ,  rashly.]  Unreasonable  con¬ 
tempt  of  danger. 


Svn.  —  Rashness.  —  Temerity  refers  to 
the  disposition,  rashness  to  the  act.  We 
show  temerity  in  our  resolutions,  con¬ 
clusions,  &c.  We  show  i-ashness,  from 
time  to  time,  in  the  actions  of  life. 

TEm'PER,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
temper  are, ,  from  tempus,  time,  orig.  a 
piece  cut  off,  a  part,  Gr.  repreev,  to 
cut  off.]  1.  To  mingle  in  due  pro¬ 
portion  ;  to  modify,  as  by  adding 
some  new  element.  2.  To  soften  ;  to 
assuage.  3.  To  bring  to  a  proper  de¬ 
gree  of  hardness.  —  n.  1.  Due  mixt¬ 
ure  of  different  qualities.  2.  Con¬ 
stitution  of  body  ;  temperament.  3. 
Constitution  of  the  mind,  particularly 
with  regard  to  the  passions  and  affec¬ 
tions.  4.  Proneness  to  anger.  5.  State 
of  a  metal,  esp.  as  to  its  hardness. 

Tem'per-a-ment,  n.  1.  Act  of  tem¬ 
pering  or  modifying.  2.  A  system 
of  compromises  in  the  tuning  of  or¬ 
gans,  piano  fortes,  & c.  3.  The  pecul¬ 
iar  physical  and  mental  character  of 
an  individual. 

Tem'per-an^e  ,  n.  [Lat.  lemperan- 
tia.  See  Temper.]  Habitual  mod¬ 
eration  in  regard  to  the  indulgence 
of  the  natural  appetites  and  passions. 

Tem'per-ate,  a.  [See Temper.]  1. 
Moderate,  esp.  in  the  indulgence  of 
the  appetites  and  passions.  2.  Not 
violent.  [perate  manner. 

TEm'per-ate-ly,  adv.  In  a  tem- 

Tem'per-atEj-ness,  n.  Moderation. 

Tem'PER- a-ture,».  1.  Constitution; 
state.  2.  Degree  of  heat  or  cold. 

Tem'pest,  n.  [Lat.  tempestas,  sea¬ 
son, weather,  storm ,  fr.  tempus ,  time.] 

1.  A  storm  of  extreme  violence.  2. 
Any  violent  tumult  or  commotion. 

Syn.  —  See  Storm. 

Tem-pest'u-oi)s,  a.  Involving,  like, 
or  pertaining  to,  a  tempest ;  stormy. 

TEM-PEST'u-ofJS-LY,  adv.  In  a  tem¬ 
pestuous  manner. 

Tem-pest'u-ous-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  tempestuous. 

TEm'plar,  n.  1.  One  of  a  religious 
military  order,  who  occupied  an 
apartment  near  the  Temple  at  Jeru¬ 
salem.  2.  A  student  of  law,  so  called 
from  having  apartments  in  the 
Temple  at  London. 

TeM'PLE,  n.  [Lat.  templum ,  for  tem- 
pulum,  as  a  dim.  of  tempus ,  accord¬ 
ing  to  its  primary  sense,  a  piece  cut 
off.]  1.  An  edifice  for  the  worship 
of  some  deity.  2.  The  edifice  at  Je¬ 
rusalem  for  the  worship  of  Jehovah. 
3.  A  church.  4.  [Lat.  tempora ,  tem¬ 
pus,  prop,  the  right  place,  fatal  spot, 
from  tempus ,  temporis,  fitting  or  ap¬ 
pointed  time.]  Portion  of  the  head 
between  the  forehead  and  ear. 

Tem'plet,  n.  [L.  Lat.  templatus, 
vaulted,  from  Lat.  templum,  a  small 
timber.]  1.  A  mold  used  by  brick¬ 
layers  and  masons.  2.  A  thin  mold  or 
pattern  used  by  machinists,  & c.  3.  A 
short  piece  of  timber  under  a  beam. 

Tem'po-ral,  a.  [Lat.  temporalis,  fr. 
tempus ,  time.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
present  life,  or  this  world ;  secular. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  temples  of  the 


head.  —  n.  Any  thing  temporal  or 
secular ;  a  temporality. 

TEm'po-rXl'i-ty,  n.  1.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  temporary.  2.  pi.  Revenues  of 
an  ecclesiastic  proceeding  from  lands, 
tenements,  tithes,  &c. 

TEm'po-ral-ly,  adv.  In  a  temporal 
manner.  [rary  manner. 

Tem'po-ra-ri-ly,  adv.  In  a  tempo- 

Tem'po-ra-ri-ness,  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  temporary. 

Tem'po-ra-ry  (44),  a.  [Lat.  tempo- 
rarius .]  Lasting  for  a  time  only. 

TEM'PO-RIZE,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  tempus,  temporis,  time.]  To 
humor  or  yield  to  the  current  of 
opinion  or  to  circumstances. 

Tem'po-riz'er,  n.  A  time-server. 

TEmpt  (84),  v.  t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  [Lat. 
tentare ,  temptare. ,  intens.  form  of 
tendere,  to  stretch.]  1.  To  try.  2. 
To  incite  ;  to  instigate.  3.  To  test ; 
to  prove.  4.  To  lead,  or  endeavor  to 
lead,  into  evil. 

Syn.  —  To  allure  ;  seduce. 

TEMPT'A-BLE,a.  Liable  to  be  tempt¬ 
ed  ;  exposed  to  temptation. 

Temp-ta'tion  (84),  n.  1.  Act  of 
tempting.  2.  State  of  being  tempted. 
3.  That  which  tempts  ;  allurement. 

Tempt'ER,  n.  One  who  tempts. 

TEN,  a.  &  n.  [A.-S.  t§n,  tin,  tyn,  Lat. 
decern,  Skr.  dagan.]  Nine  and  one. 

TEn'A-ble  (110),  a.  [Fr.  tenable,  fr. 
tenir,  to  hold.]  Capable  of  being 
held  or  maintained. 

Te-na'cioGs,  a.  [Lat.  tenax,  tenacis, 
fr.  tcnere,  to  hold.]  1.  Apt  to  retain; 
retentive.  2.  Adhesive.  3.  Obsti¬ 
nate  ;  stubborn.  [fh’mly. 

Te-na'cioDs-ly,  adv.  Retentively  ; 

TE-NA'CIofJS-NESS,  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  tenacious. 

Te-nX^'i-ty,  n.  Quality  of  being 
tenacious 

Ten'AN  <JY,  n.  [L.  Lat.  temntia,  te- 
nantia. ]  A  holding,  or  a  mode  of 
holding,  an  estate  ;  tenure. 

TEN'ANT,  ii.  [Fr.  tenant,  holding.] 
1.  One  who  has  the  occupation  of 
lands  or  tenements  Avhose  title  is  in 
another.  2.  Adweller.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  hold  as  a  tenant. 

TEN'ANT-A-BLE ,  a.  Fit  to  be  tenanted 
or  rented ;  in  a  state  of  repair  suit¬ 
able  for  a  tenant. 

Ten'ant-less,  a.  Having  no  tenants. 

TEN'ANT-RY,  n.  Tnebody  of  tenants. 

Tend,  v.  t.  1-ed;  -ing.]  [Abbrev. 
fr.  attend.]  1.  To  care  for  the  wants 
of ;  to  watch.  2.  To  note  carefully  ; 
to  attend  to. — v.  i.  [Lat.  tendere.] 
1.  To  move  in  a  certain  direction.  2. 
To  be  directed,  as  to  any  end  or  pur¬ 
pose.  3.  To  contribute. 

Tend'en-9Y,  n.  Direction  or  course 
toward  any  place,  object,  or  result. 

Syn.  —  Inclination;  drift;  scope;  aim. 
See  Disposition. 

Tend'er,  n.  [From  tend.]  1.  One 
who  tends  another.  2.  A  small  vessel 
employed  to  attend  a  larger  one  with 
provisions,  &c.  3.  A  car  attached  to 
a  locomotive,  to  supply  fuel  and  wa¬ 
ter.  4.  [See  Tender,  v.  l]  An  offer; 


I,  E,  i,  o,v,\,long;  X,E,I,  6,  ft,  £ , short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  wh^t;  Ere,  veil,  tErm;  pique,  fTrm;  s6n. 


TENDER 


TERRIBLE 


a  proposal.  —  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  tendere.  See  Tend,  v.  t.]  To 
offer  or  present  for  acceptance. 

Ten'UER,  «.  [-ER;  -EST.]  [Fr.  ten- 
dre,  Lat.  tener.]  1.  Easily  impressed, 
broken,  or  injured.  2.  Easily  pained. 
3.  Weak  and  feeble.  4.  Easily  ex¬ 
cited  to  pity,  forgiveness,  or  favor. 

Syn.  —  Delicate;  soft ;  compassionate; 
humane;  pitiful. 

TEn'der-loin,  n.  A  tender  part  of 
the  hind  quarter  of  beef. 

TEn'DER-ly,  adv.  With  tenderness. 

TEn'der-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  tender. 

Syn.  —  Benignity;  humanity;  benev- 
•olence;  kindness;  clemency. 

TEn'di-noGs,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  full 
of,  tendons ;  sinewy. 

TEN'DON,  n.  [Lat.  tendere ,  to  stretch, 
extend.]  A  hard,  insensible  cord,  by 
which  motion  is  communicated  from 
a  muscle  to  a  bone. 

Ten'dril,  v.  [From  tender,  prop,  the 
tender  sprig  of  a  plant.]  A  slender 
spiral  shoot  of  a  plant  that  winds 
round  another  body  for  support. 

Te-ne'BRI-oGs,  1  a.  [Lat.  tenebrosus  ; 

TEn'E-BRoGs,  )  tenebrx ,  dark¬ 
ness.]  Dark;  gloomy;  obscure. 

TEn'e-MENT,  n.  [L.  Lat.  tenementum, 
fr.  Lat.  tenere ,  to  hold.]  A  dwelling- 
house  ;  often,  an  inferior  dwelling- 
house  rented  to  poor  persons. 

Syn. —  House.  —  There  may  be  many 
houses  under  one  roof,  but  they  are  com¬ 
pletely  separated  from  each  other  by  par- 
tv-walls.  A  tenement  may  be  detached 
by  itself, or  it  may  be  part  of  a  house  di¬ 
vided  off  for  the  use  of  a  distinct  family. 

TEn'et,  n.  [Lat.,  he  holds.]  Any 
opinion,  principle,  or  doctrine,  which 
one  holds  or  maintains  as  true. 

Syn.  —  See  Dogma. 

TEn'fold,  a.  Ten  times  as  much. 

Ten'NIS,  n.  [Fr.  tenez,  hold  or  take 
it.]  A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  contin¬ 
ually  kept  in  motion. 

TEn'on,  n.  [Fr.,  from  tenir ,  to  hold.] 
End  of  a  piece  of  wood  cut  for  inser¬ 
tion  into  a  cavity  in  another  piece. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ink.]  To  fit  for  in¬ 
sertion  into  a  mortise.  [tenons. 

TEN'ON-SAW,  n.  A  saw  for  cutting 

Ten'OR,  n.  [Lat.  tenor,  fr.  tenere,  to 
hold,  i.  e.,  a  holding  on  in  a  contin¬ 
ued  course.]  1.  General  drift  or 
course  of  thought ;  purport;  intent. 
2.  (a.)  The  higher  kind  of  adult 
male  voice,  (b.)  One  who  sings  tenor. 

TEnse,  a.  [Lat.  tendere,  tensus,  to 
stretch.]  Stretched;  strained  to 
stiffness;  rigid. — n.  [Fr.  temps, 
Lat.  tempus,  time.]  Form  of  a  verb 
indicating  the  time  of  action. 

TENSE'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  tense. 

Ten'SILE,  a.  [Lat.  tend ere,  ten  sum,  to 
stretch.]  Capable  of  extension. 

TEn'SION,  n.  [Lat.  tensio,  fr.  tendere, 
to  stretch.]  1.  Act  of  stretching  or 
straining.  2.  State  of  being  stretched, 
or  degree  of  being  bent  or  strained  ; 
hence,  strong  excitement  of  feeling. 

TEnt,  v.  [L.  Lat.  tenia ,  prop,  some¬ 
thing  stretched  out,  fr.  Lat.  tendere, 


433 

to  stretch.]  1.  A  pavilion  or  portable 
lodge  of  canvas  or  other  coarse  cloth. 
2.  [Lat.  tentare,  to  handle,  feel.]  A 
roll  of  lint  or  linen  used  in  surgery. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover 
with  tents.  2.  To  probe. 

TEn'TA-gee,  n.  [Lat.  tentare,  to  han¬ 
dle,  feel.]  A  filiform  process  from  the 
head  of  a  snail,  insect,  or  crab,  &c., 
for  feeling  or  motion. 

Ten-TA€'u-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
in  the  nature  of,  tentacles. 

TEn'ta-tive,  a.  [Lat.  tentare,  to 
try.]  Trying ;  experimental. 

TEn'TER,  n.  [Lat.  tendere,  tentum, 
to  stretch.]  A  frame  for  stretching 
cloth,  by  means  of  hooks.  —  v.  t.  To 
stretch  on  tenters. 

Ten'ter-hook,  n.  A  hook  used  in 
stretching  cloth  on  a  tenter. 

Tenth,  a.  1.  Next  after  the  ninth.  2. 
Being  one  of  ten  equal  parts  into 
which  any  thing  is  divided.  —  n.  1. 
One  of  ten  equal  parts.  2.  Interval 
between  any  tone  and  that  on  the 
tenth  degree  of  the  staff  above  it. 

Tenth'LY,  adv.  In  the  tenth  place. 

Te-NU'i-ty,  n.  [Lat.  tenuitas ;  tenuis, 
thin.]  1.  Smallness  in  diameter; 
thinness  or  slenderness.  2.  Rarity  ; 
rareness. 

Ten'U-oGs,  a.  [Lat.  tenuis,  thin.]  1. 
Thin  ;  slender.  2.  Rare  ;  subtile. 

Ten'ure,  n.  [Lat.  tenere,  to  hold.]  1. 
Act  or  right  of  holding,  as  real  estate. 
2.  Consideration  or  service  given  for 
the  use  of  land.  3.  Manner  of  hold¬ 
ing  in  general. 

TEp'e-fag'tion,  n.  Making  tepid. 

Tep'e-fy,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  tepefa.cere ;  tepere,  to  be  tepid, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  To  make  mod¬ 
erately  warm,  [warm  ;  luke-warm. 

TEp'id,  a.  [Lat.  tepid  us.]  Moderately 

Te-pid'i-ty,  1  n.  Moderate  warmth  ; 

TEP'ID-NESS,  I  lukewarmness. 

Te'por,  n.  [Lat.]  Gentle  heat. 

TEr'A-phIm,  n.  pi.  [Heb.  teraphim.] 
Household  deities  or  images. 

Terce'-ma/jor,  n.  [See  Tierce.] 
A  sequence  of  the  three  best  cards. 

TEr'e-bintii,  n.  [Gr.  Tepe/3iv0os.] 
The  turpentine-tree.  [pentine. 

TEr'e-bin'tiiine  ,  a.  Relating  to  tur- 

Te-rete',  a.  [Lat.  teres,  teretis, 
rubbed  or  rounded  off ;  terere,  to 

-  rub.]  Cylindrical  and  slightly  taper¬ 
ing. 

TEr'GI-VER-SA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  tergi- 
versatio  ;  tergum,  the  back,  and  ver- 
sare,  to  turn.]  1.  A  shift;  subterfuge; 
evasion.  2.  Fickleness  of  conduct. 

Term  (14),  n.  [Lat.  termen,  and  ter¬ 
minus.]  1.  A  bound  or  boundary  ; 
limit.  2.  Any  limited  time.  3.  Time 
during  which  instruction  is  regularly 
given  to  students.  4.  Time  in  which 
a  court  is  held.  5.  A  word  or  expres¬ 
sion,  esp.  one  peculiar  to  an  art.  6. 
pi.  Propositions  stated  or  promises 
made ;  conditions. 

Syn.  —  Word.  —  Term  signifies  a  word 
of  specific  meaning,  applicable  to  a  defi¬ 
nite  class  of  objects.  It  is  therefore  more 
determinate  and  technical  than  xvord, 
which  denotes  an  utterance  that  repre¬ 


sents  or  expresses  our  thoughts  and  feel, 
ings.  Hence  we  speak  of  a  scientific  term 
(not  word),  and  of  stating  tilings  in  dis¬ 
tinct  terms,  &c.  Still,  in  a  looser  sense,  it 
is  used  to  a  great  extent  interchangeably 
with  ivord,  for  variety  of  expression. 

—  r  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  name  ;  to 

denominate.  [multuousness. 

T£r'ma-gan-cy,  n.  Turbulence  ;  tu- 

TEr'MA-gant,  n.  [Orig.  a  supposed 
deity  of  the  Mohammedans,  very  vo¬ 
ciferous  in  the  ancient  moralities.]  A 
boisterous,  brawling  woman.  —  a. 
Boisterous  or  furious  ;  scolding. 

TErm'er,  n.  One  who  has  an  estate 
for  a  term  of  years  or  for  life. 

Ter’mes,  n. ;  pi.  ter'mi-te%. 
[Lat.]  A  tropical  species  of  ant  very 
destructive  to  wood.  [bounded. 

TEr'mi-na-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 

TEr'mt-nal,  a.  [Lat.  terminalic .] 
See  Term.]  Pertaining  to,  or  form¬ 
ing,  the  end. 

TEr'mi-nate  ,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
terminare,  -nalum%  See  Term.]  1. 
To  set  a  limit  to.  2.’  To  put  an  end  to. 

Syn. —  To  complete;  finish;  end. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  be  limited;  to  stop 
short.  2.  To  end  ;  to  close. 

TEr'MI-NA'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  termi¬ 
nating.  2.  Limit  in  space  or  extent. 
3.  End  in  time  or  existence.  4.  Con¬ 
clusion  ;  result.  5.  Ending  of  a  word. 

TEr'MI-NA'TION-AE,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  forming,  a  termination. 

TEr'MI-ner,  n.  [Fr.  terminer,  to 
limit,  end.]  A  determining. 

T£r/mi-nol,o-gy,  n.  [Lat.  terminus, 
term,  and  Gr.  Aoyos,  discourse.]  1. 
The  doctrine  of  terms  ;  a  treatise  on 
terms.  2.  The  terms  actually  used 
in  any  business,  art,  science,  or  the 
like ;  nomenclature. 

Ter'mi-nus,  n. ;  pi.  TE  Rr  MI-NI. 
[Lat.]  1.  A  boundary.  2.  Extreme 
point  at  either  end  of  a  railway. 

TEr'mite,  n. ;  pi.  tEr'mites.  The 
white  ant.  See  Termes. 

Tern,  n.  [Icel.  therna,  sea-swallow, 
maid-servant.]  An  aquatic  fowl. 

TEr'NA-ry,  a.  [Lat.  ternarius  ;  terni , 
three  each ;  three.]  Proceeding  by 
threes ;  consisting  of  three. 

TEr'ra^e,  n.  [Lat.  terra,  the  earth.] 
1.  A  raised  platform  of  earth,  sup¬ 
ported  by  a  bank  of  turf.  2.  Flat 
roof  of  a  house. — v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  form  into  a  terrace. 

Terra  cotta.  [It.]  A  kind  of  pottery 
made  from  line  clay  hardened  by  heat. 

TEr'ra-pIn,  n.  A  kind  of  tortoise. 

Ter-RA'QUE-oGs,  a.  [Lat.  terra,  the 
earth,  and  aqua,  water.]  Consisting 
of  land  and  water,  as  the  earth. 

Ter-rene',  a,  [Lat.  terrenus ;  terra, 
the  earth.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
earth  ;  earthy.  2.  Terrestrial. 

Ter-rEs'tri-al,  a.  [Lat.  terrestris .] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  earthly. 

2.  Representing,  or  consisting  of,  the 
earth.  3.  Pertaining  to  the  present 
state. 

Ter-rEs'tri-ae-ly,  adv.  After  an 
earthly  manner. 

TEr'ri-ble,  a.  [Lat.  terribilis.]  1. 

G,  hard;  A§;  ejist;  $r  as  NG ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,TO'OK  ;  Grn,  RUE ,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,G,  so/if;  €, 

28 


TERRIBLENESS 


434 


TEUTONIC 


Adapted  to  excite  terror,  awe,  or 
dread.  2.  Excessive  ;  severe. 

Syn. —  Fearful;  formidable;  awful. 

TEr'ri-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  terrible. 

Ter'ri-bly,  adv.  1.  In  a  manner  to 
excite  terror.  2.  Very  greatly. 

Ter'ri-er,  n. 

[From  Lat.  terra , 
the  earth.]  A 
dog,  remarkable 
forgoing  iuto  the 
ground  after  ani¬ 
mals  that  bur¬ 
row. 

Ter-r1f'I€,  a.  Terrier  Dog. 

[Lat.  terrijicus ;  lerrere,  to  frighten, 
and  facere ,  to  make.]  Causing,  or 
adapted  to  cause,  terror. 

Ter'ri-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.] 
To  alarm  with  fear ;  to  frighten. 

TLr'RI-to'RI-AL,  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  territory  or  land.  2.  Limited  to 
a  certain  district. 

TEr'RI-TO-ry  (110),  n.  [Lat .  territo- 
rium ,  fr.  terra ,  the  earth.]  1.  Extent 
of  land  within  certain  limits  or  juris¬ 
diction.  2.  A  distant  tract  of  land 
belonging  to  a  prince  or  state.  3. 
In  the  United  States,  a  portion  of  the 
country  not  yet  admitted  as  a  State 
into  the  Union,  but  organized  with  a 
separate  legislature,  a  governor,  &c. 

Ter'ROR,  n.  [Lat.]  Extreme  fear. 
Syn.—  See  Alarm. 

TfiR'ROR-igai,  n.  A  state  of  impress¬ 
ing  terror. 

Terse  (14),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [Lat. 
tersus,  rubbed  or  wiped  off.]  Ele¬ 
gantly  concise  or  compact. 

Syn. —  Concise.  —  Terse  was  defined 
by  Johnson  “  cleanly  written,”  i.  e.,  free 
from  blemishes,  neat,  or  smooth.  Its 
present  sense  is  compact ,  with  smooth¬ 
ness,  grace,  or  elegance,  as  in  the  follow¬ 
ing  lines  of  Whitehead:  — 

“  In  eight  terse  lines  has  Phsedrns  told 
(So  frugal  were  the  bards  of  old) 

A  tale  of  goats;  and  closed  with  grace, 
Plan,  moral,  all,  in  that  short  space.” 
It  differs  from  concise  in  not  implying 
perhaps  quite  as  much  condensation", 
but  chiefly  in  the  additional  idea  of 
“  grace  or  elegance.” 

Terse'LY,  adv  Neatly  ;  concisely. 

TErse'ness,  n.  Neat  conciseness. 

Ter'tial,  n.  [Lat.  tertius,  third,  be¬ 
cause  feathers  of  the  third  row.]  One 
of  the  large  feathers  near  the  junc¬ 
tion  of  the  wing  with  the  body. 

TEr'TIAN,  a.  [Lat.  tertianvs  ;  tertius , 
the  third.]  Occurring  every  third 
day.  —  n.  A  fever  whose  paroxysms 
return  every  third  day. 

Ter'ti-a-ry  (-shT-,  44,  95),  a.  [Lat. 
tertiarius  ;  tertius ,  the  third.]  Of 
the  third  formation,  order,  or  rank. 

Ter'ti-ate  (-shl-),  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  do  for  the  third  time. 

Tes'sel-late,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  tessellare ,  from  tessella,  a  little 
cube,  dim.  of  tessera ,  a  square  piece, 
fr.  Gr.  recraepe s,  four.]  To  form  in¬ 

to  squares  or  checkers. 

T£s/sel-la'tion,  n.  Mosaic  work. 

Test,  n.  [Lat.  tesla,  an  earthen  pot.] 


1.  Any  critical  trial  and  examina¬ 
tion.  2.  Means  of  trial.  3.  A  stand¬ 
ard  of  comparison.  4.  A  substance 
employed  to  detect  any  unknown 
constituent  of  a  compound. 

Syn.—  Trial.  —  Trial  is  the  wider  term ; 
test  is  a  searching  and  decisive  trial.  It 
is  derived  from  the  Latin  testa,  which 
term  was  early  applied  to  the  fnirig-pot, 
or  crucible,  in  which  metals  are  melted 
for  trial  and  refinement.  Hence,  the  pe¬ 
culiar  fore*  of  the  word,  as  indicating  a 
trial  or  criterion  of  the  most  decisive 
kind. 

—  r.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  prove  the 
truth  or  genuineness  of  by  experi¬ 
ment,  or  by  some  fixed  principle  or 
standard. 

Test'a-ble.  a.  [Lat.  testabilis.]  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  given  by  will. 

Tes-ta'ce-a  (-she-),  (  n.  pi.  Marine 

Tes-ta'cean§,  j  animals  cov¬ 

ered  jvith  shells ;  shell-fish. 

Tes-ta'ceous,  a.  [Lat.  testareus  ; 
testa,  a  shell.]  Consisting  of,  or  hav¬ 
ing,  a  hard,  continuous  shell. 

Tes'TA-MENT,  n.  [Lat.  testamen- 
tum,  fr.  testari ,  to  be  a  witness,  to 
make  one’s  last  will.]  1.  An  instru¬ 
ment  in  writing,  by  which  a  person 
gives  directions  as  to  the  disposal  of 
liis  property  after  death  ;  a  will.  2. 
One  of  the  two  general  divisions  of 
the  Scriptures.  [testament. 

Tes'TA-Ment'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Tes'ta-MENT'A-ry,  a.  Pertaining 
to,  or  given  by,  a  testament  or  will. 

Tes'tate,  a.  Having  left  a  will. 

Tes-ta'tor,  a.  A  man  who  leaves  a 
will  at  death. 

Tes-ta'trtx,  n.  A  woman  who  leaves 
a  will  or  testament. 

Tes'ter,h.  [Lat.  testa,  earthen  pot, 
skull.]  1.  A  flat  canopy,  as  over  a 
pulpit  or  tomb,  & c.  2.  Top  covering 
of  a  bed,  supported  by  the  bedstead. 
3.  [0.  Fr.  teston,  from  teste,  head, 
the  head  of  the  king  being  impressed 
on  it.]  An  old  French  silver  coin. 

Tes'ti-cle,  n.  [Lat.  testiculus,  dim. 
of  testis,  a  testicle.]  A  gland  which 
secretes  the  seminal  fluid  in  males. 

TEs'ti-FI-ca'TION,  n.  Act  of  testi¬ 
fying.  [mony. 

Tes'ti-fPer,  n.  One  who  gives  testi- 

Tes'ti-fy,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  testificari ;  testis,  a  witness, 
and  facere ,  to  make.]  To  make  a 
solemn  declaration ;  to  establish 
some  fact ;  to  give  testimony.  —  v.  t. 
To  bear  witness  to  ;  to  affirm  or  de¬ 
clare  solemnly,  or  under  oath. 

Tes'ti-ly.  adv.  In  a  testy  manner. 

Tes'ti-mo'ni-al,  «.  A  certificate  in 
favor  of  one’s  character  or  good  con¬ 
duct.  —  a.  Relating  to  testimony. 

T£s'ti-mo-ny  (50),  n.  [Lat.  testi¬ 
monium,  from  testari,  to  testify,  at¬ 
test.]  1.  A  solemn  declaration  made 
to  establish  some  fact.  2.  Affirma¬ 
tion.  3.  Open  attestation.  4.  Wit¬ 
ness  ;  proof  of  some  fact. 

Syn.  —  Proof ;  evidence.  —  Proof  is 
used  more  frequently  as  to  facts  and 
things  of  common  occurrence.  Evidence 
is  more  generally  applied  to  that  which 
is  moral  or  intellectual;  as,  the  evidences 


of  Christianity,  &c.  Testimony  is  strictly 
the  evidence  of  a  witness  given  under 
oath;  when  used  figuratively  or  in  a 
wider  sense,  the  word  testimony  has  still 
a  reference  to  some  living  agent  as  its 
author,  as  when  we  spesiK  of  doing  a 
thing  in  testimony  of  our  affection,  &c. 

Tes'ti-ness,  n.  Fretfulness. 

Tes-tu'di-nal,  a.  Relating  to,  or 
resembling,  the  tortoise. 

TEts-TUfDO,  n.  [Lat., fr.  testa ,  shell 
of  shell-fish.]  1.  The  tortoise.  2.  A 
cover  or  screen  formed  by  troops  with 
their  shields  held  over  their  heads. 

Tes'ty,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142.]  [0. 

Fr.  testu,  fr.  teste,  the  head.]  Fret¬ 
ful  :  peevish  ;  petulant. 

Tete-a-tete  (tat'a-tat'),  n.  [Fr., 
head  to  head.]  1.  Private  conversa¬ 
tion.  2.  A  sofa  for  two  persons,  so 
curved  as  to  bring  them  face  to  face. 

Teth'er,  n.  [See  Tedder.]  A  rope 
or  chain  by  which  a  beast  is  confined 
for  feeding. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
confine,  as  a  beast,  with  a  rope  or 
chain,  for  feeding  within  certain  lim¬ 
its. 


I7Z7 


Tet'rA-EHORD,  n.  [Gr.  rerpaxopbov, 
from  rerpaxopS os,  four-stringed.]  A 
series  of  four  sounds,  of  which  the 
extremes,  or  first  and  last,  consti¬ 
tuted  a  fourth. 

TEt'ra-gon,  n.  [Gr.  / 

rerpayow ov  ;  Terpa,/ 
four,  and  ymvia,  an-^~ 
gle.]  A  plane  figure, 
having  four  angles  ; 
a  quadrangle. 

Te-trag'o-nal,  a. 

Having  four  angles 
or  sides. 

Tet/ra-he'dral,  a. 

Having  four  sides. 

TEt'ra-he'dron,  «. 

[Gr.  re'rpa,  four,  and 
eSpa,  seat,  base.]  A  sol¬ 
id  figure  inclosed  by, 
four  triangles. 

Te-tram'e-ter,  n.  [Gr 
Terpa/xerpos,  from  ter  pa, 


Tetragons. 


Tetrahedron. 


perpov,  a  measure.]  A 


four, 

verse 


and 

con¬ 


sisting  of  four  measures,  or  of  four 
feet. 

TE'TRARGH,  n.  [Gr.  rerpdpx tjs,  re- 
rpapxos,  from  Terpa,  four,  and  apxos, 
ruler.]  A  Roman  governor  of  the 
fourth  part  of  a  province. 

Te-trXreh'ate,  1  n.  Fourth  part 

Tet'rargh-y,  j  of  a  province  un¬ 
der  a  Roman  tetrarch. 

Te-tras'tI€H  (-tras'tik),  n.  [Gr. 
rerpaarixov ,  Terpa,  four,  and  <rrl- 
Xos,  averse.]  A  stanza  of  four  verses. 

TET'RA-STYLE,  n.  [Gr.  rerpdaTvXov ; 
rirpa,  four,  and  cttOAos,  column.]  A 
building  with  four  columns  in  front. 


TEt'ra-syl-lab'ie,  )  a. 
Tet'ra-syl-lXb'ic-al,  J 


Consist¬ 
ing  of 


four  syllables. 

TEt'RA-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr.  rerpa- 
o-vMapos,  of  four  syllables  ;  Terpa, 
four,  and  crvAAajS^,  syllable.]  A  word 
of  four  syllables. 

Tet;T3R,  n.  [A.-S.  teter,  tetr.  Cf. 
Tatter.]  A  cutaneous  disease. 

Teu-TON'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 


A,  E,  I,  o,  0,  Y, long ;  X,  £,  I,  6,  0,  ?,  short;  CARE,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6n, 


THEORY 


TEXT 

Teutons,  a  people  of  ancient  Ger¬ 
many,  or  to  their  descendants. 

Text,  n.  [Lat.  textus ,  structure,  con¬ 
text,  fr.  texere,  to  weave,  compose.] 
1.  A  composition  on  which  a  note  or 
commentary  is  written.  2.  A  verse 
or  passage  of  Scripture. 

TliXT'-BOOK,  n.  A  manual  of  in¬ 
struction  ;  a  school-book,  [writing. 

Text'-hand,  n.  A  large  hand  in 

Tex'tiee,  a.  [Lat.  textilis;  texere, 
to  weave.]  Woven,  or  capable  of  be¬ 
ing  woven.  [ing. 

Tex-to'ri-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  weav- 

Text'u-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
tained  in,  the  text. 

TextHj-A-rist,  )  n.  One  well  versed 

Text'u-a-ry,  j  in  the  Scriptures. 

Text'u-A-ry,  a.  1.  Contained  in  the 
text._  2.  Serving  as  a  text. 

Text'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat.  texturci ;  tex¬ 
ere,  to  weave.]  1.  A  fabric  formed  by 
weaving  2.  Connection  of  threads  or 
other  slender  bodies  interwoven.  3. 
Disposition  of  the  several  parts  of  any 
body  in  connection  with  each  other. 

Th\n,  conj.  [A.-S.  thanne,  thenne. 
See  Then.]  A  particle  expressing 
comparison. 

Thane, n.  [A.-S.  thegen,  thegn,  then, 
a  servant  of  a  king,  a  nobleman,  a 
soldier.]  An  Anglo-Saxon  dignitary, 
corresponding  to  baron. 

Thank,  n.  [Generally  in  the  pi.]  [A.- 
S.  thane ,  thonc,  thought,  thanks, 
allied  to  thencean,  thencan,  to  think, 
remember.]  Expression  of  gratitude. 
—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  express 

gratitude  to  for  a  favor. 

Thank'ful,  a.  Disposed  to  acknowl¬ 
edge  kindness  received ;  grateful. 

Thank'ful-LY,  adv.  Gratefully. 

Thank'ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
thankful.  [grateful. 

ThXnk'less,  a.  Unthankful;  un- 

Th  vnk'less-ness,  n.  Ingratitude. 

Thanks'giv-er,  n.  One  who  ac¬ 
knowledges  a  kindness. 

Than.ks'giv-ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  giving 
thanks.  2.  Public  celebration  of 
divine  goodness,  or  a  day  set  apart 
therefor.  [of  gratitude. 

Thank'-SfWER-ING,  n.  An  offering 

ThXnk'-wor'thy  (-wfir'thy),  a.  De¬ 
serving  thanks  ;  meritorious. 

That  (128),  pi.  those.  1.  [A.-S. 
the,  se,  m.,  theo,  seo,  f.,  that.\  A  pro¬ 
noun  referring  usually  to  something 
before  mentioned  or  understood,  or 
to  something  more  remote  ;  —  often 
used  adjectively.  2.  [A.-S.  that, 
Goth,  lhatei,  contr.  fr.  that  a  and  ei, 
that.]  A  conjunction,  introducing  a 
clause,  as  the  object  of  the  preceding 
verb,  or  introducing  a  reason  or  pur¬ 
pose,  and  sometimes  a  result. 

ThXtch,  n.  [A.-S.  their,  thac .]  Straw 
or  other  substance  used  to  cover  roofs 
or  stacks.  —  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
cover  with  straw,  reeds,  or  the  like. 

Tiiatcii'er,  n.  One  who  thatches. 

ThaiPma-tOr'gic,  a.  Exciting  won¬ 
der. 

Thau'MA-tOr'GUS,  n.  [Gr.  Bavpa- 
rovpyo?,  wonder-working;  Ba.vp.a,  a 


435 

wonder,  and  epyeiv,  to  work.]  A 
miracle-worker. 

Thau'ma-tur'gy,  n.  Act  of  perform¬ 
ing  something  wonderful. 

Thaw,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
thaw  an ,  Icel.  thama,  to  consume, 
digest.]  1.  To  melt,  as  ice  or  snow. 
2.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice 
and  snow.  — v.  t.  To  cause  to  melt, 
as  ice  or  snow.  —  n.  The  melting  of 
ice  or  snow,  &c. 

The  (128),  definite  article ,  or  definitive 
a.  [A.-S.  the  or  se.]  A  word  placed 
before  nouns,  and  before  adjectives 
in  the  comparative  and  superlative 
degree,  and  used  to  limit  or  qualify 
the  meaning  more  or  less  definitely. 

THE'AR-EHY,  71.  [Gr.  Beapxlo.,  ©eo?, 
God,  and  ap\eiv,  to  rule.]  Govern¬ 
ment  by  God. 

The'A-ter,  (  n.  [Gr.  Bearpov,  from 

Tiie'a-tre,  J  Beao-Bat.,  to  see.]  1.  A 
building  for  dramatic  performances  ; 
a  playhouse.  2.  Any  room  adapted 
to  the  exhibition  of  any  performance 
before  an  assembly.  3.  That  which 
resembles  a  theater  in  form  or  use. 

The-at'rI€,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 

The-at'RIG-AL,  j  a  theater,  or  to 
scenic  representations  ;  resembling 
the  manner  of  dramatic  performers. 

Tiie-at'ri€-al-ey,  adv.  In  a  theat¬ 
rical  manner.  [performances. 

The-Xt'rI€-AL§,  n.  pi.  Dramatic 

TllE'BAN,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Thebes;  also,  a  wise  man.  —  a. 
Of,  or  pertaining  to,  Thebes. 

The E ,  pron. ;  objective  case  of  Thou. 

Theft,  n.  [A.-S.  theofdh.  See 
Thief.]  Act  of  stealing. 

The  One,  n.  A  bitter  principle,  ob¬ 
tained  from  tea  and  coffee. 

Their  (12),  a.  pron.  [A.-S.  thetra, 
thcera,  prop.  gen.  pi.  of  the,  se.  See 
That.]  Of  them; — employed  in 
the  sense  of  a  pronominal  adjective. 
When  the  word  qualified  by  it  is 
omitted,  it  has  the  form  theirs ;  and 
may  be  the  subject  of  a  verb,  or  the 
object  of  a  verb  or  preposition. 

TheOsm,  n.  [Gr.  ®eo?,  God.]  Belief 
or  acknowledgment  of  the  existence 
of  a  God. 

The'ist,  n.  One  who  believes  in  the 
existence  of  a  personal  God. 

The-ist'ig,  I  a.  Relating  to  the- 

The-Ist'IC-AL,  )  ism,  or  to  a  theist. 

Them,  pron. ;  objective  case  of  They. 

Theme,  n.  [Gr.  Bepa,fr.  n&evat,  to  set, 
place.]  1.  A  subject  or  topic  on  which 
one  writes  or  speaks.  2.  A  short  dis¬ 
sertation.  3.  A  verb  in  its  primary 
state,  not  modified  by  inflections. 

THEM-SEL VEg',  pron.;  pi.  of  Him¬ 
self,  Herself,  or  Itself. 

Then,  adv.  [A.-S.  thonne,  thanne, 
thenne.  Cf.  Than.]  1.  At  that  time. 
2.  Soon  afterward.  3.  Therefore.  4. 
At  another  time. — conj.  In  that 
case ;  in  consequence. 

Syn.  —  Therefore.  —  Both  these  words 
are  used  in  reasoning ;  but  therefore 
takes  the  lead,  while  their,  is  rather  sub¬ 
ordinate  or  incidental.  Therefore  states 
reasons  and  draws  inferences  in  form  ; 
then,  to  a  great  extent,  takes  the  point  as 


proved,  and  passes  on  to  the  general  con¬ 
clusion.  “  Therefore,  being  justified,  by 
faith,  we  have  peace  with  God.”  “  So, 
then,  faith  cometh  bv  hearing,  and  hear¬ 
ing  by  the  word  of  God.” 

Thence,  adv.  [0.  Eng.  thenne,  or 
with  the  termination  of  a  genitive, 
tliennes ,  thens.  Cf.  supra .]  1.  From 
that  place.  2.  From  that  time.  3. 
For  that  reason.  [time. 

Then^e'forth,  adv.  From  that 

THEN9E-FOR'WARD,a£fo.  From  that 
time  onward. 

THE-OG'RA^Y,  n.  [Gr.  BeoKparla  ; 
©eo?,  God,  and  k pdro?,  strength.]  1. 
Government  of  a  state  by  the  imme¬ 
diate  direction  of  God.  2.  The  state 
thus  governed. 

TheG>€rXt'ie,  1  a.  Pertaining 

THfPo-ERAT'ie-AL,  j  to  a  theocracy. 

The-od'o-lite,  n.  [Prob.  either  fr. 
Gr.  0edojU.cn,  Beth pat,  I  see,  or  Beto,  I 
run,  and  doAi^d?,  long.]  An  instru¬ 
ment  used  for  the  accurate  measure¬ 
ment  of  angles. 

THE-OG'O-NY,  «.  [Gr.  Beoyovia;  0eo?, 
a  god,  and  yovrj,  yovo?,  yeno?,  race, 
birth.]  The  generation  or  genealogy 
of  heathen  deities. 

TllE'O-LO'GI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  deoAoyo?  ; 
©eo?,  God,  and  Ae'yeiv,  to  speak.] 
One  well  versed  in  theology  ;  a  divine. 

The'o-log'ig,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

The/o-log,ie-al,  j  theology. 

The'o-log'ig-al-ly,  adv.  Accord¬ 
ing  to  the  principles  of  theology. 

The-ol'o-gy,  n.  Science  that  treats 
of  the  existence,  character,  and  at¬ 
tributes  of  God,  his  laws  and  govern¬ 
ment,  the  doctrines  we  are  to  believe, 
and  the  duties  we  are  to  practice. 

THE-6m'A-EHY,  n.  [Gr.  Beopaxla  ; 
0eo?,  a  god,  and  paxv,  a  battle.]  A 
fighting  against  the  gods. 

The-op'a-thy,  n.  [Gr.  ©eo?,  God, 
and  naBoi,  suffering,  violent  feeling.] 
Capacity  for  religious  affections  or 
worship. 

Tiie-or'bo,  n.  [Fr.  theorbe.lt.  tiorba .] 
A  musical  instrument  made  like  a 
large  lute,  but  with  two  heads. 

THE'O-REM,  n.  IGr.  Beuipppcx,  from 
Becopeiv,  to  look  at.]  1.  A  principle; 
a  rule.  2.  A  statement  of  a  principle 
to  be  demonstrated. 

The'o-rem-at'ig,  )  a.  Pertaining  to, 

The'o-rem'ig,  j  or  comprised  in, 
a  theorem. 

THE'o-RET're,  )  a.  1.  Pertaining 

The'o-ret'ig-al,  j  to,  or  depend¬ 
ing  on ,  theory  ;  speculative.  2.  Un¬ 
practical.  [theory. 

The'o-ret'ig-al-ly,  adv.  In  or  by 

The'o-RIST,  n.  One  given  to  theory. 

THE'O-RIZE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
form  theories  ;  to  speculate. 

The'o-RIZ'er,  n.  One  who  theorizes. 

THE'O-RY,  n.  [Gr.  Beoipla,  fr.  Bewpeiv, 
to  look  at.]  1.  Speculation.  2.  An 
exposition  of  the  general  principles 
of  any  science.  3.  The  science  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  the  art.  4.  Philo¬ 
sophical  explanation  of  phenomena. 

Syn.  —  Hypothesis.  —  A  hypothesis  is, 
literally,  a  supposition,  and  is  brought 
forward  to  account  for  certain  phenom- 

G,  hard;  A§  ;  EXIST  ;  NajNG;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  took;  ffRN,  RUE,  PyLE  ;  22,  I,  O,  silent ;  y ,  G ,  soft ;  €, 


THEOSOPHIC 

ena  ;  it  rests  for  its  proof  solely  on  the 
fact  that  it  explains  the  phenomena. 
Theory  is  a  deduction  from  established 
truths,  from  which  it  follows  as  a  neces¬ 
sary  consequence.  Hypothesis  might  at¬ 
tempt  to  explain  the  tides  by  assuming 
a  magnetic  virtue  in  the  sun  and  moon  ; 
theory  docs  it  by  deducing  them  from 
the  known  laws  of  gravitation. 

The'O-sopii'ig,  1  a.  Pertaining 

The'0-s6ph'I€-AL, )  to  theosophy. 

The-os'o-phism,  n.  Theosophy,  or 
a  process  of  it. 

The-os'o-phist,  n.  One  addicted  to 
theosophy. 

The-os'o-phy,  n.  [Gr.  Oeoao^Ca,  fr. 
©eos,  God,  and  crowds,  wise.]  A  di¬ 
rect,  as  distinguished  from  a  revealed, 
knowledge  of  God,  thought  to  he  at¬ 
tained  by  extraordinary  illumination. 

ThEr'a-peu'tig,  1  a.  [Gr.  Oepa- 

THER'A-PEU'TI€-AL,  j  7TeVTlxds,  fr. 
6epaneve in,  to  serve,  to  heal.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  healing  art ;  curative. 

THER'A-PEU'Tres,  n.  sing.  That  part 
of  medicine  which  respects  the  use 
of  remedies  for  diseases. 

There  (12),  adv.  [A.-S.  thxr,  ther.] 
In  that  place. 

©3P“  There  is  used  to  begin  sentences, 
or  before  a  verb,  without  adding  essen¬ 
tially  to  the  meaning. 

There'a-bout',  1  adv.  1.  Neartliat 

There'a-bouts',  j  place.  2.  Near 
that  number,  degree,  or  quantity  ; 
nearly .  [afterward . 

There-Aft'er,  adv.  After  that; 

There-at',  adv.  1.  At  that  place. 

2.  On  that  account. 

There-by',  adv.  By  that ;  by  that 

means ;  in  consequence  of  that. 

There-for',  adv.  For  that,  or  this. 

The  re 'fore  (ther'-  or  thar'-),  conj. 
&  adv.  [From  there  and  for.]  1.  For 
that  or  this  reason.  2.  Consequently. 

3.  In  return  for  this  or  that. 

Syn.—  See  Then. 

The  re -from',  adv.  From  this  or 
that. 

There  -in',  adv.  In  that  or  this  place, 
time,  or  thing.  [that  place. 

There'IN-to',  adv.  Into  that,  or 

THERE-OF'  '(ther-ofP  or  ther-ov',  71), 
adv.  Of  that  or  this. 

There-on',  adv.  On  that  or  this. 

THERE-OUT',  adv.  Out  of  that  or  this. 

There-to',  adv.  To  that  or  this. 

There-On'to,  adv.  Unto  that  or 
this  ;  thereto. 

ThEre'up-on',  adv.  1.  Upon  that 
or  this.  2.  In  consequence  of  that. 
3.  Immediately. 

ThLre-with'  (-with'  or  -with',  99), 
adv.  With  that  or  this. 

Tiie'RI-So,  n.  [Gr.  flrjpia/cos,  good 
against  the  poison  of  animals,  from 
0r\piov,  a  beast.]  An  ancient  compo¬ 
sition,  esteemed  efficacious  against 
poison. 

The'ri-Xu,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

The-rI'au-al,  [  theriac  ;  medici- 

The'ri-al,  )  nal. 

Ther'MAL,  a.  [Gr.  0eppa t,  hot 

springs.]  Pertaining  to  heat ;  warm. 

Ther'mo-e'leu-tric'i-ty,  n.  [Gr. 
fleppds,  hot,  and  Eng.  electricity .] 

436 

Electricity  developed  by  the  action 
of  heat. 

Ther-mom'F.-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Oippr), 
heat,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  to  measure  temperature. 

Ther'mo-met'rie,  (  a.  Pertain- 

Ther'mo-met'rie-ae,  j  ing  to,  or 
made  by  means  of,  a  thermometer. 

Ther'mo-scope,  n.  [Gr.  0epp6s,  hot, 
and  aKoneLv,  to  view.]  Any  instru¬ 
ment  for  indicating  changes  of  tem¬ 
perature. 

The-sau’rus,  n.  [Lat.]  A  treasu¬ 
ry  ;  —  often  applied  to  a  dictionary 
or  cyclopedia,  &c. 

These,  pron.  ;  pi.  of  This. 

The'sis,  n. ;  pi.  the'se§.  [Gr.  Oecr is, 
fr.  Ti0evcu,  to  place,  set.]  1.  A  prop¬ 
osition  which  a  person  advances  and 
offers  to  maintain,  or  which  is  main¬ 
tained  by  argument.  2.  An  essay 
upon  a  specific  theme. 

Thes'pi-an,  a.  [From  Thespis,  the 
founder  of  the  Greek  drama.]  Re¬ 
lating  to  tragic  acting. 

The-UR'GTE,  1  a.  Pertaining  to 

THE-OR'GTe-AL,  )  theurgy. 

The'UR-GY,  n.  [Gr.  0eo vpvCa ;  ©eos, 
God,  and  epyetv,to  work.]  Among  the 
Egyptian  Platonists,  a  supposed  abili¬ 
ty,  by  means  of  certain  acts,  words, 
&c.,  to  move  the  gods  to  impart  se¬ 
crets  surpassing  the  powers  of  reason, 
and  to  render  themselves  visible. 

THEW(thu),  n.  [A.-S.  theaiv.]  Muscle 
or  strength  ;  nerve  ;  brawn. 

They ,pron.  [A.-S.  tha .]  The  plural 
of  He,  She,  or  It. 

Thick,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S.  tkicce. 
Cf.  Tight.]  1.  Dense;  not  thin. 
2.  Not  transparent  or  clear.  3. 
Close  or  crowded  in  space.  4.  Measur¬ 
ing  in  general  dimension  other  than 
length.  5.  Deeper  from  one  surface 
to  its  opposite  than  usual.  6.  Some¬ 
what  deaf.  7.  Intimate  ;  familiar.  — 
n.  Thickest  part,  or  time  when  any 
thing  is  thickest.  —  adv.  1.  Fast ; 
quick.  2.  Closely.  3.  To  a  great  depth. 

ThIck'EN,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  make  or  become  thick. 

Thick'.en-ing,  n.  Something  put 
into  a  liquid  or  mass  to  thicken  it. 

Thick'et,  n.  A  collection  of  trees  or 
shrubs  closely  set. 

THICK'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  thick. 

Thick'ly,  adv.  In  a  thick  condition 
or  manner.  [being  thick. 

ThIck'ness,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 

ThIck'set,  a.  1.  Close  planted.  2. 
Having  a  short,  thick  body. 

Thick'-skUll,  n.  Dullness,  or  a  dull 
person. 

Thief  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  thedf,  thidf, 
th&f.]  One  who  secretly  and  feloni¬ 
ously  takes  the  goods  or  personal 
property  of  another. 

Syn.  — Robber.  —  A  thief  takes  our 
property  by  stealth;  a.  robber  attacks  us 
openly,”  and  strips  us  by  main  force. 
The  robber  braves  the  laws;  the  thief  en¬ 
deavors  to  evade  them. 

Thieve,!-,  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  practice 
theft ;  to  steal.  [theft. 

Thifv'er-Y,  n.  Practice  of  stealing; 

THIRST 

Thiev'ish,  a.  1.  Given  to  stealing 

2.  Acting  by  stealth  ;  sly  ;  secret. 

Thiev'isii-ly,  adv.  By  theft. 

Thie  v'ish-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  thievish. 

Thigh  (thl),  n.  [A.-S.  theoh.]  The 
thick,  fleshy  portion  of  the  leg  above 
the  knee. 

Thile,  n.  [A.-S.  thile,  thill,  allied  to 

Eng.  deal.]  A  shaft  of  a  carriage. 

Thim'ble,  n.  [Prob.  a  dim.  of  thumb.] 

1.  A  kind  of  metallic  cap  for  the 
finger,  used  in  sewing  to  protect  the 
finger.  2.  Any  thimble-shaped  ap-  1 

pondage  or  fixture. 

Tiiim'ble-ber'ry,  n.  A  kind  of 
black  raspberry. 

Thim'bi. e-rig,  n.  A  sleight-of-hand 
trick  played  with  three  small  cupa 
and  a  ball. 

Thin,  a.  [-ner  ;  -nest.]  [A.-S.  thyn- 
ne,  thin ,  allied  to  thenian,  to  extend.] 

1.  Having  little  thickness.  2.  Rare  ;  I 

not  dense.  3.  Not  close  ;  not  crowd¬ 
ed.  4.  Not  full  or  well  grown.  5. 

Lean  ;  gaunt.  6.  Slight ;  flimsy.  — 
adv.  Not  thickly  or  closely;  in  a 
scattered  state.  —  v.  t.  or  ?.  [-NED  ; 

NING.]  To  make  or  become  thin. 

Thine,  pronominal  a.  [A.-S.  thin, 
orig.  gen.  of  thu  or  thii,  thou.]  Be-  ; 

longing  to  thee  ;  thy. 

ThIng,  n.  [A.-S.  thing ,  thincg,  allied 
to  thingan,  to  become  heavy.]  1. 
Whatever  exists  or  is  conceived  to 
exist,  as  a  separate  being,  whether 
animate  or  inanimate.  2.  Any  ob¬ 
ject  viewed  as  merely  existing. 

Think,  v.  i.  [thought  ;  think¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  thencean ,  thyncean, 
thyncan.]  To  employ  any  of  the  in¬ 
tellectual  powers  except  sense  and 
perception. 

Syn.  —  To  expect  ;  guess  ;  reflect  ; 
ponder;  contemplate;  meditate;  muse; 
imagine;  suppose;  believe.  See  Expect. 

—  v.  t.  1.  To  imagine.  2.  To  plan  or 
design.  3.  To  believe  ;  to  consider.  ! 

Think'er,  n.  One  who  thinks. 

Think'ing,  p.  a.  Having  the  faculty 
of  thought.  —  n.  Imagination  ; 

judgment. 

Think'ing-ly,  adv.  By  thought. 

ThIn'ly,  adv.  In  a  thin,  scattered 
manner. 

Thin 'ness  (109),  tt.  State  of  being  thin. 

Tiiin'-skinned.  a.  1.  Having  a  thin 
skin.  2.  Sensitive;  irritable. 

Third  (18),  a.  [A.-S.  thridda.  See  ! 

Three.]  1.  Next  after  the  second. 

2.  Being  cne  of  three  equal  parts 
into  which  any  thing  is  divided.  —  n. 

1.  One  of  three  equal  parts.  2. 

Sixtieth  part  of  a  second.  3.  (Mus.) 
Interval  of  a  tone  and  a  semitone, 
embracing  three  diatonic  degrees  of 
the  scale.  4.  pi.  The  third  part  of 
an  estate,  which  the  widow  is  enti¬ 
tled  by  law  to  enjoy  during  her  life. 

Third'ly,  adv.  In  the  third  place. 

ThTrst  (18),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
thyrstnn,  allied  to  Goth,  thairsan ,  to 
be  dry.]  1.  To  experience  a  painful 
sensation  of  the  throat,  or  fauces, 
for  want  of  drink.  2.  To  have  a 

A,  e,  i,  5,  u,  y ,long;  X,  £, 1, 6,  tJ,  ¥,  sho*t (  cAre,  fXr,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  tErm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 

THIRSTER 


vehement  desire. — n.  1.  The  de¬ 
sire  or  suffering  occasioned  by  want 
of  drink.  2.  A  want  and  eager  de- 
,  sire  after  any  thing. 

Thirst'er,  n.  One  who  thirsts. 

ThIrst'i-ly,  adv.  In  a  thirsty  man¬ 
ner  ;  with  thirst. 

ThIrst'i-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
thirsty  ;  thirst. 

ThIrst'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  142  ]  1. 
Feeling  a  distressing  sensation  from 
want  of  drink.  2.  Deficient  in  moist¬ 
ure  ;  dry  ;  parched.  3.  Having  a  ve¬ 
hement  desire  of  any  thing. 

Thir'teen,  a.  &  n.  [A.-S.  threotyne , 
fr.  thri,  ui.,  three,  and  lyn ,  ten,  ten.] 
Ten  and  three. 

Thirteenth,  a.  1.  Next  after  the 
twelfth.  2.  Being  one  of  thirteen 
equal  parts  into  which  any  thing  is 
divided. — n.  One  of  thirteen  equal 
parts  into  which  any  thing  is  divided. 

ThIr'ti-etii,  a.  1.  Next  after  the 
twenty-ninth.  2.  Being  one  of  thirty 
equal  parts  into  which  a  thing  is  di¬ 
vided. —  n.  One  of  thirty  equal  parts. 

TiiIr'ty,  a.  &  n  [0.  Eng.  thritty , 
A.-S.  thritig.]  Three  times  ten. 

THIS,  pro n. ;  pi  THESE.  [A.-S.  thes, 
m.,  theos ,  f.,  this,  n.]  A  pronoun  or 
pronominal  adjective,  denoting  some¬ 
thing  present  or  near  in  place  or  time, 
or  something  just  mentioned,  or  just 
about  to  be  mentioned. 

ThTs'tle  (thTs'sl),  n.  [A.-S.  thistel , 
allied  to  Eng.  teasel.]  One  of  nu¬ 
merous  prickly  plants.  [thistles. 

ThTs'tly  (thistly),  a.  Overgrown  with 

Th/th'ER,  adv.  [A.-S.  thider,  thyder. 
See  That.]  1.  To  that  place.  2.  To 
that  point  or  result. 

Syn. —  There. —  Thither  denotes  mo¬ 
tion  toward  a  place;  there  denotes  rest 
in  a  place  ;  as,  I  am  going  thither ,  and 
shall  meet  you  there.  But  thither  has 
now  become  obsolete,  except  in  poetry, 
or  a  style  purposely  conformed  to  the 
past,  and  hence  there  has  taken  the  place 
of  thither  ;  as,  I  shall  go  there  to-morrow; 
we  shall  go  there  together. 

Thith'er-ward,  adv.  Toward  that 
place. 

Thole,  n.  [A.-S.  tkol.]  A  pin  in  the 
gunwale  of  a  boat,  to  confine  the  oar 
in  rowing. 

Thong,  n.  [A.-S.  thwang ,  thwong , 
tr.  0.  Sax.  t/iuingan,  to  press,  force.] 
A  strap  of  leather,  for  fastening  any 
thing.  [thorax. 

Tllo-RA^'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

Tho'ral,  a.  [Lat.  thorns ,  torus,  a 
couch.]  Pertaining  to  a  bed. 

Tiio'rax  (89),  n.  [Gr.  0wpa£.]  Por¬ 
tion  of  the  trunk  between  the  neck 
and  abdomen ;  the  chest. 

Thorn,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  sharp,  woody 
shoot  from  a  tree  or  shrub  ;  a  spine. 

2.  A  tree  or  shrub  armed  with  spines. 

3.  Any  thing  troublesome. 

Thorn'y,  a.  [-er;  -est,  142]  1. 

Full  of  thorns.  2.  Sharp ;  pricking. 
3.  Troublesome  ;  vexatious. 

Thorough  (thfir'o),  a.  [A.-S.  tliunih , 
thurh.  See  Through.]  Passing 
through  or  to  the  end  ;  complete. 

Tiior'ough-base  (thur'o-),  n.  Rep- 


437 

resentation  of  chords  by  figures 
placed  under  the  base. 

Thor'ough-bra^e  (thur'o-),  n.  A 
leather  strap  supporting  the  body  of 
a  carriage. 

Thor'ough  breo  (thBr'o-),  a.  1. 
Bred  from  the  best  blood,  as  horses. 
2.  Completely  accomplished. 

Thor'ough-fare  (thur'o-),  n.  A 
passage  through ;  a  frequented  street. 

Thor'ough-go'ing  (thBr'o-),  a. 
Very  thorough ;  complete. 

Thor'OUGH-ly  (thur'o-),  mA’.  Fully  ; 
entirely ;  completely. 

Thor'ough-ness  (thur'o-),  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  thorough. 

Th6r'ough-pa(!ed  (thur'o-past),  a. 
Perfect  in  what  is  undertaken. 

Thor'ough-wort  ( thur'o -wQrt),  n. 
Amedicinal  plant ;  boneset. 

Those,  pron. ;  pi.  of  That. 

Thou,  pron.  [A.-S.  tliti,  thu .]  The 
second  personal  pronoun,  in  the  sing, 
number ;  —  used  in  the  solemn  or  po¬ 
etical  style. 

Though  (tho,  75),  adv.  &  conj.  [A.-S. 
thedh,  t/ieh.]  1.  Granting;  admit¬ 
ting.  2.  However. 

Syr.—  Although.  —  These  words  dif¬ 
fer  oulyin  one  respect;  although  is  the 
stronger  and  more  emphatic  of  the  two, 
and  is  therefore  usually  chosen  to  begin 
a  sentence,  as,  “ Although  I  have  many 
competitors,  I  still  hope  to  succeed.”  See 
While. 

Thought  (thawt),  n.  [A.-S.  thealit, 
tliokt ,  from  thencean,  thencan,  to 
think.]  1.  Act  of  thinking  ;  reflec¬ 
tion  ;  meditation.  2.  That  which  is 
thought.  3.  A  small  degree  or  quan¬ 
tity. —  v.,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Think. 

Thoughtful  (thawt'-),  a.  1.  Em¬ 
ployed  in  meditation.  2.  Having  the 
mind  directed  to  an  object.  3.  Fa¬ 
vorable  to  meditation. 

.Syn. —  Considerate.  —  He  who  is  ha¬ 
bitually  thoughtful  rarely  neglects  his 
duty  or  his  true  interest;  he  who  is  con¬ 
siderate  pauses  to  reflect  and  guard  him¬ 
self  against  error.  One  who  is  not 
thoughtful  by  nature,  if  lie  can  be  made 
considerate ,  will  usually  be  guarded 
against  serious  mistakes. 

Thougiit'ful-ly  (thawt'-),  adv.  In 
a  thoughtful  manner. 

Thought'ful-ness  (thawt'-),  n. 
State  or  quality  of  being  thoughtful. 

Thought'less  (thawt'-),  a.  Lacking 
or  free  from  thought ;  careless. 

Thought'less-ly  (thawt'-),  adv. 
Without  thought ;  carelessly. 

Thought'less-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  thoughtless. 

Thou'i sand.  a.  or  n.  [A.-S  thtisend 
Goth,  thusundi,  fr.  thus,  for  tigus , 
taihun,  ten,  and  hund,  hundred.] 
Ten  hundred. 

Thousandth,  a.  1.  Next  after  nine 
hundred  and  -ninety-nine.  2.  Be¬ 
ing  one  of  a  thousand  equal  parts 
into  which  anything  is  divided.  — n. 
One  of  a  thousand  equal  parts. 

Thrall,  n.  [A.-S-  thral ,  thrall,  fr. 
thrdla,  to  serve,  drudge.]  1.  A  slave ; 
a  bondman.  2.  Slavery  ;  bondage. 

Thrall'dom,  I  n.  Slavery  ;  boud- 

THRAL'dom,  (  age;  servitude 


THRIFTINESS 

TiirXsti,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 
thriscan,  threscan.]  1.  To  beat  out 
grain  from.  2.  To  beat  soundly. 

Thrash'er,  n.  One  who  thrashes 
grain . 

Thra-son'I€-al,  a.  [From  Thraso, 
a  braggart  soldier  in  Terence’s 
“  Eunuch.”]  Braggart ;  boastful. 

Thread,  n.  [A.-S.  thrsed,  fr.  thrawan, 
to  twist.]  1.  A  small  twist  of  flax, 
wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  the  like,  drawn 
out.  2.  A  filament.  3.  The  promi¬ 
nent  spiral  part  of  a  screw.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  pass  a  thread 
through  the  eye  of.  2.  To  pass 
through,  as  a  narrow  channel. 

Thread'bAre,  a.  1.  Having  the  nap 
worn  off.  2.  Trite  ;  hackneyed. 

Tiiread'y,  a.  Like  thread. 

Threat,  n.  [See  infra.]  Declaration 
of  an  intention  to  inflict  punish¬ 
ment,  loss,  or  pain,  on  another. 

Syn.  —  Menace. —  Threat  is  the  more 
familiar  term  ;  the  latter  is  employed 
only  in  the  higher  kinds  of  style.  AVe 
are  threatened  with  a  drought  ;  the 
country  is  menaced  with  war. 

Tiireat’en,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
threatian,  to  urge,  threaten.]  1.  To 
hold  up  to  the  expectation  of  evil ; 
to  menace.  2.  To  exhibit  the  appear¬ 
ance  of  something  evil  or  unpleasant 
as  approaching  to. — v.  i.  To  use 
threats.  [threat. 

Threat'en-ing,  p.  a.  Indicating  a 
Syn.  —  See  Imminent. 

Three,  a.  or  n.  [A.-S.  thri,  allied  to 
Lat.  tres,  Skr.  tri.]  Two  and  one. 

Three'-deck'er,  n.  A  vessel  of 
war,  carrying  guns  on  three  decks. 

Three 'fold,  a.  Consisting  of  three, 
or  thrice  repeated. 

Threepence  (thrip'ens),  n.  A  small 
silver  coin  worth  three  pennies. 

Three 'pe  n-ny  (thrip'en-ny),  a. 
Worth  three  pence  only ;  hence, 
poor ; mean. 

Three'-ply,  a.  [From  ply,  a  fold.] 
Consisting  of  three  distinct  webs  in¬ 
wrought  together  in  weaving. 

Three'seore,  a.  Thrice  twenty  ; 
sixty. 

THREN'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  OpyvujSia;  6prj- 
eos,  lamentation,  and  diSij,  a  song.] 
A  song  of  lamentation ;  a  dirge. 

Thresh,  v.  t.  See  Thrash. 

Thresh'er,  n.  A  thrasher. 

Thresh'old,  n.  [A.-S.  threscwald, 
prob  fr.  threscan,  to  thrash,  and 
wald,  wood.]  1.  A  door-sill ;  hence, 
entrance,  door.  2.  Place  or  point  of 
entering  or  beginning ;  outset. 

Threw  (thrij),  imp.  of  Throw. 

Thrice ,  adv.  [0.  Eng.  thries,  from 
three.]  Three  times. 

Thr/d,  v.  t.  [-DED  ;  -DING.]  [From 
thread,  v.  t.]  To  slide  through,  by 
a  narrow  passage  ;  to  thread. 

Thrift,  n.  [From  thrive.]  1.  A 
thriving  state  or  condition.  2.  Suc¬ 
cess  in  the  acquisition  of  property. 

Thrift'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  thrifty  man¬ 
ner. 

Thrift'i-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  thrifty. 

G, hard;  A§;  EXIST;  N  as  NG  ;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WOLF,  too,  to'ok  ;  Brn,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  C?  soft;  €, 


THRIFTLESS 


TICKET 


Tiirift'less,  a.  Not  thrifty  ;  not 
thriving.  [thriftless. 

Thrift'less-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

ThrIft'y,  a.  [-ER ;  -est,  142.]  1. 
Given  to,  or  evincing,  thrift.  2. 
Thriving  by  industry  and  frugality. 
3.  Growing  rapidly,  as  a  plant. 

Syn.  —  Frugal;  sparing;  economical. 

ThrIll,  v.  t.  [-E D ;  -ING.]  [A.-S. 
thyrhelian,  thyrlian.  See  Drill.]  1 
To  bore  ;  to  drill.  2.  To  affect,  as 
if  by  something  that  pierces,  pricks, 
or  causes  a  tingling  sensation.  —  v.  i. 

1.  To  penetrate ;  esp.  to  cause  a 
tingling  sensation  that  runs  through 
the  system.  2.  To  feel  a  sharp, 
shivering  sensation.  —  n.  1.  A  drill. 

2.  A  warbling  ;  a  trill.  [See  Trill.] 

3.  A  thrilling  sensation. 

ThrIve,  v.  i.  [-Ed  ;  -ed  or  -en; 

-ING.]  [Icel.  thrifa,  to  care,  thrxfaz, 
to  grow,  flourish,  A.-S.  thrajian,  to 
urge,  allied  to  Eng.  drive.]  1.  To 
prosper  by  industry  and  good  man¬ 
agement.  2.  To  grow  vigorously,  as 
a  plant. 

Thriv'er,  n.  One  who  thrives. 

Throat  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  throte.]  1. 
Portion  of  the  neck  anterior  to  the 
spinal  column.  2.  Passage  into  the 
lungs  or  the  stomach. 

Throb,  v.  i.  [-bed  ; -bing.]  [Prob. 
contr.fr.  throw  up.]  To  beat  forcibly, 
as  the  heart  or  pulse  ;  to  palpitate.  — 
n.  A.  strong  pulsation  ;  a  palpitation. 

Throe, n.  [A.-S.  thred,  chiding, afflic¬ 
tion.]  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  ;  esp., 
the^ anguish  of  travail  in  childbirth. 

Throne,  n.  [Gr.  6p6v os,  allied  to 
dpav os,  a  bench.]  A  chair  of  state, 
commonly  a  royal  seat.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  enthrone.  2.  To  exalt. 

THRONG,  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  thringan,  to 
press.]  A  multitude  of  people  press¬ 
ing  or  pressed  into  a  close  body. 

Syn.  —  Multitude;  crowd.— Any  great 
number  of  persons  form  a  multitude;  a 
throng  is  a  large  number  of  persons  who 
press  together  into  a  collective  body;  a 
crowd  is  a  mass  of  persons  who  press 
so  closely  together  as  to  bring  their 
bodies  into  immediate  contact. 

—  v.  i.  or  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  To  crowd 
together  ;  to  press,  as  persons. 

Theos'tle  (throsfl),  n.  [A.-S.]  See 
Thrush.  — n.  A  machine  for  spin¬ 
ning  wool,  cotton,  &c. 

Throt'tle,  n.  [Dim.  of  throat.]  The 
windpipe.  —  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
To  choke  ;  to  strangle  ;  to  suffocate. 

Through  (throb,  21),  prep.  [A.-S. 
thurh,  thuruh.]  1.  From  end  to  end 
of,  or  from  side  to  side  of.  2.  By 
means  of.  3.  Over  the  whole  extent 
of.  4.  From  beginning  to  end.  — 
adv.  1.  From  one  end  or  side  to  the 
other.  2.  From  beginning  to  end. 

Through-out'  (throb-),  prep.  Quite 
through  ;  in  every  part  of.  —  adv.  In 
every  part 

Throw,  v.  t.  [threw  ;  thrown  ; 
throwing.]  [A.-S.  thrawan,  to 
twist,  turn,  throw  ]  1.  To  fling  or  cast 
in  any  manner ;  to  propel.  2.  To  twist 
two  or  more  filaments  of,  as  silk,  so 


438 

as  to  form  one  thread.  3.  To  over¬ 
turn  in  wrestling.  —  v.i.  To  per¬ 
form  the  act  of  casting ;  to  cast.  —  n. 
1.  Act  of  hurling  or  flinging.  2.  A 
cast  of  dice.  3.  Distance  which  a 
missile  is  or  may  be  thrown. 

Throw'ER,  n.  One  who  throws. 

Throw'ster,  n.  One  who  throws  or 
twists  silk. 

TiirOm,  n.  [Icel.  thrbm,  edge,  lip.] 
1.  One  of  the  ends  of  weavers1 
threads.  2.  Any  coarse  yarn.  —  v. 
i.  [Icel.  thnmia,  to  groan,  thunder.] 
To  play  rudely  or  monotonously  on 
an  instrument  with  the  fingers.  —  v. 
t.  [-MED  ; -MING.]  1.  To  insert  tufts 
in.  2.  To  play,  as  an  instrument, 
in  a  rude  or  monotonous  manner. 

ThrGsh,  n.  [A.-S.  thrysce.]  1.  A 
small  singing  bird.  2.  [From  thrust.] 
Minute  ulcers  in  the  mouth  and 
throat. 

TiirOst,  V.  t.  [THRUST  ;  THRUST¬ 
ING.]  [Icel.  thrista,  to  force,  urge.] 
To  push  with  force  ;  to  drive  or  im¬ 
pel.  —  v.  i.  To  attack  with  a  pointed 
weapon. — n.  1.  A  violent  push.  2. 
Outward  pressure,  as  of  an  arch 
against  its  abutments. 

ThrOst'er,  n.  One  who  thrusts. 

ThAg,  n.  [Hind,  thag ,  a  deceiver, 
robber.]  One  of  a  Hindoo  sect  who 
practiced  murder  stealthily  and  from 
religious  motives. 

Thumb  (thQm),  n.  [A.-S.  thuma  or 
t/iiima.]  The  short,  thick  finger  of 
the  hand.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING. '  1. 

To  handle  awkwardly.  2.  To  soil  or 
wear  with  the  thumb  or  the  fingers. 

ThDmb'-screw  (thttm'skrji),  n.  A 
screw  having  the  head  flattened  in 
the  direction  of  its  length. 

ThOmb'-stall  (thunU-),  n.  A  kind 
of  thimble  of  iron  or  leather,  for 
protecting  the  thumb. 

Thum'mim,  n.  pi.  [See  URIM.]  Per¬ 
fections; —  name  of  an  ornament 
worn  in  the  breastplate  of  the  Jewish 
high  priest. 

ThOmp,  n.  [An  onomatopoeia.]  Sud¬ 
den  fall  of  a  heavy  weight  or  the 
sound  made  by  it.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  strike  or  beat  with  some¬ 
thing  thick  or  heavy. — v.  i.  To 
strike  or  fall  with  a  heavy  blow. 

Thun'der,  n.  [A.-S.  thunor,  thunder.] 
1.  The  sound  which  follows  light¬ 
ning.  2.  Any  loud  noise.  3.  De¬ 
nunciation  published. — v.  i.  [-Ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  rattle  or  roar,  as  an  ex¬ 
plosion  of  electricity.  2.  To  make  a 
loud  noise  of  some  continuance. — 
v.  t.  To  enut  with  noise  and  terror. 

Thiin'der-bolt,  n.  I.  A  shaft  of 
lightning.  2.  Ecclesiastical  denun¬ 
ciation  ;  fulmination. 

Thun'der-glap,  n.  Sudden  report 
of  an  explosion  of  electricity. 

Thun'der-er,  n.  One  who  thunders. 

ThOn'der-show'er,  n.  A  shower 
accompanied  with  thunder. 

Thun'der-storm,  n.  A  storm  with 
lightning  and  thunder. 

ThOn'der-strDck,  p.  a.  Struck 
dumb  with  amazement ;  astonished. 


Thu'ri-BLE  (30).  n.  [Lat.  tliuribulum, 
from  thus,  thuris,  frankincense.]  A 
censer  of  metal,  for  burning  incense. 

Tiiu-r!f'ER-ous,  a.  [Lat.  thurifer  ; 
thus,  thuris ,  frankincense,  and  ferre , 
to  bear.]  Producing  frankincense. 

Tiiu'ri-fi-ca'tion,  n.  [Lat.  thus, 
thuris,  frankincense,  and  facere ,  to 
make.]  Act  of  burning  incense. 

Th0r§'day,  n.  [Orig.  consecrated  to 
Thor,  the  god  of  thunder.]  Fifth 
day  of  the  week. 

T«0s,  adv.  [A.-S.]  1.  In  this  or  that 
manner.  2.  To  this  degree ;  so. 

Thwack,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
thaccian,  to  touch  gently,  to  stroke.] 
To  strike  with  something  flat  or 
heavy.  —  n.  A  heavy  blow  ;  a  thump. 

Thwart,  a.  [A.-S.  iliweorh,  thweor, 
oblique,  athwart.  Cf.  Queer.] 
Across  something  else ;  transverse.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  moveacross. 
2.  To  cross,  as  a  purpose  ;  hence,  to 
frustrate.  —  n.  Seat  of  a  boat  on 
which  the  rowers  sit.  [ship. 

Thwart'-ships,  adv.  Across  the 

T«y,  pron.  [Abbrev.fr.  thine.]  Of 
thee,  or  belonging  to  thee. 

Thyme  (tun),  n.  [Lat.  thymum,  thy¬ 
mus,  Gr.  6vpov,  Ovpos,  fr.  Oueiv,  to 
sacrifice,  to  smell.]  A  pungent  aro¬ 
matic  plant.  [thyme ;  fragrant. 

THYM'Y  (tlnUy),  a.  Abounding  in 

Thy'roid,  a.  [Gr.  evpeoetSrjs,  shield¬ 
shaped.]  Resembling  a  shield. 

T-hy-self',  pron.  An  emphasized 
form  of  Thou. 

TI-a'ra,  n.  [Gr.  ti- 
dpa.]  1.  A  sort  of 
hat  with  a  high 
crown,  worn  by  the 
ancient  Persians. 

2.  The  pope’s  triple 
crown . 

Tib’ i- A,  n.  [Lat.] 

The  shin-bone. 

Tib'i-al,  a.  1.  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  large  Tiara  (2). 
bone  of  the  leg.  2.  k  J 

Pertaining  to  a  pipe  or  flute. 

Tl€,  n.  [See  infra.]  An  habitual  con¬ 
vulsive  motion  of  some  of  the  mus¬ 
cles  of  the  face. 

Tic-doulo  ureux  (tik'dd’o-ld’o- 
rob'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  tin,  a  knack,  and 
douloureux,  painful.]  Neuralgia  in 
the  face. 

Tick,  n.  1.  [Prob.  abbrev.  fr.  ticket.] 
Credit;  trust.  2.  [Fr.  tiqve,  D .trek.] 
A  little  insect  that  infests  sheep, 
dogs,  cows,  See.  3.  [Lat.  theca,  case, 
Gr.  Or/tcr].]  Cover  or  case  of  a  bed. 
4.  A  kind  of  cloth,  for  making  such 
a  cover.  5.  The  beat  of  a  watch  or 
clock.  6.  Any  small  mark  to  direct 
attention. — v.  i.  ■  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  go  on  credit.  2.  To  trust.  3.  To 
make  a  small  noise,  as  a  watch  or 
clock;  to  click.  [ing. 

TIck'en,7i.  Cloth  for  bed-ticks  ;  tick- 

Tick'et,  n.  [For  s ticket,  fr  0.  Fr.  es- 
licquetle ,  a  label,  ticket,  small  point¬ 
ed  piece  of  wood,  fr.  L.  Ger.  stikke, 
a  tack,  peg.]  A  small  piece  of  paper 
serving  as  a  notice,  certificate,  or 


A,  e,  i,  o,u,  y, long ;  X,  £,  i,  6,  0,  5,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n. 


TICKING 


439 


TIMOROUSLY 


distinguishing  token  of  something. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -IN6.]  To  distinguish 
by,  or  furnish  with,  a  ticket. 

Tick'ING,  n.  [From  tick.]  Cloth  for 
making  bed-ticks. 

TIck'le  (tlk'l),  v.  t.  [-E D  ;  -ING.] 
[Dim.  of  tick,  to  beat,  pat.]  1.  To 
touch  lightly,  so  as  to  cause  a  pecul¬ 
iar  thrilling  sensation.  2.  To  please 
by  slight  gratification. — v.  i.  To 
feel,  or  to  excite  the  sensation  of,  tit- 
illation. 

TIck'LER,  n.  One  who  tickles. 

Tick'lish,  a.  1.  Easily  tickled.  2. 
Liable  to  totter  and  fall  at  the  slight¬ 
est  touch.  3.  Critical. 

TlCK'LlSH-NESS,  7i.  State  or  quality 
of  being  ticklish. 

Tid'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  tides  ;  peri¬ 
odically  rising  and  falling.  [sel. 

Tid'bit,  n.  A  delicate  or  tender  mor- 

Tide,  n.  [A.-S.  tid,  for  tihadh,  time.] 

1.  The  alternate  rising  and  falling 

of  the  waters  of  the  ocean,  &c.  2. 

Stream ;  current.  3.  Tendency  of 
causes,  influences,  or  events.  — v.  t. 
or  i.  To  drive  with  the  tide  or 
stream . 

TIde'-lock,  ti.  A  lock  situated  be¬ 
tween  an  entrance-basin  and  a  canal, 
harbor,  or  river. 

TIdes'-man  (150),  n.  An  officer  who 
remains  on  board  of  a  merchant  ship 
till  the  goods  are  landed. 

TIde'-wait'er,  ti.  An  officer  who 
watches  the  landing  of  goods. 

Ti'di-ly,  adv.  With  neat  simplicity. 

Ti'di-ness,  ti.  State  of  being  tidy. 

Tl'DlNGg,  7i.  pi.  [A.-S.  tidian ,  to  hap¬ 
pen,  Eng.  betide ,  fr.  tide.]  Account 
of  what  has  taken  place,  and  was 
not  before  known. 

Syn. — News. —  The  term  news  de¬ 
notes  recent  intelligence  from  any  quar¬ 
ter;  the  term  tidings  denotes  intelligence 
expected  from  a  particular  quarter, 
showing  what  has  there  betid  ed.  We 
may  be  curious  to  hear  the  news;  we  are 
always  anxious  for  tidings. 

TI'dy,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [From 
tide,  time.]  Arranged  in  good  order  ; 
neat ;  cleanly.  —  n.  A  cover  for  the 
back  of  a  chair,  arms  of  a  sofa.  See. 

Tie,  v.  t.  [tied  ;  tying,  141.]  [A.-S. 
tiygan ,  contr.  tijan ,  tian.]  1.  To 
fasten  with  a  band  or  cord  and  knot. 

2.  To  knit;  to  complicate.  3.  To 
constrain ;  to  restrain  ;  to  confine. 

—  n.  1.  A  knot;  fastening.  2.  Bond  ; 
obligation,  moral  or  legal.  3.  An 
equality  in  numbers,  as  of  votes,  See. 
4.  A  beam,  rod,  or  the  like,  for  hold¬ 
ing  two  bodies  or 
parts  together.  5. 

A  curved  line  over 
or  under  notes,  sig¬ 
nifying  that  they 
are  to  be  closely  united  in  perform¬ 
ance. 

TI'ER,  ti.  1.  One  who  ties.  2.  A  child’s 
apron,  covering  the  breast. 

Tier  (ter),  n.  [A.-S.  tier,  rank,  heap, 
attire.]  A  row  or  rank,  esp.  when  two 
or  more  are  placed  one  above  another. 

Tierce  (or  tSrss),  ti.  [P'rom  Lat.  ter- 


tius,  the  third.]  1.  A  cask  holding 
one  third  of  a  pipe,  or  42  wine  gal¬ 
lons.  2.  A  certain  thrust  in  fencing. 

TlERS-tiTAT  ( te-erz'a'ta'),  n.  [Fr.] 
The  third  estate,  or  commonalty  ;  — 
so  called  as  inferior  to  the  nobles  and 
clergy.  [France.] 

Tiff,  n.  [Allied  to  tip ,  with  reference 
to  pouring  liquor  from  one  vessel  in¬ 
to  another.]  1.  A  small  draught  of 
liquor.  2.  A  fit  of  peevishness. 

Tif'fa-ny,  n.  [Cf.  0.  Fr.  tiffe,  orna¬ 
ment.]  A  species  of  gauze. 

Ti'ger,w.  [Gr.  tl- 
•ypis.]  A  fierce  and 
rapacious  animal 
found  in  Southern 
Asia. 

Ti'ger  gat,  n.  A 
carnivorous  ani¬ 
mal  resembling 
the  tiger,  but  Bengal  Tiger, 
smaller. 

Tight  (tit),  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [0.  Eng. 
tight,  p.  p.  of  tie,  to  bind.]  1.  Com¬ 
pact.  2.  Not  leaky  ;  close.  3.  Fitting 
close  to  the  body.  4.  Parsimonious. 
_5.  Somewhat  intQxicated.  [  Colloq.] 

Tight'en  ( t!t/n ),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  draw  tighter  ;  to  straighten. 

Tight'ly  (tltfly),  adv.  In  a  tight 
manner;  closely. 

Tightness  (tit7-),  ti.  Quality  or  con¬ 
dition  of  being  tight ;  closeness  ; 
compactness.  [taloons. 

Tights  (tits),  n.  pi.  Close-fitting  pan- 

TI'GRESS,  ti.  The  female  of  the  tiger. 

TIKE ,  n.  [Armor,  tick,  a  housekeeper, 
farmer,  fr.  ti,  a  house.]  1.  A  coun¬ 
tryman  or  clown.  2.  [Icel.  tik.\  A 
dog  ;  a  cur. 

Til'bu-ry,  ji.  [Prob.fr.  Tilbury  fort, 
in  Essex,  Eng.]  A  two-wheeled  car¬ 
riage,  without  a  top  or  cover. 

Tile,  n.  [Lat.  tegula ,  fr.  tegere ,  to 
cover.]  1.  A  plate  of  slate-stone  or 
of  baked  clay,  for  covering  roofs,  or 
for  floors,  drains,  &c.  2.  A  hat.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cover  with  tiles. 

TIl'er,  ti.  1.  A  man  who  lays  tiles. 
2.  A  doorkeeper  at  a  masonic  lodge. 

Till,  n.  [A.-S.  tilian,  to  prepay,  pro¬ 
vide,  compute.]  A  money-box  in  a 
shop.  — prep.  [A.-S.  til ,  prob.  acc. 
of  til,  till,  an  end.]  1.  To  the  time 
of.  2.  Up  to  the  time  ;  —  that  is,  to 
the  time  specified. — v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  tilian ,  teolian.  Cf. 
TOIL.]  To  plow  and  prepare  for 
seed  ;  to  cultivate. 

Till'a-ble,  a.  Capable  ofbeingtilled. 

Till'age,  ti.  1.  Operation  or  art  of 
tilling.  2.  A  place  tilled. 

TlLL'ER,  n.  1.  A  husbandman.  2. 
The  bar  used  to  turn  a  rudder.  3. 
The  shoot  of  a  plant,  springing  from 
the  root. — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
put  forth  new  shoots  from  the  root 
of  the  original  stalk 

Tilt,  n.  [A.-S.  teld,  geteld,  fr.  teldan, 
to  cover,  shut  in.]  1.  A  covering 
overhead  ;  an  awning  ;  a  tent.  2. 
Cloth  covering  of  a  cart.  3.  A  thrust, 
as  with  a  lance.  4.  A  sportive  com- 
i  bat  on  horseback.  5.  A  tilt-hammer. 


6.  Inclination  forward. — v.  t.  [A.S. 
tealtrian,  tealtian,  to  waver.]  1.  To 
raise  one  end  of.  2.  To  point  or 
thrust,  as  a  lance.  3.  To  hammer  or 
forge  with  a  tilt-hammer. —  v.  i.  1.  To 
run,  or  ride,  and  thrust  with  a  lance, 
2.  To  lean ;  to  fall,  as  on  one  side. 

TIlt'er.  ti.  One  who  tilts,  [culture. 

Tilth,  n.  State  of  being  tilled ; 

Tilt'-ham/MER,  n.  A  heavy  ham¬ 
mer  in  iron-works  ;  a  trip-hammer. 

Tim'ber,  ti.  [A.-S.  timbor,  timber, 
wood,  building.]  1.  Wood  proper 
for  buildings  or  for  tools,  utensils, 
&c.  2.  Trunk  of  a  tree.  3.  A 

single  squared  stick  of  wood  for 
building. — 1\  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
furnish  with  timber. 

Tim'berjed,  p.  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
timber.  2.  Wooded. 

Tim'brel,  ti.  [It.  tamburello,  dim. 
of  tamburo,  a  tabor.]  A  kind  of 
drum  or  tabor. 

Time,  ti.  [A.-S.  tima,  for  tihama,  fr. 
tihaTi,  to  say.]  1.  A  particular  period 
or  part  of  duration.  2.  An  oppor¬ 
tunity.  3.  Duration  of  one’s  life. 
4.  Age  ;  period.  5.  Repetition.  6.  pi. 
State  of  things  at  a  particular  period. 
7-  The  present  life.  8.  Measure  of 
sounds;  tone. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.] 
1.  To  adapt  to  the  occasion.  2.  To 
regulate  as  to  time.  3.  To  ascer¬ 
tain  the  time  or  rate  of. 

TIme'-keep'er,  ti.  A  clock  or  watch. 

Time'li-NESS,  71.  Seasonableness. 

TlME'LY,  a.  [-ER;  -est,  142.]  Being 
in  good  time;  seasonable. — adv. 
Early  ;  in  good  season. 

TIME '-piece,  n.  A  clock  or  watch. 

Time'-sErV'er,  n.  One  who  suits  his 
opinions  and  manners  to  the  times. 

Time'-sErv'ing,  a.  Obsequiously 
complying  Avith  the  spirit  of  the 
times,  or  the  humors  of  men  in  pow¬ 
er.  —  n.  An  obsequious  compliance 
with  the  spirit  of  the  times,  or  the 
humors  of  men  in  power. 

Syn.  —  Temporizing.  —  Both  these 
words  are  applied  to  the  conduct  of  one 
who  adapts  himself  servilely  to  times 
and  seasons.  A  time-server  is  rather 
active,  and  a  temporizer,  passive.  One 
whose  policy  is  time-serving  comes  for¬ 
ward  to  act  upon  principles  or  opinions 
which  may  promote  his  advancement: 
one  who  is  temporizing  yields  to  the  cur¬ 
rent  of  public  sentiment  or  prejudice, 
and  shrinks  from  a  course  of  action 
which  might  injure  him  with  others. 
The  former  is  dishonest;  the  latter  is 
weak;  and  both  are  contemptible. 

TTme'-ta/ble,  n.  A  tabular  state¬ 
ment  of  the  time  when  something  is 
to  take  place. 

TIm'id,  a.  [Lat.  timidus.]  Wanting 
courage  to  meet  danger  ;  afraid. 

Syn.  —  Fearful;  timorous;  cowardly. 

Tl-MID'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  courage. 

TIM'id-ly,  adv.  Without  courage. 

TIm'ist,  n.  A  performer  spoken  of 
with  reference  to  his  ability  to  keep 
good  time. 

Tim'o-roCs,  a.  [L.  Lat.  timorosus, 
from  Lat.  timor ,  fear.]  Fearful  of 
danger ;  timid. 

Tim'o-rous-ly,  adv.  Fearfully. 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  too,  to'ok;  Brn,  rue,  pull;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,6  ,soft;  e,  g,  hard;  Ag;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


TIMOROUSNESS 


TOAST 


Tim'o-rous-ness,  n.  Timidity. 

TlM'o-THY,  I  n.  [From  Tim- 

Tim'o-thy-GRASS,  I  ot/iy  Hanson .] 
A  kind  of  grass  prized  for  fodder. 

Tin,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  A  well-known  white 
metal.  2.  Thin  plates  of  iron  covered 
with  tin.  — v.  t.  [-NED ;  -NING.]  To 
cover  with  tin  or  tinned  iron. 

Tino'AL,  «.  [Malay,  tingkal ,  Per. 
tinkar,  tin! Ml.]  Crude  borax. 

TInot'ure  (53),  n.  [Lat.  tinclura ,  fr. 
ting  ere ,  to  dye.]  1.  A  tinge  or  shade 
of  color.  2.  One  Of  the  metals, 
colors,  or  furs  used  in  armory.  3. 
A  spirit  containing  medicinal  sub¬ 
stances  in  solution.  4.  Slight  taste 
or  quality  added  to  any  thing.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED;  -ING.]  1.  To  tinge;  to  im¬ 
pregnate  with  some  extraneous  mat¬ 
ter.  2.  To  imbue  the  mind  of. 

TIN'der,  n.  [A.-S.  tender ,  tynder ,  fr. 
tendan ,  tindan,  to  kindle.]  Some¬ 
thing  very  inflammable,  used  for 
kindling  fire.  [tinder  is  kept. 

Tin'der-box,  n.  A  box  in  which 

Tine,  n.  [A.-S.  tind,  a  prickle,  tindas, 
a  harrow.]  Tooth  or  spike,  as  of  a 
fork;  a  prong.  [leaf. 

Tin'-foil,  n.  Tin  reduced  to  a  thin 

Ting,  n.  [An  onomatopoeia.]  A  sharp 
sound,  as  of  a  bell ;  a  tinkling. 

Tinge,  v.  t.  [tinged;  tingeing, 
140.]  [Lat.  tingere.]  To  imbue  or 
impregnate  with  something  foreign  ; 
esp.,  to  color  slightly.  —  n.  A  slight 
degree  of  some  color,  taste,  or  the 
like,  infused  into  something  else. 

Tin'gle,  v.  i.  [-E D ;  -ING.]  [Dim. 
of  ting.]  To  feel  a  thrilling  pain  or 
a  slight  pricking  sensation. 

Tink'er,  n.  [From  the  tinkling  noise 
he  makes.]  A  mender  of  metal  ware. 
—  v.  t.  To  mend,  as  metal  wares; 
hence,  generally,  to  mend. 

TTnk'le  (tlnk'l),  v.  i.  [Allied  to  tingle.] 
1.  To  make  small,  sharp  sounds,  as 
by  striking  on  metal.  2.  To  resound 
with  a  small,  sharp  sound. — v.t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  cause  to  clink. — n. 
A  small,  sharp,  metallic,  sound. 

Tin'man  (150),  n.  A  manufacturer 
of,  or  dealer  in,  tin  ware.  [ware. 

Tin'ner,  n.  One  who  works  in  tin 

Tin'ny,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting 
of,  or  like,  tin.  [with  tin. 

Tin'-plate,  n.  Sheet-iron  coated 

Tin'sel,  n.  [Fr.  etincelle,  a  spark, 
Lat.  scintilla.]  1.  A  shining  material 
used  for  ornament.  2.  Something 
shining  and  gaudy,  of  little  value.  3. 
A  kind  of  lace. — v.  t.  [-ED,  -ing  ; 
or -LED, -LING,  137-]  Toadornwith 
cheap  b"t  showy  ornaments. 

Tint,  n.  [Fr.  teinte./  teint,  from  Lat. 
tinctus,  p.  p.  of  tingere ,  to  dye.]  A 
slight  coloring  distinct  from  the 
principal  color. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing  ] 
To  give  a  slight  coloring  to  ;  to  tinge. 

TIn'tin-nab'u-la-ry.  a.  [Lat.  t in¬ 
ti  nnahulum,  a  little  bell.]  Having 
or  making  the  sound  of  a  bell. 
Tin'tin-nab'u-la'tion,  n.  A  tink¬ 
ling  sound,  as  of  a  bell. 

TPny,  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  [Prob.  a 
dim.  of  thin,  Dan.  tynd.]  Very  small. 


440 

Tip,  n.  [Teel,  typpi.]  Extremity  of 
any  thing  small ;  end.  — v.  t.  [-ped  ; 
-PING.]  1.  To  form  a  point  on  ;  to 
cover  the  end  of.  2.  [L.  Ger .  tippen.] 
To  tap.  3.  To  give  to.  [Eng.]  4.  To 
lower  one  end  of.  —  v.  i.  To  fall  on 
or  toward  one  side  ;  to  fall  headlong. 

TlP'PET,  n.  [A.-S.  tappet ;  tdppe,  tape.] 
A  narrow  covering  for  the  neck. 

Tip'ple,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Dim. 
of  tip.]  To  drink  spirituous  or  strong 
liquors  habitually,  esp.,  without  ab¬ 
solutedrunkenness. — v.  t.  Todrink, 
as  strong  liquors,  in  excess. 

Tip'pler,  n.  One  who  tipples. 

Tip'staff,  n.  A  constable. 

Tip'sy, a.  [Cf.  Tipple.]  1.  Fuddled; 
partially  intoxicated.  2.  Staggering. 

TIp'toe,  n.  End  of  the  toe  or  toes. 

Tip'— top,  n.  Highest  or  utmost  de¬ 
gree. —  a.  Very  excellent;  perfect. 

Tl-RADE',  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  tirer,  to  draw.] 
A  strain  of  invective ;  a  series  of 
violent  declamation. 

Tire,  n.  [See  Tier.]  1.  A  row  or 
rank.  2.  A  head-dress.  3.  Attire. 
4.  A  child’s  apron,  covering  the 
breast ;  a  tier.  [See  TIER.]  5.  A 
hoop  of  iron  for  a  wheel. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  terian ,  tirian , 
to  vex,  irritate,  teorian,  to  weary,  fr. 
teran ,  to  tear.]  To  exhaust  the 
strength  of,  by  toil. 

Syn.  —  To  jade  ;  weary  ;  fatigue  ; 
harass.  See  Jade. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  become  weary.  2.  [Fr. 
tirer,  to  draw  or  pull.]  To  seize  and 
tear  prey,  as  a  bird  does. 

TIRE 'SO  ME,  a.  Exhausting  the 
strength  or  patience  ;  fatiguing ;  te¬ 
dious. 

Tire'some-ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  tiresome.  [a  theater. 

Tire'-woivUan  (150),  n  A  dresser  in 

TIr'ing-room,  n.  Room  where  play¬ 
ers  dress  for  the  stage. 

Tis'sue  (tlsh'shtj),  n.  [Fr.  tissu,  fr. 
tisser,  tistre,  to  weave.]  1.  Cloth 
interwoven  with  gold  or  silver.  2. 
The  texture  of  anatomical  elements 
of  which  any  part  of  the  body  is 
composed.  3.  A  connected  series. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing,  144.]  To  form 
tissue  of ;  to  interweave. 

Tit,  n.  [Of.  Icel.  tita,  a  tender  thing.] 
1.  A  small  horse.  2.  [Cf.  Eng.  Teat 
and  Titmouse.]  A  small  bird;  a 
titmouse. 

Ti-ta'ni-um,  n.  [So  called  from  the 
Titans,  giants  of  the  Greek  mythol¬ 
ogy.]  A  metal  of  a  deep-blue  color. 

TTt'bjt,  n.  See  Tidbit. 

Tith'a-ble,  a.  Subject  to  the  pay¬ 
ment  of  tithes. 

Tithe,  n.  [A.-S.  teodha ,  the  tenth.] 
Tenth  part  of  any  thing,  esp.  of  the 
increase  from  the  profits  of  land  and 
stock.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  tax 
to  the  amount  of  a  tenth. 

Tith'ing,  n.  Act  of  taking  tithe; 
that  which  is  taken  as  tithe  :  a  tithe. 

Tith'ING-MAN  (150),  n.  1.  An  under 
constable.  2.  A  parish  officer  elect¬ 
ed  to  enforce  the  observance  of  the 
Sabbath. 


Tit'il-late,d.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
titillar e,  -latum.]  To  tickle. 

Tit'il-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  tickling, 
or  state  of  being  tickled.  2.  Any 
pleasurable  sensation. 

Ti'TLE  (tl'tl),  n.  [Lat.  titulvs.]  1.  An 
inscription,  esp.  one  in  the  beginning 
of  a  book,  containing  the  subject  of 
the  work.  2.  An  appellation  of  dig¬ 
nity  or  distinction.  3.  A  just  cause 
of  exclusive  possession  ;  right.  4.  In¬ 
strument  which  is  evidence  ofa  right. 

Syn. —  See  Epithet,  Name. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat.  titidare.] 
To  call  by  title  ;  to  name  ;  to  entitle. 

Ti'tle-page,  n.  The  page  ofa  book 
which  contains  its  title. 

Tit'mouse  (150),  n.  [From  tit , 
small,  and  A.-S.  mase,  a  titmouse.] 
A  small  perching  bird. 

Tit'ter,  v.  1.  [-ED  :  -ING.]  [Cf.  Icel. 
titra,  to  tremble,  N.  II.  Ger.  zittern, 
to  tremble.  See  Didder.]  To  laugh 
with  the  tongue  striking  against  the 
root  of  the  upper  teeth.  — n.  A  re¬ 
strained  laugh. 

Tit'tle,m.  [Dim.  of  tit,  small.]  A 
small  particle  ;  a  jot ;  an  iota. 

Tit'tle-tat'tle,  n.  [A  reduplica¬ 
tion  of  tattle.]  Idle,  trifling  talk. 

TiT'u-LAR,  a.  [See  Title.]  Existing 
in  name  only  ;  nominal. 

Tit'u-lar-ly,  adv.  Nominally. 

Tit'u-la-ry,  n.  A  person  invested 
with  a  title,  in  virtue  of  which  he 
holds  an  office.  —  a.  Consisting  in, 
or  pertaining  to,  a  title. 

Tme'sis  (me'sis),  n.  [Gr.  t/uojo-i?,  fr. 
reppetp,  to  cut.]  A  figure  by  which  a 
compound  word  is  separated,  by  the 
intervention  of  one  or  more  words. 

To  (128 ),prep.  [A.-S.  to.]  1.  It  in¬ 
dicates  approach  and  arrival ;  also, 
motion  or  tendency  without  arrival. 
2.  It  indicates  motion,  course,  or  ten¬ 
dency  toward  a  time,  condition,  aim, 
or  any  thing  capable  of  being  regard¬ 
ed  as  a  limit  to  movement  or  action. 

I33f  To  is  also  used  as  the  sign  of  the 
infinitive;  and  it  is  used  adverbially  to 
modify  the  sense  of  verbs. 

T5ad  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  thdie,  tadige.]  A 
small  reptile,  having  a  warty  body. 

Toad'-e at'er,  n.  [From  an  old 
practice  among  mountebanks’  boys 
of  eating  toads  (supposed  to  be  pois¬ 
onous),  that  their  masters  might 
have  an  opportunity  of  pretending 
to  effect  a  cure  ]  A  fawning,  obse¬ 
quious  pajasite  ;  a  toady. 

Toad'-stool,  n.  A  mushroom;  a 
fungous  plant. 

Toad'y,  n.  [See  Toad-eater.]  A 
toad-eater  ;  a  sycophant.  —  v.  t. 
[-ed;  -ing,  142.]  To  fawn  upon 
with  mean  sycophancy. 

Toast,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Lat.  torrere, 
tostum ,  to  parch.]  1.  To  dry  and 
scorch  by  the  heat.  2.  To  warm 
thoroughly.  3.  To  drink  to  the 
health  of,  or  in  honor  of.  —  n.  1. 
Bread  dried  and  scorched  ;  —  former¬ 
ly  thought  to  be  a  great  delicacy 
when  put  into  liquor.  2.  The  name  of 
any  person,  in  honor  of  whom  health 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  X,  E,  I,  6,  a,  Y,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  VEIL,  term;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


TOASTER 

is  drunk ;  also,  any  thing  commemo¬ 
rated  in  a  similar  way. 

Toast'er,  n.  1.  One  who  toasts.  2. 
An  instrument  for  toasting. 

Toast'-MAS'TER,  n.  One  who,  at 
public  dinners,  announces  the  toasts. 

To-bXe'eo,  «.  [Ind.  tnbaco ,  pipe  in 
which  the  Indians  smoked  the  plant, 
transferred  to  the  herb  itself.]  A 
plant  or  its  leaves,  used  for  smoking 
and  chewing,  and  in  snuff. 

To-bXe'eo-nist,  n.  A  dealer  in,  or  a 
manufacturer  of,  tobacco. 

Toe'SIN,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  0.  Fr.  toquer,  to 
touch,  strike,  and  sein,  seint,  a  bell.] 
An  alarm-bell. 

Tod,  n.  [Icel.  toddi,a  piece  of  a  thing, 
tota,  a  little  branch.]  1.  A  bush  ;  a 
thick  shrub.  2.  Twenty-eight  pounds 
of  wool. 

To-day',  n.  Tlik  present  day.  —  adv. 
On  this  day. 

Tod'dle,  v.  i.  [Allied  to  totter ,  dad- 
dle,  and  topple.]  To  walk  with  short 
steps,  as  a  child. 

Tod'DY,  n.  [Hind,  lari,  juice  of  the 
palmyra  tree,  vulgarly  toddy.]  1. 
A  spirituous  liquor  prepared  from  va¬ 
rious  kinds  of  palm  in  the  East  In¬ 
dies.  2.  Spirit  and  water  sweetened. 

To-do',  n.  Bustle  ;  stir  ;  ado. 

Toe,  n.  [A.-S.  toll,  to.]  1.  One  of  the 
small  members  at  the  extremity  of 
the  foot.  2.  The  member  of  a  beast’s 
foot  correspouding  to  the  toe  in  man. 
—  v.t.  [-E D  ;  ing,  140.]  To  touch 
or  reach  with  the  toes. 

To'GA,  «.  [Lat.  tegere,  to  cover.]  The 
loose  outer  garment  worn  by  the 
ancient  Romans. 

To'ga-ted,  )  a.  [Lat.  togntus ,  from 

To'ged,  (  toga.]  Dressed  in  a 
gown;  weaving  a  gown. 

To-geth'er,  adv.  [A.-S.  tOgddere , 

1.  e.,at  gadere,  together,  fr.  gador,  at 
once.  (if.  Gather.]  1.  In  the  same 
place.  2.  In  the  same  time.  3.  In  com¬ 
pany  ;  unitedly.  4.  In  or  into  union. 

Xog'ger-y,  n.  [0.  Eng.  toge,  a  toga, 
gown.]  Clothes  ;  articles  of  dress. 

Tog'gee,  n.  [Of.  tug, and  Ger.  stocicel, 
a  little  stick.]  A  small  wooden  pin 
tapering  toward  both  ends  with  a 
groove  around  its  center. 

Tog'gle-joint,  n. 

An  elbow-like  joint. 

Toil,  v.  i.  [-ed; 

-ING.]  A.-S.  teo- 
lian,  tilian.  See 
Till.]  To  labor;  to  work  hard. — 
7i.  1.  Labor  with  pain  and  fatigue. 

Syn.  —  Labor;  drudgery.  —  Labor  im¬ 
plies  strenuous  exertion,  but  not  neces¬ 
sarily  such  as  overtasks  the  faculties; 
toil  denotes  a  severity  of  labor  which  is 
painful  and  exhausting;  drudgery  im¬ 
plies  mean  and  degrading  work,  or,  at 
least,  work  which  wearies  or  disgusts 
from  its  minuteness  or  dull  uniformity. 

2.  [Fr.  toiles,  pi.  toils,  nets,  fr.  toile, 
cloth,  fr.  Lat.  tela,  any  woven  stuff.] 
A  net  or  snare. 

Toil'er,  n.  One  who  toils. 

Toi'let,  n.  [Fr.  toilette,  from  toile, 
cloth,  linen.]  1.  A  dressing-table. 
2.  Mode  of  dressing  ;  attire  ;  dress. 


Toggle-joint. 


441 

Toil'sOme,  a.  Laborious. 

Toil'some-ness,  n.  Laboriousness. 

Toi§E,  n.  [Fr.]  A  fathom  in  France, 
or  about  6.39459  English  feet. 

TO-KA  Y',  n.  A  wine  produced  at  Tokay 
jn  Hungary. 

To'ken,  n.  [A.-S.  tacon,  thcun,  fr. 
tsecay,  to  teach,  show.]  1.  Some¬ 
thing  intended  or  supposed  to  repre¬ 
sent  or  indicate  something  else.  2.  A 
memorial ;  a  souvenir. 

Syn. —  Sign;  note;  symbol;  badge. 

Told,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Tell. 

Tole,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Prob.fr. 
toll ,  to  call  by  a  bell.]  To  allure  by 
some  bait. 

Tol'er-a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  tolerabilis.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  endured  ;  sup¬ 
portable.  2.  Moderately  good. 

Tol'er-a-ble-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  tolerable.  [manner. 

Tol'er-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  tolerable 

Tol'er-an^e,  n.  Toleration. 

Tol'ER-ant,  a.  [Lat.  tolerans.]  For¬ 
bearing  ;  indulgent. 

Tol'er-ate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
tolerare,  -ratum,  fr.  the  root  tol, 
to  bear.]  To  suffer  to  be  or  to  be 
done  without  hindrance. 

Tol'er-a'tion,  n.  Act  of  tolerating; 
allowance  of  that  which  is  not  wholly 
approved. 

Toll,  n.  [A.-S.  toll,  fr.  Gr.  tcAos,  a 
tax,  toll.]  1.  A  tax  or  fee  for  passing 
over  a  bridge  or  on  a  highway.  2. 
Portion  of  grain  taken  by  a  miller  as 
a  compensation  for  grinding. — v.  t. 
or  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Cf.  W.  tol,  tolo, 
a  loud  sound.]  To  sound,  as  a  bell, 
with  strokes  uniformly  repeated  at 
intervals.  —  n.  The  sounding  of  a 
bell  with  strokes  slowly  and  uniform- 
ly  repeated. 

Toll'booth,  n.  [From  toll  and 
booth.]  A  prison. 

Toll'-bridge,  n.  A  bridge  where 
_toll  is  paid  for  passing  it. 

Toll'— house,  n.  A  house  occupied 
by  a  receiver  of  tolls.  [toll. 

Toll'man  (150),  n.  One  who  collects 

To-lu',  n.  A  resin,  or  oleo-resin,  firsr. 
brought  from  Santiago  de  Tolu,  in 
New  Granada. 

Tom'a-hawk,  n. 

[Ind.]  A  kind 
of  war-hatchet 
used  by  the 
American  In¬ 
dians.  —  v.  t. 

[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
cut  or  kill  with 
a  tomahawk. 

TO-MA'TO,  or  Tomahawks. 
To-ma'to,  n.  [Of  American  origin.] 
A  plant  and  its  fruit 

Tomb  (tdom),  «_  [Gr.  tu'/a/Sos.]  1.  A 
grave.  2.  A  vault  for  the  reception 
of  the  dead.  3.  A  tombstone.  —  v.  t. 
[-E  p  ;  -ING.]  To  place  in  a  tomb  ; 
to  bury  ;  to  inter.  [a  tomb. 

Tomb'less  (tcTom'-),  a.  Destitute  of 

Tom'boy,  n.  [From  Tom,  for  Thomas, 
and  boy.]  A  rude,  romping  girl. 

Tomb'stone  (tdbm'-),  n.  A  memorial 
stone  erected  over  a  grave. 


TONNAGE 

Tom'eXt,  n.  A  full-grown  male  cat 

Tome,  n.  [Gr.  rojaos,  a  piece  cut  off, 
a  volume.]  A  ponderous  volume ;  a 
book. 

To-MOR'row,  n.  Day  after  the  pres¬ 
ent.  —  adv.  On  the  day  after  the 
present  day. 

Tom'pi-on,  n.  See  Tampion. 

Tom'tit,  or  Tom-tit',  n.  [From  Tom, 
for  Thomas,  and  tit.]  The  titmouse. 

Ton,  n.  [Fr.  See  Tone.]  Prevail¬ 
ing  fashion. 

Ton  (tHn),  n.  [See  Tun.]  1.  The  weight 
of  2240  pounds.  In  the  U.  S.  com¬ 
monly  estimated  at  2000  pounds,  this 
being  sometimes  called  the  short  ton. 

2.  Forty  cubic  feet, — by  which  the 
burden  of  a  ship  is  estimated. 

Syn. —  Tun.— The  spelling  ton  has 
long  been  appropriated  to  the  dry  meas¬ 
ure,  and  tun  to  the  wet  measure,  denot¬ 
ing  a  large  cask,  and  also  a  certain 
measure  for  liquors,  which  varies  in 
different  countries.  This  distinction  is 
a  convenient  one,  and  is  now  generally 
prevalent. 

Tone,  n.  [Gr.  rovo?,  a  straining,  rais¬ 
ing  of  the  voice,  tone,  accent,  fr. 
veiveiv,  to  stretch.]  1.  Sound,  or  the 
character  of  a  sound.  2.  Modulation 
of  the  voice.  3.  A  whining  style  of 
speaking.  4.  A  sound  considered  as 
to  pitch.  5.  The  larger  kind  of  in¬ 
terval  between  contiguous  sounds  in 
the  diatonic  scale.  6-  Healthy  state 
of  the  system.  7.  General  or  pre¬ 
vailing  character  or  style,  as  of. 
morals,  manners,  &c.  8.  Prevailing 
color  of  a  picture. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  utter  with  an  affected 
tone.  2.  To  tune. 

Tone'less,  a.  Having  no  tone. 

Tongs,  n.  pi.  [A.-S.  tunge.]  An  in¬ 
strument  for  handling  fire  or  heated 
metals. 

Tongue  (tung),  n.  [A.-S.  tunge,  O. 
Lat.  dingua,  afterward  lingua.]  1. 
The  instrument  of  taste,  and,  in  man, 
of  articulation.  2.  Speech  ;  discourse. 

3.  A  language,  or  a  nation ,  as  distin¬ 
guished  by  language.  4.  Something 
considered  as  resembling  an  animal’s 
tongue. 

Syn.  —  See  Language. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  modify  with 
the  tongue  in  playing  the  fiute,  &c. 

Tongujed  (thngd),  a.  Having  a 
tongue.  [tougue. 

Tongue 'less  (tung'-),  a.  Having  no 

T6ngue'-tied  (tung'tid),  a.  Unable 
to  speak  freely,  from  whatever  cause. 

Ton'io,  a.  [See  Tone.]  1.  Relating 
to  tones  or  sounds.  2.  Increasing 
strength,  or  the  tone  of  the  animal 
system. —  n.  1.  A  medicine  that 
gives  vigor  to  the  system.  2.  ( Mus.fr 
Key-tone,  or  first  tone  of  the  scale. 

To-nIght'  (-nit/),  n.  The  present 
night.  — adv.  On  this  night. 

Ton'nage  (tun'naj,  45),  n.  [From 
ton.]  1.  Weight  of  goods  carried  in 
a  boat  or  ship.  2.  The  cubical  con¬ 
tent  of  a  ship  or  ships  in  tons.  3.  A 
duty  or  impost  on  ships,  estimated 
per  ton.  4.  Whole  amount  of  ship¬ 
ping  estimated  by  tons. 


OR,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  P(JLL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  $,  G,  soft;  E,  g,  hard ;  A£  ;  exist;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 


TONSIL 

TbN'siL,n.  [Lat.  tonsillx ,  pi.]  One 
or  two  glands  in  the  throat. 

T5N'stLE,a.  [Lat .  tonsilis;  londere, 
to  clip.]  Capable  of  being  clipped. 

Ton-so'ri-al,  a.  [Lat.  tonsorius.] 
Pertaining  to  a  barber,  or  to  shaving. 

Ton'sure  (t5n'shijr),  n.  [See  supra.] 
Act  of  shaving  the  crown  of  the 
head  ;  or  the  state  of  being  shorn. 

Ton-tine'  (-ten'),  n.  [From  its  in¬ 
ventor,  Tonti,  an  Italian.]  An  an¬ 
nuity  or  survivorship,  or  a  loan. 

Too,  adv.  [A.-S.  to.]  1.  More  than 
enough.  2.  Likewise  ;  also. 

Syn.  —  See  Likewise. 

Took  (27),  imp.  of  Take. 

Tool,  n.  [A.-S.  tul.  for  tawil,  fr.  ta- 
wian,  to  make,  prepare.]  1.  Any  in¬ 
strument,  used  in  the  manual  arts  ; 
an  implement.  2.  A  person  used  as 
an  instrument  by  another  person.  — 
v.  t.  [-El);  -ing.]  To  shape,  form, 
or  finish  with  a  tool. 

Toot,1'.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Ger.  tuten, 
tuten,  to  blow  the  horn.]  To  make  a 
peculiar  noise  by  contact  of  the 
tongue  with  the  upper  gum. 

Tootii(150),  n.  [A.-S.  tOdh,  pi.  tedh, 
allied  to  Skr.  dantn,  fr.  dang ,  dag,  to 
bite.]  1.  One  of  the  small  bones  at¬ 
tached  to  the  jaws  for  chewing  food. 
2.  Taste  ;  palate.  3.  Any  projection 
resembling  the  tooth  of  an  animal. 
—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  furnish 
with  teeth.  2.  To  indent. 

Tootii'ache  (-ak),  n.  Pain  in  the 
teeth.  [extracts  teeth. 

Tooth'-draw'er,  n.  One  who 

Toothed  (tootht),  p.  a.  Having 

teeth  or  jags. 

To~oth'-edGe,  n.  Sensation  excited 
by  grating  sounds,  and  by  the  touch 
of  keen  acids. 

Tooth'less,  a.  Having  no  teeth. 

Tooth'-pick,  n.  An  instrument  for 
cleaning  the  teeth.  [taste 

Tooth'some,  a.  Grateful  to  the 

Top,  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  ttgl 

Highest  part ;  the  ijl  |  j|l\  1 

upper  end,  edge,  Itt  'LJ!  v\  1 

or  side.  2.  Utmost  1 

degree.  3.  Highest  {BjjllilllM 
rank.  4.  A  plat-- — ^ 
form,  surrounding 
the  head  of  the  |1K 

lower  mast.  5.  m  ’  . .  '  _ . 

[Up.  Ger.  topf]  A  Top  (A out.). 

child's  to}7.  — v.  i  [-PED  ;  -PING.] 
1.  To  be  eminent.  2.  To  predomi¬ 
nate.  3.  To  rise  above  others.  — t\  t. 
1.  To  cover  on  the  top.  2.  To  rise 
above  or  to  the  top  of.  3.  To  take 
off  the  top  or  upper  part  of. 

To'pargh,  n .  [Gr.  70Trdpxr)t ,  from 
tottos,  a  place,  and  ap\eLv,  to  rule.] 
The  principal  man  in  a  place. 

Io'par-ehy,  n.  A  small  state,  con¬ 
sisting  of  a  few  cities  or  towns. 

To'pXz,  n.  [Gr.  tow a£os,  tottol^lov, 
prob.fr.  Skr.  lapus,  fire?  the  sun.] 
A  yellowish  mineral,  highly  valued 
as  a  gem. 

T5p'-boots,  n.  pi.  Boots  with  bright- 
colored  leather  around  the  top. 

Tope,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Of.  0.  Eng. 

442 

to  top  off,  to  empty  at  one  draught.] 
To  drink  spirituous  liquors  to  excess. 

To'per,  n.  A  drunkard  ;  a  sot. 

Top'-gAl'lant,  a.  Situated  between 
the  topmast  and  the  royal  mast. 

Top'-hEav'y,  a.  Having  the  upper 
part  too  heavy  for  the  lower. 

To'phet,  n.  [Heb.  tophet,  literally,  a 
place  to  be  spit  upon.]  A  place  south- 
east  of  Jerusalem,  where  fires  were 
continually  kept  to  burn  dead  bod¬ 
ies  ;  hence,  hell. 

Top'i-A-ry,  a.  [Lat.  lopiarius,  belong¬ 
ing  to  ornamental  gardening.]  Shaped 
by  cutting. 

Top'io,  n.  [Gr.  totukol.  See  infra.] 
Subject  of  any  distinct  portion  of  a 
discourse,  argument,  or  literary  com¬ 
position  ;  also,  a  matter  treated  of ;  a 
point ;  a  head. 

Top'I€-AL,  a.  [Gr.  to7 tikos,'  towos,  a 
place,  topic.]  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
place  ;  local.  2.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  a  topic  or  topics.  [ner. 

Top'ie-al-ly",  adv.  In  a  topical  man- 

Top'-knot  (-not),  n.  A  crest  of  feath¬ 
ers,  or  an  ornamental  knot,  on  the 
head. 

Top'mAst,  n.  The  second  mast,  or 
that  next  above  the  lower  mast. 

Top'most,  a.  Uppermost. 

To-pog'ra-pher,  n.  One  skilled  in 
topography. 

Top'o-GRAPH'IF,  )  a.  Pertaining 

Top'o-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j  to  topogra¬ 
phy  ;  descriptive  of  a  place. 

Top'o-graph'ie-al-ly,  adv.  In  a 
topographical  manner. 

TO-POG'RA-PIIY ,  n.  [Gr.  TOTroypa^ila, 
fr.  towos,  a  place,  and  ypd<f>eiv,  to  de¬ 
scribe.]  Exact  and  scientific  delinea¬ 
tion  and  description  in  minute  detail 
of  any  place  or  region. 

Top'ping,/?.  a.  1.  Rising  above  ;  sur¬ 
passing.  2.  Proud. 

Top'ple,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Dim. 
of  top.]  To  fall  forward ;  to  pitch  or 
tumble  down. 

Top'-SAIL,  n.  A  sail  extended  across 
the  topmast. 

T6p'sY-TUR'VY,utfe.  [  Tops,  or  heads, 
in  the  turf]  With  the  head  down¬ 
ward  ;  upside  down. 

Toque  (tok),  (  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind 

To-quet'  (to-ka'),  )  of  head-dress. 

Torch,  n.  [Fr.  torche ,  fr.  Lat.  tor¬ 
quere ,  tortum,  to  twist,  because  it  is 
twisted  like  a  rope.]  A  light  formed 
of  some  combustible  substance,  to  be 
carried  in  the  hand. 

Torcii'-light  (-lit),  n.  Light  of  a 
torch,  or  of  torches. 

Tore,  imp.  of  Tear. 

To-reu'tic,  a.  [Gr.  ropevTucos,  be¬ 
longing  to  work  in  relief.]  Highly  fin¬ 
ished  ; —  applied  to  figures  in  hard 
wood,  ivory,  &c. 

Tor'ment,  n.  [Lat.  tormentum,  prop, 
an  instrument  with  which  any  thing 
is  turned  or  twisted,  fr.  torquere ,  to 
turn,  to  twist.]  1.  Extreme  pain; 
anguish.  2.  That  which  gives  pain. 

Tor-mEnt',  V.  t.  [ -E D  :  -ING.]  1.  To 
put  to  extreme  pain.  2.  To  distress  ; 
to  afflict.  3.  To  tease ;  to  vex. 

TORY 

Tor-ment'er,  1  n.  One  who  tor. 
Tor-ment 'or,  J  ments  or  tortures. 

Torn,  p.  p.  of  Tear. 

Tor-na'do,  n.  ;  pi.  tor-na'does. 

[From  L.  Lat.  tornare,  to  turn.]  A 
tempest  distinguished  by  a  whirling,  j 

progressive  motion  ;  a  hurricane. 
TOR-PE'DO,  ll.;  pi.  TOR-PE'DOEg.  ; 

[Lat. ,  fr.  torpcre ,  to  be  stiff  or  numb.]  1 

1.  A  species  of  ray,  having  electric 

power.  2.  An  engine  for  blowing  ( 

up  ships.  3.  A  small  pellet,  which  ex¬ 
plodes  when  thrown  on  a  hard  object. 

Tor'pid,  a.  [Lat  torpidus.]  1.  Hav¬ 
ing  lost  motion,  or  the  power  of  ex¬ 
ertion  and  feeling ;  numb.  2.  Dull ; 
stupid  ;  sluggish  ;  inactive.  [ness. 
Tor-PID'I-TY,  n.  Numbness;  dull- 
Tor'PID-NESS,  )  n.  1.  State  of  being 
Tor'pi-tude,  j  'orpid  ;  numbness. 

2.  Dullness  ;  siuggi'shness. 

Tor'por,  ?!.  [Lat.]  1-  Loss  of  motion, 

or  of  the  power  of  motion.  2.  Dull¬ 
ness  ;  sluggishness. 

Tor'por-IF'ic,  a.  [Lat.  torpor  and 
factre,  to  make.]  Tending  to  produce 
torpor.  I 

Tor're-fac'tion,  n.  Operation  of 
torrefying,  or  state  of  being  torrefied. 
Tor're-fy,  r.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 

[Lat.  torrefacere  ;  torrere,  to  dry  by 
heat,  and  facer e,  to  make.]  1.  To 
parch.  2.  To  roast,  as  metallic  ores.  j 

ToR'RENT,  v.  [Lat.  torrevs,  torrentis, 
fr.  torrens,  burning,  boiling.]  1.  A 
violent  stream.  2.  A  strong  current. 
Tor'rid,  a.  [Lat.  torridus.]  1. 
Parched ;  dried  with  heat.  2.  Vio¬ 
lently  hot. 

Tor'sion,  n.  [Lat.  torquere,  torsi,  tor-  j 

turn,  to  twist.]  Turning  or  twisting. 
Tor'so,  11.  ;  Eng.  pi.  tor'sos  ;  It.pl.  \ 

TOR'S/.  [It.  torso,  fr.  Gr.  6vp<ros,  a 
straight  staff,  a  stalk.]  Trunk  of  a 
statue,  mutilated  of  head  and  limbs. 

Tort,  n.  [From  Lat.  tortus,  twisted, 
crooked.]  Any  wrong  or  injury  for 
which  an  action  will  lie.  j 

Tor'tile,  a.  [Lat.  tortilis,  fr.  tor¬ 
quere,  to  twist.]  Twisted  ;  wreathed. 
Tor'tioljs,  a.  [From  tort.]  Injurious; 
done  wrongfully. 

Tor'tTve,  a.  [From  Lat.  tortus , 
twisted.]  Twisted;  wreathed.  1 

Tor'toise  (tor'- 

from  Lat.  tortus,  ’  '  ""  ~ 

twisted,  crook-  Tortoise, 

ed  ;  —  from  its  crooked  feet.]  A  rep¬ 
tile  inclosed  in  a  scaly  or  horny  case. 
Tort'u-oDs,  a.  [Lat .  tortuosux ;  tor¬ 
tus,  twisted,  crooked.]  1.  Twisted; 
winding.  2.  Wrong  ;  deceitful. 

TORT'URE  (53),  n.  [Lat.  tortura:  tor¬ 
quere,  to? turn,  to  twist,  torture.]  Ex¬ 
treme  pain  ;  anguish  of  body  or 
mind;  torment. — v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

To  put  to  torture  :  to  pain  extremely. 
Tort't;r-er,  n.  One  who  tortures. 

To’rus,  n.  [Lat.,  protuberance.]  A  | 

large  molding  used  in  the  bases  of  ; 

columns.  1 

To'ry,  n.  [Said  to  be  an  Ir.  word,de- 

A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  A,  E,  1,5,  C,  V,  short;  cAre,  far,  ASK,  ALL,  what;  Ere,  veil,  tErm;  pTque,  fTrm;  SON, 

1 

TORYISM 


TRACTILITY 


noting  a  robber  or  a  savage,  or  fr.  to- 
ree,  give  me  (your  money).]  1.  Aniem- 
ber  of  the  conservative  party  in  Eng¬ 
land.  2.  One  who,  in  the  time  of  the 
Amer.  Revolution,  favored  the  claims 
of  Great  Britain  against  the  colonies. 
_ — a.  Relating  to  the  tories.  [ries. 

To'RY-igM,  n.  Principles  of  the  to- 

loss  (21),  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [W. 
tosiaw,  tosio.]  1.  To  throw  with  the 
hand  ;  to  throw  upward.  2.  To  cause 
to  rise  and  fall.  3.  To  agitate.  —  v. 
i.  1.  To  roll  and  tumble.  2.  To  be 
tossed.  — n.  A  throwing  upward,  or 
with  a  jerk.  [drunkard. 

Toss'pot,  n.  A  toper;  an  habitual 

Tost,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Toss. 

To'tal,  a.  [Lat.  lotus ,  all,  whole.] 
1.  Full ;  complete.  2.  Not  divided. 

Syn.  —  Whole;  entire;  integral. 

—  n.  The  whole.  [amount. 

To-TAL'I-TY,  n.  The  whole  sum  or 

To'tal-LY,  ndv.  Wholly  ;  entirely. 

Tote,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Said  to  be 
of  African  origin  ]  To  carry  or  bear. 
[  Southern  States .] 

TGt'ter,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Allied 
to  Prov.  Ger.  daltern,  dottern,  to 
tremble,  shake,  Eng.  titter ,  didder.] 

1.  To  shake  so  as  to  threaten  a  fall. 

2.  To  reel ;  to  lean. 

Tou'gan,  n.  [Sp.  &  S.  American  tuca, 
tulcdn.]  A  bird  of  tropical  America. 

ToOch,  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.J*  [Fr.  tou¬ 
cher.  Cf.  Goth.  tSkan,  to  touch ; 
Lat.  tangere,  orig.  tagere.]  1.  To  ex¬ 
tend  the  hand  or  foot,  & c.,  so  as  to 
come  in  contact  with.  2.  To  reach  ; 
to  attain  to.  3-  To  relate  to.  4.  To 
speak  of,  or  deal  with,  gently  or 
slightly.  5.  To  meddle  or  interfere 
with.  6.  To  affect.  7.  To  make  an 
impression  on. — v.  i.  1.  To  be  in 
contact.  2.  To  treat  any  thing  slight¬ 
ly  in  discourse. —  n.  1.  Contact.  2. 
The  sense  of  feeling.  3.  Power  of  ex¬ 
citing  the  affections.  4.  A  stroke  ; 
hence,  animadversion  ;  censure.  5. 
A  small  quantity  intermixed ;  a  little. 

Toucii'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
touched ;  tangible. 

Toucb'-hole,  n.  Yent  of  any  fire¬ 
arm  ,  by  which  fire  is  communicated 
to  the  powder. 

Touch'i-ness,  n.  Irritability. 

Touch'ing,  p.  a.  Affecting ;  mov¬ 
ing  ;  pathetic.  — prep.  Concerning. 

ToOch'-stone,  n.  1.  A  variety  of 
schist,  used  for  ascertaining  the  pu¬ 
rity  of  gold  and  silver  by  the  streak 
impressed  on  the  stone.  2.  Any  test 
or  criterion. 

Touch'-wood,  n.  Decayed  wood, 
used  like  a  match  for  taking  fire  from 
a  spark.  [cible. 

ToucH'Y,a.  Peevish;  irritable;  iras- 

Tough  (tfif),  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [A.-S. 
toh.]  1.  Flexible  brittleness.  2.  Not 
easily  broken  ;  firm  ;  strong.  3.  Se¬ 
vere  ;  violent. 

ToDgii'en  (tuf'n),  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  make  or  grow  tough,  or 
tougher.  [manner. 

ToOgh'ly  (tuf'ljl),  adv.  In  a  tough 


443 

TOBgh'ness  (tHf'nes),  n.  Quality  of 
being  tough. 

Tou-pee',  In.  [Fr.  toupet , 

Tou-PET'  (tob-pa'), )  .dim.  of  0.  Fr. 
top ,  a  tuft.]  1,  A  curl  or  artificial 
lock  of  hair.  2.  A  small  wig. 

TOUR  (tbor),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  Gr.  ropvos,  a 
turner's  chisel,  a  circle.]  1.  A  jour¬ 
ney  in  a  circuit.  2.  Any  thing  done 
successively,  or  by  regular  order. 

Svn.  —  Excursion;  circuit;  jaunt. 
See  Journey. 

Tour'ist,  n.  One  who  makes  a  tour. 

TpUR'MA-LINE,  n.  [Ceylonese  tour- 
namal .]  A  mineral  of  a  black  color. 

Tour'na-ment  (tfir'na-),  n.  [See 
Tourney.]  A  mock-fight  or  military 
sport  on  horseback. 

ToOr'ney,  v.  i.  [From  the  root  of 
turn  ]  To  perform  tournaments  ;  to 
tilt.  — n.  A  tournament. 

Tour'ni-quet,  n.  [Fr.,  from  tourner, 
to  turn.]  A  surgical  instrument  or 
bandage,  used  to  check  hemorrhage. 

Tournure  (tobr'noor'),  n.  [Fr., 
from  tourner,  to  turn.]  1.  Turn; 
contour ;  figure.  2.  A  bustle  for  ex¬ 
panding  a  lady’s  skirt. 

Touse,  v.  t.  &  i.  [L.  Ger.  tiisen.  Cf. 
Tease.]  To  pull ;  to  haul ;  to  tear. 

Tou'sle  (tou'zl),  v.  t.  [Dim.  of  touse.] 
^Co  put  into  disorder ;  to  tumble. 

Tow,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  tco- 
han ,  Icon,  to  lead,  draw.]  To  drag 
through  the  water  by  a  rope.  —  n. 
[A.-S.  taiv,  tow.]  Coarse  broken  part 
of  flax  or  hemp. 

TSw'age,  n.  1.  Act  of  towing.  2. 
_Price  paid  for  towing. 

To'ward  (to'aret),  1  prep.  [A.-S. 

To'wards  (to'ardz),  [  toweard,  tb- 
weardts.  See  To  and  Ward.]  1.  In 
the  direction  of.  2.  With  respect  to ; 
regarding.  3.  Nearly  ;  about. — adv. 
J^ear ;  at  hand. 

To'ward  (td'ward),  a.  [A.-S.  to¬ 
weard.]  Ready  to  do  or  learn  ;  apt. 

To'ward-li-ness  (to'ward-),’  n. 
Quality  of  being  toward  ;  docility. 

To'ward-ly  (to'ward-),  a.  Ready  to 
ylo  or  learn  ;  apt ;  docile. 

To'ward-ness  (to'ward-),  n.  To- 
jvardliness. 

Tow'-boat,  n.  A  steamer  used  for 
towing  other  vessels. 

Tow'el,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  duakilla, 
dwahilla,  from  dwahan,  to  wash.] 
A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands, 
and  for  other  purposes. 

Tow'er,  n.  [A.-S.  torr,  Lat.  turris.] 
1.  A  lofty  building  much  higher 
than  broad.  2.  A  citadel ;  a  fortress. 
—  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  be  lofty  ; 
hence,  to  soar. 

Tow'er-ing,  p.  a.  1.  Yery  high  ; 
elevated.  2.  Extreme  ;  violent. 

Tow'er-y,  a.  A'dorned  or  defended 
_by  towers. 

Tow'-line,  n.  A  small  hawser,  to 
tow  a  ship,  &c. 

Town,  n.  [A.-S.  tiln,  inclosure,  house, 
town,  tynan,  to  inclose,  shut.]  1.  A 
collection  of  houses  larger  than  a 
village  ;  in  Eng.,  one  having  a  regu¬ 
lar  market.  2.  The  inhabitants  resi¬ 


dent  in  a  town.  3.  A  township. 
[ Local ,  Amer.] 

Town'-clerk,  n.  An  officer  who 
keeps  the  records  of  a  town. 

Town'-cri'er,  n.  A  public  crier. 

Town'— hall,  n.  A  public  hall  for 
transacting  the  business  of  a  town. 

Town'-iiouse,  n.  1.  The  house  for 
transacting  public  town  business.  2. 
A  house  in  town. 

To  WN'SIIIP,  n.  Territory  of  a  town. 

Townsman  (150),  n.  An  inhabitant 
of  the  same  town  with  another. 

Town'-talk  (-tawk),  n.  Common 
talk  of  a  place ;  subject  of  common 
conversation.  [toxicology. 

Tox'i-go-log'ie-al,  a.  Relating  to 

Tox'I-GOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rofi/cov, 
poison,  and  Aoyo?,  a  discourse.]  The 
science  which  treats  of  poisons. 

Toy,  n.  [D.  tooi,  attire,  ornament, 
allied  to  toogen,  toon,  to  show.]  A 
plaything. — v.i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
trifle;  to  play  ;  to  wanton.  [sold. 

Toy'-shop,  n.  A  shop  where  toys  are 

Tra^e,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Fr.  tra¬ 
cer,  fr.  Lat.  trahere,  tractus,  to  draw.] 
1.  To  walk  over.  2.  To  draw  or  de¬ 
lineate  with  marks.  3.  To  follow  by 
footsteps,  or  some  mark  that  has 
been  left.  —  n.  1.  A  mark  left  by 
any  thing  passing ;  a  footprint.  2. 
A  visible  appearance  of  any  thiug 
left  when  the  thing  itself  no  longer 
exists.  3.  One  of  the  two  straps  or 
ropes  by  which  a  vehicle  is  drawn 
by  horses.  [traced. 

TRACE'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Tracer,  n.  One  who  traces. 

Tra'CER-Y,  n  The  subdivisions  of 
groined  vaults,  &c. 

Tra'ehe-A  (tra'ke-a),  n.  [N.  Lat. 
trachea ;  Gr.  TpayeZa  (sc.  ap-ppia), 
from  rpaxvs,  rough.]  The  windpipe. 

Tra'CHE-OT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  rpaxcta, 
windpipe,  and  Tep-veiv,  to  cut.]  Op¬ 
eration  of  making  an  opening  into  the 
windpipe. 

Track,  n.  [D.  treck,  trek,  a  drawing, 
trec.ken ,  trekken,  to  draw.]  1.  A  mark 
left  by  something  that  has  passed 
along;  trace;  vestige;  footprint.  2- 
A  beaten  path.  3.  Permanent  way 
of  a  railroad. — v.t.  [-ed;  -ING,{ 
To  follow  when  guided  by  a  trace,  or 
by  footsteps.  [as  of  a  boat. 

TRACK'AGE,  n.  A  drawing  or  towing, 

Track/less,  a.  Having  no  track. 

Tract,  n.  [Lat.  trahere,  tractum,  to 
draw.]  1.  A  region,  or  space,  of  in¬ 
definite  extent.  2.  A  short  treatise, 
especially  one  on  practical  religion. 

Tragt'A-bil'i-ty,  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  tractable  ;  docility. 

Tract'A-ble,  a.  [Lat.  tractabilis  ; 
trar.ta.re,  to  handle,  treat.]  Capable 
of  being  easily  led,  taught,  or  man¬ 
aged  ;  docile. 

Tract'A-ble-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  tractable.  [manner. 

TrXet'a-bly,  adv.  In  a  tractable 

Tract'ILE,  a.  [Lat.  trahere,  tractum , 
to  draw.]  Capable  of  being  drawn 
out  in  length  ;  ductile. 

Trae-til'i-ty,  n.  Ductility. 


OR,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  PULL;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  q,&,soft;  E, a,  hard;  A$;  exist;  CfasNG;  this. 


TRACTION 


444  TRANSCEND 


TrXg'TION,  n.  [Lat.  trahere,  tractum, 
to  draw.]  Act  of  drawing,  or  state 
of  being  drawn. 

Tractive,  a.  Serving  to  draw. 

TrXgt'OR,  n.  That  which  draws,  or 
is  used  for  drawing. 

Trade,  n.  [Fr.  traite,  fr.  trailer,  to 
handle,  trade,  Lat.  trar.tare.]  1.  Busi¬ 
ness  of  buying  and  selling  for  money. 
2.  Mechanical  employment.  3.  Busi¬ 
ness  pursued.  4.  Men  engaged  in 
the  same  occupation. 

Syn.  —  Business  ;  occupation;  com¬ 
merce;  traffic. 

• — v.i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  barter,  or 
to  buy  and  sell ;  to  traffic  ;  to  bargain. 
—  v.  t.  To  sell  or  exchange. 

Trade'-mXrk,  n.  A  distinguishing 
mark  or  device  used  by  a  manufac¬ 
turer  on  his  goods  or  labels. 

Trad'er,  n.  One  engaged  in  trade  ; 
a  merchant.  [for  booksellers. 

Trade'-sale,  n.  An  auction  by  and 

Tradesman  (150),  n.  One  who 
trades ;  .^shopkeeper. 

Trades'-un'ion,  n.  A  combination 
among  workmen  for  maintaining 
their  rights  and  privileges. 

Trade'-wind,  n.  A  wind  which 
blows  fr.  the  same  quarter  through¬ 
out  the  year,  —  of  great  advantage  to 
navigators  and  to  trade. 

Tra-dPtion  (-dlslPun),  n.  [Lat.  tra¬ 
dition  fr.  trad  ere,  trad  i  turn,  to  give 
up,  transmit.]  1.  Delivery.  2.  Trans¬ 
mission  of  opinions,  practices,  and 
customs,  from  hither  to  son.  3. 
Knowledge  or  belief  transmitted 
without  the  aid  of  written  memorials. 

TrA-dPtion-AL  (-dlslPun-),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  derived  from,  tradition. 

Tra-dPtion-al-ly  (-dislPun-),  adv. 
By  tradition.  [al. 

Tra-dPtion-a-ry  (44),  a.  Tradition- 

Tra-dPtion-er  )  (-dislPun-),  n.  One 

Tra-dPtion-ist  J  who  adheres  to 
tradition. 

Tra-du^e',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
traducere,  to  lead  along,  esp.  as  a 
spectacle,  to  disgrace,  from  trans, 
across,  over,  and  ducere ,  to  lead.]  To 
misrepresent  willfully. 

Syn. —  To  calumniate;  defame;  slan¬ 
der. 

Tra-du^er,  ii.  One  who  traduces. 

Tra-dug'tion,  n.  1.  Derivation  from 
one  of  the  same  kind.  2.  Transmis¬ 
sion  from  one  to  another ;  tradition  ; 
also,  a  translation.  3.  Conveyance  ; 
transportation. 

TrXf'fig,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  135.]  [L. 
Lat.  traficare ,  traffigare.]  To  barter  ; 
to  trade.  —  v.t.  To  exchange  in  traf¬ 
fic.  —  n.  Commerce ;  trade. 

Traf'fick-er,  n.  A  trader. 

Trag'A-GANTH,  n.  [Gr.  -rpayaKavOa, 
from  rpayoi ,  a  he-goat,  and  asavda, 
a  thorn.]  The  concrete  juice  of 
several  plants.  [actress. 

Tra-ge'di-an,  n.  A  tragic  actor  or 

TRAG'E-DY,  ll.  [Gr.  rpaypSca,  lit.  a 
goat-song,  either  fr.  tragedies  being 
orig.  exhibited  when  a  goat  was  sac¬ 
rificed,  or  because  a  goat  was  the 
prize.]  1.  A  dramatic  poem  repre¬ 


senting  some  signal  action  having  a 
fatal  issue.  2.  A  fatal  and  mournful 
event. 

TrXg'IG,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  trag- 

TrXg'I€-al,J  edy ;  calamitous; 
mournful.  [manner. 

TrXg'1€-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  tragical 

TrXg'IG-AL-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  tragical ;  sadness. 

TrXg'i-gom'e-dy,  n.  A  composition 
partaking  both  of  tragedy  and  com- 
edy. 

TrXGG-GOM'IG,  )  a.  Partaking 

TrX&'i-gom'ig-al,  j  of  a  mixture 
of  grave  and  comic  scenes. 

Trail,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Norm. 
Fr.  trailler,  to  search  after,  Fr.  trail- 
ler,  lirailler,  to  trail  a  fishing-line  ; 
D.  ireiltn ,  to  draw  with  a  rope,  to 
tow,]  1.  To  hunt  by  the  track.  2. 
To  draw  along  the  ground.  3.  To 
carry,  as  a  fire-arm,  with  the  breech 
near  the  ground.  — v.  i.  To  be  drawn 
out  in  length.  —  n.  1.  Scent  left  on 
the  ground  by  an  animal  pursued.  2. 
Any  thing  drawn  behind  in  long  un¬ 
dulations  ;  a  train.  3.  Entrails  of  a 
fowl,  especially  of  game. 

Train,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [L.  Lat. 
trahinare,  trainare ,  fr.  Lat.  trahere , 
to  draw.]  1.  To  draw  along  ;  to  trail. 
2.  To  entice  ;  to  allure.  3.  To  exer¬ 
cise  ;  to  discipline.  4.  To  break, 
tame,  and  accustom  to  draw,  as  ox¬ 
en.  5.  To  lead  or  direct,  and  form 
to  a  wall.  —  n.  1.  Persuasion,  arti¬ 
fice,  or  enticement.  2.  That  which 
is  drawn  along  in  the  rear  of  or  after 
something.  3.  A  retinue.  4.  A  suc¬ 
cession  of  connected  things  ;  a  series. 
5.  Process ;  course.  6.  A  line  of 
gunpowder,  to  lead  fire  to  a  charge. 
7.  A  continuous  line  of  carriages  on 
a  railroad.  [of  militia. 

Train'-bXnd,  ii.  A  band  or  company 

Train'er,  n.  One  who  trains. 

Train'-oil,  n.  [Allied  to  Ger.  thrdne, 
a  tear,  drop.]  Oil  from  the  blubber 
or  fat  of  whales. 

Traipse,  v.  i.  [Ger.  trapsen,  trapp- 
sen ,  to  tread  or  walk  noisily.]  To 
walk  or  run  about  sluttishly  or 
thoughtlessly. 

Trait  (trat),  n.  [Fr.  ;  Lat.  tractus, 
from  trahere ,  to  draw.]  1.  A  stroke. 
2.  A  marked  feature  or  peculiarity. 

TraPtor,  n.  [0.  Fr.  traiteur,  tradi- 
teur ,  Lat.  traditor,  fr.  tradere,  to  give 
up,  betray.]  1.  One  guilty  of  trea¬ 
son.  2.  A  betrayer.  [trays. 

Trai'tor-ess,  ii.  A  woman  who  be- 

TRAl'TOR-otrs,  a.  1.  Guilty  of  trea¬ 
son  ;  treacherous ;  perfidious.  2. 
Consisting  in  treason. 

TraPtor-oijs-ness,  n.  Treachery. 

TraPtress,  n.  A  female  traitor. 

Tra-jegt',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
irajicere ,  -jectum,  fr.  trans ,  across, 
and  jacere,  to  throw.]  To  throw  or 
cast  through. 

Tra-jeg'tion,  n.  A  throwing  or 
casting  through  or  across. 

Tra-jegt'o-ry,  n.  Curve  which  a 
moving  body  describes  in  space. 

TrXl'a-tPtious  (-tTslPus),  a.  [Lat. 


tralatitius,  fr.  transferre,  translatum, 
or  tralatum.  See  Transfer.]  Met¬ 
aphorical  ;  figurative. 

TrXm,  n.  [See  Train,  andcf.  0.  Ger. 
tram, a  beam.]  1.  A  coal  wagon  used 
in  some  parts  of  England.  2.  One 
of  the  rails  of  a  tram-road. 

TrXm'MEL,  n.  [L.  Lat.  tram  al  linn, 
tramela,  a  net  for  taking  fish.]  1.  A 
kind  of  long  net.  2.  Shackles  for 
regulating  the  motions  of  a  horse. 
3.  Whatever  impedes  activity,  pro¬ 
gress,  or  freedom.  4.  A  hook  for 
hanging  other  vessels  over  the  fire. 
—  V.t.  [-ED, -ING;  or  -LED,  -LING, 

137- ]  To  confine  ;  to  hamper. 

Tra-mon'tane,  or  Tram'on-tane, 
a.  [It.  tramontane) ,  from  Lat.  trans, 
across,  and  mons,  mountain.]  Being 
beyond  the  mountain  ;  foreign. 

TrXmp.  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Ieel. 
trampa,  Ger.  trappen.]  To  tread 
forcibly  and  repeatedly.  —  v.i.  To 
wander  or  stroll.  —  n.  1.  A  foot- 
journey.  2.  A  foot-traveler. 

TrXmp'er,  n.  A  stroller  ;  a  vagrant. 

TrXm'PLE,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Ger. 
trampeln,  fr.  trampen.  See  supra.] 
1.  To  tread  under  foot;  especially 
with  contempt  or  scorn.  2.  To  pros¬ 
trate  by  treading. 

TrXm'pler,  n.  One  who  tramples. 

Tram'-road,  1  n.  A  road  laid  with 

TrXm'-WAY,  )  narrow  tracks  of 
iron,  &c.,  for  wagons. 

TrAn^e,  n.  [Lat.  transitus,  a  pas¬ 
sage,  fr.  transire ,  to  pass  over.J  A 
state  in  which  the  soul  seems  to  have 
passed  out  of  the  body  ;  an  ecstasy. 

Tran'quil  (trXnlPwil),  a.  [Lat.  tran- 
quillus.]  Quiet ;  calm  ;  undisturbed. 

TrXn'quil-ize  )  (trXnk'wil-),  v.  t. 

TrXn'quil-lize  )  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
render  tranquil  ;  to  calm. 

TrXn'quil-Iz'er,  1  n.  One  who 

TrXn'quil-lizPer,  f  tranquilizes. 

TRAN-QU1L'LI-TY,  n.  [Lat.  tranquil- 
litas.]  State  or  quality  of  being  tran¬ 
quil  ;  a  calm  state.  [manner. 

TrXn'quil-ly,  adv.  Tn  a  tranquil 

TrXn'quil-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  tranquil. 

Trans-Xgt',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
transigere,  -actum;  trans,  across, 
through,  and  agere,  to  lead,  act.]  To 
do  ;  to  perform  ;  to  manage.  —  v.  i. 
To  conduct  matters. 

Trans-Xg'tion,  ii.  1.  Management 
of  any  affair.  2.  That  which  is  done. 

Syn.  —  Proceeding.  —  A  transaction  is 
something  already  done  and  completed; 
a proceedin;/  is  either  something  which 
is  now  going  on,  or,  if  ended,  is  still  con¬ 
templated  with  reference  to  its  progress 
or  successive  stages.  The  proceedings  at 
the  trial  of  Lord  Russell  were  marked  by 
deep  injustice,  and  they  led  to  a  transac¬ 
tion,  in  liis  beheading,  of  flagrant  enor¬ 
mity. 

Trans-Xgt'or,  it.  One  who  transacts. 

Trans-Xlp'Ine,  a.  [Lat.  transalpi- 
nus;  trans,  beyond,  and  Alpinus, 
Alpine.]  Being  beyond  the  Alps  in 
regard  to  Rome.  [the  Atlantic. 

TrXns^T-LAN'TIG,  a.  Being  beyond 

Tran-s^end',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 


A,  e,  I,  6,  u,  y,  long;  X,  e,  I,  o,  ti,  5,  short ;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  ere,  veil,  term  ;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son, 


TRANSCENDENCE 


445 


TRANSOM 


transcendere ;  trans,  beyond,  over, 
and scahdere,  to  climb.]  To  surpass; 
to  excel ;  to  exceed. 

Tran-s^end'en^e,  In.  Superior 

Tran-s^end'en-^y,  j  excellence; 
supereminence. 

Tran-s^end'ent,  a.  1.  Very  excel¬ 
lent  ;  surpassing  others.  2.  ( Kant¬ 
ian  Philosophy.)  Transcending  the 
bounds  of  human  knowledge. 

iRAN'syEND-ENT'AL.  a.  1.  Super- 
eminent.  2.  Pertaining  to  that 
which  can  be  determined  a  priori ,  in 
regard  to  the  fundamental  principles 
of  all  human  knowledge. 

Syn.—  Empirical.  —These  terms,  with 
the  corresponding  nouns,  transcendent¬ 
alism  and  empiricism ,  are  of  compara¬ 
tively  recent  origin.  Empirical  refers  to 
knowledge  which  is  gained  by  the  expe¬ 
rience  of  actual  phenomena,  without  ref¬ 
erence  to  the  principles  or  laws  to  which 
they  are  to  be  referred,  or  by  which  they 
are"to  be  explained.  Transcendental  has 
reference  to  those  beliefs  or  principles 
which  are  not  derived  from  experience, 
and  yet  are  absolutely  necessary  to  make 
experience  possible  or  useful. 

TRXN'S^END-ENT'AL-IgM,  71.  A  go¬ 
ing  beyond  empiricism,  and  ascer¬ 
taining  a  priori  the  fundamental 
principles  of  human  knowledge. 

TrXn's^end-Ent'al-ist,  n.  One 
who  believes  in  transcendentalism. 

TrXn'sijend-ent'al-ly,  adv.  In  a 
transcendental  or  very  excellent 
manner. 

Tran-s9£nd'ent-ly,  adv.  In  a 
transcendent  manner. 

Tran-s^end'ent-ness,  a.  Superior 
or  unusual  excellence. 

TRAN-SeRIBE',  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -TNG-.] 
[Lat.  transcriber e  ;  trails, across,  over, 
and  scribere ,  to  write.]  To  write 
over  again  ;  to  copy. 

Tran-scrIb'er,  n.  A  copyist. 

TrXn'sgript,  n.  [Lat.  transcriptum. 
See  supra.]  1.  A  written  copy.  2. 
A  copy  of  any  kind  ;  an  imitation. 

Tran-serIp'tion,  n.  Act  of  tran¬ 
scribing. 

TrXn'sept,  n.  [Lat.  trans,  across, 
and  septum,  an  inclosure.]  A  part 
of  a  church  projecting  at  right  angles 
to  the  body  ;  in  a  cruciform  church, 
one  of  the  arms  of  the  cross. 

Trans-f£r',v.  t.  [-red  ;  -ring.]  [Lat. 
transferre  ;  trans ,  over,  acvoss,  and 
ferre ,  to  bear.]  1.  To  convey  from 
one  place  or  person  to  another.  2. 
To  make  over  the  possession  or  con¬ 
trol  of. 

TrXns'fer,  n.  1.  Act  of  transferring, 
or  of  being  transferred.  2.  That 
which  is  transferred. 

Tkans-f£r'a-ble,  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  transferred  or  conveyed.  2. 
Negotiable,  as  a  note,  &c. 

TrXns'fer-ee',  n.  One  to  whom  a 
transfer  is  made. 

Trans'fer-en^e,  n.  Act  of  trans¬ 
ferring  ;  transfer.  [a  transfer. 

Trans-f£r'rer,  n.  One  who  makes 

Trans-f£r'ri-ble,  a.  Same  as 
Transferable. 

Trans-fIg'u-ra'tion,  n.  A  change 
of  form  ;  especially,  the  supernatural 


change  in  the  personal  appearance  of 
our  Savior  on  the  mount. 

Trans-fig'ure,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  transjigurare ;  trans,  across, 
over,  and  figurare,  to  form,  shape.] 

1.  To  change  the  outward  appearance 
of ;  to  transform.  2.  To  change  to 
something  glorious. 

Trans-fIx',  V.  t.  [ -ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
transfigere ,  -jixum  ;  trans,  across, 
through,  and figere,  to  fix.]  To  pierce 
through. 

Trans-form',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  transformare ;  trans,  across, 
over,  and  formare,  to  form.]  To 
change  the  form  or  substance  of. 

TrXns'for-ma'tion,  n.  Act  of 
transforming,  or  state  of  being  trans¬ 
formed  ;  metamorphosis. 

Trans-form'ing,  p.  a.  Effecting,  or 
able  to  effect,  a  change  of  form  or 
state. 

Trans-fu§e',  V.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
trans  fund ere,  -fusum  ;  trans,  over, 
across,  and  fund  ere.  to  pour.]  1.  To 
pour  out  of  one  vessel  into  another. 

2.  To  transfer,  or  cause  to  pass  from 
one  to  another.  [ing  transfused. 

Trans-FUs'i-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

Trans-fu'§ion,  n.  A  transfusing,  or 
pouring  from  one  into  another. 

Trans-gress',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  transgredi,  -gressus;  trans, 
across,  and  gradi ,  to  pass.]  To  over¬ 
pass  or  break,  as  a  law,  civil  or 
moral. — v.  i.  To  offend  by  violat¬ 
ing  a  law. 

Trans-gres'sion  (-gresh'un),  n.  1. 
Act  of  transgressing.  2.  Fault ;  of¬ 
fense. 

Trans-grEss'ive,  a.  Disposed  to 
transgress ;  faulty  ;  culpable. 

Trans-gress 'or,  n.  One  who  breaks 
a  law  ;  a  sinner. 

Tran-shIp',  v.  t.  See  Tranship. 

TrXn'sIENT  (-shent),  a.  [Lat.  tran- 
siens,  going  or  passing  over.]  1. 
Passing  over,  as  it  were,  or  away  ; 
hence,  of  short  duration  ;  not  sta¬ 
tionary.  2.  Hasty  ;  momentary. 

TrXn'sient-ly  (-shent-),  adv.  In 
passage  ;  for  a  short  time. 

TrXn'sient-ness  (-shent-),  n.  State 
of  being  transient. 

Tran-sIl'i-en^e,  In.  [Lat.  tran- 

Tran-sIl'I-EN-^Y,  J  siliens,  p.  pr. 
of  transilire,  to  leap  across  or  over.] 
A  leap  across  or  from  thing  to  thing. 

TrXn'sit,  n.  [Lat.  transitus,  fr.  tran¬ 
sire,  to  go  over.]  1.  Act  of  passing 
through  or  of  causing  to  pass  ;  con¬ 
veyance.  2.  A  line  of  conveyance 
through  a  country.  3.  Passage  of  a 
heavenly  body  over  the  meridian  of 
a  place.  4.  Passage  of  a  smaller 
body  across  the  "disk  of  a  larger. 

Tran-si'TION  (-sizh'un  or  -zlsh'un, 
109),  n.  [Lat.  transitio.]  A  passing 
from  one  place,  state,  or  subject,  to 
another ;  change. 

Tran-sI'tion-al  (-sTzh'un-  or  -zTsh'- 
un-),  a.  Containing  or  denoting 
transition. 

TrXn'si-tIve,  a.  Effected  by  trans¬ 
ference  of  signification. 


Transitive  verb,  one  which  is  or  may 
be  followed  by  an  object. 

TrXn'si-to-ri-ness,  n.  Speedy  de¬ 
parture  or  evanescence. 

TrXn'si-to-ry  (50),  a.  Continuing 
only  for  a  short  time. 

Syn.  —  See  Fleeting. 

Trans-late',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
transferre,  -latum.  See  Transfer.] 
1.  To  remove.  2.  To  render  into 
another  language ;  to  interpret. 

Trans-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  trans¬ 
lating.  2.  State  of  being  translated. 

3.  That  which  is  translated  ;  version. 

TRANS-LAT'OR,  n.  One  who  translates. 

TrXns'lo-ea'tion,  n.  [Lat.  trans, 
across,  and  locatio,  a  placing.]  Re¬ 
moval  of  things  reciprocally  to  each 
other’s  places.  [parency. 

Trans-lu'9EN-9Y,  n.  Partial  trans- 

Trans-lu'^ent,  a.  [Lat.  translu- 
cens,  p.  pr.  of  translucere,  to  shine 
through.]  Transmitting  rays  of  light 
without  permitting  objects  to  be  dis¬ 
tinctly  seen. 

Syn.  —  Transparent.  —  A  thing  is 
translucent  when  it  merely  admits  the 
passage  of  light  without  enabling  us  to 
distinguish  objects  through  it;  it  is  trans¬ 
parent  when  wre  can  clearly  discern  ob¬ 
jects  placed  on  the  other  side  of  it.  Glass, 
water,  &c.,  are  transparent;  ground 
glass,  horn,  &c.,  are  translucent. 

TrXns'MA-r’i’ne',  a.  [Lat.  transma- 
rinus  ;  trans,  beyond,  and  marinus, 
marine.]  Being  beyond  the  sea. 

TrXns'mi-grant,  a.  Migrating. 

TRXNS'MI-GRATE,  V.  i.  [-E D  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  transmigrare,  -gratum;  trans, 
across,  and  migrare,  to  migrate.]  To 
pass  from  one  country,  body,  or 
state,  into  another. 

TrXns'mi-gra'tion,  n.  Act  of  trans¬ 
migrating. 

Trans-mis'si-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  transmitted. 

Trans-mis'sion  (-nnsh'un),  n.  Act  of 
transmitting,  or  state  of  being  trans¬ 
mitted.  [transmitted. 

Trans-mIs'sive,  a.  Capable  of  being 

TRANS-MlT',  v.  t.  [-TED  ;  -TING.] 
[Lat.  transmitter e  ;  trans ,  across, 
over,  and  mittere,  to  send.]  1.  To 
send  from  one  person  or  place  to  an¬ 
other.  2.  To  suffer  to  pass  through. 

Trans-mIt'TER,  n.  One  who  trans¬ 
mits.  [ing  transmitted. 

Trans-MIT'ti-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be- 

Trans-mut'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  transmitted. 

Trans-mut'a-bly,  adv.  In  a  trans- 
mutable  manner. 

TrXns'MU-ta'TION,  n.  Act  of  trans¬ 
muting,  or  state  of  being  trans¬ 
muted. 

Trans-mute',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[Lat.  transmutare ;  trans,  across, and 
mutare,  to  change.]  To  change  from 
one  nature,  form,  or  substance,  into 
another.  [mutes. 

Trans-mut'er,  n.  One  who  trans- 

TrXn's6m,  n.  [Lat.  trans ,  across, 
and  sumere ,  sumptum,  to  take.  Cf. 
Lat.  transenna ,  a  rope,  noose,  L.  Lat., 
a  lattice,  window.]  1.  (Arch.)  (a.)  A 
crossbar  in  a  window,  (b.)  A  lintel 


6r,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Orn,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  9,G,so/t;  G,G  ,hard;  Ag;  EJCIST  ;  jf  as  HO;  THIS 


TRANSPARENCY 

over  a  door.  2.  A  beam  across  the 
stern-post  of  a  ship. 

Trans-pAr'en-^y,  n.  1.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  transparent.  2.  That 
which  is  transparent ;  esp.  a  picture 
on  thin  cloth,  porcelain,  or  the  like. 

Trans-pAr'Ent,  a.  [Lat.  trans , 
across,  through,  and  parere,  parens , 
to  appear.]  Transmitting  rays  of 
light,  so  that  bodies  can  be  distinctly 
seen  through. 

Syn.  —  See  Translucent. 

Trans-par'ent-ly,  adv.  In  a  trans¬ 
parent  manner.  [parency. 

Trans-pAr'ent-ness,  n.  Trans- 

Tran-spIc'u-oDs,  a.  [Lat.  transpi- 
cere,  to  see  or  look  through.]  Trans¬ 
parent. 

TrXns'pi-ra'tion,  n.  Cutaneous 
exhalation. 

Trans-pIre',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
trans ,  across,  through,  and  spirare, 
to  breathe.]  To  emit  through  the 
pores. — v.  i.  1.  To  pass  off  in  in¬ 
sensible  perspiration.  2.  To  become 
public. 

TRANS-PLXNT',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  remove  and  plant  or  settle  in  an¬ 
other  place. 

TrXns'plan-ta'tion,  n.  Act  of 
transplanting,  or  state  of  being  trans¬ 
planted.  [plants. 

Trans-plXnt'er,  n.  One  who  trans- 

TRANS-PORT',r.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
transportare ;  trans ,  across,  and  por- 
tare,  to  carry.]  1.  To  carry  or  con¬ 
vey  from  one  place  to  another.  2. 
To  carry  into  banishment.  3.  To 
ravish  with  pleasure. 

TrXns'port,  n.  1.  Carriage  ;  con¬ 
veyance.  2.  A  ship  or  vessel  em¬ 
ployed  for  transporting.  3.  Ecstasy  ; 
rapture.  4.  A  convict  transported  or 
sentenced  to  exile. 

Trans-p5rt'A-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  transported. 

TrXns'por-ta'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of 
transporting.  2.  State  of  being 
transported.  [ecstatic. 

Trans-port'ing,;?.  a.  Passionate; 

TRANS-pdg'AL,  n.  Act  of  transposing, 
or  state  of  being  transposed. 

TRANS-PO§E',  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  transponere,  -pnsitum ;  trans , 
across,  and  ponere,  to  put,  place.] 
To  change  the  place  or  order  of. 

TrXns'po-§I'tion  (-zish'un),  n.  Act 
of  transposing,  or  state  of  being 
transposed. 

TrXns'po-sI'tion-al  (-zTsh'un-),  a. 
Relating  to,  or  involving,  transposi¬ 
tion. 

Trans-ship',  v.  t.  To  transfer  from 
one  ship  or  other  conveyance  to  an¬ 
other.  [shipping. 

Frans-ship'ment  ,  n.  Act  of  trans- 

TrXn'sub-stXn'ti-ate  (-sh!-,  91),  v. 
t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [L.  Lat.  transubstan- 
tiare ,  - atum ,  from  Lat.  trans ,  across, 
over,  and  substantia,  substance.]  To 
change  into  another  substance. 
Tran'sub-stXn'ti-a'tion  (-st3Ln/- 
shi-),  n.  1.  A  change  into  another 
substance.  2.  The  doctrine  that  the 
bread  and  wine  in  the  eucharist  is 

446 

converted  into  the  body  and  blood  of 
Christ. 

TrXn'su-da'tion,  n.  Act  or  process 
of  transuding. 

Tran-SUDE',u.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
trans,  across,  through,  and  sudare,  to 
sweat.]  To  pass  through  the  pores  or 
interstices  of  texture.  [ing  across. 

Trans- ver'sal,  a.  Running  or  ly- 

Trans- vfiRSE',  a.  [Lat.  transvertere, 
transversus,  to  turn  or  direct  across.] 
Lying  across,  or  in  a  crosswise  direc¬ 
tion.  [an  ellipse. 

TrXns'verse,  n.  The  longer  axis  of 

Trans-verse'ly,  adv.  In  a  trans¬ 
verse  manner. 

TrXp,  n.  [A.-S.  treppe ,  trappe .]  1. 

A  contrivance  that  shuts  suddenly, 
used  for  taking  game.  2.  An  am¬ 
bush  ;  a  stratagem.  3.  pi.  Goods ; 
furniture.  4.  [Sw.  trapp,  fr.  trappa, 
stairs,  because  often  occurring  in 
large  masses,  rising  above  one  an¬ 
other.]  A  heavy,  igneous  rock,  of  a 
greenish-black  or  grayish  color.  —  v. 
t.  [-ped  ;  -ping.]  1.  To  catch  in 
a  trap.  2.  To  insnare. 

Tra-pXn',  V.  t.  [-NED  ;  -NING.]  To 
insnare  ;  to  catch  by  stratagem.  —  n. 
[Fr.  trappe,  a  trap,  and  pan,  a  piece 
of  string,  noose.]  A  snare  ;  a  strat¬ 
agem. 

Tra-pXn'ner,  n.  One  who  insnares. 

TrXp'-door,  n.  A  door,  as  in  a  floor, 
which  shuts  like  a  valve. 

Tra-PEZE',  n.  A  trapezium. 

Tra-pe'zi-Cm,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  tra-pe'- 

ZI-UMS  ;  Lat.  pi.  TRA-PE'ZI-A. 
[Gr.  Tpane^iov,  a  little  /v 

table,  an  irregular  / 

four-sided  figure.]  A  /  'X 

plane  figure  contained,/^  S 

under  four  right  lines, 
of  which  no  two  are  Trapezium, 
parallel. 

TrXp'e-ZOID,  n.  [Gr.  rpane^Lov,  and 
etfios,  shape.]  A  plane,  four-sided 
figure,  having  two  of  the  opposite 
sides  parallel  to  each  other. 

TrXp'per,  n.  One  who  sets  traps  to 
catch  animals. 

TrXp'ping§,  n.  pi.  Ornaments  ;  esp. 
ornaments  put  on  horses. 

TrXsh,  n.  [See  Thrash.]  That  which 
is  worthless ;  especially  loppings  of 
trees,  and  the  like. 

TrXsh'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  Like 
trash  ;  waste  ;  worthless. 

TrXss,  n.  [Prob.  allied  to  Fr.  terrasse, 
earth-work,  fr.  Lat.  terra,  earth.]  1. 
A  volcanic  earth,  used  as  a  cement. 
2.  A  coarse  sort  of  mortar,  durable  in 
water. 

TRAU-MXt'IG,  a.  [Gr.  rpavpaTiicos , 
fr.  Tpavpa.  a  wound.]  Pertaining,  or 
applied,  to  wounds. — n.  A  medi¬ 
cine  useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds. 

TrXv'ail  (42),  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Fr. 
travailler,  to  labor,  toil,  torment.]  1. 
To  labor  with  pain.  2.  To  suffer  the 
pangs  of  childbirth. — n.  1.  Severe 
toil.  2.  Parturition. 

TrXv'el,  v.  i.  [-ED.  -ING ;  or  -LED, 
-LING,  137-]  [A  different  form  and 
use  of  travail.]  To  go  in  any  manner ; 

TREASON 

to  journey.  —  v.  t.  To  journey  over.  j 

—  n.  1.  Act  of  traveling  from  place 
to  place;  a  journey.  2.  pi.  Account 
of  a  journey. 

TrXv'el-er  1(137),  n.  One  who 

TrXv'el-ler  )  travels  in  any  way. 

TrXv'ers-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  traversed  or  denied. 

TrXv'erse,  a.  [It.  trasverso,  Lat. 
transversus,  p.  p.  of  transvertere,  to 
turn  or  direct  across.]  Lying  across. 

—  n.  Any  thing  that  traverses  or 
crosses.  —  v.t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
lay  in  across  direction  ;  to  cross.  2. 

To  thwart ;  to  obstruct.  3.  To  wan¬ 
der  over.  4.  To  pass  over  and  view. 

5.  To  deny  formally.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
use  the  posture  or  motions  of  oppo¬ 
sition  or  counteraction,  as  in  fencing. 

2.  To  turn,  as  on  a  pivot. 

TrXv'ers-er,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  traverses. 

TrXv'erse-sailGNG,  n.  The  meth¬ 
od  of  finding  the  resulting  course 
and  distance  from  a  series  of  different 
shorter  courses  and  distances  passed 
over  by  a  ship. 

TrXv'es-ty,  a.  [Fr.  travestir,  to  dis¬ 
guise,  fr.  Lat.  tra,  trans,  across,  over, 
and  vest  ire ,  to  clothe.]  A  burlesque 
translation  or  imitation. —  v.  t.  [-ED ; 

-ING,  142.]  To  translate  so  as  to 
render  ridiculous. 

Trawl,  n.  A  long  line,  having  short 
lines  with  baited  hooks  attached  to 
it,  used  for  catching  certain  fish.  — 
v.  i.  To  take  fish  with  a  trawl. 

Trawl'er,  n.  One  who  trawls. 

Trawl'-net,  n.  A  drag-net  to 

catch  fish  that  live  near  the  bottom. 

Tray,  «.  [Same  as  trough,  differently 
written.]  A  waiter  or  salver. 

Treach'er-oCs.  a.  Like  a  traitor  ; 
involving  treachery ;  betraying  a 
trust.  [iy. 

TREACH'ER-ofJS-LY,  adv.  Perfidious- 

Treach'er-oCs-ness.  n.  Perfidy. 

TrEacii'er-y,  n.  [Fr.  tricherie,  a 
cheating,  tricke^.  See  Trick.]  Vio¬ 
lation  of  allegiance,  or  of  faith  and 
confidence. 

TREA'CLE,  n.  [Gr.  drjpiaxov,  an  anti¬ 
dote  against  poisonous  bites,  fr.  9tj- 
piov,  a  wild  beast.]  A  viscid,  uncry s- 
tallizable  sirup  of  sugar ;  molasses. 

Tread,  r.  i.  [trod  ;  trod,  trod¬ 
den;  treading.]  [A.-S.  tredan.] 

1.  To  set  the  foot.  2.  To  walk  or  go. 

—  v.t.  1.  To  step  or  walk  on.  2. 

To  crush  under  the  foot.  —  n.  1.  A 
step  or  stepping.  2,  Manner  of  step-  j 

ping;  gait. 

Tread'er,  n.  One  who  treads. 

Tread'le  (tred'l),  n.  The  part  of  a 
loom,  or  other  machine,  which  is 
moved  by  the  foot. 

Tread'-mIll,  v.  A  mill  worked  by- 
persons  treading  on  steps  on  a  wide 
wheel.  It  is  used  as  a  punishment. 

Treason,  n.  [0.  Fr.  tra'ison,  tra'is- 
son,  Lat.  traditio ,  fr.  tradere,  to  give 
up,  betray.]  The  offense  of  attempt¬ 
ing  to  overthrow  or  betray  the  gov¬ 
ernment  of  the  state  to  which  the  of¬ 
fender  owes  allegiance. 

e,  i,  6,  u,  y,  long;  X,  £,I,  6,  0,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 

TREASONABLE 


TRIBRACH 


447 


Trea'§ on-a-ble,  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  treason. 

Trea'§on-a-ble-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  treasonable. 

TREASURE  (trezh'pr), «.  [Gr.  dpo-av- 
pos,  from  Oe,  root  of  riOevac,  to  put, 
place.]  1.  Wealth  accumulated.  2. 
A  great  quantity  collected  for  use.  3. 
That  which  is  very  much  valued.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  collect  and 
lav  up_;  to  hoard. 

Trea§'ur-er  (trezhhjr-),  n.  One 
who  has  the  care  of  a  treasure  or  a 
treasury. 

Treas'ure-trove  (trezh'ijr-),  n. 
[From  treasure ,  and  0.  Fr.  trove , 
trouve,  found.]  Any  money,  &c., 
found  hidden,  the  owner  of  which  is 
not  known. 

Tr£a§'ur-y  (trSzh'pr-y),  n.  1.  A 
place  where  public  revenues  or  any 
collected  funds  are  deposited  and 
kept.  2.  A  repository  of  abundance. 

Treat,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  trailer , 
fr.  Lat.  tractare,  to  handle,  treat.]  1. 
To  manage  ;  to  use.  2.  To  handle, 
in  writing  or  speaking.  3.  To  enter¬ 
tain  with  food  or  drink.  4.  To  sub¬ 
ject  to  the  action  of. — v.i.  1.  To 
discourse.  2.  To  come  to  terms  of 
accommodation.  3.  To  give  an  en¬ 
tertainment. —  n.  1.  An  entertain¬ 
ment  given  as  an  expression  of  re¬ 
gard.  2.  Something  which  affords 
pleasure. 

Trea'tise,  n.  A  written  discussion  or 
explanation  on  a  particular  subject. 

TREATMENT,  n.  1.  Manner  in  which 
a  subject  is  treated.  2.  Manner  of 
using  :  behavior  toward  a  person. 

Trea'ty,«.  [Fr.  traite.  See  Treat.] 
1.  Negotiation.  2.  A  formal  agree¬ 
ment,  league,  or  contract  between 
two  or  more  independent  nations  or 
sovereigns. 

Treb'le  (trgb'l),  a.  [0.  Fr.  See 
Triple.]  1.  Threefold  ;  triple.  2. 
(a.)  Acute;  sharp,  (b.)  Placing  or 
singing  the  highest  part.  —  n.  The 
part  usually  sung  bv  women  ;  sopra¬ 
no. —  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  or  become  threefold. 

Tr£b'LY,  adv.  With  a  threefold  num¬ 
ber  or  quantity. 

Tree,  n.  [A.-S.  treoiv,  tr£.]  A  large 
plant,  woody,  branched  and  peren¬ 
nial.  —  v.  t.  [-D  ;  -ING,  144.]  To 
cause  to  ascend  a  tree  [trees. 

Tree'-frog,  n.  A  frog  which  climbs 

Tree'NAIL  ( commonly  pron.  trQn'- 
nel),  n.  [  Tree  and  nail.]  Along, 
wooden  pin,  for  fastening  the  planks 
of  a  ship  to  the  timbers.  [FROG. 

Tree'-toad,  n.  Same  as  Tree- 

Tre'foil,  n.  [ Lftt. 
tri-folium ,  fr.  tres,'%fJ) 
three,  and  folium , 
a  leaf.]  1.  A  plant  „ 
of  many  species, 
including  the  white  clover,  I’ed  clo¬ 
ver,  &c.  2.  An  ornament  of  three 

cusps  in  a  circle. 

Tr£il'lage,  n.  [Fr.  treillage.  See 
infra.]  Rail-work  for  supporting  es¬ 
paliers,  &  c. 


TrEl'LTS,  n.  [Fr.  treillis ,  fr.  treille, 
fr.  Lat.  trichila,  a  bower,  arbor.]  A 
frame  of  lattice- work,  used  for  va¬ 
rious  purposes. 

TREM'BLE,  v.i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
tremulus ,  trembling,  fr.  tremere,  to 
tremble.]  1.  To  shake  involuntarily, 
as  with  fear  or  cold  ;  to  shiver.  2. 
To  totter.  3.  To  quaver,  as  sound. 

Trem'bler,  n.  One  who  trembles. 

T  RE -MEN' Do  us,  a.  [Lat.  tremendus, 
that  is,  to  be  trembled  at,  fearful.] 
Such  as  may  astonish  or  terrify  by 
its  magnitude  or  violence.  * 

Syx.  —  Terrible;  dreadful;  awful. 

Tre-m£n'dous-i,y,  adv.  In  a  tre¬ 
mendous  manner. 

Tre'mor,  or  Trem'or,  n.  [Lat.,  fr. 
tremere ,  to  tremble.]  An  involun¬ 
tary  trembling  or  shaking. 

TrejvUU-LoOs,  a.  [Lat.  tremulus ,  fr. 
tremere ,  to  tremble.]  Shaking  ;  shiv¬ 
ering  ;  quivering. 

Trem'U-LOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  tremu¬ 
lous  manner.  .  [tremulous. 

Trem'u-loOs-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Trench  (66),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Prob.  fr.  Lat.  truncare,  to  cut  off.] 
To  dig,  as  a  ditch,  or  a  channel  for 
water.  —  v.  i.  To  encroach.  See  In¬ 
trench.  —  n.  A  long,  narrow  cut 
in  the  earth  ;  a  ditch. 

TrEnch'ANT,  a.  [0.  Fr.  trenchant , 
p.  pr.  of  trancher ,  trencher.  See  su¬ 
pra.]  1.  Cutting;  sharp.  2.  Un¬ 
sparing  ;  severe. 

Trench'er,  n.  A  large  wooden  plate. 

Trench'ER-MAN  (150),  n.  A  great 
eater ;  a  gormandizer. 

Tr£nch'-plow,  1  n.  A  plow  for 

Tr£nch'-PLOUGH,  )  opening  land 
to  a  greater  depth  than  usual. — v. 
t.  To  plow  with  deep  furrows. 

Trend,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Orig.  to 
bend  round,  from  Dan.  &  Sw.  trind, 
round.]  To  have  a  particular  direc¬ 
tion;  to  run. — n.  Inclination  in  a 
particular  direction ;  tendency. 

TRfiN'DLE,  7i.  [A.-S.  trendel ,  trijndel, 
circle,  ring.  See  TREND.]  A  little 
wheel ;  a  trundle. 

Tr£n'TAL,  n.  [L.  Lat.  trenlale,  from 
trenta ,  Lat.  trigi7ita,  thirty.]  An 
office  for  the  dead,  consisting  of  30 
masses  rehearsed  for  30  days. 

Tre-pan',  n.  1.  [L.  Lat.  trepanum, 
from  Gr.  Tpviravou,  a  borer,  auger.] 
A  cylindrical  saw  for  perforating  the 
skull.  2.  A  snare  ;  a  trapan.  —  v.  t. 
[-NED ;  -NING.]  1.  To  perforate  with 
a  trepan.  2.  [See  Trapan.]  To 
insnare ;  to  trapan. 

Tre-phine',  or  Tre-phine',  n. 
[Dim.  of  trepan.]  An  instrument  for 
trepanning. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
perforate  with  a  trephine. 

TrEp'I-da'tion,  7i  [Lat.  trepidatio, 
from  trepidare ,  to  hurry  with  alarm, 
to  tremble.]  An  involuntary  trem¬ 
bling  ;  a  state  of  terror. 

Syn. —  Tremor  ;  agitation  ;  fear. 

TrEs'pass,  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [0. 

Fr.  trespasser,  transpasser ,  from  Lat. 
trans,  across,  over,  and  passare,  to 


pass.]  1.  To  pass  unlawfully  over 
the  boundary  line  of  another’s  land. 
2  To  intrude.  3.  To  commit  any 
offense ;  to  violate  any  known  rule 
of  duty.  —  n.  1.  Any  offense  done 
to  another.  2.  Any  violation  of  a 
known  rule  of  duty. 

Tres'pass-er,  n.  One  who  commits 
a  trespass  ;  a  transgressor ;  a  sinner. 

Tress,  n.  [Gr.  rpi'xa,  threefold,  be¬ 
cause  formed  by  interlacing  three 
pieces.]  A  braid  or  curl  of  hair ;  a 
ringlet. 

Tres'tle  (tr8s/l),  n.  [D.  driestal,  a 
tripod,  from  drie,  three,  and  stal ,  a 
place,  stall.]  A  frame  or  support  for 
any’ thing. 

Tres'tle-board  (tr6sd-),  n.  A 
board  used  by  architects,  draughts¬ 
men,  &c.,  for  drawing  designs  upon. 

TRET,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  trett ,  draught, 
from  Lat.  trahere,  to  draw.]  An  al¬ 
lowance  in  weight  for  waste  or  refuse 
matter,  after  tare  is  deducted. 

TREV'ET,  n.  [From  Lat.  tripes,  tripe- 
dis,  having  three  feet.]  A  stool  or 
other  thing  supported  by  three  legs. 

Tri;y  (tra),  7i.  [O.  Fr.  trei,  trois,  three.] 
A  three  at  cards,  or  dice. 

Tri'a-ble,  a.  Fit,  possible,  or  liable, 
to  be  tried. 

TrUad,  71.  [Gr.  Tpta?,  rpiaSos,  from 
Tpei?.,  three.]  Three  objects  united. 

TrI'al ,n.  [See  Try.]  1.  Act  of  try¬ 
ing  or  testing  in  any  manner.  2. 
That  ivhich  tries,  afflicts,  or  tempts 
t@  evil.  3.  State  of  being  tried. 

Syn.  —  See  Test. 


Tri'an-gle,  n. 
[Lat.  tria7igu- 
lum ,  from  ires, 
three,  and  angu- 
lus,  corner.]  A 
figure  bounded 
by  three  lines, 
and  containing 
three  angles. 

Tri'an-gled, 

Tri-an'gu-lar 
a.  Having  three 
angles. 

TrI-an'gu-l  ac¬ 
tion,  n.  Men¬ 
suration  by  a  se¬ 
ries  of  triangles. 

TrI'areh-y,  n. 

[Gr.  rp'-apyta  ;  rpt 


J 


Triangles. 

1,  equilateral  trian¬ 
gle  ;  2,  isosceles 

triangle  ;  3,  right- 
angled  triangle;  4, 
obtuse-angled  tri¬ 
angle  ;  5,  scalene 
tri  rngie.  1,2,  and 
5,  are  also  acute- 
angled  triangles. 


and  ap\y\,  sovereignty.]  Government 
by  three  persons. 

Tri'bal,  a.  Belonging  to  a  tribe. 

Tribe,  n.  [Lat.  tribus ,  orig.  a  third 
part  of  the  Roman  people,  afterward 
a  tribe.]  1.  A  family,  race,  or  series 
of  generations  from  the  same  progen¬ 
itor.  2.  Any  division  or  class  of  per¬ 
sons  or  things. 

Trib'let,  n.  [Fr.  triboulet.]  A  gold¬ 
smith’s  tool  for  making  rings. 

Tri-BOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Tpifieiv,  to 
rub,  and  perpov,  measure.]  An  in¬ 
strument  to  ascertain  the  degree  of 
friction  in  rubbing  surfaces. 

TrI'BRACH,  n.  [Gr.  rpi/Spaxvs,  from 
rpt  and  /3paxvs,  short.]  A  poetic  foot 
of  three  short  syllables. 


OR,  do,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Urn,  RUE,  pyLL  ;  E,  I,  O, sileut ;  9,  6,  so/i;  a, g, hard;  Ag;  EXIST;  M  as  NG;  THIS. 


TRIBULATION 

TrYb'u-LA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  tribulatio .] 
Severe  affliction. 

Tri  bu'nal,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  tribunus ,  a 
tribute.]  1.  Seat  of  a  judge  in  court. 
2.  A  court  of  justice. 

TrIb'UNE,  m.  [Lat.  tribunus ,  prop, 
chief  of  a  tribe  (tribus).]  1.  (Rom. 
Antiq.)  A  magistrate  chosen  by  the 
people.  2.  An  elevated  place  in  a 
legislative  assembly  for  a  speaker. 

Trib'une-ship,  n.  Office  of  a  tribune. 

TrIb'U-NI'TIAL  (-msh/al),  a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to,  or  suiting,  a  tribune. 

Trib'u-TA-RY,  a.  1.  Paying  tribute 
to  another.  2.  Paid  in  tribute.  3. 
Contributing.  —  n.  One  who  pays 
tribute. 

Trib'ute,  n.  [Lat.  tributum,  from 
tribuere ,  to  bestow,  pay.]  1.  A  tax 
paid  by  one  prince  or  nation  to  an¬ 
other.  2.  A  personal  contribution. 

TRI^E,  v.  t.  [Ger.  trisse ,  brace.]  To 
haul  by  means  of  a  rope.  — n.  [Perh. 
fr.  thrice ,  while  one  can  count  three.] 
An  instant ;  a  moment. 

TrI-CEN'ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  tricennalis, 
fr.  triginta ,  thirty,  and  annus ,  year.] 
Consisting  of,  or  occurring  once  in, 
thirty  years. 

T R f- €H V N A ,  n. ;  pi.  TRY-eirf'NJE. 
[Gr.  Tpi'xivos,  hairy,  made  of  hair.] 
An  animal  parasite  found  in  the 
muscles  of  animals. 

Trick,  n.  [D.  trek ,  a  pull,  or  draw¬ 
ing,  a  trick ;  0.  Fr.  tricher ,  trecher,  to 
trick.]  1.  Artifice;  a  sly  procedure. 
2.  A  peculiarity.  3.  The  whole  num¬ 
ber  of  cards  played  in  one  round.  — 
v.t.  1.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To  deceive  ; 
to  cheat.  2.  [Cf.  W.  treciaw ,  to  fur¬ 
nish,  equip.]  To  dress  ;  to  decorate. 
—  v.  i.  To  live  by  fraud. 

TrTck'er-y,  n.  Artifice;  stratagem. 

Trick/ish,  a.  Given  to  tricks  ;  kna¬ 
vish.  [trickish. 

Trick'ish-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 

Trick'le  (trik'l),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Cf.  Dribble.]  To  flow  in  a  small, 
gentle  stream. 

Trick'ster,  n.  A  deceiver  ;  a  cheat. 

TrYck'y,  a.  Given  to  tricks  ;  knavish. 

TrPcol-or,  n.  [Lat.  tri  and  color.] 
A  three-colored  flag. 

Tri-cor'po-RAL,  [a.  [Lat.  tricor- 

Tri-cor'po-rate,  J  por.]  Having 
three  bodies. 

TRl-eOs'PlD,  a.  [Lat.  tricuspis ,  -cus¬ 
pid  is;  tri,  three,  thrice,  and  cuspis, 
a  point.]  Having  three  points. 

TrI'dent,  n.  [Lat.  tridens ,  a 
-dentis,  from  tri ,  and  dens,  Jj 
tooth.]  A  scepter  or  spear 
with  three  prongs. 

Tri'dent,  )  a.  Having 

Tri-dent'ate,  j  three  teeth 
or  prongs. 

Tri-en'ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  trien- 
nium ,  space  of  three  years  ;  q<rj. 
tri,  Iris,  three,  thrice,  and  an-  dent. 
nus,  year.]  1.  Continuing 
three  years.  2.  Happening  once  in 
every  three  years.  [years 

TrI-En'ni-al-ly,  ad v.  Once  in  three 

TrI'er,  n.  One  who  tries. 

TrI'fal-low,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 

448 

[Prefix  tri ,  three,  thrice,  and  fallow.] 
To  plow  the  third  time  before  sowing. 

TRI'fid,  a.  [Lat .trifidus;  tri,  three, 
thrice,  and  Jindere,  fidi,  to  split.] 
Divided  half  way  into  three  parts. 

Tri'fle,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  [0.  D. 
treyfelen,  to  trifle.]  To  act  or  talk 
with  levity  or  folly.  —  v.  t.  To  spend 
in  vanity  ;  to  dissipate. — n.  1.  A 
thing  of  little  value  or  importance. 
2.  A  dish  of  sweetmeats  and  cake, 
with  syllabub. 

Tri'fle  R,  n.  One  who  trifles. 

Tri'FLING,  p.  Being  of  small  value 
or  importance  ;  trivial.  [ner. 

TrI'fling-ly,  ad' v.  In  a  trifling  man- 

TrI-fo'LI-ATE,  a.  [Lat.  tri,  and  fo¬ 
lium,  leaf.]  Having  three  leaves. 

Tri'form,  a.  [Lat.  triformis;  tri, 
tris,  three,  thrice,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  a  triple  form. 

TrIg,  v.  t.  [A.-S.  thrycran,  to  stay,  tar¬ 
ry.]  To  stop,  as  a  wheel,  by  placing 
something  under  it.  — a.  [Allied  to 
trick,  to  decorate.]  Trim  ;  neat. 

TRIG'ger,  n.  [From  trig.]  1.  A  catch 
to  hold  a  w’heel.  2.  Catch  of  fire¬ 
arms,  used  to  loose  the  lock  for  strik¬ 
ing  fire. 

Tri'glyph,  n.  [Gr.  gajgg- 
rpLyAvftos ,  from  rpi,  if  f HuX  If 
rpt's,  three,  thrice, and  Ull  1  BWl  IB 
y\v<f)eiv,  to  carve.]  An 
ornament  in  the  frieze  Triglyphs, 
of  the  Doric  column. 

Trig'o-nal  (110),  a.  Having  three 
angles  or  corners ;  triangular. 

Trig'o-no-met'rie,  1  a.  Per- 

TrI&'O-no-met'rig-al,  )  taining 

to,  or  performed  by,  trigonometry. 

Trig'o-nom'e-try,  n.  [Gr.  rpiyu- 
vov,  a  triangle,  and  perpov,  measure.] 
That  branch  of  mathematics  which 
treats  of  triangles. 

Tri'GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  rpi,  rpCs,  three, 
thrice,  and  ypafirj ,  a  writing.]  Three 
letters  with  but  one  sound.  [sides. 

Tri-he'drai,,  a.  Having  three  equal 

TRI-HE'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  rpt,  Tpi's,  three, 
thrice,  and  e'Spa,  a  seat,  base.]  A 
figure  of  three  equal  sides. 

Trij'u-goDs,  or  TrI-ju'goOs,  a. 
[Lat.  trijugus,  threefold,  fr.  tri,  tris, 
three,  thrice,  and  jugum,  a  yoke.] 
In  three  pairs. 

TrI-lXt'e R-AL,  a,  [Lat.  trilaterus; 
tri ,  tris,  three,  thrice, and latus,  side.] 
Having  three  sides. 

TrI-lIt'er-al,  a.  [Lat.  tri,  tris, 
three,  thrice,  and  litera,  letter.]  Con¬ 
sisting  of  three  letters. 

TrIll,  V.  1.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [D.  trillen, 
to  tremble,  to  shake.  Cf.  Thrill.] 
To  utter  with  a  quavering  ;  to  shake. 
—  v.  i.  To  flow  in  a  small  stream.  — 
n.  A  quaver  of  the  voice  in  singing, 
or  of  the  sound  of  an  instrument. 

TrIll'ion  (-yun),  n.  [Lat.  tri,  and 
Eng.  million.]  According  to  the 
Eng.  notation,  a  million  involved 
to  the  third  power,  or  the  number 
represented  by  a  unit  with  18  ciphers 
annexed  ;  according  to  the  Fr.  nota¬ 
tion,  a  unit  with  12  ciphers  annexed. 

TrI-l5'bate,  or  TrI'lo-batE,  a. 

TRIPE 

[Gr.  t pi,  rpis,  three,  thrice,  and  Ao- 
/3os,  a  lobe.]  Having  three  lobes. 

TRi-LO€'U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  tri,  tris, 

three,  thrice,  and  loculus,  a  little 
place.]  Having  three  cells. 

Trim,  a.  [-mer  ;  -mest.]  [A.-S.  j 

tram,  firm,  strong.  See  infra.]  Be¬ 
ing  in  good  order,  or  made  ready  for  : 

use.  —  v.  1.  [-MED;  -MING.]  [A.-S. 
trymian,  trymman ,  to  prepare,  make 
strong.]  1.  To  put  in  order  ;  toad- 
just.  2.  To  dress  ;  to  adorn.  3.  To 
clip  or  lop.  4.  To  dress,  as  timber; 
to  make  smooth.  5.  To  balance  or 
adjust,  as  a  ship.  — v.  i.  To  fluctu¬ 
ate  between  parties.  —  n.  1.  Dress  ; 
gear.  2.  State  or  condition.  3.  State 
of  a  ship  or  of  her  cargo,  ballast, &c. 

Trim'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  rpi'/aerpos  ;  rpi, 
rpis,  three,  thrice,  and  perpov,  mea¬ 
sure.]  A  division  of  verse,  consist¬ 
ing  of  three  measures. 

Tri-met'ri€-al,  a.  Consisting  of 
three  poetical  measures. 

Trim'ly,  ado.  Nicely  ;  in  good  order. 

Trim'mer,  n.  One  who  trims. 

TRIM'MING,  m.  That  which  serves  to 
trim  ;  esp.  ornamental  appendages. 

TrIm'ness,  n.  State  of  being  trim. 

Tri'nal,  a.  [Lat.  trinus,  trim ,  three 
each.]  Threefold. 

Trine,  n.  Aspect  of  planets  120° 
apart,  or  one  third  of  the  zodiac. 

Trin'gle,  n.  [Fr.,  of  Celtic  origin.] 

A  little  square  ornament  in  building. 

TrIn'I-ta'ri-an,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Trinity.  —  n.  One  who  believes  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

Trin/i-ta'ri-an-i§m,  n.  Doctrine  of 
Trinitarians. 

TrIn'1-TY,  n  [Lat.  trinitas,  fr.  trini, 
three  each.]  The  union  of  three  per¬ 
sons  in  one  Godhead. 

Trink'et,  n.  [Perh.  orig.  tricket,  fr. 

Prov.  Eng.  trick,  trig,  elegant,  neat.] 

1.  A  small  ornament,  as  a  jewel.  2. 

A  thing  of  little  value. 

TrI-no'MI-al.  n.  [Gr.  Tpt,  rpt?,  three, 
thrice,  and  vo/uuj,  distribution.]  A 
quantity  consisting  of  three  terms. 

Tri'o,  or  TRI'O,  n.  [It.,  fr.  Lat.  tres, 
three.]  1.  Three  persons  acting  to. 
gether.  2.  ( Mus .)  A  composition  for 
three  parts. 

Trip,  v.  i.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  [Ger.  trip- 
pen,  trippeln,  Goth,  trimpan.]  1. 

To  move  nimbly.  2.  To  make  a  false 
step.  3.  To  commit  an  offense  ;  to 
err.  — v.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  take  a 
false  step.  2.  To  loose,  as  the  anchor, 
from  the  bottom,  by  its  cable.  —  n. 

1.  A  brief  journey  or  voyage.  2.  A 
false  step  ;  a  misstep.  3.  A  slight  er¬ 
ror  ;  a  failure.  4.  A  stroke  by  which 
a  wrestler  supplants  his  antagonist 

TrIp'ar-tite,  or  TrI-part'Ite,  a. 

[Lat.  tripartitus ;  tri ,  tris,  three, 
thrice,  and  partitus,  divided.]  1.  Di¬ 
vided  into  three  parts.  2.  Made  be¬ 
tween  three  parties. 

TrIp'ar-ti'tion  (-tlsh'un),  n.  A  di¬ 
vision  by  threes. 

TRIPE,  n.  [Fr.  tripe,  0  D.  tripe.]  The 
large  stomach  of  ruminating  ani¬ 
mals,  prepared  for  food. 

A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y  Jong;  X,E,I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  Ask,  ALL,  WHAT ;  £re,  VEIL,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6n. 

TRIPEDAL 


TROUBLESOMELY 


TrYp'E-DAL,  a.  [Lat.  tripedalis  ;  tr'., 
tris,  three,  thrice,  and  pes,  a  foot.] 
Having  three  feet. 

Tri-pLr'son-al,  a.  [Lat.  tri ,  and 
persona ,  a  person.]  Consisting  of 
three  persons. 

Tri-per'son-Xl'I-ty,  n.  Existence 
of  three  persons  in  one  Godhead. 

TRI-PET'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  rpC,  rpt?, 
three,  thrice,  and  nerahov,  a  leaf.] 
Having  three  petals. 

Trip'-ham/mer,  n.  A  heavy  hammer, 
raised  or  tripped  by  projecting  teeth, 
on  a  revolving  shaft. 

T R i ph't hong  ( trlfi-  or  trip'-),n.  [Gr. 
rpi,  rpts,  three,  thrice,  and  (j bOoyyri, 
voice,  sound.]  1.  A  combination  of 
three  vowels  in  a  single  syllable, 
forming  a  simple  or  compound  sound. 
2.  A  trigraph. 

Triph-thon'gal  (trif-  or  trip-,  82), 
a.  Of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  triphthong, 

Trip'LE  (tripd),  a.  [Lat.  triplex,  from 
tri,  tris,  three,  thrice,  and  plicare,  to 
fold.]  1.  Consisting  of  three  united. 
2.  Three  times  repeated ;  treble.  — 
v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  make  thrice 
as  much  ;  to  treble. 

Trip'LET,  n.  [From  triple .]  Three 
verses  rhyming  together. 

Trip'li-eate,  a.  Made  thrice  as 
much. — n.  A  third  paper  or  thing 
of  the  same  kind. 

Tr1p/li-€A'tion,  n.  Act  of  tripling, 
or  state  of  being  tripled. 

Tri-pli^'I-ty,  n.  State  of  being  triple. 

Tri'pod,  n.  [Gr.  rpiVov?,  rpino&os ; 
t pi,  rpis,  three,  thrice,  and  novs,  no- 
86?,  a  foot.]  Any  utensil  supported 
on  three  feet. 

TrIp'o-lI,  n.  An  earthy  substance 
(orig.  from  Tripoli),  used  in  polishing. 

TRI'POS  (147),  n.  [Of  uncertain  ety¬ 
mology.]  A  university  examination 
of  candidates  for  honors.  {Cam¬ 
bridge,  Eng.) 

Trip'per,  n.  One  who  trips. 

Trip'ping,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who 
trips.  2.  The  loosing  of  an  anchor 
from  the  ground  by  its  cable  or  buoy- 

Tr1p'ping-ly,  adv.  Nimbly,  [rope. 

TRIP'TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  rpinTiorov  ;  rpt, 
rpt?,  three,  thrice,  and  7ttcot6?,  fall¬ 
ing.]^  A  noun  having  three  cases  only. 

Tri'reme,  n.  [Lat.  triremis ;  tri,  tris, 
three,  and  remus,  an  oar.]  A  galley 
with  three  ranks  of  oars  on  a  side. 

Tri-sLet',  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
tri,  three,  thrice,  and  secure,  sectum , 
to  cut.]  To  cut  into  three  equal  parts. 

Tri-see'tion,  n.  Division  of  a  thing 
into  three  equal  parts. 

TrIs'yl-lXb'IE,  la.  [Gr.  rpicrvA- 

TrIs'YL-lXb'IE-AL,  )  Aa(3o?;  rpt, 

three,  thrice,  and  <rv\\afip,  a  sylla¬ 
ble.]  Consisting  of  three  syllables. 

TrI-sStl'la-ble,  n.  A  word  consist¬ 
ing  of  three  syllables. 

TRITE,  a.  [Lat.  tritus,  p.  p.  of  terere , 
to  rub.]  Used  until  so  common  as  to 
have  lost  its  novelty  and  interest. 

Trite'ly,  ad v.  In  a  trite  manner. 

Trite'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  trite. 

Tri'the-Ism,  n.  [Prefix  tri,  tris,  three, 
thrice,  and  theism.]  The  opinion 


449 

that  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit 
are  three  distinct  Gods. 

TrI'the-Ist,  n.  One  who  holds  to 
Tritheism.  [theism. 

Tri'the-Ist'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  tri- 

Trit'u-RA-bee,  a.  Capable  of  being 
ground  down  to  a  fine  powder. 

TrIt'U-RATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  triturare ,  -ratum,  to  thrash.] 
To  rub  to  a  very  fine  powder,  [ing. 

Trit/u-r ACTION,  n.  Act  of  triturat- 

Tri'umph,  n.  [Lat.  triumphus,  allied 
to  Gr.  dpiapi 3o?,  a  procession  in  hon¬ 
or  of  Bacchus.]  1.  {Rom.  Antiq.) 
1.  A  magnificent  ceremonial  in  honor 
of  a  victorious  general.  2.  Exultation 
for  success.  3.  Victory.  — v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  celebrate  victory  with 
pomp  or  exultation.  2.  To  obtain 
victory  ;  to  prevail. 

Tri-umph'al,  a.  Relating  to,  indicat¬ 
ing,  or  in  honor  of,  a  triumph. 

Tri-umph'ant,  a.  1.  Rejoicing  for,  or 
celebrating,  victory.  2.  Victorious. 

Tri-DmpiUant-ly,  adv.  In  a  tri¬ 
umphant  manner. 

Tri-um'vir,  n. ;  Lat.  pi.  tri-um'- 
vi-jtf ;  Eng.pl.  trI-Om'virs.  [Lat., 
fr.  tres,  gen.  trium,  three,  .and  vir,  a 
man.]  One  of  three  men  united  in 
office.  [umvirate. 

TRl-UM'VI-RAL,  a.  Relating  to  a  tri- 

TRI-tJM'Vl-RATE,  n.  Government  by 
three  in  coalition. 

Tri'une,  a.  [Lat.  tri,  three,  and  units, 
one.]  Being  three  in  one  ;  — an  epi¬ 
thet  used  to  express  the  unity  of  the 
Godhead  in  a  trinity  of  persons. 

TrT-U'ni-ty,  n.  Trinity. 

TRIY'ET,  n.  See  Trevet. 

Triv'i-al,  a.  [Lat.  trivialis,  prop, 
that  which  is  in,  or  belongs  to,  the 
cross-roads  or  public  streets  ;  hence, 
common,  from  trivium, a  cross-road, 
public  street.]  Of  little  importance  ; 
inconsiderable ;  trifling.  [ner. 

TrIvO-al-ly,  adv.  In  a  trivial  man- 

Triv'i-ae-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  trivial. 

TrI'-week/ly,  a.  Performed  or  ap¬ 
pearing  three  times  a  week. 

Tr5'car,  n.  [Fr.  trocar,  or  trois 
quar.  s,  i.  e.,  three  quarters,  fr.  trois, 
three,  and  quart,  a  fourth  ;  —  from 
its  triangular  point.]  A  surgical  in¬ 
strument. 

TRO-EHA'IE,  la.  Pertaining  to, 

Tro-eha'ie-al,  j  or  consisting  of, 
trochees. 

Tro'EHE  (trd'kee),  n.  [Gr.  rpoyo?, 
any  thing  round,  a  wheel,  fr.  rpe\e iv, 
to  run.]  A  medicine  in  a  circular 
cake,  to  be  dissolved  in  the  mouth. 

Tro'EHEE,  n.  [Gr.  rpo\ cuo?,  (sc.  7r<n/?), 
fr.  Tpoyato?,  running.]  A  poetic  foot 
of  two  syllables,  the  first  long  and 
the  second  short,  or  the  first  accented 
and  the  second  unaccented. 

TRO-EHYl'IES,  n.  sing.  [Gr.  Tpo\L\ia, 
a  cylinder  revolving  on  its  own  axis, 
fr.  rpe'xeiv,  to  run.]  The  science  of 
rotary  motion. 

Tr  <h€Hf le-A  ,  n.  [Lat.]  See  Tro- 
chieics.]  A  pulley-like  cartilage. 

Trod,  imp.  of  Tread. 


Trod,  I  ,  „  , 

'l'ROD'DEN,  I  P’P'  of  Tread- 

1’ROG'LO-DYTE,  n.  [Gr.  rpcoyAoSarp?  ; 
t pioy hr},  cavern,  and  Sveiv,  to  enter.] 
A  dweller  in  a  subterraneous  cave. 

Troll,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Ger. 
trollen,  W.  troliaiv.]  1.  To  roll;  to 
turn.  2.  To  sing  the  parts  of  in  suc¬ 
cession. —  v.  i.  1.  To  roll;  to  run 
about.  2.  To  fish  by  drawing  the 
hook  through  the  water. 

Trol'lop,  n.  [From  troll,  to  roll,  to 
stroll.]  A  slattern;  a  slut. 

Trom'bone,  n.  [It.  augm.  of  tromba , 
a  trumpet.]  A  deep-toned  brass  in¬ 
strument  of  the  trumpet  kind. 

Tromp,  n.  [See  Trump.]  A  blowing 
apparatus. 

Troop,  n.  [Fr.  troupe,  prob.  fr.  Lat. 
turbo. ,  a  crowd,  troop.]  1.  Amultitude. 
2.  pi.  Soldiers  taken  collectively.  3.  A 
small  body  of  cavalry,  light-horse,  or 
dragoons. — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1. 
To  come  or  gather  in  crowds.  2.  To 
march  on. 

Troop'er,  ».  A  horse-soldier. 

TROPE,  n.  [Gr.  Tpoa-o?,  fr.  TpeVeiv,  to 
turn.]  Use  of  a  word  or  expression 
in  a  different  sense  from  that  which 
properly  belongs  to  it. 

Tro'PHY,  n.  [Gr.  rponaiov,  strictly  a 
monument  of  the  enemy’s  defeat,  fr. 
TpoTTfj,  a  turn,  a  rout.] .  Any  memo¬ 
rial  of  victory. 

Trop'ie,  n.  [Gr.  TpomKos,  (sc.  kvkAo?, 
fr.  rpeneiv,  to  turn.]  1.  One  of  the 
two  small  circles  that  bound  the  sun’s 
greatest  declination  from  the  equa¬ 
tor.  2.  {pi.)  The  regions  between  or 
near  the  tropics. 

Trop'I€-al,  a.  1.  Being  within,  or  in¬ 
cident  to,  the  tropics.  2.  Figurative. 

Tro-pox/o-Gy,  n.  [Gr.  Tponos,  a 
trope,  Aoyo?,  discourse.]  A  rhetorical 
mode  of  speech,  including  tropes. 

Trot,  v.  i.  [-ted  ;  -ting.]  [Fr. 
trotter,  Ger.  trotten,  W.  trotiaw.]  To 
move  faster  than  in  walking.  —  v.  t. 
To  cause  to  trot.  —  n.  Pace  of  a  quad^ 
ruped  when  he  lifts  one  fore  foot  and 
the  hind  foot  of  the  opposite  side  at 
the  same  time. 

Troth,  n.  [An  old  form  of  truth.)  1. 
Faith;  fidelity.  2.  Truth  ;  veracity. 

Trot'ter,  n.  1.  A  beast  that  trots. 
2.  A  sheep’s  foot. 

TROU'BA-DOUR'  (110),  n.  [Fr.  trouba¬ 
dour,  fr.  trouver,  to  find,  invent.]  One 
of  a  school  of  poets  who  formerly 
flourished  in  the  south  of  France. 

TroOb'le  (trubfl),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[From  Lat.  turbare,  to  disturb,  turba , 
a  disorder,  tumult,  crowd.]  1.  To  ag¬ 
itate.  2.  To  give  disturbance  or  dis¬ 
tress  to.  —  n.  [From  Lat.  turbula,  a 
disorderly  group,  diminutive  of  tur¬ 
bo,  a  crowd.]  1.  The  state  of  being 
troubled.  2.  That  Avhich  gives  dis¬ 
turbance  or  annoyance. 

TroOb'LER,  n.  One  who  troubles. 

TroiIb'le-some,  a.  Giving  trouble. 

Syn.  —  Uneasy;  perplexing;  harass¬ 
ing;  annoying;  wearisome; importunate. 

Troub'le  -some-ly,  adv.  So  as  to 
give  trouble. 

G, hard;  A§;  E^IST  ;  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TO'OK  ;  ORN,  RUE,  PI/LL  ;  E ,  I,  O,  silent  19,6,  soft}  €, 


TROUBLESOMENESS 


450  TOY 


TroGb'le-s6me-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  beiug  troublesome. 
TroC'B'loDs,  a.  Full  of  trouble ;  agi¬ 
tated  ;  afflicted. 

Trough (trawf, 21),  n.  [A.-S.  trog.  Cf. 
TRAY.]  A  long,  hollow  vessel,  or 
narrow  receptacle,  or  depression. 
Trounce,  v.  t.  [-ed:  -ing.]  [0.  Fr. 
troncer,  to  cut.]  To  punish  or  beat 
severely. 

Troupe (trdbp),  n.  [Fr.  See  Troop.] 
A  company  ;  esp.  of  performers  in  a 
play  or  opera. 

Troupers,  n.  pi.  [0.  Fr.  trousses, 
breeches  worn  by  pages,  fr.  trousse, 
trosse ,  a  bundle,  a  truss.]  A  loose 
lower  garment  worn  by  males. 

Syn.  —  Pantaloons.  —  In  the  United 
States,  the  original  word  trousers  is  al¬ 
most  laid  aside,  the  term  being  only  ap- 

f>lied  to  the  loose  garment  of  sailors  or 
aborers,  while  pantaloons  is  used  in  all 
other  cases.  The  English  adhere  to  the 
old  term  in  respect  equally  to  the  dress 
of  gentlemen  and  all  others,  making 
much  less  use  than  we  do  of  the  word 
pantaloons  in  speaking  of  this  part  of 
the  dress. 

Troussea  u  (triTo'so'),  n.  [Fr.,  from 
trousse,  a  bundle.]  The  collective 
lighter  equipments  of  a  bride. 
TROUT,  n.  [A.-S.  truht ,  Lat.  tructa, 
tructus,  fr.  Gr.  Tpw/cr»)?,  a  sea-fish 
with  sharp  teeth,  from  rpuiyeiu,  to 
gnaw.]  A  fresh-water  fish. 
TRO'VER,  n.  [0.  Fr.  trover,  truver,  to 
find.]  (Law.)  (a.)  The  gaining  pos¬ 
session  of  any  goods,  (b.)  An  action 
to  recover  damages  against  one  who 
found  and  would  not  restore  goods. 
Trow  (tr5),  v.  i.  [A.-S.  tredwian, 
treowan.)  To  believe  ;  to  think. 
Trow'el,  n.  [Lat.  trulla ,  dim.  of 
trua,  a  ladle.]  A  mason’s  or  a  gar¬ 
dener’s  tool.  [SERS. 

Trow'sers,  n.  pi.  Same  as  Trou- 
Troy,  j'  1  n.  [Said 

Troy'-wi;ight  (-wat), j  to  have  its 
name  ir.  Troyes,  in  France.]  A  weight 
of  12  ounces  to  the  pound,  used  for 
weighing  gold,  silver,  jewels,  & c. 
Tru'an-OY,  n.  Act  of  playing,  or  state 
of  being,  truant. 

Tru'ANT,  n.  [0.  Fr.,  a  vagrant,  beg¬ 
gar;  of  Celtic  origin.]  An  idler,  esp. 
a  pupil  who  absents  himself  from 
school.  — a.  Idle,  and  shirking  duty. 
Tru^e,  n.  [0.  Eng.  trewis,  trewse,  fr. 
0.  II.  Ger.  triwa ,  triuwa,  faith,  com¬ 
pact.  See  True.]  1.  A  temporary 
cessation  of  hostilities.  2.  Short 
quiet.  _  [lates  a  truce. 

TRU^E'-BREAK/er,  n.  One  who  vio- 
Tr&CK,  v.  1.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr. 
troquer.]  To  barter. — n.  1.  Ex¬ 
change  of  commodities  ;  barter.  2. 
Commodities  appropriate  to  barter ; 
hence,  small  commodities,  and  some¬ 
times,  luggage.  [ Colloq .] — n.  [Gr. 
rpo^o?,  a  wheel.]  1.  A  small,  solid 
wheel.  2.  A  low  carriage  for  heavy 
articles.  3.  A  frame  with  wheels, 
&c.,  to  carry  one  end  of  a  locomotive 
or  car.  4.  A  small  wooden  cap  at 
the  summit  of  a  mast,  & c. 
TrOck'age,  n.  1.  Exchange  ;  barter. 
2.  Pay  for  conveyance  on  a  truck. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  0,  Y, Ion 


TrOck'le,  n.  [Dim.  of  trvclc,  a 
wheel.]  A  small  wheel  or  caster.  — 
v.  i.  [A.-S.  trucian ,  to  fail ;  diminish.] 
To  yield  obsequiously  to  the  will  of 
another ;  to  submit. 

TrGck'le-b£d,  n.  A  bed  that  runs 
on  wheels,  and  may  be  pushed  under 
another. 

TrCck'man  (150),  n.  One  who  con¬ 
veys  goods  on  a  truck. 

Tru'€U-ben(;e,  In.  1.  Ferocious- 

TRU'€U-LEN-£Y,  )  ness.  2.  Ter¬ 
ribleness  of  countenance. 

Tru'cu-lent  (110),  a.  [Lat.  trucu- 
lentus,  fr.  trux,  wild,  fierce.]  1. 
Fierce  ;  savage.  2.  Of  ferocious  as¬ 
pect.  3.  Cruel ;  ruthless. 

Trudge,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Allied  to 
tread.)  1.  To  go  on  foot.  2.  To 
travel  or  march  with  labor. 

True,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  140.]  [A.-S. 

treowe,  triwe ,  faithful.  Cf.  Trow.] 
1.  Conformable  to  fact,  or  to  a  rule 
or  pattern ;  exact.  2.  Faithful  ; 
loyal.  3.  Genuine  ;  pure  ;  real. 

True'-blue,  a.  Of  inflexible  honesty 
and  fidelity  ;  — alluding  to  the  once 
celebrated  true  or  Coventry  blue. 

Trije'-born,  a.  Of  genuine  birth. 

True'-heart'ed,  a.  Honest;  sin¬ 
cere. 

True'lOve'-knot  (-not),  n.  A  com¬ 
plicated  knot ;  —  an  emblem  of  inter¬ 
woven  affection.  [truth. 

True'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  true  ; 

TRUE'-PEN'NY,  n.  An  honest  fellow. 

Truf'fle  (tru'fl),  n.  [0.  Fr.  trufle, 
Lat.  tuber.]  A  kind  of  mushroom 
found  buried  in  the  soil. 

TRU'ISM,  n.  An  undoubted  or  self- 
evident  truth. 

TrOll,  n.  [See  Trollop  and 
Troll.]  A  strumpet.  [fact. 

TRU'ly,  adv.  According  to  truth  ;  in 

TrOmp,  n.  1.  [Fr.  trompe,  Lat.  tuba; 
Icel.  trumba,  drum.]  A  trumpet.  2. 
[See  Triumph.]  A  winning  card.  — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  take  with 
a  trump  card.  2.  [Fr.  tromper.]  To 
trick.  3.  To  impose  unfairly ;  to 
obtrude. 

TrOmp'ER-y,  n.  [Fr.  tromperie ,  de¬ 
ceit.]  Worthless  but  showy  matter; 
hence,  rubbish. — a.  Worthless  or 
deceptive  in  character. 

TrDmp'et,  n.  [See  Trump.]  A  wind 
instrument  of  music.  —  v.  1.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  publish  by  sound  of 
trumpet ;  to  proclaim. 

Trump'et-er,  n.  1.  One  who  sounds 
a  trumpet.  2.  One  who  proclaims, 
publishes,  or  denounces. 

TrDne'ATE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
truncare,  -catum,  fr .truncus,  trunk 
of  a  tree.]  To  cutoff;  to  maim.  —  a. 
Appearing  as  if  cut  off  at  the  tip. 

TRUN-C Action,  n.  Act  of  truncating, 
or  state  of  being  truncated. 

TrPn'^heon  (trfim'shun),  n.  [Fr. 
fronton,  0  Fr.  tronckon,  fr.  Lat. 
thyrsus ,  a  stalk,  stem,  staff.]  1.  A 
club.  2.  A  staff  of  command. 

TrOn'dle,  n.  1.  A  little  wheel.  2.  A 
low  cart  with  small  wooden  wheels. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  roll,  as  a  thing  on  little 


wheels.  2.  To  cause  to  roll.  —  v.  i. 
[-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  tryndeled ,  made 
round,  fr.  tryndel,  a  sphere,  a  circle.] 

1.  To  roll,  as  on  little  wheels.  2.  To 

roll,  as  a  hoop.  [little  wheels. 

TRttN'DLE-BED,  n.  A  low  bed  on 

TrOnk,  n.  [Lat.  truncus.]  1.  Stem 
or  body  of  a  tree.  2.  Body  of  an 
animal,  apart  from  the  limbs.  3. 
Main  body  of  any  thing.  4.  Pro¬ 
boscis  of  an  elephant.  5.  A  chest 
covered  with  leather  or  hide,  for  con¬ 
taining  clothes,  &c. 

TRftNK'-HOSE,  n. 

Large  breeches 
formerly  worn. 

Trun'nel,  n.  A 
tree-nail. 

Trunn'ion  (-yun), 
n.  [0.  Fr.  trognon, 
stump  or  trunk 
of  a  tree.  See 
Trunk  ]  A  knob  Trunk-hose. 

on  each  side  of  a  cannon,  &c.,  serv¬ 
ing  to  support  it  on  the  carriage. 

TrOss,  n.  [Fr.  trousse,  from  trousser, 
to  pack,  pack  up,  fr.  Lat.  torquere, 
to  twist.]  1.  A  bundle,  as  of  straw. 

2.  An  apparatus  used  in  cases  of 
hernia.  3.  The  rope  or  iron  used  to 
keep  the  center  of  a  yard  to  the 
mast.  4.  A  framed  assemblage  of 
timbers.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
bind  close.  2.  To  skewer,  as  a  fowl. 

TrOst,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Icel. 
treysta ,  to  confide,  confirm,  traustr , 
faithful,  firm  :  0.  Sax.  trOstian,  to 
console.]  1.  To  confide  in  ;  to  rely 
on.  2.  To  believe ;  to  credit.  3.  To 
commit,  as  to  one’s  care  ;  to  intrust. 
—  v.  i.  To  be  confident,  as  of  some¬ 
thing  present  or  future.  —  n.  ] .  Re¬ 
liance  on,  or  confidence  in,  another. 
2.  Credit  given  ;  belief.  3.  Depen¬ 
dence  upon  something  future  or  con¬ 
tingent.  4.  That  which  is  committed 
to  one. 

TrGst-ee',  n.  One  to  whom  property 
is  legally  committed  in  trust. 

TrGst'FUL,  n.  Full  of  trust ;  trusting. 

Trust'i-ly,  adv.  Faithfully  ;  hon¬ 
estly.  [ness. 

TrCst'i-ness,  n.  Fidelity;  faithful- 

Trust'worth-y  (-wfirGhy),  a. 
Worthy  of  trust;  trusty;  reliable. 

TrOst'Y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Fit 
to  be  confided  in  ;  reliable.  2.  Not 
liable  to  fall ;  strong. 

Truth,  n. ;  pi.  truths  (99)  1.  The 

quality  of  being  true.  2.  Real  state 
of  things  ;  reality.  3.  An  established 
principle,  fixed  law,  or  the  like. 

Trtjth'FUL,  a.  Veracious  ;  reliable. 

TRUTH'FVL-LY,  adv.  In  a  truthful 
manner.  [truthful. 

Trijth'ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 

Try,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.]  [Fr. 
trier,  to  cull,  to  pick  out,  as  if  from 
a  Lat.  word  tritare,  fr.  terere,  tritum , 
to  rub,  bruise,  grind.]  1.  To  prove; 
to  test.  2.  To  refine,  as  metals  ;  to 
melt  out,  as  tallow,  lard,  &c.  3.  To 
subject  to  severe  trial.  4.  To  ex¬ 
amine  judicially.  5.  To  experience. 
6.  To  essay. 


g;  X,  E,  I,  6,  0,  ?, short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  son, 


TRYING 


TURGESCENCY 


451 


Syn.  —  To  attempt. —  To  try  is  the 
generic,  to  attempt  is  the  specific,  term. 
We  may  be  indifferent  as  to  the  result 
of  a  trial,  but  we  rarely  attempt  any 
thing  without  a  desire  to  succeed. 

—  v.  i.  To  endeavor  ;  to  attempt. 

TRY'ING,  p.  a.  Adapted  to  try  ;  se¬ 
vere  ;  afflictive. 

Tryst,  n.  An  appointed  meeting,  or 
a  place  for  such  meeting. 

TUB,  n.  [D.  tobbe ;  0.  H.  Ger.  zuipar , 
fr.  zwi,  two,  and  beran,  to  bear.]  An 
open  wooden  vessel  for  various  do¬ 
mestic  purposes. 

Tube,  n.  [Lat.  tubus.]  A  hollow 
cylinder ;  a  pipe  ;  a  duct ;  a  conduit. 

Tu'ber,  n.  [Lat.,  a  hump,  knob.]  A 
fleshy,  rounded  root,  as  the  potato. 

Tu'ber-ole,  n.  [Lat.  tuberculum , 
dim.  of  tuber.]  A  small  mass,  or 
aggregation  of  diseased  matter. 

Tu-bLrNsu-IjAR,  a.  Having  tubercles. 

Tube'rose,  or  Tu'ber-ose,  n.  [Lat. 
tuberosus ,  tuberous.]  A  beautiful 
plant  with  a  tuberous  root. 

TCPber-os'I-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
tuberous. 

Tu'ber-ous,  a.  [Lat.  tuberosus.] 
Covered  with,  or  full  of,  tubers. 

Tub'ing,  n.  A  series  of  tubes  ;  mate¬ 
rial  for  tubes. 

Tu'bu-lar,  1  a.  [From  Lat.  tubu- 

Tu'bu-late,  )  lus,  dim.  of  tubus ,  a 
tube.]  Consisting  of  a  pipe ;  fistular. 

Tu'BULE,  n.  A  small  tube. 

Tu-bij'li-form',  a.  [Lat.  tubulus ,  a 
little  tube,  and  forma,  form.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  small  tube. 

Tu'bu-lous,  a.  Resembling,  or  in 
the  form  of,  a  tube. 

Tflcit,  n.  [W.  twca ,  a  kind  of  knife, 
twc ,  a  cut,  or  chip.  See  infra.]  1. 
A  long,  narrow  sword.  2.  A  hori¬ 
zontal  fold  in  a  garment. — v.  t. 
[-ED ;  -ING.]  [H.  Ger.  zur.lcen,  to 
draw  with  a  short  and  quick  motion.] 

1.  To  fold  under.  2.  To  iuclose  by 
pushing  the  clothes  closely  around. 

TiJCK'ER,  n.  A  small,  thin  piece  of 
the  dress  for  covering  the  breast. 

Tues'day  (tuz'dy),  n.  [A.-S.  Tiwes- 
dag,  fr.  Tiw,  the  god  of  war,  and 
dag,  a  day.]  Third  day  of  the  week. 

TO'fa,  or  Tu'fA,  n.  [It.  tufo,  soft, 
sandy  stone.]  A  soft  porous  or 
friable  stone. 

,  TOft,  n.  [Fr.  touffe,  for  touppe,  Prov. 
Fr.  touffette ,  Icel.  toppr,  a  curl,  tuft 
of  hair.]  1.  A  collection  of  small, 
flexible  things  in  a  bunch.  2.  A 
cluster  —  v.  t.  [-ED ,  -ING.]  To 
separate  into,  or  adorn  with,  tufts. 

TOft'y,  a.  Growing  in  tufts. 

Tug,  v.  Lor  t.  [-ged  ;  -ging.]  [A.-S. 
teohan ,  teon  (p.  p.  togen ),  teogan,  to 
pull,  draw.]  To  pull  or  draw  with 
great  effort.  —  n.  1.  A  pull  with  the 
utmost  effort.  2.  A  steam-vessel  to 
tow  ships.  3.  A  drawing-strap,  of  a 
harness. 

Tu-Ption  (-ishhin),  n.  [Lat.  tuitio , 
from  tueri,  to  see,  watch.]  1.  Guar¬ 
dianship.  2.  Instruction.  3.  Money 
paid  for  instruction,  [ing  to  tuition. 

Tu-i'TION-a-RY  (-TshPun-),  a.  Pertain- 

TU'LIP,  n.  [Turk.  &  Per.  tulbend, 


dulbend,  a  turban  ;  —  from  its  shape.] 
A  bulbous  plant,  and  its  beautiful 
flower. 

Tulle,  n.  [Fr.,from  Tulle,  in  France, 
where  it  was  first  made.]  A  kind  of 
silk  lace.  . 

TDm'ble,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0.  II. 
Ger.  tfimilon,  thmbn,  A.-S.  tumbian.] 

1.  To  roll  about  by  turning  one  way 
and  the  other.  2.  To  be  precipitated. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  turn  over  for  exami¬ 
nation  ;  to  precipitate.  2.  To  dis¬ 
turb. —  n.  A  roiling  over  ;  a  fall. 

Tijm/bler,  n.  1.  One  who  tumbles. 

2.  Part  of  a  lock.  3.  A  drinking 
glass.  4.  A  variety  of  pigeon.  5.  A 
sort  of  dog. 

Titm'brel,  1  n.  [0.  Fr.  tomberel,  fr. 

TOm'bril,  )  tomber,  to  tumble.]  1. 
A  ducking-stool.  2.  A  rough  cart. 

3.  A  military  wagon.  4.  A  kind  of 
cage  for  keeping  food  for  sheep. 

Tu'me-fao'tion,  n.  Act  or  process 
of  swelling. 

Tu'me-fy,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  tumefncere;  tumere,  to  swell, 
and  fa  cere,  to  make.]  To  swell;  to 
puff  up  ;  to  distend. 

Tu'mid,  a.  [Lat.  tumidus,  fr.  tumere, 
to  swell.]  1.  Swelled  or  distended. 
2.  Protuberant.  3.  Bombastic. 

Tu-MID'i-ty,  In.  State  or  quality  of 

Tu'mid-ness,  |  being  tumid. 

Tu'MOR,  n.  [Lat.,  from  tumere,  to 
swell.]  A  morbid  swelling  on  any 
part  of  the  body . 

Tump,  n.  [W.  tivmp,  tivm,  a  round 
heap.]  A  little  hillock;  a  knoll. — 
v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  form  a  mass 
of  earth  round,  as  a  plant. 

Tu'MU-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  tumidus,  a 
mound.]  Formed  or  being  in  a  heap. 

tu'MULT,  n.  [Lat.  tumultus ,  fr.  tu¬ 
mere,  to  swell.]  1.  Commotion,  or 
agitation  of  a  multitude,  usually  ac¬ 
companied  with  great  uoise.  2.  High 
excitement. 

Syn.  —  Uproar  ;  disturbance  ;  dis¬ 
order  ;  confusion  ;  hubbub. 

Tu-mult'u-a-ri-ly,  adv.  In  a  tu¬ 
multuary  manner. 

Tu-mult'u-a-ry  (44),  a.  Attended 
by,  or  producing,  a  tumult. 

Tu-mDlt'u-ous,  a.  1.  Conducted  with 
tumult.  2.  Greatly  agitated.  3.  Tur¬ 
bulent  ;  violent. 

Tu-mult'u-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  tu¬ 
multuous  or  disorderly  manner. 

TU-MULT'u-ous-ness.  n.  Commotion. 

Tu'mcj-lus,  n.  ;  pi.  tu'mu-lI. 
[Lat.,  a  mound.]  An  artificial  hill¬ 
ock,  especially  one  raised  over  an 
ancient  grave. 

TlJN,n.  [A.-S.  tunne.]  1.  A  large  cask. 
2.  A  measure  for  liquids,  consisting 
of  two  pipes  o_r  four  hogsheads.  —  v. 
t.  [-NED;  -NING.]  To  put  into 
tuns  or  casks. 

Tun'a-ble  ,  a.  Capable  of  being  tuned ; 
hence,  musical ;  tuneful. 

TUNE,  n.  [A  different  spelling  of  tone.] 
1.  A  rhythmical,  melodious  series  of 
musical  tones  ;  a  melody.  2.  Pitch 
of  the  voice  or  an  instrument.  3. 

I  Order  ;  concord.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 


To  put  in  tune.  —  v.  i.  To  form  as 
cordant  musical  sounds. 

Tune'ful,  a.  Melodious;  musical. 

Tune'less,  a.  Unmusical. 

Tun'er,  n.  One  who  tunes. 

Tu'Nie,  n.  [Lat.  tunica.]  1.  ( Antiq .) 
An  under-garment  worn  by  both 
sexes.  2.  A  natural  covering ;  an 
integument. 

Tu'ni-€LE,  n.  [Lat.  tunicula ,  dim.  of 
tunica,  a  tunic.]  A  natural  covering. 

Tun'ING-fork,  n.  An  instrument / 
for  ascertaining  the  pitch  of  tunes. 

TCn'nage,m.  See  Tonnage. 

Tun'nel,  n.  [From  tun.]  1.  A  ves¬ 
sel  with  a  tube  at  one  end,  for  trans¬ 
ferring  liquors.  2.  An  arch  or  pas¬ 
sage  under  ground  for  railways,  &c. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ing,  137.]  1.  To 
form  into  a  tunnel.  2.  To  make  an 
opening  for  passage  through  or  un¬ 
der,  as  a  mountain  or  river. 

Tun'ny,  n.  [Gr.  diwos,  dvvos,  from 
Qvveiv,  to  rush  or  dart  along.]  A  fish 
of  the  mackerel  family. 

Tur'BAN,  n.  [0.  Eng.  turband,  tuli- 
bant ,  from  Per.  dulband ,  from  dulai, 
double,  and  band,  a  bandage.]  A 
head-dress,  consisting  of  a  cap  and  a 
sash  wound  about  the  cap. 

Tur'ba-ry,  n.  [L.  Lat.  turbaria,  from 
Lat.  turba,  turf.]  1.  A  right  of  dig¬ 
ging  turf  on  another  man's  land.  2. 
Ground  where  turf  is  dug. 

Tur'bid,  a.  [Lat.  turbidus,  fr.  turba, 
tumult,  disturbance.]  Roiled  ;  mud¬ 
dy  ;  thick.  [being  turbid. 

Tur/bid-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

Tur'bi-nate,  )  a.  [ Lat.  turbinatus , 

TUR'BI-NA/TED,  j  fr.  turbo,  turbinis, 
a  whirl,  top.]  Shaped  like  a  top  or 
cone  inverted. 

Tur'bi-na'tion,  n.  Act  of  spinning 
or  whirling,  as  a  top. 

TUR'bIne,  n.  [Lat.  turbo,  turbinis , 
that  which  whirls  round.]  A  hori¬ 
zontal  water-wheel,  with  a  series  of 
curved  floats  upon  the  periphery. 

TOr'BOT,  n.  [Fr.  turbot,  W.  torbwt.] 
A  flat  fish,  nearly  circular. 

TUR'BU-LEN£E,  n.  Quality  of  being 
turbulent  ;  a  disturbed  state. 

Tur'bu-lent,  a.  [Lat.  turbulentus, 
fr.  turba,  disorder.]  1.  In  violent  com¬ 
motion.  2.  Disposed  to  insubordina¬ 
tion.  3.  Producing  commotion. 

Syn.  —  Disturbed  ;  agitated;  tumult¬ 
uous  ;  riotous. 

Tur'bu-lent-ly,  adv.  In  a  turbu¬ 
lent  manner ;  tumultuously. 

Tu-reen',  n.  [From  Fr.  terrine,  from 
terre,  earth.]  A  large,  deep  vessel  for 
soup,  at  table. 

TOrf,  n.  ;  pi.  tOrfs.  [A.-S.,  allied 
to  Gael,  tarp,  a  clod.]  1.  Upper  stra¬ 
tum  of  earth  filled  with  roots  ;  sward. 

2.  Peat.  3.  Horse-racing.  —  v.  t. 
[•ED;  -ING.]  To  cover  with  turf. 

TCtrf'Y,  a.  [-ER ;  -EST,  142.]  Abound¬ 
ing  with  turf. 

TUR'gent,  a.  [Lat.  turgens,  swelling.] 
1.  Swelling.  2.  Bombastic. 

Tur-gLs'^en^e,  In.  1.  Actofswell- 

TUR-GES'CEN-^Y, )  ing,  or  state  of 
being  swelled.  2.  Pompousness. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF, 


TURGID 


TWINGE 


TC’R'GID,  a.  [Lat.  turgidus,  from  tur- 
gere,  to  swell.]  1.  Distended  beyond 
the  natural  state  ;  bloated.  2.  Swell¬ 
ing  in  style  or  language  ;  bombastic. 

Sts'.— Tumid  ;  pompous  ;  inflated. 

Tur-gid'I-TY,  )n.  State  or  quality 

Tf/R'GID-NESS,  )  of  being  turgid. 

Tur'key,  n.  [Erroneously  thought 
to  have  come  orig.  from  Turkey.]  A 
large  fowl,  a  native  of  America. 

TOrk'ish,  a.  Relating  to  Turkey  or 
the  Turks.  [Turquois. 

Tur-kois'  (-keez/,  38),  n.  Same  as 

TOr'mer-IC  (123),  n.  [N.  Lat.  terra- 
merita ,  turmerica.]  An  East  Indian 
plant  and  its  root,  used  for  dyeing. 

TOr'moil,  n.  [From  turn  and  moil, 
to  labor.]  Harassing  labor;  trouble. 

TtJRN,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Gr.  Topvos, 
a  turner’s  chisel,  t opveveiv,  to  turn, 
to  work  with  a  lathe;  A.-S.  tyrnan, 
to  turn.]  1.  To  form  in  a  lathe.  2. 
To  give  form  to.  3.  To  cause  to  re¬ 
volve.  4.  To  cause  to  present  a 
different  side.  5.  To  give  another  di¬ 
rection  or  tendency  to.  6.  To  use  or 
employ.  7.  To  alter  ;  to  transform. 
—  v.  i.  1.  To  have  a  circular  mo¬ 
tion  ;  to  change  position.  2.  To 
hinge ;  to  depend.  3.  To  be  changed ; 
also,  to  become  by  changes;  4.  To 
become  acid;  to  sour. —  n.  1.  Act 
of  turning.  2.  Change  of  direction. 
3.  Change;  alteration.  4.  A  wind¬ 
ing  ;  a  brief  walk.  5.  Incidental  oc¬ 
casion  or  deed.  6.  Occasion  ;  pur¬ 
pose.  7.  Form  ;  shape  ;  fashion. 

Turn'-coat,  n.  One  who  forsakes 
his  party  or  principles  ;  a  renegade. 

Turn'er,  n.  One  who  turns;  esp. 
one  who  forms  articles  with  a  lathe. 

Turn'er-y,  n.  Art  of  fashioning  solid 
bodies  by  means  of  a  lathe. 

TOrn'ING,  n.  1.  A  winding  ;  flexure. 
2.  Deviation  from  the  proper  course. 

TOrn'ing-point,  n.  Point  on  which 
a  question  turns,  and  which  decides 
a  case. 

TOr'nip,  n.  [Perh.  fr.  W.  turn,  round, 
and  rneipen,  maip,  a  turnip,  A.-S. 
■nape,  Lat.  napus .]  A  plant  and  its 
bulbous  edible  root. 

Turn'key  (148),  n.  One  who  has 
charge  of  the  keys  of  a  prison. 

TPrn'-out  (147),  n.  1.  A  short  side 
track  on  a  railroad ;  2.  An  equipage. 

TCtrn'pike,  n.  1.  A  turnstile.  [06s.] 
2.  A  toll-gate,  or  gate  set  across  a 
road.  3.  A  turnpike-road. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -TNG.]  To  form  in  the  man¬ 
ner  of  a  turnpike-road. 

TGrn'pike-road,  n.  A  road  on 
which_toll-gates  are  established. 

TOrn'sole,  n.  [Fr.  tournesol,  from 
tourner ,  to  turn,  and  Lat.  soL]  A 
heliotrope. 

Turn'spTt,  n.  One 
who  turns  a  spit; 
hence,  a  menial. 

TBrn'stile,  n.  A 
revolving  frame  in 
a  footpath. 

TOrn'-TA/BLE,  n.  Turnstile. 

A  large  revolving 


452 


platform,  for  turning  locomotives, 
and  the  like. 

Tur'pen-TINE,  n.  [Lat.  terebinthinus, 
of  the  turpentine-tree.  See  TERE¬ 
BINTH.]  Anoleo-resinous  substance, 
from  several  species  of  trees. 

TGr'PI-tude  (53),  n.  [Lat.  turpitudo; 
turpi x ,  foul,  base.]  Inherent  base¬ 
ness  of  principle,  words,  or  actions. 

Tur-quois'  (-koiz/  or  -keez/,  38),  n. 
[Fr.  turquoise. ;  —  it  came  first  from 
Turkey .]  A  bluish  green  mineral. 

Tur'rel,  n.  A  cooper’s  tool. 

TOr'ret,  n.  [0.  Fr.  tourette,  dim. 
of  tower,  tower.]  A  small  eminence 
or  spire  attached  to  a  building. 

TtJR'RET-ED,  p.  a.  Having  turrets. 

TOr'tle  (tur'tl),  n.  1.  [A.-S.  turtle, 
Lat.  turtur,  dim. 
turturilla.]  A  gal¬ 
linaceous  bird ;  — 
called  also  turtle-, 
dove.  2.  [Prob.5 
corrupted  fr.  tor¬ 
toise.]  A  sea-tor-  Turtle  (2). 
toise ;  —  often  ap¬ 
plied  to  any  kind  of  tortoise. 

TBr'tle-dove,  n.  See  Turtle. 
TOs'CAN,  a.  Pertain- 


7 


ing  to  one  of  the  or¬ 
ders  of  architecture. 

Tush,  interj.  Indi¬ 
cating  check,  rebuke, 
or  contempt. 

TOsk,  n.  [A.-S.  fuse, 
tux.]  The  long,  point¬ 
ed  tooth  of  certain 
animals. 

Tusked  (tuskt),  a. 

Furnished  with  tusks.  Tuscan  Order. 

Tus'SLE,n.  [See Tousle  and  Touse.] 
A  struggle;  a  conflict.  —  v.  i.  [-ED^ 
-TNG.]  To  struggle  ;  to  scuffle. 

Tut,  interj.  Be  still ;  —  an  exclama¬ 
tion  used  for  checking  or  rebuking. 

Tu'te-LAGE,  n.  [Lat.  tutela,  protec¬ 
tion.]  1.  Guardianship.  2.  State  of 
being  under  a  guardian. 


Guardian ;  pro¬ 


tecting. 


Tu'te-lar,  la. 

Tu'te-la-ry,  )  f 

TU'tor,  n.  [Lat.  tutor ,  fr.  tueri,  to 
watch,  defend.]  One  -who  watches 
over,  or  has  the  care  of,  another ; 
specifically,  (a.)  A  private  or  public 
teacher.  ( b .)  An  instructor  of  a  lower 
rank  than  a  professor.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  have  the  guardianship 
or  care  of ;  to  teach  ;  to  instruct.  2. 
To  treat  with  authority  or  severity. 

Tu'tor-age,  n.  Office  of  a  tutor. 

Tu'tor-ess,  n.  A  female  tutor. 

Tu-to'ri-al,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  ex¬ 
ercised  by, a  tutor. 

Twad'dle,  v.  i.  [See  Tattle.]  To 
talk  in  a  weak  and  silly  manner.  — 
n.  Silly  talk  ;  gabble. 

Tw^d'dler,  n.  One  who  twaddles. 

Twain,  a.  or  n.  [A.-S.  twegen,  twh , 
two.]  ~ 

TwXng,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  Tang, 
3,  and  Ger.  zwang ,  constraint, 
force.]  To  make  the  sound  of  a  tense 
string  suddenly  pulled.  — v.  t.  To 
make  to  sound,  as  a  tense  string.  — 
n.  1.  A  harsh,  quick  sound,  like 


that  made  by  a  stretched  string  sud¬ 
denly  pulled  and  let  go.  2.  A  nasal 
sound  of  the  voice. 

Twat'tle,  v.  i.  [See  Tattle.]  To 
prate  ;  to  talk  much  and  idly. 

Tweak,  v.  t.  [A.-S.  twiccian,  to 
twitch,  pull.  See  Twitch.]  To  pinch 
and  pull  with  a  sudden  jerk  and 
twist.  —  n.  A  sharp  pinch  or  jerk. 

Tweed,  n.  A  light,  twilled  cotton  or 
w'oolen  stuff. 

Twee'dle,i'.  t.  To  handle  lightly; 
hence,  to  coax  ;  to  allure. 

Twee'7.er§,  n.  pi.  [0.  Eng.  tweeze , 
a  surgeon’s  box  of  instruments,  fr. 
Fr.  etui ,  a  case.]  Small  pincers 
used  to  pluck  out  hairs,  &c. 

Twelfth,  a.  The  ordinal  of  twelve 

—  n.  One  of  twelve  equal  parts. 

Twelfth'-night  (-nit),  n.  The 

evening  of  the  twelfth  day  after 
Christmas,  or  Epiphany. 

Twelve,  a.  &  n.  [A.-S.  twelf. j 
Goth,  tvalif,  from  tva,  two,  and  -lif, 
ten.]  Two  and  ten  ;  a  dozen. 

Twelve'month  (101),  n.  A  year, 
or  twelve  calendar  months. 

Twelve'-pen^e,  n.  A  shilling  ster¬ 
ling,  or  about  twenty -four  cents. 

Twelve'seore,  a.  &  n.  Twelve 
times  twenty. 

Twen'ti-eth,  a.  Ordinal  of  twenty. 

—  n.  One  of  twenty  equal  parts. 

Twen'ty,  a.  &  n.  [A.-S.  twtntig, 

twentig,  fr.  tivegen,  two,  and  tig,  a 
decade.]  Twice  ten. 

Twice,  adv.  [Cf.  Thrice.]  1.  Two 
times.  2.  Doubly. 

Twi'fXl-low,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  twi,  two,  and  Eng.  fallow.] 
To  plow  a  second  time  ;  —  said  of 
land  that  is  fallowed. 

Twig,  n.  [A.-S.  twig,  from  twi ,  twig, 
two,  i.  e.,  a  bisection  of  the  trunk.] 
A  small  shoot  of  a  tree  or  shrub. 

Twig'GY,  a.  Abounding  with  twigs. 

TWI'LIGHT  (-lit),  n.  [A.-S.  tweon- 
leoht,  i.  e.,  doubtful  light,  fr.  tweona, 
doubt,  fr.  twi ,  two,  and  ledht,  light.] 
The  faint  light  before  sunrise  and 
after  sunset.  —  a.  1.  Shaded;  ob¬ 
scure.  2.  Seen  or  done  by  twilight. 

TwIll,  v.  t.  [See  Quill.]  To  weave, 
so  as  to  produce  diagonal  lines  on 
the  surface.  — n.  1.  An  appearance 
of  diagonal  lines  in  textile  fabrics. 
2.  A  fabric  with  a  twill. 

Twin,  n.  [A.-S.  twin,  double;  twi, 
two.  Cf.  Twine.]  1.  One  of  two  pro¬ 
duced  at  a  birth.  2.  pi.  A  constella¬ 
tion  and  sign  of  the  zodiac.  —  a.  Be¬ 
ing  one  of  two  born  at  a  birth,  or  of 
a  pair  much  resembling  one  another. 

Twine,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
twinan ,  fr.  twi,  two.]  1.  To  twist 
together  ;  to  form  by  twisting.  2.  To 
embrace;  to  entwine.  — v.  i.  1.  To 
unite  closely.  2.  To  wind  ;  to  bend. 

—  n.  [D.  twijn,  I cel.  tvinni,  a 
double  thread.  See  supra.]  1.  A 
twist.  2.  Act  of  twining  or  winding 
round.  3.  A  small  cord  or  string. 

Twinge,  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Allied 
to  tweak,  and  trvang.]  1.  To  pinch. 
2.  To  torment  with  pinching  or  sharp 


TWINKLE 


ULCERATE 


pains. — v.  i.  To  have  a  sudden, 
sharp  pain.  —  n.  1.  A  pinch.  2.  A 
darting,  local  pain. 

Tvvink'le  (twlnk'l),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  twindian.]  1.  To  wink.  2. 
To  sparkle ;  to  flash  at  intervals. 

Twink'le,  In.  1.  A  quick  ptotion 

Twink/ltng,  )  of  the  eye  ;  a  wink. 
2.  Time  of  a  wink  ;  a  moment.  3. 
Scintillation  ;  a  sparkling. 

Twirl  (18),  v. t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
thwiril,  a  churn-staff,  a  flail.  Of. 
Thwart,  Quirl.]  To  move  and 
tarn  rapidly  with  the  fingers.  —  v.  i. 
To  revolve  with  velocity.  —  n.  A 
rapid  circular  motion ;  a  whirling. 

TwIst,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S., 
cloth  of  double  thread,  fr.  twi,  two.] 
1.  To  contort.  2.  To  pervert.  3.  To 
wreathe ;  to  wind.  4.  To  unite  by 
winding  one  thread  or  strand  round 
another. — v.i.  To  be  contorted  or 
united  by  winding  round  each  other. 
—  n.  1.  A  contortion;  abending.  2. 
Form  given  in  twisting.  3.  That  which 
is  formed  by  twisting.  [twists. 

Twist'e  r,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Twit,-!),  t.  [-ted  ;  -ting.]  [A.-S.  dt- 
tvitan,  to  blame,  from  at,  at,  to,  and 
witan,  to  know,  reproach.]  To  vex 
by  reminding  of  a  fault  or  defect,  & c. 

Twitch,  v.  t.  [-e-d  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  twic- 
cian .]  To  pull  with  a  sudden  jerk  ; 
to  snatch.  —  n.  A  pull  with  a  jerk. 

Twit'ter,!-.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [0.  H. 
Ger.  zwizarOn.  Cf.  Titter.]  1. 
To  make  a  succession  of  small,  trem¬ 
ulous,  intermitted  noises.  2.  To  have 
a  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves.  — 
n.  1.  A  small,  intermitted  noise.  2. 
A  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 

Two  (t(Fo),  a.  &  n.  [A.-S.  twegan,  tiva , 
two,  Lat.  duo,  Gr.  Svo,  Skr.  dwi. j 
One  and  one. 

Two'-edgjsd  (to'o/-ejd),  a.  Having 
an  edge  on  both  sides. 

Two'fold  (tcfiy-).  a.  Double;  mul¬ 
tiplied  by  two.  —  adv.  In  a  double 
degree. 

Two'-hand'ed  (to"o/-),  a.  1.  Having 
two  hands.  2.  Used  with  both  hands. 

Two'-p£n<,:e  (too/-),  n.  A  small  Eng¬ 
lish  coin ,  equivalent  to  two  pennies. 

Two'-ply  (tot)/-),  a.  Woven  double 
by  incorporating  two  sets  of  threads 
of  the  warp  and  two  sets  of  the  weft. 


453 


TYKE.n.  [See  Tike,  2.]  A  dog,  or 
one  who  is  as  contemptible  as  a  dog. 

Tym'BAL,  n.  [Gr.  Tupnavov,  fr.  tu7t- 
tslv,  to  beat.]  A  kind  of  kettle-drum. 

Tym'PAN,  n.  [Gr.  Tv/xnayov,  a  kettle¬ 
drum,  a  door-panel.]  1.  A  panel. 

2.  A  frame  on  which  the  blank  sheets 
are  put  for  printing. 

rJWM/PA-NtJM,  n.  [Gr.  TVf/LTtavov ,  a 
kettle-drum,  panel  of  a  door.]  1. 
Middle  portion  of  the  ear,  or  the 
membrane  separating  it  from  the  ex¬ 
ternal  passage.  2.  Panel  of  a  door. 

Tym'pa-ny,  n.  [Gr.  rvixnavCas ,  from 
Tv/xnavov,  a  kettle-drum.]  A  flatu¬ 
lent  distention  of  the  belly. 

TYPE,  n.  [Gr.  tuttos,  from  run -reiv,  to 
beat,  strike.]  1.  Mark  or  impression 
of  something  ;  stamp.  2.  Kind ;  sort. 

3.  Aggregate  of  characteristic  qual¬ 
ities  ;  the  representative.  4.  A  token ; 
a  sign.  5.  (a.)  A  letter  or  other 
character  for  printing  from.  ( b .) 
Types  collectively. 

The  types  which  compose  an  or¬ 
dinary  book-font  consist  of  Roman 
CAPITALS,  small  capitals,  and 
lower-case  letters,  and  Italic  CAP¬ 
ITALS  and  lower-case  letters,  witli  ac¬ 
companying  figures,  points,  and  refer¬ 
ence-marks.  Besides  the  ordinary 
Roman  and  Italic ,  the  most  impor¬ 
tant  varieties  of  face  are 

©lU  ©nrjltsi),  or  iJlaclt  Setter, 


^nmn  |S§At, 


Full-face,  Antique, 

Old  Style,  GOTHIC. 

Type'-found/er,  71.  One  who  man¬ 
ufactures  type. 

Type'-met/al  (-met/al  or  -met/1),  n. 
A  compound  of  lead  and  antimony, 
used  for  making  type. 

Ty'PHOID,  a.  [Gr.  tu(/>o)Stjs,  fr.  t0((>o?, 
stupor  from  fever,  and  elSos,  like- 
ness.]_Pertaining  to,  or  like,  typhus. 

Ty-phoon',  n.  [Lat.  typhon,  Gr. 
Tt xfxxiv,  a  violent  whirlwind.]  A  vio- 
Jent  tornado  in  the  Chinese  seas. 

Ty/phus,  7i.  [Gr.  Tvifro s,  smoke,  stu¬ 
por  from  fever,  fr.  Tu</>eu',  to  smoke  ] 
A  continuous  fever  attended  with 
great  prostration. 


Typ'ic, 
Typ'ig-al 


,  I  i 


[Gr.  tvttikos,  from 
TU7ros,  type.]  Repre¬ 
senting  something  by  a  form,  model, 
or  resemblance ;  figurative. 
Typ'ic-AL-ly,  adv.  In  a  typical  man¬ 


ner  ;  figuratively. 


State  or  qual- 


Typ'ie-al-ness,  71. 
ity  of  being  typical. 

Typ'i-fy,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Gr.  ti)7to;,  type,  and  Lat.  facere,  to 
make.]  To  represent  by  an  image,  or 
resemblance. 

Tyy-pog'ra-pher,  or  Ty-pog'ra- 
piier,  n.  A  printer. 

TYP/0-GRAPH'I€,or  TY'PO-  1  a.  Per- 
GRAPH-ie,  taining 

TYP/O-GRAPH'IG-AL,  or  |  to  ty- 
TY/PO-GRAPH'l€-AL,  J  pogra- 


phy- 

TYP/O-GRAPH/IC-AL-LY,  Or  Tf/PO- 
GRAPH'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means 
of  type. 


Ty-pog'ra-phy,  or  T  y-p5g'ra-phy, 
7i.  [Gr.  Ti)7rov ,  type,  and  ypa^eie,  to 
write.]  Art  of  printing. 

Ty-ran'NIC,  )  a.  Pertaining  to 

TY-R  AN'Nie-AL, J  a  tyrant ;  unjust- 
Jy  severe  in  government. 

TY-RAN'NI€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  ty¬ 
rannical  manner. 

Ty-ran'NI-^ide,  n.  [From  Lat.  ty- 
rannus,  a  tyrant,  and  csedere ,  to 
kill.]  1.  Act  of  killing  a  tyrant.  2. 
One  who  kills  a  tyrant. 

Tyr'an-nize,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
act  the  tyrant ;  to  exercise  arbitrary 
power. 

T?r'an-nous,  a.  Like  a  tyrant ;  ty¬ 
rannical  ;  arbitrary. 

Tyr'AN-NY,  77.  [Gr.  rvpavvCa.  See 
Tyrant.]  1.  Arbitrary  or  despotic 
exercise  of  power.  2.  Cruel  govern¬ 
ment  or  discipline. 

Ty/RANT,  7i.  [Gr.  Tupaveos,  orig.  an 
absolute  sovereign,  afterward  a  cruel 
ruler.]  1.  An  absolute  ruler.  2.  A 
despotic  ruler  ;  a  cruel  master. 

TYR'l-AN,  a.  1.  Relating  to  Tyre.  2. 
Being  of  a  purple  color,  like  a  cele¬ 
brated  dye  formerly  prepared  at  Tyre. 

Ty'rO,  ti.  ;  pi.  TY'ROg.  [Lat.  tiro .] 

1.  A  beginner  in  learning;  a  novice. 

2.  A  person  imperfectly  acquainted 
with  a  subject. 

Tzar  (zar),  n.  The  emperor  of  Rus¬ 
sia.  See  Czar. 


U(j6b)  is  the  twenty-first  letter  and 
the  fifth  vowel  in  the  English 
alphabet.  See  Principles  of  Pronun- 
_  ciation ,  §§  29-34,  and  §§  52,  53. 
U-BI'E-TY,  n.  [Lat.  ubi ,  where.] 
The  state  of  being  in  a  place  ;  local 
_  relation. 

U-BIQ'UI-TA-RY,  )  a.  Existing  every 
U-BlQ'ui-Toijs,  j  where  at  once ; 
_  omnipresent. 

U-BIQ/UI-TY,  n.  [Lat.  ubique,  every 


where.]  Existence  in  all  places  at 
the  same  tinted  omnipresence. 
Gd'der,  n.  [A.-S.  fider,  tidr,  Skr. 

iidhar .]  The  gland  of  a  female  mam- 
_  trial  in  which  milk  is  secreted. 
U-dom/e-ter,  7i.  [Lat.  udus,  wet, 
moist,  and  Gr.  perpov,  a  measure.] 
A  rain-gauge. 

Cg'LT-NESS,  n.  1.  Want  of  beauty. 
2.  Turpitude  of  mind.  3.  Ill-na¬ 
ture  ;  crossness. 


tlG'LY,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  [A.-S. 

egle,  egele ,  troublesome,  hat«ful.]  1. 
Offensive  to  the  sight.  2.  Ill-na¬ 
tured  ;  cross-grained. 

U-kase',  n.  [Russ,  ukas,  fr.  Jcasatj,  to 
show,  say.]  In  Russia,  an  imperial 
order,  having  the  force  of  law. 
til/yER,  n.  [Lat.  ulcus,  ulceris .]  A 
continuous  sore  discharging  pus. 
ttL'CER-ATE,  V.  i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
become  ulcerous.  —  v.  t.  [Lat.  idee- 


ULCERATION 

rare,  -ratum,  fr.  ulcus,  ulcer.]  To 
make  ulcerous. 

Cl/^ER-A'TION,  n.  1.  The  forming 
of  an  ulcer.  2.  An  ulcer. 
tJl/^ER-ous,  a.  1.  Having  the  na¬ 
ture  of  an  ulcer.  2.  Affected  with 
ulcers. 

U-lIg'i-noGs,  a.  [Lat.  uliginosus,  fr. 

uligo,  moisture.]  Oozy  ;  slimy. 
tfa/LAGE,  n.  [Prob.  fr.  D.  vullen,  to 
fill.]  What  a  cask  wants  of  being 
full.  [the  fore-arm. 

tli/NAR,  a.  Relating  to  the  bones  of 
UL-TE'RI-OR,  a.  [Lat.,  compar.  of  til¬ 
ler,  that  is  beyond.]  1.  Situated 
beyond.  2.  Remoter  ;  more  distant. 
t?l/TI-MATE  (45),  a.  [L.Lat.  ultima- 
tus,  last,  extreme,  fr.  Lat.  ultimus, 
furthest, last.]  1.  Furthest;  most  re¬ 
mote.  2.  Last  in  a  train  of  progres¬ 
sion.  3.  Incapable  of  further  analysis. 

Syn. —  See  Final. 

tA/TI-MATE,  V.  t.  &  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  come  or  bring  to  an  end. 
ttl/Tl-MATE-LY,  adv.  Finally. 

Ul'  ti-ma’  tum,  n.  [N.  Lat.]  A 
final  proposition  or  condition. 

TJV ti-mo,  n.  [Lat.  (sc.  mense),  in 
the  last  month.]  The  last  month 
preceding  the  present. 

Ul'trA,  a.  [Lat.,  fr.  niter,  that  is 
beyond  or  on  the  other  side.]  Dis¬ 
posed  to  go  beyond  others  ;  radical. 
—  n.  One  who  advocates  extreme 
measures. 

Ul/tra-ism,  n.  Principles  of  men 
who  advocate  extreme  measures. 
tri/TRA-lST,  n.  A  radical. 
tJl/TRA-MA-RiNE',  a.  [Lat.  ultra, 

beyond,  and  marinus,  marine.]  Sit¬ 
uated  or  being  beyond  the  sea.  — n. 
[So  called  because  it  was  originally 
brought  from  beyond  the  sea,  or  from 
Asia.]  A  blue  pigment. 
tnL/TRA-MON'TANE,  a.  [Lat.  ultra, 
beyond,  and  montanus,  belonging  to 
a  mountain.]  Being  beyond  the 
mountains,  or  Alps. 
tTL'TRA-MON'TA-NlsM,  it.  The  prin¬ 
ciples  of  those  who  maintain  ex¬ 
treme  views  as  to  the  Pope’s  su¬ 
premacy  ;  —  so  used  by  those  living 
north  of  the  Alps. 

tTL'U-LA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  ululatio .]  A 
howl,  as  of  the  wolf  or  dog. 

Cm'bel,  it.  [Lat.  umbella ,  dim.  of 
umbra ,  shade.]  A  kind  of  flower 
cluster,  as  in  the  carrot. 
tJM'BEL-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
having  the  form  of,  an  umbel. 
trivl'BEL-LATE,  1  a.  Bearing  um- 
tJivi,BEL-LA/T  E  D,  j  bels ;  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling,  an  umbel. 
tfM'BEL-LlF'ER-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  um¬ 
bella  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
umbels. 

t^M'BER,  n.  [From  Umbria,  in  Italy, 
where  it  is  said  to  have  been  first 
obtained.]  An  ocherous  ore  of  iron, 
used  as  a  pigment. 

Um-bTl'ie,  I  a.  [Lat.  umbilicus, 

Um-bYl'I€-AL,  |  the  navel.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  navel. 

O'M'BJ.Eg  (Qm/blz),  «.  pi.  [See  Hum- 

454 

bles  and  Nombles.]  Entrails  of 
a  deer. 

UM'BRAGE,  it.  [Lat.  umbra,  a  shade.] 
1.  Shade,  or  that  which  affords  a 
shade.  2.  Suspicion  of  injury ; 
offense;  resentment. 

Um-bra'geoDs,  a.  [Lat.  umbra,  a 
shade.]  1.  Forming  a  shade.  2. 
Shady  ;  shaded. 

Um-bra'geous-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  umbrageous. 

Um-brel'lA,  n.  [Lat.  umbra,  a 
shade.  See  UMBEL.]  A  concave 
portable  screen  from  the  sun,  or 
from  rain  or  snow. 

{Jm'pi-rage,  n.  1.  Right  of  an  um¬ 
pire  to  decide.  2.  Decision  of  an 

^  umpire. 

Um'pire,  it.  [0.  Eng.  impier,  um- 
pier,  also  nompeyr,  fr.  Fr.  impair , 
nompair,  uneven,  i.  e.,  a  third.]  A 
third  person,  to  whose  decision  a 
controversy  is  referred. 

Syn.—  See  Judge. 

t?N.  [A.-S.  un,  allied  to  Gr.  av,  a, 
Skr.  an,  a,  Lat.  in.]  A  negative 
prefix  wrhich  may  be  attached  at  will 
to  almost  any  English  adjective,  or 
participle  used  adjectively,  while  it 
is  also  attached  to  less  numerous 
classes  of  nouns  and  verbs.  As  the 
former  class  of  words  is  unlimited 
in  extent,  and  such  compounds  may 
be  formed  by  any  writer  or  speaker 
from  almost  all  the  adjectives  and 
participles  in  the  language,  very 
many  of  them  will  be  omitted  from 
this  Dictionary,  more  especially  such 
as  are  negations  of  the  simple  word, 
and  are  explained  by  prefixing  a  not 
to  the  latter ;  also,  derivatives  of 
these  words  in  ly  and  ness.  A  pretty 
full  list  of  these  words  is  subjoined. 

Un  is  prefixed  to  adjectives,  or  to 
words  used  adjectively;  as,  (1.)  To  ad¬ 
jectives,  to  denote  the  absence  of  the 
quality  designated  by  the  adjective  :  as, 
unnccordant,  unalterable,  unambitious, 
unanxious,  unapprcciable,  unapproach¬ 
able,  unartificial,  unattainable,  unbear¬ 
able,  unbrotherly,  vncandid,  uncanon- 
ical,  unchangeable,  uncheerful,  unclassdc- 
al,  uncommercial,  uncongenial,  uncor¬ 
dial,  uncourtly,  undefinable,  undemo¬ 
cratic,  undesirable,  undevout,  undistin- 
guishable,  undntiful,  unendurable,  un- 
English,  unenviable,  uneventful,  unfa¬ 
miliar,  unfeminine ,  unfraternal,  unge- 
nial,  ungenteel,  ungentle,  ungentlemanly, 
ungrammatical,  unimportant,  uninhabit¬ 
able,  unintelligible,  unjustifiable,  un  king¬ 
ly,  unmaid enly,  unmanageable,  unmeet, 
unmelodious,  unmindful,  unmotherly, 
unmusical,  unobservant,  unpardonable, 
unpatriotic,  unphilanthropic,  unphilo- 
sophic,  unpoetic,  unpronounceable,  un¬ 
quenchable,  unrational,  unremunerative, 
unromantic,  unsalable,  unsatisfactory, 
unscholarly,  unscientific,  unselfish,  un¬ 
serviceable,  unsubstantial,  unsuspicious, 
untenable,  unthankful,  untidy,  unvocal, 
unwarlike,  unwatchful,  unweary,  unwel¬ 
come,  unwomanly,  unworldly,  and  the 
like.  (2.)  To  past  passive  participles,  to 
indicate  the  absence  of  the  condition 
or  state  expressed  by  the  participle  ;  as, 
unabated,  unabridged,  unaccented ,  una¬ 
dorned,  unadulterated ,  unaided,  unal¬ 
tered,  unanswered,  unappreciated,  un¬ 
armed,  unasked,  unassisted,  unattempted, 
unattended,  unbaptized,  unbiased,  un¬ 
bleached,  unbought,  uncalled,  unchanged, 

UNANSWERABLE  ; 

unchecked,  uncircumcised,  unclouded, 
uncompounded,  unconfined,  uncongealed, 
unconquered,  unconstrained,  uncultivat¬ 
ed,  undecided,  undefended,  undefiled, 
undeserved,  undesigned,  undigested,  un¬ 
diminished,  undimmed,  undisguised,  un¬ 
disturbed,  uneducated,  unemployed,  un¬ 
enlightened,  unexhausted,  unexplained, 
unexfilored,  unfathomed,  unforeseen,  un¬ 
fulfilled,  unfurnished ,  unguarded,  un¬ 
guessed,  unharmed ,  unheeded,  unhelped, 
unlionored,  uuimjieached,  uninclosed, 
uninhabited,  uninspired ,  unleavened,  un¬ 
lettered,  unloved,  unmarried,  unmasked, 
unmatched ,  unmingled,  unmitigated ,  un¬ 
mixed,  unmoved,  unnerved,  unnoticed, 
unobserved,  unobstructed,  unornamented, 
unperceived,  unpolished,  unpracticed, 
unpremeditated ,  unprepared,  unpro¬ 
tected,  unprovoked ,  unpunished,  unread, 
unreconciled,  unrefined,  unrelated,  un¬ 
represented,  unresisted,  unrewarded,  un¬ 
satisfied,  unscathed,  unsettled,  unshared, 
unsheltered,  unshod,  unshorn,  unskilled, 
unsolicited ,  unsought,  unstinted,  unstud¬ 
ied,  unsullied,  unsurpassed,  unsuspected,  j 

untasted,  untaught,  unterrified,  untried, 
untutored ,  unvaried,  unwarranted,  vn- 
wedded,  unwept,  and  the  like.  (3.)  To 
present  participles  which  come  from 
intransitive  verbs,  or  are  themselves  em¬ 
ployed  as  adjectives,  to  mark  the  ab¬ 
sence  of  the  activity,  disposition,  or  con¬ 
dition  implied  by  the  participle;  as  un¬ 
accommodating,  unaspiring,  unavailing, 
unblenching,  uncalculating,  unchanging, 
uncomplaining,  unconsuming,  unconvin¬ 
cing,  undeserving,  undiininishing,  undis- 
cerning,  undoubting,  unedifying,  unenvy-  ! 

ing,  unfading,  unfaltering,  unflinching, 
ungrudging,  unheeding,  uninteresting, 
uninviting,  unloving,  unmoving,  unob-  j 

serving,  unofiending,  unpitying ,  unpleas- 
ing,  unquestioning,  unrepining,  unresist¬ 
ing,  unresting,  unsearching,  unseeing, 
unshrinking,  unsuspecting,  linsympathiz- 
ing,  unvarying,  unwavering,  and  the  like. 

Un-A'ble  ( -a/bl),  a.  Not  able  ;  not 
having  sufficient  strength,  knowl¬ 
edge,  skill,  or  the  like. 

tlN'AE-^EPT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  accept¬ 
able  ;  not  welcome  ;  displeasing. 

tjN/A€-EOM,PLlSH£D  (-plight),  a.  1. 

Not  performed.  2.  Not  refined  by 
culture. 

Cn'ae-eount'a-ble,  a.  1.  Not  re¬ 
sponsible.  2.  Not  to  be  accounted 
for ;  inexplicable. 

tTN'A€-€OUNT'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
accountable  manner. 

trN'AD-vis'A-BLE,  a.  Not  advisable; 
inexpedient. 

tjN'AD-vigED',  a.  1.  Not  advised; 
not  discreet.  2.  Rash  ;  inconsiderate. 

t^N'AD-vls'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  due 
consideration. 

IjN'af-feet'ed,  a.  1.  Not  affected 
or  moved.  2.  Not  affected  or  arti-  ; 

ficial ;  simple;  natural. 

trN'AF-FE€T'ED-LY,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
affected  manner.  [mixed  ;  pure. 

CN'AIi-LOYFi)',  «.  Not  alloyed  ;  un- 

Un-A'MI-a-ble,  a.  Not  amiable ;  un- • 
lovely ;  ill-natured.  ; 

LbNA-NlM'l-TY,  n.  Agreement  in 

opinion  or  determination. 

U-nXn'i-MOUS,  a.  [Lat.  unanirnus ,  j 

fr.  units,  one,  and  nmmw,niind.]  1.  ] 

Of  one  mind  ;  harmonious.  2-  With  / 

the  agreement  of  all. 

U-nXn'i-mous-ly,  adv.  In  a  unani¬ 
mous  manner. 

Un-Xn'swer-a-ble  (-ser-),  m.  Not  an¬ 
swerable  ;  not  capable  of  refutation. 

A,  E,  I,  6,  U,  Y jlong;  X,  £,  1,0,  t),  ?,  short  ;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TfiRM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6n,  ' 

UNANSWERABLY 

Un-Xn'swer-a-bly  (-Xn'ser-),  adv. 

In  a  manner  not  to  be  answered. 
Un-apt',  a.  Not  apt;  dull;  unskill¬ 
ful  ;  unsuitable.  [ner. 

Un-Xpt'LY,  adv.  In  an  unapt  man- 
IJn'AS-sum'ing,  a.  Not  assuming; 

not  bold ;  humble  ;  modest. 
Cn'A-void'a-ble,  a.  1.  Incapable 
of  being  made  null  or  void.  2.  Ne¬ 
cessary  ;  inevitable. 
tfai'A-volD'A-BLY,  adv.  Necessarily. 
thv'A-wARE',  a.  Not  aware  ;  without 
thought ;  inattentive. 
tlN'A-WARE',  )  adv.  Without  previ- 
tlN'A-WAREg',  |  ous  design  or  prep¬ 
aration  ;  suddenly. 

Un-bar',  v.  t.  To  unfasten  ;  to  open. 
IJn'be-gom'ing,  a.  Not  becoming; 

unsuitable ;  indecent ;  indecorous. 
tTN'BE-KNOWN' (-non7),  n.  Unknown. 
Un'BE-LIEF',  n.  1.  Incredulity.  2. 
Skepticism  ;  infidelity. 

Syn.  —  See  Disbelief. 

Un'be-lie  v'ER,  n.  1.  An  incredulous 
person.  2.  A  skeptic  ;  an  infidel. 

Syn.  —  See  Infidel. 

tlN'BE-LiEV'iNG,  a.  1.  Incredulous. 
2.  Infidel. 

Un-bend',  v.  t.  1.  To  make  straight. 

2.  To  set  at  ease  for  a  time ;  to  relax. 

3.  To  unfasten  from  the  yards  and 
stays,  as  sails. 

Un-bend'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Not  suffering 
flexure.  2.  Unyielding  ;  inflexible. 
UN-BlND',  V.  t.  [-BOUND  ;  -BINDING.] 
To  untie  ;  to  loose. 

Un-blest',  a.  1.  Not  blest.  2. 

Wretched ;  unhappy. 

Un-bol,t',  v.  t.  To  remove  a  bolt 
from  ;  to  open. 

Un-born'  (126),  a.  Not  born;  still 
to  appear ;  future. 

Un-BO'sOjYT,  v.  t.  To  disclose  freely  ; 

to  reveal  in  confidence. 
Un-bound'ed,  a.  Having  no  bound  ; 
unlimited  in  extent ;  infinite  ;  unre¬ 
strained. 

Un-braid',  v.  t.  To  undo,  as  a  braid  ; 
to  disentangle. 

Un-bri'dled,  p.  a.  Loosed,  as  from 
the  bridle  ;  unrestrained. 
Un-bur'den,  v.  t.  1.  To  relieve  from 
a  burden.  2.  To  throw  off,  as  a  bur¬ 
den. 

Un-9£r'TAIN,  a.  1.  Not  certain  ;  not 
positively  known.  2.  Not  to  be  de¬ 
pended  upon.  3.  Not  having  certain 
knowledge.  4.  Not  sure  of  the  direc¬ 
tion  or  the  result. 

Un-^er'tain-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  uncertain.  2.  Some¬ 
thing  unknown  or  undetermined. 
Un-ciiain',  v.  t.  To  free  from  chains 
or  confinement. 

Un-char'i-ta-ble,  a.  Not  charita¬ 
ble;  severe  in  judging ;  censorious. 
Un-chaste',  a.  Not  chaste  ;  lewd. 
Un-chrIs'tian  (-krist/yan),  a.  1.  Not 
Christian  ;  infidel.  2.  Contrary  to 
Christianity  ;  unbecoming  a  Chris¬ 
tian.  [church. 

Dn-ciiCrch',  v.  t.  To  expel  from  a 
Un'cial  (Qn'shal),  a.  [Lat.  uncialis, 
amounting  to  the  12th  part  of  a 


455 

pound  or  a  foot,  fr.  vnria,  an  ounce, 
inch.]  Pertaining  to  letters  of  a  large 
size,  compounded  between  the  capital 
and  smaller  characters.  — ».  An  un¬ 
cial  letter. 

Un-civ'il,  a.  Not  civil ;  not  courteous. 

Syn.  —  Uncourteous;  impolite;  rude. 

^UN-^IV'IL-IZ£D,  a.  Not  civilized; 
not  reclaimed  from  savage  life. 

UN-91  v'il-ly,  adv.  In  an  uncivil 
manner ;  rudely. 

Un-clasp',  v.  t.  To  open  or  loose,  as 
what  is  clasped. 

t?N'€LE  (unk'l),  a.  [From  Lat.  avun¬ 
culus ,  a  maternal  uncle.]  A  father's 
or  mother’s  brother. 

Un-clean',  a.  1.  Not  clean;  foul; 
dirty.  2.  Ceremonially  or  morally 
impure. 

UN-CLINCH',  v.  t.  To  open,  as  the 
closed  hand.  [disclose. 

Un-clo§e',  v.  t.  1.  To  open.  2.  To 

Un-com'fort-a-ble,«.  1.  Notcom- 
fortable  ;  affording  no  comfort.  2. 
Giving  uneasiness. 

Un-com'fort-a-Bly,  adv.  In  an 
uncomfortable  manner. 

UN-COM'MON,  a.  Not  common  ;  not 
usual ;  hence  ,  remarkable  ;  strange. 

Syn. — Rare;  scarce;  infrequent. 

UN-COM'MON-LY,  adv.  In  an  uncom¬ 
mon  manner  or  degree. 

Un-com'mon-ness  (109),  n.  Rareness 
of  occurrence  ;  infrequency. 

UN-COM'PRO-Mlg'lNG,  a.  Not  admit¬ 
ting  of  compromise ;  obstinate. 

Cn'CON-cErn',  a.  Want  of  concern; 
freedom  from  solicitude. 

CnTON-^ernfd',  a.  Not  concerned  ; 
feeling  no  solicitude  ;  easy  in  mind. 

tlN'CON-CERN'ED-LY.  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
concerned  manner ;  without  anxiety. 

tlN'CON-DI'TlON-AL  (-dTsh'un-),  a. 
Not  conditional  or  limited ;  absolute. 

Cn'CON-di'tion-al-LY  (dish'un-), 
adv.  Without  conditions. 

Un-gon'scion-a-ble,  a.  1.  Not  con- 
scionable  ;  unreasonable.  2.  Enor¬ 
mous;  vast.  [sonably. 

UN-GON'SCION-A-BLY,  adv.  Unrea- 

Un-con'scious,  a.  1.  Not  conscious  ; 
not  having  consciousness.  2.  Imper¬ 
ceptible. 

Un-^on'scioGs-ly,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
conscious  manner. 

Un  gon'scious-ness,  n.  State  of 
being  unconscious. 

Un-gon'sti-tu'tion-al,  a.  Not 
agreeable  to  the  constitution,  or  con¬ 
trary  to  it. 

tlN'eoN-VERT'ED,  a.  Not  converted ; 
not  regenerate ;  sinful;  impenitent. 

Un-COIIP'LE,  v.  t.  To  set  loose;  to 
disjoin.  [uncivil. 

Un-gourt'e-ous,  a.  Not  courteous  ; 

Un-couth'  (-kdbth'),  a.  [A.-S.  un¬ 
did  h,  fr.  an ,  not,  and  cUd/i,  known.] 
Having  awkward  manners ;  not 
pleasing  in  appearance. 

Syn.  —  Unfamiliar;  strange;  odd  ; 
awkward;  clumsy. 

Un-couth'ly,  adv.  In  an  uncouth 
manner.  [oddness. 

UN-eouTH'NESS,  n.  Awkwardness  ; 


UNDERMOST 

Un-c6v'er  (-kdv'er),  v.  t.  1.  To  take 
the  cover  from  ;  to  lay  open.  2.  To 
take  off  the  hat  or  cap  of.  —  v.  i.  To 
w  take  off  the  hat. 

tlNG'TION,  n.  [Lat.  unctio ,  fr.  ungere, 
to  anoint.]  1.  Act  of  anointing.  2. 
An  ointment.  3.  That  quality  which 
excites  strong  devotion ;  religious 
^  fervor  and  tenderness. 
Ongt'u-os'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality 
^  of  being  unctuous. 
tlNGT'u-oOs,  a.  [L.  Lat.  unctuosus, 
fr.  Lat.  unctus,  an  ointment.]  Fat ; 
oily ;  greasy. 

Un-daunt'ed,  a.  Not  daunted;  not 
to  be  subdued  or  depressed  by  fear. 

Syn.  —  Bold;  fearless;  brave;  intrepid. 

Un-dec'a-gon,  n.  [Lat.  undecim , 
eleven,  and  Gr.  yuivi'a,  an  angle.]  A 
figure  of  eleven  angles. 
tlN'DE-^EIVE',  v.  t.  To  free  from  de- 
^  ception,  cheat,  fallacy,  or  mistake. 
thv'DE-Nl'A-BLE,  a.  “Not  deniable; 
w  palpably  true  ;  obvious. 
t^N'DE-Nl'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unde¬ 
niable  manner. 

tlN'DER,  prep.  [A.-S.  under ,  allied  tb 
Skr.  anlur.~\  1.  In  a  lower  position 
with  respect  to ;  beneath  ;  below.  2. 
In  a  state  of  subjection  or  inferiority. 
—  adv.  In  a  lower  or  subordinate 
condition.  —  a.  Lower  in  rank  or  de- 
^  gree  ;  subject.  [less  than. 

tlN'DER-BiD',  v.  t.  To  bid  or  offer 
Un'der-brush,  n.  Shrubs  and  small 
trees  growing  beneath  large  trees. 
tlN'DER-GLOTHES  (colloq.  -kloz),  n. 

pi.  Clothes  worn  under  the  others. 
tlN'DER-euR'RENT,  «.  A  current  be¬ 
low  the  surface  of  water. 
t?N'DER-DO',  V .  t.  or  i.  [-DID  ;  -DONE  ; 
-DOING.]  To  do  less  than  is  requi¬ 
site. 

On'DER-GO'.D.  t.  [-WENT  ;  -GONE  ; 
-GOING.]  To  bear  ;  to  pass  through ; 
to  suffer. 

tbv'DER-GRAD'u-ATE ,  n.  A  student 
in  college,  who  has  not  taken  his 
first  degree. 

trN'DER-GROUND,  a.  Being  below 
the  surface_of  the  ground. 
tTN'DER-GROWTH,  n.  Shrubs  or 
small  trees  growing  among  large 
trees. 

t^N'DER -HAND,  \  a.  Secret ;  clan- 

Un'der-hand'ed,  [  destine. 
Cn'der-lay',  v.  t.  [-laid;  -LAY¬ 
ING.]  To  lay  beneath. 
thv'DER-LET',  v.  t.  To  let  below  the 
value,  or  at  second  hand, 
t?  N'DER-LIE',  V.  t.  [-LAY;  -LAIN; 
-LYING.]  1.  To  lie  under.  2.  To 
form  the  foundation  of.  —  v.  i.  To 
lie  below  or  under. 

On'der-line',  v.  t.  To  mark  a  line 
below,  as  words.  [or  agent. 

ttN'DER-LING,  n.  An  inferior  person 
tlN'DER -MINE',  v.  t.  1.  To  excavate 
the  earth  beneath  ;  to  sap.  2.  To 
remove  the  foundation  or  support  of 
by  clandestine  means.  [mines. 

ttN'DER-MlN'ER,  n.  One  who  under- 
{}n'der-most,  a.  Lowest  in  place, 
rank ,  or  state. 

G,  hard;  Ag;  ejcist;  n  as  NG;  this. 


©r,  do ,  wqlf,  too, TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue,  PULL ;  E,  J,  o,  silent ;  9,6 ,  soft ;  C, 


UNDERNEATH 


tjN'DER-NEATH',  Or  tlN'DER- 
NEATH',  adv.  or  prep.  [A.-S.  under , 
under,  and  neodhan,  beneath,  down¬ 
ward.]  Beneath  ;  below. 
tlN'DER-Pi'N'NiNG,  n.  The  stones  on 
which  a  building  rests. 
tlN'DER-PLOT,  n.  A  subordinate 
plot ;  a  clandestine  scheme. 
tlN'DER-RATE',  v.  t.  To  rate  below 
the  value  ;  to  undervalue.  [under. 
thv'DER-RijN',  v.  t.  To  run  or  pass 
tjN'DER-suoRE',  v.  t.  To  draw  a  mark 
or  line  under. 

UNDERSELL',  V.  t.  [-SOLD  ;  -SELL¬ 
ING.]  To  sell  cheaper  than. 
tJN'DER-SHOT,  a.  Moved  by  water 
passing  beneath  ;  — said  of  a  water¬ 
wheel. 

tlN'DER-slGN'  (-sin'),  v.  t.  To  write 
one's  name  at  the  foot  or  end  of. 
t/N'DER-STAND',  V.  t.  [-STOOD  ; 
-STANDING.]  1.  To  have  just  and 
adequate  ideas  of ;  to  apprehend  the 
meaning  of.  2.  To  have  information 
of.  3.  To  suppose  to  mean.  4.  To 
imply. 

Syn. —  To  comprehend.  —  To  under¬ 
stand  is  simply  to  receive  into  the  intel¬ 
lect;  to  comprehend  a  subject  is  to  em¬ 
brace  it  in  all  its  relations  and  dependen¬ 
cies.  It  is  easy  to  understand  that  there 
is  a  God,  but  impossible  to  comprehend 
the  vastness  of  his  existence,  wisdom, 
and  power. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  have  the  use  of  the  in¬ 
tellectual  faculties.  2.  To  be  in¬ 
formed  by  another. 
tJN'DER-STAND'lNG,  n.  1.  An  agree¬ 
ment  of  opinion  or  feeling.  2.  Power 
to  understand;  intellectual  faculty. 

Syn.  —  See  Sense. 

CtUder-state',  v.  t.  To  state  less 
strongly  than  the  truth  will  bear. 
tlN'DER-STRAP'PER  (110),  n.  An  in¬ 
ferior  agent. 

tlN'DER-TAKE',  V.  t.  [-TOOK  ;  -TAK¬ 
EN  ;  -TAKING.]  1.  To  engage  in  ; 
to  attempt.  2.  To  covenant  or  con¬ 
tract  to  perform.  — v.  i.  To  prom¬ 
ise  ;  to  be  bound. 

t^N'DER-TAK'ER,  n.  One  who  under¬ 
takes,  especially  one  who  takes  the 
charge  of  funerals. 

tTN/DER-TAK'lN&,  n.  Any  business 
or  project  which  a  person  engages  in. 
tFN'DER-TEN'ANT,  n.  The  tenant  of 
a  tenant.  [nate  tone. 

ttN'DER-TONE,  it.  Aloworsubordi- 
tJN'DER-TOOK',  imp.  of  Undertake. 
t?N'DER-TOW,  n.  A  current  of  water 
below,  in  a  different  direction. 
tjN'DER-VAL'UE,  v.  t.  1.  To  value 
below  the  real  worth.  2.  To  esteem 
lightly ;  to  despise. 
tTN'DER-WENT',  imp.  of  Undergo. 
On'der-wood,  n.  Small  trees  that 
grow  among  larger  ones. 
tfrUDER-WORK'  (-wurk'),  V.  t. 
[-WORKED,  or  -wrought; 
-WORKING.]  To  do  like  work  at 
a  less  price  than. 

ITn'der-write'  (un'der-rlt'),  v.  t. 
[-WROTE  ;  -WRITTEN  ;  -WRITING.] 
1.  To  write  under  ;  to  subscribe.  2. 
To  set  one’s  name  to,  as  a  policy  of 
insurance. 


456 

ttN'DER-WRiT'ER  (-rit'er,  110),  n.  An 
insurer. 

t?N'DE-slGN'lNG  (-sin'-,  or  -zin'-),  p. 

a.  Sincere  ;  upright ;  artless. 
Un-dine'  (-deen'),  n.  [Prom  Lat.  un- 
da,  a  wave.]  One  of  a  class  of  fabled 
water-spirits.  [plined  ;  raw. 

Un-dis'^i-plined,  a.  Not  disci-* 
Un-do',  v.t.  [-did;  -done;  -do¬ 
ing.]  1.  To  reverse,  as  what  has 
been  done.  2.  To  loose ;  to  open ;  to 
take  to  pieces.  3.  To  bring  to  pov¬ 
erty  ;  to  ruin. 

Un-do'er,  n.  One  who  undoes. 
Un-d6ne'  (-dun'),  p.  p.  of  Undo. 
Un-doubt'ed  (-dout'-),  a.  Not  doubt¬ 
ed  ;  indubitable  ;  indisputable. 
Un-doubt'ed-ly  (-dout'-),  adv. 

Without  doubt  ;  indubitably. 
Un-dress',  v.  t.  To  divest  of  clothes  ; 
to  strip. 

Ctn'dress,  n.  1.  A  loose,  negligent 
dress.  2.  Authorized  habitual  dress 
of  officers  and  soldiers,  but  not  full 
uniform. 

Un-due',  a.  1.  Not  due  ;  not  yet  ow¬ 
ing.  2.  Not  agreeable  to  a  rule  or 
standard,  or  to  duty  ;  excessive. 
t?N' DU-LATE ,  V.  t.  L-ED;  -1NG.] 
[From  Lat.  undula,  a  little  wave.]  To 
move  backward  and  forward,  or  up 
and  down,  as  waves.  —  v.  i.  To  vi¬ 
brate  ;  to  wave. 

{Jn'du-la'tion,  n.  1.  A  waving  mo¬ 
tion  or  vibration.  2.  A  motion  to 
and  fro,  up  and  down,  or  from  side 
^  to  side,  in  any  fluid  medium. 
tfN'DU-LA-TO-RY  (50),  a.  Moving  in 
the  manner  of  waves. 

UN-DU'LY,  adv.  In  an  undue  man¬ 
ner  ;  excessively. 

Un-£arth',  v.  t.  To  drive  or  draw 
from  the  earth  ;  to  bring  to  light. 
UN-EARTii'LY,  a.  Not  terrestrial ;  su¬ 
pernatural  ;  preternatural. 
Un-ea'si-ly,  adv.  With  uneasiness 
or  pain. 

Un-ea'si-ness,  n.  Want  of  ease  ;  dis¬ 
quiet  ;  perturbation. 

Un-ea'.jy,  a.  1.  Not  easy  ;  restless; 
disturbed.  2.  Not  easy  in  manner  ; 
stiff.  3.  Cramping  ;  disagreeable. 
Un-end'ing,  a.  Everlasting;  eternal. 
Un-e'QUAL,  a.  1.  Not  equal;  not 
matched.  2.  Not  uniform  ;  not  reg¬ 
ular.  [different  degrees. 

Un-e'qual-LY,  adv.  Not  equally  ;  in 
Un-err'ing,  a.  1.  Incapable  of  er¬ 
ror.  2.  Incapable  of  failure  ;  certain. 
Un-e'ven,  a.  1.  Not  even  ;  not  lev¬ 
el ;  rough.  2.  Not  of  equal  length. 
3.  Not  exactly  divisible  by  two  ;  odd. 
Un-e'ven-ness  (1(9),  n.  Quality  of 
being  uneven  ;  want  of  uniformity. 
On'ex-am'pled,  a.  Having  no  ex¬ 
ample  ;  without  precedent. 
ijN'EX-^Lp'TiON-A-BLE,  a.  Not  lia¬ 
ble  to  any  exception  or  objection. 
tlN'EX-Cfip'TlON-A-BLY,  adv.  In  an 
unexceptionable  manner. 
tTN'EX-pfccT'ED,  a.  Not  expected; 

coming  without  warning  ;  sudden. 
trN'EX-PficT'ED-LY.  adv.  Suddenly. 
Un-fail'ING,£>.  a.  Not  failing;  not 
liable  to  fail. 


UNGODLINESS 

Un-fair'  (4),  a.  Not  fair;  disingenu¬ 
ous  :  dishonest ;  partial. 

Un-fair'ly,  adv.  In  an  unfair  or 
unjust  manner. 

LTn-fair'ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  unfair. 

Un-faith'fijl,  a.  Not  observant  of 
promises,  vows,  allegiance,  or  duty. 
Syn. — Perfidious:  treacherous;  disloyaL 

Un-faith'fvl-ly,  adv.  In  violation 
of  promises,  vows,  or  duty. 

Un-faith'ful-ness,  n.  Quality  of 
being  unfaithful. 

Un-fAs'ten  (-las'n),  v.  t.  To  loose; 
to  unfix  ;  to  untie. 

Un-fath'om-A-ble,  a.  Not  to  be 
sounded  with  a  line  of  ordinary 
length. 

Un-fa'vor-a-BLE,  a.  Not  favorable; 
not  disposed  or  adapted  to  coun¬ 
tenance  or  support. 

Un-fa'vor-A-bly,  adv.  Unpropiti¬ 
ously  ;  unkindly. 

Un-feel'ing,  a.  1.  Void  of  sensibil¬ 
ity.  2.  Hard-hearted. 

Un-fet'ter,  v.  t.  1.  To  loose  from 
fetters.  2.  To  free  from  restraint. 

Un-fIl'ial  (-fll'yal),  a.  Unsuitable 
to  a  son  or  child  ;  undutilul. 

Un-fin'ished  (-iin'isht),  a.  Not  fin¬ 
ished;  imperfect;  incomplete. 

Un-fit',  a.  Not  fit  ;  unqualified;  im¬ 
proper. 

Syn.  —  Unsuitable;  inexpedient;  in¬ 
competent. 

—  v.  t.  [-ted;  -ting.]  1.  To  make 
unsuitable.  2.  To  disqualify. 

UN-FlT'LY,  adv.  Not  properly  ;  un¬ 
suitably. 

Un-FJT'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  un¬ 
fit  ;  want  of  suitable  pow  ers  or  quali¬ 
fications. 

Un-fold',  v.  t.  1.  To  open  the  folds 
of ;  to  expand.  2.  To  lav  open  to  view. 

Un-fort'u-nate,  a.  Not  fortunate; 
unlucky  ;  unhappy. 

UN  FORT'U-NATE-LY,  adv.  In  an 
unfortunate  manner. 

Un-found'ed,  a.  Having  no  founda¬ 
tion  ;  baseless  ;  vain. 

Un-fre'quent,  a.  Not  frequent;  not 
happening  often. 

tj N'FRE-QUENT'ED,  a.  Rarely  visited. 

UN-FRIEND'LI-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
being  unfriendly. 

Un-friend'ly,  a.  1.  Not  friendly  ; 
hostile.  2.  Not  favorable. 

UN-FRUIT'FUL,  a.  Not  fruitful ;  bar¬ 
ren  ;  unproductive. 

Un-fruit'ful-ness,  n.  Barrenness  ; 
unproductiveness.  [state. 

Un-furl',  v.  t.  To  loose  from  a  furled 

UN-GAIN'LY,  a.  [A.-S.  vngtegne ,  vn- 
getigne,  of  no  effect,  vain.]  Not  ex¬ 
pert  or  dexterous  ;  awkward  ;  un¬ 
couth. 

Un-gLn'er-oDs,  a.  Not  generous; 
illiberal ;  ignoble  ;  unkind. 

UN-GEN'ER-otJS-LY,  adv.  In  an  un- 

j  generous  manner. 

UN-GlRD',  V.  t.  f-GIRDED,  Or  -GIRT  ; 
-GIRDING.]  To  loose  from  a  girdle 
or  band ;  to  unbind. 

Un-god'li-ness,  v.  Impiety;  disre¬ 
gard  of  God  and  his  commands. 


A,  E,  1,  o,  u ,  y  ,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  o,  0,  y,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  ere,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  son, 


UNGODLY 


(Jn  god'ly,  a.  Not  godly;  wicked; 
impious;  sinful. 

Un-go v'ern-A-ble  ,  a.  Not  capable 
of  being  governed  ;  licentious;  wild. 

Un-g6v'ern-A-bly,  a.  Without  re¬ 
straint  ;  wildly. 

Un-graue'ful,  a.  Not  graceful; 
wanting  beauty  and  elegance  ;  awk¬ 
ward. 

UN-GRAgE'FUL-LY,  adv.  Awkwardly. 

Un-gra'cious,  a.  Not  gracious  ; 
without  good-will  ;  offensive  ;  un¬ 
pleasing  ;  unacceptable. 

Dn-grate'ful,  a.  1.  Not  grateful; 
not  thankful.  2.  Unpleasing  ;  dis¬ 
agreeable. 

Un-grate'ful-ly,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
grateful  manner. 

Cn'guent  (-gwent),  n.  [Lat.  unguen- 
tum ,  from  unguere,  to  anoint.]  A  soft 
composition  used  as  a  topical  remedy, 
as  for  sores,  burns,  & c.. ;  ointment. 

UN-GuIe'lJ-LATE,  a.  [From  Lat.  un- 
guiculus,  dim.  of  unguis,  a  nail  or 
claw.]  Having  claws. 

t?N'GU-LATE,  a.  [Lat.  ungulalus ,  fr. 
ungula,  a  hoof.]  1.  Shaped  like  a 
hoof.  2._Having  hoofs. 

Un-HAL'low,  v.  t.  To  profane. 

Un-hand'i-ly,  adv.  Awkwardly  ; 
clumsily. 

Un-hand'some  (-han'sum),  a.  1. 
Not  handsome  ;  homely.  2.  Unfair  ; 
illiberal.  3.  Uncivil ;  impolite. 

Un-hand'some-ly  (-han'sum-),  adv. 
In  an  unhandsome  manner. 

Un-hand' y,  a.  1.  Not  handy;  not 
dexterous  ;  awkward.  2.  Not  con¬ 
venient. 

Un-hap'pi-ly,  adv.  Unfortunately. 

Un-hap'pi-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  unhappy. 

Un-hap'py,  a.  1.  Not  happy  ;  un¬ 
fortunate  ;  unlucky.  2.  In  a  degree 
miserable.  3.  Marked  by  infelicity. 

Srx.  —  Distressed  ;  afflicted  ;  calam¬ 
itous  ;  wretched. 

tJN'HAR-Md'Nl-oiJS,  a.  Not  harmo¬ 
nious  ;  inharmonious. 

Un-har'ness,  v.  t.  1.  To  strip  of 
harness.  2.  To  disarm. 

UN-health'ful-ness,  n.  Insalu¬ 
briousness  ;  unwholesomeness. 

Un-HEALTH'I-LY,  ado.  In  an  un¬ 
healthy  manner. 

Un-health'i-ness,  n.  Quality  or 
condition  of  being  unhealthy. 

Un-health'y,  a.  1.  Wanting  health  ; 
unsound.  2.  Unfavorable  to  the 
preservation  of  health.  3.  Insalubri¬ 
ous  ;  unwholesome.  4.  Morbid. 

UN-heard',  a .  1.  Not  heard  2. 

Not  known  by  fame  ;  obscure. 

Un-hinge',  v.  t.  1.  To  take  from  the 
hinges.  2.  To  displace.  3.  To  ren¬ 
der  unstable.  [unholy. 

Un-ho'li-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

Un-ho'ly,  a.  Not  holy;  profane; 
wicked ;  impious. 

Un-horse',  v.  t.  To  throw  from  a 
horse  ;  to  cause  to  dismount. 

Un-house',  v.  t.  To  dislodge  ;  hence, 
to  deprive  of  shelter. 

Un-hurt',  a.  Not  hurt;  safe  and 
sound. 


457 

U'NI-€ORN,  n.  [Lat. 
unicornuus ;  vnus, 
one,  and  cornu,  a 
horn.]  1.  A  fabu¬ 
lous  animal  with 
one  horn.  2.  An 
animal  of  some  un¬ 
known  kind,  so 
called  in  the  Script- 
_  ures. 

U'NI-FI-GA'TION,  n.  Unicorn  (1). 
Act  of  unifying,  or 
state  of  being  unified. 

U'NI-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  uniformh ,  from 
unus,  one,  and  forma ,  form.]  1. 
Having  always  the  same  form,  man¬ 
ner,  or  degree.  2.  Conforming  to 
one  rule  or  mode.  3.  Consistent  with 
itself  at  all  times.  —  n.  A  dress  of 
the  same  kind,  by  which  persons  who 
belong  to  the  same  body  are  assimi- 
_  lated. 

U'NI-FORM'I-TY,  n.  1.  Resemblance 
to  itself  at  all  times.  2.  Conformity 
to  a  pattern  or  rule.  3.  Consistency  ; 
sameness.  4.  Similitude  between  the 
_  parts  of  a  whole.  [tion. 

U'NI-form'ly,  ado.  "Without  varia- 
U'NI-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING,142.]  [Lat. 
unus,  one,  and  facer  e,  to  make.]  To 
cause  to  be  one ;  to  view  as  one. 
tlN'IJYI-PEACH'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be 
impeached;  irreproachable. 
Un-in'ter-est-ed,  a.  1.  Not  inter¬ 
ested  ;  having  nothing  at  stake  2. 
Not  having  the  mind  or  the  passions 
engaged. 

Un-In'ter-rDpt'ed,  a.  Not  inter- 
_  rupted ;  continuous. 

Un'ion  (yjjn'yun),  n.  [Lat.  unio,  fr. 
unus,  one.]  1.  Act  of  uniting,  or 
state  of  being  united.  2.  Agreement ; 
harmony.  3.  Something  formed  by 
a  combination  of  parts  or  members  ; 
a  consolidated  body.  4.  Upper  and 
inner  corner  of  an  ensign. 

Syn.  —  Unity.—  Union  is  the  act  of 
bringing  two  or  more  things  together  so 
as  to  make  but  one.  Unity  is  a  state  of 
simple  oneness,  either  of  essence,  as  the 
unity  of  God,  or  of  action,  feeling,  &c., 
as  unity  of  design,  of  affection,  &c.  Thus, 
we  may  speak  of  effecting  a  union  of  in¬ 
terests  which  shall  result  in  a  perfect 
unity  of  labor  and  interest  in  securing  a 
given  object. 

Un'ion-Ist,  n.  A  supporter  of  union, 
especially  of  a  federal  union,  as  that 
_  of  the  United  States. 

UN'ION-JACK,  n.  A  small  flag  con¬ 
taining  only  the  union. 
U-NIP'a-roBs,  a.  [Lat.  unus,  one,  and 
parere,  to  bring  forth.]  Producing 
one  at  a  birth 

U-NIQUE'  (yij-neek'),  a.  [Fr. ;  Lat. 
unicus,  from  unus ,  one.]  Without 
a  like  or  equal;  unmatched.  —  n. 
_  Something  unequaled. 

U'NI-SON,  n.  [Lat.  unus,  one,  and 
sonus,  a  sound.]  1.  Harmony  ; 
agreement.  2.  An  accordance  or 
coincidence  of  sounds.  —  a.  1. 
Sounding  alone.  2.  Sounded  to¬ 
gether. 

U-nis'o-nan^e,  n.  Accordance  of 
sounds. 


UNKNIT 

U-NIS'O-NANT,  1  a.  [Lat.  unus,  one, 
U-NIS'O-NOUS,  )  and  sonans,  sound! 
_  ing.]  Being  in  unison. 

U'NIT,  n.  [Lat.  unitv, m,  from  unus, 
_  one.]  A  single  thing  or  person  ;  one. 
U'NI-TA'Rl-AN,  n.  [From  Lat.  unitas, 
unity.]  One  who  believes  that  God 
exists  only  in  one  person.  —  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  Unitarians,  or  to  their 
__  doctrines.  ^  [Unitarians. 

U'ni-ta'RI-AN-ISM,  n.  Doctrines  of 
U-NITE',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
unire,  -itum,  from  unus,  one.]  1.  To 
put  together  or  join,  as  two  or  more 
constituents;  to  cause  to  adhere.  2. 
To  join  by  a  legal  or  moral  bond.  — • 
v.  i.  1.  To  become  one  ;  to  coalesce. 
2.  To  act  in  concert. 

U-nit'ed-ly,  adv.  With  union. 
U'NI-TY,  n.  [Lat.  unitus ,  from  unus, 
one.]  1.  State  of  being  one.  2. 
Agreement ;  uniformity.  3.  Any  defi¬ 
nite  quantity,  or  aggregate  of  quan¬ 
tities  or  magnitudes,  taken  as  one. 
4.  One  oe  the  principles  by  which  a 
uniform  tenor  of  story  and  propriety 
of  representation  are  preserved.  5. 
A  combination  of  parts  such  as  con- 
_  stitutes  a  kind  of  symmetry  of  style. 
.U'ni-valve,  n.  A  mollusk  whose 

_  shell  is  composed  of  a  single  piece. 
U'ni-valve,  I  n.  [Lat.,  unus, 

U'Ni-VALV-ED,  (  one,  and  valva, 

U'ni-valv'u-lar,  )  a  valve.]  Hav- 

_  ing  one  valve  only. 

U'NI-VERS'AL,  a.  1.  Unlimited.  2. 

Total ;  whole.  3.  Comprising  all  the 
_  particulars. 

U'ni-vErs'al-ism,  n.  Belief  that  all 
_men  will  be  saved. 
U'ni-vers'al-ist,  n.  One  who  holds 
_  that  all  men  will  be  saved. 
U'NI-VER-SAL'I-TY,  n.  State  or  qual- 
_  ity  of  being  universal. 
U'NI-VERS'AL-LY,  adv.  With  exten- 
_  sion  to  the  whole. 

U'NI- VERSE ,  n.  [Lat.  universmn,  fr. 
unus,  one,  and  vertere,  to  turn,  i.  e., 
combined  into  one  whole.]  All  cre¬ 
ated  things  viewed  as  constituting 
_  one  system  or  whole  ;  the  world. 
U'ni-ver'si-ty,  n.  [Lat.  univer sitas , 
from  universus ,  universal.]  A  uni¬ 
versal  school,  in  which  are  taught 
all  branches  of  learning,  or  theology, 
medicine,  law,  and  the  sciences  and 
arts. 

U-NIV'O-EAL,  a.  [Lat.  univocus,  fr. 
unus,  one,  and  vox ,  a  voice,  word.] 

1.  Having  one  meaning  only.  2. 
Having  unison  of  sound. 

Un-JITST',  a.  1.  Acting  contrary  t® 
the  standard  of  right  established  by 
the  divine  law.  2.  Contrary  to  justice 
and  right.  [ner. 

Un-just'LY,  adv.  In  an  unjust  man- 
Un-kind',  a.  Wanting  in  kindness; 
cruel ;  harsh. 

Un-icind'ly,  a.  1.  Not  kind ;  unkind. 

2.  Unnatural.  3.  Unfavorable.  — 

adv.  1.  In  an  unkindly  manner; 
without  affection ;  cruelly.  2.  Un¬ 
naturally.  [unkind. 

UN-kind'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
UN-KNIT'  (-nit',  109),  V.  t.  [-KNIT, 


OR,DO,WQLF,  too,  took;  Brn,  rue,  pull;  e,  i,  o,  silent;  9,6,  soft;  E,  a,  hard;  A§  ;  exist;  n  as  NS;  this. 


UNLACE 


458 


UNSHIP 


or  -KNITTED  ;  -KNITTING.]  To 
separate,  as  threads  that  are  knit. 

Un-la^e',  v.  t.  1.  To  loose  from 
lacing.  2.  To  loose  the  dress  of. 

Un-lade',  v.  t.  [-laded  ;  -laded, 
-laden  ;  -lading.]  To  unload  ;  to 
discharge.  [the  latch. 

Un-lXtch',  v.  i.  To  open  by  lifting 

Un-la  w'ful,  a.  Not  lawful;  illegal. 

Un-law'ful-ly,  adv.  In  violation 
of  law  or  right ;  illegally. 

Un-law'ful-ness,  n.  Contrariety 
to  law ;  illegality. 

Un-learn'ed,  a.  1.  Ignorant ;  illit¬ 
erate.  2.  Not  gained  by  study.  3. 
Not  suitable  to  a  learned  man. 

Un-less',  conj.  [Prefix  un  and  /ess.] 
If  not ;  supposing  that  not. 

Syn.  —  Except.  —  Except  and  unless 
were  formerly  confounded,  as,  “  I  will 
not  let  thee  go  except  thou  bless  me.”  In 
present  usage,  except  has  always  refer¬ 
ence  to  some  general  fact,  rule,  &c.,  of 
which  the  speaker  goes  on  to  state  an 
“  exception,”  as,  “  none  can  enter  except 
by  permission.”  Unless  has  reference  to 
some  result  as  affected  by  our  taking 
away  or  setting  aside  some  specified 
thing,  as,  “  Unless  we  eat,  we  shall  die  ;  ” 
that  is,  if  we  take  away  the  fact  or  sup¬ 
position  of  our  eating,  the  certain  result 
is  death. 

Un-lIke',  a.  Not  like  ;  dissimilar  ; 
diverse. 

Un-like'ly,  a.  1.  Not  likely;  im¬ 
probable.  2.  Likely  to  fail ;  unprom¬ 
ising. —  adv.  Improbably. 

Un-lIke'ness,  n.  Want  of  resem¬ 
blance  ;  dissimilitude.  [ber  from. 

Un-lim'ber,  v.  t.  To  detach  the  lim- 

Un-LIM'it-ed,  a.  1.  Boundless.  2. 
Undefined  ;  indefinite.  3.  Not  re¬ 
strained.  [to  disburden. 

Un-load',  v.  t.  To  take  the  load  from  ; 

Un-lock',  v.  t.  To  open,  in  general ; 
to  lay  open.  [liness. 

Un-love'li-ness,  n.  Want  of  love- 

Un-LOVE'ly,  a.  Destitute  of  the 
qualities  which  attract  love ;  disa¬ 
greeable. 

Un-lGck'i-ly,  adv.  In  an  unlucky 
manner. 

Un-lOck'i-ness,  n.  A  being  unlucky. 

UN-LUCK'Y,  a.  1.  Not  lucky  ;  un¬ 
fortunate  ;  not  successful.  2.  In¬ 
auspicious. 

Un-make',  v.  t.  [-made  ;  -making.] 
To  destroy  the  form  and  qualities  of ; 
to  deprive  of  being. 

Un-man',  v.  t.  [-ned  ;  -ning.]  1. 
To  emasculate.  2.  To  deprive  of 
courage  and  fortitude.  3.  To  de¬ 
prive  of  men. 

Un-man'LY,  a.  1.  Unsuitable  to  a 
man ;  effeminate.  2.  Not  worthy  of 
a  noble  mind. 

Un-man'ner-ly,  a.  Not  mannerly  ; 
ill-bred ;  rude  in  behavior. 

Un-mAsk'.  v.  t.  To  strip  of  a  mask,  or 
of  any  disguise. 

UN-MEAN'ING,  a.  1.  Destitute  of 
meaning  or  signification.  2.  Not  in¬ 
dicating  intelligence. 

Un-m£r'^i-fvl,  a.  Not  merciful  ; 
cruel  ;rkihuman. 

Un-mEr*i-ful-ly,  adv.  Without 
mercy  or  tenderness  ;  cruelly. 


Un'MIS-TAK'a-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  mistaken  or  misunderstood. 

Un-moor',  v.  t.  1.  To  cause  to  ride 
with  a  single  anchor.  2.  To  loose 
from  anchorage.  [muzzle  from. 

Un-muz'zle,  v.  t.  To  remove  a 

Un-nXt'u-ral  (109),  a.  Not  natural ; 
contrary  to  the  laws  of  nature  or  to 
natural  feelings. 

Un-nXt'u-RAL-ly,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
natural  manner. 

Un-ne^'es-sa-ri-ly,  adv.  Without 
necessity  ;  needlessly. 

Un-nec'es-sa-ry,  a.  Not  necessary  ; 
not  required  by  the  circumstances 
of  the  case  ;  needless. 

Un-neigh'bor-ly  (-na'bur-),  a.  Not 
suitable  to  the  duties  of  a  neighbor. 

Un-n£rve'  (109),  v.  t.  To  deprive  of 
nerve  or  force ;  to  enfeeble. 

Un-os'ten-ta'tious,  a.  Not  osten¬ 
tatious  ;  not  making  show  and  pa¬ 
rade ;  modest.  [packed. 

Un-pXck',  v.  t.  To  open,  as  things 

UN-pXl'AT-A-ble,  a.  Not  palatable  ; 
offensive  to  the  taste  ;  nauseous. 

Un-pXr'al-leled,  a  Having  no 
parallel ;  unequal  ;  unmatched. 

Un-par'lia-miSnt'a-ry,  a.  Con¬ 
trary  to  the  rules  or  usages  of  par¬ 
liament  or  of  legislative  bodies. 

Un-pin',  v.  t.  To  unfasten,  as  what 
is  held  together  by  pins.  [pleasing. 

Un-pleas'ant,  a.  Not  pleasant ;  dis- 

Un-pleas'ant-ly,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
pleasant  manner. 

Un-pleas'ant-ness,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  unpleasant. 

Un-POP'U-LAR,  a.  Not  popular  ;  not 
having  the  public  favor  ;  disliked  by 
the  people.  [unpopular. 

Un-pop'u-lXr'i-ty,  n.  State  of  beiug 

Un-pre^'e-dent-ed,  a.  Having  no 
precedent  or  example  ;  novel ;  new. 

Un-prej'u-di<ijbd  (  dlst-),  a.  Not 
prejudiced  ;  free  from  undue  bias  or 
prepossession ;  impartial. 

thv'PRE-TEND'iNG,  a.  Making  no 
pretense ;  modest. 

Un-prin'9I-pled,  a.  Having  no  good 
moral  principles :  profligate. 

Un'PRO-dOg'TIVE,  a.  1.  Not  pro¬ 
ductive  ;  barren.  2.  Not  producing 
profit  or  interest,  as  capital.  3.  Not 
producing  any  effect. 

Un-prof'it-a-ble,  a.  Bringing  no 
profit ;  useless. 

Un-prof'it-a-bly,  adv.  XVithout 
profit  or  gain  ;  without  any  good  ef¬ 
fect  or  advantage. 

Un-prom'is-ing,  a.  Not  affording  a 
favorable  prospect  of  success  or  good. 

Un-pros'per-ous,  a.  Not  prosper¬ 
ous  ;  unfortunate. 

Un-QUAL'i-fJed,  a.  1.  Not  qualified  ; 
not  having  the  requisite  talents  or 
accomplishments.  2.  Not  having 
taken  the  requisite  oath.  3.  Not 
modified  ;  absolute  ;  unconditional. 

Un-qu£s'tio!V-a-ble,  a.  Not  to  be 
questioned  or  doubted  ;  indubitable ; 
certain.  [doubt. 

Un-qu£s'tion-a-bly,  adv.  Without 

Un-qui'et,  a.  Not  quiet ;  restless  ; 
uneasy ;  agitated  ;  disturbed. 


Un-rXv'el  (137),  v.  t.  1.  To  disern 
tangle.  2.  'I  o  unfold  ;  to  solve.  3 
To  throw  iuto  di  order ;  to  confuse. 

Un-read'y,  a.  Not  ready  or  pre¬ 
pared  ;  awkward  ;  clumsy. 

Un-re'al,  u.  Not  real  ;  unsubstantial. 

Un-rea's  ON-A-BLE  (-re'zn-),  a.  1. 
Exceeding  the  bounds  of  reason.  2. 
Immoderate  ;  exorbitant ;  inordinate. 

Un-rea's  on-A-ble-ness,  a .  State  or 
quality  of  being  unreasonable. 

Un-rea'§ on-a-bly,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
reasonable  manner. 

Un're-mIt'ting,  a.  Not  relaxing  for 
a  time  ;  incessant. 

Cs're-sErved',  a.  1.  Not  reserved  or 
retained.  2.  Not  withheld  in  part ; 
full ;  entire.  3.  Free  ;  open  ;  frank. 

Un-r£st',  n.  Want  of  rest  or  repose. 

U N  -RID'dle  ,  v.  t.  To  solve  or  explain. 

Un-right'eolis  (-rl'chils),  a.  1.  Not 
righteous  ;  evil  ;  wicked.  2.  Contrary 
to  law  and  equity. 

Un-rTgijt'eous-ness  (-rT'chus-),  n. 
Quality  of  being  unrighteous. 

Un-ripe',  a.  Not  ripe  ;  not  mature. 

Un-roll',  v.  t.  To  open,  as  what  is 
rolled  or  convolved. 

Un-ruf'fled,  a.  Not  ruffled  ;  calm  ; 
tranquil ;  quiet. 

Un-ru'ly,  a.  Disregarding  restraint ; 
disposed  to  violate  law. 

Syn.— Ungovernable;  licentious;  tur¬ 
bulent;  refractory. 

Un-sXd'dle,  v.  t.  1.  To  take  the 
saddle  from.  2.  To  throw  from  the 
saddle. 

Un-safe',  a.  Not  safe  ;  dangerous  ; 
perilous  ;  hazardous. 

Un-sa'vor-y,  a.  Not  savory  ;  taste¬ 
less  ;  insipid. 

Un-say',  v.  t.  [-said  ;  -saying.]  To 
recant  or  recall;  to  retract. 

Un-screw'  (-sknj'),  v.  t.  To  draw 
the  screws  from. 

Un-scru'pu-loDs,  a.  Having  no 
scruples  ;  unprincipled. 

Un-seal',  v.  t.  To  break  the  seal  of ; 
to  open,  as  what  is  sealed. 

Un-s£arch'a-ble,  a.  Not  search¬ 
able  ;  inscrutable  ;  mysterious. 

Un-sea's on-a-ble,  a.  1.  Not  in  the 
proper  season  or  time.  2.  Not  suited 
to  the  time  or  occasion. 

Un-sea'§  on-a-bly,  adv.  Not  sea¬ 
sonably  ;  not  in  due  time. 

Un-seat',  v.  t.  To  throw  from,  or 
deprive  of,  a  seat. 

Un-sea'worth-y  (-wGr'thy),  a.  Not 
fit  for  a  sea  voyage.  ’  [coming. 

Un-seem'ly,  a.  Not  seemly  or  be- 

Un-seen',  a.  Not  seen  ;  invisible. 

Un-set'tle,  v.  t.  To  move  or  loosen 
from  a  fixed  state  ;  to  unfix. 

Syn.— To  disconcert;  displace;  re¬ 
move;  confuse;  disorder. 

—  v.i.  To  become  unfixed. 

Un-shXck'le  (-shXk'l),  v.  t.  To  loose 
from  shackles  or  restraint. 

Un-sheathe',  v.  t.  To  draw  from 
the  sheath  or  scabbard,  as  a  sword. 

Un-ship',  v.  t.  1.  To  take  out  of  a 
ship.  2.  To  remove,  as  any  part  or 
implement,  from  the  place  where  it 
is  fitted. 


A,  e,  1.  o,  u,  y, long ;  X,  £,I,  5,  t),  f , short;  care,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  vijil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  sGn 


UNSIGHTLY 


UPTURN 


Un-sight'ly  (-sit'-),  a.  Not  sightly  ; 
disagreeable  to  the  eye  ;  ugly. 

Un-siull'ful,  /  a.  Not  skillful ; 

Un-skil'ful,  I  clumsy  ;  bungling. 

Un-siull'ful-ness,  )  n.  Awkward- 

Un-skil'ful-ness,  )  ness. 

Un-so'cia-ble  (-so'sha-bl),  a.  Not 
sociable  ;  averse  to  society  ;  reserved. 

Un-so'cia-bly,  adv.  In  an  unsocia¬ 
ble  manner. 

Un-sound',  a.  1.  Not  sound  ;  defec¬ 
tive.  2.  Infirm  ;  sickly.  3.  Not 
orthodox.  4.  Not  close ;  not  com¬ 
pact.  5.  Erroneous  ;  deceitful. 

Un-sound'ness,  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  unsound.  [al ;  profuse. 

Un-spar'ING,  a.  Not  sparing ;  liber- 

Un-speak'a-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  uttered. 

Syn.  —  Inexpressible  ;  unutterable  ; 
ineffable. 

Un-spe  ak'a-BLY,  adv.  Inexpressibly. 

Un-spot'ted,  a.  Not  spotted;  free 
from  moral  stain  ;  immaculate. 

Un-stead'i-ly,  adv.  In  an  unsteady 
manner. 

Un-steae'i-ness,  n.  Inconstancy  ; 
want  of  firmness  ;  irresolution. 

Un-stead'y,  a.  Not  steady ;  not 
constant ;  mutable. 

Un-stop',  v.  t.  To  free  from  a  stop¬ 
ple  or  from  obstruction  ;  to  open. 

Un-string',  v.  t.  [-strung  ; 
-STRINGING.]  1.  To  deprive  of 
strings.  2.  To  loosen.  3.  To  take 
from  a  string. 

thv'sUG-yESS'FUL,  a.  Not  successful; 
not  fortunate ;  unhappy. 

Un-suit'a-ble,  a.  1.  Not  suitable  ; 
unfit.  2.  Unbecoming ;  improper. 

Un-tan'gle,  v.  t.  To  disentangle. 

Un-teach',  d.  t.  [-taught;  p.  pr. 
-TEACHING.]  To  cause  to  forget, 
as  what  has  been  taught. 

Un-THINK'ing,  a.  Thoughtless. 

Un-thread',  v.  t.  To  take  out  a 
thread  from. 

Un-tie',  v.  t.  [-tied  ;  -tying.]  To 
loosen,  as  a  knot ;  to  free  from  any 
fastening ;  to  unbind. 

Un-tIl',  prep,  conj.  [Goth,  und, 
untc.  See  Till.]  To  ;  till ;  as  far  as. 

Un-tIme'ly,  a.  Not  timely  ;  prema¬ 
ture  ;  unseasonable. 

Un'to,  prep.  [Goth.  untS.  See  UN¬ 
TIL, "and  TO.]  To.  See  To. 

Un-told',  a.  1.  Not  told;  not  re¬ 
lated.  2.  Not  counted. 

Un-to'ward,  a.  1.  Froward ;  per¬ 
verse.  2.  Awkward ;  ungraceful. 

Un-to'ward-ly,  adv.  Perversely. — 
a.  Perverse  ;  fro  ward  ;  awkward. 

Un-to'ward-ness,  n.  Perverseness. 

Un-trav'eled,  I  a.  1.  Not  trav- 

Un-t-rav'elled,  (  eled;  not  trod¬ 
den  by  passengers.  2.  Having  never 
seen  foreign  countries. 

Un-true',  a.  1.  Not  true  ;  false.  2. 
Inconstant ;  false  ;  disloyal. 

Un-tru'ly,  adv.  Not  truly  ;  falsely. 

Un-truth',  n.  1.  Contrariety  to 
truth  ;  falsehood  ;  want  of  veracity. 
2.  A  false  assertion. 

Un-twine',  v.  t.  To  separate,  as 
that  which  winds  or  clasps. 


459 

Un-twist',  v.  t.  or  j.  To  separate 
and  open,  as  threads  twisted. 

Un-u'§u-al  (-yij'zhi}-),  a.  Not  usual ; 
uncommon ;  rare. 

UN-u'gu-AL-EY  ( -yp'zhi]-),  adv.  Not 
commonly ;  rarely. 

Un-ut'ter-a-ble,  a.  Incapable  of 
being  uttered ;  inexpressible. 

Un-vail',  v.  t.  To  remove  a  vail  from. 

UN-VAR'NISH£D  (-var'nisht),  a.  1. 
Not  overlaid  with  varnish.  2.  Not 
artfully  embellished;  plain. 

Un-veil',  v.  t.  To  remove  aveil  from  ; 
to  uncover. 

Un-WA'RI-LY  (89),  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
wary  or  careless  manner ;  heedlessly. 

Un-wa'ri-ness,  n.  Carelessness; 
heedlessness. 

Un-war'rant-A-ble  ( -wor'rant-).  a. 
Indefensible  ;  not  justifiable  ;  ille¬ 
gal;  improper. 

Un-wa'ry  (89),  a.  Not  vigilant  against 
danger ;  not  cautious. 

Un-wea'rIjED  (89),  a.  Not  wearied 
or  persistent ;  indefatigable. 

Un-well',  a.  Not  in  good  health  ; 
somewhat  ill. 

Un-  whole  'some  (-hol'sum),  a.  Not 
wholesome  ;  unfavorable  to  health. 

Un-wield'y,  a.  Unmanageable  ; 
bulky  ;  ponderous. 

Un-will'ing,  a.  Not  willing  ;  disin¬ 
clined  ;  reluctant. 

Un-will'ING-ly,  adv.  In  an  un¬ 
willing  manner ;  reluctantly. 

Un-will'ing-ness,  n.  Disinclina¬ 
tion  ;  reluctance. 

Un-wInd',  V.  t.  [-WOUND  ;  -WIND¬ 
ING.]  1.  To  wind  off.  2.  To  disen¬ 
tangle.  —  v.  i.  To  be  capable  of  be¬ 
ing  unwound. 

UN-wi§e',  a.  Not  wise;  defective  in 
wisdom  ;  indiscreet.  [manner. 

Un-wYse'ly,  adv.  In  an  unwise 

Un-wit'TING-ly,  adv.  Without  con¬ 
sciousness  ;  ignorantly. 

Un-wont'ed  (-wfint'-),  a.  1.  Unac¬ 
customed  :  unused.  2.  Unusual ; 
infrequent ;  rare. 

Un-wor'thi-ly  (-wfir'thi-),  adv. 
Not  according  to  desert. 

Un-wor'thi-ness  (-wur'thi-),  n. 
Want  of  worth  or  merit. 

Un-wor'thy  (-wur'-),  a.  1.  Not  wor¬ 
thy  ;  undeserving;  wanting  merit.  2. 
Worthless  ;  base.  3.  Unbecoming. 

Un-wrap'  (-rap'),  v.  t.  To  open,  as 
what  is  wrapped. 

Un-writ'ten  (-rit'tn),  a.  1.  Not 
written  ;  verbal.  2.  Blank. 

Un-yield'ing,  a.  Not  yielding; 
stiffj  firm  ;  obstinate. 

UN-YOKE',  v.  t.  To  loose  from  a  yoke. 

t?P,  adv.  [A.-S.]  Aloft;  on  high; 
toward  or  in  a  higher  place;  in  a 
higher  position  ;  above.  —  n.  A  state 
of  elevation  or  prosperity. — prep. 
From  a  lower  to  a  higher  place  ;  on 

_  or  along ;  at  the  top  of. 

U'PAS,  n.  [Malay,  upas,  poison.]  An 
East  Indian  tree,  the  secretions  of 
which  are  poisonous. 

Up-beAr',  V.  t.  [-BORE  ;  -BORNE  ; 
-bearing.]  To  bear  up;  to  raise 
aloft. 


Up-braid',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 

upgebrednn,  to  upbraid,  reproach, 
from  up,  up,  and  gebredan,  bredan , 
to  braid,  twist.]  1.  To  charge  with 
something  wrong  or  disgraceful.  2. 
To  reprove  severely. 

Syn.  —  To  reproach;  blame;  censure. 
UP-braid'er,  n.  One  who  upbraids. 
Up-he  AV'AL,  n.  Act  of  upheaving. 
Up-heave',  v.  t.  To  heave  up  from 
^  beneath.  [cult. 

tfP'HlLL,  a.  1.  Ascending.  2.  Diffi- 
Up-hold',  v.  t.  [-held  ;  -holding.] 
1.  To  lift  on  high.  2.  To  support ; 
to  maintain.  3.  To  countenance. 
Up-iiold'er,  n.  One  who,  or  tnat 
which,  upholds. 

Up-hol'ster,  v.  t.  To  cover  anew 
and  repair,  as  furniture. 
Up-hol'ster-er  (20),  n.  [A  corrup¬ 
tion  of  upholder ,  and  formerly  also 
written  upholster,  upholdster.]  One 
who  furnishes  houses  with  furniture, 
beds,  curtains,  &c. 

Up-hol'ster-y  (20),  n.  Furniture 
supplied  by  upholsterers. 

Op'land,  7i.  High  land ;  ground  ele¬ 
vated  above  meadows  and  intervals. 
—  a.  1.  High  in  situation.  2.  Per¬ 
taining  to  uplands. 

Up-lift',  v.  t.  To  lift  or  raise  aloft. 
Up-on', prep.  [From  up  and  on.]  On; 
^  — in  all  the  senses  of  that  word. 
Op'per,  a. ;  comp,  of  Up.  [A.-S. 
ufor,  higher,  fr.  vfa,  above.]  Fur¬ 
ther  up,  literally  or  figuratively ; 
^  higher  in_  situation  ;  superior. 
Op'per-most,  a.  Highest  in  situa- 
^  tion,  position,  rank,  or  power,  &c. 
Ijp'PISH,  a.  [From  up .]  Proud  ;  ar¬ 
rogant  ;  putting  on  airs. 

Up-rai§e',  1  v.  t.  To  raise;  to  lift 
Up-rear',  )  up. 

Up'RIGIIT  (Hp'rTt).  a.  1.  In  an  erect 
position  ;  perpendicular.  2.  Adher' 
ing  or  conformable  to  rectitude ; 
honest ;  just.  —  n.  Something  stand- 
ing  erect.  [right  manner. 

ttp'RlGHT-LY  (-rlt-),  adv.  In  an  up- 
trp'RIGHT-NESS  (-rlt-),  n.  1.  Perpen¬ 
dicular  erection  ;  erectness.  2.  In¬ 
tegrity  ;  honesty. 

UP-RI§E',  V.  i.  [-ROSE  ;  -RISEN  ; 

-rising.]  To  rise  up  ;  to  get  up. 
Up'ROAR,  n.  [D.  uproer,  fr.  op,  upp, 
up,  and  D.  roeren,  A.-S.  hreran,  to 
stir.]  Great  tumult ;  bustle  and 
clamor. 

UP-ROAR'I-oiJS,  a.  Making,  or  ac¬ 
companied  by,  a  great  uproar. 
Up-ro“ot',  v.  t.  To  tear  up  by  the 
roots ;  to  eradicate. 

Up-rouse',  v.  t.  To  rouse  from  sleep. 
Up-sEt'^  v.  t.  [-set  ;  -setting.] 
To  overturn  or  overthrow. 
tfp'SET,  n.  An  overturn.  [sion. 
Up'shot,  71.  Final  issue ;  conclu- 
Up'sIde,  n.  The  upper  side  ;  the  part 
that  is  uppermost.  [ly. 

Up-start',  v.  i.  To  spring  up  sudden- 
Up'START,  n.  One  suddenly  arisen 
from  low  life  to  wealth,  power,  or 
honor. 

Up-tOrn',  v.  t.  To  direct  upward  ;  to 
throw  up. 


OR,  do,  WOLF,  TOO,  took  ;  Prn,  RUE ,  PULL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  G,  soft ;  E,  G,  hard ;  A§;  exist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 


UPWARD 


460 


UTOPIA 


frp'WARD,  a.  Directed  to  a  higher 
place. 

ttp'WARD,  )  adv.  1.  Toward  a  high - 
tJp'WARDg,  )  er  place  ;  toward  the 
source.  2.  In  the  upper  parts.  3. 
Yet  more,  indefinitely. 

U-RA/NI-UM,  n.  [N.  Lat.,  from  Gr. 
ovpavog,  heaven,  or  from  Uranus , 
the  planet.]  A  metal  of  a  reddish- 
_  brown  color. 

U'RA-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpavo- 
ypa(j>Ca  ;  ovpa i/os,  heaven,  and  ypa- 
to  describe.]  A  description  of 
_  the  heavens. 

^RA-NOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ovpavos, 
heaven,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A 
treatise  on  the  heavens  and  the 
_  heavenly  bodies. 

U'JtA-JV&s,  n.  [Lat.,  the  father  of 
Saturn.]  One  of  the  primary  planets. 
Or'ban,  a.  [Lat.  urbanus,  fr.  urbs,  a 
city.]  Belonging  to  a  city. 
Ur-BANE',  a.  [See  supra.]  Courteous 
in  manners  ;  polite  ;  refined. 
Ur-ban'I-TY,  n.  Civility  or  courtesy 
of  manners. 

Syn.  —  Politeness  ;  affability  ;  courtesy. 
Or 'CHIN,  n.  [0.  Eng.  hirchen,  Fr. 

herisson ,  0.  Fr.  erigon,  iregon,  from 
Lat.  ericius,  equiv.  to  erinaceus.]  1. 
A  hedgehog.  2.  A  child ;  a  pert  or 
rough  little  fellow. 

U-RE'TER,  n.  [N.  Lat.,  fr.  Gr.  ovpr j- 
t rjp,  same  as  ovprjdpa,  the  passage  of 
the  urine.]  One  of  the  excretory 
ducts  of  the  kidney. 

U-re'thrA,  n.  [Gr.  ovprjdpa. ,  fr.  ov- 
pelu,  to  make  water.]  Canal  by  which 
the  urine  is  discharged.  [urethra. 
TJ-re'thral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Crge,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat.  ur- 
gere.]  1.  To  press  ;  to  push  ;  to  force 
onward.  2.  To  ply  with  motives,  ar¬ 
guments,  or  persuasion.  3.  To  follow 
closely.  4.  To  press  upon  attention. 

Syn.  —  To  incite;  impel;  instigate  ; 
stimulate;  encourage. 

Cr'GEN-£Y,  n.  1.  Earnest  solicita¬ 
tion.  2.  Pressure  of  necessity. 
Or'GENT,  a.  [Lat.  urge  ns.]  Urging; 

pressing ;  besetting.  [manner. 

Or'gent-LY,  adv.  In  an  urgent 
U'RIM,  n.  [Ileb.  urim,  pi.  of  fir, 
flame,  fire.]  A  part  of  the  breast¬ 
plate  of  the  high-priest  among  the 
_  ancient  Jews.  [urine. 

U'RIN-AL,  n.  A  vessel  for  containing 
U'RIN-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  urine. 
U'RIN-ATE,  v.  i.  To  discharge  urine. 
U'RIN-A'TIVE,  a.  Provoking  the  flow 
_  of  urine. 

U'RIN-A'TOR.  n.  [Lat.,  from  urinari, 
_  to  plunge  under  water.]  A  diver. 
U'RINE,  n.  [Lat.  urina ,  Gr.  oiipov , 
allied  to  Skr.  vari,  water.,]  The  fluid 
secreted  by  the  kidneys. 

Crn,  n.  [Lat.  urna.]  A  vessel  of  va¬ 
rious  forms,  usually  largest  in  the 
middle,  employed  for  different  pur¬ 
poses.  —  v.  t.  To  inclose  in  an  urn. 
Dr'si-form,  a.  [Lat.  ursus,  a  bear, 
and  forma ,  form.]  In  the  shape  of 
a  bear. 

Or'sIne,  a.  [Lat.  ur sinus,  fr.  ursus ,  a 
bear.]  Relating  to,  or  like,  a  bear. 


Or'su-line,  n.  One  of  an  order  of 
nuns,  so  called  from  St.  Ursula. 
tfs,  pron.  pi.  [A.-S.  ms.]  Objective 
_  case  of  We. 

Ug'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  used. 
Us'AGE,  n.  [L.  Lat.  usagium ,  from 
Lat.  usus,  use,  usage.]  1.  Act  or 
rhode  of  using  ;  treatment.  2.  Long- 
continued  practice ;  habitual  use. 
3.  Customary  use,  as  of  a  word  in 
_  a  particular  sense. 

Ug'AN^E,  n.  Time  allowed  in  certain 
countries  for  the  payment  of  a  bill 
_  of  exchange. 

Use,  n.  [Lat.  usus,  from  uti ,  to  use.] 
1.  Act  of  employing  any  thing  ;  ap¬ 
plication  ;  employment.  2.  Occa¬ 
sion  to  employ.  3.  Usefulness  ;  util¬ 
ity.  4.  Customary  employment ; 
_  usage ;  custom. 

UgE  (yijz),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
uti,  usus,  to  use.]  1.  To  make  use 
of ;  to  put  to  a  purpose.  2.  To  be¬ 
have  toward  ;  to  treat.  3.  To  prac¬ 
tice  customarily.  4.  To  habituate. 

Syn.  —  Employ. —  We  use  a_  thing, 
when  we  derive  from  it  some  enjoyment 
or  service.  We  employ  it  when  we  turn 
that  service  into  a  particular  channel. 
We  use  words  to  express  our  general 
meaning;  we  employ  certain  technical 
terms  in  reference  to  a  given  subject. 

Use'ful,  a.  Producing  good;  bene- 
_  ficial ;  profitable. 

Use'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  useful  manner. 
Use'ful-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  useful. 

Syn.  —  See  Utility. 

Use'less,  a.  Having  no  use;  un¬ 
serviceable  ;  answering  no  valuable 
purpose. 

Syn.  —  Fruitless  ;  ineffectual.  —  We 
speak  of  an  attempt,  &c.,  ns  useless  when 
there  are  in  it  inherent  difficulties  which 
forbid  the  hope  of  success;  as  fruitless 
when  it  fails,  not  from  any  such  difficul¬ 
ties,  but  from  some  unexpected  hin¬ 
drance  or  calamity  arising  to  frustrate  it. 
It  is  useless  to  attempt  any  thing  without 
adequate  means;  and  even  when  we  do 
possess  them,  our  efforts  are  often  fruit¬ 
less.  Ineffectual  nearly  resembles/ruif- 
less,  but  implies  a  failure  of  a  less  hope¬ 
less  character;  as,  after  several  ineffect¬ 
ual  efforts,  I  at  last  succeeded. 

Use'less-LY,  adv.  Without  profit. 
Use'less-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
_  of  being  useless. 

Us'ER,  n.  One  who  uses. 
tfSH'ER,  n.  [From  0.  Fr.  us,  uis ,  a 
door.]  1.  An  officer  whose  business  it 
is  to  introduce  strangers,  & c.  2.  An 
assistant  to  the  preceptor  of  a  school. 
—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  To  introduce, 
as  an  usher  or  forerunner ;  to  fore¬ 
run. 

Os'QUE-BAUGH  (-baw),  n.  [Ir.  uisge 
beatha,  i.  e.,  water  of  life.]  A  kind 
of  whiskey. 

tfsT'lON  (ust'yun),  n.  [Lat.  uslio,  fr. 

urere,  to  burn.]  Act  of  burning  ; 
_  state  of  being  burned. 

Us'U-AL  (yiUzhi}-),  a.  [Lat.  usualis.] 
Such  as  occurs  in  ordinary  practice  ; 
_  customary  ;  ordinary  ;  frequent. 
Us'u-al-ly  (yiUzhij-),  adv.  Common¬ 
ly;  customarily.;  ordinarily. 

|  U'su-CAP'tion,  n.  [Lat.  usucapere , 


usucaptum,  to  acquire  by  long  use  ; 
usu,  by  use,  and  capere,  to  take.] 
Acquisition  of  the  title  or  right  to 
property  by  undisputed  possession  of 
_  it  for  a  certain  term. 

U'su-FRft€T,  n.  [Lat.  usufructus ,  fr. 
usus ,  use,  and  frurtus ,  fruit.]  Right 
of  using  and  enjoying  the  profits  of  a 
thing  belonging  to  another,  without 
_  impairing  the  substance. 
U'su-frGct'U-a-ry,  n.  A  person  who 
has  the  use  of  property  and  reaps 
the  profits  of  it. — a.  Of,  or  per¬ 
taining  to,  or  being  in  the  nature  of, 
_  a  usufruct. 

U’s'U-RER  (yiJ'zbii-),  n .  One  who  lends 
money  at  a  i-ate  of  interest  beyond 
that  established  by  law. 

U-su'ri-oGs  (-zhjj'ri-),  a.  1.  Practi¬ 
cing  usury.  2.  Partaking  of  usury. 
U-sOrp',  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
usurpare,  contr.  fr.  usurapere,  i.  e., 
to  seize  to  one’s  own  use,  from  usus, 
use,  and  rapere,  to  seize.]  To  seize 
and  hold  in  possession  by  force  or 
_  without  right. 

U'sur-pa'tion,  n.  Act  of  usurping, 
or  state  of  being  usurped. 
U-surp'er,  n.  One  who  usurps. 
U'su-RY  (yjj'zhy-),  n.  [Lat.  usura,  fr. 
uti,  to  use.]  1.  Interest,  or  practice 
of  taking  interest.  [  Obs.~\  2.  Ille¬ 
gal  interest. 

U-TEN'siL  (113),  n.  [Lat.  ustensile,  fr. 
uti,  usus,  to  use.]  An  instrument  or 
vessel  used  in  domestic  and  farming 
_  business. 

U'TER-lNE,  a.  [Lat.  uterinus ;  uterus , 
the  womb.]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
womb.  2.  Born  of  the  same  mother, 
but  by  a  different  father. 
U-TIL/I-TA'RI-AN  (89),  a.  Consisting 
in,  or  pertaining  to,  utility,  or  to 
utilitarianism  —  n.  One  who  holds 
the  doctrine  of  utilitarianism. 
U-TIWI-TA'RI-AN-ISM,  n.  1.  The  doc¬ 
trine  that  the  greatest  happiness  of 
the  greatest  number  should  be  the 
end  and  aim  of  all  social  and  polit¬ 
ical  institutions.  2.  Doctrine  that 
utility  is  the  sole  standard  of  virtue. 
U-Tli/I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  utilitas, fr.  utilis, 
useful.]  State  or  quality  of  being 
useful ;  production  of  good. 

Syn.  —  Usefulness. —  Usefulness  is  An¬ 
glo-Saxon,  and  utility  is  Latin ;  and 
hence  the  former  is  used  chiefly  of  things 
in  the  concrete ,  while  the  latter  is  em¬ 
ployed  more  in  a  general  and  abstract 
sense.  Thus,  we  speak  of  the  utility  of 
an  invention,  and  the  usefulness  of  the 
thing  invented;  of  the  utility  of  an  in¬ 
stitution,  and  the  usefulness  of  an  indi¬ 
vidual.  Still,  the  words  are,  in  many 
cases,  used  interchangeably. 

U'TIL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
turn  to  profitable  account  or  use. 
Gt'most,  a.  [A.-S.  iitemOst,  titemest , 
from  Cite,  fit,  out,  and  mxst,  mest , 
most.]  1.  Most  distant;  extreme; 
last.  2.  Being  in  the  greatest  degree. 
—  n.  The  most  that  can  be. 
U-to'pi-a,  n.  [Gr.  ov,  not,  and  tottos, 
a  place.]  1.  An  imaginary  island, 
represented  by  Sir  Thomas  More,  as 
enjoying  the  greatest  perfection  in 


A,  E,  1,  o,u,  Y, long ;  X,  E,  I,  6,  ft,  h,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


UTOPIAN 

politics,  laws,  &c.  2.  A  place  of  ideal 
perfection.  [fanciful. 

U-TO'PI-AN,  a.  Ideal;  chimerical; 
U'TRI-€LE,  it.  [Lat.  utri cuius ,  dim. 
of  uter,  utris ,  a  bag,  skin.]  A  little 
bag  or  bladder ;  a  little  cell. 
tfT'TER,rt.  [A.-8.  fitter,  titer,  exte¬ 
rior,  fr.  fit,  flte,  out.]  1.  Outer.  [  06s.] 
2.  Complete ;  total.  3.  Mere  ;  entire  ; 
quite. —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [See  su¬ 
pra.]  1.  To  putin  circulation ,  as 
money.  2.  To  give  expression  to  ;  to 
publish ;  to  speak. 


Y(ve),  the  twenty -second  letter  of 
the  English  alphabet,  represents 
a  uniform  consonant  sound.  See 
Principles  of  Pronunciation,  §  101. 
Va'€AN-cy,«.  1.  Emptiness  ;  hence, 
leisure  ;  idleness.  2.  Empty  space  ; 
vacuity  ;  a  chasm.  3.  A  post  un¬ 
filled  ;  an  unoccupied  office. 
Va'oant,  a.  [Lat.  vacans,  p.  pr.  of 
vacare,  to  be  empty,  to  be  free  from 
labor.]  1.  Empty  ;  not  filled.  2. 
Unemployed  ;  unoccupied.  3.  Not 
occupied  with  an  incumbent.  4.  Not 
occupied  with  study  or  reflection. 

Syn.  —  Empty.  —  A  thing  is  empty 
when  there  is  nothingin  it;  as,  an  empty 
room.  Vacant  adds  the  ideaof  a  thing’3 
having  been  previously  tilled,  or  intend¬ 
ed  to  be  tilled  or  occupied;  as,  a  vacant 
seat  at  the  table,  &c. 

Ya/eate,  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Lat. 
vacare,  -catum,  to  be  empty.]  1.  To 
leave  empty.  2.  To  annul ;  to  make 
void. 

VA-€A'TION,  n.  [Lat.  vacatio.  See 
supra.]  1.  The  act  of  vacating.  2. 
Intermission  of  a  stated  employment, 
procedure,  or  office  ;  rest. 
Ya€'9I-nate,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
vaccinus,  belonging  to  a  cow  ;  vacca , 
a  cow.]  To  inoculate  with  the  cow- 
pox. 

VXe'91-NA'TlON,  n.  Act,  art,  or  prac¬ 
tice  of  vaccinating.  [nates. 

Vag'^i-na/tor,  n.  One  who  vacci- 
Yac'^INE  (vSk'sIn  or  vX^sIn),  a.  Per¬ 
taining  to  cows,  or  to  vaccination. 
YXg'IL-LATE,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  vacillare,  -latum.]  1.  To  move 
one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  reel.  2. 
To  fluctuate  in  mind  or  opinion. 

Syn.  -  See  Fluctuate. 

YX^Ol, -LA'TION,  n.  1.  A  wavering, 
reeling,  or  staggering.  2.  Fluctua- 
tion_of  mind. 

Ya-€U'I-ty,  n.  [Lat.  vacuitas.]  1. 
Emptiness.  2.  Space  unfilled  or  un¬ 
occupied  ;  void  ;  vacuum. 
VXc'U-iJM,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  vacuus.]  Space 
devoid  of  all  matter  or  body. 
Va/de-me'€UM,  11.  [Lat.,  go  with 
me.]  A  book  or  other  thing  that  a 
person  carries  with  him  as  a  constant 
companion. 


461 

tfr'TER-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 
uttered  or  expressed. 

tlT'TER-AN^E.  n.  Act  of  uttering ; 
sale  ;  circulation  ;  expression ;  pro¬ 
nunciation. 

Ct'ter-er,  n.  One  who  utters. 

Ct'ter-ly,  adv.  To  the  full  extent ; 
to  the  greatest  degree  possible  ;  fully  ; 
perfectly  ;  totally. 

Ut'ter-most,  a.  Extreme ;  being  in 
the  furthest,  greatest,  or  highest 
degree.  —  n.  Extremes!  thing  or  de¬ 
gree  possible. 


Y. 


VXg'a-bond,  a.  [Lat.  vagabundus, 
fr.  vagari,  to  stroll  about.]  Stroll¬ 
ing  ;  wandering.  —  n.  One  who  wan¬ 
ders  from  place  to  place,  having  no 
certain  dwelling  ;  a  vagrant. 

VXg'a-bond'age,  )  n.  Condition  of 

VXg'A-BONDOsm,  I  a  vagabond  ;  a 

VXg'a-bond'rt,  )  state  of  wan¬ 
dering  about  in  idleness. 

Va-ga'ry,  n.  [Lat.  vagari,  to  stroll 
about.]  A  wandering  of  the  thoughts; 
a  wild  freak  ;  a  whim. 

VXg'i-NAE,  a.  [Lat.  vagina,  a  sheath.] 
Relating  to,  or  like,  a  sheath. 

Va'gran-^y,  n.  State  of  wandering 
without  a  settled  home. 

Ya'grant,  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  vagarant, 
0.  Fr.  vagant ,  fr.  vaguer,  to  stray, 
Lat.  vagari.]  1.  Moving  without 
certain  direction.  2.  Wandering 
from  place  to  place  without  any  set¬ 
tled  habitation.  — n.  An  idle  wan¬ 
derer  ;  a  vagabond.  [manner. 

Va'grant-ly,  adv.  In  a  vagrant 

YAGUE  (vag),  a.  [-ERJ-EST.]  [Lat. 
vagus.]  1.  Unsettled;  undetermined. 
2.  Proceeding  from  no  known  au¬ 
thority.  [manner. 

Vague'ly  (vagfly),  adv.  In  a  vague 

Vague'ness  (vag'nes),  n.  Quality  or 
condition  of  being  vague. 

Vail,  n.  [Written  also  veil.]  A  con¬ 
cealing  screen.  — v.  t.  [From  0.  Eng. 
avail ,  to  let  down,  fr.  Lat.  ad,  to,  and 
vallis,  valley.]  To  lower  in  token  of 
inferiority,  reverence,  or  submission. 

Vain,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat.  vanus.] 
1.  Having  no  real  substance,  value, 
or  importance.  2.  Destitute  of  force 
or  efficiency.  3.  Elated  with  self- 
conceit,  or  with  things  more  showy 
than  valuable-. 

Vain-glo'ri-oOs,  a.  Vain  to  excess 
of  one’s  own  .achievements  ;  boastful. 

VAIN-GLO'RY,  n.  Excessive  vanity 
excited  by  one’s  own  performances. 

Vain'ly,  adv.  Without  effect;  proud¬ 
ly  ;  idly  ;  foolishly. 

VXl'an^e,  n.  [From  Norm.  French 
valaunt,  Fr.  avalant,  descending, 
hanging  down.  See  VAIL.]  Hang¬ 
ing  drapery  for  a  bed,  a  couch,  or  a 
window,  &c.  —  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  furnish  with  a  valance. 


valley 

U've-oOs,  a.  [Lat.  uva,  a  bunch  of 

_ grapes,  a  grape.]  Resembling  a  grape. 

JJ’vu-LA,  n.  [N.  Lat.,  dim.  of  Lat. 
uva,  a  grape.]  The  fleshy  conical 
body  depending  from  the  middle  of 
the  lower  border  of  the  soft  palate. 

Ux-O'Rl-ofJS  (89),  a.  [Lat.  uxorius , 
from  uxor,  a  wife.]  Excessively  and 
foolishly  fond  of  a  wife. 

Ujc-o'ri-ous-ly,  adv.  With  fond  or 
servile  submission  to  a  wife. 

U^c-o'ri-oOs-ness,  n.  Excessive  and 
foolish  fondness  for  a  wife. 


Vale,w.  [Cf.  Valley.]  Low  ground 
between  hills. 

VXl'e-die'tion,  n.  [Lat.  valedicere, 
- dictum ,  to  say  farewell.]  A  farewell. 

VXl'e-dic-to'ri-an,  n.  One  who 
pronounces  a  valedictory  address. 

VXl'e-dIe'to-ry,  a.  Bidding  fare¬ 
well.  —  n.  A  farewell  address  at  com¬ 
mencement  in  American  colleges. 

VXl'EN-TINE  ,  n.  A  sweetheart  chosen, 
or  a  love-letter  sent,  on  St. Valentine’s 
day,  the  14th  of  February. 

Va-le'RI-an,  11.  [Either  fr.  some  one 
called  Valerius ,  or  fr.  Lat.  valere,  to 
be  powerful,  on  account  of  its  me¬ 
dicinal  virtues.]  A  plant,  one  species 
of  which  is  used  in  medicine. 

VXl'et  (v&Fet  or  vitka),  n.  [Fr.  valet, 
L.  Lat.  vasletus,  varletus,  vassus.  Cf. 
Yarlet  and  Vassal.]  A  servant 
who  attends  on  a  gentleman. 

Valet  de  chambre  (vii/la  de  sha'br). 
[Fr.]  A  body  servant. 

VXl/e-tu/di-na,ri-an,  a.  [Lat.  val- 
etudinarius,  fr.  valere,  to  be  strong 
or  well.]  Of  infirm  health  ;  seeking 
to  recover  health.  —  n.  A  sickly  per¬ 
son  ;  one  seeking  to  recover  health. 

VXl'e-tu'di-na-ry  (44),  a.  Infirm  ; 
sickly.  —  n.  An  infirm  person. 

VXl'iant,  a.  [Fr.  vaillant,  Lat.  val- 
ens,  p.  pr.  of  valere,  to  be  strong.] 
1.  Intrepid  in  danger ;  courageous  ; 
brave.  2.  Performed  with  valor. 

VXl'IANT-ly,  adv.  In  a  valiant  man¬ 
ner  ;  bravely;  heroically. 

VXl'ID,  a.  [Lat.  validus,  fr.  valere,  to 
be  strong.]  1.  Having  sufficient 
strength  ;  founded  in  truth.  2.  Ex¬ 
ecuted  with  the  proper  formalities. 

VA-lId'i-ty,  n.  1.  Quality  of  being 
valid  ;  power  to  convince.  2.  Legal 
strength  or  force. 

Va-lise',  n.  [From  a  hypoth.  Lat. 
valitia,  vidulitia,  from  vidulus ,  a 
leathern  trunk,  knapsack.]  A  small 
sack  or  case,  for  clothing,  &e. 

VAL-LA'TION,  n.  [Lat.  vallum.,  ram¬ 
part,  fr.  vallus ,  palisade.]  A  rampart. 

VXL'LEY  (148),  n.  [Lat.  vallis,  valles.] 
The  space  inclosed  between  ranges  of 
hills  or  mountains. 

Syn.—  Vale;  dale;  dell;  dingle;  hollow. 


6r,  do,  WQLF,  too,  took;  ffRN.RUE.PVLL  ;  E.l,  o,  silent;  9  ,&,soft;  e,  a,  hard;  A§;  EXIST;  yasNG;  THIS. 


VALOR 


VASCULAR 


4G2 


fXi/OR,  n.  [Lat.  valere,  to  be  strong.] 
Strength  of  mind  in  regard  to  dan¬ 
ger;  personal  bravery. 

Syn.  —  Courage  ;  bravery  ;  boldness; 
fearlessness.  See  Heroism. 

VXl'or-ous,  a.  Possessing  or  exhib¬ 
iting  valor.  [manner. 

VXL'OR-otJS-LY,  adv.  In  a  valorous 

VXl'u-A-ble,  a.  1.  Having- value  or 
worth  2.  Deserving  esteem;  pre¬ 
cious  ;  costly.  —  n.  A  thing  of  value. 

VXl'u-a'tion,  n.  1.  The  act  of  val¬ 
uing,  or  of  setting  a  price  ;  appraise¬ 
ment.  2.  Value  set  upon  a  thing. 

VXl'UE,  7i.  [0.  Fr.,from  valoir,  p.  p. 

valu,  to  be  worth,  fr.  Lat.  valere.] 
1.  Property  or  properties  of  a  thing 
which  render  it  useful  2.  Precise 
signification.  3.  Estimated  worth  ; 
amount  obtainable  in  exchange.  — 
v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  estimate  the 
worth  of ;  to  appraise.  2.  To  rate  at 
a  high  price ;  to  have  in  high  esteem . 

Syn.— To  compute;  rate;  esteem;  re¬ 
spect;  regard;  prize. 

VXl'ue-less,  a.  Having  no  worth. 

VXlv'ate,  a.  Resembling  or  serving 
as  a  valve. 

VXlve,m.  [Lat.  valva,  leaf  of  a  door.] 
1.  A  door ;  esp.  a  folding  door.  2 
A  lid  or  cover  to  an  aperture,  open¬ 
ing  only  in  one  direction. 

VXlv'u-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  con¬ 
taining,  valves. 

YXmp,  n.  [Abbrev.  fr.  Fr.  avant-picd , 
forefoot  and  vamp.]  The  upper 
leather  of  a  shoe.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  piece  with  a  new  part ;  to  repair. 

VXMP'ER,  n.  One  who  vamps. 

VXm'pIre,  n.  [Ger.  &  D.  vampir.]  1. 
A  dead  person  superstitiously  be¬ 
lieved  to  wander  about  the  earth  do¬ 
ing  every  kind  of  mischief  to  the  liv¬ 
ing.  2.  An  extortioner.  3.  A  large 
species  of  bat. 

VXm'pir-Ism,  n.  1.  Belief  in  the  ex¬ 
istence  of  vampires.  2.  Practice  of 
extortion. 

VXN,  7i.  1.  [Abbrev.  fr.  van-guard .] 

The  front  of  an  army,  or  the  front 
line  of  a  fleet.  2.  [Lat.  vannus .]  A 
fan  for  cleansing  grain.  3.  A  large, 
light,  covered  wagon. 

VXn'-€OU'RI-ER,  n.  [Fr.  avantcour- 
rier ,  fr.  avant ,  before,  and  courrier , 
a  runner.]  A  light-armed  soldier 
sent  before  an  army  to  beat  the  road. 

YXn'dal,  7i.  1.  One  of  a  barbarous 
horde  that  invaded  Rome  in  the  5th 
century.  2.  One  who  is  ignorant  and 
barbarous. 

Van-dXl'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  re¬ 
sembling,  the  Vandals ;  barbarous. 

YXn'dal-Ism,  71.  Spirit  or  conduct  of 
Vandals ;  "hostility  to  the  arts  and 
literature. 

Van-dyke',  n.  An  indented  and  scol¬ 
loped  cape  for  the  neck  formerly 
worn  by  women. 

Vane,  n.  [A.-S ./ana,  banner,  Goth. 
/ana,  cloth.]  1.  A  contrivance  to 
show  which  way  the  wind  blows.  2. 
Thin,  membranous  part  of  a  feather. 

VXn'-GUARD,  7i.  [Fr.  avant-garde,  fr. 
avant,  before,  and  garde,  guard.] 


Troops  who  march  in  front  of  an 

army. 

VA-nil'LA,  n.  [N.  Lat.,  fr.  Lat.  vagi¬ 
na ,  because  its  seeds  are  in  little 
pods.]  A  genus  of  plants  remarkable 
for  a  delicate  and  agreeable  odor. 

VXN'ISH,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
vanescere.,  evanescere,  from  vanus, 
empty,  vain  ]  1.  To  be  lost  to  view  ; 
to  disappear  gradually.  2.  To  pass 
away.  —  n.  Closing  portion  of  a  syl¬ 
lable,  or  of  a  vocal  element. 

VXn'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  va7iitas.]  1.  Want 
of  substance  to  satisfy  desire.  2. 
Empty  pride ;  ostentation.  3.  Any 
thing  visionary,  or  unsubstantial. 

Syn. —  Egotism  ;  emptiness  ;  self-suf¬ 
ficiency;  ostentation.  See  Pride. 

VXn'quish  (viink'wish),  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  [Fr.  vamcre,  pret.  vainquis, 
Lat.  vincere .]  1.  To  subdue  in  bat¬ 
tle.  2.  To  defeat  in  any  contest ;  to 
refute  in  argument. 

Syn.  —  To  overcome;  confute;  silence. 
See  Conquer. 

VXn'quish-a-ble,  a.  Capable  of 
being  vanquished. 

VXn'quish-er,  71.  One  who  van¬ 
quishes  ;  a  conqueror  ;  a  victor. 

Van'tage,  )  n.  [See  Ad- 

VAn'TAGE-GROUND,  )  VANTAGE.] 
Superior  or  more  favorable  situation 
or  opportunity. 

VXp'id,  a.  [Lat.  vapidus,  lit.  having 
emitted  steam  or  vapor,  fr.  vapor, 
steam.]  Having  lost  its  life  and 
spirit. 

Va-pid'i-ty,  1  n.  A  being  vapid; 

VXp'id  ness,  )  want  of  life  or  spirit. 

VA'POR,  n.  [Lat.]  1.  Any  substance 
in  the  gaseous  or  aeriform  state.  2. 
Any  visible  diffused  substance  float¬ 
ing  in  the  atmosphere,  as  smoke  or 
fog.  3.  Something  unsubstantial  or 
fleeting.  4.  (pi.)  Hypochondriacal  af¬ 
fections  ;  dejection.  —  v.  i.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  pass  off  in  fumes;  to  be 
exhaled.  2.  To  boast  vainly  ;  to  brag. 

VXp'o-ra-bIl'I-ty,  n.  Quality  of 
being  vaporable. 

VXp'o-ra-ble,  a.  Capable  of  being 
converted  into  vapor. 

Va'por-bath,  n.  Application  of  va¬ 
por  t©  the  body  in  a  close  place. 

Va'por-er,  n.  A  braggart. 

VXp'o-RlF'IG,  a.  [Lat.  vapor,  vapor, 
and  facere,  to  make.]  Forming  into 
vapor.  [manner. 

Va'POR-ING-LY,  adv.  In  a,  boasting 

V A'POR-ISH,  a.  Full  of  vapors ;  af¬ 
fected  by  hysterics. 

VXp'o-RI-zX'tion,  n.  Artificial  for¬ 
mation  of  vapor. 

VXp'or-ize  (110),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  convert  into  vapor  by  heat.  —  v. 
i.  To  pass  off  in  vapor. 

Va'por-oOs,  1  a.  1.  Full  of  vapors. 

Va'por-Y,  )  2.  Windy ;  flatulent. 

3.  Unreal ;  vain.  [ing  variable. 

Va'RI-a-bIl'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  be- 

VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  variabilis.]  1. 
Capable  of  alteration  in  any  man¬ 
ner.  2.  Liable  to  change. 

Syn.—  Changeable  ;  mutable;  fickle; 
unsteady;  inconstant. 


—  n.  i.  A  quantity  which  may  in¬ 
crease  or  decrease.  2.  A  shifting 
trade-wind.  [aptness  to  vary. 

Va'ri-a-ble-ness,  n.  Liableness  or 

Va'ri-a-bly,  adv.  Changeably. 

Ya'ri-ance,  n.  1.  Change  of  condi¬ 
tion.  2.  A  disagreement  or  incon¬ 
sistency  between  two  parts  of  the 
same  legal  proceeding,  which,  to  be 
effectual,  ought  to  agree  together.  3. 
Dissension. 

Va'ri-a'tion,  n.  1.  A  partial  change 
in  the  form,  position,  state,  or  quali¬ 
ties  of  the  same  thing.  2.  Amount 
or  rate  of  change. 

Syn.  —  Change  ;  vicissitude  ;  variety; 
alteration;  diversity. 

VXr'i-eose  (125),  )  a.  [See  supra  ] 

VXr'1-COUS,  j  Preternaturally 
enlarged,  as  veins. 

Va'ri-e-gate,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  variegare,  - gatum ,  fr.  varius, 
various,  and  agere,  to  move,  make.] 
To  diversify  in  external  appearance. 

Va'RI-e-g  A'TION,  n.  Act  of  variegat¬ 
ing  or  state  of  being  variegated ;  di¬ 
versity  of  colors. 

Va-ri'e-ty,  n.  1.  Intermixture  or 
succession  of  different  things.  2.  A 
number  of  different  things.  3.  Some¬ 
thing  varying  from  others  of  the 
same  general  kind. 

Syn.  —  Diversity. —  A  man  has  a  va¬ 
riety  of  employments  when  he  does 
many  things  which  are  not  a  mere  repe¬ 
tition  of  the  same  act;  he  has  a  diversity 
of  employments  when  the  several  acts 
performed  are  unlike  each  other,  that  is, 
diverse.  In  most  cases,  where  there  is 
variety  there  will  be  more  or  less  of  di¬ 
versity,  but  not  always. 

Va'ri-o-lotd',  or  VXr'i-O-lotd',  n. 
[L.  Lat.  variola,  the  small-pox,  fr. 
Lat.  varius,  various,  and  Gr  e’iSov, 
form.]  The  small-pox  as  modified 
by  previous  inoculation  or  vaccina¬ 
tion.  [small-pox. 

VA-Rl'O-LOtJS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 

Va' Rl-o’ RUM.  [Lat.,  (with  notes)  of 
various  persons.]  Containing  notes 
by  different  persons. 

Va'ri-OUS,  a.  [Lat.  varius  ]  1.  Dif¬ 
ferent  ;  diverse.  2.  Changeable ; 
uncertain.  3.  Diversified. 

Ya'ri  -OUS-LY,  adv.  In  various  ways. 

Var'let,  n.  [0.  Fr.  varlet,  vaslet, 
vallet,  fr.  W.  giv&s,  a  lad,  page,  ser¬ 
vant.]  A  low  fellow;  a  scoundrel. 

Var'nish,  71.  [See  infra.]  1  A  viscid, 
glossy  liquid.  2.  Glossy  appearance. 
3  Outside  show.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  [Fr.  vernir,  vernisser,  as  if 
fr.  a  Lat.  vitrinire ,  to  glaze,  fr.  vi- 
trum,  glass.]  1.  To  lay  varnish  on. 
2.  To  give  a  fair  coloring  or  external 
aspect  to ;  to  gloss ;  to  palliate. 

Var'nish-er,  n.  One  who  varnishes. 

Va'ry  (89),  v.t.  [-E  D ;  -ING,  142.] 
[Lat.  variare,  fr.  varius ,  various.]  1. 
To  alter  in  form,  appearance,  sub¬ 
stance,  or  position  2.  To  exchange; 
to  alternate.  3.  To  diversify. —  v.i. 
1.  To  be  altered  in  any  manner.  2. 
To  differ.  3.  To  deviate.  4.  To 
disagree. 

VXs'€U-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  vasculum,  a 


a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  Y ,long;  X,E,I,  6,  0,5,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  all,  wh^t;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


VASCULARITY 


VENERATION 


small  vessel,  dim.  of  van,  vessel.] 
Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  the  ves¬ 
sels  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies. 

Vas'cu-lar'i-ty,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  vascular. 

Vase  (in  Eng.  commonly  vaz),  n.  [Lat. 
v as,  vasum.]  A  ves¬ 
sel,  of  various  forms 
and  materials. 

YXs'sal,  n.  [Tj.  Lat. 
vassallus,  vasallm , 
from  W.  gioasawl , 
serving,  fr.  gwas,  a 
youth,  page,  servant.] 

1.  One  who  holds  land 
of  a  superior,  and 
vows  fidelity  to  him.  2.  A  slave. 

Vas'sa  L-A6E ,  n.  1.  State  of  being  a 
vassal.  2.  Dependence;  slavery. 

Vast,  a.  [-er;  -est.]  [Lat.  vastus, 
empty,  waste,  vast.]  1.  Being  of 
great  extent.  2.  Very  great  in  num¬ 
bers  or  amount.  3.  Very  great  in 
force  or  importance. 

Syn.  —  Enormous  ;  huge;  immense. 
—  n.  A  waste  region. 

VAS-TA'TION,  ii.  [Lat.  vastalio,  from 
vastare,  to  lay  waste.]  A  laying 
waste ;  devastation.  [degree. 

VAst'LY,  adv.  To  a  vast  extent  or 

VAst'ness,  n.  Enormous  magnitude, 
amount,  or  importance. 

VAst'y,  a.  Immense;  vast. 

Vat,  n.  [A.-S.  fat,  fat.]  A  large 
cask-like  receptacle. 

VAt'I-^Ide,  n.  [Lat.  votes,  a  prophet, 
and  csedere ,  to  kill.]  The  murder,  or 
the  murderer,  of  a  prophet. 

VA-T19'I-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
containing,  prophecy. 

Va-ti9'i-nate,  v.  t.  &  i.  [Lat.  vatici- 
nari ,  - natus ,  fr.  rates,  a  prophet.]  To 
prophesy. 

Va-tI9'i-na'tion,  n.  Prediction ; 
prophecy. 

Vaude’ville  (vod'vil),  n.  [Fr., 
fr.  Vau-de-nire,  a  village  in  Norman¬ 
dy.]  1.  A  kind  of  song  of  a  lively 
character.  2.  A  theatrical  piece, 
intermingled  with  light  or  satirical 
songs. 

Vault,  n.  [L. 

Lat.  volla,  vo- 
luta ,  from  Lat. 
volvere,  rolu- 
tum,  to  roll, 
turn  about.] 

1.  An  arched 
roof  or  ceiling. 

2.  An  arched 
apartment,  es¬ 
pecially  a  cell ;  a  cellar.  3.  A  leap  or 
bound. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
cover  with  a  vault  ;  to  arch.  2.  To 
mount  by  leaping. — v.  i.  1.  To 
leap  ;  to  jump.  2.  To  exhibit  feats 
of  tumbling  or  leaping. 

Vault'er,  n.  One  who  vaults. 

VXUNT,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [Fr.  ran¬ 
ter,  L.  Lat.  ranitare ,  fr.  Lat.  ranus, 
vain.]  To -boast;  to  brag.  —  r.t. 
To  boast  of.  — n.  A  vain  display  of 
what  one  is,  or  has,  or  has  done. 

Vaijnt'er,  n.  One  who  vaunts. 

Veal.w.  [0.  Fr.  reel,  ridel,  Lat. 


463 

vitellus,  dim.  of  ritulus,  a  calf.] 
Flesh  of  a  calf  dressed  for  food. 

Vi^'dX,  or  Ve'dA,  n.  [Skr.  vida, 
knowledge.]  The  ancient  sacred  lit¬ 
erature  of  the  Hindoos. 

Ve-I)Ette',  n.  [It.  vedetta,  for  re- 
letta ,  as  if  from  redere,  to  see,  Lat. 
rid  ere,  but  really  fr.  reglia,  Lat.  vi- 
gilia,  watch.]  A  mounted  sentinel. 

Veer,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Fr.  virer.] 
To  chauge  direction  ;  to  turn. —  v.  t. 
To  direct  to  a  different  course. 

Veg'e-ta-ble,  a.  [Lat.  vegetabilis, 
enlivening,  fr.  regetare,  to  enliven.] 
Relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  plants. 
— «.  [See  infra.]  An  organized 
body  destitute  of  sense  and  volun¬ 
tary  motion  ;  a  plant.  [table. 

VEg'e-TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  vege- 

VegUe-ta'ri-an  (89),  n.  One  who 
holds  that  vegetables  are  the  only 
proper  food  for  man.  — a.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  vegetarianism. 

VE&'e-ta'ri-an-X£M,  n.  Theory  and 
practice  of  living  solely  on  vegeta¬ 
bles. 

VEg'e-tate,  r.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
regetare,  -latum,  to  enliven,  fr.  vege- 
tus ,  animated.]  1.  To  grow,  as 

plants  ;  to  sprout.  2.  To  do  nothing 
but  eat  and  grow. 

Veg'e-TA'tion,  n.  1.  A  vegetable 
growth ._  2.  Sum  of  vegetable  life. 

Vfi&'E-TA'TlVE,  a.  Growing,  or  hav¬ 
ing  the  power  of  growing,  as  plants. 

YE'HE-MEN9E,  n.  1.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  vehement;  impetuosity.  2.  Vio¬ 
lent  ardor ;  animated  fervor. 

VE'HE-MENT,  a.  [Lat.  vehemens.] 

1.  Acting  with  great  force.  2.  Very 
eager,  urgent,  or  fervent. 

Syn.  —  Furious;  violent;  impetuous; 
passionate;  ardent. 

Ve'iie-ment-LY,  adv.  In  a  vehe¬ 
ment  manner. 

Ve'hi-gle,  n.  [Lat.  vehiculurrv ;  ve- 
here,  to  carry.]  1.  That  in  which 
any  thing  is  or  may  be  carried ;  a 
conveyance.  2.  Instrument  of  com¬ 
munication. 

Ve-hYe'U-lar,  1  a.  Pertaining  to, 

VE-Hie'U-LA-RY,  )  or  serving  as,  a 
vehicle. 

V5IL,  n.  [Lat.  velum,  a  sail,  cover¬ 
ing,  curtain,  fr.  vehere,  to  bear,  car¬ 
ry.]  1.  Something  to  intercept  the 
view  ;  a  screen  to  protect  the  face. 

2.  A  cover  ;  a  disguise. 

Syn.-  See  Vail. 

—  r.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover 
with  a  veil.  2.  To  hide  ;  to  conceal. 

Vein,  n.  [Lat.  vena.]  1.  A  vessel 
which  receives  the  blood  from  the 
capillaries,  and  returns  it  to  the 
heart.  2.  A  small  rib  of  the  frame¬ 
work  of  leaves,  &c.  3.  A  seam  or 
layer,  intersecting  a  rock  or  stra¬ 
tum.  4.  A  streak  in  wood,  or  mar¬ 
ble,  &c.  5.  A  current;  a  course.  6. 
Tendency  or  turn  of  mind  ;  humor. 

—  v.  t.  To  form  or  mark  with  veins. 

VEINED,  1  a.  Full  of  veins  ;  streaked  ; 

VfilN'Y,  I  variegated. 

V£L'LI-€ATE,  V.  t.  &  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 


[Lat.  vetticare,  -catum.]  To  move 
spasmodically;  to  twitch. 

VEl/li-oa'tion,  11.  Convulsive  mo¬ 
tion  of  a  muscular  fiber,  especially 
of  the  face. 

VEL'LUM,  n.  [Fr.  vclin,  fr.  Lat.  rit¬ 
ulus,  a  calf.]  A  fine  kind  of  parch¬ 
ment. 

Ve-lo9'i-pede,  n.  [Lat.  relax,  swift, 
and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot.]  A  light  road- 
carriage  for  a  single  person,  who 
propels  it  by  his  feet. 

Ve-lo9'I-Ty‘,  ix.  [Lat.  velonitas.]  1. 
Quickness  of  motion  ;  speed  ;  rapid¬ 
ity.  2.  Rate  of  motion. 

VEl'vet,  11.  [0.  Eng.  veluet ,  L.  Lat. 

velluetum ,  r ell u turn,  from  Lat.  vil¬ 
lus,  shaggy  hair.]  A  stuff  having  a 
short  shag  of  silk  on  the  surface. 

Vel'vet-een',  n.  Cloth  made  of 
cotton,  in  imitation  of  velvet. 

VEL'VET-Y,  a.  Made  of,  or  like,  vel¬ 
vet  ;  soft. 

Ve'nal,  a.  [Lat.  venalis,  fr.  venire, 
to  be  sold.]  To  be  bought  or  ob¬ 
tained  for  money  ;  held  for  sale. 

Syx.  —  Mercenary.  —  One  is  mercena¬ 
ry  who  is  either  actually  a  hireling  (as, 
mercenary  soldiers,  a  mercenary  judge, 
&c.),  or  is  governed  by  a  sordid  love  of 
gain  ;  hence,  we  speak  of  mercenary  mo¬ 
tives,  a  mercenary  marriage,  &c.  Venal 
goes  further,  and  supposes  an  actual 
purchase,  which  places  a  person  or  thing 
wholly  in  the  power  of  the  purchaser  ; 
as,  a  venal  press. 

Ve-nXl'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  venal ;  mercenariness. 

VEn'A-ry,  a.  [L.  Lat.  renarius,  fr. 
Lat.  renari ,  to  hunt.]  Relating  to 
hunting. 

Vend,  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat.  ven- 
dere.]  To  sell. 

Vend-ee',  11.  One  to  whom  a  thing 
is  vended  or  sold.  [seller. 

Vend'er,  n.  One  who  vends ;  a 

Vend'1-bil'i-ty,  n.  State  of  being 
vendible  or  salable. 

Vend'i-ble,  a.  [Lat.  rendibilis.]  Ca¬ 
pable  of  being  sold  ;  salable. 

VEnd'I-ble-ness,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  vendible. 

Vend'or,  n.  [See  Vender.]  A 
vender  ;  a  seller. 

Ven-dije',  11.  [0.  Fr.  vendue,  from 
rendre ,  to  sell.]  Public  sale  to  the 
highest  bidder  ;  an  auction. 

Ve-neer',  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [From 
Fr.  fournir,  to  furnish.]  To  over¬ 
lay  with  a  thin  layer  of  wood  for 
decoration.  —  n.  A  thin  leaf  of  a 
superior  material  for  overlaying  an 
inferior  one. 

Ve-neer'jng,  n.  Act  or  art  of  over¬ 
laying  a  coarse  or  inferior  wood  with 
thin  leaves  of  a  superior  material, or 
the  covering  thus  laid  on. 

Vender- a-ble,  a.  [Lat.  venerabilis.] 
1.  Worthy  of  veneration  or  rever¬ 
ence.  2.  Rendered  sacred  by  asso¬ 
ciations.  [manner. 

Ven'er-a-bly,  adv.  In  a  venerable 

VEn'er-ate, v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
renerari,  -ratus.]  To  regard  with 
respect  and  reverence.  [with  awe. 

VEn/er-a'tion,  n.  Respect  mingled 


G,  hard;  Ag;  EjciST  ;  N  as  NG;  THIS. 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  to'ok  ;  Crn,  RiJE ,  p(jl.l  ;  E,  l,  o,  silent;  9,  Q,  soft;  €, 


Vase. 


VENERATOR 

V£n,er-a/tor  ,  n.  One  who  venerates. 

VE-NE'RE-AL  (89),  a.  [Lat.  venereus , 
fr.  Venus,  the  goddess  of  love.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  sexual  love. 

VEN'ER-Y,  n.  1.  [Lat.  Venus ,  Veneris , 
goddess  of  love.]  Sexual  love  or  in¬ 
tercourse.  2.  [Fr.  venerie ,  from  0. 
Fr.  vener,  veneir,  Lat.  venari,  to 
hunt.]  Act  or  exercise  of  hunting. 

Ve'ne-sEg'tion,  n.  [Lat.  vena ,  a 
vein,  and  sectio ,  a  cutting.]  Act  of 
opening  a  vein  for  letting  blood. 

Ve-ne'tian,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ven¬ 
ice.  —  n.  A  native  of  Venice. 

VENGE'AN^E,  n.  [Lat.  vindicare ,  to 
avenge.  See  AVENGE.]  Punishment 
inflicted  in  return  for  injury  or  of¬ 
fense  ;  —  often,  passionate  revenge. 

VEnge'ful,  a.  Vindictive. 

Ve'ni-al,  a.  [Lat.  venialis,  fr.  venia, 
forgiveness.]  Capable  of  being  for¬ 
given  ;  excusable.  [nial. 

Ve'ni-al-ness,  n.  State  of  being  ve- 

Ve-ni're ,  or  Ve-nI're  Fa'ci-as 
(fa'shi-as),  n.  [Lat.,  cause  to  come.] 
A  writ  to  cause  a  number  of  quali¬ 
fied  persons  to  appear  in  court  to 
serve  as  jurors. 

VEnG-§  on  (or  ven'zn),  n.  [0.  Fr.  fr. 
Lat.  venatio,  hunting.]  Flesh  of  deer, 
hares,  and  certain  birds  called  game ; 
—  in  the  United  States,  applied  ex¬ 
clusively  to  the  flesh  of  deer. 

VEn'om,  n.  [Lat.  venenum.]  1. 
Poison.  2.  Spite  ;  malice. 

Syn.—  See  Poison. 

VEN'OM-oiJS,  a.  [0.  Eng.  renemous  ; 
Lat.  venenosus,  fr.  venenum,  poison.] 
1.  Full  of  venom  ;  poisonous.  2. 
Noxious  ;  malignant. 

V£n'om-oOs-ly,  adv.  Poisonously  ; 
spitefully.  [being  venomous. 

Ven'om-oOs-ness,  n.  Quality  of 

Ve'noCs,  a.  [Lat.  venosus  ;  vena,  a 
vein.]  Pertaining  to,  or  contained 
in,  a  vein  or  veins. 

VEnt,  n.  [Prob.  from  Fr.  vent,  wind.] 
1.  A  hole,  or  passage  for  air  or  any 
fluid  to  escape  ;  esp.,  the  opening  at 
the  breech  of  a  fire-arm.  2.  Oppor¬ 
tunity  of  escape  from  confinement  or 
privacy;  emission.  —  v.  t.  [-ed; 
-ING.]  1.  To  let  out  at  a  small  ap¬ 
erture.  2.  To  suffer  to  escape. 

VEn'ti-dEet.  n.  [From  Lat.  ventus, 
wind,  and  ductus,  a  leading,  con¬ 
duit.]  A  passage  for  ventilating 
apartments. 

VEn'ti-late,  V.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  ventilare ,  -latum;  ventulus,  a 
slight  wind.]  1.  To  fan  ;  to  expose  to 
the  free  passage  of  air.  2.  To  sift  and 
examine  ;  to  expose  to  discussion. 

VEn'TI-LA'TION,  n.  Act  of  venti¬ 
lating,  or  state  of  being  ventilated  ; 
free  exposure  to  air. 

VEn'ti-la/tor,  n.  A  contrivance  for 
drawing  off  foul  air,  and  introducing 
that  which  is  fresh  and  pure. 

VEn'tral,  a.  [Lat.  ventralis ;  venter, 
the  belly.]  Belonging  to  the  belly. 

VEn'tri-ele,  n.  [Lat.  ventriculus, 
dim.  of  venter,  the  belly.]  A  cavity 
of  the  animal  body  ;  esp.  one  of  two 

464 

cavities  of  the  heart  which  commu¬ 
nicate  with  the  auricles. 

Ven-tril'o-qui§m,  n.  Act  or  art  of 
speaking  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
voice  appears  to  come  from  some  dis¬ 
tant  or  different  place. 

Ven-trIl'O-quist,  n.  One  who  prac¬ 
tices  ventriloquism. 

Ven-trIl'o-QUOUS,  a.  [Lat.  ven- 
triloquus,  fr.  venter,  the  belly,  and 
loqui,  to  speak.]  Speaking  so  that 
the  sound  appears  to  come  from  a 
place  remote. 

Vent'ure,m.  [See Adventure.]  1. 
An  undertaking  of  chance  or  danger ; 
ahazard.  2.  Chance;  contingency.  3. 
Thing  put  to  hazard  ;  a  risk.  —  v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  have  the  courage 
or  presumption  to  do,  undertake,  or 
say  something.  2.  To  run  a  hazard 
or  risk.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  risk.  2.  To  put 
or  send  on  a  venture  or  chance. 

Vent'ur-eRj  n.  One  who  hazards. 

Vent'ure-some,  a.  Inclined  to  vent¬ 
ure  ;  venturous. 

Syn.  —  Bold;  daring;  intrepid. 

Vent'ur-oOs,  a.  Daring  ;  bold  ;  ad¬ 
venturous.  [boldly. 

Vent'ur-OUS-LY,  adv.  Daringly  : 

VEnGJE,  n.  (Law.)  The  place  where 
an  action  is  laid. 

Ve'nus,  n.  1.  Goddess  of  female 
beauty  and  of  love.  2.  One  of  the 
planets. 

Ve-RA'cioOs,  a.  [Lat.  verax,  veracis, 
fr.  verus ,  true.]  1.  Habitually  dis¬ 
posed  to  speak  truth  ;  truthful.  2. 
Characterized  by  truth. 

VE-RX9Q-TY,  n.  Habitual  observance 
of  truth  ;  truthfulness. 

Ve-rXn'da,  n.  [Skr.  waranda,  Per. 
baramadah,  from  Per.  bar,  up,  and 
hmadah,  p.  p.  of  t imadan ,  to  come.] 
A  kind  of  open  portico. 

VEr'a-tri'na,  I  n.  [Lat.  veratrum, 

Ve-ra'trIne,  )  hellebore.]  A  veg¬ 
etable  alkaloid,  acrid  and  poisonous. 

VERB  (14),  n.  [Lat.  verbum ,  a  word, 
verb.]  A  word  expressing  being, 
action,  or  the  suffering  of  action. 

VER'BAL,  a.  [Lat.  verbalis ;  verbum ,  a 
word.]  1.  Spoken  ;  oral ;  not  writ¬ 
ten.  2.  Dealing  with  words  rather 
than  things.  3.  Having  word  an¬ 
swering  to  word ;  literal.  4.  De¬ 
rived  directly  from  a  verb,  [orally. 

VER'BAL-I§M,n.  Something  expressed 

VER'BAL-LY,  adv.  By  words  spoken  ; 
orally.  2.  Word  for  word. 

Ver-ba'  TIM,  adv.  [L.  Lat.]  Word 
for  word ;  in  the  same  words. 

Ver-be'NA,  n.  [L.  &  N.  Lat.  ver¬ 
bena,  vervain .]  A  genus  of  plants 

VER'BER-A'TION,  n.  [Lat .  verberatio.] 
Act  of  beating,  or  striking  blows. 

Ver'bi-age,  n.  [See  Verb.]  Supera¬ 
bundance  of  words ;  verbosity. 

Ver-bose',  a.  [Lat.  verbosus ;  verbum, 
a  word.]  Using  or  containing  more 
words  than  are  necessary. 

Ver-bos'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being 
verbose ;  wordiness. 

VEr'DAN-^Y,  n.  1.  Quality  or  condi¬ 
tion  of  being  verdant;  greenness.  2. 
Rawness  ;  inexperience. 

VERMICULAR 

VEr'DANT,  a.  [Lat.  viridans,  grow¬ 
ing  green.]  1.  Covered  with  growing 
plants  ;  green  ;  fresh.  2.  Ignorant 
of  the  ways  of  the  world. 

Verd'-AN-TIQUE'  (-tek'),  n.  [Fr.,  fr. 
verd,  vert,  green,  and  antique ,  an¬ 
cient.]  1.  A  green  incrustation  on 
ancient  coins,  brass  or  copper,  pro¬ 
duced  by  the  action  of  time.  2.  A  | 

mottled-green  marble. 

Ver'der-er,  71.  [L.  Lat.  viridarius, 

fr.  Lat.  viridis,  green.]  An  officer  of 
the  king’s  forests. 

VEr'diet,  n.  [L.  Lat.  verdictum ,  fr. 

Lat.  v ere,  truly,  and  dictum,  a  say¬ 
ing  ;  a  word.]  1.  Decision  or  answer 
of  a  jury  in  any  cause  committed  to 
them.  2.  Decision  ;  judgment. 

Ver'di-gris  (-grees),  n.  [A  corrupt, 
of  N.  Lat.  viride  seris,  green  of  brass.] 

An  acetate  of  copper. 

VEr'di-ter,  n.  [Fr.  verd-de-terre, 
i.  e.,  earth  green.]  An  azure-blue 
pigment. 

VErd'ure  (53),  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  verd,  Lat. 
viridis,  green.]  Greenness ;  fresh¬ 
ness  of  vegetation.  [ure. 

VErd'ur-ous,  a.  Covered  with  verd-  | 

VERGE  (14),  n.  [Fr.  ;  Lat.  virga,  fr. 
virere ,  to  be  green.]  1.  A  kind  of 
rod  or  mace.  2.  Shaft  of  a  column. 

3.  Spindle  of  a  watch-balance.  4. 
Compass  or  extent  of  the  king’s 
court.  5.  [See  Verge,  v.  t.]  Extreme 
side  or  end  of  any  thing  of  some 
length. — v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Lat. 
vergere .]  1.  To  bend  ;  to  slope.  2. 

To  border  upon  ;  to  approach. 

VEr'Qer,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  verge,  a  rod.]  1. 

One  who  carries  a  verge  or  emblem 
of  office.  2.  Beadle  of  a  cathedral 
church.  [verified. 

VErG-fI'a-ble.  a.  Capable  of  being 

VerG-FI-EA'tion,  n.  Act  of  verifying;  ! 

state  of  being  verified  ;  confirmation.  | 

VErG-fI'ER,  n.  One  who  verifies.  ; 

VEr'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  142.]  [L. 

Lat.  verific.are  ;  Lat.  verus,  true,  and 
facer e ,  to  make.]  1.  To  prove  to  be  j 

true;  to  confirm.  2.  To  establish 
the  authenticity  of.  1 

VEr'i-ly,  adv.  1.  In  truth  ;  in  fact.  2. 

With  great  confidence. 

VErQ-sIm'I-LAR,  a.  [Lat.  verisimilis , 
fr.  verus,  true,  and  similis,  like,  simi¬ 
lar.]  Having  the  appearance  of  truth. 

VerG-si-mIl'i-tude,  n.  Appearance 
of  truth  ;  likelihood. 

VEr'I-TA-BLE  ,  a.  [Lat.  veritas,  truth.] 

Agreeable  to  truth  or  to  fact ;  real.  ; 

VErG-ta-BLY,  adv.  Really  ;  truly. 

VErG-ty,  n.  [Lat.  veritas.]  1.  Con¬ 
sonance  to  fact.  2.  A  true  assertion 
or  tenet. 

Syn.  —  Truth;  certainty;  reality.  ; 

VER'JUICE,  n.  [Fr.  verjus ,  fr.  verd , 

vert,  green,  and  jus,  juice.]  Sour  | 

juice  of  crab-apples,  unripe  grapes, 
and  the  like. 

Ver'me$,  n.  pi.  [Lat.]  Worms. 

Ver/MI-cElGG  (-chelfli  or  -selGT),  n. 

[It.  pi.  of  verini cello,  strictly,  a  little 
worm.]  A  wheat  paste,  made  into  a 
.slender,  worm-like  form. 

Ver-mIuGj-lar,  a.  [N.  Lat.  vermicu - 

A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,E, 1,6,0 , short ;  cAre,  fAr,  Ask,  all,  wh^t;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  fIrm;  s6n, 

I 


YERMICULATE 

laris ,  fr.  vermiculus,  a  little  worm.] 
Pertaiuing  to,  or  resembling,  the 
motiou  of  a  worm. 

VER-MI€'U-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  form,  by  inlaying  which  resem¬ 
bles  the  tracks  of  worms. 

VER-Mfe'u-LA'TION,  re.  Act  or  opera¬ 
tion  of  moving  in  the  form  of  a  worm, 
or  of  formiug  so  as  to  resemble  the 
motion  of  a  worm. 

Ver-mIc'u-loBs,  a.  Containing,  or 
resembling,  worms. 

VER'MI-FORM,  a.  [Lat.  vermis,  a 
worm,  and  forma ,  form.]  Having 
the  shape  of  a  worm. 

VEr'mi-fuge,  re.  [From  Lat.  vermis , 
a  worm ,  nnd  fugere,  to  flee.]  A  medi¬ 
cine  that  expels  worms. 

Ver-mIl'ION  (-ml by un ),  re.  [L.  Lat. 
verm  ilium,  from  Lat.  vermiculus,  a 
little  worm,  esp.  that  which  furnishes 
the  scarlet  color.]  1.  lied  sulphuret 
or  sulphide  of  mercury.  2.  Co¬ 
chineal.  3.  A  beautiful  red  color. 

VEr'MIN,  n.  pi.  [From  Lat.  vermis ,  a 
worm.]  Petty  noxious  little  animals 
or  insects,  as  rats,  mice,  grubs,  & c. 

VEr'MI-NA'TION,  n.  1.  Generation  of 
vermin.  2.  A  griping  of  the  bowels. 

VER'MiN-ofjs,  a.  1.  Infested  by  ver¬ 
min.  2.  Caused  by  vermin. 

VER-MiP'A-ROU'S,  a.  [Lat.  vermis,  & 
worm,  and  par  ere,  to  bring  forth.] 
Produc’ng  worms. 

Ver-mIv'o-roDs,  a.  [Lat.  vermis,  a 
worm,  and  vorare,  to  devour.]  Feed¬ 
ing  on  worms. 

VER-N.Xe'U-EAR,  a.  [Lat.  vernaeulus , 
native,  fr.  verna,  a  slave  born  in  his 
master’s  house,  a  native.]  Belong¬ 
ing  to  the  county  of  one’s  birth  ; 
native.  —  n.  One’s  mother  tongue, 
or  native  language. 

VEr'nae,  a.  [Lat.  vernalis,  fr.  ver, 
verm's,  spring  ]  1.  Belonging  to 

spring.  2.  Belonging  to  youth. 

VER'NIER,  n.  [From  the  inventor.]  A 
short  graduated  scale  for  measuring 
parts  of  the  smallest  spaces  of  a 
graduated  instrument. 

Ve-RON'I-€A,  n.  [From  Santa  Ve¬ 
ronica,  who,  according  to  an  old 
legend,  as  Christ  was  carrying  the 
cross,  wiped  his  face  with  a  cloth, 
which  received  an  impression  of  his 
countenance.]  A  portrait  of  our 
Saviour  on  handkerchiefs. 

Ver'SA-TILE,  a.  [Lat  versatilis ;  ver- 
sare,  to  turn  around.]  1.  Liable  to 
be  turned  in  opinion.  2.  Turning 
with  ease  from  one  thing  to  another. 
3.  Capable  of  revolving. 

Syn.  —  Variable  ;  changeable  s  un¬ 
steady  ;  fickle. 

Ver'sa-til'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  versatile  ;  aptness  to  change. 

VERSE  (14),  n.  [Lat.  versus,  a  furrow, 
row,  line.  fr.  vertere,  to  turn.]  1.  A 
line  consisting  of  a  certain  number 
of  long  and  short  syllables,  metrical¬ 
ly  disposed.  2.  Poetry.  3.  A  short 
division  of  any  composition,  espe¬ 
cially  of  the  Bible. 

t'ERSED  (verst),  p.  a.  [Lat.  versatus, 
p.  p.  of  versari,  to  turn  about  fre- 


465 

quently,  to  be  engaged  in  a  thing.] 
Acquainted  ;  skilled  ;  practiced. 

VErs'er,  n.  A  versifier. 

VEr'si-cOl'or  (-kul'ur),  I  a. 

V£r'si-€6l/or£1>  (-kuPurd),  )  [Lat. 
versicolor ;  versare,  to  change,  and 
color,  color.]  Having  various  colors. 

Ver'si-fi-cA'tion,  n.  Act,  art,  or 
practice  of  versifying ;  metrical  com¬ 
position.  •  [verses. 

Ver'si-FPEr,  re.  One  who  makes 

V£r'si-fy,  v.  i.  [-E d  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  versijicare ;  versus,  a  verse,  and 
facere ,  to  make.]  To  make  verses.  — 
v.  t.  1 .  To  relate  in  verse.  2.  To 
turn  into  verse. 

Ver'sion,  n.  [N.  Lat.  versio,  fr.  Lat. 
vertere,  to  turn,  translate.]  1.  Act 
of  translating.  2.  A  translation. 

Verst,  n.  [Russ,  versta.]  A  Russian 
measure  of  length  of  1501  feet. 

Ver' sus,  prep,  [Lat.]  Against. 

VERT,  n.  [Fr.  vert,  green.]  1.  (Eng. 
Forest  Law.)  Every  thing  that  bears 
a  green  leaf.  2.  A  green  color. 

V£r/te-ber,  n.  A  vertebra. _ 

Ver'te-bra,  71.;  pi.  VER'TE- 
BRJE.  [Lat.,  from  vertere,  to  turn.] 
A  joint  of  the  "back-bone. 

Ver'te-bral,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
joints  of  the  spine  or  back -bone. 

VEr'te-brate,  n.  An  animal  hav¬ 
ing  an  internal  jointed  skeleton.  — 
a.  Having  a  back-bone. 

Ver'TEX,  n.j  Eng.  pi.  VER'TEX-Eg  ; 
Lat.pl.  VER'TI-pEg.  [Lat.,  prop, 
that  which  turns  on  or  about  itself.] 
Top,  summit, or  crown,  especially  of 
the  head. 

VER'Tie-AE,  a.  1.  At  the  vertex  ;  di¬ 
rectly  overhead,  or  in  the  zenith.  2. 
Upright ;  plumb.  [manner. 

VER'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  vertical 

VER-Tl^'lL-EATE,  a.  [N.  Lat.  vert i- 
cillatus.  See  VERTEX.]  Arranged 
in  a  ring  or  whorl. 

Ver-tig'i-nous,  a.  [Lat.  vertigino- 
sus,  fr.  vertigo,  giddiness.]  1.  Turn¬ 
ing  round;  rotary.  2.  Giddy  ;  dizzy. 

Ver-tig'i-nous-ness,  n.  Giddiness. 

VEr'TI-GO,  n.  [Lat.,  from  vertere,  to 
turn.]  Dizziness  or  swimming  of  the 
head :  giddiness.  [plant. 

Ver'vain,  n.  [See  Verbena.]  A 

VEr'y,  a.  [Lat.  verax,  true,  vera¬ 
cious.]  True;  real;  actual.  —  adv. 
In  a  high  degree  ;  exceedingly. 

VEs'I-OANT,  71.  [ -ED;  -ING.]  [Lat. 

vesica,  a  blister.]  A  blistering  ap¬ 
plication.  [blisters. 

Ves'i-ea'tion,^  Process  of  raising 

Yes'i-€A-to-ry,  n.  A  blistering  plas¬ 
ter. —  a.  Having  a  power  to  blister. 

Ves'I-cle,  n.  [Lat.  vesicula,  dim.  of 
vesica,  a  bladder.]  A  bladder-like 
vessel ;  a  membranous  cavity  ;  a  cell. 

VE-sfe'U-LAR,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  vesicles.  2.  Full  of 
interstices :  hollow. 

Ve-sie'U-late,  a.  Full  of  bladders ; 
vesicular. 

Vfis'PER,  n.  1.  [Lat.  vesper,  evening, 
evening  star,  allied  to  Gr.  eWepos, 
ecrnepa.  ]  The  evening  star  ;  Venus; 
hence,  the  evening.  2.  pi.  Evening 


VETO 

service,  in  the  Roman  Catholie 
church. 

Ves'per-tIne,  a.  [Lat.  vespertinus.] 
Relating  to,  or  being  in,  the  evening. 

Ves'sel,  re.  [Lat.  vascellum,  dim.  of 
vas ,  a  vessel.]  1.  A  hollow  dish  of 
any  kind.  2.  A  structure  made  to 
float  on  the  water,  for  purposes  of 
commerce  or  war.  3.  Any  tube  or  ca¬ 
nal  in  which  the  blood  or  other  fluid 
is  contained,  secreted,  or  circulated. 

Vest,  re.  [Lat.  vestis,  a  garment,  vest, 
Goth,  vasti,  garment,  vasjan,  to 
clothe.]  1.  An  outer  garment,  or 
any  outer  covering.  2.  A  waistcoat- 
—  v.t.  [-El) ;  -ING.]  1.  To  clothe 
with,  or  as  with,  a  garment.  2.  To 
put  in  possession  ;  to  furnish.  —  v.  i. 
To  descend  ;  to  take  effect,  as  a  right. 

VEs'TAL,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  Vesta, 
a  virgin  goddess  of  fire  among  the 
Romans.  2.  Pure;  chaste. — n.  A 
virgin  consecrated  to  Vesta. 

Vest'ed,  p.  a.  Not  in  a  state  of  con¬ 
tingency  ;  fixed.  [vestibule. 

Ves-tjb'u-lar,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 

Vfis'TI-BULE,  re.  [Lat.  vestibulum.] 
An  antechamber  between  the  hall 
and  the  outer  doors ;  a  porch. 

Syn.  — Hall;  passage. —  A  vestibule  is 
a  small  apartment  within  the  doors  of  a 
building;  a  hall  is  the  first  large  apart¬ 
ment  beyond  the  vestibule,  and,  in  this 
country,  is  usually  long  and  narrow, 
serving  as  a  passage  to  the  several  apart¬ 
ments. 

VES'TIGE,  re.  [Lat.  vestigium.']  Mark 
of  the  foot  left  on  the  earth  ;  a  track 
or  footstep ;  sign. 

Syn.  —  Trace.  —  Vestige  is  literally  a 
foot-print ;  a  trace  is  something  drawn 
out  in  a  line.  Vestige,  therefore,  always 
supposes  something  left  behind,  while  a 
trace  is  a  mere  indication  that  some¬ 
thing  has  been  present  or  is  present ;  as, 
traces  of  former  population  ;  a  truce  of 
poison  in  a  given  substance. 

Vesting,  w.  Cloth  for  vests. 

Vest'ment,  re.  [Lat.  vestimentum, 
fr.  vestire,  to  clothe.]  A  garment ;  a 
dress ;  a  robe. 

Ves'try,  71.  [Lat.  vestiarium ;  vestis, 
a  garment.]  1.  A  room  in  a  church, 
in  which  the  sacerdotal  vestments, 
&c.,  are  kept.  2.  (Episcopal Church.) 
A  committee  which  manages  the  tem¬ 
poral  concerns  of  a  parish. 

VEst'ure  (53),  re.  [From  Lat.  vestire, 
to  clothe.]  A  garment ;  a  robe ; 
clothing  ;  dress  ;  apparel ;  vestment ; 
habit ;  covering ;  envelope. 

Vetch,  re.  [Lat.  vicia,  0.  H.  Ger. 
icicce .]  A  leguminous  plant. 

Vet'er-an,  a.  [hat.  veter anus ;  vetus, 
old.]  Long  exercised  in  any  thing.  — 
7i.  One  long  exercised  in  any  service 
or  art,  particularly  in  war. 

VET'ER-T-NA'RI-AN,  re.  [Lat.  veteri- 
narius,  fr.  veterinarius ,  belonging  to 
beasts  of  burden,  fr.  vehere,  to  carry.] 
One  skilled  in  the  diseases  of  cattle. 

Vet'er-I-NA-ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
art  of  healing  the  diseases  of  domes¬ 
tic  animals. 

Ve'to,  w.  ;  pi.  VE'TOE§.  [Lat.  veto, 
I  forbid.]  1.  The  power  possessed 
by  the  executive  of  negativing  a  bill 

G,  hard;  Ag  ;  e^cist  ;  Nas  NG;  this. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,TOO  ,TOOK  •.  Urn,  RUE,  PVLL  •,  E,  I,  O ,  silent ;  Q,  &,  soft;  €, 


VIGOR 


VEX 

which  has  passed  the  legislative 
branch  of  the  government ;  also,  the 
act  of  exercising  this  power.  2.  Any 
authoritative  prohibition.  — v.  t. 
[•ED;  -ing,  144.]  To  withhold  as¬ 
sent  to,  especially  to  a  bill  for  a  law. 

’fE x,v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  vexare, 
orig.  to  shake  or  toss,  in  carrying.] 
1.  To  make  angry  by  little  provoca¬ 
tions  ;  to  irritate.  2.  To  disturb  ;  to 
disquiet ;  to  agitate. 

Syn.  —  See  Tease. 

Vex-a'tion,  ».  1.  Act  of  vexing,  or 
state  of  being  vexed.  2.  Cause  of 
trouble.  3.  A  harassing  by  law  ;  a 
vexing,  as  by  a  malicious  suit. 

Syn.—  See  Chagrin. 

Vex-a'tious,  a.  1.  Causing  vexation 
or  disquiet.  2.  Distressing  ;  harass¬ 
ing.  3.  Full  of  vexation. 

Syn.  —  Afflictive  ;  provoking;  troub¬ 
lesome;  teasing. 

Vex-a'tioDs-ly,  adv.  So  as  to  give 
trouble  or  annoyance. 

VEX-A'TiotJS-NESS,  n.  Quality  of 
being  vexatious,  pr  of  giving  trouble 
and  disquiet. 

Yex'ing-ly,  adv.  So  as  to  vex. 

VI'A,  adv.  [Lat.,  ablative  of  via,  way.] 
By  the  way  of. 

VI'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  viable ,  fr.  vie ,  life, 
_L at.  vita.]  Capable  of  living. 

Vi'A-dBut,  n.  [Lat.  via ,  a  way,  duc¬ 
tus,  a  leading.]  A  structure  forcarry- 
ing  a  railway  across  a  valley  or  river. 

Vi'al,  n.  [See  Phial  ]  A  small  bottle, 
—  v.t.  [-ED,  -ING  ;  or  -LED,  -LING. 
137.]  To  put  into  a  vial  or  vials. 

YI'AND,  n.  [L.  Lat.  viand  a ,  vivanda, 
vivenda ,  from  Lat.  vivere ,  to  live.] 
_Food  ;  victuals ;  —  chieliy  in  the  pi. 

YI-AT'ie,  a.  [Lat.  viaticus ,  from  via , 
a  way.]  Pertaining  to  a  journey. 

VI-Xt'I-€Bm,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  via,  a  way.] 
1.  Provisions  for  a  journey.  2.  The 
communion  given  to  dying  persons. 

YI'brate,  v.  i.  [-E I) ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
vibrare,  -bratum.]  1.  To  move  to  and 
fro,  or  from  side  to  side.  2.  To  pro¬ 
duce  a  vibratory  effect.  3.  To  pass 
from  one  state  to  another.  —  v.  t. 

1.  To  brandish ;  to  swing.  2.  To 
measure  by  moving  to  and  fro. 

YPbra-tIle,  a.  Adapted  to,  or  used 
in,  vibratory  motion. 

VI-bra'tion,  n.  Act  of  vibrating,  or 
state  of  being  vibrated;  quick  mo¬ 
tion  to  and  fro  ;  oscillation. 

YI'BRA-TO-RY  (50),  a.  1.  Consisting 
in  vibration.  2.  Causing  to  vibrate. 

Yle'AR,  n.  [See  Vicarious.]  Incum¬ 
bent  of  an  appropriated  benefice. 

VIc'ar-age,  n.  1.  Benefice  of  a  vicar. 

2.  Residence  of  a  vicar. 

VI-ca'ri-al,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  vicar  ; 

delegated. 

YI-CA'RI-ATE,  a.  Having  delegated 
power,  as  a  vicar.  —  n.  Office  or 
oversight  of  a  vicar. 

VI-CA'Rl-otts,  a.  [Lat.  vicarius ,  from 
vicis,  change,  turn,  office  of  one  per¬ 
son  as  assumed  by  another.]  1. 
Pertaining  to  a  vicar ;  deputed  ;  dele¬ 
gated.  2.  Acting  or  suffering  for 


4G6 

another.  3.  Performed  or  suffered 
in  the  place  of  another.  [tion. 

Yi-ca'ri-oDs-ly,  adv.  By  substitu- 

VI^E,  n.  [Lat.  vilium.]  1.  A  defect; 
a  fault.  2.  A  moral  fault ;  especially, 
immoral  conduct  or  habit. 

Syn.  —  Crime  ;  sin  ;  iniquity  ;  fault  ; 
wickedness.  See  Crime. 

3.  An  instrument  consisting  of  two 
jaws,  closing  by  a  screw,  for  holding 
work.  —  [Lat.  vice,  in  the  place  of.] 
A  prefix  denoting  one  who  acts  in  the 
place  of  another,  or  who  is  second  in 
rank  or  authority.  [of. 

VI' pE,  prep.  In  the  place  of ;  instead 

VI^e'-Xd'mi-ral,,  n.  (Navy.)  The 
j?econd  officer  in  command. 

Vi^e/-Xd'mi-ral-ty,  n.  Office  of  a 
vice-admiral. 

VI^E'-CHAN'^EL-LOR,  n.  An  officer 
next  in  rank  to  a  chancellor. 

VT^E'-eoN'sUL,  n.  One  acting  for 
the  consul. 

Vl^E-GE'REN-^Y,  n.  Office  of  a  vice¬ 
gerent  ;  deputed  power. 

Vi^E-GE'RENT  (89),  n.  An  officer  de¬ 
puted  to  exercise  the  powers  of  an¬ 
other.  —  a.  Having,  or  exercising, 
delegated  power. 

Vl^E'-PRES'l-DENT,  n.  An  officer 
next  in  rank  below  a  president. 

VIce'-RE'GAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
viceroy  or  vice-royalty. 

Vl^E'ROY,  n.  [Fr.  vice-roi,  from  Fr. 
&  Lat.  vice,  in  the  place  of,  and  Fr. 
roi,  roy,  a  king.]  A  governor  who 
rules  as  the  king’s  substitute. 

Vi^e-roy'al-ty,  1  n.  Dignity,  office, 

VI^E'ROY-SHIP,  J  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  viceroy. 

Vlf/I-NAGE,  n.  [Lat,  t acinus,  neigh¬ 
boring,  a  neighbor,  fr.  virus,  a  row 
of  houses.]  Places  adjoining  or  near; 
neighborhood. 

VI^'i-nae,  a.  [Lat.  vicinalis.]  Near. 

VI-^lN'I-TY,  n.  [Lat.  vicinitas.]  1. 
Nearness  ;  proximity.  2.  That  which 
is  near,  or  not  remote  ;  near  place. 

Syn.  —  See  Neighborhood. 

Yi'cioOs  (vTsh'us),  a.  [Lat.  vitiosus, 
fr.  vitium ,  vice.]  1.  Characterized 
by  vice  or  defects.  2.  Addicted  to 
vice ;  corrupt  in  principles  or  con¬ 
duct.  3.  Not  genuine  or  pure.  4. 
Not  well  tamed  or  broken. 

VPcioiis-ly  (vislVus-),  adv.  In  a 
vicious  manner. 

VI'cioBs-ness  (vish'us-),  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  vicious. 

Syn.  —  Corruptness;  wickedness;  im¬ 
morality;  profligacy;  unruliness. 

VI-cIs'SI-tOde  (53),  n.  [Lat.  virissi- 
tudo ;  vicis ,  change.]  1.  Regular 
change  ;  alternation.  2.  Mutation, 
as  in  human  affairs. 

Yle'TlM,  n.  [Lat.  victima,  a  beast  of 
sacrifice.]  1.  A  living  being  sacrificed. 
2.  A  person  or  thing  destroyed  in  the 
pursuit  of  an  object.  3.  A  dupe  ;  a 
gull. 

Vle'TIM-IZE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  a  victim  of.  [  Colloq.] 

Vle'TOR,  n.  [Lat.,  fr.  vincere,  to  con¬ 
quer.]  One  who  gets  the  better  of 


another  in  any  struggle ;  esp.  one 
who  conquers  in  war.  [tippet. 

VIe'TOR-INE  (-eenQ,  n.  A  lady’s  fur 

Vie-TO'RI-otJS,  a.  [Lat.  vir.toriosus.] 

1.  Having  conquered  or  overcome  an 
enemy.  2.  Producing  conquest.  3. 
Indicating  victory. 

Syn.—  Conquering;  vanquishing;  tri¬ 
umphant;  successful. 

Vre-Td'Ri-oCs-LY,  adv.  In  a  victo¬ 
rious  manner.  [ing  victorious. 

Vig-to'ri-oDs-ness,  n.  State  of  be- 

Ylu'TO-RY,  n.  [Lat.  victoria.]  Defeat 
of  an  enemy  in  battle,  or  of  an  antag¬ 
onist  in  contest;  conciuest ;  triumph. 

YIct'ual  (vlt'l),  v.t.  ‘  [-ED.-ING  ;  or 
-LED,  -LING,  137.]  To  supply  with 
provisions  for  subsistence. 

VIct'ual-er  1  (vlt'l-er),  n.  1  One 

YIct'ual-ler  )  who  furnishes  pro¬ 
visions.  2.  One  who  keeps  a  house 
of  entertainment. 

VIct'uals  (vlt'lz).  n.  pi.  [L.Lat.v/c- 
tuaUa,  from  Lat.  vir.tualis,  belonging 
to  nourishment,  fr.  vivere,  victum, 
to  live.]  Food  for  human  beings,  pre¬ 
pared  for  eating ;  provisions. 

VI' DE,  v.  imper.  [Lat.]  See. 

Vl-DEL'I-pET,  adv.  [Lat.,  contr. 
fr.  videre  licet,  i.  e..  it  is  easy  to  see, 
one  may  see.]  To  wit;  namely;  — 
abbreviated,  viz. 

VIe , v.  i.  [VIED  ;  VYING,  141.]  [A.-S. 
wigian,  wiggan,  to  contend,  fight.] 
To  strive  for  superiority  ;  to  contend. 

View  (vu),  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [From 
the  n.]  1.  To  look  at  with  attention  ; 
to  inspect ;  to  explore.  2.  To  survey 
intellectually;  to  consider.  —  n.  [Fr. 
vue,  fr.  veoir,  voir,  to  see.]  1.  Act  of 
seeing;  survey.  2.  Mental  survey. 
3.  Reach  of  the  sight ;  power  of  see¬ 
ing.  4.  That  which  is  seen  or  beheld. 
5.  A  sketch.  6.  That  which  is  kept 
in  sight,  as  object,  or  intention. 

VlEW'ER  (viVer),  n.  One  who  views. 

Yiew'less  (vG'les),  a.  Not  to  be 
viewed  ;  invisible. 

Vl&'lL,  n.  [Lat.  vigilia  ;  vigil,  awake, 
watchful.]  1.  Sleeplessness  ;  watch. 

2.  Watching  for  religious  exercises. 

3.  Evening  before  any  feast,  or  a  re¬ 
ligious  service  then  performed. 

Vig'i-lan^e,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  vigilant ;  forbearance  of  sleep. 

Syn. — Watchfulness;  caution;  guard. 

Vl&'l-LANT,  a.  [Lat.  vigilans,  watch¬ 
ing.]  Attentive  to  discover  and  avoid 
danger,  or  to  provide  for  safety. 

Syn.  —  Wakeful ;  watchful  ;  circum¬ 
spect. 

VIg'i-lant-ly,  adv.  In  a  vigilant 
manner ;  watchfully. 

Vignette  (vin-yet'  or  vYn'yet),  ». 
[fr.  vignette,  from  vigne,  a  vine.]  1. 
A  running  ornament  consisting  of 
leaves  and  tendrils,  used  in  Gothic 
architecture.  2.  A  small  wood-cut 
or  engraving,  not  inclosed  within  a 
definite  border. 

YIg'or,  v.  [Lat.]  1.  Active  strength  of 
body  or  mind  ;  intellectual  force.  2. 
Strength  or  force  in  animal  or  vege¬ 
table  nature.  3.  Energy  ;  efficacy. 


A,  e,  I,  6,  u,  y ,long;  X,  £,1,6,  0,  V,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  ^ll,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


VIGOROUS 

Yig'or-oPs,  a.  1.  Possessing  vigor. 

2.  Exhibiting  strength,  either  of 
body  or  mind;  powerful. 

VlG'OR-otrs-LY,  a dv.  .  In  a  vigorous 
manner.  [iug  vigorous, 

i  VIg'orous-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be- 

VlLE,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [Lat.  vilis.] 
1.  Low ;  despicable.  2.  Morally  base 
or  impure. 

VlLE'LY  (1(j9),  adv.  1.  Basely  ;  mean¬ 
ly.  2.  In  a  cowardly  manner. 

Vile'ness,  n.  Quality  of  being  vile. 

VIL'i-fi'er,  n.  One  who  vilifies. 

VIl'i-fy,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.]  [Lat. 
vilificare ;  vilis,  vile,  and  facer e,  to 
make.]  To  attempt  to  degrade  by- 
slander. 

Syn.  —  To  debase;  defame;  revile; 
abuse  ;  traduce;  vituperate. 

VIl'la  (147),  n.  [Lat.]  A  country- 
seat  or  residence,  usually  of  a 

1  wealthy  person. 

VlL'LAGE,  n.  [From  Lat.  villa.]  A 
small  inhabited  place ;  an  assem¬ 
blage  of  houses,  less  than  a  town  or 
city. 

Syn. —  Hamlet;  town  :  city.  —  In  Eng¬ 
land,  a  hamlet  denotes  a  collection  of 
houses  too  small  to  have  a  parish  church. 
A  village  has  a  church,  hut  no  market. 
A  town  has  both  a  market  and  a  church 
or  churches.  A  dig  is,  in  the  legal  sense, 
an  incorporated  borough  town,  which  is, 
or  has  been,  the  place  of  a  bishop’s  see. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say,  that  the  last 
three  words  have  a  different  acceptation 
in  the  United  States. 

VTl'LA-ger,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a 
village 

VIl'LAIN,  n.  [0.  Fr.  ;  L.  Lat.  villanvs , 
fr.  villa,  a  village.  Lat-  ,  a  farm.]  1. 
A  feudal  tenant  of  the  lowest  class  ; 
a  bondman.  2.  A  vile,  wicked  per¬ 
son  ;  a  deliberate  scoundrel. 

Vil'lajn-oOs  ( (156),  a.  1.  Suited  to, 

VTl'lan-ous  j  or  like,  a  villain.  2. 
l’r<  ceeding  from  extreme  depravity. 

3.  Sorry  ;  mean  ;  mischievous. 

Yil'lain-oOs  ly,  (  "</v.  In  a  vil- 

VlL'LAN-ous-LY,  )  lainous  manner. 

VtL'LAlN-Y  ( (156),  n.  1.  Extreme 

ViL'LA  N-Y  )  depravity  ;  atrocious 

wickedness.  2.  A  deed  of  deep  de¬ 
pravity. 

VIl'lan  age,  n.  [See  Villain.] 
State  of  a  villain  ;  servile  tenure  of 
lands.  [Usually  written  villenage .] 
VIl'lan-ous,  a.  See  villainous. 

Vil'lan-y,  n.  See  Villainy. 

VlL-LAT/ie,  a.  [Lat.  villaticus,  from 
villa  a  country-house.]  Pertaining 
to  a  village. 

VIl'lT,  n.  pi.  [Lat.  villus,  shaggy 
hair.]  1.  Minute  papillary  eleva¬ 
tions.  2.  Fine  hairs. 

VlL-LOSE'  (125),  1  a.  [Lat.  villa  sits.] 

YIl'lous,  j  1.  Abounding  or 

covered  with  fine  hairs;  nappy.  2. 
Downy  ;  velvety'. 

VIm'i-nal,  a.  [Lat.  vimen.  a  pliant 
twig.]  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of, 
or  producing,  twigs. 

VI-MIN'E-OUS,  a  [Lat.  vimineus .] 

Made  of,  or  producing,  twigs. 

Vi-NA'ceoOs,  a.  [Lat.  vinaceus,  fr. 
vinum ,  wine.]  Belonging  to  wine  or 
grapes. 

467 

VfN'Al-GRETTE',  n.  [Fr.,  from 

vmaigre,  vinegar.]  A  small  box,  or 
bottle,  for  aromatic  vinegar,  or  smell¬ 
ing-salts.  [querable. 

VlN  CI-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  vincAbilis.]  Con- 

VlN€’  V-l  it  at,  n. ;  pi.  ving'U-lA. 
[Lat.,  fr.  vine  ire,  to  bind.]  A  bond 
of  union  ;  a  tie. 

VlN-DE'Ml-AL,  a.  [Lat.  vintiemialis , 
fr.  vindemia,  a  vintage.]  Pertaining 
to  a  vintage.  [vindicated. 

Vin'di-ca-ble ,  a.  Capable  of  being 

VlN 'DI-CATE,  V.  t.  [-EI);  -ING.]  [Lat. 
vindicate,  -catum .]  1.  To  prove  to 

be  just  or  valid.  2.  To  support  or 
maintain  as  true, against  denial,  cen¬ 
sure,  or  objections.  3.  To  maintain 
by  overthrowing  enemies. 

Syn.  —  To  assert;  defend;  justify. 

VlN'Dl-CA'TION,  n.  Act  of  vindicat¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  vindicated ; 
claim  ;  defense. 

VYn'di-ca'tive,  a.  Tending  to  vindi¬ 
cate.  [cates. 

Vin'di-ca'tor,  n.  One  who  vindi- 

VlN'Dl-€A-TO-RY  (50),  a.  1.  Tending 
to  vindicate.  2.  Indicting  punish¬ 
ment  ;  avenging. 

Vin-dic'tive,  a.  [Lat.. vindicta,  re¬ 
venge,  punishment.]  Given  to  re¬ 
venge  ;  revengeful. 

VlN-Dl€'TIVE-LY,  adv.  Revengefully. 

VlN-Die'TlvE-NESS,  n.  Revengeful 
temper. 

Vine.  n.  [Lat.  vinea,  a  vine.]  1.  The 
plant  that  produces  grapes.  2.  A 
climbing  or  trailing  plant. 

VIne'-dress'er,  n.  One  who  culti¬ 
vates  vines. 

Vin'e-gar,  n.  [Fr.  vinaigre,  fr.  vin, 
wine,  and  aigre,  sour.]  An  acid  liq¬ 
uor  obtained  from  wine,  cider,  beer, 
and  the  like,  by  acetous  fermenta¬ 
tion.  [vines. 

VlN'ER-Y,  n.  A  structure  forrearing 

Vine 'yard  (vin'yard),  n.  A  planta¬ 
tion  of  vines  producing  grapes. 

Vi'noOs,  a.  [Lat.  vinosus.]  Having 
the  qualities  of,  or  relating  to,  wine. 

VTnt'age  (45),  n.  [From  vine.]  1. 
Produce,  in  grapes  or  in  wine,  of  the 
vine  for  the  season.  2.  Time  of 
gathering  grapes.  [vintage. 

Vint'a-ger,  n.  One  who  gathers  the 

VlNT'NER,  n.  [0.  Eng.  vintener,  Lat. 
vinitor.]  One  who  deals  in  wine. 

VIn'y,  a.  Belonging  to,  or  abounding 
in,  vines. 

Vl'OL,  n.  [It.  viola,  L.  Lat.  vitula.] 
A  stringed  musical  instrument. 

VI'O-lA,  n.  An  instrument  resem¬ 
bling  the  violin.  [violated. 

Vl'o-L A-BLE ,  a.  Capable  of  being 

VPo-la'ceoDs,  a.  [Lat.  violaceus .] 
Resembling  violets  in  color. 

Vl'O-LATE,  V.  t.  [-EI)  ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
violate,  -latum,  fr.  vis,  force.]  1.  To 
treat  in  a  violent  manner.  2.  To  do 
violence  to,  as  to  any  thing  that 
should  be  respected.  3.  To  commit 
rape  on ;  to  outrage. 

Syn.  —  To  injure;  disturb;  interrupt; 
infringe;  transgress;  profane;  debauch. 

Vi'o-la'tion,  n.  1.  Act  of  violating, 

VIRILITY 

or  state  of  being  violated.  2.  In¬ 
fringement  ;  transgression.  3.  Con¬ 
temptuous  treatment  of  sacred 
things.  4.  Ravishment ;  rape. 

Vi'O-LA'TOR,  ra.-  One  who  violates. 

VP0-LEN9E,  n.  [Lat.  violentia.}  1. 
Highly  excited  action,  whether  phys¬ 
ical  or  moral.  2.  Injury  done  to  that 
which  is  entitled  to  respect.  3.  Rav¬ 
ishment  ;  rape.  , 

Syn.  —  Vehemence  ;  outrage  ;  viola¬ 
tion;  infraction;  infringement. 

Vi'o-LENT,  a.  1.  Moving  or  acting 
with  physical  strength ;  excited  by 
strong  feeling  or  passion.  2.  Com¬ 
mitting  outrage. 

Syn.  —  Fierce  ;  furious  ;  impetuous  ; 
passionate;  severe;  extreme;  unnatural. 

VI'O-LENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  violent 

manner. 

Vl'o-LET,  11.  [Lat.  viola.]  1.  A  plant 
and  flower  of  many'  species.  2.  One 
of  the  seven  primary  colors  of  the 
solar  spectrum.  —  a.  Dark  blue,  in¬ 
clining  to  red. 

VPo-lin',  n.  [jgp.  See  Viol.]  (Mus.) 

An  instrument  with  four  strings, 
played  with  a  bow  ;  a  fiddle. 

VVo-LIN'IST,  n.  A  player  on  a  violin. 

Vi'ol-Tst,  n.  A  player  on  the  viol. 

Vi'o-L  on-cel 'list,  n.  One  who 

plays  on  the  violoncello. 

VI'O-LON-CEL'LO  (-chel'lo  or  -sel'lo), 
n.  [It.,  dim.  of  violone,  a  bass-viol.] 

A  bass-viol  of  four  strings. 

Viol  one  (ve'o-lo'na),  n.  [It.]  The 
largest  instrument  of  the  bass-viol 
kind. 

VI'per,  n.  [Lat.  vi- 

family  of  poisonous 

VI'PER-INE,  a.  Per-  Viper, 

taining  to  a  viper, 
or  to  vipers.  [of  a  viper. 

Vl'PER-oOs,  a.  Having  the  qualities 

VI-RA'GO,  n. ;  pi.  vi-RA'GOES.  [Lat. 
virago,  fr.  vir,  a  man.]  1.  A  female 
warrior.  2.  A  bold,  impudent,  tur¬ 
bulent  woman ;  a  termagant. 

VlR'E-LAY,  11.  [Fr.  virelai ,  fr.  vi.rer,  to 
turn,  and  lai,  a  lay.]  An  ancient 
French  song,  wholly  in  two  rhymes- 

Vl-RES'^ENT,  a.  [Lat.  virescens, 

growing  green.]  Slightly  green  ; 

greenish. 

ViR'GIN  ( 18),  n.  [Lat.  virgo,  virginis, 
fr.  vivere,  to  be  green.]  A  woman 
who  has  preserved  her  chastity ;  a 
maiden. — a.  1.  Chaste;  pure;  un¬ 
defiled.  2.  Maidenly  ;  modest. 

Vir-gin'i-ty,  n.  State  of  a  virgin; 
maidenhood. 

Vir' GO,  11.  [Lat.,  a  virgin.]  A  sign 
and  constellation  of  the  zodiac. 

Vl-RID'l-TY,  1  n.  [Lat.  viriditas .] 

Vir'id-ness,  j  Greenness  ;  verdure. 

VI'RILE,  or  Vir'Ile,  a.  [Lat.  virilis, 
from  vir,  a  man.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
a  man,  or  to  the  male  sex.  2.  Mas¬ 
culine. 

VI-RIL'I-TY,  or  Vl-RIL'I-TY,  n.  1. 
Manhood ;  manly  character.  2.  Power 
of  procreation. 

or,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOOK;  Urn, rue, pull ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  6,  soft;  c,  G,  hard;  AS;  e>cist;  n  as  NG  ;  this. 

VIRTU 


VIVIF1CAL 


VlR-TU',  n.  [It.  virtu,  virtue.  See 
Virtue.]  1.  A  love  of  the  fine  arts  ; 
a  taste  for  curiosities.  2.  Objects  of 
art  or  antiquity. 

VlRT'u-AL,  a.  [L.  L&t.virtualis,  from 
Lat..  virtus,  strength,  power.]  Being 
in  essence  or  effect,  not  in  fact. 

VIrt'u-al-ly,  adv.  In  efficacy  or 
effect  only. 

ViRT'UE  (18),  n.  [Lat.  virtus,  strength, 
courage,  virtue,  fr.  vir,  a  man.]  1. 
Active  quality  ;  strength  ;  efficacy. 

2.  Moral  excellence  ;  uprightness.  3. 
Female^ chastity  ;  virginity  ;  purity. 

VIr'tjj-o'so,  n. ;  Eng.  pi.  vlR'TU- 
o'so2  ;  It.  pi.  xir'  tu-o’st.]  [It.] 
One  skilled  in  the  fine  arts,  in  antiq¬ 
uities,  curiosities,  & c. 

VIrt'u-ous,  a.  Possessing  or  exhib¬ 
iting  virtue.  [manner. 

Virt'u-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  virtuous 

VlRT'u-otJs-NESS,  n.  State  or  char¬ 
acter  of  being  virtuous. 

ViR'u-LENCE ,  In.  1.  Quality  of  being 

VfR'u-LEN-CY,  (  virulent ;  injurious 
activity;  poisonousness.  2.  Extreme 
bitterness  or  malignity. 

Syn. —  Malignancy  ;  acrimony  ;  ran¬ 
cor;  venom;  spite. 

VIr'U-lent,  a.  [Lat.  virulentus.]  1. 
Extremely  poisonous  or  venomous. 
2.  Very  bitter  in  enmity. 

Syn.  —  Malignant;  venomous;  poison¬ 
ous;  rancorous;  bitter;  spiteful. 

Vi'R'U-LENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  virulent 
manner. 

Vi'RUS,  n.  [Lat.,  a  slimy  liquid,  poi¬ 
son.]  1.  Contagious  or  poisonous 
matter,  as  of  specific  ulcers,  &c.  2. 

Spirit,  aim,  or  drift,  of  any  thing  in¬ 
jurious. 

Vlg'AGE  (45),  n.  [L.  Lat.  visagium, 
fr.  Lat.  visits,  a  seeing,  a  look.]  Face, 
countenance,  or  look  of  a  person. 

Vis-a-vis  (vlz'a-ve'),  n.  [Fr.,  face  to 
face.]  1.  One  who  is  face  to  face  with 
another.  2.  A  carriage  in  which  two 
persons  sit  face  to  face. 

Vis'CE-ra,  n.  pi.  [fat.]  The  contents 
of  the  abdomen ;  bowels 

Vls'CER-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  vis¬ 
cera,  or  entrails. 

Vls'CER-ATE,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
deprive  of  the  viscera;  to  embowel. 

Vis'll D,  a.  [Lat.  viscidus,  fr.  viscum , 
the  mistletoe,  bird-lime  (made  from 
mistletoe-berries)  ]  Sticking  ;  adher¬ 
ing  ;  glutinous. 

Vis-cf u'l-TY,  n.  1.  Glutinousness; 
stickiness.  2.  That  which  is  viscid. 

Vis-eos'l-TY,  n.  [L.  Lat.  viscositas.] 
Quality  of  being  viscous  ;  viscidity. 

VIs'gount  (vi'kount),  n.  [0.  Fr.  vis- 
comte,  vicomte,  L.  Lat.  vicecom.es, 
fr.  Lat.  vice,  and  comes,  a  compan¬ 
ion,  L.  Lat.,  a  count,.]  A  nobleman 
next  in  rank  below  an  earl ;  also,  his 
title.  [Eng.] 

VIs'eouNT-ESS  (vi'kount-),  n.  The 
lady  of  a  viscount ;  a  peeress  of  the 
fourth  order. 

Vis 'go  us,  a.  [Lat.  viscosus,  fr.  viscum, 
bird-lime.]  Adhesive  ;  sticky  ;  glu¬ 
tinous. 

Vise,  n.  [Fr.  vis,  a  screw,  vise.]  An 


468 

instrument  for  griping  and  holding 
things,  closed  by  a  screw. 

Vise  (ve'za/),  n.  [Fr.  vise,  from  Lat. 
visits,  seen.]  An  indorsement  made 
by  police  officers  of  certain  European 
countries,  on  a  passport,  denoting 
that  it  has  been  examined,  and  that 
the  person  who  bears  it  is  permitted 
to  proceed. 

Vist  (ve-zaQ,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
examine  and  indorse,  as  a  passport. 
Vig'l-Bi'L'l-TY,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  visible. 

Vig'I-BLE,  a.  [Lat.  visibilis,  fr.  videre, 
to  see.]  1.  Perceivable  by  the  eye. 

2.  Noticeable  ;  conspicuous. 

Vis'l -BEE -NESS,  n.  Visibility. 
Vig'l-BLY,  adv.  Noticeably;  clearly. 
Vis'lON  (vizh'un),  n.  [Lat.  visio,  fr, 

videre,  to  see.]  1.  Act  or  faculty  of 
seeing;  sight.  2.  An  object  of  sight. 

3.  An  apparition;  a  phantom.  4. 
Something  imaginary. 

Vls'lON-A-RY  (vizh'un-),  a.  1.  Affected 
by  phantoms  ;  given  to  reverie.  2. 
Existing  in  imagination  only. 

Svx.  —  Fanciful  ;  fantastic  ;  unreal. 
See  Fanciful. 

—  n.  1.  One  whose  imagination  is 
disturbed.  2.  One  who  forms  im¬ 
practicable  schemes. 

Vis'it,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  [Lat.  vis¬ 
it  are,  fr.  visere,  to  go  to  see,  to  visit.] 

1.  To  go  or  come  to  see;  to  attend. 

2.  To  inspect ;  to  examine.  3.  To 
appear  before  or  judge.  — v.  i.  To 
keep  up  the  interchange  of  civilities 
and  salutations.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  go¬ 
ing  to  see  a  person.  2.  Official  or 
formal  inspection  ;  examination. 

Vig'lT-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  or  subject  to 
be  visited  or  inspected. 

Vfg'lT-ANT,  n.  One  who  visits. 
Vlg'lT-A'TiON,  n.  1.  Act  of  visiting, 
or  the  state  of  being  visited.  2.  Com¬ 
munication  of  divine  favor  and  good¬ 
ness,  or,  more  usually,  of  divine 
wrath  and  vengeance. 

Vlg'lT-OR,  n.  One  who  visits. 
VIVit-o'ri-al,  a.  Belonging  to  a  ju¬ 
dicial  visitor  or  superintendent. 
Vis'OR,  or  Vl'gOR,  n.  [From  Lat.  vi¬ 
dere,  to  see.]  1.  Part  of  a  helmet,  per¬ 
forated  for  seeing  through.  2.  A  mask 
used  to  disguise.  3.  The  forepiece  of 
a  cap. 

Vls'TA  (147),  n.  [It. ,  sight,  view.]  A 
view  between  intervening  objects,  as 
trees;  hence,  the  trees  or  other 
things  that  form  an  avenue. 
VIs'u-AL  (vizh'jj-al),  a.  [L.  Lat.  visit- 
alis,  fr.  Lat.  visits,  a  seeing,  sight.] 
Relating  to  sight ;  used  in  sight 
Vl'TAL,  a.  [Lat.  vitalis,  fr.  vita,  life  ] 

1.  Relating  to  life.  2.  Contributing 
or  necessary  to  life.  3.  Containing  life. 

4.  Being  that  on  which  life  depends. 

5.  Very  necessary. 

Sy'n. —  Essential;  immediate;  absolute. 
VI-TAL'l-T Y,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  vital :  principle  of  life. 
Vi'tal-ly,  adv.  1.  So  as  to  give  life. 

2.  Essentially. 

Vi'TALS,  n.  pi.  Parts  of  animal  bodies 
essential  to  life. 


VI'TI-ATE  (vlsh'T-at,  95),  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  [Lat.  vitiare,  -atum,  from 
vitium,  a  fault,  vice.]  1.  To  make 
vicious  or  imperfect.  2.  To  cause  to 
fail  of  effect,  wholly  or  in  part 

Syn. —  To  corrupt;  deprave  ;  defile; 
pollute;  taint;  contaminate. 

Vl'TI-A'TION  (vTsh'T-a'shun),  n.  Act 
of  vitiating,  or  state  of  being  viti¬ 
ated ;  corruption;  invalidation. 

Vi'Tl-oS'l-TY  (vish'I-),  n.  Quality  cf 
being  vicious  ;  corrupt  state. 

Vit're-ous,  a.  [Lat.  vitrevs,  from  vi¬ 
trum,  glass.]  1.  Pertaining  to,  de¬ 
rived  from,  or  consisting  of,  glass.  2. 
Resembling  glass. 

VIt're-oHs-ness.  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  vitreous.  *  [glass. 

VI-tres'cent,  a.  Tending  to  become 

VlT'Rl-FAG'TlON,  n.  Act,  process,  or 
operation  of  vitrifying. 

Vit'RI-fPA-BEE,  a.  Capable  of  be¬ 
ing  vitrified. 

V’lT'Rl-FOKM,  a.  [Lat.  vitrum,  glass, 
and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
or  appearance  of  glass. 

VlT'RI-FY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -'Ing,  142.] 
[Lat.  vitrum,  glass,  and  facer e,  to 
make.]  To  convert  into  glass  by 
fusion.  —  v.  i.  To  become  glass. 

VlT'RI-OL,  n.  [N.  Lat.  vitriolum,  fr. 
Lat.  vitrum,  glass  ;  from  its  translu- 
cency.]  A  soluble  sulphate  of  any 
one  of  the  metals. 

VlT'RI-O-LATE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
To  convert  into  a  vitriol. 

ViT'Rl-OL'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
obtained  from,  vitriol. 

VIt'ri-ol-Tze,  v.  t.  To  vitriolate. 

VlT'u-LlNE,  a.  [Lat.  vitulinus  ;  vit- 
ulus,  a  calf.]  Pertaining  to  a  calf, 
or  to  veal. 

VI-tu'per-ate,  v.  t.  [Lat.  vitvpe- 
rare,  -ratum ;  vitium,  a  fault,  and 
parare,  to  prepare.]  To  overwhelm 
with  abuse ;  to  censure. 

Vl-TU'PER-A'TION,  n.  Abuse  ;  se¬ 
vere  censure  ;  blame. 

Vi-tu'per-a  tI've,  a.  Abusive. 

V  1-VA'ciOUS,  n.  [Lat.  vivax,  vivacis, 
from  vivere,  to  live.]  Sprightly  in 
temper  or  conduct. 

Sy'n.  —  Active  ;  gny  ;  merry'. 

Vl-VA'ciofrs-NESS,  )  n.  Sprightliness 

Vi-VA^'I-TY,  j  of  temper  or 

behavior. 

Syn.  —  See  Liveliness. 

VI-  va'RI-  UM,  1  n.  [Lat.  vivarium, 

Vi'VA-RY,  )  fr.  vivvs,  alive.]  A 
place  for  keeping  or  raising  living 
animals. 

YlV'ID,  a.  [Lat.  vividus,  fr.  vivere, 
to  live.]  1.  Exhibiting  the  appear¬ 
ance  of  life  or  freshness;  animated. 
2.  Forming  brilliant  images,  or  paint¬ 
ing  in  lively  colors. 

Syn.  —  Clear  ;  bright  ;  strong  ;  strik¬ 
ing;  lively;  quick;  active. 

Vlv'ID-LY,  adv.  In  a  vivid  manner. 

Viv'l D-NESR.  n.  1.  Life;  sprightli¬ 
ness.  2.  Strength  of  coloring  •, 
brightness. 

VT-vIf'ic,  )  a.  [Lat.  vivi ficus  ;  vi- 

VI-VIF'IG-AL,  )  vus,  alive,  and  fa  cere, 
to  make.]  Giving  life  ;  reviving. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long ;  A,  E,I,  5,  0,  Y ,  short  ;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  £RE,  VEIL,  TERM  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6N, 


YIYIFICATION  469 


YOMIT 


Viv'l  fi-ea'tion,  n.  Act  of  vivify¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  vivified. 

VivT-FI-EA'TlVE,  a.  Able  to  vivify. 

Viv'l-FY,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [See 
Vivificate.]  To  endue  with  life; 
to  animate. 

VI-ViP'A-ROlis,  a.  [Lat.  viviparous , 
fr.  vivas,  alive,  and  parere,  to  bear, 
bring  forth.]  Producing  young  in  a 
living  state. 

Viv'i-see'tion,  n.  [Lnt.  vivus,  alive, 
and  seclio,  a  cutting.]  Dissection 
of  an  animal  while  alive. 

Vxx'eiv,  n.  [A.-S.  fixen,  a  she-fox.] 
A  cross,  ill-tempered  woman. 

Vtix'en-ly,  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a  vixen. 

VlZ,IER(viz/yer), or  Vl-ZIER',  n.  [Ar. 
wezir,  wazir ,  prop,  a  bearer  of  bur¬ 
dens.]  A  councilor  of  state  in  Tur¬ 
key  and  other  oriental  countries. 

Vo'EA-ble,  ii.  [Lat.  vocabulum,  fr. 
vox,  vocis ,  a  voice,  word.]  A  word  ; 
a  term  ;  a  name. 

Vo-Eab'u-la-ry,  n.  [L.  Lat.  vocab- 
ularium.  See  supra.]  1.  A  list  or 
collection  of  words  arranged  in  al¬ 
phabetical  order  and  explained.  2. 
Sum  or  stock  of  words  employed. 

Vo'EAL,  a.  [Lat.  voc.alis ,  from  vox, 
voice.]  1.  Having  a  voice.  2.  Ut¬ 
tered  or  modulated  by  the  voice.  3. 
Pertaining  to  a  vowel  or  voice-sound. 

Vo-CAL'i€,  a.  Consisting  of  the  voice, 
or  vowel  sounds. 

To'eal-Ist,  n.  A  singer,  or  vocal 
musician.  [cal. 

Vo-EAL'I-TY,  n.  Quality  of  being  vo- 

Vo'EAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  1.  Act  of  vo¬ 
calizing.  2.  Formation  of  vocal 
sounds. 

VO'EAL-IZE,  V.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  1. 
To  form  into  voice.  2.  To  practice 
singing  on  the -vowel  sounds. 

T d'EAL-LY,  adv.  With  voice. 

A  o-ea'tion,  n.  [Lat.  vocatio,  fr.  vo- 
care,  to  call.]  1.  Call;  summons; 
esp.,  designation  to  a  particular  state 
or  profession.  2.  Destined  or  appro¬ 
priate  employment. 

Syn.  —  Calling  ;  trade  ;  destination. 

Voe'a-tive,  a.  [Lat.  vocativus,  fr. 
vocare,  to  call.]  Relating  to,  or  used 
in,  calling  or  address.  —  n.  The  case 
in  which  a  word  is  put  when  the  per¬ 
son  or  thing  is  addressed. 

Vo-^IF'ER-ATE,  V.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Lat.  vociferare,  -ratum  ;  vox,  vocis, 
voice,  and  ferre,  to  bear.]  To  cry 
out  with  vehemence.  — v.  t.  To  ut¬ 
ter  with  a  loud  voice.  [cry. 

Vo-^IF'ER-A'TION,  n.  A  violent  out- 
Syn.  — Exclamation;  clamor;  bawling. 

Vo-^lF'ER-ous,  a.  Making  a  loud 
outcry  ;  clamorous  ;  noisy. 

Vogue  (vog),  n.  [From  0.  II.  Ger. 
wogOn,  to  move.]  Temporary  mode 
or  custom  ;  popular  reception. 

V on^E ,  ii.  [Lat.  vox,  foci's.]  1.  Sound 
uttered  by  the  mouth  ;  utterance. 
2.  Distinctive  character  or  quality 
of  tone.  3.  Language;  expression. 
4.  Opinion  or  choice  expressed.  5. 
A  particular  form  of  a  verb,  or  mode 


of  inflecting  verbs.  —  v.t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  To  fit  for  producing  the  prop¬ 
er  sounds  ;  to  regulate  the  tone  of. 

Voice'less,  a.  Having  no  voice. 

VOID,  a.  [0.  Fr.  void,  vuid,  fr.  Lat. 
viduus,  widowed,  deprived  of.]  1. 
Vacant ;  not  occupied.  2.  Desti¬ 
tute  ;  free.  3.  Having  no  incum¬ 
bent.  4.  Having  no  legal  or  bind¬ 
ing  force.  5.  Unsubstantial ;  vain. 

Syn.  —  Empty;  devoid;  wanting;  un¬ 
furnished;  unsupplied. 

—  n.  An  empty  space;  emptiness. 

—  v.t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To  quit; 

to  leave.  2.  To  throw,  emit,  or  send 
out.  3.  To  render  of  no  validity  ; 
to  annul.  [voided. 

Voi D'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being 

Void'ance,  n.  1.  Act  of  emptying; 
ejection.  2.  State  of  being  void ; 
vacancy.  [voids. 

Void'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Void'ness,  n.  State  of  being  void. 

Vo'LANT,  a.  [Lat.  volans.]  1.  Fly¬ 
ing  ;  current.  2.  Nimble ;  active. 

Vol'a-tiee,  a.  [Lat.  volatilis  ;  vo- 
lare,  to  fly.]  1.  Capable  of  easily 
passing  into  the  aeriform  state.  2. 
Lively  ;  gay  ;  hence,  fickle ;  apt  to 
change. 

Vol'a-tile-ness,  |  n.  1.  Disposi- 

VOL/A-TIL/I-TY,  ]  tion  to  exhale 
or  evaporate.  2.  Great  sprightli¬ 
ness  ;  mutability. 

Syn.  —  Lightness  ;  giddiness  ;  liveli¬ 
ness.  See  Levity. 

Vol'a-til'T-za'tion,  ii.  Act  or 
process  of  volatiliziug. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
render  volatile  ;  to  cause  to  exhale. 

VOL-EAN'IE,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  vol¬ 
canoes.  2.  Produced  by,  or  affected 
by  the  heat  of,  a  volcano. 

VOL-EA'NO,  11.  :  pi.  VOL-EA'NOES. 
[It.,  fr.  Lat.  Vulcanus,  Vulcan,  the 
god  of  fire.]  A  mountain  from  which 
lava,  steam,  sulphureous  gases,  &c., 
are  ejected. 

Vole,  n.  [Fr.,  fr.  voter,  to  steal,  to 
steal  away,  fr.  Lat.  involare ,  to  fly 
at,  to  seize.]  A  deal  at  cards  that 
draws  all  the  tricks. 

VoLkE  (vofla/),  n.  [Fr.,  a  flight.]  A 
rapid  flight  of  notes. 

Vo-lPtion  (-llslUun),  n.  [L.  Lat. 
volitio,  from  Lat.  volo,  to  will,  be 
willing.]  1.  Act  of  willing;  exer¬ 
cise  of  the  will.  2.  Power  of  willing. 

Syn.  —  Choice.  —  Choice  is  Saxon,  and 
volition,  Latin.  The  former  is  the  fa¬ 
miliar,  and  the  latter  the  scientific, 
term  for  the  same  state  of  the  will;  viz., 
an  “elective  preference.’  When  we 
have  “made  up  our  minds”  to  a  tiling, 
i.  e.,  have  a  settled  state  of  choice  re¬ 
specting  it,  that  state  is  called  an  imma¬ 
nent  volition  ;  when  we  put  forth  any 
particular  act  of  choice,  that  act  is  called 
an  emanant ,  or  executive,  or  imperative, 
volition.  When  an  immanent,  or  settled 
state  of  choice,  is  one  which  controls  or 
governs  a  series  of  actions,  we  call  that 
state  a  predominant  volition;  while  we 
give  the  name  of  subordinate  volitions  to 
those  particular  acts  of  choice  which 
carry  into  effect  the  object  sought  for 
by  the  governing  or  “  predominant  vo¬ 
lition.” 


pull;  e,  I,  o,  silent ;  q,&,soft;  E, 


VoL'LEY  (148),  ii.  [Fr.  voice ,  fr.  vo¬ 
ter,  to  fly.]  1.  A  discharge  of  many 
small  arms  at  once.  2.  A  burst  or 
emission  of  many  things  at  once.  — - 
v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  discharge 
with  a  volley.  —  v.  i.  To  be  dis¬ 
charged  in  a  volley. 

Vol-TA'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Voiiu,  or 
to  electricity  developed  by  chemica. 
action. 

Vol'ta-Ism  (44),  n.  Electricity  de¬ 
veloped  by  the  chemical  action  be¬ 
tween  metals  and  different  liquids  ; 
galvanism. 

Voltigeur  (voFte'zhfir'),  n.  [Fr., 
from  voltiger,  to  vault.]  A  light  in¬ 
fantry  soldier. 

VoL'u-BlL'l-TY,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  voluble. 

Vol'U-ble,  a.  [Lat.  volubilis ;  vol - 
vere,  volutum,  to  roll,  turn  round.] 
1.  Easily  rolling  or  turning  ;  apt  to 
roll.  2.  Of  rapid  speech  ;  fluent. 

VOL'U-BLY,  adv.  In  a  voluble  man¬ 
ner. 

Vol'ume  (53),  n.  [Lat.  volumen,  lit. 
a  thing  rolled  up,  fr.  volvere,  to  roll.] 
1.  A  roll  or  scroll.  [Ofrs.]  2.  Hence, 
a  book  ;  esp.,  so  much  of  a  work  as 
•  is  bound  up  in  one  cover.  3.  Dimen¬ 
sions  ;  compass.  4.  Power  or  quan¬ 
tity  of  voice  or  tone. 

Vo-lu'mi-nous,  a.  1.  Consisting  of 
many  coils  or  complications.  2.  Con¬ 
sisting  of  many  volumes  or  books. 
3.  Having  written  much. 

VoL'UN-TA-Rl-LY,  adv.  In  a  volun¬ 
tary  manner :  spontaneously. 

Voi/UN-TA-RY  (44),  a.  [Lat.  volun- 
tarius,  from  voluntas,  will,  choice.] 
1.  Proceeding  from  the  will.  2.  Of 
his  or  its  own  accord ;  spontaneous. 
3.  Done  bj'  design ;  intended.  4. 
Subject  to  the  will.  5.  Endowed 
with  the  power  of  willing.  6.  Free ; 
gratuitous.  — n.  A  piece  played  by 
a  musician,  often  extern porarily,  ac¬ 
cording  to  his  fancy,  especially  at  the 
opening  of  church  service. 

Vol'un-teer',  ii.  One  who  serves  of 
his  own  free  will.  —  a.  Entering  itDo 
service  of  free  will ;  composed  of  vol¬ 
unteers. —  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  To  offer 
or  bestow  voluntarily.  —  v.  i.  To  en¬ 
ter  into  any  service  of  one’s  free  will. 

Vo-lGpt'u-a-ry,  n.  [Lat.  voluptua- 
rius,  from  volaptas ,  pleasure.]  One 
who  makes  his  own  bodily  enjoy¬ 
ments  his  chief  care. 

Syn. —  Sensualist;  epicure. 

Vo-lupt'u-ous,  a.  [Lat.  voluptuo- 
sik.]  1.  Ministering  to  sensual  grati¬ 
fication  ;  sensual.  2.  Given  to  lux¬ 
ury  and  sensual  pleasure. 

Vo-lGpt'u-ous-ly,  adv.  In  a  vo¬ 
luptuous  manner  :  luxuriously. 

Vo-LUPT'u-ofts-NESS,  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  voluptuous. 

Vo-LUTE',  n.  [Lat.  volvere,  volutum, 
to  roll.]  A  kind  of  spiral  scroll,  used 
in  the  Ionic  and  Composite  capitals, 

Vom'it,  v.  i.  [-E  D ;  -ING.]  [Lat. 
vomere ,  vomitum.)  To  eject  the 
contents  of  the  stomach  by  the 

I  mouth  ;  to  puke.  — v.  t.  1.  To  throw 

G ,  hard ;  A§;  EXIST;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


VOMITION 


up  ;  to  puke.  2.  To  eject  from  any 
hollow  place.  — n.  1.  Matter  ejected 
from  the  stomach.  2.  Au  emetic. 

Vo-mi'tion  (-mish'un),  n.  Act  or 
power  of  vomiting.  [emetic. 

V OM'I-Tl  VE ,  a.  Causing  to  vomit  ; 

Vo-mi'to,  n.  [Sp.  See  Vomit.]  The 
yellow  fever  in  its  worst  form. 

Vom'I-TO-RY,  a.  Procuring  vomiting  ; 
emetic. — n.  1.  An  emetic.  2.  A 
principal  door  of  a  large  building,  as 
of  an  amphitheater. 

Vo-RA'CloiJS,  a.  [Lat.  vorax,  voracis , 
fr.  vorare,  to  devour.]  Greedy  for 
eating;  very  hungry. 

Syn.  —  Ravenous;  rapacious;  greedy. 

Vo-ra'CIOUs-ly,  adv.  Ravenously^. 

Vo-RA'CIOUS-NESS,  1  n.  Quality  of 

VO-R.X<Vl-TY,  |  being  vora¬ 

cious  ;  greediness  of  appetite. 

Vo-rXg'i-nous,  a.  [Lat.  voraginosus ; 
vorago,  abyss,  gulf.]  Full  of  gulfs. 

Vor'tex,  nx ;  Eng.  pi.  vor'tex-e§  ; 
Lat.  pi.  roR' Tl-fES.  [Lat.  vortex , 
fr.  vortere. ,  to  turn.]  1.  A  whirling 
motion  of  any  fluid  ;  a  whirlpool.  2. 
A  whirlwind. 

Vor'ti-ual,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
like,  a  vortex  in  form  or  motion. 

Vo'ta-ress,  a.  [See  Votary,  «.] 
A  female  votary. 

Vo'ta-rist,  n.  A  votary. 

Vo'ta-ry,  a.  [Lat.  vovere ,  votus ,  to 
vow,  devote.]  Consecrated  by,  or 
consequent  on,  a  vow  ;  devoted  ; 
promised.  —  n.  One  devoted,  or  en¬ 
gaged  by  a  vow  or  promise. 

Vote,  n.  [Lat.  votum,  a  vow,  wish, 
fr.  vovere ,  votum ,  to  vow.]  1.  Wish 

’  or  choice  expressed  in  some  received 
way  ;  suffrage.  2.  That  by  which 
preference  is  expressed  in  elections, 
&c.  3.  Expression  of  will  by  a  ma¬ 
jority. —  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
express  the  mind,  will,  or  preference. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  choose  by  suffrage  ; 
to  eleet.  2.  To  enact,  establish,  or 
grant,  by  a  vote.  [titled  to  vote. 

Vot'er,  n.  One  who  votes,  or  is  en- 

Vo'TlVE,  a.  [Lat.  votivus.]  Given  by 
vow  ;  devoted.  [ner ;  by  vow. 

Vo'tIve-ly,  adv.  In  a  votive  man- 

VOUCH,  v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  [Norm. 
Fr.  voucher ,  fr.  Lat.  vocare ,  to  call.] 
1.  To  call  on  to  witness.  2.  To 


W  (double  u),  the  twenty- third 
letter  of  the  alphabet,  takes 
its  form  and  name  from  the  repeti¬ 
tion  of  a  V,  this  being  the  form  of 
the  Roman  capital  letter  which  we 
call  U.  See  Principles  of  Pronunci¬ 
ation,  §§  100-103. 

Wab'ble  (w5b'bl),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
To  move  staggeringly  from  one  side 
to  the  other;  —  said  of  a  turning 
body. — n.  A  hobbling,  unequal 

motion,  as  of  a  wheel. 


470 

maintain  by. affirmations.  3.  To  sup¬ 
port  ;  to  establish. 

Syn.  —  To  declare;  affirm;  attest;  con¬ 
firm;  asseverate;  aver;  protest;  assure. 

—  v.  i.  To  bear  witness  ;  to  give 
testimony  or  full  attestation. 

Voucn-EE',  /).  Onecalled  into  court 
to  make  good  a  warranty  of  title. 

Vouch'er,  ».  1.  One  who  gives  wit¬ 
ness.  2.  A  paper,  or  document  to 
vouch  the  truth  of  accounts,  or  to 
establish  facts  of  any  kind. 

Vouch'er  )(127),n.  One  who  calls 

VOUCH'OR, J  in  another  to  establish 
his  warranty  of  title. 

Vouchsafe',  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[From  vouch,  and  safe,  to  vouch  or 
answer  for  safety.]  1.  To  permit  to 
be  done  without  danger.  2.  To  con¬ 
descend  to  grant.  — v.  i.  To  conde¬ 
scend  ;  to  deign. 

Vow ,  n.  [Lat.  votum,  fr.  vovere ,  vo¬ 
tum.  to  vow.]  1.  A  solernu  promise 
to  God,  or  to  some  deity.  2.  A  prom¬ 
ise  of  fidelity. —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  give  or  consecrate  by  a  solemn 
promise.  2.  To  assert  solemnly.  — 
v.  i.  To  make  a  vow,  or  solemn 
promise. 

Vow'EL,  n.  [Lat.  voralis,  from  vox, 
vocis ,  a  voice,  sound.]  1.  An  utter¬ 
ance  of  the  voice  through  a  more 
open  position  of  the  organs  than  that 
with  which  a  consonant  is  tittered. 

2.  A  letter  representing  such  a 
sound.  —  a.  Pertaining  to  a  vowel  ; 
vocal. 

VOY'AGE  ( colloq .  voij),  n.  [Fr.  voy¬ 
age,  from  Lat.  viaticum,  traveling- 
money,  provision  for  a  journey.]  A 
passing  by  sea  or  water  from  one 
place  or  country  to  another.  —  v.  i. 
[-ed  ;  -ing.]  To  take  a  voyage  ;  to 
sail  or  pass  by  water. 

Voyageur  (vwo'ya/zhfir'),  n.  [Fr. 
fr.  voyager ,  to  travel.]  A  traveler  ; 

—  the  Canadian  name  of  a  class  of 
men  employed  in  transporting  goods 
to  and  from  the  remote  stations  at 
the  north-west. 

Vuu-CA'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Vul¬ 
can,  or  to  works  in  iron  or  other 
metal. 

VOu/ean-I-za'tion,  n.  Art  or  pro¬ 
cess  of  vulcanizing. 


w. 


WXCK'E,  n.  [Ger.  wacke,  0.  II. 
Ger.  waggo,  a  kind  of  stone,  flint, 
pebble.]  A  rock  nearly  allied  to 
basalt. 

Wad  (wod),  n.  [D.  &  Ger.  watte ,  al¬ 
lied  to  A.-S.  weed ,  garment,  cloth¬ 
ing.]  A  little  mass  ;  esp.  of  some  soft 
material  for  stopping  the  charge  of 
powder  in  a  gun. — v.  t.  [-DE  D  ; 
-DING.]  1.  To  form  intoa  wad,  or  into 
wadding.  2.  To  crowd  a  wad  into. 

Wad'ding,  n.  1.  A  wad,  or  the  ma¬ 


WADE 

VUL'€AN-1TE,  n.  A  hard  black  com- 
pound  of  India  rubber  and  suL 
phur. 

V0l'€AN-I7.E,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
change  the  properties  of,  as  India 
rubber,  by  causing  it  to  combine 
with  sulphur. 

Vul'gar,  a.  [Lat.  vulgaris ;  vulgus, 
the  common  people.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  mass  of  people  ;  common  ; 
hence,  in  general  use.  2.  Relating 
to  the  common  people  or  to  common 
life  ;  plebeian.  3.  Lacking  refine¬ 
ment  ;  rustic  ;  boorish ;  offensive  to 
good  taste. 

Syn.  —  Ordinary  :  mean;  rustic. 

—  n.  The  common  people. 

Vul'gar  ism,  n.  A  vulgar  phrase  or 

expression. 

Vul-g Xr'i-ty,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  vulgar. 

VUL'GAR-IZE  ,V.t.  [-EDJ-ING.]  To 
make  vulgar. 

Vul'gar-ly,  adv.  1.  In  a  vulgar 
manner ;  commonly.  2.  Rudely  ; 
clownishly. 

Vul'gate  (45),  n.  [Lat.  vulgatus, 
usual,  common  ;  —  so  called  from  its 
common  use  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.]  An  ancient  Latin  version 
of  the  Scriptures.  —  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  old  Latin  version  of  the 
Scriptures. 

Vul'ner-a-bil'i-ty,  n.  State  of 
being  vulnerable. 

VUL'NER-A-BLE,  a.  [Lat .  vulnerabilis; 
vulnerare ,  to  wound.]  Capable  of 
being  wounded,  or  of  being  affected 
injuriously. 

Vul'ner-A-ry,  a.  [Lat.  vulnerarius , 
from  vulnus,  a  wound.]  Useful  in 
healing  wounds. 

Vul'pine,  a.  [Lat.  vulpinus  ;  vulpes, 
.a  fox.]  Relating  to,  or  resembling, 
the  fox ;  crafty. 

Vult'ure  (53),  n. 

[Lat.  vultur .]  A  ra¬ 
pacious  bird  allied 
to  the  haw'ks  and 
the  owls. 

Vult'Or-ine,  )  n. 

VULT'UR-oiis,  i  Per¬ 
taining  to,  or  resem¬ 
bling.  the  vulture  ;  Vulture, 
rapacious. 


terials  used  for  wads.  2.  Sheets  of 
carded  cotton  used  for  stuffing  gar¬ 
ments 

Wad'dle  (wod'dl),  v.  i.  [ -ED  ;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  ivadlian,  to  wander,  fr.  wad  an, 
to  go.]  To  walk  like  a  duck,  or  like 
a  very  fat  person. 

Wade,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
wadan,  allied  to  Lat.  vade.re ,  to  go.] 
1.  To  walk  through  any  substance 
that  yields  to  the  feet,  as  water.  2. 
To  move  or  pass  with  difficulty.  — 


A,  E.  I.  otu,Y,  long;  X,E,i,  o,  0,5,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ask,  all,  WHAT  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n. 


WADER 


WALTZ 


471 


v.  t.  To  pass  or  cross  by  walking  in 
or  througn  a  liquid. 

Wad'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
wades. 

Wad'Y  (wod'y),  n.  [Ar.  wadi,  a 
valley,  river,  river-channel.]  Chan¬ 
nel  of  a  water-course,  which  is  dry 
except  in  the  rainy  season. 

Wa'fer,  n.  [See  Waffle.]  1.  A 
thin  cake  or  leaf  of  flour,  & c.  2.  A 
thin  leaf-like  bread,  used  by  the  Ro¬ 
man  Catholics  in  the  eucharist.  3. 
A  thin  leaf  of  paste,  used  in  sealing 
letters,  &c.  —  v.t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To 
seal  with  a  wafer. 

Waf'FLE  (woPfl),  n.  [N.  II.  Ger. 
waff  el,  L.  Ger.  &  D.  wqfel.]  A  soft 
indented  cake  baked  in  an  iron  uten¬ 
sil  on  coals 

Waft  (6),  v.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [Allied 
to  iv a  ve  J]  To  bear  through  ;  to  convey 
through  water  or  air. 

Syn.— To  float;  swim;  fly. 

—  v.  i.  To  pass  in  a  buoyant  medi¬ 
um  ;  to  float.  — n.  A  signal  made 
by  moving  something. 

Waft'age,  n.  Conveyance  through 
a  buoyant  medium.  [wafts. 

WAft'er,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 

Wag,  v.  t.  [-ged;  -ging.]  [A.-S. 
wegan,  wagian ,  to  carry,  move, 
wag.]  To  move  one  way  and  the 
other  with  quick  turns.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
move  one  way  and  the  other.  2.  To 
be  in  action  ;  to  move  ;  to  stir.  —  n.  A 
ludicrous  fellow  ;  a  humorist ;  a  wit. 

Wage.  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing  ]  [0.  Fr. 
ivager,  gager,  to  pledge,  promise, 
engagement,  fr.  Goth,  vatli,  A.-S. 
we.dd,  ived,  a  pledge,  promise.]  1.  To 
pledge  ;  to  stake  ;  to  bet ;  to  wager. 
2.  To  venture  3.  To  carry  on  as  a 
war. —  n.  That  for  which  one  labors  ; 
stipulated  payment  for  service. 

WA'GER,  n.  [See  supra.]  1.  Some¬ 
thing  deposited  or  hazarded,  on  the 
event  of  a  contest ;  a  bet ;  a  stake. 
2.  That  on  which  bets  are  laid.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  hazard  on  the 
issue  of  a  contest,  & c.  ;  to  bet. 

Wa'ger-er,  n.  One  who  wagers. 

Wa'ges,  n.  [Plural  in  termination, 
but  singular  in  signification.  See 
Wage.]  A  compensation  given  to  a 
hired  person  for  his  or  her  services. 

Syn.  — Hire;  stipend;  salary;  pay. 

Wag'ger-y,  n.  Sarcasm  in  good 
humor ;  pleasantrv. 

Wag'gish,  a.  1.  Roguish  in  merri¬ 
ment  or  good  humor.  2.  Done,  made, 
or  laid  in  sport. 

Syn.  —  Sportive;  merry;  droll. 

Wag'gisii-ly,  ad v.  In  sport. 

Wag'gisii-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  waggish. 

Wag'GLE,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
[Dim.  of  wag. ]  To  reel  or  move  from 
side  to  side ;  to  waddle. 

Wag'on,  u.  [A.-S.  wdgen,  wdgn,  al¬ 
lied  to  Skr.  vah ,  Lat.  vehere ,  to  bear, 
carry.]  A  four-wheeled  carriage,  used 
for  carrying  persons  or  freight. 

Wag'on-age,  n.  Money  paid  for 
carriage  in  a  wagon. 


WXg'ON-er,  n.  One  who  conducts  or 
drives  a  wagon. 

WAIF,  n.  [From  waive,  wave.]  1. 
Goods  found  of  which  the  owner  is 
not  known.  2.  That  which  comes 
along,  as  it  were,  by  chance. 

Wail,  r.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Icel. vala, 
to  lament,  Ir.  waill.]  To  lament; 
to  bewail ;  to  grieve  over. — v.  i.  To 
express  sorrow  audibly  ;  to  weep. 

Wain,  n.  [A.-S.  wsen,  wdgn ,  tvdgen. 
See  Wagon.]  1.  A  wagon.  2.  A 
constellation. 

WAlN'seoT,  n.  [D.  wngen-schot ,  a 
clapboard.]  A  wooden  lining  of  apart¬ 
ments,  made  in  panels.  — v.  t.  [-E  d  ; 
-ING.]  To  line  with  boards  or  panel- 
work. 

Wain'S€OT-ING,  n.  1.  A  covering 
with  boards  in  panel.  2.  Material 
used  to  wainscot  a  house,  or  the 
wainscot  as  a  whole. 

WAIST,  n.  [A.-S.  wastin,  form,  stat¬ 
ure,  Goth,  vahstus,  from  vahsjan,  to 
grow,  to  wax.]  1.  Part  of  the  hu¬ 
man  body  immediately  below  the 
ribs.  2.  Part  of  a  ship  between  the 
quarter-deck  and  forecastle. 

Waist'BAND,  n.  The  band  or  upper 
part  of  breeches  or  drawrers. 

Waist'gloth,  n.  A  covering  of  can¬ 
vas  or  tarpauling  for  the  hammocks, 
stowed  on  the  gangways,  in  the  waist 
of  a  ship. 

WAIST'GOAT  (colloq.  wes7kut),  n.  A 
short  garment,  without  sleeves,  worn 
under  the  coat,  covering  the  waist. 

Syn.—  See  Vkst. 

Wait,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [0.  II.  Ger. 
wahten,  to  keep,  watch.]  To  stay 
in  expectation  ;  to  remain  stationary 
till  the  arrival  of  some  person  or 
event.  — v.  t.  To  stay  for  ;  to  await. 

—  n.  pi.  Musicians  who  perform  at 
night  or  in  the  early  morning. 

Wait'er,  n.  1.  An  attendant.  2.  A 
salver:  a  server,  &c. 

Wait'ing-maid,  )  n.  A  female 

Wait'ING-WQM7an,  j  servant  who 
attends  a  lady. 

WAIVE,  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [See 
Wave.]  1.  To  relinquish  ;  to  give 
up  claim  to.  2.  To  throw  away  ;  to 
reject. 

WAIV'ER,  n.  Act  of  waiving. 

Wake,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
wacan,  ivac.ian.)  1.  To  watch  ;  not 
to  sleep.  2.  To  hold  a  night  revel. 
3.  To  awake  ;  to  cease  to  sleep.  —  v. 
t.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep.  2.  To  put 
in  motion  or  action.  3.  To  bring  to 
life  again.  4  To  watch  with  at 
night,  as  a  dead  body.  —  n.  1.  Act 
of  waking.  2.  State  of  forbearing 
sleep.  3.  The  sitting  up  of  persons 
with  a  dead  body.  4.  Track  left  by 
a  vessel  in  the  water. 

Wake'ful,  a.  Indisposed  to  sleep  ; 
watchful. 

Wake'ful-NESS,  n.  Indisposition  to 
sleep  :  want  of  sleep. 

Wak'en,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [See 
Wake  ]  To  wake  ;  to  cease  to  sleep. 

—  v.  t.  1.  To  rouse  from  sleep.  2. 
To  excite  to  action  or  motion. 


Wale,  n.  [A.-S.  walu,  a  mark  oi 
stripes,  Goth,  valus,  a  rod,  stalf.]  1. 
Mark  of  a  rod  or  whip  on  flesh.  2. 
A  ridge  or  streak  above  the  surface 
of  cloth,  &c.  3.  One  of  the  strong 
planks  extending  along  a  ship’s  sides. 
—  v.  t.  To  mark  with  wales. 

Walk  (wawk),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  wealcan,  to  roll,  turn,  re¬ 
volve.]  1.  To  advance  by  steps  at  a 
slower  or  faster  rate,  but  without 
running.  2.  To  go  on  the  feet  for 
exercise  or  amusement.  3.  To  con¬ 
duct  one’s  self.  —  v.  t.  1.  To  pass 
through  or  upon.  2.  To  lead,  drive, 
or  ride  with  a  slow  pace.  —  n.  1.  Act 
of  walking.  2.  Manner  of  wal’^ng; 
gait.  3.  Place  or  distance  walked 
over.  4.  A  place  in  which  animals 
may  graze.  5.  Frequented  track ; 
sphere.  6.  Conduct  ;  behavior. 

Syn. —  Carriage;  way;  path;  range. 

Walk'er  ( wawk7-),  n.  One  who  walks. 

Walk'ing-staff  (wawk7-),  n.  A 
staff  carried  in  the  hand  in  walking ; 
a  cane. 


Wall,  n.  [A.-S.,  allied  to  Lat.  val¬ 
lum.]  1.  A  solid  and  permanent  in¬ 
closing  fence.  2.  One  of  the  upright 
inclosing  parts  of  a  building  or  room. 
3.  pi.  Fortifications  in  general.  — v. 
t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  inclose,  defend, 
or  fill  with  a  wall,  or  with  walls. 

WAL'LET  (woFlct),  n.  [Fr.  mallette , 
malette,  dim.  of  matte ,  a  mail,  a 
trunk,  fr.  0.  II.  Ger.  malha,  wallet, 
Gr.  /aoAyos,  an  ox-hide.]  1.  A  bag 
or  knapsack.  2.  A  pocket-book  for 
keeping  money  about  the  person. 

Wall '-EYE  ( wawl7i),  n.  1.  An  eye 
in  which  the  iris  is  of  a  very  light 
gray  color.  2.  An  eye  in  which  the 
white  is  very  hirge  and  distorted. 

Wall'-eyed,  a.  Having  a  wall-eye. 

Wall'-flow7er,  n.  An  evergreen 
plant,  which  grows  in  old  walls,  &c. 

Wall'-frijit,  n.  Fruit  which,  to  be 
ripened,  must  be  planted  against  a 
wall. 

Wal'lop ,v.i.  [-ed;  -tng.]  [Formed 
on  A.-S.  weallan,  wellan ,  to  boil  or 
bubble,  Eng.  to  ivell.]  To  boil  with 
a  continued  bubbling. — v.  t.  To 
beat  soundly ;  to  flog.  \Prov  or 
Cnllorp] 

WAL'LOW,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [0. 
Eng.  walwe,  A.-S.  wealowian,  allied 
to  Skr.  valg,  to  move  one’s  self.]  1. 
To  roll  one’s  self  about,  as  in  mire. 
2.  To  live  in  filth  or  gross  vice. 

Wal'l5w-er,  n.  One  who  wallows. 

Wal'nut,  n.  [A.-S.  wealhhnut,  a 
Welsh  or  foreign  nut,  from  wealk,  a 
foreigner,  a  Welshman,  and  hnut,v, 
nut.]  A  nut-tree,  and  its  fruit. 

Wal'rus  (wol7- 
rus),  n.  [D. 
walrus ,  fr.  the 
root  of  whale, 
and  r  o  s  ,  a 


horse.]  An 
aquatic  mam¬ 
mal,  resem¬ 
bling  the  seal. 

Waltz  (wawlts),  n. 


Walrus. 

[Ger.  walzer, 


OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  to^jk  ;  Drn,  rue,  PULL  ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  q,  G,  soft;  €,  5,  hard ;  Ag ;  exist;  N  as  NG  ;  THIS. 


WAMBLE 


WA11Y 


472 


from  walzen,  to  roll,  revolve,  dance.] 
A  dance  performed  by  two  persons 
with  a  whirling;  motion  ;  also,  a  piece 
of  music  for  this  dance. — v.  i. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  dance  a  waltz. 

Wam'ble  (wom'bl),  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[Dan.  rammel,  squeamish,  fastidi¬ 
ous.]  To  be  disturbed  with  nausea. 

WAM'PUM  (wom/pum)n.  [Ind.,  from 
wompi,  white.]  Small  beads  made 
of  shells,  used  by  the  North  American 
Indians  as  money,  and  also  wrought 
into  belts,  & c.,  as  an  ornament. 

Wan  (won),  a.  [A.-S.  wann ,  wan , 
orig. ,  worn  out  by  toil,  fr.  winnan , 
to  labor.]  Having  a  pale  or  sickly 
hue. 

Wand  (wond),  n.  [Icel.  vondr ,  Goth. 
vandus.]  A  small  stick  ;  a  rod. 

Wan'der  (w6n/der),  v.  i.  [-ed  ; 
-ING.]  [A.-S.  wandrian,  wandorian ; 
allied  to  vendan,  to  change,  to  go, 
to  wend.]  1.  To  ramble  here  and 
there.  2.  To  go  away,  or  astray  ;  to 
stray  ;  to  err.  8.  To  be  delirious. 

Syr.  —  To  roam;  rove;  range;  stroll. 

Wan'der-er,  n.  One  who  wanders. 

WANE,!'.  /,  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  wa¬ 
il  i  an,  wonian,  fr.  wan.  See  Wan.] 

1.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  decrease. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail.  —  n.  1.  De¬ 
crease  of  the  illuminated  part  of  the 
moon.  2.  Decline  ;  failure. 

Wan'ness  (109),  n.  A  sallow,  dead, 
pale  color ;  paleness.  [pale  hue. 

Wan'nish,  a.  Somewhat  wan  ;  of  a 

Want,  v.  i.  [Allied  to  wane.]  1.  To 
be  deficient  or  lacking.  2.  Not  to  be 
present.  3.  To  omit ;  to  neglect.  — 
v.t.  [-ed  :  -PNG.]  1.  To  be  with¬ 
out  ;  to  lack.  2.  To  have  occasion 
for ;  to  need.  3.  To  wish  for  ;  to  de¬ 
sire.  4.  To  be  lacking  in  respect  of. 
— s-  n.  1.  Lack  of  what  is  needed 
or  desired.  2.  Destitution;  poverty. 

3.  A  thing  of  which  the  loss  is  felt. 

Sy>\—  See  Indigence. 

Want'ing,  p.  a.  1.  Absent;  defi¬ 
cient.  2  Deficient. 

Wan'toN,  a.  [W.  gwantan,  variable, 
fickle,  wanton.]  I.  Moving  or  flying 
loosely  ;  hence,  wandering  in  gayety 
or  sport.  2.  Running  to  excess.  3. 
Luxuriant  ;  overgrown.  4.  Not 
turned  or  formed  with  regularity.  5. 
Licentious  ;  dissolute  ;  unchaste.  — 
n.  A  lewd  person. — v.  i.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  1.  To  rove  and  ramble  with¬ 
out  restraint ;  to  revel.  2.  To  sport 
lasciviously. 

Wan'ton-lv,  adv.  In  a  wanton  man¬ 
ner;  loosely;  sportively. 

Wan'ton-ness  (109),  n.  Quality  of 
being  wanton. 

•Var,  n.  [0.  Eng.  &  A.-S.  werre,  from 
0.  H.  Ger.  werran,  to  confound, 
mix.]  1.  A  state  of  opposition  or 
contest.  2.  A  contest  between  na¬ 
tions  or  states,  carried  on  by  force. 
8.  The  profession  of  arms  — v.  i. 
[-RED  ;  -RING,  136.]  1.  To  contend. 
2.  To  carry  on  hostilities. 

War'BRE,  v.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  [Ger. 
wirbeln ,  to  turn,  to  warble ;  Eng. 


whirl.]  1.  To  sing  in  a  vibratory 
manner;  to  trill.  2.  To  carol.  3. 
To  cause  to  quaver.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
be  quavered  or  modulated.  2.  To 
sing  in  a  trilling  manner.  —  n.  A 
quavering  modulation  of  the  voice. 

War'bler,  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  warbles  ;  a  songster.  [war. 

WAR'-€RY,  n.  A  cry  or  signal  used  in 

Ward,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
weardian,  to  keep,  allied  to  werian, 
werigan ,  to  defend.  See  Guard.] 
1.  To  guard.  2.  To  defend;  to  pro¬ 
tect.  3.  To  fend  off;  to  repel.  —  n. 

1.  Act  of  guarding.  2.  One  whose 
business  is  to  guard.  3.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  under  guard  or  guardianship ; 
custody.  4.  Means  of  guarding ;  de¬ 
fense  ;  protection.  5.  A  defensive 
motion  or  position  in  fencing.  G.  A 
person  under  the  care  of  a  guardian. 
7-  A  certain  division  of  a  town  or 
city.  8.  A  division  of  a  hospital.  9. 
A  ridge  of  metal  in  a  lock. 

Ward'en,  n.  [See  Guardian  and 
supra.]  A  keeper;  a  guardian. 

YY’ard'en-ry,  I  n.  Office  or  juris- 

Ward'en-shIp,  )  diction  of  a  warden. 

Ward'er,  n.  1.  A  keeper  ;  a  guard. 

2.  A  truncheon  or  staff  of  command. 

Ward'kobe,  n.  1.  A  portable  closet 

for  wearing  apparel.  2.  Wearing  ap¬ 
parel  in  jjeneral. 

Ward'room,  n.  A  room  occupied  as 
a  mess-room  by  the  commissioned 
officers  of  a  war-vessel. 

Ward'ship,  n.  1.  Office  of  a  keeper  ; 
guardianship.  2.  State  of  being  un¬ 
der  a  guardian ;  pupilage. 

Ware,  v.  t.  See  Wear. — n.  [A.-S. 
wi.ru.]  Article  of  merchandise ;  esp. 
in  the  plural,  goods  ;  commodities. 

Ware'house,  n.  A  storehouse  for 
goods. 

WlRE'HOU§E,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
deposit  in  a  warehouse.  2.  To  place 
in  custom-house  stores,  to  be  kept 
until  duties  are  paid. 

WAre'house-man  (150),  n.  1.  One 
who  keeps  a  warehouse.  2.  One  who 
keeps  a  wholesale  shop  for  woolen 
goods.  [_E«g\] 

WAres,  n.  pi.  See  AVare. 

YY’ar/fare,  n.  [  War  and  /hrc,  to  go, 
to  pass.]  1.  Military  service  ;  war; 
hostilities.  2.  Contest ;  struggle. 

WAR'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  used  in 
war  ;  a  charger. 

AArA'Ri-i,Y  (4,  89),  ado.  In  a  wary 
manner  ;  cautiously. 

AArA'Rl-NESS,  n.  Prudent  care  to  fore¬ 
see  and  guard  against  evil. 

Svn.  —  Caution:  watchfulness;  cir¬ 
cumspection;  foresight;  care;  vigilance. 

AVar'eIke,  a.  1.  lit  for  war;  dis¬ 
posed  for  war.  2.  Relating  to  war. 

Syn.  —  See  Martial. 

Warm,  a.  [-er:-est.]  [A.-S.  wearm, 
Goth,  vanns ,  allied  to  Skr.  gharma , 
heat.]  1.  Having  moderate  heat; 
not  cold.  2.  Subject  to  heat.  3. 
Not  cool,  indifferent,  lukewarm,  or 
the  like.  4.  4Tehement;  excited. 

Svn.  —  Ardent;  zealous;  fervent;  cor¬ 
dial;  furious. 


—  v.  t.  [-ED  :  -ING.]  1.  To  heat  mod¬ 
erately.  2.  To  make  engaged  or  earn¬ 
est.  —  v.  i.  1.  To  become  moderate¬ 
ly  heated.  2.  To  become  ardent  or 
animated. 

AVarm'ING-pan,  n.  A  covered  pan 
for  warming  a  bed  with  ignited  coals. 

Warm'ly,  adv.  In  a  warm  manner. 

Warmth,  n.  1.  Gentle  heat.  2.  A 
state  of  excited  interest.  3.  Earnest¬ 
ness  ;  enthusiasm. 

Warn,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  war- 
nian,  allied  to  Eng.  ivure,  wary.]  1. 
To  give  previous  notice  to;  to  ad¬ 
monish  ;  hence,  to  notify  by  author¬ 
ity.  2.  To  caution. 

AVarn'er,  n.  One  who  warns. 

Warn'ing,  n.  1.  Caution  against 
danger ;  admonition.  2.  Previous 
notice. 

AA  arp,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  ivenr- 
pan,  werpan ,  to  throw,  to  cast.]  1. 
To  be  twisted  out  of  a  straight  direc¬ 
tion,  as  a  board.  2.  To  deviate  ;  to 
swerve. — v.t.  1.  To  twist  out  of 
shape.  2.  To  pervert.  3.  To  tow 
with  a  line  attached  to  buoys,  to  an¬ 
chors,  or  the  like.  —  n.  1.  The 
threads  that  run  lengthwise  in  the 
loom.  2.  A  towing-line.  3.  State 
of  being  warped  or  twisted. 

AAtar'rant  (wor'rant),  v.  t.  [-ED; 
-ING.]  [0.  Fr.  warantir,  garantir , 
guarantir ,  to  warrant,  0.  H.  Ger. 
wtren.]  1.  To  make  secure.  2.  To 
justify.  3.  To  declare  with  assurance. 
4.  To  secure  to;  to  assure.  —  n.  1. 
That  which  warrants  or  authorizes; 
a  commission.  2.  A  precept  author¬ 
izing  an  officer  to  arrest  an  offender. 
3  Guaranty ;  security.  4.  That 
which  attests  ;  a  voucher. 

A\tar'rant-a-bi,e,  a.  Authorized; 
justifiable. 

AYtar'rant-a-ble-ness,  n.  Quality 
of  being  warrantable. 

War'rant-A-BLY,  adv.  Justifiably. 

AVar'ran-tee',  n.  The  person  to 
whom  laud  or  other  thing  is  war- 
ran  ted. 

AVAR'RANT-ER,  n.  One  who  warrants, 
or  legally  empowers.  [rants. 

AA’ar'rant-or  (127),  n.  One  who  war- 

W'AR'RAN-TY,  n.  1.  A  covenant  of 
security  ;  a  promise  cr  stipulation  by 
deed.  2.  AYTarrant;  guarantee.  —  v. 
t.  To  warrant ;  to  guaranty. 

AA?'ar'ren,  n.  [From  A.-S.  warian , 
to  beware,  guard,  defend.]  An  in¬ 
closed  place  for  keeping  rabbits, 
beasts,  fowls,  or  fish. 

YY^ar^rior  ( worQur  or  wnr'ri-ur),  n. 
[See  War.]  A  man  engaged  in  war; 
a  soldier. 

AYrART,  n.  [A.-S.  wr art.]  1.  A  small, 
hard  excrescence  on  the  skin.  2.  A 
hardened  protuberance  on  plants. 

AY'art'y,  a.  Having,  or  being  of  the 
nature  of,  warts. 

YY"AR'- WHOOP  (-hobp),  n.  [From  war 
and  whoop.]  A  shout  uttered  by  In¬ 
dians  in  war. 

AVa'ry  (4,  89),  a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.] 
[From  ware  (obs.),  taking  notice, 
See  Aware.]  Carefully  watching 


A.  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y,  long;  A,  £,I,  6,  0,  f.  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT;  ERE,  VEIL,  TffRM;  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  SON, 


WAS 


473  WATER-WHEEL 


against  deception,  artifices,  and  dan¬ 
ger  ;  prudent ;  circumspect. 

Was.  Past  tense  of  the  verb  To  be. 

Wash,  v.  t.  [-e  d  ;  -tng.]  [A.-S.  was- 
can,  ivac.san.]  1.  To  scrub  or  cleanse 
with  water,  &e.  2.  To  wet ;  hence, 
to  overflow  or  dash  against.  3.  To 
overlay  with  a  thin  coat  of  metal.  — 
v.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  ablution, 
or  of  cleansing  with  water.  — n.  1. 
Act  of  washing.  2.  Quantity  of 
clothes  washed  at  once.  3.  A  piece 
of  ground  washed  by  the  sea  or  a 
river.  4.  Waste  liquor,  food,  &c., 
from  a  kitchen.  5.  That  with  which 
any  thing  is  washed,  smeared,  tinted, 
or  coated,  &c.,  upon  the  surface. 

Wash'-ball,  n.  A  ball  of  soap. 

Wash'-b5ard,  ii.  1.  A  board  on 
which  clothes  are  rubbed  in  being 
washed.  2.  A  board  skirting  the 
wall  next  to  the  floor  ;  mop-board. 

Wash'ek  (wosh'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
washes.  2.  A  ring  of  metal,  leather, 
or  the  like,  used  to  relieve  friction,  or 
secure  tightness  of  joints. 

Wash'er-wom'AN  (150),  n.  A  wom¬ 
an  who  washes  clothes  for  hire. 

Wash'ING,  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who 
washes.  2.  Clothes  washed. 

Wash'-lEath'er  (wosh'-),  n.  Split 
sheep-skin  dressed  with  oil. 

Wash'y  ( wosh'y),  a.  1.  Watery; 
damp.  2.  Lacking  substance  ;  weak. 

Wasp,  ii.  [A.-S.  wasp,  waps,  we.sp,  Lat. 
vespa .]  An  insect  capable  of  stinging 
severely.  [fling  affront. 

Wasp'ish,  a.  Quick  to  resent  a  tri- 

WASP'ISH-LY,  ailv.  Petulantly. 

WASP'ISH-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  waspish  ;  irritability. 

Was'sail  (w5s/sil,  42),  n.  [A.-S.  wes- 
hal,  be  iu  health.]  1.  A  roistering 
festivity.  2.  A  liquor  composed  of 
wine  or  ale,  sugar,  roasted  apples, 
&c.  3.  A  song  sung  at  a  festive 

gathering.  —  v.  i.  To  hold  a  festive 
occasion  ;  to  carouse. 

Waste,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
ivestan,  allied  to  Lat.  vastare.]  1. 
To  devastate ;  to  desolate ;  to  de¬ 
stroy.  2.  To  impair  gradually.  3. 
To  employ  or  expend  prodigally. 

Stn. — To  squander;  dissipate;  lavish. 

—  v.i.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  dwin¬ 
dle. —  a.  1.  Devastated;  stripped; 
hence,  uncultivated ;  dreary  ;  dismal. 

2.  Lying  unused;  valueless;  worth¬ 
less. —  n.  1.  Act  of  wasting.  2.  Un¬ 
cultivated  or  wild  country  ;  desert. 

3.  Worthless  remnant ;  refuse. 

WASTE'-BOOK,  n  A  book  in  which 

rough  first  entries  of  business  trans¬ 
actions  are  made. 

Waste'ful,  a.  1.  Destructive  to 
property.  2.  Expending  property, 
&c.,  without  necessity  or  use. 

Syn.  —  Lavish;  prodigal;  extravagant. 

Waste'ful-ly,  arJv.  Lavishly. 

Waste'fve-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  wasteful  ;  prodigality. 

Waste'-pipe,  n.  A  pipe  for  convey¬ 
ing  off  waste  water,  and  the  like. 


Wast'er,  n.  One  who  wastes. 

Watcii,  n.  [A.-S .waece.  See  WAKE.] 

1.  Forbearance  of  sleep.  2.  One  who 
watches,  or  those  who  watch  ;  a 
guard.  3.  Post  or  office  of  a  watch¬ 
man.  4.  A  division  of  the  night.  5- 
A  small  timepiece  for  the  pocket.  6. 
( Naut .)  Time  for  watching,  or  being 
on  duty,  usually  4  hours.  —  v.  i. 
(-El);  -ING.]  1.  To  be  or  keep  awake. 

2.  To  be  vigilant ;  to  keep  guard.  3. 
To  remain  awake  with  any  one  as 
nurse  or  attendant. — v.  t.  1.  To 
keep  in  view.  2.  To  tend  ;  to  guard. 

WATCH'-DOG,  ».  A  dog  kept  to  guard 
premises  or  property. 

Watcii'er,  n.  One  who  watches, 
especially  with  the  sick  at  night. 

Watch'ful,  a.  Careful  to  observe. 

Syn. — Vigilant;  attentive;  cautious; 
observant;  circumspect;  wakeful. 

Watch'ful-ly,  adv.  Vigilantly. 

Watcii'ful-ness,  n.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  watchful. 

Watch'-house,  n.  1.  A  house  in 
which  a  watch  or  guard  is  placed.  2. 
A  place  for  keeping  persons  who  are 
under  temporary  arrest ;  a  lock-up. 

Watch'man  (150),  n.  One  set  to 
watch  ;  a  sentinel ;  a  guard. 

WATCH'-TOW'ER,  n.  A  tower  on 
which  a  sentinel  is  placed. 

Watch'-WOKD  (-wOrd),  n.  A  word 
used  as  a  signal  by  which  a  friend  is 
known  from  an  enemy  ;  a  pass-word. 

Wa'ter,  n.  [A.-S.  water ,  Skr.  uc/a, 
the  sea,  uiu/,  to  flow.]  1.  The  fluid 
which  descends  from  the  clouds  in 
rain.  2.  A  body  of  water,  standing 
or  flowing.  3.  One  of  various  liquid 
secretions,  esp.  urine.  4.  Luster  of 
a  diamond. — v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.] 
1.  To  wet  with  water.  2.  To  supply 
with  water  for  drink.  3.  To  wet  and 
calendar,  as  cloth.  —  v.  i.  1.  To 
shed  water.  2.  To  take  in  water. 

Wa/ter— €ART,  n.  A  cart  bearing 
water  for  sprinkling  streets. 

Wa'ter-^em'ent,  or  Wa'ter-ce- 
MENT',  n.  A  cement  that  hardens 
under  water. 

Wa'ter-elosTt,  n.  A  privy,  often 
with  a  contrivance  for  introducing  a 
stream  of  water  to  cleanse  it. 

WA'TER-EOL'OR  (-kffPur),  n.  A  color 
ground  with  water  and  gum  or  size. 

Wa'ter-course,  11.  1.  A  stream  of 
water.  2.  A  channel  or  canal  for 
the  conveyance  of  water. 

Wa'ter-eure,  n.  System  of  treating 
diseases  with  water:  hydropathy. 

Wa'ter— fall,  n.  1.  A  cascade;  a 
cataract.  2.  A  female  head-dress. 

IVa'te R-G au ge .  n.  An  instrument 
for  measuring  or  ascertaining  the 
depth  or  quantity  of  water. 

Wa'ter-gru'el,  n.  A  liquid  food, 
composed  of  water  and  meal  boiled. 

Wa'ter-i-ness,  n.  State  or  quality 
of  being  watery. 

Wa'ter-ing-pla^e,  n.  1.  A  place 
where  water  may  be  obtained,  as  for 
a  ship.  2.  A  place  to  which  people 
resort  for  mineral  water,  or  for  bath¬ 
ing,  &c. 


Wa'ter-Ish,  a.  Resembling  water; 
thin  ;  watery. 

Wa'TER-ISH-NESS,  11.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  waterish. 

Wa'ter-lev'el,  n.  The  level  formed 
by  the  surface  of  still  water. 

Wa'TER-lIl'y,  n.  An  aquatic  plant, 
with  beautiful,  and  usually  very 
fragrant,  flowers. 

Wa'ter-LINE,  n.  A  horizontal  line 
supposed  to  be  drawn  about  a  ship’s 
bottom  at  the  surface  of  the  water. 

W’A'TER-LOGG.ED,  a.  Rendered  log¬ 
like,  heavy,  or  clumsy  in  movement, 
from  beiug  filled  with  water. 

Wa'ter-MAN  (150),  n.  A  boatman  ; 
a  ferryman. 

Wa'ter-mark,  n.  1.  A  mark  indi¬ 
cating  the  height  to  which  water  has 
risen.  2.  A  device  wrought  into  pa¬ 
per  duriug  the  manufacture. 

Wa'ter  mel/on,  n.  A  plant,  and 
its  pulpy,  juicy  fruit.  [water. 

WA'TER-MILL,  ii.  A  mill  moved  by 

Wa'ter— POT,  n.  A  vessel  for  hold¬ 
ing  or  conveying  water. 

Wa'ter-pow'er,  n.  A  fall  of  water 
which  may  be  used  to  drive  ma¬ 
chinery  ;  a  source  of  power  from 
water. 

Wa'ter-pro~of,  a.  So  firm  and  com¬ 
pact  as  not  to  admit  water. 

Wa'ter-RAM,  ii.  A  machine  by 
means  of  which  water  is  raised  by 
the  momentum  of  a  larger  stream 
than  the  one  which  is  raised. 

WA'TER-R6t,  V.  t.  [-TED;  -TING.] 
To  rot  by  steeping  in  water. 

Wa'ter-shed,  it.  A  range  of  high 
land  between  two  river-basins,  and 
discharging  its  waters  into  them  from 
opposite  directions. 

Wa'ter-soak,  V.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
soak  in  water. 

Wa'ter- 
spout,  n. 

A  phenome¬ 
non  of  the 
nature  of  a 
whirlwind, 
usually  ob¬ 
served  over 
the  sea. 

Wy'TER- 

TlGHT(-tlt),  Water-spout. 
a.  So  tight 

as  not  to  admit  water  ;  not  leaky. 

Wa'ter  -  wheel, 
n.  Any  wheel 
for  propelling  ma¬ 
chinery  or  other 
purposes,  that  is 
made  to  rotate  by 
the  direct  action 
of  water. 


Overshot- 


OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  Drn,  rue,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  y,  6,  soft ;  €,  g,  hard;  Ag  ;  exist  ;  nosng; 


THI 


WATER-WORKS 


L 


Wa'ter-works  (-works),  n.  pi.  Hy¬ 
draulic  machines ;  works  by  which 
a  supply  of  water  is  furnished  for 
useful  or  ornamental  purposes. 

Wa'ter-y,  a.  1.  Resembling  water  ; 
thin  or  transparent.  2.  Abounding 
in  thin,  insipid  fluid.  3.  Abounding 
with,  or  consisting  of,  water. 

Wat'tle,  n.  [Allied  to  withe.]  1. 
A  twig  or  flexible  rod  ;  hence,  a  hur¬ 
dle.  2.  The  fleshy  excrescence  un¬ 
der  the  throat  of  a  cock  or  turkey. 

—  v.  t.  [-BD  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  bind 
with  twigs.  2.  To  interweave,  as 
twigs ;  to  plat. 

WAUL,  v.  i.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [Allied  to 
wail.]  To  cry  as  a  cat. 

Wave,  n.  [A.-S.  wxg,  weg ,  from  we- 
gan,  to  move.]  1.  An  advancing 
swell  of  water.  2.  Vibration  propa¬ 
gated  from  particle  to  particle 
through  a  body  or  elastic  medium. 
3.  Inequality  of  surface.  4.  Undu¬ 
lating  streak  of  luster  on  watered 
cloth.  5.  An  undulating  motion. 

Syn. —  Billow  ;  surge;  breaker;  ine¬ 
quality;  unevenness. 

—  v.i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  move 
like  a  wave ;  to  undulate.  2.  To 
be  moved,  as  a  signal.  — v.  t.  1.  To 
raise  into  inequalities.  2.  To  move 
one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  brandish. 
3.  To  beckon.  4.  [Norm.  Fr.  wey- 
wer ;  0.  Fr.  guever ,  guesver ,  to 
abandon.  Cf.  A.-S.  wafian ,  to  hesi¬ 
tate.]  To  put  off;  to  relinquish,  as 
a  right  or  privilege. 

Wave'less,  a.  Free  from  waves. 

WAve'let,  n.  A  little  wave  ;  ripple. 

Wave'-of'fer-ING,  n.  An  offering 
in  the  Jewish  services  by  waving  the 
object  toward  the  4  cardinal  points. 

WA/VER,  v.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  wa- 
Jian ,  to  totter,  hesitate.  Cf.  Wave, 
v.  t.]  1.  To  play  or  move  to  and  fro. 
2.  To  be  unsettled  in  opinion. 

Syn. —  To  fluctuate;  reel;  vacillate. 
See  Fluctuate. 

W  A/VER-ER,  n.  One  who  wavers. 

Wav'Y,  a.  1.  Rising  in  waves.  2. 
Playing  to  and  fro  ;  undulating. 

Wax,  n.  [A.-S.  weax,  wax.]  1.  A 
fatty  substance,  produced  by  bees. 
2.  A  thick  secretion  in  the  ear.  3. 
A  composition  for  sealing  letters, 
&c.  4.  A  composition  used  by  shoe¬ 
makers  for  rubbing  their  thread. — 
v.t.  [-ED;  -ED,  or  -EN ;  -ING.] 
To  smear  or  rub  with  wax.  — v.  i. 
[A.-S.  weaxan.]  1.  To  increase  in 
size  ;  to  grow.  2.  To  pass  from  one 
state  to  another. 

Wax'-gan'dle,  n.  A  candle  made 
of  wax. 

Waxed'-Mnd  (w&kst'),  n.  A  thread 
pointed  with  a  bristle  and  covered 
with  shoemaker’s  wax,  used  in  sew¬ 
ing  leather. 

Wax'en,  a.  Made  of,  or  resembling, 
wax. 

Wax'-work  (-wurk),  v.  Work  made 
of  wax  ;  especially,  figures  of  wax, 
in  imitation  of  real  beings. 

W ax'y,  d.  Resembling  wax;  adhe¬ 
sive  ;  soft ;  hence,  yielding. 


474 

Wav,  n.  [A.-S.  weg,  from  wegan ,  to 
move.]  1.  A  moving ;  passage.  2. 
Road  or  path.  3.  Distance ;  inter¬ 
val.  4.  Course,  or  direction  of  mo¬ 
tion.  5.  Means;  scheme;  device. 
6.  Manner;  method.  7.  Habitual 
method  of  life  or  action.  8.  pi.  The 
timbers  on  which  a  ship  is  launched. 

Syn. —  Street;  highway;  road. —  Way 
is  generic,  denoting  any  line  for  passage 
or  conveyance;  a  highway  is  literally 
one  raised  for  the  sake  of  dryness  and 
convenience  in  traveling;  a  road  is, 
strictly,  a  way  for  horses  and  carriages; 
a.  street  is,  etymologically,  a  paved  way, 
as  early7  made  in  towns  and  cities;  hence, 
the  word  is  distinctively  applied  to  roads 
or  highways  in  compact  settlements. 

Way'-BILL,  n.  A  list  of  passengers 
in  a  public  vehicle,  or  of  the  bag¬ 
gage  or  goods  transported  by  it. 

Way'far-er,  n.  A  traveler. 

WAy'fXr-ING,  a.  Traveling;  passing. 

WAY'LAY,  V.  t.  [-LAID  ;  -LAYING.] 
[From  way  and  lay.]  To  lie  in  wait 
for,  esp.  with  a  view  to  seize,  rob, 
or  slay. 

Way'-mArk,  n.  A  mark  to  guide  in 
traveling. 

Way'— sta'tion.  n.  An  intermediate 
station  on  a  railroad. 

Way'ward,  a.  [A.-S.  wsewdrdlar.e , 
wantonly  ;  wed ,  woe,  evil.]  Liking 
one’s  own  way  ;  froward  ;  perverse. 

Way'ward-ly,  adv.  Perversely. 

Way'ward-ness,  n.  Quality  of  be¬ 
ing  wayward. 

We,  pron. ;  pi.  of  I. 

Weak,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  w&c, 
from  ivican,  to  yield,  totter.]  1. 
Wanting  physical  strength.  2.  Not 
possessing,  or  manifesting,  intellec¬ 
tual,  logical,  moral,  or  political 
strength,  vigor,  or  the  like. 

Syn. —  Feeble;  infirm;  frail;  soft; 
small;  unwise;  foolish;  inconclusive. 

WEAK'JEN,  V.  t.  [-E  D  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
make  weak ;  to  enfeeble.  2.  To  re¬ 
duce  in  strength  or  spirit. 

Weak'en-er,  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  weakens. 

We  AK'LING,  ii.  A  weak  creature. 

WEAK'LY,  adv.  Feebly  ;  with  little 
strength.  — a.  [-ER  ;  -est,  142.]  Not 
strong  of  constitution  :  infirm. 

Weak'ness,  ii.  1.  State  or  quality 
of  being  weak  ;  want  of  physical 
strength.  2.  Want  of  intellectual, 
moral,  logical,  or  physical  strength. 

Syn. —  Feebleness:  debility;  languor; 
imbecility;  frailty;  faintness. 

Weal,  n.  [A.-S.  wela,  ivtela.  See 

Well.]  A  sound,  healthy,  or 

prosperous  state ;  prosperity. 

WEALTH,  n.  [0.  II.  Ger.  welitha , 
riches.  See  Weal.]  Large  posses¬ 
sions  of  money7,  goods,  or  land. 

Syn. —  Riches  ;  affluence  ;  opulence. 

AVEalth'I-ly,  adv.  Richly. 

Wealth'i-ness,  ii.  State  of  being 
wealthy. 

WEALTH'Y,  a.  [-ER;  -EST,  142.] 
Having  great  wealth  ;  opulent ;  af¬ 
fluent  ;  rich. 

WEAN,  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  tveni- 
an,  to  accustom,  wean.]  1.  Toaccus- 


WEATHER-BOARD 

tom  to  a  deprivation  of  the  breast. 

2.  To  alienate,  as  the  affections. 

Wean'ling,  n.  One  newly  weaned. 

WEap'on,  it.  [A.-S.  wseptn,  wsepun.] 

An  instrument  of  offensive  or  de¬ 
fensive  combat. 

We  ap'on-less,  a.  Having  no  weapon. 

Wear  (4),  v.  t.  [wore;  worn; 
WEARING.]  [A.-S.  werian,  tveran, 
to  carry ,  to  wear,  as  arms  or  clothes.] 
1.  To  carry  or  bear  upon  the  person  ; 
to  have  on.  2.  To  have  an  appear¬ 
ance  of.  3.  To  consume,  waste,  or 
diminish,  by  use.  4.  To  cause  by 
friction.  5.  To  affect  by  degrees.  6. 
[Cf.  Ware.]  To  put  on  another 
tack,  as  a  ship,  by  turning  her 
round,  with  the  stern  to  the  wind. 

Syn.  — To  waste:  bear;  spend;  veer. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  suffer  use;  to  bear  the 
consequences  of  use.  2.  To  be  wasted 
by  slow  degrees.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  wear¬ 
ing,  or  state  of  being  worn.  2.  The 
thing  worn  ;  style  of  dress. 

Wear,  ii.  [A.-S.  wser,  wer,  an  in¬ 
closure,  a  fish-pond,  fr.  i varan,  wa- 
rian,  to  defend,  protect.]  1.  A  dam 
in  a  river.  2.  A  fence  of  stakes  or 
twigs  for  catching  fish. 

WeAr'er,  n.  One  who  wears. 

Wea'ri-ly  (89),  adv.  In  a  weary 
manner. 

Wea'ri-ness  (89),  n.  State  of  being 
weary  or  tired ;  exhaustion  of 
strength  ;  fatigue. 

Wea'ri-some,  a.  Causing  weariness. 

Syn.  — Irksome  ;  tiresome  ;  tedious  ; 
fatiguing;  annoying;  vexatious. 

Wea'ri-some-ly,  adv.  In  a  weari¬ 
some  manner. 

We a'ri-some-ness,  it.  Tiresome¬ 
ness  ;  tediousness. 

Wea'ry  (89),  a.  [-er;  -est,  142.] 
[A.-S.  w&rig.]  1.  Having  the  strength 
exhausted  by  toil.  2-  Causing  weari¬ 
ness. 

Syn.  —  Tired  ;  fatigued;  jaded  ;  tire¬ 
some  ;  irksome  ;  wearisome. 

—  v.t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.  142.]  1.  To  re¬ 
duce  the  strength  of.  2.  To  make 
impatient  by  continuance.  3.  To  har¬ 
ass  by  any  thing  irksome. 

Sy'n.  —  To  iade  ;  tire  ;  fatigue  ;  fag  ; 
dispirit.  See  Jade. 

Wea'sand,  n.  [A.-S.  wsesend.]  The 
windpipe. 

Wea'sel,  n.  [A.- 
S.  weslc.]  A  small 
quadruped,  re¬ 
markable  for  its 
slender  form  and 
its  agility.  Weasel. 

WEath'ER,  n.  [A.-S.  weder,  allied  to 
Skr.  iv a. ,  to  blow.]  The  atmosphere 
with  respect  to  its  state  as  regards 
heat  or  cold,  wetness  or  dryness, 
clearness  or  cloudiness,  &c. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  expose  to  the 
air.  2.  To  sail  to  the  windward  of. 

3.  To  endure  ;  to  resist. 

WEath'er-beat'en,  a.  Worn  by 

exposure  to  the  weather. 

Weath'er-board,  ii.  1.  That  side 
of  a  ship  which  is  toward  the  wind. 


a,  e,  l,  o,u,  y,  long;  a,  E,  I,  6,  0,  E,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  wila.t;  Ere,  veil,  tIrm;  pique,  fIrm;  son. 


WELSH 


WEATHER-BOUND 

2.  A  board  extending  from  the  ridge 
to  the  eaves,  and  forming  a  close 
junction  between  the  shingling  of  a 
roof  and  the  side  of  the  building  be¬ 
neath. —  v.  t.  To  nail  boards  upon 
so  as  to  lap  one  over  another,  in  or¬ 
der  to  exclude  rain  or  snow. 

Weath'er-bound,  a.  Delayed  by 
bad  weather. 

WEA’fH'ER-eocK,  n.  1.  A  vane  ;  — 
often  in  the  figure  of  a  cock.  2.  A 
fickle,  inconstant  person. 

WEath'er-gage,  n.  Position  of  a 
ship  to  the  windward  of  another ; 
hence,  a  position  of  advantage. 

W E ath'e P.-GL  Ass ,  n.  An  instrument, 
to  indicate  changes  of  weather. 

WE  ATH'E  R-MOL  D'ING,  )  11.  A  cor- 

Weath'er-jiould'ikg,  )  nice  over 
doors  or  windows,  to  throw  off  the 
rain. 

We  ATH'E  R- WISE,  a.  Skillful  in  fore¬ 
seeing  the  state  of  the  weather. 

Weave,  v.  t.  [wove  ;  woven,  or 
wove  ;  weaving.]  [A.-S.  wefnn, 
Skr.  tvap.]  1.  To  unite,  as  threads, 
so  as  to  form  a  texture,  or  by  close 
connection  or  intermixture.  2.  To 
form,  as  cloth,  by  interlacing 
threads  ;  hence,  to  form  into  a  fabric. 

Weav'er,  n.  One  who  weaves. 

Wea'zen,  a.  [Cf.  Wizen.]  Thin; 
sharp ;  pinched. 

Web,  a.  [A.-S.  webb.  See  Weave.] 

1.  That  which  is  woven  ;  texture.  2. 
A  cobweb.  3.  A  film  on  the  eye.  4. 
Membrane  uniting  the  toes  of  many 
water-fowl. 

Web'bed,  a.  Having  thb  toes  united 
by  a  membrane. 

WEB'BING,  n.  A  strong  narrow  fabric 
of  hemp,  for  suspenders,  straps,  &c. 

Web'-foot  (150),  n.  A  foot  the  toes 
of  which  are  connected  by  a  mem¬ 
brane. 

Web'-foot'ed,  a.  Having  webbed 
feet. 

Wed,  v.  t.  [-ded  ;  -ding.]  [A.-S. 
weddian,  to  promise,  to  marry.]  1. 
To  marry.  2.  To  join  in  marriage. 

3.  To  connect  indissolubly  or  strong¬ 
ly.  —  v.  ?.  To  contract  matrimony. 

Wed'ded,  a.  Pertaining  to  wedlock 
or  marriage. 

Wed'ding,  n.  Nuptial  ceremony  or 
festivities;  marriage;  nuptials. 

We  dge,  ii.  [A.-S.  wecg ,  wacg.]  s— y, 

A  piece  of  metal,  or  other  x  JM 
hard  material,  sloping  to  a\  f  lu 
thin  edge  at  one  end,  for  \  |J|f 
splitting,  &c. — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  \fjfr 
-ING.]  1.  To  drive  as  a 
wedge  is  driven  2.  To  fast- Wedge, 
en  with  a  wedge,  or  with  wedges. 

WEd'lock,  n.  [A.-S.  wedlac,  a  pledge, 
fr.  wedd,  a  pledge,  and  lac,  an  offer¬ 
ing.]  Marriage  ;  matrimony. 

Weones'day  (wenz'dy),  n.  [From 
Woden,  or  Odin,  the  highest  god  of 
the  Germans  and  Scandinavians.] 
Fourth  day  of  the  week. 

Weed,  n.  1.  [A.-S  weod,  wiod .]  Any 
useless  or  troublesome  plant.  2  [A.- 
S.  wxd,  fV.  Goth,  vidan,  to  bind.] 
A  garment.  3.  An  article  of  dress 


47  5 

worn  in  token  of  grief ;  mourning 
garb.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  1.  To 
free  from  noxious  plants.  2.  To  take 
away,  as  noxious  plants. 

Weed'y,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142  ]  Relat¬ 
ing  to,  or  consisting  of,  or  full  of, 
weeds. 

Week,  n.  [A.-S.  weoce,  wice.]  A  pe¬ 
riod  of  seven  days.  [but  Sunday. 

Week'-day,  n.  Any  day  of  the  week 

Week'ly,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  week, 
or  to  week-days.  2.  Happening,  or 
done,  once  a  week.  — n.  A  pigblica- 
tion  issued  once  in  a  week. — adv. 
Once  a  week. 

Ween,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  tvanan,  waznan.] 
To  think  ;  to  imagine. 

Weep,  v.  i.  [wept;  weeping.] 
[A.-S.  tv  Span.  Cf.  Whoop.]  1.  To 
shed  tears  ;  to  cry.  2.  To  lament.  3. 
To  run  in  drops.  4.  To  drip ;  to  be 
very  wet.  5.  To  droop. — v.  t.  1.  To 
lament ;  to  bewail.  2.  To  shed,  as 
tears,  or  as  it  tears. 

Weep'er,  ii.  Onewho  weeps. 

Weep'ing-WJL/LOW,  n.  A  species 
of  willow  with  very  long,  slender, 
and  drooping  branches. 

Wee'v/k,  ii.  [A.-S.  wifely  wibil,  al¬ 
lied  to  wefnn,  to  weave.]  A  small 
destructive  insect  of  the  beetle  tribe. 

Weft,  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  wefan ,  to  weave.] 
The  woof  of  cloth. 

Weigh (wa),  r.  t.  [-ed; -ing.]  [A.-S. 
wegan,  to  bear,  move,  weigh,  allied 
to  Lat.  vehere,  to  carry,  Skr.  rail.] 
1.  To  raise,  so  that  it  hangs  in  the 
air.  2.  To  ascertain  the  weight  of. 
3.  To  counterbalance.  4.  To  take  by 
weight.  5.  To  ponder  in  the  mind. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  have  weight.  2.  To 
be  considered  as  important.  3.  To 
bear  heavily.  —  n.  A  certain  quan¬ 
tity  estimated  by  weight. 

Weigii'a-ble  (wl'-J.a.  Capable  of 
being  weighed. 

W 5 IGH'e R ( w;/er), n.  Onewho  weighs. 

Weight  (w;t),  n.  [See  Weigh.]  1. 
Quality  of  being  heavy  ;  gravity.  2. 
Quantity  of  matter  as  estimated  by 
the  balance.  3.  Pressure ;  import¬ 
ance.  4.  A  graduated  standard  of 
heaviness.  5-  Something  heavy.  6. 
A  definite  mass  d  metal,  used  for  as¬ 
certaining  the  weight  of  other  bodies. 

—  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  load  with 
a  weight  or  weights. 

Weight'I-ly  ( wit'-),  adv.  1.  Pon¬ 
derously.  2.  With  force  or  impres¬ 
siveness. 

Wbight'i-ness  (wat7-),  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  weighty. 

WEIGHT'Y  (wat'y),  a.  [-ER ;  -EST, 
142.]  1.  Having  weight ;  heavy.  2. 
Important ;  adapted  to  convince. 

Syx.  —  Ponderous;  forcible;  momen¬ 
tous;  efficacious. 

Weir.  n.  [See  Wear  ]  1.  A  dam  in 
a  river.  2.  A  fence  of  stakes  or  twigs 
in  a  stream  for  taking  fish.  See 
Wear. 

Weird,  a.  [A.-S.  wtjrd ,  fate,  fortune.] 
1.  Skilled  in  witchcraft.  2.  Super¬ 
natural;  unearthly. 

WEl'GOME  (wePkum),  a.  [A.-S.  wil- 


cuma,  a  welcome  guest,  tvilcume ,  io- 
terj.,  fr.  wil,  ioewel,  well, and  cuman, 
to  come  ]  1.  Received  with  gladness. 

2.  Grateful ;  pleasing.  3.  Free  to  en¬ 
joy  gratuitously. —  n.  Kind  reception. 

—  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  salute 
with  kindness,  as  a  new  comer ;  to 
entertain  hospitably  and  cheerfully. 

WEL'eOM-ER,  n.  One  who  welcomes. 

Weld,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [Ger.  &  D. 
wellen.  Cf.  Wield.]  To  press  or  beat 
into  permanent  union,  as  two  pieces 
of  iron  when  heated  almost  to  fusion. 

—  n.  Joint  made  by  welding. 

Wel'fare,  n.  [From  wd/  and  fart 

to  go,  to  be  in  any  state.]  Well¬ 
doing  or  well-being  in  any  respect; 
enjoyment  of  the  common  blessings 
of  life. 

Syn. —  Prosperity;  happiness. 

Wel'kin,  ii.  [A.-S.  wolcen,  welcn , 
cloud,  sky,  Skr.  valahaka,  a  cloud.] 
The  sky. 

Well,  n.  [A.-S.,  fr.  weallnn ,  to  boil.] 
1.  A  spring;  a  fountain.  2.  A  source. 

3.  A  cylindrical  hole  sunk  into  the 
earth  till  it  reaches  water.  4.  Any 
inclosure  similar  to  this.  5.  An  ex¬ 
cavation  in  the  earth  in  mining. — 
v.  i.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  issue  forth, 

•  as  water  from  the  earth  ;  to  spring. 

—  adv.  [A.-S.  wela,  weli]  1.  In  a 
good  or  proper  manner.  2.  Suita¬ 
bly  ;  abundantly  ;  fully  ;  adequate¬ 
ly.  3.  Favorably  ;  advantageously. 

4.  Considerably.  — a.  [better; 
BEST.]  1.  Good  in  condition  or  cir¬ 
cumstances.  2.  Being  in  health ; 
not  sick.  3  Being  in  favor. 

Syn.  —  Fortunate  ;  convenient ;  ad¬ 
vantageous;  happy. 

Well'a-day,  interj.  [Corrupted  fr. 
A.-S.  wdlawa,  from  wa,  woe,  lu,  lo, 
oh,  and  wa,  woe.]  Alas  ! 

Well'— BE'ING,  n.  Welfare;  pros¬ 
perity. 

Well'-born,  a.  Born  of  a  respect¬ 
able  family. 

WEll'-BREd,  a.  Polite;  cultivated; 
refined. _ 

Well'-fa'vored,  a.  Handsome-, 
pleasiug  to  the  eye.  [tain. 

Well'-head,  n.  A  spring  or  foun- 

WEll'-hole,  n.  The  open  space  in 
the  middle  of  a  staircase,  beyond  the 
ends  of  the  stairs. 

WEll'-man'nered,  a.  Polite; 
well-bred. 

WEll'-mean'ING,  a.  Having  a  good 
intention. 

WEll'-mEant,  a.  Rightly  intend¬ 
ed  ;  kind ;  friendly. 

WEll'-nigii  (-ni),  adv.  Almost; 
nearly. 

WEll'-SPOK/EN,  a.  1.  Speaking  well 
or  kindly.  2.  Spoken  with  propriety. 

WEll'-spring,  n.  A  fountain;  a 
source  of  continual  supply. 

WEll'-SWEEP,  ii.  A  long  pole  bal¬ 
anced  upon  a  post  and  used  to  raise 
a  bucket  from  a  well. 

WEll'-wisii'ER,  ii.  One  who  wishes 
another  well. 

WELSH,  a.  Relating  to  Wales,  or  its 
inhabitants. — n.  sing,  or  pi.  1. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF, 


WELSH-RABBIT 

sing.  The  language  of  Wales.  2.  pi. 
The  natives  of  Wales. 

Welsh'-rab'bit,  n.  [Corrupted  fr. 
Welsh  rare-bit.]  Cheese  melted  and 
spread  on  toasted  bread. 

Welt,  n.  [Prob.  from  W.  gwald ,  a 
hem,  a  welt,  fr.  gwaliatv ,  to  inclose.] 
A  kind  of  hem  or  edging  on  a  gar¬ 
ment  or  on  a  shoe. — v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  furnish  with  a  welt. 

YFel'ter,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
welt  an,  wdltan,  to  roll,  to  welter, 
Icel.  velta,  Goth,  ralljan,  valvjan.) 
1.  To  wallow  ;  to  tumble  about, esp. 
in  any  thing  foul.  2.  To  rise  and 
fall,  as  waves. 

Wen,  n.  [A.-S.  ivenn.]  A  kind  of  tu¬ 
mor,  without  inflammation. 

WfiNCH,  n.  [Cf.  A.-S.  wencle ,  a  maid, 
a  daughter.]  1.  A  low,  vicious  young 
woman  ;  a  strumpet.  2.  A  negress. 
[Amer.] — v.i.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
frequent  the  company  of  women  of 
ill  fame. 

Wench'er,  n.  A  lewd  man. 

Wend,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  wen- 
dan,  to  turn,  to  go.]  To  go  ;  to  pass. 
—  v.  t.  To  direct ;  to  betake. 

WEN'NY,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a 
wen . 

Went,  imp.  of  Wend ; —  now  used  as 
the  preterit  of  Go. 

Wept,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Weep. 

Were  (wer,  57),  imp.  ind.  pi.  &  imp . 
subj.  sing.  &  pi.  of  Be. 

Werst,  n.  See  Verst. 

WEst,  ft.  [A.-S.]  1.  Point  or  quar¬ 
ter  where  the  sun  sets.  2.  A  region 
toward  the  sunsetting. — a.  1.  Sit¬ 
uated  in  the  direction  of  the  setting 
sun  ;  relating  to  the  west.  2.  Com¬ 
ing  from  the  west.  —  adv.  To  or  at 
the  westward. 

West'er-ly,  a.  1.  Being  toward  or 
in  the  west.  2.  Moving  from  the 
westward.  —  adv.  Tending  or  going 
toward  the  west. 

AVest'ern,  a.  Situated  in,  or  mov¬ 
ing  toward,  the  west. 

WEST 'WARD,  adv.  Toward  the  west. 

WEst'ward-ly,  adv.  In  a  direction 
toward  the  west. 

Wet,  a.  [-ter;  -test.]  [A.-S.  wxt, 
weaht.]  1.  Containing  water  or 
moisture.  2.  A'ery  damp;  rainy. — 
n.  1.  Water  ;  moisture  in  considera¬ 
ble  degree.  2.  Rainy  or  misty  weath¬ 
er. —  v.  t.  [wet;  wetting.]  To 
fill  or  moisten  with  water  or  other 
liquid.  [trated  ram. 

AVEtk'er,  n.  [A.-S.  wedher ,]  A  cas- 

AVEt'ness,  n.  1.  State  of  being  wet ; 
moisture ;  humidity.  2.  A  moist 
state  of  the  atmosphere. 

Wet'-nOrse,  n.  A  nurse  who  suckles 
a  child  not  her  own. 

Whack,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [From 
tlnvaclc.]  To  strike  with  a  heavy  or 
resounding  blow. — n.  A  smart, 
resounding  blow.  _ 

animal  of  the  class 
of  Mammals,  and  Whale, 

family  of  Cetaceans. 

476 

WHALE 'BONE,  n.  A  firm,  elastic  sub¬ 
stance  taken  from  the  upper  jaw  of 
the  right  whale. 

Whale'man  (150),  n.  A  man  em¬ 
ployed  in  the  whale-fishery. 

AVhal'er,  n.  A  ship  or  a  person  em¬ 
ployed  in  the  whale-fishery. 

Whap'per.  n.  Something  uncom¬ 
monly  large  of  the  kind; — applied 
especially  to  a  bold  lie. 

WHARF  (hworf),  n. ;  pi.  properly 
WHARFS,  but  WHARVES  is  also 
usctL  [A.-S.  hwearf,  hwarf, fr.  hiveor- 
fan ,  to  turn.]  A  mound  extending 
into  the  water,  for  landiug  goods  ;  a 
mole ;  a  pier. 

AVharf'age,  n.  Fee  paid  for  the  use 
of  a  wharf. 

Wharf'in-ger.  n.  [From  wliarfing.] 
Keeper  or  proprietor  of  a  wharf. 

What  (hw5t),  pron.  [A.-S.  hwat,  al¬ 
lied  to  Lat.  quid.]  1.  An  interroga¬ 
tive  pronoun,  used  with  reference  to 
inanimate  objects.  2.  How  remark¬ 
able  ;  how  great;  —  used  exclama- 
tively.  3.  How  ;  —  used  adverbially. 
4.  How  strange  a  thing  !  —  used  in¬ 
dependently.  5.  A  compound  rela¬ 
tive,  equivalent  to  that  which,  or  to 
the  .  .  .  which.  6.  Whatever;  — 
used  indefinitely.  7.  In  part ;  partly. 

What-ev'er,  pron.  Being  this  or 
that ;  all  that. 

What'-not,  n.  [From  the  abbrevi¬ 
ated  phrase  what  not,  used  at  the 
close  of  an  enumeration;  hence, 
substantively,  a  miscellany,  a  va¬ 
riety.]  A  piece  of  furniture,  having 
shelves  for  books,  ornaments,  &c. 

AVhat'so-Ev'ER,  a.  AVhatever. 

Wheal,  n.  [A.-S.  hwcle,  putrefac¬ 
tion.  Cf.  Wale.]  A  wale. 

Wheat,  n.  [A.-S.  hwsete,  allied  to 
hwit,  white.]  A  plant  and  its  seed, 
which  furnishes  a  white  flour  for 
bread. 

Wiieat'en,  a.  [A.-S.  hwxten.]  Made 
of  wheat. 

WllEE'DLE  (hwe'dl),  v.  t.  [-ed; 

-ING.]  [Cf.  A  -S.  wddlian,  to  be 
poor,  to  beg.]  1.  To  entice  by  soft 
words.  2.  To  gain  by  flattery. 

Syx.  —  To  flatter;  coax;  cajole. 

Wheel,  n.  [A.-S.  hiveol,  allied  to 
Goth,  valvjan,  to  roll.]  * 

1.  A  rotating  disk  or  \ 

circular  frame.  2.  Any  caflpnB  j|j|8M 
instrument  having  a  ^TSI  1/ 
similar  form  ;  as,  (a.)  I 'iilw 

A  spinning-wheel.  (6.)  E  a 

An  instrument  for-  Wheel  and 
merly  used  for  pun-  Axle, 

ishing  criminals,  (c.)  A,  wheel;  B, 
A  circular  frame  hav¬ 
ing  handles  on  the  ldm,  used  in  steer¬ 
ing  a  ship.  (d.)  (Pottery.)  A  wooden 
disk  revolving  horizontally,  on  which 
the  clay  is  shaped.  3.  A  turn  or 
revolution  ;  rotation.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  1.  To  convey  on  wheels.  2. 
To  cause  to  revolve. — v.  i.  1.  To 
revolve ;  to  rotate.  2.  To  go  round 
in  a  circuit. 

Wiieel'bar-row,  n.  A  light  car- 

WHEREOF 

riage,  with  one  wheel,  rolled  by  a 
single  person.  % 

Wheel'-hoijse,  n.  1.  A  small  house 
on  deck,  containing  the  steering- 
wheel.  2.  Paddle-box  of  steamers. 

Wheeling,  n.  1.  Act  of  conveying 
on  wheels.  2.  Convenience  for  pass¬ 
ing  on  wheels. 

Wheel'wrigiit  (hweePrlt),  n.  A 
man  who  makes  w  heels. 

Wheeze,  v.  i.  [-ed:  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
hweosan,  to  hiss,  whiz  ]  To  breathe 
hard,  and  with  an  audible  sound. 

Whelk,  n.  [A.-S.  hwylca,  a  varicose 
vein,  hylca ,  a  bend.]  1.  An  .ine¬ 
quality  on  the  surface.  2.  A  stripe 
or  streak.  3.  A  mollusk  having  a 
one-valved,  spiral  shell. 

Whelm,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  A.-S. 
for-welman,  to  overwhelm,  to  suffo¬ 
cate.]  1.  To  cover  with  water  or 
other  fluid.  2.  To  immerse  deeply  ; 
to  overburden. 

Whelp,  n.  [A.-S.  htcelp.]  1.  The 
young  of  the  canine  species,  and  of 
beasts  of  prey  ;  a  puppy  ;  a  cub.  2. 

A  child.  — v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
bring  forth  young,  as  the  female  of 

•  the  canine  species,  &c.  i 

When,  adv.  [A.-S.  hwenne.)  1.  At 
what  time;  —  used  interrogatively 
or  relatively.  2.  While;  whereas. 

WHENCE ,  adv.  [0.  Eng.  whennes . 
whens,  w  ith  the  term,  of  a  genitive.] 

From  what  place ;  from  what  or 
which  source,  origin,  antecedent, 

& c. ;  —  used  interrogatively  or  rela¬ 
tively.  ♦ 

Wiien^e'so-Ev'er,  relative,  adv.  or 
conj.  From  what  place,  cause,  or 
source  soever. 

When-e/'er,  relative  adv.  or  conj. 

At  whatever  time. 

When'so-Ev'er,  relative  adv.  or 
conj.  Whenever. 

Where  (4),  adv.  [A.-S.  Invar,  hw'dr.] 

1.  At  what  place  ;  in  what  situa¬ 
tion; — .used  interrogatively.  2.  At 
which  place  ;  - —  used  relatively  3.  To 
what  or  which  place ;  whither  ;  — 
used  interrogatively  and  relatively. 

Syn.  —  Sec  WlIITIIEK. 

Where'a-bout',  )  adv.  1.  About 

Where'a-bouts',  )  where;  near 

w'hat  or  which  place  ;  —  used  inter¬ 
rogatively  and  relatively.  2.  Con¬ 
cerning  which.  [The  word  is  often 
used  colloquially  as  a  noun.] 

Where-as',  conj.  1.  Considering 
that ;  since.  2.  The  case  being  in 
truth  that. 

Where-at',  adv.  At  what. 

Where-bv',  adv.  By  which  ;  by  what. 

Where'fore,  adv.  [From  where 
and  for.]  1.  For  which  reason.  2. 

For  what  reason;  why. 

Where -In',  adv.  1.  In  which;  — 
used  relatively.  2.  In  what; — used 
interrogatively. 

Where'in-to',  adv.  1.  Into  which. 

2.  Into  what. 

Where-of'  (hwer-off7  or  hwer-ov'), 
adv.  1.  Of  which  ;  —  used  relatively. 

2.  Of  what ;  —  used  indefinitely.  3. 

Of  what;  —  used  interrogatively. 

A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long ;  A,  E,  I,  6,  C,  Y,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  VEIL,  term;  PIQUE,  firm;  s6n, 

! 

WHEREON 

Wh£re-on'.  adv.  On  which. 

Where'so-ev'er,  adv.  Wherever. 

Where-to',  adv.  1.  To  which.  2. 
To  what ;  to  what  end. 

Where'Upon',  adv.  Upon  which  ; 
in  consequence  of  which. 

Wher-ev'er  (146),  adv.  At  what¬ 
ever  place. 

Where-with',  or  Where-with' 
(99),  adv.  1.  With  which;  —  used 
relatively.  2.  With  what;  —  used 

*  interrogatively. 

Wiiere'with-al',  adv.  Same  as 
Wherewith! 

Wher'ry.  n.  [Allied  to  ferry  ]  A 
long,  narrow,  shallow  boat,  sharp  at 
both  ends  for  fast  rowing  or  sailing. 

Whet,  v.  t.  [-ted  ;  -ting,  133.]  [A.- 
S.  kwettan ,  fr.  hivdt,  sharp.]  1.  To 
rub  in  order  to  sharpen.  2.  To  stim¬ 
ulate.  3.  To  excite ;  to  provoke.  — 
n.  1.  Act  of  sharpening  by  friction. 
2.  Something  that  stimulates  the  ap¬ 
petite. 

Wheth'er,  pron.  [A.-S.  hwddher.] 
Which  of  two.  [ Antiquated .]  — conj. 
Used  to  introduce  the  first  of  two 
or  more  alternative  clauses,  the  other 
or  others  being  connected  by  or,  or 
by  or  whether. 

Whet'stone,  n.  A  stone  for  sharp¬ 
ening  edged  instruments  by  friction. 

Whew,  n.  or  inter j.  A  half-formed 
whistle,  expressing  astonishment, 
scorn,  or  dislike. 

Whey  (hwa),  n.  [A.-S.  hivxg.  Cf. 
WHIG.]  The  watery  part  of  milk, 
separated  in  making  cheese. 

Whey'ey  (hwa'J),  a.  Partaking  of, 
or  resembling,  whey. 

WhTch,  pron.  [0.  Eng.  whillce,  A.-S. 
hivylic ,  hwylc,  Goth,  hveleiks,  fr.  five, 
to  whom,  and  leiks,  like.]  1.  An  in¬ 
terrogative  pronoun,  signifying  who , 
or  what  one  of  a  number,  sort,  or  the 
like.  2.  A  relative,  used  for  all  objects 
excepting  persons.  3.  A  compound 
relative,  standing  for  that  which , 
those  which ,  the  .  .  .  which ,  &c. 

WHICH-EV'ER,  1  pron.  Whether 

Which'so-ev'er,  )  one  or  the  other. 

WhTff,  n.  [Cf.  Icel.  veifa,  to  shake, 
whirl.]  A  sudden  expulsion  of  air 
from  the  meuth  ;  a  quick  puff  of 
air. — v.  t.  [-ED ;  -1NG.]  1.  To 

puff  out.  2.  To  convey  by  a  puff. 

WHIF'FLE,  V.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S 
wseflan ,  wsefian,  to  babble,  to  whif¬ 
fle.]  To  waver  or  shake,  as  if  moved 
by  gusts  of  wind ;  to  be  fickle  and 
unsteady. 

Whif'fler,  n.  One  who  whiffles. 

Whif'fle-tree,  n.  The  bar  to 
which  the  traces  of  a  carriage  are 
fastened  for  draught. 

WhIg,  n.  [From  whig,  whey,  which 
the  Scottish  Covenanters  used  to 
drink,  and  hence  a  name  given  to 
them  ,  or  fr.  Scot,  ivhiggamore,  one 
who  drives  horses,  contr.  to  whig. 
In  1643,  a  party  of  these  people 
marched  to  Edinburgh  to  oppose  the 
king;  hence  the  name  was  given  to 
the  party  opposed  to  the  court.]  1. 
One  of  a  political  party  in  England. 

477 

2.  A  friend  and  supporter  of  the 
American  Revolution.  3.  One  of  a 
political  party  in  the  United  States 
from  about  1829  to  1853. 

WhIg'ger-y,  In.  The  principles  of 

WHIG'gISM,  )  a  whig. 

WHIG'GISH,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  par¬ 
taking  of  the  principles  of,  whigs. 

While,  n.  [A.-S.  hwil .]  Space  of 
time.  —  adv.  1.  During  the  time 
that ;  as  long  as.  2.  In  which  case. 

Syn. —  Though.  —  Both  these  words 
are  used  in  comparing  things  or  draw¬ 
ing  parallels  between  them;  but  though 
also  implies  contrast,  which  while  does 
not.  For  instance,  we  may  say,  “  While 

I  admire  his  courage,  I  honor  him  for 
his  self-command;  ”  and  “  Though  I  ad¬ 
mire  his  courage,  I  detest  his  ferocity.” 
While  might,  indeed,  be  used  in  both 
cases;  but  if  we  mean  distinctly  to  im¬ 
ply  a  contrast,  we  must  use  though. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To  cause  to 
pass  pleasantly  ;  to  spend  or  pass. 

Wiii'lom,  adv.  [A.-S.  hwilum,  /not¬ 
ion.]  Formerly ;  of  old. 

WhIlst,  adv.  Same  as  While. 

Whim,  n.  [Teel,  hvim,  a  quick  move¬ 
ment.]  A  fancy  ;  capricious  notion. 

Syn.  —  Freak.  —  A  freak  is  literally  a 
sudden  start  or  change  of  place,  and 
hence  denotes  some  particular  actwhich 
is  hasty  or  fanciful,  perhaps  humorous 
or  childish;  a  whim  is  dictated  by  ca¬ 
price,  and  usually  implies  a  state  of 
mind  more  or  less  permanent.  The 
young  are  apt  to  have  their  freaks,  and 
the  old  to  indulge  themselves  in  whims. 

WHIM'PER,  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
cry  with  a  low,  whining,  broken 
voice. 

Whim'§ey,  n.  A  whim  ;  a  freak. 

Whim'§i-€AL,  a.  1.  Full  of  whims; 
having  odd  fancies.  2.  Singular ; 
curious  ;  odd. 

Syn.  —  Quaint ;  freakish  ;  capricious; 
fanciful;  fantastical.  See  Quaint. 

Whim'.si-gXl'1-TY,  (  n.  State  or 

Whim'si-€AL-ness,  )  quality  of  be¬ 
ing  whimsical ;  whimsicalness. 

WhIm'si-eal-ly,  adv.  In  a  whim¬ 
sical  manner. 

WhIm'WhXm,  n.  [From  whim  by  re¬ 
duplication.]  A  whim  or  whimsey. 

Whin,  n.  [W.  chwyn ,  weeds.]  1. 
Gorse ;  furze.  2.  A  leguminous 
plant,  having  yellow  flowers. 

WhIne,  v.i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
wanian,  cwhnian ,  to  mourn,  howl.] 
To  utter  a  plaintive,  long-drawn  cry  ; 
hence,  to  complaiu  in  a  mean,  un¬ 
manly  way. — n.  A  nasal  puerile 
tone  of  mean  complaint. 

WhIn'er,  n.  One  who  whines. 
Whin'ny,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing,  142.] 
[From  the  root  of  whine.]  To  utter 
the  sound  of  a  horse.  —  n.  Cry  of 
ahorse;  a  neigh. 

Whin'- stone,  n.  Trap  or  green¬ 
stone; —  applied  by  miners  to  any 
kind  of  dark-colored,  hard,  unstrati¬ 
fied  rock. 

WhIp,  V.  t.  [-PED  ;  -PING.]  [A.-S. 
hweopian.]  1.  To  strike  or  punish 
with  any  thing  lithe  ;  to  lash  ;  to 
flog.  2.  To  form  into  gathers  by 
overcasting  a  rolled  edge  and  draw¬ 
ing  up  the  thread.  3.  To  overlay, 

WHISK 

as  a  cord,  rope,  &c.,  with  other 
cords.  4.  To  take  or  move  by  a  sud¬ 
den  motion.  —  v.  i.  To  move  nim¬ 
bly.  —  n.  1.  An  instrument  for 
driving  horses,  &c.,  or  for  correc¬ 
tion.  2.  A  coachman,  or  driver  of 
a  carriage.  3.  A  small  tackle  with  a 
single  rope,  to  hoist  lignt  bodies. 

WhIp'-gord,  n.  A  hard-twisted  or 
braided  cord  for  making  lashes. 

WhTp'graft,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To 
graft  by  cutting  the  scion  and  stock 
in  a  sloping  direction,  so  as  to  fit 
each  other,  and  by  insertinga  tongue 
on  the  scion  into  a  slit  in  the  stock. 

WhIp'per,  n.  1.  One  who  whips.  2. 

One  who  raises  coal  with  a  tackle 
from  a  ship’s  hold. 

Whip'per  RU,  n.  1.  A  huntsman 
who  keeps  the  hounds  from  wander¬ 
ing.  2.  One  who  enforces  the  disci¬ 
pline  of  a  party. 

WhIp'per-snap'PER,  n.  A  diminu¬ 
tive,  insignificant  person.  [ Colloq .] 

WhIp'ping-post,  n.  A  post  to  which 
offenders  are  tied  to  be  whipped. 

WhIp'ple-tree,  n.  [Cf.  Whiffle  • 
TREE.]  The  bar  to  which  the  traces 
of  a  harness  are  fastened. 

WhTp'-poor-will,  n.  An  American 
bird,  so  called  from  its  note. 

Whip'saw,  n.  A  saw  for  dividing 
timber  lengthwise,  commonly  worked 
by  two  persons. 

Whip'-stAff  (149),  n.  A  bar  by 
which  the  rudder  is  turned ;  a 
tiller. 

WlllP'STER,  n.  [From  whip.]  A  nim¬ 
ble  little  fellow. 

WhIp'-stock,  n.  The  rod  to  which 
the  lash  of  a  whip  is  fastened. 

WhTr  (18),  v.  i.  [-RED  ;  -RING,  136.] 

[A.-S.  hweorfan,  to  turn.]  To  whirl 
round  with  noise.  —  n.  A  buzzing 
sound  produced  by  rapid  or  whirling 
motion. 

Whirl  (hwTrl,  18),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 

[Icel.  hvirfla ,  to  whirl.  See  supra.] 

1.  To  turn  round  rapidly.  2.  To 
remove  quickly  with  a  revolving  mo¬ 
tion. —  v.i.  1.  To  be  turned  round 
rapidly ;  to  gyrate.  2.  To  move 
hastily.  —  n.  1.  Rapid  rotation.  2. 

Any  thing  that’  is  turned  with  ve¬ 
locity. 

Whirl'-bXt,  n.  Any  thing  moved 
with  a  whirl  in  order  to  strike  hard. 

WhIrl'-bone,  n.  The  knee-pan. 

Whirl'I-gIg',  n.  [From  whirl  and 
gig.]  A  child’s  toy,  spun  around 
like  a  wheel  on  an  axis. 

WhIrl'pool,  n.  A  vortex  or  gulf 
in  which  the  water  moves  round  in 
a  circle. 

WhIrl'wind,  n.  A  violent  wind 
moving  in  a  circle  round  its  axis. 

WhIsk,  n.  [0.  H.  Ger.  wise.]  1.  A 
rapid,  sweeping  motion.  2.  A  small 
bunch  of  grass,  straw,  or  the  like; 
hence,  a  brush  or  small  besom.  3.  A 
kind  of  tippet.  — v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 

1.  To  sweep  or  agitate  with  a  light, 
rapid  motion.  2.  To  move  with  a 
quick,  sweeping  motion  — v.i.  To 
move  nimbly  and  with  velocity. 

or,  DO,  WQLF.  TOO,  TOOK  ;  Orn,  rue  ,  PULL ;  E,  r,  o,  silent ;  q,&,soft;  €,S,hard ;  Ag;  e^cist  ;  as  NG;  this. 

WICKED 


WHISKER 

WhYsk'er,  n.  [Usually  in  the  pi.]  1. 
That  part  of  the  beard  which  grows 
on  the  sides  of  the  face.  2.  The  long, 
projecting  hairs  at  the  sides  of  the 
mouth  of  a  cat,  &c. 

Whiskered,  a.  Haring  whiskers. 

WhYs'KY,  In.  [Corrupted  fr.  usque- 

WhYs'key,  )  baugh.]  A  spirit  dis¬ 
tilled  from  barley,  wheat,  rye,  or 
maize. 

Whis'per,  v.  i.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S. 
hwisprian.  Cf.  WHISTLE.]  1.  To 
utter  words  without  sonant  breath. 
2.  To  make  a  low,  sibilant  sound. — 
v.  t.  1.  To  utter  in  a  low,  and  not 
vocal,  tone.  2.  To  address  in  a 
whisper. — n.  1.  A  low,  soft,  sibi¬ 
lant  voice.  2.  A  cautious  or  timor¬ 
ous  speech. 

WhYs'per-er,  n.  One  who  whispers. 

Whist,  a.  [Cf.  Hist.J  Silent;  mute; 
still.  —  n.  A  certain  game  at  cards 
requiring  close  attention. — interj. 
Be  still ;  hush. 

WiiYs'tle  (hwis'sl),  v.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  [A  .-S.  hwistlan ,  to  whisper.] 
1.  To  utter  a  kind  of  musical  sound, 
esp.  by  pressing  the  breath  through 
a  small  orifice  formed  by  the  lips.  2. 
To  sound  shrill.  — v.  t.  1.  To  form 
or  modulate  by  whistling.  2.  To 
send  or  call  by  a  whistle.  —  n.  1.  A 
sharp,  shrill  sound,  made  by  forcing 
the  breath  through  the  compressed 
lips,  or  a  similar  Sound  in  whatever 
way  produced.  2.  An  instrument 
producing  a  sound  like  that  de¬ 
scribed  . 

WhYs'tle r  (hiws'ler),  n.  One  who 
whistles. 

WiiIt  (hwit),  n.  [A.-S.  wiht,  a  creat¬ 
ure,  a  thing.  See  Wight.]  The 
smallest  part  or  particle  imaginable  ; 
a  bit ;  a  jot ;  —  used  adverbially. 

White,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S.  hwit.] 

1.  Having  the  color  of  pure  snow. 

2.  Pale  ;  pallid.  3.  Pure  ;  clean  ;  free 
from  blemish.  4.  Gray,  as  the  effect 
of  age.  5.  Innocent  ;  fortunate ; 
happy ;  favorable. 

G3F"  White  lead ,  a  carbonate  of  lead, 
much  used  in  painting,  and  for  other 

fmrposes.  —  White  swelling ,  a  strumous 
nflammation  of  the  synovial  mem¬ 
branes  of  the  knee-joint: —  applied  also 
to  a  lingering,  chronic  tumor,  of  almost 
any  kind.—  White  wine,  any  wine  of  a 
light, clear,  transparent  color,  as  Madeira, 
sherry,  &c. 

Syn.  —  Snowy  ;  pure  ;  unblemished. 

—  n.  1.  The  color  of  pure  snow; 
strictly  a  composition  of  all  the 
colors.  2.  Something  having  the 
color  of  snow.  3.  One  of  the  white 
race  of  men. — v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  To 
make  white  ;  to  whiten. 
White'-bait,  n.  A  very  small,  deli¬ 
cate  fish  of  the  herring  kind. 
White'-lYv'ered,  a.  Having  a 
pale  look  :  feeble  ;  cowardly. 
White'-meat,  n.  1.  Meats  made  of 
milk,  butter,  cheese,  eggs,  &c.  2. 
Young  or  delicate  flesh,  as  poultry, 
rabbits,  &c. 

WhIt'en,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ID;  -ING.]  To 
make  or  turn  white  ;  to  bleach. 


478 

WHITE 'ness,  n.  1.  State  or  quality 
of  being  white.  2.  Paleness.  3. 
Purity  ;  cleanness. 

Whites,  n.  pi  A  disease  of  women. 

WhIte' -smith,  n.  1.  One  who  works 
in  tinned  iron.  2.  A  worker  in  iron 
who  finishes  or  polishes  the  work. 

WhIte'WASH,  n.  A  wash  or  liquid 
composition  for  whitening  some¬ 
thing,  esp.  the  plaster  of  walls. — v. 
t.  [-E D ;  -ING.]  1.  To  cover  with 
a  white  liquid  composition.  2.  To 
give  a  fair  external  appearance  to. 

White'wash-er,  n.  One  who  white¬ 
washes. 

Whith'er,  adv.  [A.-S.  hivader , 
hwider .]  1.  To  what  place  ;  —  used 
interrogatively.  2.  To  what  or  which 
place  ;  —  used  relatively.  3.  To  what 
point  or  degree  ;  whereto. 

Syn.  —  Where.  —  Whither  is  now,  to  a 
great  extent,  obsolete,  except  in  poetry, 
or  in  compositions  of  a  grave  and  serious 
character.  Where  lias  taken  its  place,  as 
in  the  question,  “  Where  are  you  going?” 

WhYth'er-so-ev'er,  adv.  To  what¬ 
ever  place. 

Whit'ING,  n.  [From  ichite.]  1.  A 
sea-fish,  allied  to  the  cod.  2.  Pure 
ground  chalk. 

Whit'isii,  a.  Somewhat  white. 

Whit'ISH-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
whitish. 

WulT'LfiATH-ER,  n.  1.  Leather 
dressed  with  alum,  salt,  & c.  2.  A 
tough,  white  ligament  on  the  neck 
of  quadrupeds. 

WhIt'l5w,  n.  [From  white  and  low, 
flame,  fire.]  An  inflammation  of  the 
fingers  or  toes,  terminating  usually 
in  suppuration. 

Whit'sun-day  1  (hwit'sn-),^!  [From 

WHIT'SUN-TIDE  )  white  and  Sun¬ 
day,  or  tide.]  The  seventh  Sunday 
after  Easter  ;  — so  called,  because,  in 
the  primitive  church,  newly  baptized 
per sohs  appeared  at  church  in  white 
garments. 

WhYt'tle,  n.  1.  [A.-S.  hwitle,  a  little 
knife.]  A  knife.  2.  [A.-S.  hwltel, 
a  cloak.  See  WHITE.]  A  grayish, 
coarse  blanket  worn  by  west  country¬ 
women,  over  the  shoulders.  [Eng.] 
—  v.  t.  [-ED;  -ING.]  To  pare  the 
surface  of  with  a  small  knife.  —  v.  i. 
To  cut  a  piece  of  wood  with  a 
knife. 

WHlz,  v.  i.  [-ZED;  -ZING.]  [Cf. 
Wheeze  and  Hiss.]  To  make  a 
hissing  sound,  like  a  ball  flying 
through  the  air.  —  n.  A  hissing  or 
humming  sound. 

Who  (ho"o),  pron.  sing,  or  pi.  [A.-S. 
hwa,  hwa.]  What  or  which  person 
or  persons  :  —  used  relatively  or  in¬ 
terrogatively. 

Whoa  (hwo),  interj.  See  IIo. 

Who-ev'ER  (hob-),  pron.  Any  one 
without  exception. 

Whole  (hoi,  20),  a.  [A.-S.  h&l, 
healthy,  sound,  whole.]  1.  Contain¬ 
ing  the  total  amount  or  number.  2. 
Not  defective  or  imperfect.  3.  Un¬ 
impaired  ;  uninjured.  4.  Being  in  a 
state  of  health  and  soundness. 


Syn.  —  All  ;  complete  ;  undivided  ; 
healthy;  sound. 

—  n.  1.  The  entire  thing.  2.  A  regular 
combination  of  parts  ;  a  system. 

Syn.  —  Totality;  aggregate;  gross. 

Wh5le'ness  (hoP-),  n.  State  of  be¬ 
ing  whole,  entire,  or  sound. 

Wholesale  (hoP-),  n.  Sale  of  goods 
by  the  piece  or  large  quantity. — a. 
1.  Buying  and  selling  by  the  quan¬ 
tity.  2.  Pertaining  to  trade  by  the 
quantity.  * 

Whole'some  (hoPsum,20), a.  [-ir; 
-EST.]  1.  Tending  to  promote 
health.  2.  Favorable  to  morals,  re¬ 
ligion,  or  prosperity. 

Syn.  —  Salubrious  ;  sound  ;  salutary; 
useful;  kindly. 

Whole'some-ly  (hop-),  adv.  In 
a  wholesome  manner  ;  salubriously. 

Whole'some-ness  (hoPsum-),  n. 
Quality  of  being  wholesome. 

WHOL'LY  (hoPJ’,  20),  adv.  1.  En¬ 
tirely  ;  completely  ;  perfectly.  2. 
Totally.  •  [Who. 

Whom  (h(7om),  pron.  Objective  of 

Whom'so-ev'er  (hbbnP-),  pron.  Ob¬ 
jective  of  Whosoever. 

Whoop  (hcYop),  V.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.- 
S.  liwCpan,  to  cry  out.]  To  utter  a 
loud  cry;  to  shout;  to  hoot. — n. 
A  shout  of  pursuit  or  cf  war  ;  a 
halloo. 

Whoop'ing-cotjgh  (hobp'ing- 
kawf),  n.  A  convulsive  cough,  end¬ 
ing  with  a  sonorous  inspiration  or 
whoop. 

Whore  (hor),  n.  [A.-S.  hCre.]  A 
woman  who  practices  unlawful  sex¬ 
ual  commerce  with  men,  esp.  one 
who  does  it  for  hire.  — i'.  i.  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  have  unlawful  sexual 
commerce. 

Whore'dom  (hor'-),  n.  1.  Practice 
of  unlawful  commerce  with  the  other 
sex;  lewdness.  2.  (Script.)  Idolatry. 

Whorl  (hwfirl  or  hworl),  n.  [Allied 
to  whirl.]  1.  An  arrangement  of 
leaves  or  flowers,  &c.,  around  a 
stem,  in  the  same  plane  with  each 
other.  2.  A  turn  of  the  spire  of  a 
univalve  shell. 

Whort'le-ber'ry  (hwdrt'l-),  n. 
[Cf.  A.-S.  wyrt,  herb,  root.]  A  shrub, 
and  its  small,  round,  edible  berry; 
the  huckleberry. 

Whoije'so-ev'er (hbbz'-), pron.  Pos¬ 
sessive  of  Whosoever. 

Who'SO-Lv'ER  (hbo'-),  pron.  Any 
person  whatever  that. 

WHY,  adv.  [A.-S.  hwy,  hwS,  hit,  why, 
instrumental  form  of  hwa,  hwat , 
who,  what.]  1.  For  what  cause, 
reason,  or  purpose;  —  used  inter¬ 
rogatively.  2.  For  which  reason  or 
cause  ;  —  used  relatively.  3.  Reason 
or  cause  for  which  ;  —  used  as  a 
compound  relative. 

WICK,  n.  [A.-S.  weoca,  weeca]  A 
cotton  cord,  which  draws  up  the  oil, 
melted  tallow  or  wax,  or  other  ma 
terial  used  for  illumination,  to  be 
burned. 

WIck'ed  (60),  a.  [Prob.  from  A.-S. 
wiccian,  to  bewitch,  because  crimes 


A,  E,  I,  6, u,  Y, long;  X,£, I,  6,  0,  It, short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  ^ll,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  FIRM;  s6n, 


WICKEDLY 

were  attributed  to  witchcraft.]  Evil 
in  principle  or  practice  ;  contrary  to 
the  moral  law;  addicted  to  vice. 

Syn. —  Sinful  i  criminal  ;  immoral  ; 
unholy;  ungodly.  See  Iniquitous. 

Wick'ed-ly,  adv.  In  a  wicked  man¬ 
ner  ;  viciously. 

WlCK'E D-NESS,  n.  1.  State  or  qual¬ 
ity  of  being  wicked.  2.  A  wicked 
thing  or  act. 

Wick'er,  a  [See  WITHY.]  Made 
of,  or  covered  with,  twigs  or  osiers. 
—  n.  A  small  twig  or  osier. 

WlCK/ET,  n.  [0.  Fr.  wi/cet,  guisr.het , 
from  A.-S.  win,  recess,  port.]  1.  A 
small  gate  or  door,  esp.  when  form¬ 
ing  part  of  a  larger  one.  2.  A  gate¬ 
like  frame-work  of  rc^ls,  in  playing 
cricket.  [wicks  are  made. 

WlCK'ING,  n.  Material  of  which 

Wide,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S.  wid.] 
1.  Having  a  great  extent  every  way  ; 
extensive  ;  spacious.  2.  Having  con¬ 
siderable  distance  between  the  sides  ; 
broad ;  not  narrow.  3.  Of  a  certain 
measure  between  the  sides.  4.  Re¬ 
mote  ;  distant.  —  adv.  To  a  distance. 

WlDE'LY,  adv.  1.  To  a  wide  degree  ; 
far  ;  extensively.  2.  Very  much  ; 
to  a  great  degree. 

WlD'EN,  v.  t.  or  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To 
make  or  grow  wide  or  wider. 

WlDE'NESS,  n.  Quality  or  state  of 
being  wide  ;  breadth  ;  width. 

W!d'Ge6n  (wlj'un),  n.  [Fr.  vingeon, 
gingeon .]  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck 
group. 

WId'ow,  n.  [A.-S.  widuwe ;  Skr. 
vidhava ,  fr.  vi,  without,  and  dhava , 
husband.]  A  woman  whose  husband 
is  dead.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  1. 
To  bereave  of  a  husband.  2.  To 
make  desolate  ;  to  bereave. 

WlD'ow-ER,  n.  A  man  whose  wife 
is  dead.  [widow. 

WId'OW-ho'od,  n.  State  of  being  a 

WIDTH  (10S),  n.  Extent  from  side  to 
side  ;  breadth. 

Wield,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
wealdan,  to  rule.]  1.  To  use  with  full 
command  or  power.  2.  To  employ  ; 
to  control. 

Wife  (149),  n.  [A.-S.  t o*f.]  The  law¬ 
ful  consort  of  a  man. 

Wife'Ho'od,  ii.  Stite  of  a  wife. 

WlFE'LY,  a.  Becoming  or  like  a  wife. 

WIG,  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  periwig.]  An 
artificial  covering  of  hair  for  the 
head. 

Wight  (wit),  n.  [  A.-S.  wiht.  wuht, 
a  creature,  animal.  Of.  AUGHT.] 
A  being  ;  a  person ;  — used  chiefly  in 
irony  or  burlesque. 

WtG'WAM,  n.  i 

[Algonquin  Jf 

possessive  and 
locative  affixes, 

contr.  by  the 

English  to  Wig-  Wigwam. 

warn.]  An  Indian  cabin  or  hut. 

479 

Wild,  a.  [-er  ;  -est.]  [A.-S.  wild  ] 
1.  Living  iu  a  state  of  nature;  not 
tamed.  2.  Growing  or  produced 
without  culture.  3.  Desert ;  not  in¬ 
habited.  4.  Ferocious  ;  rude.  5.  Not 
submitted  to  restraint,  training,  or 
regulation.  6.  Exposed  to  the  wind 
and  sea.  7.  Indicating  strong  emo¬ 
tion  or  bewilderment. 

Wild  is  prefixed  to  the  names  of 
many  plants,  to  distinguish  them  from 
such  of  the  name  as  arc  cultivated.  — 
Wild  cat ,  an  animal  of  the  cat  family, 
stronger  and  fiercer  than  the  domestic 
cat,  very  destructive^  to  the  smaller  do¬ 
mestic  animals.  —  Wild-goose  chase ,  the 
pursuit  of  something  as  unlikely  to  he 
caught  as  a  wiid  goose. 

Syn.— Savage;  desert;  uncivilized; 
ungoverned;  inconstant;  loose;  irregu¬ 
lar;  disorderly. 

—  n.  An  uninhabited  and  uncul¬ 
tivated  region ;  a  desert. 

WIl'der,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [Eng. 
wild.]  To  cause  to  lose  the  way  ;  to 
bewilder. 

Wil'der  NESS,  n.  A  forest  or  a 
wide,  barren  plain  ;  a  waste  ;  •  a  des¬ 
ert. 

Wild'- fire,  n.  A  composition  of 
inflammable  materials,  very  hard  to 
quench.  [keeper. 

WlLD'GRAVE,  n.  A  head  forest- 

WlLD'lNG,  n.  A  wild  crab-apple. 

WlLD'LY,  adv.  In  a  wild  condition 
or  manner.  [being  wild. 

WlLD'NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 

Syn.  —  Rudeness;  savageness;  bru¬ 
tality;  irregularity ;  alienation. 

WIle,  n.  [A.-S.  wile.  Cf.  Guile.] 
A  trick  or  stratagem  practiced  for 
insnaring  or  deception. 

WlL'FUL.  a.  See  WILLFUL. 

WUli-ness,  n.  Guile;  craft. 

Will,  n.  [A.-S.  willa ,  wille.  See  the 
v.]  1.  Power  of  choosing.  2.  Choice 
which  is  made;  a  volition.  3.  A 
decree;  a  command.  4.  Strong  wish. 
5.  That  which  is  strongly  wished  or 
desired.  6.  Legal  declaration  of  a 
person,  as  to  how  he  would  have  his 
property  disposed  of  after  his  death  ; 
testament.  —  v.  t.  This  verb  has 
an  irregular  and  a  regular  form.  1. 
[Irregular,  imp.  would.]  (n.)  To 
wish ;  to  desire,  (b.)  As  an  auxiliary, 
used  to  denote  futurity  dependent  on 
the  subject  of  the  verb.  2.  [Regular. 
WILLED;  willing.]  (a.)  To  or¬ 
dain  ;  to  decree,  (h.)  To  give  by 
testament;  to  bequeath.  —  v.i.  1. 
To  exercise  an  act  of  volition.  2.  To 
be  disposed.  3.  To  determine. 

WlLL'Fl/L  1  ( 14b),  a.  Governed  by  the 

Wil'fvl  j  will  without  yielding  to 
reason . 

Syn.  —  Obstinate  ;  perverse  ;  stubborn. 

WIll'ful  ly,  1  adv.  Obstinately  ; 

WlL'FUL-LY,  )  stubbornly. 

WIll'fvl-ness,  1  n.  Quality  of  be- 

WlL'FyL-NESS,  |  ing  wiilful. 

WIllMng,  a.  [From  will,  v.  t.]  1. 
Free  to  do  or  grant ;  having  the 
mind  inclined  ;  disposed.  2.  Received 
of  choice ;  chosen. 

Will'ING-ly,  adv.  With  free  will. 

WIND-GALL 

WYll'ing-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 
willing ;  free  choice. 

WlLbLOW,  n.  [A.-S.  wilig.]  1.  A  tree 
of  many  species.  2.  A  machine  in 
which  cotton  is  opened  and  cleansed. 

—  v.  t.  To  open  and  cleanse,  as 
cotton,  by  means  of  a  willow. 

WIl'low-y,  a.  1.  Abounding  with, 
willows.  2.  Pliant ;  drooping. 

Wil'ly,  n.  A  machine  for  opening 
and  cleansing  wool,  similar  to  the 
willow  used  in  cotton  manufactures. 

WILT,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [A  modif. 
of  0.  Eng.  we  Ik,  to  fade,  wither,  fr. 

A.-S.  hwilc ,  lean.]  To  lose  freshness 
and  become  flaccid ;  to  droop.  [Amer.] 

—  v.  t.  To  make  flaccid,  as  a  green 
plant. 

WlL'Y,  a.  [-E R  ;  -EST,  142.]  Full 
of  wiles  ;  mischievously  artful. 

Syn.— Insidious;  sly;  crafty;  subtle. 

See  Cunning. 

WTm'ble,  n.  [0.  D.  wimpel.  See 
Gimlet.]  A  gimlet. — v.t.  [-ed  ; 

-ing.]  To  bore  or  pierce,  as  with  a 
wimble. 

WIm'ple,  n.  [M.  H.  Ger.  wimpel ,  a 
vail.  Cf.  Gimp.]  A  covering  laid  in 
folds  over  the  neck,  chin,  and  sides 
■of  the  face,  worn  by  women. 

Win,  v.  t.  [won  ;  winning.]  [A.-S. 
winnan,  to  strive,  fight,  gain.]  1- 
To  gain  in  competition  or  contest. 

2.  To  allure  to  kindness.  3.  To  gain 
over  to  one’s  side  or  party. —  v.  i.  To 
gain  the  victory. 

WlNyE,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing.]  [Cf.  A.-S. 
wincian ,  to  bend  one’s  self,  to  nod.] 

1.  To  shrink  ;  to  flinch  ;  to  start 
back.  2.  To  kick  or  flounce. 

WlNyH  (66),  n.  [A.-S.  wince.]  1.  A 
crank-handle.  2.  An  axle  turned 
by  a  crank-handle ;  a  windlass. 

Wind,  n.  [A.-S.  ;  Lat.  ventus ,  Skr. 
wata,  fr.  wet,  to  blow.]  1.  Air  in 
motion  with  any  degree  of  velocity". 

2.  Breath  modulated  by  the  lungs  and 
vocal  organs,  or  by  an  instrument. 

3.  Power  of  respiration.  4.  Flatu¬ 
lence.  5.  A  point  of  the  compass  ; 
esp.,  one  of  the  cardinal  points.  — 
v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  winnow  ; 
to  ventilate.  2.  To  perceive  by  the 
scent. 

Wind,  v.  t.  [wound;  winding.]  1, 

[From  wind,  pron.  wind.  ]  To  sound 
by  blowing.  2.  [A.-S.  windan.]  To 
turn,  esp.  about  something  fixed  ; 
to  coil ;  to  twist.  3.  To  regulate  ;  to 
govern.  4.  To  insinuate.  —  v.  i.  1. 

To  turn  completely  or  repeatedly. 

2.  To  have  a  circular  direction.  3. 

To  meander. 

Wind'a&e,  n.  Difference  between  the 
diameter  of  the  bore  of  a  gun  anti 
that  of  the  shot  fired  from  it. 

WIND' bound,  a.  Prevented  from 
sailing  by  a  contrary  wind. 

WlND'ER,  n.  One  who,  or  that  which, 
winds. 

Windfall,  n.  1.  Fruit  blown  off 
from  a  tree  by  the  wind.  2.  An  un¬ 
expected  gain. 

Wind'-gall,  n.  A  soft  tumor  on 
the  fetlock  joint  of  a  horse. 

OR,  DO,  WQLF,  Too,  TOOK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  0,  silent ;  c,  G,  hard  /  A§ ;  EXIST;  u  as  NG  ;  THIS. 

WIND-GUN 

WInd'-gTin,  n.  A  gun  discharged  by 
compressed  air.  [being  windy. 

Wind'i-ness,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
Wind'ing,  n.  1.  A  turn  or  turning  ; 
a  bend.  2.  A  cgll  by  the  boatswain’s 
whistle. 

Wind'ing-sheet,  n.  A  sheet  in 
which  a  corpse  % 

Wind' lass,  n. 

[Apparently 
fro m  iv i n d  and 

D.  wind  as,  fr. 

winden ,  to  Windlass, 

wind,  and  as,  axis.]  A  cylinder  or 
roller  for  raising  weights,  turned  by 
a  crank  or  lever. 

WInd'less,  a.  Haying  no  wind. 
WTND'MIlL,  n.  A 

WTn'd6w,  n.  [Ieel. 

ing  in  a  building 
for  the  admission 
of  light  and  air.  Windmill. 

2.  The  sash  that  closes  the  opening. 

3.  A  lattice  or  casement. 
Wind'pipe,  n.  The  passage  for  the 

breath  to  and  from  the  lungs. 
WInd'row  (wTn'ro),  n.  A  row  or  line 
of  hay  raked  together. 

WInd'ward,  n.  The  point  from 
which  the  wind  blows.  —  a.  Situated 
toward  the  point  from  which  the 
wind  blows.  —  adv.  In  the  direction 
from  which  the  wind  blows. 

W^nd'y,  a.  [-er  ;  -EST,  142.]  1.  Con¬ 
sisting  of  wind.  2.  Windward.  3. 
Tempestuous ;  boisterous.  4.  flatu¬ 
lent.  5.  Empty ;  airy. 

WIne,  n.  [A.-S.  win,  Lat.  vinum , 
iEolic  Gr  Fotvo?.]  1.  The  expressea, 
and  usually  the  fermented  juice  of 
grapes.  2.  A  similar  liquor,  from 
other  kinds  of  fruit.  3.  Intoxication. 
Wine'-bIb'ber,  n.  One  who  drinks 
much  wine  [which  wine  is  drank. 

WiNE'-GLASs,  n.  A  small  glass  in 
WlNE'-MEAg'URE  (-mezh'ur),  n.  The 
measure  by  which  wines  and  other 
spirits  are  sold. 

Wine'— press,  n.  A  place  where,  or 
an  engine  by  which,  wine  is  pressed 
from  grapes. 

WING,  n.  [Icel.  vhngr,  wing,  vings, 
agitation,  fanning.]  1.  One  of  two 
anterior  limbs  of  a  fowl.  2.  Any 
similar  instrument  used  for  flying. 
3.  Passage  by  flying ;  flight.  4. 
Motive  of  flight.  5.  That  which 
agitates  the  air,  as  a  wing  does.  6. 
A  side-piece;  as,  (a.)  A  side-build¬ 
ing,  less  than  the  main  edifice.  ( b .) 
{Fort.)  The  longer  side  of  crown- 
works,  horn-works,  and  the  like, 
(c.)  Right  or  left  division  of  an 
army,  regiment,  &c.  (d.)  That  part 
of  the  hold  or  orlop  of  a  vessel 
which  is  nearest  the  sides;  also, 
one  of  the  extremities  of  a  fleet-  — 
v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  1.  To  furnish 

480 

with  wings.  2.  To  transport  by 
flight.  3.  To  wound  or  disable  a 
wing  of. 

WIng'ed  (60),  p.  a.  1.  Furnished 
with  wings.  2.  Swift ;  rapid.  3. 
Wounded  in  the  wing. 

WtIng'less,  a.  Having  no  wings. 

Wing'-shEll,  n.  Case  covering  the 
wing  of  a  coleopterous  insect. 

WlNG'Y,  a.  Having  wings  ;  rapid. 

WINK,  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ing. J  [A.-S .  win- 
cian.]  1.  To  close  and  open  the  eye¬ 
lids  quickly.  2.  To  give  a  hint  by  a 
motion  of  the  eyelids.  3.  To  con¬ 
nive  at  any  thing ;  to  avoid  taking 
notice.  —  n.  1.  Act  of  closing  the 
eyelids  quickly.  2.  A  hint  given  by 
shutting  the  eye. 

WIn'ner,  n.  One  who  wins. 

WlN'NlNG,/).  a.  Attracting;  adapted 
to  gain  favor ;  charming.  —  n.  Sum 
gained  by  success  in  competition  or 
contest. 

WlN'NOW,  V.  t.  [-ed;-tng.]  [A.-S. 

windwian ,  awindwian,  to  fan.]  1. 
To  separate  chaff  from  by  wind.  2. 
To  sift  for  separating  falsehood  from 
truth.  3.  To  fan. 

WIn'sOme  (win'sum),^.  [-ER  ;  -EST.] 
[A.-S.  wynsmn,  from  wynn,  joy.] 
Cheerful;  light-hearted. 

W’Tn'ter,  n.  [Prob.  allied  to  wind, 
because  it  is  the  windy  season  of  the 
year.]  The  cold  season  of  the  year. — 
v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  pass  the  win¬ 
ter.  —  v.  t.  To  keep  or  feed  during 
the  winter. 

WIn'ter-green,  n.  An  aromatic 
evergreen,  having  bright  red  berries. 

WlN'TE R-KlLL ,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  kill  by  the  cold  of  winter. 

WlN'TER-Y,  a.  Suitable  to,  or  re¬ 
sembling,  winter. 

WIn'TRY,  a.  Same  as  WlNTERY. 

Wipe,  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  wi- 
pian ,  to  wrap  up,  to  cuddle  one’s 
self  up  ]  1.  To  rub  with  something 

soft  for  cleaning ;  to  clean  by  rub¬ 
bing.  2.  To  remove  by  rubbing.  — 
n.  1.  Act.  of  rubbing  for  cleaning. 
2.  A  blow  ;  a  hit. 

WTp'er,  n.  1.  One  who  wipes.  2. 
Something  used  for  wiping. 

WIRE,  n.  [A.-S.  wir .]  An  even  thread 
of  metal.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
bind  with  wire.  2.  To  put  on  a  wire. 

Wire'-brIdge,  n.  A  bridge  sus¬ 
pended  on  cables  mado  of  wires. 

Wire '-draw,  v.  t.  [-drew  ; 

-DRAWN  ;’  -DRAWING.]  1.  To  form, 
as  metal,  into  wire,  by  drawing  it 
through  a  hole.  2.  To  draw  or  spin 
out  to  great  length. 

WTre'-draw'er,  n.  One  who  draws 
metal  into  wire. 

WIre'-pull'er,  n.  One  who  pulls 
the  wires,  as  of  a  puppet ;  hence,  one 
who  operates  by  secret  means. 

WlRE'-WORM  (-warm),  n.  The  hard, 
slender  larve  of  certain  beetles. 

WrlR’l-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  wiry. 

WlR'Y,  a.  1.  Made  of  wire ;  like  wire. 
2.  Tough  ;  sinewy. 

Wls,  v.  t.  [imp.  &  p.  p.  wist.]  [A.-S. 
wisian,  to  instruct,  show,  govern. 

WISTFUL 

See  WIT,  v.  i.]  [  Obs.  or  poet.]  1. 

To  know.  2.  To  think  ;  to  suppose. 

WTs'd6m,  n.  [A.-S.  ivisdZm ,  fr.  wis, 
wise,  and  the  term.  dZm,  from  dOm, 
doom,  judgment,  power.]  1.  Quality 
of  being  wise;  knowledge,  and  the 
capacity  to  make  due  use  of  it ;  sa¬ 
gacity.  2.  Acquired  knowledge  ;  eru¬ 
dition.  3.  Godliness  ;  piety. 

Syn.  —  Prudence.  —  Wisdom  has  been 
defined  to  be  the  “  use  of  the  best  means 
for  attaining  the  best  ends,”  and  in  this 
sense  implies  the  union  of  high  mental 
nnd  moral  excellence.  Prudence  Is  of  a 
more  negative  character;  it  rather  con¬ 
sists  in  avoiding  danger  than  in  taking 
decisive  measures  for  the  accomplish¬ 
ment  of  an  object.  Sir  Robert  Walpole 
was  in  many  respects  a  prudent  states¬ 
man,  but  he|yas  far  from  being  a  wise 
one.  Burke  has  remarked  that  prudence, 
when  carried  too  far,  degenerates  into  a 
“  reptile  virtue,”  which  is  the  more  dan¬ 
gerous  for  the  plausible  appearance  it 
wears. 

W7se,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST.]  [A.-S.  wis, 
allied  to  wit,  v.  i.]  1.  Having  knowl¬ 
edge  ;  learned.  2.  Making  due  use 
of  knowledge  ;  discerning  and  judg¬ 
ing  soundly.  3.  Versed  in  art  or  sci¬ 
ence.  4.  Godly :  pious.  6.  Dictated 
or  guided  by  wisdom.  , 

Syn.  —  Sage  ;  sagacious  ;  judicious. 

—  n.  [A.-S.  wise.  Cf.  Guise.]  Way 

of  being  or  acting  ;  mode.  ; 

1257”-  Wise  is  often  used  in  composition, 
as  in  likewise,  lengthwise,  &c. 

WTse'A-ere  (-a-ker)  n.  [Ger.  iveis- 
sager,  a  prophet,  fr.  weise ,  wise,  and 
sagen,  to  say.]  One  who  makes  un¬ 
due  pretensions  to  wisdom. 

WlgE'LY,  adv.  Prudently  :  judicious¬ 
ly  ;  discreetly  ;  with  wisdom.  1 

Wish,  v.  i.  [-ed ;  -ing.]  [A.-S.  wys- 
can,  Skr.  w&ntch.]  1.  To  have  a  de¬ 
sire.  2.  To  be  disposed  or  inclined.  ; 

—  v.  t.  1.  To  desire;  to  long  for. 

2.  To  frame  or  express  desires  con¬ 
cerning. —  n.  1.  Desire;  longing. 

2.  Expression  of  desire  :  petition  ;  in¬ 
vocation.  3.  A  thing  desired. 

WiSH'-BONE ,  n.  The  forked  bone  in 
front  of  the  breast-bone  in  birds. 

WIsh'ER,  n.  One  who  wishes. 

WtISH'FUL,  a.  1.  Having  desire,  or  ! 

ardent  desire.  2.  Showing  desire. 

WIsh'fu  L-  L  Y ,  adv.  In  a  wishful 
manner. 

WKsh'y-wasii'y,  a.  Without  force 
or  solidity  ;  also,  very  weak,  when  : 

said  of  liquor.  j 

W^p,  n.  [Icel.  risk.  See  Whisk.] 

A  small  bundle  of  straw,  hay,  or  the 

WIST,  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Wis.  [like. 

WlST'FUL,  a.  [From  wist,  imp.  of  ; 

wis. ]  Eagerly  attentive  ;  engrossed  ; 

hence,  sometimes  wishful.  ' 

WIst'FU  L-LY,  adv.  In  a  wistful  1 

manner. 

WIt,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  untan.]  To  know,- 

—  now  used  only  in  the  infinitive  to 

wit ,  a  phrase  equivalent  to  namely , 
that  is  to  say.  — n.  [A.-S.  wilt,  wit.] 

1.  Mind:  intellect ;  sense.  2.  A  men¬ 
tal  faculty.  3.  Association  of  objects 
not  usually  connected,  so  as  to  pro¬ 
duce  a  pleasant  surprise ;  also,  the 

A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y.  Long;  X,E.T,6,  0,  ?,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ^LL,  WHA.T  ;  ERE,  VEIL,  TERM  J  PIQUE,  FIRM  ;  s6n, 

WITCH 


WONDERMENT 


power  of  readily  combining  objects 
in  such  a  manner.  4.  A  person  of 
eminent  sense,  knowledge,  or  genius  ; 
one  distinguished  for  bright  or  amus¬ 
ing  sayings. 

Syn.  —  Humor.  —  Wit  formerly  meant 
genius,  and  now  denotes  the  power  of 
seizing  on  some  thought  or  occurrence, 
and,  by  a  sudden  turn,  presenting  it  un¬ 
der  aspects  wholly  new  and  unexpected 
—  apparently  natural  and  admissible,  if 
not.  perfectly  just,  and  bearing  on  the 
subject,  or  the  parties  concerned,  with  a 
laughable  keenness  and  force.  “  What 
I  want,”  said  a  pompous  orator,  aiming 
at  his  antagonist,  “  is  common  sense. 

“  Exactly  /”  was  the  whispered  reply'. 
The  pleasure  we  find  in  wit  arises  from 
the  ingenuity'  of  the  turn,  the  sudden 
surprise  it  brings,  and  the  patness  of 
its  application  to  the  case,  in  the  new 
and  ludicrous  relations  thus  flashed  up¬ 
on  the  view.  7 Junior  is  a  quality  more 
congenial  than  wit  to  the  English  mind. 
It  consists  primarily  in  taking  up  the 
peculiarities  of  a  humorist,  and  drawing 
them  out,  so  that  we  enjoy  a  hearty, 
good-natured  laugh  at  the  unconscious 
development  he  makes  of  his  whims  and 
oddities.  From  this  original  sense,  the 
term  has  been  widened  to  embrace  other 
sources  of  kindly  mirth  of  the  same  gen¬ 
eral  character.  In  a  well-known  carica¬ 
ture  upon  English  reserve,  an  Oxford 
student  is  represented  as  standing  on  the 
brink  of  a  river,  greatly  agitated  at  the 
sight  of  a  drowning  man,  and  crying 
out,  “  O  that  I  had  been  introduced  to 
this  gentleman,  that  I  might  save  his 
life!”  The  “Silent  Woman”  of  Ben 
Johnson  is  one  of  the  most  humorous 
productions,  in  the  original  sense  of  the 
term,  which  we  have  in  our  language. 

WTtch,  n.  [A.-S.  ivicce,  wiglere,  en¬ 
chanter  ;  allied  to  wig,  holy.]  1.  One 
given  to  the  black  art ;  a  sorceress. 
2.  A  charming  woman.  —  v.  t.  [-ED  ; 
-ING  ]  To  bewitch ;  to  enchant. 

WlTCH'eRAFT,  n.  1.  Practices  of 
witches;  sorcery  ;  enchantments.  2. 
Power  more  than  natural. 

WlTCH'E R-Y,  n.  1.  Sorcery  ;  enchant¬ 
ment  ;  witchcraft.  2.  Fascination. 

WiTCH'lNG,  a.  Suited  to  enchant¬ 
ment  or  witchcraft. 

WITH,  prep.  [A.-S.  witlh,  ivid,  with, 
at,  against.  Cf.  A.-S.  mid,  midh, 
Ger.  mit,  with.]  With,  denotes  or  ex¬ 
presses, —  1.  Nearness;  connection; 
intercourse.  2.  Situation  or  estima¬ 
tion  among  ;  treatment  by.  3. 
Friendship  or  assistance.  4.  Instru¬ 
ment  ;  means.  5.  Correspondence  ; 
comparison.  6.  Close  succession. 

With-al',  adv.  [with  and  all.]  With 
the  rest ;  likewise.  — prep.  With  ;  — 
following  the  object  of  a  verb. 

WlTH-DRAW',  V.  t.  [-DREW; 
-DRAWN  ;  -DRAWING.]  1.  To  take 
away  ;  to  draw  back  ;  to  cause  to  go 
away.  2.  To  recall  or  retract.  —  v.  i. 
To  quit  a  company  or  place ;  to  go 
away. 

Syn.  —  To  retire:  retreat;  recede. 

WlTH-DRAW'AL,  n.  Act  of  withdraw¬ 
ing.  [ing-room. 

Wiyh-draw'ing-rcTom,  n.  A  draw- 

With-draw'ment,  n.  Act  of  with¬ 
drawing,  or  state  of  being  with¬ 
drawn  ;  withdrawal. 

WITHE  (with),  n.  [A.-S.  widhig, 


481 

widlidhe ,  a  withy,  twisted  rod.]  1. 
A  flexible,  slender  twig.  2.  A  band 
consisting  of  a  twig  or  twigs  twisted. 

WlTH'ER,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ins.]  [A.-S. 
tvyderu,  withering,  dryness,  gewyth- 
erod,  withered,  orig.  dried  by  the 
weather  or  air.]  1.  To  lose  fresh¬ 
ness  ;  to  dry.  2.  To  pine  away,  as 
animal  bodies.  3.  To  perish ;  to 
pass  away.  —  v.  t.  I.  To  cause  to 
fade  and  become  dry.  2.  To  cause 
to  languish,  perish,  or  pass  away. 

WlTH'ERg,  n.  pi.  [Ger.  w  id  err  is  t,  fr. 
wider,  against,  and  rist,  elevation, 
withers,  fr.  the  root  of  rise.]  Ridge 
between  a  horse’s  shoulder-bones. 

WiTH'ER— WKiJNG  (-rung),  a.  Injured 
or  hurt  in  the  withers. 

WlTH-IIOLD',  V.  t.  [-HELD  ;  -HELD 
or -HOLDEN  ;  -HOLDING.]  1.  To 
holdback;  to  restrain.  2.  To  retain; 
not  to  grant. 

WlTH-lN',  prep.  1.  In  the  inner  part 
of.  2.  In  the  limits  or  compass  of. 
3.  Inside  the  reach  or  intiueuce  of. 

—  adv.  1.  In  the  inner  part;  in¬ 
wardly ;  internally.  2.  In  tlie  house. 

With-out',  prep.  1.  On  or  at  the 
outside  of.  2.  Out  of  the  limits  or 
reach  of ;  beyond.  3.  Not  with  ;  in¬ 
dependently  of.  4.  Unless  ;  except. 

—  adv.  Not  on  the  inside;  not 
within  ;  out  of  doors  ;  externally. 

WlTH-STAND',  V.  t.  [-STOOD; 
-standing.]  To  oppose  ;  to  resist. 

WlTH'Y,  n.  [See  Withe.]  A  withe. 

—  a.  Made  of  withes  ;  like  a  withe. 

WIt'less,  a.  1.  Destitute  of  under¬ 
standing.  2.  Indiscreet,  [smartness. 

Wit'ling,  n.  A  pretender  to  wit  or 

WiT'NESS,  n.  [A.-S.  witnes,  fr.  wi- 
tan,  to  know.]  1.  Attestation  of  a 
fact ;  testimony.  2.  That  which  fur¬ 
nishes  evidence.  3.  One  who  beholds 
or  has  personal  knowledge  of  any 
thing.  4.  One  who  sees  the  execu¬ 
tion  of,  and  attests,  an  instrument. 
5.  One  who  gives  testimony. —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  see  or  have  di¬ 
rect  cognizance  of.  2.  To  give  testi¬ 
mony  to.  3.  To  see  the  execution 
of,  as  an  instrument,  and  subscribe 
it  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  its 
authenticity. 

Syn.  —  To  behold  ;  testify  ;  attest ; 
certify;  depose. 

—  v.  i.  To  bear  testimony. 

WlT'Tl-^lsM,  n.  A  phrase  affectedly 

witty  ;  an  attempt  at  wit. 

WIt'ti-LY,  adv.  With  wit.  [witty. 

WIt'ti-ness,  n.  Quality  of  being 

WIT'TING-LY,  adv.  [See  Wit.] 
Knowingly. 

WlT'TOL,  n.  [A.-S.,  knowing,  fr.  wi- 
fcm,  to  know.]  A  man  who  knows  his 
wife’s  infidelity,  and  submits  to  it. 

WlT'TY,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  Pos¬ 
sessing  wit ;  good  at  repartee. 

Syn.  —  Acute  ;  smart ;  sharp  ;  arch  ; 
facetious;  satirical;  humorous. 

WIve,  v.  t.  or  i.  [From  wife.]  [-ED  ; 
-ING.]  To  marry  ;  —  said  of  a  man. 

WIve§,  n. ;  pi.  of  Wife. 

Wiz'ard,  n.  [From  wise  and  the 
term,  ard-]  A  magician  ;  a  conjurer; 


a  sorcerer.  —  a.  1.  Enchanting.  2. 
Haunted  by  wizards. 

Wiz'en  (wTz'n),  a.  [From  A.-S.  wis- 
nian,  to  grow  dry,  wesan,  to  weak¬ 
en.]  Thin  ;  sharp  ;  pinched. 

Wo  AD,  n.  [A.-S.  wad.]  An  herba¬ 
ceous  plant,  or  a  blue  coloring  matter 
derived  from  it.  [heavy  calamity. 
Woe,  n.  [A.-S.  tea.]  Grief ;  misery ; 
Woe'-be-gone',  a.  [Eng.  woe,  and 
0.  Eng.  begone ,  visited,  happened  to, 
from  be,  prefix,  and  gone.]  Over¬ 
whelmed  with  woe. 

Wo'FVL,  [a.  1.  Full  of  woe;  sor- 
Woe'ful,  j  rowful;  unhappy.  2. 
Bringing  calamity  or  distress.  3. 
Wretched ;  miserable. 

Wo'ful-ly,  1  adv.  1.  Sorrowfully. 
Woe'ful-ly,  j  2.  Wretchedly  ;  mis¬ 
erably. 

Wo'FUL-NESS,  In.  Quality  of  being 
WOE'FUL-NESS, j  woeful ;  misery. 
WoLD,n.  [A.-S.]  [See  Wood.]  1. 
A  wood ;  a  forest.  2.  A  plain,  or 
open  country. 

Wolf  (wylf),  n.  [A.-S.  wulf. ,  allied 
'  to  Lat.  vulpes ,  a  fox.]  1.  A  carnivor¬ 
ous  animal.  2. 

Anything  very 
ravenous  or  de¬ 
structive. 

WoLF'isil,a.  Like 
a  wolf. 

WOLF’S'-BANE,  n. 

A  poisonous  plant. 

WolWer-ine',  I  Wolf> 

WpL'yER-ENE',  j 
n.  [From  wolf,  prob.  because  it  was 
thought  to  have  wolfish  qualities.] 
A  carnivorous  mammal. 

Wom'an  (150),  n.  [A.-S.  wlfmann, 
wimann ,  fr.  wif,  woman,  wife,  and 
mann,  a  man.]  1.  A  female,  esp. 
an  adult  female,  of  the  human  race. 
2.  A  female  servant. 
Wom'an-hood,  n.  State,  character, 
or  collective  qualities  of  a  woman. 
Wqm/an-ish,  a.  Suitable  to  a  woman  ; 

having  the  qualities  of  a  woman. 
Wom'an-kind,  n.  The  female  sex; 

race  of  females  of  the  human  kind. 
Wom/an-ly,  a.  Becoming  a  woman; 
feminine.  —  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
a  woman. 

Womb  (wcTom),  n.  [A.-S.]  1.  The 
uterus  of  a  female.  2.  The  place 
where  any  thing  is  produced.  3. 
Any  cavity  containing  any  thing. 
W6n  (wun),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of  Win. 
WON'DER,  n.  [A.-S.  wunder.]  1. 
Emotion  excited  by  something  new, 
strange,  great,  and  not  well  under¬ 
stood  ;  surprise ;  astonishment.  2- 
That  which  excites  surprise ;  c. 
prodigy.  —  v.i.  [-ed;-ing.]  1.  To 
be  affected  by  surprise  or  admiration. 
2.  To  feel  doubt  and  curiosity. 
Won'der-ful.  a.  Adapted  to  excito 
wonder  ;  exciting  surprise. 

Syn. —  Amazing  ;  astonishing  ;  sur¬ 
prising.  See  Marvelous. 

W6n'der-fvl-ly,  adv.  In  a  won¬ 
derful  manner. 

Won'der-ment,  n.  Surprise;  won¬ 
der. 


OR,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO.TO'bK  ;  CRN,  RUE,  PULL  ; 


E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,  G,  soft;  E,  G,  hard;  A§ ;  E£IST ;  N  as  NG ;  THIS. 


WONDROUS 


482  WORM 


W6n'droDs,  a.  Such  as  may  excite 
surprise  and  astonishment. 

Syn. — Wonderful  ;  strange;  marvel¬ 
ous;  prodigious;  admirable. 

—  adv.  Wondrously;  marvelously. 

W6n'dro0s-ly,  adv.  In  a  wonder¬ 
ful  manner  or  degree. 

Won’t.  A  colloquial  contraction  of 
woll  not ,  for  will  not. 

WONT  (wOnt),  a.  [For  woned,  from 
won  (obs.l,  to  dwell,  A.-S.  wunian.) 
Accustomed;  habituated. —  n.  Cus¬ 
tom  ;  habit.— v.  i.  [WONT  ;  WONT, 
or  WONTED  ;  WONTING.]  To  be  ac¬ 
customed  or  habituated ;  to  be  used. 

Wonted,  a.  Accustomed;  custom¬ 
ary. 

Woo,v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing,  144.]  [A.-S. 
ivogian ,  from  wOg,  wo,  a  bending.] 

1.  To  solicit  in  love ;  to  court.  2. 
To  invite  with  importunity. — v.i. 
To  make  love. 

Wood,  «.  [A.-S.  ivudu,  wood,  a  wood, 
weald ,  wald,  a  wood.]  1.  A  large 
collection  of  trees  ;  a  forest.  2.  Hard 
substance  of  trees  ;  timber.  3.  Trees 
cut  or  sawed  for  the  fire. — v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  To  get  supplies  of 
wood  for.  —  v.i.  To  take  in  sup¬ 
plies  of  wood. 

WoOD'BlNE.n.  [wood  and  bind.]  1. 
A  climbing  plant  having  flowers  of 
great  fragrance;  the  honey-suckle. 

2.  An  ornamental  woody  vine,  called 
also  Virginia  creeper. 

WoUd'chuck,  n.  [From  wood,  and 
the  root  of  sow 
or  hog.]  A  ro¬ 
dent  mammal, 
a  species  of 
marmot. 

WoOD'COCK,n.  Woodchuck. 

A  bird  of  the  snipe  family. 

Wood'-CRAFT,  n  Skill  and  practice 
in  shooting  and  other  sports  in  the 
woods. 

Wood'-gut,  n.  An  engraving  on 
wood,  or  an  impression  from  such 
an  engraving.  [wood. 

Wo'oD'-ctiT'TER,  n.  One  who  cuts 

Wood'ed,  a.  Supplied  or  covered 
with  wood. 

Wood' jen  (w'dbd'n),  a.  1.  Made  of 
wood.  2.  Clumsy  ;  awkward. 

Wo'od'-house,  n.  A  house  or  shed 
to  keep  wood  in.  [trees. 

Wood'land,m.  Land  covered  with 

Wood'-lark,  «.  A  species  of  lark. 

Wood'MAN  (150),  n.  1.  A  forest 
officer.  [Eng.]  2.  A  sportsman. 

3.  One  who  cuts  down  trees. 

Wood'nymph,  n.  A  fabled  goddess 

of  the  woods ;  a  dryad. 

Wood'pEck-er,  n.  A  scansorial 
bird  which  pecks  holes  in  the  wood 
or  bark  of  trees  for  insects.  [dove. 

WoUd'-pIg'eon  (-un),  n.  The  ring- 

Wood'-reeve,  n.  The  overseer  of 
a  wood.  [Eng.] 

Wood'-serew  (-skri]),  n.  An  iron 
screw  furnished  with  a  sharp  thread, 
for  insertion  in  wood. 

Wood'y,  a.  Abounding  with,  or  con¬ 
sisting  of,  wood ;  ligneous. 

Woo'er,  n.  One  who  wooes. 

Woof,  n.  [From  A.-S.  wefan ,  to 


weave.]  The  threads  that  cross  the 
warp  in  weaving. 

WoUl  (27),  n.  [A.-S.  wall,  allied  to 
Lat.  villus ,  vellus.]  1.  That  soft, 
curled  hair  which  grows  on  sheep 
and  some  other  animals.  2.  Short, 
thick,  crisped  hair,  as  of  a  negro. 

WOOLD,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.]  [D. 
woelen.]  To  wind  a  rope  round,  as 
a  mast  or  yard,  when  made  of  two 
or  more  pieces,  at  the  place  where 
they  have  been  scarfed. 

WolDL'EN,  [a.  1.  Made  or  consist- 

Wool'len,  \  ing  of wool.  2.  Pertain¬ 
ing  to  wool. —  n.  Cloth  made  of  wool. 

Wool'en-dra'per,  n.  A  dealer  in 
woolen  goods.  [the  wool. 

Wool'fell,  n.  A  fell,  or  skin,  with 

WOOL'-GATEPER-ING,  n.  Indul¬ 
gence  in  idle  exercise  of  the  imagina¬ 
tion  ;  vagary. 

Wo'ol'-grow'er,  n.  One  who  raises 
sheep  for  the  production  of  wool. 

Wo'ol'li-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
woolly. 

WOOL'LY,  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST,  142.]  Con¬ 
sisting  of,  or  resembling,  wool. 

Wool'-PACK,  n.  1.  A  pack  or  bag 
of  wool  weighing  240  pounds.  2. 
Any  thing  bulky  without  weight. 

Wool'-sack,  «.  A  sack  or  bag  of 
wool ;  esp.  one  used  as  the  seat  of 
the  lord  chancellor  of  England  in 
the  House  of  Lords.  [in  wool. 

Wool'-sta'pler,  n.  One  who  deals 

Word  (wflrd),  n.  [A.-S.  word ,  allied 
to  Lat.  ver-b-um.]  1.  The  spoken, 
written,  or  printed  sign  of  a  concep¬ 
tion.  2.  Talk  ;  discourse.  3.  Account; 
tidings.  4.  Signal  ;  command.  5. 
Statement ;  declaration  ;  promise.  6. 
Dispute.  7.  A  brief  remark  or  obser¬ 
vation.  8.  The  Scriptures. 

Syn.  —  See  Term. 

—  v.t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  To  express 
in  words. 

Word'-book  (wflrd'-),  n.  A  vocab¬ 
ulary  ;  a  dictionary. 

Word'i-ness  (wflrd'-),  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  wordy.  [pression. 

Wording  (ward'-),  n.  Style  of  ex- 

Word'y  (wfird'£),  a.  [-ER  ;  -est, 
142.]  1.  Using  many  words  ;  ver¬ 
bose.  2.  Containing  many  words. 

Wore,  imp.  of  Wear. 

Work  (work),  v.  i.  [worked  or 
wrought  ;  working.]  [A.-S. 
wyrcan,  weorcan.]  1.  To  exert 
one’s  self  for  a  purpose ;  to  labor. 

2.  To  operate ;  to  act ;  to  perform. 

3.  To  have  effect  or  influence.  4. 
To  carry  on  business.  5-  To  move 
heavily  ;  to  strain  ;  to  labor.  6.  To 
proceed  with  difficulty.  7.  To  fer¬ 
ment,  as  a  liquid.  8.  To  operate  on 
the  bowels,  as  a  cathartic. — v.  t.  1. 
To  labor  or  operate  upon.  2.  To 
accomplish ;  to  effect.  3.  To  pro¬ 
duce  by  slow  degrees.  4.  To  man¬ 
age  ;  to  lead.  5.  To  embroider.  6.  To 
direct  the  action  of ;  to  manage.  7.  To 
cause  to  ferment. — n.  1.  Exertion 
of  strength.  2.  That  on  which  one  is 
at  work.  3.  Result  of  labor ;  product; 
specifically ,  la.)  A  composition  ;  a 
book,  (b.)pl.  Structures  in  civil,  mili¬ 


tary,  or  naval  engineering,  as  docks, 
bridges,  embankments,  trenches,  &c. 

4.  Management;  treatment.  5 .pi. 

(  Theol. )  External  performances,  as 
a  ground  of  justification. 

Syn.  —  Labor  ;  employment ;  toil; 
occupation:  production;  achievement. 

Work'a-ble  (wflrk'a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  worked. 

Work'-bag  (wflrk'-),  n.  A  bag  for 
holding  instruments  or  materials  for 
needle-work. 

Work'-box  (wflrk'-),  n.  A  box  for 
instruments  or  materials  for  work. 

Work'-day  (wflrk'-),  n.  &  a.  Same 
as  Working-day. 

Work'er  (wflrk'er),  n.  One  who 
works  ;  a  laborer. 

Work'-FEL'low  (wflrk'-),  n.  One 
engaged  in  the  same  work  with  an¬ 
other. 

Work'-house  (wflrk'-),  n.  1.  A 
house  in  which  idle  and  vicious  per¬ 
sons  are  confined  to  labor.  2.  A 
house  where  the  town  poor  are  main¬ 
tained  at  the  public  expense,  and 
provided  with  labor. 

Work'ing-DAY  (wflrk'-),  n.  A  day 
on  which  work  is  performed,  as  dis¬ 
tinguished  from  the  Sabbath,  a  festi¬ 
val,  or  a  holiday. 

W ork'MAN  (wflrk'-,  150),  n.  A  work¬ 
er  ;  especially,  a  skillful  artificer. 

WORK'MAN-LIKE  1  (wflrk'-),  a.  Be- 

Work'MAN-LY  )  coming  a  work¬ 
man,  esp.,  a  skillful  one  ;  skillful. 

Work'man-ship  (wflrk'-),  n.  1.  Skill 
of  a  workman  ;  manner  of  making 
any  thing.  2.  That  which  is  made 
or  produced ;  manufacture. 

Work'shop  (w’Qrk'-),  n.  A  shop 
w  here  any  manufacture  is  carried  on. 

Work'-TA'ble  (wflrk'-),  n.  A  table 
for  holding  work,  esp.  needle-work. 

Work'-wom'an  (wflrk'-,  150),  n.  A 
woman  who  performs  any  work. 

World  (wflrld),  n.  [A.-S.  weorold , 
world.]  1.  The  earth  and  its  inhabi¬ 
tants.  2.  Human  affairs;  also,  state 
of  existence.  3.  The  creation ;  uni¬ 
verse.  4.  Any  heavenly  body,  regarded 
as  inhabited.  5.  Human  life  or  soci¬ 
ety.  6.  The  human  race  ;  mankind. 
7.  The  wicked  part  of  mankind.  8. 
A  great  multitude  or  quantity. 

World'li-ness  (wGrld'-),  n.  Quality 
of  being  worldly. 

World 'ling  (wflrld'-),  n.  One  who 
is  devoted  to  this  w’orld  and  its  en¬ 
joyments. 

World'ly  (wflrld'ly),«.  1.  Relating 
to  the  world  ;  human.  2.  Secular  ; 
devoted  to  this  life  and  its  enjoy¬ 
ments. —  adv.  In  a  worldly  manner. 

Worm  (warm,  34),  n.  [A.-S.  warm , 
worm,  allied  to  Lat.  vermis.]  1. 
Any  small,  creeping  animal  or  rep¬ 
tile.  2.  pi.  Animals  which  live 
in  the  intestines  3.  Any  thing 
spiral,  or  resembling  a  worm  ;  esp., 
a  small,  worm-like  ligament  under  a 
dog’s  tongue.  4.  Remorse  of  con¬ 
science. —  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  To 
work  slowlv,  gradually,  and  secretly. 
—  v.  t.  1.  To  effect,  remove,  or  drive, 
&c.,  by  slow  and  secret  means.  2. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y ,long;  A, is, 1, 6,0,?,  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm  ;  s6n, 


WRIGGLER 


WORM-EATEN  483 


To  cut  the  ligament,  called  a  worm , 
from  under  the  tongue  of,  as  a  dog. 

WORM'-EAT'EN  (wfirm'-),a.  Gnawed 
by  worms. 

Worm'-fence  (wfirm'-),  n.  A  zigzag 
fence,  made  by  placing  the  ends  of 
the  rails  upon  each  other. 

Worm' wood  (wQrm'-),  n.  [A.-S. 
werrnod.]  A  bitter  plant ;  —  formerly 
supposed  to  be  fatal  to  worms. 

WORM'Y  (wflrm'y),  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST, 
142.]  Containing  a  worm  ;  abound¬ 
ing  with  worms. 

Worn,  p.  p.  of  Wear. 

W6r'ri-er,  n.  One  who  worries. 

WOR'RY,  V.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING,  142.]  [D. 
t vorgen,  wvrgen ,  to  strangle.]  1.  To 
harass  with  importunity,  or  with 
care  and  anxiety  ;  to  trouble.  2.  To 
harass  by  pursuit  and  barking.  3.  To 
tear  or  mangle  with  the  teeth. —  v.  i. 
To  express  undue  care  and  anxiety. 

—  n.  A  state  of  disturbance  from 
care  and  anxiety. 

Worse  (wflrss),  a.  [A.-S.  wyrsa , 
compar.  of  weorr,  perverse,  bad.] 
Bad,  in  a  higher  degree  ;  in  poorer 
health  ;  more  sick.  —  adv.  In  a 
manner  more  evil  or  bad. 

Wors'en  (wurss'n),  v.  t.  To  make 
worse ;  to  deteriorate. 

WORS'ER(wGrss'er),  a.  Worse.  [Rare.] 

Wor'siiip  (wfirM,  n.  [Orig.,  the  state 
of  worth  or  worthiness,  fr.  worth , 
and  the  termination  ship.]  1.  A  title 
of  honor  given  to  certain  magis¬ 
trates,  &c.  2.  Religious  reverence  i 

and  homage.  3.  Idolatry  of  lovers. 

Syn.  —  Adoration  ;  reverence;  devo¬ 
tion;  veneration;  honor;  respect. 

—  V.t.  [-ED,  -TNG  ;  or  -PE  D,  -PING, 

137-]  1.  To  honor.  2.  To  pay  di¬ 
vine  honors  to;  to  ad"re. —  v.  i.  1. 
To  perform  acts  of  adoration.  2.  To 
perform  religious  service. 

Wor'ship-er  l(wGr'ship-),  n.  One 

Wor'ship-per  j  who  worships. 

Wor'ship-FUL  (wGr'ship-),  a.  En¬ 
titled  to  worship  or  high  respect. 

WOR'SHIP-FU  l-ly  (wQr'ship-),  adv. 
In  a  worshipful  manner. 

WORST  (wfirst),  a. ;  superl.  of  Worse. 
[See  Worse.]  Bad,  evil,  or  perni¬ 
cious,  in  the  highest  degree.  —  n. 
That  which  is  most  bad  or  evil.  —  v. 
t.  [-ED  :  -ING.]  To  get  the  better 
of ;  to  defeat ;  to  overthrow. 

Worst'ed  (wust'ed),  n.  [From 
Worsted ,  in  England.]  Well-twisted 
yarn,  spun  of  long-staple  wool. 

Wort  (wQrt),  n.  [A.-S.  wyrl ,  wirt, 
herb,  root.]  1.  A  plant ;  an  herb  ; 

—  used  chiefly  in  compounds.  2. 
A  plant  of  the  cabbage  kind.  3.  [A.- 
S.  wirt ,  weort,  wert,  must.]  New 
beer  unfermented,  or  in  the  act  of 
fermentation. 

Worth  (wflrth),  v.  t.  [A.-S.  weor- 
dhan,  to  become,  be,  happen.]  To 
be  ;  to  betide  ;  —  as,  woe  worth  the 
day.  — n.  [A.-S.  weordh,  rourdh  ]  1. 
That  quality  of  a  thing  which  renders 
It  valuable  or  useful ;  equivalent  in 
exchange.  2.  Value  of  moral  or  per¬ 
sonal  qualities. 

Syn.  — Desert;  merit;  excellence; 
eminence  ;  virtue  ;  price  ;  rate. 


—  a.  1.  Equal  in  value  to.  2.  De¬ 
serving  of.  3.  Having  estate  to  the 
value  of. 

WOR'THl-LY  (wQr'thi-),  adv.  In  a 
worthy  manner ;  deservedly. 

WOR'THI-NESS  (wur'thi-),  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  worthy. 

Worthless  (wftrth'-),  a.  Destitute 
of  worth  ;  having  no  value,  excel¬ 
lence,  dignity,  or  the  like. 

Syn.  —  Undeserving;  valueless;  use¬ 
less;  vile;  bare;  mean. 

WORTIl'LESS-NESS  (wflrth'-),  n. 
Quality  of  being  worthless. 

AVOR'THY  (wflr'thy),  a.  [-ER  ;  -EST, 
142.]  1.  Having  worth  or  excellence  ; 
possessing  merit.  2.  Equal  in  excel¬ 
lence,  value  or  dignity  to ;  entitled  to. 

Syn.  —  Deserving;  meritorious;  ex¬ 
cellent;  equivalent;  valuable;  virtuous; 
estimable;  suitable. 

—  n.  A  man  of  eminent  worth. 

Wot,  v.  i.  [A.-S.  ivat,  present  tense 

of  w i tan,  to  know.]  To  know ;  to 
be  aware.  [Obs.  or  antiquated .] 

EST*  It  is  used  also  as  the  imp.  of  the 
obs.  verb  Weet,  to  know. 

Would  (wcTod),  imp.  of  Will. 

Wound  (wound  or  wownd,  40),  n. 
[A.-S.  wund.]  1.  A  cut,  stab,  bruise, 
rent,  or  the  like.  2.  Injury  ;  hurt  ; 
damage. — v.  t.  [-ed;  -ING.]  To 
hurt  by  violence  ;  to  injure  ;  hence, 
to  hurt  the  feelings  of.  —  imp.  &  p. 
p.  of  Wind. 

Wove,  imp.  of  Weave. 

\  Wov'EN,  p.  p.  of  Weave. 

WrXck  (rrik),  n.  [Cf.  Ar.  warak,  a 
leaf  of  a  tree.]  A  marine  plant. 

Wraith  (rath),  n.  [Prob.  corrupted 
fr.  swairlh,  swarlh,  apparition  of  one 
about  to  die,  fr.  swarth,  gloomy.]  An 
apparition  of  a  person  seen  before 
death,  or  a  little  after. 

Wran'gle  (riing'gl),  v.  i.  [-ED ; 
-ING.]  [L.  Ger.  wrangen,  to  wrestle, 
A.-S.  wringan,  to  wring,  strain, 
press.]  To  dispute  angrily  ;  to  brawl ; 
to  altercate.  —  n.  An  angry  dispute  ; 
a  noisy  quarrel. 

Syn.  —  Bickering;  brawl;  jangle;  con¬ 
test  ;  controversy.  See  Altercation. 

Wran'gle r  (rang'gler),  n.  One  who 
wrangles. 

Senior  wrangler  ( Cambridge  Unwer- 
sity ,  Eng.),  the  student  who  passes  the 
best  examination  in  mathematics  in  the 
senate-house. 

Wrap  (rap),  V.  t.  [-ped;  -ping.] 
[Prob.  allied  to  warp.]  1.  To  fold 
together.  2.  To  envelop  completely  ; 
to  infold.  3.  To  conceal  by  envelop¬ 
ing  ;  to  hide. 

Wrap'per  (r;tp'per),  n.  One  who, 
or  that  which,  wraps  ;  specifically ,  a 
loose  outer  garment. 

WRATH  (rath  ;  in  Eng.  rawth),  n. 
[A  -S.  ivrsedh.  See  Wroth,  «.] 
1.  Violent  anger.  2.  Just  punishment 
of  an  offense  or  ci'ime. 

Syn.  —  Fury;  rage  ;  ire  ;  vengeance  ; 
indignation;  resentment;  passion. 

Wrath'ful  (rath''-),  a.  1.  Full  of 
wrath ;  very  angry.  2.  Springing 
from,  or  expressing,  wrath. 

Wrath'ful-LY  (rath'-),  adv.  In  a 
wrathful  manner. 


WrXth'y,  a.  Very  angry.  [  Colloq .] 
Wreak  (reek),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  ivrecan.]  To  execute  in  ven¬ 
geance  or  passion  ;  to  inflict.  _ 
Wreath  (reeth),  n. ;  pi.  Wreath^. 
[See  infra.]  1.  Something  t  wisted  6* 
curled.  2.  A  garland  ;  a  chaplet. 
Wreathe  (reeth,  v.  t.)  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  wr&dhan.  SeelVEiTHE.]  1.  To 
twist ;  to  convolve.  2.  To  surround 
with  any  thing  twisted  ;  to  encircle./ 
3._To  twine  or  twist  about,  [curled. 
Wreath'y  (reth'y),  a.  Twisted ; 
WRECK  (rek),  n.  [I),  wrak,  damaged, 
brittle,  a  wreck.]  1.  Destruction  ; 
ruin.  2.  Destruction  or  injury  of  a 
vessel  at  sea.  3.  Ruins  of  a  ship.  4. 
Remains  of  any  thing  ruined.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ING.]  1.  To  destroy,  disable, 
or  damage,  as  a  vessel  at  sea.  2.  To 
bring  ruin  upon  ;  to  destroy. 
WrBck'er  (rek'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
causes  a  wreck.  2.  One  who  searches 
for  the  wrecks  of  vessels. 


Wreck'-mAs'ter  (rek'-),  n.  A  per¬ 
son  appointed  by  law  to  take  charge 
of  goods,  & c.,  thrown  on  shore  after 
a  shipwreck. 

Wren  (ren ),n.  [A.-S.  wrenna,  ivrxn- 
na,  prob.  allied  to  wrsene ,  lascivious.] 
A  bird. 

Wrench  (rirnch,  66),  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
[A.-S.  wrencan ,  to  deceive,  allied  to 
ivringan ,  to  wring.]  1.  To  wrest  or 
twist  by  violence.  2.  To  strain  ;  to 
sprain. — n.  1.  A 
violent  twist,  or  a 
pull  with  twisting.  Wrench  (3). 

2.  A  sprain.  3.  An  instrument  for 
exerting  a  twisting  strain. 

Wrest  (rest)  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing  ]  [A.- 
S.  ivrxstan.  Cf.  Wrist.]  1.  To  pull 
away  by  violent  wringing  or  twist¬ 
ing  ;  to  extort.  2.  To  pervert  grossly  ; 
to  distort.  —  n.  Violent  pulling  and 
twisting ;  distortion. 

Wrest'er  (rest'-),  n.  One  who  wrests. 

Wres'TLE  (res'l),  v.  i.  [-ED ;  -ING.] 
[A.-S.  wrxsllian ,  allied  to  wrxstan, 
to  wrest.]  1.  To  grapple,  as  two  per¬ 
sons,  each  striving  to  throw  the  other 
down.  2.  To  struggle;  to  strive;  to 
contend.  —  n.  A  struggle  between 
two  to  see  which  will  throw  the  other. 

WRES'TLER  (res'ler),  n.  One  who 
wrestles,  or  is  skillful  in  wrestling. 

WRETCH  (retch),  n.  [A.-S.  wrecca, 
wracca,  an  exile,  a  wretch,  wr'dc , 
wrdcc,  exiled,  wretched.]  1.  A  miser¬ 
able  person.  2.  One  sunk  in  vice  or 
degradation  ;  a  villain  ;  a  rascal. 

Wretch'ed  (retch'ed,  60),  a.  1. 
Very  miserable ;  sunk  in  deep  afflic¬ 
tion  or  distress.  2.  Worthless  ;  very 


poor  or  mean. 

Wretch'ed-ly  (retch'-),  adv.  In  a 
wretched  manner. 

Wretch'ed-ness  (retch'ed-nes),  n.. 
Quality  or  state  of  being  wretched. 

WRIG'GLE  (rlg'gl),  v.  i.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
[Allied  to  A.-S.  wrigian ,  to  bend, 
follow,  wrixlian ,  wrixlan,  to  change.] 
To  move  the  body  to  and  fro  with 
short  motions. — v.  t.  To  move  by 
twisting  and  squirming.  [gles. 

WRIG'GLER  (rig'-),  n.  One  who  wrig- 


or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  /,  o,  silent;  <?,  G,  soft;  €,  g,  hard;  A§;  EXIST;  N  as  NG ;  this. 


WRIGHT 


YANKEE 


TTrIght  (rit),  n.  [A.-S.  wyrgtn,  from 
wyrcan,  to  work.]  An  artificer;  a 
workman  ;  — chiefly  in  compounds. 

Wring  (ring),  v.  t.  [wrung;  wring¬ 
ing.]  [A.-S.  ivringan.  Cf.  WRONG.] 
1.  To  twist  and  compress;  to  turn 
and  strain  with  violence.  2.  To  pain  ; 
to  distress.  3.  To  extract  by  twisting 
and  compressing. 

Wring'-bolt  (ring7-),  n.  A  bolt  used 
by  shipwrights  to  secure  the  planks 
against  the  timbers  till  they  are  per¬ 
manently  fastened. 

WRING'ER  (ring7er),  n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  rings ;  esp.  an  instru¬ 
ment  for  wringing  water  from  clothes 
that  have  been  washed. 

Wrink'le  (rink'l),  n.  [A.-S.  wrincle , 
fr.  wringan,  to  wring.]  1.  A  small 
ridge  or  furrow,  formed  by  the 
shrinking  or  contraction  of  any 
smooth  substance ;  a  crease.  2. 
Roughness;  unevenness.  3.  A  whim. 
[Colloq.]—v.  t.  [-ED ;  -ING.]  1.  To 
contract  into  furrows  and  promi¬ 
nences  ;  to  corrugate.  2.  To  make 
rough  or  uneven. — v.  i.  To  shrink 
into  furrows  and  ridges. 

Wrist  (rlst),  n.  [A.-S.,  allied  to  wrses- 
tan,  to  wrest,  twist.]  Joint  connect¬ 
ing  the  hand  and  arm. 

Wrist'BAND  (rlst7-),  n.  That  part  of 
a  shirt-sleeve  which  covers  the  wrist. 

WRIT  (rit),  n.  [From  write.]  1.  That 
which  is  written; — applied  esp.  to 
the  Scriptures.  2.  (Law.)  Instruc- 


484 

tions  in  writing,  under  seal,  in  an 
epistolary  form,  issued  from  the 
proper  authority  and  directed  to  the 
sheriff  or  other  officer. 

Write  (rit),  u.  t.  [wrote  ;  writ  or 
WRITTEN;  WRITING.]  [A.-S.  wri- 
tan,  Goth,  vrils,  a  stroke,  dash,  let¬ 
ter.]  1.  To  inscribe,  as  legible  char¬ 
acters  ;  to  engrave  ;  to  transcribe.  2. 
To  communicate  by  letter.  3.  To 
compose  or  produce,  as  an  author. 

4.  To  make  known  by  writing ;  to 
record.  —  v.  i.  To  form  characters, 
letters,  or  figures,  as  representatives 
of  ideas. 

WRlT7ER(rIt7er),  n.  1.  One  who  writes, 
or  has  written ;  ascribe.  2.  An  author. 
Writhe  (rlth),  v.  t.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.- 

5.  wrldhan,  to  wreathe,  writhe.]  1. 
To  twist  with  violence.  2.  To  dis¬ 
tort  ;  to  pervert.  —  v.  i.  To  twist ;  to 
be  distorted. 

WRIT'ING  (rising),  n.  1.  Act  of  form¬ 
ing  letters  with  a  pen,  &c.  2.  Any 
thing  written  or  expressed  in  letters. 
Writ'ing-mAs'ter  (rit7ing-),n.  One 
who  teaches  penmanship. 
Writ'ing-pa/per  (rh/ing-),  n.  Paper 
fitted  for  writing  upon. 

Wrong  (rong,  21),  a.  [A.-S.  wrang, 
wrong,  injury,  allied  to  wring.]  1. 
Not  suitable  to  an  end  or  object.  2. 
Not  morally  right.  3.  Not  accord¬ 
ing  to  truth. 

Syn.  —  Injurious';  unjust ;  faulty  ; 
incorrect;  erroneous;  unsuitable. 


—  n.  That  which  is  not  right;  any 
injury  done  to  another  ;  a  trespass. 

—  adv.  Not  rightly;  amiss;  morally 
ill ;  erroneously.  —  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.] 
1.  To  treat  with  injustice ;  to  deprive 
of  some  right.  2.  To  impute  evil  to 
unjustly. 

Wrong'-do'er  (r5ng7dob7er),  n.  Ono 
who  injures  another,  or  does  wrong. 

Wrongful  (rong7ful), a.  Injurious; 
unjust ;  unfair. 

Wrong'ful-ly  (rong^il-ljt),  adv. 
Injuriously  ;  unjustly. 

W'RONG'HEAD-ED  (rong7hljd-),  a. 
Wrong  in  opinion  or  principle  ;  per¬ 
verse.  [amiss. 

Wrong'ly  (rong7iy),  adv.  Unjustly; 

W'rong'ness  (rong7-),  n.  Quality  or 
state  of  being  wrong. 

Wrote  (-rot,  20),  imp.  of  Write. 

Wroth  (rawth),  a.  [Cf.  Wrath.] 
Full  of  wrath  ;  angry ,  incensed. 

Wrought  (rawt),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of 
Work. 

WrOng  (rung),  imp.  &  p.  p.  of 
Wring. 

WRY  (rl),  a.  [Cf.  Goth,  vraiqvs,  oblique, 
Eng.  writhe.]  1.  Turned  to  one  side; 
twisted;  distorted.  2.  Deviating  from 
the  right  direction. 

W'RY'NECK  (rl7-),  n.  1.  A  twisted  or 
distorted  neck.  2.  A  small  bird  allied 
to  the  woodpecker. 

W RY'NESS  ( rl7-),  n.  State  of  being  wry. 

W^CH'-ELM,  n.  A  variety  of  the  elm, 
a  native  of  Great  Britain. 


X. 


X(eks),  the  twenty-fourth  letter  of 
the  English  alphabet,  at  the  end 
of  words  has  the  sound  of  ks ;  in 
the  middle,  the  sound  of  ks,  or  some¬ 
times  of  gz;  at  the  beginning,  the 
sound  of  z.  See  Principles  of  Pro¬ 
nunciation,  §  104. 

Xan'thig  (z;Xn7-),  a.  [Gr.  £<xr06s,  yel¬ 
low.]  1.  Tending  toward  a  yellow  col¬ 
or,  or  toward  scarlet  or  orange.  2.  Re¬ 
lating  to  a  certain  heavy,  oily,  fluid 
acid. 

XXn'thIne  (zifn7-),  n.  [Gr.  £av0os,  yel¬ 
low.]  The  yellow  insoluble  coloring 


matter  contained  in  certain  plants 
and  flowers. 

XE'BEC  (ze7bek),  n.  [Sp.  xabeque .  ja- 
be.que.,  fr.  Ar.  sumbiik,  a  small  ship.] 
A  small,  three-masted  vessel,  used  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

XlPH'OID  (zifoid),  a.  [Gr.  £n[>oei8rjs  ; 
ijiejros,  a  sword,  and  elSos,  form.]  Re¬ 
sembling  a  sword ;  ensiform. 

Xy'lo-graph  (z!71o-),  n.  An  engrav¬ 
ing  on  wood,  or  the  impression  from 
such  an  engraving. 

Xy-eog'ra-pher  (zl-),  n.  One  who 
practices  xylography. 


Xy'LO-GR.Xph'ig  (zi7lo-),  )  a.  Be- 

Xy7lo-graph'i€-al  (zT71o-),  j  long¬ 
ing  to  xylography. 

Xy-log'ra-phy  (zl7-),  n.  [Gr.  £vAov, 
wood,  and  ypa^eiv,  to  engrave,  write.] 
Act  or  art  of  cutting  figures  in  wood  ; 
wood  engraving. 

Xy-loph7A-gous  (zl7-),  a.  [Gr.  £v\o- 
4>dyo<;,  eating  wood ;  on,  wood, 
and  (f>a.yeiv,  to  eat.]  Eating  or  feed¬ 
ing  on  wood. 

Xys'TER  (zfs7ter),  n.  [Gr.  £v<rr>?p,  a 
scraper.]  A  surgeon’s  instrument  for 
scraping  bones. 


Y(wT)  is  the  twenty -fifth  letter  of 
the  alphabet.  At  the  beginning 
of  words  or  syllables,  it  is  a  conso¬ 
nant  element.  In  the  middle  and  at 
the  end  of  words,  it  is  a  vowel.  See 
Prin.  of  Pron.  §§  35,  36,  54, 55,  105. 
Yacht  (yot).  n.  [D.jagt,  ir.jagt,jacht , 
a  chase,  hunting.]  A  light  and  ele¬ 
gantly  furnished  sea-going  vessel  for 
pleasure  trips,  racing,  and  the  like. 


YACHT'ING  (yot^ng),  n.  Sailing  oh 
pleasure  excursions  in  a  yacht. 

Ya'ger  (yaw7ger),n.  [N.  II.  Ger.ya- 
ger,  a  hunter,  fr.  jagen,  to  chase.] 
One  belonging  to  a  body  of  light  in¬ 
fantry  armed  with  rifles. 

YXm,  n.  [West  Ind.  i/iame.]  A  large, 
esculent  tuber  or  root  of  a  genus  of 
tropical  climbing  plants. 

Yan'kee,  n  [Said  to  be  a  corrupt 


Ind.  pron.  of  English,  or  of  the  Fr. 
Anglais.  According  to  Dr.  ffm.  Gor¬ 
don,  it  was  a  cant  word  in  Cam¬ 
bridge,  Mass. ,  as  early  as  1713,  mean¬ 
ing  excellent.  He  supposes  that  it 
was  at  length  taken  up  in  other  parts 
of  the  country,  and  applied  to  New 
Englanders  generally,  as  a  term  of 
slight  reproach.  Cf.  Scot,  yankie,  a 
sharp,  clever,  and  rather  bold  wom- 


A,  e,  i,  o,  u,  Y, long;  X,£,I,  6,  0,  ¥,  short;  cAre,  far,  ask,  ^vee,  what  ;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  firm;  s6n, 


YARD 


YULE 


an.]  A  citizen  of  New  England  ;  also  ! 
a  citizen  of  the  Northern  States  ;  —  | 
a  cant  name,  applied  by  foreigners  to 
all  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  j 

Yard,  n.  [A.-S.  geard,  gerd ,  a  rod, 
stick,  measure.  Icel.  girdi,  osier.]  1.  I 
A  measure  of  length,  three  feet,  or 
thirty-six  inches.  2.  A  long,  slender 
piece  of  timber,  suspended  upon  the 
mast,  by  which  a  sail  is  extended.  3. 
[A.-S.  geard,  hedge,  allied  to gyrdan, 
to  gird.]  A  small,  inclosed  place  in 
front  of  or  around  a  building. 

Yard'-arm,  n.  Either  half  of  a  ship’s 
yard,  fr.  the  center  or  mast  to  the  end. 

Yard'-stick,  n.  A  stick  three  feet 
long,  used  as  a  measure  of  length. 

Yarn,  n.  [A.-S.  getwn.]  1.  Woolen 
thread  ;  also,  thread  of  cotton,  flax, 
or  hemp.  2.  A  story  spun  out  by  a 
sailor  for  the  amusement  of  his  com¬ 
panions.  [  Colloq.  or  humorous.] 

Yar'row,  n.  [A.-S.  gearwe.]  A  plant, 
of  a  strong  odor  and  pungent  taste. 

Yat'a-giian  (110),  n.  [Turk,  yata- 
gdn.]  A  long  Turkish  dagger. 

Yaw,  v.i.  [-ed;  -iN&.]  [See  Yew, 
v.  i.]  1.  To  rise  in  blisters,  as  boil¬ 

ing  cane-juice.  2.  [Prov.  Ger.  gagen, 
to  rock.]  To  steer  out  of  the  line  of 
her  course,  as  a  ship. 

Yawl,  n.  [D  jol.  Of.  Jolly-boat.] 
A  small  ship’s-boat,  usually  rowed 
by  four  or  six  oars.  —  v.  i.  To  cry 
out  like  a  dog ;  to  yell. 

Yawn,  v.  i.  [-ed;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
gdnian.]  1.  To  open  the  mouth  in¬ 
voluntarily  through  drowsiness  or 
dullness ;  to  gape.  2.  To  open  wide. 
—  n.  1.  Act  of  one  who  yawns;  a 
gaping.  2.  An  opening  wide. 

Yaws,  n.  [African  yaw,  a  raspberry.] 
A  disease  characterized  by  contagious 
tumors  which  resemble  raspberries. 

Y-clepbd'  (1-klepU),  p.  p.  Called  ; 
named. 

Ye,  pron.  [A.-S.  ge,  Goth. /ws.]  Nom¬ 
inative  plural  of  the  second  person. 

Yea  (or  ye),  ado.  [A.-S.  gea,  ia,  Goth. 
ja.\  Yes  ;  ay  ;  truly  ;  it  is  so. 

Yean,  v.  t.  &  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
eanian.]  To  bring  forth  young,  as 
a  sheep. 

Yean'ling,  n.  [From  yean.]  Alamb. 

Year,  n.  [A.-S.  gear, ger,  Goth.yir.] 
1.  Period  occupied  by  the  earth  in 
its  revolution  around  the  sun.  In 
common  usage,  the  year  consists  of  j 
365  days,  and  every  fourth  year  of  j 
366.  2.  pi.  Age,  or  old  age. 

Year'-book  (27),  n.  1.  A  reference- 
book  of  facts  and  statistics  published 
yearly.  2.  A  book  containing  an¬ 
nual  reports  of  law  cases  in  England. 

Year'ling,  n.  A  young  animal  one 
year  old.  —  a.  Being  a  year  old. 

YEar'ly,  a.  1.  Happening,  or  com¬ 
ing,  every  year ;  annual.  2.  Lasting, 
or  accomplished  in,  a  year.  —  adv. 
Annually  ;  once  a  year ;  from  year 
to  year. 

Yearn  (14),  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [A.-S. 
geornian,  fr.  georn,  desirous,  Goth. 
gairnjan,  to  desire.]  To  be  filled 
with  earnest  desire  ;  to  long. 

Yeast,  n.  [A.-S.  gist;  0.  H.  Ger. 


485 

gesan,  jesan,  to  ferment.]  Foam  of 
beer  or  other  liquor  in  fermentation 
used  for  raising  dough.  [yeast. 

Yeast'y,  a.  Frothy ;  foamy,  like 
Yelk,  n.  [A.-S.  geoleca,  allied  to 
geolu,  yellow.  J  Yellow  part  of  an  egg. 
YEll,  v.  i.  [-ed  ;  -ING.]  [A.-S.  gil- 
lan,  geltan,  allied  to  A.-S.  galan,  to 
sing.]  To  cry  out  or  scream  as  with 
agouy  or  horror.  —  n.  A  sharp,  loud, 
hideous  outcry. 

Yel'low,  a.  [-er;-est.]  [A.-S. 

gelu,  geolu,  allied  to  Lat.  gilvus,  gil- 
6ws.]  Being  of  the  color  of  gold. 

Yellow  fever,  a  malignant  fever  of  warm 
climates,  with  yellowness  of  the  skin. 

—  n.  A  bright  golden  color. 
Yel'low-bIrd,  n.  A  small,  bright- 

yellow  bird,  common  in  the  United 
States. 

Yei/lo  W-Ysh,  a.  Somewhat  yellow. 
Yel'low-ish-ness,  1  n.  State  or 
YEl'low-ness,  J  quality  of 
being^ somewhat  yellow. 

Yel'low§,  n.  1.  A  disease  of  the  bile 
in  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep;  jaun¬ 
dice.  2.  A  disease  of  peach-trees. 
Yelp,  r.  t.  [-ed;-ing.]  [A.-S.  gil- 
pan,  to  boast,  gealp,  a  loud  sound,  a 
clang.]  To  utter  a  sharp,  quick  cry, 
as  a  hound. 

Yeo'man  (150),  n.  [0.  Eng.  yeman, 
perh.  fr.  man,  and  ye,  yes,  i.  e.,  the 
pref.  ge,  and  signifying  servant.]  1.  A 
common  man,  of  the  most  respecta¬ 
ble  class ;  a  freeholder.  2.  An  officer 
in  the  king’s  household.  [Eng.] 
Yeo'aian-ry,  n.  The  collective  body 
of  yeomen  or  freeholders. 

Yerk,  v.  t.  [-ed  ;  -ing.]  [See  Jerk.] 
To  strike  suddenly;  to  jerk. — v.i. 
1.  To  kick.  2.  To  move  with  a  jerk. 

—  n.  A  sudden  or  quick  motion. 
Yes,  adv.  [A.-S.  gese,  fr.  gea,  yes,  in¬ 
deed,  and  se,  i.  e. ,  si,  let  it  be.]  Ay  ; 
yea ;  —  a  word  expressing  affirmation. 

Y£st,  n.  See  Yeast. 

Yes'ter,  a.  [A  -S.  gistran,  adv.,  yes¬ 
terday,  Goth,  gistra,  allied  to  Skr. 
kyas.]  Last ;  next  before  the  present. 
Yes'ter-day,  n.  The  day  last  past. 

—  adv.  On  the  day  last  past. 
Yes'ter-night'  (-nit''),  n.  Last 

night.  —  adv.  On  the  last  night. 
Yest'y,  a.  See  Yeasty. 

Yet,  adv.  [A.-S.  get,  giet.]  1.  In  ad¬ 
dition  ;  besides  ;  still.  2.  At  the  same 
time.  3.  Up  to,  or  at  the  present 
time.  4.  Even  ;  at  least.  —  conj. 
Nevertheless ;  however. 

Syn.—  See  However. 

Yew  (yfi),  n.  [A.- 
S.  edw,  iw,  W. 
yrv.]  An  ever¬ 
green  tree  allied 
to  the  pines. 

Yield,  v.  t.  [-ed  ; 

-ING.]  [A.-S. 
gildan,  geldan , 
to  pay,  yield.]  1. 

To  furnish ;  to 
afford.  2.  To 
give  in  return 
for  what  is  expended  or  invested.  3. 
To  give  up  ;  to  make  over  to.  4.  To 


admit  to  be  true  ;  to  concede.  6.  To 
permit ;  to  grant. 

Syn.  —  To  produce  ;  bear  ;  exhitii  •, 
emit;  allow;  resign;  surrender. 

—  v.  i.  1.  To  submit.  2.  To  com¬ 
ply.  3.  To  give  way  ;  not  to  oppose. 

—  n.  Amount  yielded  ;  product. 
Yielding,  p.  a.  Inclined  to  yield,  or 

to  give  way  or  comply. 

Yoke  (20),  n.  [A.-S.  geoc,  ioc ,  allied 
to  Lat.  jugum,  Gr.  £vyov,  Skr.  yuga.] 
1.  That  which  connects  or  binds  ; 
esp.  the  frame  by  which  two  oxen  are 
fastened  together.  2.  A  frame  woru 
on  the  neck  like  an  ox-yoke,  or 
shaped  like  one.  3.  A  mark  of  serv¬ 
itude  ;  hence,  slavery  ;  bondage.  4. 
Two  animals  yoked  together.  —  v.  t. 
[-ED  ;  -ing.]  1.  To  put  a  yoke  on; 
to  join  in  a  yoke.  2.  To  couple.  3. 
To  enslave  ;  to  bring  into  bondage. 
Yoke'-fei/low,  In.  An  associate 
Yoke'MATE,  j  or  companion; 

especially,  a  partner  in  marriage. 
Yolk  (yoikoryok,20),  n.  [See  Yelk.] 
The  yelk  or  yellow  part  of  an  egg. 
Yon,  a.  &  adv.  Yonder. 

Yon'der,  adv.  [A.-S.  geond ,  geonda, 
there.]  At  a  distance  within  view. 
. —  a.  Being  at  a  distance  within 

view,  or  conceived  of  as  within  view. 
Yore,  adv.  [From  A.-S.  geara,  gore, 
formerly,  allied  to  gear,  ger ,  a  year.] 
In  time  long  past ;  long  since. 

You  (yij),  pron.  [A.-S.  edw.  Cf.  Ye.] 
The  pronoun  of  the  second  person, 
in  the  nominative  or  objective  case. 
Young,  a.  [-er  ;  -est,  82.]  [A.-S. 

geong,  iung,  allied  to  Lat.  juvenis, 
Skr.  yuwan.]  1.  Not  long  born  ;  not 
old  or  mature;  juvenile.  2.  Being 
in  the  first  part  of  growth.  3.  In¬ 
experienced;  ignorant.  —  n.  The 
offspring  of  animals. 

Young'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  yoting. 
Young'LING,  n.  A  young  person  or 
young  animal.  [lad. 

YoOng'ster,  n.  A  young  person  ;  a 
Younk'er,  n.  A  young  person;  a 
stripling.  [Colloq.] 

Your,  possessive  pron.  Belonging,  or 
relating,  to  you  ;  of  you. 
Your-self'  (149),  pron.  Your  own 
person. 

Youth,  n.;  pi.  youths,  sometimes 
YOUTH.  [A.-S.  geogudh,  iugudh; 
O.  Eng.  yongth,  youngtli.  See 
YOUNG.]  1.  State  of  being  young  ; 
juvenility.  2.  The  part  of  life  from 
childhood  to  manhood.  3-  A  young 
man.  4.  Young  persons  collectively. 
Youtii'ful,  a.  1.  Young.  2.  Relat¬ 
ing,  or  suitable  to,  the  first  part  of 
life  ;  juvenile  :  fresh  ;  vigorous. 
Youth'ful-ly,  adv.  In  a  youthful 
manner. 

Youth'ful-ness,  n.  State  of  being 
v  youthful. 

YT'TRI-A,  n.  [From  Ytterby,  a  quarry 
in  Sweden.]  A  fine,  white  powder, 
„  an  oxide  of  yttrium. 

Yt'tri-0m,  n.  A  rare  grayish-black 
metal. 

Yule,  n.  [A.-S.  geol ,  giul ,  t(W,  Novem¬ 
ber,  or  the  beginning  of  December.] 
Christmas. 


N  as  NG  ;  this 


or,  do,  wolf,  too.  took  ;  Orn,  rue,  pull;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  q,&,soft.;  c,  g  ,hard;  A§;  exist; 


ZYMOTIC 


Z 


486 

Z. 


Z(ze),  the  twenty-sixth  letter  of  the 
alphabet,  is  merely  a  vocal  s.  See 
Prin.  of  Pron.,  §§  106,  107- 
Zaf'fer,  n.  [Allied  to  sapphire.]  Im¬ 
pure  oxide  of  cobalt. 

Zam'bo,  n. ;  pi.  zam'bos.  [See 
Sambo.]  Child  of  a  mulatto  and  a 
negro,  or  of  an  Indian  and  a  negro. 
ZI/NY,  n.  [It.  zanni,  orig.  the  same 
as  Giovanni,  John,  i.  e  ,  merry 
John.]  A  merry-andrew  ;  a  buffoon. 
Zax,  n.  [A.-S.  seax,  sex,  knife.]  An 
instrument  for  cutting  slate. 

Zeal,  n.  [Or.  cJijAos,  zeal,  jealousy.] 
Passionate  ardor  in  the  pursuit  of 
any  thing. 

ZEAL'OT,  n.  [Gr.  fr.  £fj Aos, 

zeal.]  One  who  is  full  of  zeal,  or 
over-zealous ;  a  fanatic, 

Zeal'oDs,  a.  Filled  with  zeal  ;  warm¬ 
ly  engaged  in  behalf  of  an  object. 
Syn. — Eager;  earnest;  fervent;  hearty. 
Zeal'oTjs-l y,  adv.  With  zeal. 
Zeal'ous-ness, 
n.  State  or 
quality  of  be¬ 
ing  zealous. 

Ze'brA,  n.  [Of 
African  origin.] 

A  quadruped  of 
Southern  Afri¬ 
ca,  nearly  as 
large  as  a  horse.  Zebra. 

Ze'bu,  n.  [The  native  Ind.  name.]  A 
small  ruminant 
mammal  of  the 
bovine  tribe. 

Ze'ghin  (z5/kin), 
n.  [It.  zecchino. 

Cf.  Sequin.]  An 
Italian  gold  coin ; 
a  sequin. 

Z£d,  n.  [Gr.  £jra.] 

The  letter  Z.  Zebu. 

[Obs.,  or  nearly  .so.] 

Zed'o-A-ry,  n.  [Ar.  djadwar.]  A 
medicinal  substance  obtained  in  the 
East  Indies. 

ZEm'IN-dar'  (110),  n.  [Per.  zemindar, 
from  zemhi,  land,  and  dar,  holding.] 
A  landholder  under  the  government, 
with  the  right  of  underletting  the 
land.  [India.]  [zemindar. 

Zem'in-da-ry,  n.  Jurisdiction  of  a 
Zend,  «.  [Per.,  interpretation,  i.  e., 
of  the  Avesta,  or  sacred  text.]  An 
ancient  Persian  dialect. 

Ze'nith,  n.  [Abbrev.  fr.  Ar.  semt-ur- 
ras,  way  of  the  head,  vertical  place.] 
1.  Point  in  the  heavens  which  is  di¬ 
rectly  overhead.  2.  Greatest  height. 
ZfiPH'YR,  n.  [Gr.  £e</>vpos,  fr.  gofios, 
darkness,  west.]  The  west  wind; 
poetically,  any  soft,  gentle  breeze. 
Ze'ro,  n.  [Ar.  gafrun,  gifrun,  empty, 
a  cipher.]  Cipher;  nothing;  point 
from  which  graduation  commences. 
Zest,  n.  [Gr.  o-xkttos,  split,  cleft,  fr. 
(r\i£e iv,  to  split,  cleave.]  1.  A  piece 
of  orange  or  lemon  peel,  or  the  fine 


oil  in  it  used  as  a  relish.  2.  Some¬ 
thing  that  gives  or  enhances  a  pleas¬ 
ant  taste,  or  the  taste  itself;  hence, 
keen  enjoyment.  — rv.  t.  [-ED  ;  -ING.] 
To  give  a  relish  or  flavor  to. 

ZE-TET'IG,  a.  [Gr.  <JV)ttjti./c6s  ;  (jVjre if, 
to  seek.]  Proceeding  by  inquiry. 

Zeug'mA,  n.  [Gr.  ^evypa,  from  £evy- 
vvvai,  to  yoke,  join.]  A  figure  by 
which  an  adjective  or  verh,  which 
agrees  with  a  nearer  word,  is  referred 
also  to  another  more  remote. 

ZlG'ZAG,  a.  Having  short,  sharp 
turns.  —  n.  [Ger.  zickzack ,  fr.  zacke, 
a  dentil,  tooth.]  Something  that  has 
short  turns.  —  v.t.  [-GED  ;  -GING.] 
To  form  with  short  turns. 

Zinc,  n.  [Ger.  zink,  prob.  allied  to 
zinn,  tin.]  A  metal  of  a  brilliant 
white  color,  with  a  shade  of  blue. 

ZIN-CIF'ER-Obs,  I  a.  [Eng.  zinc,  and 
ZInk-If'er-ous,  )  Eat.  ferre,  to 
bear.]  Containing  zinc.  [on  zinc. 

Zing-og'ra-pher,  71.  An  engraver 

Zing-og'ra-piiy,  7i.  [Eng.  zinc,  and 
Gr.  ypa(j)eiv,  to  write.]  Engraving  on 
zinc  in  the  style  of  wood-cuts. 

ZlNG'ous,  a.  Pertaining  to  zinc  ;  per¬ 
taining  to  the  positive  pole  of  a  gal¬ 
vanic  battery!  [used  as  a  pigment. 

Zinc'-whTte,  7i.  The  oxide  of  zinc, 

Zl'ON,  n.  [Heb.  ziyyCn,  orig.  a  hill.] 
1.  A  hill  in  Jerusalem,  where  was  the 
royal  residence.  2.  The  theocracy  or 
church  of  God. 

ZiR'GON,  n.  [Cingalese.]  A  mineral. 

ZlR-GO'Nl-A,  n.  An  oxide  of  zirconi¬ 
um  ;  a  white  powder. 

Zo'di-ag,  n.  [Gr. 

^ojSicucos  (sc.  kv- 
/cAos),  from  ^oSioc, 
dim.  of  £coof,  an 
animal.]  An  im¬ 
aginary  belt  in  the 
heavens,  in  the 
middle  of  which  is 
the  ecliptic,  or  Zodiac, 
sun’s  apparent  path.  It  comprises 
the  twelve  constellations. 

Zo-di'ag-al,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or 
being  within,  the  zodiac. 

Zone,  n.  [Gr.  £6ftj, 
fr.  to  gird.] 

1.  A  girdle  ;  a  belt. 

2.  A  division  of  the 
earth,  with  respect 
to  latitude  and  tem¬ 
perature.  3.  Circuit ; 
circumference. 

Zoned,  a.  AVearing 
a  zone  or  zones.  Zones  (-). 

Zo-OG'RA-PIIER,  n.  One  who  de¬ 
scribes  animals. 

Zo'o-graph'ig,  )  a.  Pertaining 

Zo/o-graph,ig- AL, )  to  the  de¬ 
scription  of  animals. 

ZO-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  <£>of,  an  an¬ 
imal,  and  ypd(f>eiv,  to  write.]  A  de¬ 
scription  of  animals,  their  forms  and 
habits. 


Zo-ol'a-try,  n.  [Gr.  fteov,  an  ani¬ 
mal,  and  A arpeia,  service.]  AVorship 
of  animals.  [zoology. 

Zo/o-log,ig-al,  a.  Pertaining  to 

Zo-ol'o-gist,  n.  One  versed  in  the 
natural  history  of  animals. 

ZO-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  goiov,  an  ani¬ 
mal,  and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  That, 
part  of  natural  history  which  treats 
of  animals. 

Zo-on'o-my,  n.  [Gr.  £o>of,  an  ani¬ 
mal,  and  Fopos,  a  law.]  The  laws  or 
the  science  of  animal  life. 

ZO-OPH'A-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  £(oo<f>dyo<; ; 
^d)OF,an  animal,  nnd^ayecv,  to  eat.] 
Feeding  on  animals. 

ZO'O-PIIYTE,  71.  [Gr.  £co6(f>VTOV ; 
£d> of,  an  animal,  and  <j)v tof.  plant.] 
One  of  a  certain  division  of  animals  ; 
—  applied  to  simple  polyps,  and  to 
compound  individuals  consisting  of 
many  polyps  united,  as  in  most 
corals  ;  also,  often  applied  to  sponges. 

Zo'o-tom'ig-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
zootomy. 

Zo-ot'o-mist,  n.  One  who  dissects 
animals  ;  a  comparative  anatomist. 

Zo-6t'o-my,  7i.  [Gr.  fwoF,  an  animal, 
and  roj ar/,  a  cutting.]  The  anatomy 
of  animals. 

Zouave  (zwav  or  zob-avQ,  n.  [From 
the  Ar.  Zonaoua,  a  tribe  in  Algeria.] 
1.  One  of  an  active  and  hardy  body 
of  soldiers  in  the  French  service, 
originally  Arabs,  but  now  French¬ 
men  who  wear  the  Arab  dress.  2. 
One  of  a  body  of  soldiers  who  adopt 
the  dress  and  drill  of  the  Zouaves. 

Zounds,  interj .  [Contr.  from  God's 
wounds.]  An  exclamation  formerly 
used  as  an  oath. 

ZUF'FO-LO,  1  71.  [It.  zvfolo,  fr.  ZUf- 

ZU'fo-lo ,  )  olare,  to  whistle,  flute.] 
A  little  fiut.e  or  flageolet. 

Zu-MOL'O-GY,  n.  See  ZYMOl.OGY. 

ZU-MOM’E-TER,  71.  See  ZYMOMETER. 

ZYG'O-MAT'IG,  a.  [Gr.  gvyoipa,  the 
cheek-bone,  fr.  £vyov,  a  joke.]  Per¬ 
taining  to  the  cheek-bone. 

Zy'mo-log'IG-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to 
zymology.  [zjmology. 

Zy-mol'o-gist,  n.  One  skilled  in 

ZY-MOL'O-GY,  7i.  [Gr.  fi ifjL-r),  ferment, 
and  Aoyos,  discourse.]  A  treatise  on 
the  fermentation  of  liquors,  or  the 
doctrine  of  fermentation. 

Zy-Mom'e-ter,  (  n.  [Gr.  £vp>),fer- 

Zy/mo-sim,e-ter ,  )  ment,  Spanns, 
fermentation,  and  peVpor,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  aneitaining  the 
degree  of  fermentation  and  heat  oc¬ 
casioned  by  mixing  different  liquids. 

Zy-MOT'ic,  a.  [Gr.  £vpovv,  to  fer¬ 
ment.]  1.  Relating  to,  or  caused  by, 
fermentation.  2.  Denoting,  or  per¬ 
taining  to,  any  epidemic,  endemic, 
contagious,  or  sporadic  affection 
which  is  produced  by  some  morbific 
principle  acting  on  the  system  like  a 
ferment. 


A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Y  ,lons;  X,  E,  I,  5.  0,  short:  cAre,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  what;  £r_e,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  fYrm  ;  s6n, 
OR,  do,  wolf,  too,  took;  URN,  RUE,  PULL  ;  E ,  I,  o,  silent ;  G,  soft;  G,  G, /t ard;  A§;  exist;  n  as  ng;  this. 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 

OF 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


RULES 

FOR  PRONOUNCING  THE  VOWELS  AND  CONSONANTS  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Rules  for  the  Vowels. 

1.  Any  vowel  at  the  end  of  an  accented  syllable,  and  e, 
o,  and  u,  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable,  have  the 
long  English  sound;  as,  Ca'to,  Ce'crops,  Di'do ,  So'lon, 
Cu'mx,  Me-lis'sa ,  Mo-los'sus ,  Tu-lin'gi ;  in  which  words 
the  final  vowels  of  the  first  syllables  have  the  same  sound 
as  the  corresponding  vowels  in  the  first  syllables  of  the 
English  words  pa'per,  ce'dar ,  si'lent ,  co'lon,  du'ty. 

2.  A  ending  an  unaccented  syllable  has  the  sound  of  a 
in  fa'ther  or  in  last ;  as,  Ga-bi'na,  A-re'ne,  pronounced 
Gah-bi'nah,  Ak-re'ne. 

3.  I  ending  a  final  syllable  has  the  long  sound,  as 
To' mi.  At  the  end  of  initial  unaccented  syllables  it  varies, 
somewhat  indefinitely,  between  t  long,  as  I-u'lus,  and  i 
short  (like  i  in  pin),  as  in  I-ta'li-a.  In  all  other  cases  i 
ending  an  unaccented  syllable  has  its  short  sound,  as  in 
pin. 

4.  Yis  pronounced  as  i  would  be  in  the  same  situation. 

5.  JE  and  ce  are  pronounced  as  e  would  be  in  the  same 
situation. 

6.  If  a  syllable  end  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  has  the 
short  English  sound;  as,  Bal'bus,  Bed  phi,  Cin'na,  Mos'- 
chus,  Tits' cus,  in  which  the  vowels  have  the  same  sounds 
as  in  the  English  words  man'ner ,  sel'dom,  din'ner,  scoffer, 
mus'ler. 

Exception.  —  .E  in  final  es  is  pronounced  as  in  the  fa¬ 
miliar  proper  name  An'des  (Sn'deez). 

Rules  for  the  Consonants. 

7.  C  before  e,  i,  y,  sc,  and  ce,  is  pronounced  like  s;  be¬ 
fore  a,  o,  and  u,  and  before  consonants,  like  k ;  as  Ce'a, 
Cic'e-ro ,  Cy'prus,  Cx'sar,  Cce'li-a,  Ca'to,  Co'cles,  Cu'mx. 

8.  G  before  «,  f,  y.  x,  cc,  or  another  g  followed  by  e,  has 
<he  sound  of  j ;  before  a,  o,  and  u,  and  before  consonants 
other  than  g,  as  above  excepted,  the  hard  sound,  as  in  the 
English  words  gave ,  gone ;  as,  Ge'lo,  Gi-gan'tes ,  Gy-gx'us, 
Ag'ger,  Ga'bi-i ,  Gor'gi-as,  Sa-gun'tum. 


9.  Cli  has  the  sound  of  k,  but  it  is  silent  before  a  mute 
consonant  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  ;  as,  Chtho'nia ,  pro¬ 
nounced  Tho'ni-a. 

10.  T,s,  and  c,  before  ia ,  ie,  ii,  io,  iu,  and  eu,  preceded 
immediately  by  the  accent,  in  Latin  words,  as  in  English, 
change  into  sh  and  zh.  But  when  the  t  follows  s,  t,  or  z,  or 
when  the  accent  falls  on  the  first  of  the  vowels  following, 
the  consonant  preserves  its  pure  sound  ;  as,  Sal-Ins' ti -us, 
Brut'ti-i ,  Mil-ti' a-des ,  &c.  T  in  the  termination  tion  also 
retains  its  original  sound  ;  as,  The-o-do'ti-on. 

11.  S  has,  in  general,  the  sound  of  5  in  this.  Final  s 
preceded  by  e,  or  a  liquid,  has  the  sound  of  z. 

12.  Initial  x  has  the  sound  of  z. 

13.  Initial  ph  before  a  mute  is  silent ;  as,  Phthi'a ,  pro¬ 
nounced  Thi'a.  Initial  p  before  s  is  silent ;  as,  Psy'che, 
pronounced  Sy'ke.  Initial  p  before  t  is  silent ;  as,  Ptol-e- 
mx'us,  pronounced  Tol-e-mx'us. 

14.  At  the  beginning  of  words  we  frequently  find  the 
uncombinable  consonants  mn,  tin ,  &c.  ;  as,  Mne-rnos'y-ne, 
Tmo'lus,  Sc c.  These  are  to  be  pronounced  with  the  first 
consonant  mute,  as  if  written  Ne-mos'y-ne,  Mo'lus,  See. 

Remark.  1.  The  termination  eus,  derived  from  the 
third  declension  of  Greek  contracts  in  eus,  although  usually 
made  a  single  syllable  in  poetry,  is  resolved  into  two  sylla¬ 
bles  in  the  Table.  This  is  also  done  by  Walker  and  Trol¬ 
lope  ;  is  defended  by  Labbe  and  Carr ;  and  may  be  conceded 
to  the  exigencies  of  poetry.  The  other  syllabication,  by  which 
eus  has  the  sound  of  use, as  in  the  noun  abuse,  is  also  given ; 
and  should  be  followed  in  pronunciation  in  all  ordinary  cases. 

2.  The  names  in  Italics  are  the  Anglicized  forms  of  the 
classical  names  above  them.  Each  for  himself  must  judge 
whether  to  adhere  to  the  classical  pronunciation  or  not. 

3.  Diacritical  marks  are  used,  in  this  Vocabulary,  to  in¬ 
dicate  the  soft  sounds  of  c,  g,  and  s,  in  some  cases,  as  in  Af- 
i-da'li-a,  M-ge'ri-a,  A-ehil'les  ;  also  when  n  has  the  sound 
of  ng,  as  in  An'eho-x. 

1487) 


488 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

The  abbreviations  Pw.,  F.,  K.,  Pe. 

,  Far..,  S.,  Py.,  C., 

The  figures  which  follow  certain  words  in  the  Vocabulary 

L.,  B.,  For.,  Sch. 

IF.,  M.,  and  Fr., 

stand,  respectively, 

refer  to  corresponding  Rules  of  Pronunciation.  The  figure 

for  the  following  authorities,  viz.,  Passow,  Freund ,  Klotz, 

6,  for  example,  appended  to  Abantei 

,  refers  to  Rule  6, 

Pape ,  Facciolati ,  Smith.,  Pauly,  Carr, 

Labbe,  Bischoff  § 

which  shows  that 

the  vowel  in  the  last  syllable  has  its 

Moller,  Forbiger,  Scheller,  Walker,  Muller ,  and  Frijlink. 

long  English  sound. 

A. 

A-cropd-lis 

Ede-as,o/"  Corinth, 

AFa-madi,  or 

AnFal-thaFa 

An-ehid-lus 

A-crotd-tus, Py.Z,. 

Metapontus,  Sfc. 

Ald-mandi 

AiiFal-the'um 

An-ehinFo-lus 

Ac-taed 

E-neds 

A-ladii 

A-ma^a-cus 

Au -chides,  6 

Abd-lus, 

Ac-taedn 

E-oGi-a 

AFa-ri'cus 

Am'a-ryldis 

An-ci'le 

C.  Py.  M. 

Ac-tae/us 

E-old-deg,  6 

(Al'a-ric) 

AnFa-ryndhus 

An-coda 

A-bandeg,  6 

Acdi-a,  10 

Ed-lus 

A-lasdor 

A-ma'sis 

An-dabd-tae 

Abdn-tid-deg,  6 

Acdi-um,  10 

E'qui 

A1  badi,  or 

A-masdris 

An-dofd-deg,  6 

A-bandi-as,  10 

A-cu'si-lads 

Erd-pus,  a  moun- 

Al-bendeg,  6 

A-mas/trus 

An-dreds 

A-bandis 

Ad-herdal 

tain,  C. 

Al-badi-a 

A-mada 

Andri-a 

Abd-ris 

Ad-mede 

A-erd-pus 

Al-bidi 

A^ma^zon 

Andro-cled 

Adas 

Ad-medus,  C. 

Esdhi-neg,  6 

AFbi-on 

( Am'a-zon ) 

Andro-cleg,  6 

Abd-tos  [  C. 

A-dodiis 

Esdhy-lus 

Al-bude-a 

A-mazd-neg,  6 

An-dro'ge-us 

Abda-lon'i-mus,  S. 

Adda-my  t-tedm  ,or 

E-so'pus 

Al-caeds 

(Arri'a-zons) 

An-drog7y-nae 

Abda-lon'y-mus 

Adda-myt-tidm 

( JE' sap) 

Al-can'der 

AnFa-zodii-a 

An-dronFa-che 

Ab-deda 

Adda-my  tdi-um 

E-todi-a 

Al-cedor 

Am/a-zo'ni-us  [  S. 

An-dromd-da 

Adi-a 

W.  C.  M. 

A/fer 

Al-cesde,  or 

AnFbi-a-tFnus,  K. 

Andro-nidus 

Adi-i 

Adda-na,  the  Oder. 

Afdi-ca 

Al-cesdis 

Am'bi-atd-nus, 

An-drophd-gi 

Abdla 

A-drada,  B.  M. 

Afdi-cadus 

AFci-bid-deg,  6 

Am-bid-rix  [Fac. 

An-drosdhe-neg,  6 

Abddrida 

W. 

Afdi-cum 

Al-cidd-mas 

Am-bradi-a,  10 

AiFgli-a,  L. 

A-boecdi-tus 

Addas-tid 

Agd-me'deg,  6 

AFci-da-med 

Am-bro'neg,  6 

An-glid,  W. 

A-bond-tei'ehos 

Addas-tid  CanFpi 

Agd-memdon 

AFci-da'mus,  Pe. 

A-medi-a 

And-ce'tus 

Abdu-dadeg,  6,  C. 

A-drasdus 

Agd-mem-nonG- 

Al-cFdeg,  6 

A-mesdra-tus 

A-nifd-us, 10,5.  IF 

W. 

Adri-an-opd-lis 

deg.  6 

Al-cinFachus 

A-mesdris 

AiFni-bal 

A-brocd-mas[  S.  W. 

Adri-adus 

Agd-nip'pe 

Al-cimd-de 

A-miFcar 

An-tae'us 

A-bron'y-chus,  C. 

Adri-atd-eum 

Agd-redi 

Al-cinFe-don 

AnFmi-adius 

An-tagd-ras 

A-brotd-num 

Addi-medum 

Agd-risda 

Al-cinFe-nes,  6 

Adnor 

An-taldi-das 

A-bru'po-lis,  [-S'.  IF. 

or  Adda-myt-ti'- 

Agd-tha 

APci-mus 

Am-phic/ra-teg,  6 

An-tedor 

Abd-iideg,  6,  Py. 

um 

A-gadhi-as,  and 

Al-cind-us 

Am-phicdv-on, 

Ande-ros 

A-bydus 

Add-atd-ci,  or 

Agd-thids 

APci-phron,  C.  W. 

Pw.  Fr.  [6 

An-thedon 

Ab'y-la 

Add-atd-ci 

Agd-tho 

Al-citlFo-e 

Am'phic-ty  d-neg , 

Andhe-mis 

Ab'ys-sidi,  L.  W. 

iE-a^d-deg,  6 

A-gatlFo-cleg,  6 

Alc-maedn 

( Am-phic'ty-ons)  Andhes-phodi-a 

Acd-cal'lis  [  W. 

.Ed-cus 

Agd-thon 

Alc-me/na 

AnFphi-ge-ni'a 

An/thes-te,ri-a,  5. 

Acd-cedi-us>,  10,  S. 

iE-andi-deg,  6,  W. 

A-gade 

Al-cy/o-ne 

Am-phild-chus 

Andhe-us  [  IF 

A-cadi-us,  10,5.  IF 

iE-dideg,  6  [5.  Agd-lads 

Aldy-o'ne-us,  or 

Am-phind-mus 

Andhro-pophd-gi, 

Acd-dedni-a 

iEdd-i 

A-gedor 

Al-c.y/o-neus 

Am-phi'on 

An-thyFla 

Acd-mas 

iE-eda,  2E-edas,  or 

Ag'e-san'der 

A-lec/to 

Am-phip/o-lis 

Andi-cled 

A-candhus 

E-edeg,  6 

A-gedi-as,  10,  Pw. 

A-lecdor 

Am'phis-b^'na 

An-ticd-ra 

Acdr-nadi-a 

E-gaedm 

W. 

A-lecdry-on 

Amdhi-tlie-adrum  An-tigd-ueg,  6 

A-casdus 

E-gaGe-os 

A-gesd-lads 

A-led-us  (a-le/yus) 

Am/phi-tride 

An-tigd-ne 

Acdi-a,  10 

E-gade-um 

Ag/e-sip'o-lis 

Campus 

Am-phitdy-on 

An-tigd-nus 

Ade 

E-gedi-a 

A'gis 

APe-man'ni,  and 

Am-phitdy-o-ni'a- 

A^ti-libd-nus 

1  A-cerd-tus,  C.  S. 

E-gesda 

Ag-la/i-a  (ag-la'ya) 

APe-ma'ni 

deg,  6 

An-tild-chus 

A-cerdae 

E'ge-us,  or 

Ag-lads,  K.  Py.  S. 

A-ledi-a,  10,  F.  W. 

A-myndas 

An-tiind-chus 

Afd-sideg,  6 

E/geus 

Ag/la-us,  C.  L.M. 

AFeu-a'dae.  IF 

A-myn/tor 

An-tind-us 

A-cesdeg,  6 

Egd-lid, an  island.  Ag-nodd-ce, 

AFex-anMer 

A-nabd-sis 

Au-tid-chus 

A-chasd 

.E-gild- a,  a  demus 

Pe.  Sch.  S.  W. 

AFex-arFdra 

And-ehar'sis 

(AnUi-och) 

A-ehaed 

in  Attica ,  S. 

Agdo-di'ce,  K. 

A-lex'an-drFa 

A-nadre-on 

An-ti/o-pe 

A-ehaenFe-neg,  6 

E-gida 

Agdo-nid 

( AV  ex-an’  dri-a ) 

[The  established 

An-tipd-ros 

ActFae-menG-deg,  6  iEgd-nedeg,  6 

Ag-nond-deg,  6 

A-lexdan-dri'na 

English  pro- 

An-tipd-ter  [  IF 

A-chad-a  (a-ka/ya)  iE-gFra 

Agd-ra 

A-lexdm-dropd-lis 

nunciation  is 

An-tipd-tris,  L.  C. 

A-ehadeg,  6 

E-gisdhus 

Agd-ran'o-mi 

A-lexds 

A-naclre-on.~\ 

An-tiplFa-teg,  6 

AclFe-lods 

iEg'le^,  G 

A'gra 

A-lexds 

And-dy-onFe-ne 

An-tiphd-lus 

AclFe-ron 

E'gon 

Agda-gas 

AFgi-dum 

And-phe 

Andi-phon 

Aehdl-leGs 

E'gos  Potd-mi,  or 

A-graudi-a,  S.  W. 

Ald-mendus 

A-na/pus 

Andi-phus 

A-chFvi 

Potd-mos 

A'gri-adeg,  6 

AFli-a 

Andx-agd-ras 

An-tipd-deg,  6 

Apd-cho'ri-us 

E'gus 

A-gricd-la 

Al-lobdo-ge-j.G,  [IF.  ArFax-an'der 

An-tipd-lis 

Afd-dadi-a 

E-guda 

A-grip'pa 

Al-lu'ci-us,  10,  5. 

An'ax-an'dri-deg,  6 

An-tisdhe-neg,  6 

A-cild-a 

E-gypdi-i,  10 

Agdip-pida 

AFo-pe 

Andx-e'nor 

Andi-um,  10 

Ac-mond-deg,  6 

EGi-a 

A-'gri-us 

A-lop'e-ce 

A-naxd-da'm  us 

An-todi-a 

Acd-ris 

Edi-adus 

Agdo-las 

AFphe-si-boe'us 

A-naxd-la'us 

Ando-nidus 

Adra 

Edi-us 

A'gron 

Al-pheds 

A-naxd-man'der 

An-todi-us 

A-cradus 

E-miFi-a 

A-hend-bar'bus 

Al-pidus 

Andx-inFe-neg,  6 

A-nudis 

Acdi-dophd-gi 

Emd-li-adus 

AG-dode-us,  or 

AFsi-um,  10 

Andx-ipd-lis 

Anxdr 

A-crisd-o-neds 

E-mild-us 

AG-dodeus,  or 

Al-thasd 

A-naxds 

Adn 

A-crisd-us 

E-ned-dm 

A-idd-neus 

Al-thasnFe-neg,  6 

An-caeds 

Ap/a-tu'ri-a 

A-cri/tas 

E-ned-deg,  6 

A/ius  (a'yus)  Lo- 

Ady-atdes 

An-ehid-la,  or 

A-peFla 

Adron 

E-neds,  of  Troy. 

cudi-us,  10 

A-lysdus 

An-ehid-le 

A-peFleg,  6 

ApAn-niAus 
(Ap'en-nines) 
Aph'ro-disA-a,  10 
AphAo-dbte,  or 
AphAo-diAa 
A-picA-us,  10 
A' pis 

A-pobli-na'res,  6 
A-polAo 
A-poblo-do'rus 
ApAl-IoAi-a 
ApAl-lonA-dej;,  6 
ApAl-loAi-us 
Ap-pba-de^,  6 
Ap/pi-a'nus 
(Ap'pi-an) 
Ap'pi-a  Vi'a 
Ap'pi-i  Fo'rum 
A-prblis 

ApA-leA-a  ( -le'ya) 
ApA-leA-us  (-yus) 
A-puAi-a 

AqAi-leA-a  (-le'ya) 

AqAi-lo 

A-qabnas 

AqAi-taAi-a 

A-rabA-cus 

A-raeh/ne 

A-raAus 

Ar'ba-ces,  6 

Ar-beAa 

ArAe  la,  or  ArAe- 
le,  in  Sicily. 
Ar-ca'di-a 
Ar-cesA-laAs 
ArAhe-laAs 
ArAhi-as 
ArAhi-da-mba 
ArAhi-da'mus 
Ar-ehibo-ehus 
ArAhi-me'des,  6 
ArAhi-peba-gus 
Ar-ehip'pus 
Ar-eh  Jibte^,  6 
Ar-ehy/tas 
Arc-tibrus 
Ar'de-a 
Ar'e-morA-ca 
A-re'o-pa-gi'tae 
AAe-op'a-gus 
AAe-op'o-lis 
Ar'e-ta 
ArA-taeAs 
Ar'e-taphA-la 
Ar'e-tas 
Ar'e-thibsa 
AAe-us,  or 
AAeus 
Ar-gaeAs 
Ar-gba 
Ar'gip-paeA 
Ar-gbvi 
Ar-gobi-eus 
Ar'go-lis 
Ar'go-nau'tae 
(Ar'go-nauts) 
AAi-adAe 
A'ri-aeAs 
A-cipA-a,  10 
Awi-ciAa 
AwA-ma'zes,  6,  -S. 
A-rim/i-num 
A-rbo-bar-zaAeg,  6, 
Fr.  Fac.  S.  L. 
AAi-o-bar'za-nes, 
1,  K.  Py. 
A-rbon 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


489 


AAi-o-visAus 

As-tebo-pe,  or 

Aux-eAi-a,  10 

Bedy-tus,  see  Fac. 

CseAae 

A-risAa 

AsAe-ro-pe'a 

AvAn-ti'nus 

Be-ryAus,  Fr.  K.  Cae-nbna 

ArAs- tabus 

As-trae'a 

A-vebnus,  or 

Bi-aAor  [ Pw .  L. 

CaeAis 

Abis-tag'o-ras 

As-trae'us 

A-verAa 

Bi-bacAi-lus 

CaeAe 

Abis-tar'chus 

As-tuAes,  6,  C.  S. 

A-viAus 

Bi-bracAe 

Caesar 

A-risAe-as 

As-tyAi-ges,  6 

A-zoAus 

BibA-lus 

Ca?sA-reA 

ArAs-tbdes,  6 

As-ty'a-nax  [S'.  L. 

BiArons 

Cae-saAi-o 

ArAs-tip'pus 

As-tydA-mas,  Py. 

BiAn 

CaesA-ro-duAum 

A-risAo-buAus 

AsAy-da-miA 

Pi 

Bi-sabtae 

Ca-bcus 

A-risAo-cles,  6  [S'. 

AsAy-lus 

JD. 

Bi-thyn'i-a 

CaA-e'ta 

Abis-tocAa-tes,  6, 

As-ty/lus,  Pe. 

Bi-tibri-ges,  6 

CaA-us  (ka'yus) 

A-risAo-deAius 

AsAy-me-du'sa 

Bab'i-lus,  S.  W. 

Blan-duAi-a,  10 

CalA-ber 

A-risAo-gbton 

As-tyrbo-me 

Bac/eha-na'li-a 

BlemAiy-es,  6 

Ca-laAri-a 

Abis-tonba-che 

As-tyA-che,  or 

Bae-ehan/tes,  6 

Bo-adA-ceA 

Caba-is 

Abis-tonba-ehus 

AsAy-o-ehi'a 

Bac-chiA-dae 

Bo-a'gri-us 

Ca-la'nus, 

Abis-toabe-nes,  6 

As-typlbi-lus 

Bac-ehbum,  a  tem¬ 

BocAho-ris 

K.Pw.L.  M.C. 

A-risAon 

As'y-ehis,  S.  IF. 

ple  ;  also,  a  place 

Bo-duAi,  S.  W. 

Caba-nus,  S.  Py. 

Abis-toph'a-ne=,  6 

Aba-lan'ta 

in  Lesbos. 

BoA-dro'mi-a,  C. 

Cabau-reA,  and 

A-risAo-phoa 

AtA-ranAes, 

BacAhi-us,  a  Ro¬ 

S. 

CalAu-riA 

Abis-tot'e-le^,  6 

A-tabga-tis 

man  gladiator. 

Boe-oAi-a,  10 

Ca-lauAi-a 

Abis-tox'e-nus 

AAax 

Bac-chybi-des,  6, 

Bo-e/thi-us 

CaAe 

A-rbus,  or  AAi-as, 

A;te 

C.  Py.  S.  W. 

BoA-i 

Cal -e-do  Ai-a 

a  river,  C. 

AthA-maAes,  6 

BacAri-a/na,  or 

BoAa 

Ca-leAius 

A-rbus,  or  AAi-us, 

AthA-mas 

Bac'tri-a'num 

Bobbi-tiAium 

Cabe-ti 

the  heretic ,  Fr. 

AthA-na'si-us,  10 

BaetA-ca 

Bo-mibcar 

Ca-lidA-us,  S.  IF. 

Ar-meAi-a 

A-theAa 

Ba-goAs 

BomA-niAaj 

Ca-ligA-la 

Ar-minA-us 

A-theAae 

Bag/ra-da,  and 

Bo-noAi-a 

Cabli-as,  Py.  S.  IV. 

Ar-morA-cae 

AthA-nae'um 

BagAa-das 

BoAe-as 

Cabli-cles,  6 

Ar-noAi-us 

AthA-nagA-ras 

Bai7®  (ba'ye) 

Bo-rysAhe-nes,  6 

Cal-licAa-tes,  6 

Ar-pbnum 

A-the'ne 

Bal-biAus 

Brach-ma'nae 

Cabli-cratA-das 

Abri-aAus,  Py.  S 

A-theAi-o,  or 

Ba/le-a'res,  6 

(Brah' mans) 

Cal-limA-ehus 

A-theAi-on 


Adsa-ces,  6,  F. 

Fac.M.S.  C.K.  A-thetbo-do'rus 
Ar-sa'ces,  Py.  S.  AAhos 
Ar-sapA-dae 
ArAa-mo-sa'ta,  Py. 

K.  M.  Fr. 

Ar'.sa-mos'a-ta,  C. 

Ar-sinA-e 


A-tibi-a 
A-tibi-us 
At-lanA.es,  6 
At-lanAi-deg,  6 
A-tos/sa 


ArAa-baAus  [S'.  A/trax 
ArAa-ba-zaAes,  6,  AtAe-ba'teg,  6,  L. 


ArAa-vas'dej,  6 
ArAax-erx'e<,  6 
ArAe-mi-do'rus 
ArAe-mis 
ArAe-misA-a,  10 
ArAe-misA-um,  10 
ArAe-mon 
AAuns 
Ar-vaAes ,  6 
Ar-verAi 
AAy-an'des,  6 
As-caba-phus 
AsAa-lon,  or 
AsAa-lo 
As-ca/ni-us 
As-cle'pi-e'a,  or 
As-cle'pi-i'a 
AsAle-pi'a-des ,  6 


a  w. 

A-trebAt-tes,  F. 

K.For.Py.S.M. 
AAre-us,  or 
AAreus 
A-trbdae 
AtAo-pos 
AtAa-lus 
AtAi-ca 
AtAi-cus 
At-tibi-us 
Au-feA-a  (-fe'ya) 
Au-fidA-us 
Aibga 
Au-gbas,  or 
Au-geAis 
Aibgu-res,  6 
Aibgus-tbnus 


B  aba-thrum 
Babba-ri 
Bar-baAi-a 
Bar-bos  Ahe-neji,  6 
Bar-cabi 
Bar-dyblis 
Bar-gibsi-i,  10 
BaAi-um 
BasA-le'a.  or 
BasA-li'a,  name. 


Braeh-maAes,  6 
Braibehi-dae 
BrasA-das 
BrauAon 
Bri-aAe-us,  or 
Brba-reus 
Brig'an-tiAus 
Bri-seAs 
Bri-tanAi 
(Brit1  one) 


of  a  city  (Ba-  Bri-tarbni-a 
sel),  a  goddess,  Bri-tarbni-cus 
and  an  island.  Bribo-marAis 
Ba-sibi-a  (Basel),  Brix-eblum 


Ro- 


S. 

BasA-lbdae 
BasA-li'des,  6 
Ba-sibi-us, 
BasA-lbus 
Basil) 

BasA-lbus,  a 
man  name,  For. 
BasA-lus  ( also  St 
Basil) 

Bas-sabi-deij,  6 
Bas-tabnae,  and 
Bas-terAae 
Ba-ta'vi 


BrucAe-ri 
Brun-dibsi-um,  10 
BruAi-i,  10,  or 
and  BrutAi-i 
( St.  BruAus 

Bu-ceplba-lus 
Bu-cobi-ca 
Bu'pha-gus 
Bu-siAis 
BuAes,  6 
Bu-torA-dejq  6 
BuAy-ges,  K.  Pw. 
C. 

Bibzy-ges,  Fr.  W. 


Cal-lbo-pe 
CalAi-o-pe'a 
Cabli-pa-tbra 
Cabli-phon 
Cal-lipA-lis 
Cal-libho-e 
Cal-lisAhe-neg,  6 
Cal-lis/to 
Cal-lisAra-tus 
Cal-lix'e-na 
Cal-pubni-us  [  IF 
Cabu-sidA-us,  S. 
Caby-ce 
Caby-doa 
Ca-lypAo 
Canba-riAa,  or 
Canba-rbne 
Cam-byAes,  6 
Canbe-rbnum 
Oanbe-rbnus 
Ca-mibla 
Ca-milAus 
Ca-miAo 
Ca-moe'nas 
Cam-paAi-a 
Cam  -pas'pe 
CaAa 
Ca-naAi-i 


As-cle/pi-o-doAus 

(Au-gus' tine ,  Au-  Ba-taA'i-a 

ByAlis 

CanAa-ce 

As-coAii-us 

gits' tin,  and 
Aus'tin) 

Babra-eho'my-o- 

By-zaAi-um,  10 

Can-dauAes,  6 

AsAru-bal  [  C.  Pe. 

maAhi-a 

By-zanAi-um,  10 

Ca-nephA-ri 

AsA-ne,  Fr.  K.  Py. 

A-sbne,  Fac. 
A-sin'i-us 

A-so'pus 

Au-gusAu-lus 

Au-gusAus 

AuAis 

Au-re/li-aAus 

Bau/cis 

Beb/ry-ces,  and 
Be-bryAe£,  6 
Bebgi-ca 

C. 

Ca-nicA-la'res,  6 
Ca-nidA-a 
Ca-nidA-us,  S.  W. 
Ca-ninA-us 

As-panbi-thres,  6 
As-paAi-a,  10 

(Au-re'li-an) 

Au-re/Ji-us 

Bebgi-um 
Bebi-saAi-us,  S.  W. 
Bel-lerA-phon 

Ca-bbra 

CaAi-us,  S.  IF 
Ca-no/pus 

As-paAi-us,  10 

Au-roAa 

Ca-biAi 

CanAa-bri 

As'pa-thiAes,  6,  IF 

AuAunAi 

Bel-loAa 

CaAa 

Can-taAri-a 

As-pathA-nes,  S. 

Au-soAi-a 

Bel-lovA-ci 

CaAus 

CanA.ha-rus 

As/phal-thtes,  6 

Au/spi-ces,  6 

Be'^n 

Cad-meA 

Can'll-um,  10 

As-syrA-a 

A  11-toeh  Aho-nes, 

6  BeAus 

Ca-duAe-us,  10 

Ca-nibsi-um,  10 

As-tarAe 

Au-toby-cus 

BenA-venAum 

Cas-cibi-us 

Ca-pebla 

As-teA'i-a 

Au-t.otrbe-don 

Ber/e-niAe 

Cse-ciAa 

Ca-peAa 

As-teA'i-on 

Au-tomA-nes,  6 

BerA-e 

CsecA-lus 

CapA-tus 

As-teA-i-us 

Au-to^o-e 

Be-ro'sus 

CaeAi-us 

CapA-to 

490 

GREEK 

AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

Capd-to-li'nus 

Cen-tudi-a 

Ghry-sos'to-mus 

Co-lo/ne 

Cu-rudis 

DeFphi-cus  [  C.  W 

Capd-todi-um 

Cephdl-ledi-a 

( Chrys1  os-tom) 

Co-lcFni-a 

Cyd-ne 

Del-phind-um,  S. 

Cap7pa-dodi-a,  10 

CeplFa-lus 

Ghry-sothd-mis 

CoFo-phon 

Cy-ade-ae 

DenFa-deg,  6  1 

Ca7pre-ae 

Ce7phe-us,  or 

Ghthodi-a,  14 

Co-los/sus 

Oy-ax/a-reg,  Py.  TF 

Fac.  TF. 

Oapdi-cordus 

Ce7pheus 

Cib7a-lae 

CoFu-meFla  [lis  Cyb'e-le 

De-madeg,  6 

(  Cap'ri-corn) 

Ce-phisd-a,  10 

Cigd-ro 

Co-lum^ae  HeGcu- 

Cycda-deg,  6 

Fr.  K.  Py.  Put. 

}ap7ro-tida 

Ce-phisd-dodus 

Cicd-neg,  6 

Co-ma/na 

Cy-clo/pes,  6 

DenFa-radus 

Capd-a 

Cephd-sodd-tus 

Ci-licd-a,  10 

Com'mo-dus 

( Cy' clops) 

De-medri-as  { 

CaGa-cal'la 

Ce-phFsus,  or 

CinFbri-cus 

CcFmus 

Cydd-as,  S.  Sch 

De-nie/tri-us 

Ca-racda-cus 

Ce-phis7sus 

Cim-medi-i 

Con-cor/di-a 

Cydd-ne'a 

Demd-ce'deg,  6 

Ca-rau7si-us,  10, 

CeGa-midus 

Cim-med'i-um 

Oo/non 

Cydia,  or  Cy/mae 

De-mochd-reg,  6 

S.  TF. 

Cer'a-sus 

CFmon 

Con-standi-a,  10 

CyrFse-gFrus 

De-inocdi-tus 

Car-cidus 

Ce-raudi-a 

Cindin-na'tus 

Con-standi-nop'o- 

Cynd-as 

De-moph'o-on  I 

Car/di-a,  Py.  S. 

Ce-raudi-i 

Cind-as 

lis 

Cy-nedeg,  6 

De-mosdhe-neg,  6 

Cadeg,  6 

CeGbe-rus 

Cin-geGo-rix 

( Con-stan'ti- 

Cynd-ci 

DeGce-to,  or 

Ca/ri-a 

Cerdy-on 

CFnyps,  and 

no' pie) 

Cynd-ceph'a-lae 

Derde-tis 

Ca-ridse 

Cede-adi-a 

Cin7y-phus, 

CoiFstan-tFnus 

Cynd-saGges,  6 

Der-to/na 

Ca-ridus 

Cedeg,  6 

Sch.  S. 

(  Con' stan-tine) 

Cynd-suda 

Deu-cadi-on 

Car-medus 

Ce-rindhus 

Cin7y-ras 

Co/pi-a 

( Cyn'o-sure) 

Di-ag'o-ras 

( Cat  'm  el) 

Ce-the'gus 

Cir-cendeg  Lu7di 

CoGbu-lo 

Cyndhi-a 

Di-adis 

CaGmen-ta'leg,  6 

Ceds 

Cisdse-us,  or 

Cor-cyda  [ nus  Cyndhi-us 

Di-a-masdi-go'sis 

Car-ne7a-deg,  6 

Ce7yx 

Cisdeus 

CoGcy-ra,  Avie- 

Oypdi-a'nus 

Di-ada 

Car-nu7teg,  6 

Ghaede-as 

Ci-thaedon 

Cor^u-ba 

( Cyp'ri-an) 

[The  established 

CaGpa-thus 

Ghae-redion 

Ci-vFlis 

Co-ria^a 

Cy'prus 

English  pronun- 

Car-thagd-ni-en'- 

Ghaerd-ne'a 

Cladus,  or  Clados 

Co-rindhus 

€ypde-lus 

ciation  is  Di-  \ 

seg 

Ghal-cedon 

Clau7di-a 

Cod'i-o-la'nus 

CyGe-nad-ci 

an' a .] 

Car-tha7go 

Ghalde-dodi-a 

Claudi-adus 

Co-ri/o-li 

Cy-rede 

( Di'an) 

(  Car'thage) 

Ghal-dae7a 

(  Claid di-an) 

Cor-nedi-a 

Cy-rildus 

Dic-tamdum 

Car-vild-us,  S.  TF 

GhaFy-beg,  6 

Claudi-opd-lis 

Cor^i-ger 

(  Cyr'il) 

Dic-tador 

Cady-atd-deg,  6, pi.  GhaFy-bon,  Py.  TF.  Claudi-us 

CoGo-ne'a,  or 

CyGsi-lus 

Didd-us  ‘ 

Ca-rys7tus 

GhaFy-bo-ni'tis 

Cla-zomd-nae 

Cor/o-ni'a 

Cydus 

Dido 

Casd-lidum 

Gha-odii-a 

Cle-an-'theg,  6 

CoGsica 

Cy-theda 

Di-es/pi-ter 

Oa7si-us,  10 

Ghads 

Cle7meng 

Cor--vi,'nus 

Cy  tlGe-re'a 

Di-nocda-tes,  6 

Cas7pi-i 

Ghadeg,  6 

( Clem'ent) 

CoGy-ban'teg,  6 

Cyzd-cum 

Did-cledi-a'nus 

Cas7pi-um 

Ghard-cleg,  6,  S. 

Cled-bu'lus 

CoGv-don  [  TF.  Cyzd-cus 

( Di'o-cle'tian) 

Cas-sander 

W. 

Cle-onFbro-tus 

Cos-sudi-i,  10,  S. 

Did-dodus 

Cas-sandra 

Ghard-lads,  and 

Cle-om/e-neg,  6 

Cotd-so 

Di-os'e-neg,  6 

Cas7si-o-dodus,  10 

Gha-rildus 

Cle-opdx-tra,  Put. 

CoGti-as 

D. 

DFo-mede 

Cas-sid-pe,  or 

Gha-risd-a,  10 

K.  M.  Py.  C. 

Codys 

Did-inedes,  6 

Casdi-o-pe'a,  10 

Ghard-teg,  6 

Fr 

Co-tytdo 

( Di'o-med ) 

Casdi-terd-deg,  6 

Ghard-ton,  Py.  C. 

Cled-pa'tra,  F. 

Cran/a-us 

Dadi-a 

Di-ode 

Cas7si-us,  10 

W. 

[This  is  the 

Cra'non 

Dacdy-li 

DFo-nae'a 

Cas7si-ve-laudus 

Ghardii-deg,  6 

accepted  Eng- 

Cratd-rus 

Daedd-la 

DFo-nysd-a,  10 

Cas-tadi-a,  or 

Ghar-mFo-ne 

lish  pronuncia- 

Cradeg,  6 

Daedd-lus 

Did-ny-si'a-deg,  6 

Cas-tadi-us  Fons 

Ghadon 

tion.] 

Cradhis 

Da’dnon 

Did-ny-sip'o-lis 

CaGa-na 

Gha-ron/das 

Cle-opda-tris 

Cra-tFnus 

Dal-madi-a,  10 

DFo-nysd-us,  10 

Catd-lida 

Gha/rops,  and 

Cle-osdra-tus 

Crat'y-lus 

Dal-matd-cus 

Di/o-phandus 

(  Cat'i-line) 

Ghard-peg,  6 

Clepdy-dra 

CrenGe-ra 

DanFas-cede 

Dids-cord-deg,  6 

Ca7to 

Gha-rybdis 

Clind-as,  K.  TF. 

Cre-mo'na 

Da-masdus 

Py.  S. 

Ca-tuFlus 

Ghau7bi,  and 

ClFo 

Cre'on 

Damd-cleg,  6 

Dids-cudi 

Catd-lus 

Ghaudi 

Clisdhe-neg,  6 

Cre-ophd-lus 

Da^on 

Di-os'po-lis 

Cauda-sus 

Gha-udi 

Cli-tardhus 

Cre-uda 

Dand-e 

Dipd-lis 

Cau-codeg,  6 

Gheld-dodi-ae 

Cli-tonFa-chus 

Cri-mFsus 

Dan'a-i 

Dis-cordi-a  I 

Cau/di-um 

Ghe-lode 

Cli-tunFnus 

Cris-pidus 

Da-nad-deg,  6 

Divd-ti'a-cus 

Caudus 

Gheld-ni'tis 

OH/tus 

Cri-theds 

Dand-us 

Divd-dudum  j 

Cav/a-reg,  6 

GheF  o-noph'a-gi 

Clod-cida 

Crido 

Da-nudi-us 

Do-do7  na 

Oa-ysder,  or 

Ghedps 

Cloedi-a 

CriGo-budus 

( Dan'nbe) 

Do-dond-des,  6 

Ca-ysdrus 

Gher-sid/a-mas 

CliFa-ci'na 

CriGo-la'us 

Daphde-phodi-a, 

DoFa-beFla 

Ce7beg,  6  [TF. 

GheGso-ne'sus,  or 

Clu-sidi 

Cro-bydi,  Py.  Sch. 

S.  IF 

DoFo-pe-- ,  6 

Ce-bredi-a,  Sell. 

Gherdo-ne'sus 

ClynFe-ne 

Croc/o-di-lopro-lis 

Dar-dand-deg,  6 

Do-niiGi-a,  10  j 

Ce-cida 

Ghe-rusdi 

Clymd-ned-deg,  6 

Croedus 

DaGda-nus 

Do-mitd-adus,  10 

Ce-cro7pi-a 

Ghi-maeda 

Clymd-nus 

Cro^hi 

Dade-us,  or 

(  Do-mP tian) 

Ce-cropd-dae 

GhFos 

Clytdm-nes'tra 

Cro-to/na 

Da-rids 

Do-na7tus 

Cedrops 

GhFron 

Coc/a-lus 

Crus/tu-me'ri-a,  or 

Datd-pher'neg,  6 

Do7reg,  6 

Ce-laGno 

Ghlod 

Coc-ced-us 

Crusdu-me'ri-um  Daudis 

Do7ri-on 

Ceder 

Ghlodis 

(-se'yus) 

Ctedsi-as,  10,  14 

Daudi-a 

DoGy-laFum 

Celd-reg,  6 

Gho7as-peg,  6 

CcFcleg,  6 

Cte-sibd-us,  S.  TF.  De-capd-lis 

Drado 

Cede-us 

Ghoerd-lus 

Co-cy^tus 

Ctesd-phon,  14 

Dedi-us,  10 

Drep7a-na.  or  j 

CeFti-bedi 

Gho-roedus 

Co-drop/o-lis 

Cudna,  or  C^mae 

De-cu/ri-o 

Drepd-num 

Cel-tosdy-thse 

Ghrodos 

Co/drus 

Cu-piMo 

De-i/a-nida 

Dru7i-da3 

Cen/ehre-ae 

Ghry'sa 

CoeFe-syrd-a.  and 

CiFreg,  6 

De-idd-mi'a 

( Dru'ids) 

Cen-chreds 

Ghry-sadr 

CoeFo-syrd-a 

Cu-redeg,  6 

De-i/o-ceg,  6 

Dry7a-deg,  6,  Fac. 

Cen-sodeg,  6 

Ghrys7a-or,  C. 

Conors 

Cudi-a 

Ded-ot'a-rus 

( Dry' ads )  [  TF 

CerFso-ridus 

Ghry-seds 

Col-la^i-a,  10 

Cudi-adi-i,  10 

De-iphd-bus 

Dryd-peg,  6 

Cen-taudi 

Ghrydeg,  6 

CoFla-ti'nus 

Cudi-o 

Dedi-us 

Du-iFli-us 

Cen-trodeg,  6 

Ghry -sip/pus 

Col-li/na 

Cu-ri'o-so-lidae 

Dedos 

Du-liehdum 

Cen-tum/vi-ri 

1 

Ghry-sogd-nus 

Co-lo/na3 

Curdi-us,  10 

Del-phicd-la 

Dum7no-rix 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER 

NAMES. 

491 

E. 

E-rigd-ne 

Faus-tEna 

Glaudus 

Hephdes-ti'a.a  fes-  Ho-radi-us,  10 

E-rigd-nus,a  man.  Fausdu-lus 

GoEdi-a'nus 

tival. 

( Hod  ace ) 

Erd-godus.  a  river.  Favd-ridus 

(  Gor* di-an) 

He-phaesdi-on ,  10 

IIor-terEsi-us,  10 

Ebd-ra'cum 

E-riiEnys 

Fedi-adeg  6 

Go^di-us 

Her'a-cle'a 

Hyd-cindhus 

Py.  Fac.  L.  For. 

Edis 

Fe-lipd-tas 

Gor'gi-as 

Her'a-cli'dae 

Ilyd-dej,  6 

B.  Sch. 

Erd-si  eiEthon 

Fe-radi-a 

GoEgo-nes,  6 

Herd-clidus 

Ilydla 

Ebd-rodeg,  6 

Edos 

FeEen-tidum 

Gor-ty/ua,  and 

Herdu-la'ne-um 

Hy-dardes,  6 

j  Ebd-sus 

E-rosdra-tus 

Fe-redri-us 

Gor-ty/ue 

Herdu-la-ne'um 

,  Hy-das/pes,  C 

E-bu'sus 

EEy-cida 

Fi-deda,  or 

God, hi 

K. 

Hydra 

Ec-batd-na,  S'.  IF. 

EEy-mandhus 

Fi-dedae 

(Goths) 

Herdu-les,  6 

Hydda-odeg,  t 

E-ehidda 

FVy-the'a,  or 

FEdeg,  6 

Gra-di^us 

Iler-cude-uin 

Hydrus 

E-chin'a-deg,  6 

EEy-thi'a 

Fla-mind-a 

Graedi-a,  10 

Her-cyn/i-a 

Ily-empdal 

E-ehEon 

EEy-thrae 

Fladi-a 

Gra-nEcus 

IIe-ren/ni-us 

Hy-ged-a  (-ie/v."  'i 

Edho 

Edyx 

Flo-radi-a 

Gradi-ae,  10 

Her-maptEro-didus  Hy'las 

E-desda,  or 

Es-quiEi-ae 

Flo-reiEti-a,  10 

(Florence) 

Gradi-a'nus,  10 

Ilerdue-si'a-nax 

Hymd-naeds 

E-deda 

Es'qui-lEnus 

Gy;a-rus,  and 

Her-mi/as 

Hy-meEtus 

Edon 

E-ted-cleg,  6 

Flodi-adus 

Gydi-ros 

Herdiii-as 

Hypd-nis 

E-dodeg,  6,  Thra- 

E-ted-clus 

Fon-ted-us  (-yus) 

Gy-lip;pus 

Her-mEo-ne 

Ilypdr-bode-i,  and 

j  dans 

E-te/si-ae,  10 

FoEmi-se 

Gym-nadi-um,  10 
Gym-nosd-phisdae 

llerdni-ou'i-cus 

Hy-pex’do-red 

E-las'a 

E-triEri-a 

For-tuda 

SEuus 

Hvpd-rideg,  6,  or 

EEa-gabd-lus  [  IF. 

E-trusdi 

Fodum 

Her-mip^us 

Hy-perd-deg 

EEa-phe-bodi-a,  S. 

Eu-boe/a 

Frisd-i,  10 

Her-niocda-tes,  6 

Hypd-ridn 

EEa-te'a 

Eu-bod-cus 

Fu-gadi-a 

H. 

Her'mo-do'rus 

( Hy-pe'ri-on) 

Ede-a 

Eu-budi-deg,  6 

FuEvi-us 

Iler-mo^d-ney,  6 

Hypdrm-nesdra 

E-lecdra 

Eu-budus 

Fudi-as 

HeEmo-ia'us 

Hyp-sicd-a-teg,  6 

E-lecdry-on 

Eu-clEdeg,  6 

( Fu'ries ) 

Iladiri-a'nus 

Iierdno-tEinus 

Hyp-sip/y-le 

E-led 

Eu-dodi-a,  10,  S' 

(Ha'dri-an) 

Herdnun-dud'i, 

Hyr-cadi-a 

EEe-phandis 

IF. 

Ha^ri-atd-cum 

Pe.  S. 

Hy-rEe-us,  or 

EEeu-siiEi-a 

Eu-eEge-tge 

G. 

Hae'mo-ui-a 

Her-mun^u-ri 

Hyrd-eus 

EEeu-sidus 

Eu-gedi-us 

Hal-cyd-ue 

K.  Fac.  For.  F 

Hys-tas'peg,  6 

E-leudis 

E-leudhe-rae 

EiEine-nOi,  6 
FJiEme-ni'a 

Gadi-i 

HaEi-car-nas'sus 

Hadys 

Ile-rodeg,  6 
(  Her1  od) 

EEeu-thedi-a 

Eu-merEi-deg,  6 

Ga-bidus 

llamd-dry'a-des,  6  Ile-ro^i-a'nus 

T 

Edis 

EiEpa-tor 

Gadeg,  6 

( Hand  a-dry-ads) 

( He-ro1  di-an) 

!• 

EEpi-ni'ce 

Eu'pha-eg,  6 

Gadd-tadus 

Ha-miEcar 

He-rodd-tus 

EEy-ma'is 

Eu-phor'bus 

GaEa-tae 

IlaiEni-bal 

Hedon 

I-ac/ohus 

E-lysd-um,  10 

Eu-phodi-on 

GaEa-te'a 

Ilar-ino'di-us 

Herd-op'o-lis 

I-aEy-sus 

Em-pedd-cleg,  6 

Eu-phrador 

Ga-ledus 

Har'pa-gus, 

He-roplid-la 

I-anEbe 

En-ceEa-dus 

Eu-phi-adeg,  6 

(  Ga'len) 

Py.  C.  W. 

He-rophd-lus 

I-amdli-chus 

En-dymd-oii 

Eu-phros'y-ne 

Ga-led'i-us 

Ha.r-paEy-ce 

Her-siEi-a 

Id-pygd-a 

E-nipd-us,  or 

EiEpo-iis 

Ga-ledus 

Har-pocda-tes,  6 

IleEu-li 

I-ardas 

E-nEpeus 

Eu-ripd-deg,  6 

Gald-lae'a 

Har-pyd-ae  (-ye) 

He-sid-dus 

Id-sis 

Endi-us 

Eu-rEpus 

(  GaVi-lee) 

( Had  pies) 

( He'si-od) 

I-axdr-teg,  6 

En-teElus 

Eu-ro'pa 

GaEli-a 

Ha-rus^ex 

He-sEo-ne 

I-bedi 

E-nyd 

Eudo-paeds 

GaEli-eus 

Has/dru-bal 

Iles-ped'i-a 

I-bedi-a 

Eds 

Eu-rodas 

Galdi-edus 

Ilede 

Hes-perd-dej,  6 

I-bedus 

E-panEi-nondas 

EiErus 

Gal-lipd-lis 

He'brus 

Hes^e-rus 

Ib'y-cus 

E-pedis 

Eu-ryd-lus 

GaElo-grae'ci-a,  10 

Hecd-tae'us 

He-sychd-us 

I-ca/ri-a 

EplEi-aldeg,  6 

Eu-rydd-mas 

Gan-gaEi-dae 

Ilec/a-te 

He-trudi-a 

I-ca/ri-us 

Ephd-ri 

Eu-rydd-ce 

GarEy-me'de-;,  6 

Hec/u-ba 

Hi-berdi-a 

Ic/a-rus 

EplEy-ra 

Eu-rynEe-don 

(  Gan'y-mede ) 

He-^mon,  and 

Hid-rap'o-lis 

I-cedi,  Fac.  W. 

Ichdhy  -oph'a-gi 

Epd-ehar'mus 

Eu-rysdhe-neg,  6 

GaEa-man'teg,  6 

He^e-mon 

Hi/e-ro 

Epdc-tedus 

Eu-rysdhe-us ,  or 
Eu-rysdheus 

Gar-gadus 

He.^e-sip'pus 

Ili-erd-cles,  6 

I-cild-us 

Epd-cu-red 

Gar-gadus 

HeEe-na 

Hid-ron'y-mus 

I-codi-um 

( Ep'i-cu-re'ans ) 

Eudy-tus  [an. 

Geda 

IleEe-nus 

(Jed  ome) 

Ida 

Epd-eudus 

Eu-sedi-a,  a  worn- 

Geldi-us 

He-lidi-des,  6 

Hi'e-ro-soEy-ma 

Idas 

Epd-daudi-a 

Eude-bi'a,  a  city. 

Gedo  or  Gedon 

HeEi-ce 

(Je-ridsa-lem) 

I-donEe-neus 

Ep'i-daudus 

Eu-sedi-us 

Gemd  ni 

HeEi-con 

Hi-lad’i-us 

Idd-me'a 

E-pigd-ni 

Eu-stadhi-us,  S’.  IF.  Ge-neda,  IF.  L.  Fr.  Hedi-o-dodus 

( Hil'a-ry) 

Ild-a 

Epd-mend-deg,  6 

Eu-teEpe 

K.  Sch.  M. 

He7  li-o  -gab  'a-lus , 

Hi-miEco 

I-lid-cus 

Epd-medhe-us,  or 

Eu-thycda-teg,  6 

Gen'e-va,  For. 

Iledi-o-ga-badus , 

Hip-pardhus 

lEi-as 

Epd-medheus 

Eu-tnEpi-us 

Gedi-us 

C.  L. 

Ilip^a-sus 

I-lid-ne,  or 

Epd-pha-ne'a 

Eux-idus  Pon/tus 

Gen/u-a 

He/li-op,o-lis 

Hip'pi-as 

I-lid-na 

E-piptEa-neg,  6 

E-vadde 

Ge-oEgi-ca 

Hedi-os 

Hip'pi-us 

I-lis'sus 

E-pi/rus 

E-varEder 

(  Georgies) 

Hel-ledes,  6 

Ilip^o-cen-taudi 

Ild-thyd-a  (-ya) 

Epd-redd-rix 

Ger-god’i-a 

IleEles-pondus 

Hip-poc/ra-tes,  6 

Ild-um,  or  IEi-on 

E-quird-a 

Ger-madi-a 

Hel-lodis 

Hip^o-crede 

Il-lyrd-a 

Eqdi-teg,  6 

F. 

(  Gedma-ny) 

Ile-lodus 

Ilip'po-da-mid 

Il-lyrd-cum 

Erd-sisdra-tus 

Ger-man/i-cus 

Hedos 

Hip-poEy-te 

InEa-us 

EE  a- to 

Ger-madi-i,  a  Per- 

He-lodae,  and 

Hip-poEy-tus 

I-mads,  K. 

Er'a-tosdhe-neg,  6 

Fadi-i 

si  an  people,  S. 

He-lode^,  6 

Hip/po-mol'^i 

Im'bros 

Erd-bus 

Fa-bricd-us,  10 

Gedy-on,  and 
Ge-ryd-ne?,  6 

( He’lots  or  ReV- 

Hip-podax 

In/a-€hns 

E-reeiEthe-us,  or 

Faesd-lae 

ots) 

His-padi-a 

I-nard-me 

E-reohdheus 

Fa-ledi-a 

Geda 

Ilel-vedi-i,  10 

His-tide-odis 

IiEci-tadus 

E-redri-a 

Fa-lerdus 

Gedae 

HeEvi-i 

Ho-medus 

Indi-^edeg,  a  peo- 

Erdeh-thodi-us 

Fauda 

Gi-gandeg,  6 

He  phaesdi-a,  5,  a 

( Ho'mer) 

pie. 

E-ridd-nus 

Faudus 

Glau-co^is 

town. 

Ho-radi-a,  10 

Ido 

492 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER 

NAMES. 

I-no/pus 

La-be'ri-us 

Lep/ti-neg,  6 

M 

Me/don 

Mi-ner/ya 

In'ta-pher'neg,  6 

La/bi-e'nus 

Le/the 

iii, 

Me-du/sa 

Mi/nos 

In'ter-am'na 

Lab/y-rin'thus 

Leu/cas 

Meg/a-by'suS 

Min/o-tau'rus 

I'o 

Lac/e-daePmon 

Len'ce 

Ma-ca/re-us,  or 

Meg/a-cleg,  6,  Py. S.  Min-tur/nae 

Lo-las,  or  Fo-la'us  Lac/e-dae-mo'n>i,or 

Leu-cip/pus 

Mac/a-reus 

Me-gae/ra 

Mi-nu/ci-us,  10 

I/on 

Lap/e-daem  /o-neg 

Leu/con 

Ma-ca/ri-a 

Meg/a-le 

Mi-se/num 

I-o/ni-a 

( La  f  e-de-mo'- 

Leu-co/the-a 

Map/e-do 

Meg/a-ra 

Mi-se/nus 

I/o-pe 

ni-ans) 

Leu-coth/o-e 

Ma-ced/o-neg,  6 

Me-gas/the-neg,  6 

Mi/thras 

Iph/i-clus,  or 

Lach/e-sis 

Lex-o/yi-i 

( Mac' e-do’ ni-ans)  Me-gis/ti-as 

Mith/ri-da'teg,  6 

Iph/i-cleg,  6 

La-cin'i-um 

Li-ba/ni-us,  S.  W. 

Map/e-don'i-cus 

Me-lanPpus 

Mith/ro-bar-za'neg, 

I-phic/ra-teg,  6 

La-co/ni-a,  and 

Lib/a-nus 

Ma/per 

MePa-nip'pi-deg,  6 

Mit/y-le'nae 

IplPi-ge-m'a 

La-con/i-ca 

( Leb'a-non) 

Ma-eha/on 

MePa-nip'pus 

Mit/y-le'ne 

I/phis 

Lac-tan/ti-us,  10 

Li/ber 

Ma/cri-a'nus 

Me-lan/thi-us 

Mne-mos/y-ne,  14  > 

Iph/i-tus 

La/don 

Li-ber/tas 

Ma-cri/nus 

Me-lan/thus 

Mnes/the-us,  or 

Ir/e-nas'us 

Las/li-a'nus 

Lib/i-ti'na 

Ma-cro/bi-i 

Me/las 

Mnes/theus,  14 

I-re/ne 

Lse/li-us 

Lib/y-a 

Ma-cro/ bi-us 

Me/le-a'ger,  K.  F. 

Mo-des/tus 

I-sae/us 

La-er/teg,  6 

LPchas 

Mae-an/der 

S.  Sch. 

Moe/ris 

I-sau/ri-a 

Laes-tryg/o-ne?,  6 

Li-cin/i-a 

Mae-ce/nas 

Me-le/a-ger,  C. 

Moe/si-a,  10 

Is/i-do/rus 

Las-vi/nus 

Li-cin/i-us 

Maen/a-lus 

Fac. 

Mo-los/si 

( Is'i-dore ) 

La/gus 

Lif/i-nus 

Mas-on'i-deg,  6 

Me/le-ag'ri-deg,  6 

Mo-los/sus 

I/sis 

La/is 

Li-ga/ri-us 

Mas-o/tis  Pa/lus 

Me/leg,  6 

Mo/mus 

Is-me/ne 

La/mi-a 

Lig/u-reg,  G 

Mag-nen/ti-us,  10 

MePe-sig'e-neg,  6 

Mo/na 

ls-me/ni-as 

Lam/pe-ti'a,  a  city. 

Li-gu/ri-a 

Mag-ne/si-a,  10 

MePi-boe/us 

Mo-nas/seg,  6 

Is-me/nus,  son  of 

Lam/pe-to 

LiPy-bas'um 

Ma/go 

Me-lis/sa 

Wo-ne/ta 

Apollo 

Lam-prid/i-us  JE'- 

Lin/go-neg,  6 

Ma-har/bal 

MePi-ta,  or  MePi-te 

Mon/i-ma 

Is/me-uus,  a  Chinn 

li-us 

Lip/a-ra 

Ma'i-a  (ma/ya) 

Me/li-us 

Mon-ta/nus 

I-socPra-teg,  6 

Lam /pro-cleg,  6 

LPris 

Ma-jes/tas 

Me/los 

Mon/y-ehus 

Isth/mi-a  (Ist/mi-a)  Lamp/sa-cus,  and 

Lit/y-er'sas 

Ma-mer/cus 

Mel-pom/e-ne 

Mop/si-um,  10 

Is/tri-a 

Lamp/sa-ehum 

Lit/y-er'seg,  6 

Mam'er-tPni 

Mem/mi-a 

Mor/i-ni 

I-taGi-a 

La/mus 

Liy/i-us 

Ma-miPi-us 

Mem/mi-us 

Mo-rPni,  For. 

( It'a-ly) 

Lan/go-bar'di 

(  Liv'y) 

Ma-mu/ri-us 

Mem-phi/tis 

Mor/phe-us,  or 

I-taPi-cus 

La-nu/vi-um 

Lo/cri 

Man-cPnus 

Me-naPcas 

Mor/pheus 

It/a-lus 

La-oc/o-on 

Lo-cus/ta 

Man/e-tho 

Men/a-lip'pe 

Mo/sa 

Ith/a-ca 

La-od/a-mi'a 

Lon-din/i-um 

Ma-niPi-us 

Me-nan/der 

Mos/y-naPci 

Ith/o-mae'a 

La-od/i-ce'a 

Lon-gim/a-nus 

Man-sue/tus 

Me-nec/ra-teg,  6 

MuPci-ber 

It/u-rae'a 

La-om/e-don 

Lon-gPnus 

Man/tu-a 

Men'e-de'mus 

Mu-na/ti-us,  10 

I'tys 

La-om/e-don-ti'a- 

Lon/go-bar'di 

Mar/a-thon 

Men/e-la'us 

Mu-nyeh/i-a 

I-u/lus 

das 

( Lom'bards) 

Mar/cel-li'nus 

Me-ne/ni-us 

Mu-rge/na 

Ix-i/on 

Lap/i-thae 

Lon/gu-la 

Mar/ci-a'na,  10 

Me/neg,  6 

Mu-sae/us 

Ix/i-on'i-deg,  6 

La-ren/ti-a,  10 

Lu-ca/ni-a 

Mar/ci-a'nus,  10 

Me-nes/the-us,  or 

Mu/ti-na 

La/res,  6 

Lu-ca/nus 

(Mar'ci-an) 

Me-nes/theus 

Mu/ti-nes,  6,  S. 

Lar/ti-us,  10,  S.  IV. 

( Lu'can) 

Mar/ci-us,  10 

Me-nip/pus 

Mu-tPnus 

T 

LaPe-ra'iius 

Luc-ced-us  (-yus) 

Mar/co-mau/ni 

Me-noe'ce-us 

Mu/ti-us,  10 

J  • 

( Lat'er-an) 

Lu/ce-reg,  6 

Mar-do/ ni-us 

Me-noe/teg,  6 

MycPa-le 

La-te/ri-um 

Lu-ci-a'nus,  10 

Mar-gPteg,  6 

Mer-cu/ri-us 

My-ce/nae 

La/ti-a'lis,  10 

Lu/ci-fer 

Ma/ri-anPne 

( Mer'cu-ry) 

Myc/o-nus,  and 

Ja-co/bus 

La-ti/ni 

Lu-cil/i-us 

Ma/rf-us 

Me-ri/ o-neg,  6 

My-co/nus 

{James) 

La-ti/nus 

Lu-ci/na 

Mar-mard-dos 

Mer/o-e 

Myg-do/ni-a  | 

.Tap/e-tus 

La/ti-um,  10 

Lu-cre/fi-a,  10 

Ma/ro 

Mer/o-pe 

My-ri/na 

Jo-se/phus 

Lat/o-bri'gi 

Lu-cre/ti-us,  10 

Mar/o-ne'a,  and 

Me'rops 

Myr-mid/o-neg,  6 

Jo/vi-a'nus 

La-to/na 

Lu-cul/lus 

Mar/o-ni'a 

Mes/o-me'des,  6 

My'ron 

(Jo'vi-an) 

Lau/sus 

Lug-du/num 

Mar-pe/si-a,  10 

Mes/o-po-ta/mi-a 

Myr'd-lus 

J  u-dte/a 

La-ver/na 

( Ly'ons) 

Mar-pe/sus 

Mes-sa/la 

My-s^ePlus 

Ju-gur/tha 

La-vin/i-a 

Lu-pei’/cal 

Mar-ru/yi-um,  or 

Mes-sa-li/na 

Mys/i-a,  10 

Ju/li-a/nus 

La-vin/i-um,  or 

Lu/per-ca'li-a 

Mar-ru/bi-um 

Mes-sa/pi-a 

My  t/i-le'ne 

(Ju'li-an) 

La-vi/num 

Lu/si-ta'ni-a 

Mar/sy-as,  10 

Mes-se/ne,  or 

Judi-i 

Le-an/der 

Lu-ta/ti-us,  10 

Mar/ti-a'lis,  10 

Mes-se/na 

Ju/li-op'o-lis 

Leb/a-de'a 

Lu-te/ti-a,  10 

{Mar'ti-al) 

Met/a-pon'tum 

1VT 

Ju/li-us 

Leb/e-dus,  or 

Ly-ca/on 

Mas/i-nis'sa 

Me-tau/i-us 

JN. 

Ju/ni-a 

Leb/e-dos 

Lyc/a-o'ni-a 

Mas-sag/e-tas 

Me-tePli 

Ju/no 

Le-chae/um 

Lyc/i-a,  10 

Mas/si-cus 

Me-tho/ne 

Nab/ar-za'neg,  6  j 

Ju/pi-ter 

Le/da 

Lyp/i-das 

Mas-siPi-a 

Me-tiPi-i 

Nab/a-thae'a 

Jus-tin/i-a'nus 

Le-dae/a 

Ly-cis/cus 

Ma-tra/li-a 

We/tis 

Na/bis 

{Jus-tin'  i-an) 

LePe-geg,  6 

Lyc/o-me'deg,  6 

Mat-ti/a-ci 

Me/ti-us,  10 

Nae/ni-a 

Jus-tPnus 

Le/lex 

Ly/con 

Mau/ri 

Me/ton 

Nae/vi-us 

{Jus' tin) 

Le-ma/nus 

Lyc/o-phron 

Mau/ri-ta'ni-a 

MePro-cleg,  6 

Na-i/a-deg,  6 

Ju/ve-na'lis 

Lem/o-vi'ces,  6 

Ly-co/ris 

Mau-so/lus 

Met/ro-do'rus 

Na-is/sus 

{Ju've-nal) 

Le-mov/i-ceg 

Ly-cur/gus  ' 

Ma-vor/ti-a,  10 

Me-tu/lum 

Naph'i-lus,  Py. 

Ju-ver/na 

Lem/u-reg,  6 

Lyd/i-a 

Max-en/ti-us,  10 

Me-zen/ti-ug,  10 

Nar/bo-nen'sis 

Len/tu-lus 

Lyn/ceus,  or 

Max/im-i-a'nus 

Mi-cip/sa 

Nar-cis/sus 

Le-on/i-das 

Lyn/ce-us 

( Max-im'i-an ) 

Mi'das 

Nar/ni-a 

T 

Le/on-ii'ni 

Lj’-san/der 

Max/i-mi'nus 

Mi-le/si-i,  10 

Na-ry^i-a,  10 

JL. 

Le-on/ti-um,  10 

Lys/i-as,  10 

( Max'i-min) 

Mi-le/tus 

Nas-sPca 

Le-os/the-neg,  6 

Ly-sim/a-ehi'a,  or 

Max/i-mus 

Mil-tPa-deg,  6 

Na/sid-i-e'nus 

Le/o-tyeh'i-deg,  6 

Lvs/i-ma'chi-a 

Me-de/a 

MiPvi-us 

Na-sid/i-us 

Lab'da-cus 

Lep/i-dus 

Ly-sim/a-ehus 

Me/di-a 

Mim-ner/mus 

Na/so 

La/be-o 

Le-pon/ti-i,  10 

Ly -sip/p  us 

Me/di-o-la'num 

Min/ci-us,  10 

Nau/cra-teg,  6 

I 

GREEK 

AND  LATIN  PROPER 

NAMES. 

493 

Nau'cra-tis 

Nor-ba'nus 

O-pil'i-us 

Pal'lan-te'um 

Pel'o-pon-ne'sus 

Phi-lip'pi 

Nax'os 

Nor'i-cum 

O-pim'i-us 

Pal-le'ne 

Pe'lops 

Phi-lis'cus 

Ne-ae'ra 

No'tus 

O'pis 

Pal-my'ra 

Pe-lo'rus 

Phi-lic'ti-on 

Ne-al'ces,  6 

No'vi-o-du'num 

Op'pi-a 

Pa-mi'sus 

Pe-lu'si-um,  10 

Phi'lo 

Ne-ap'o-lis 

No'vi-om'a-gum,  or 

Op-pi-a'nus 

Pam'i-sus,  For. 

Pe-na'teg,  6 

Phil'o-cleg,  6 

Ne-ar'«hus 

No'vi-om'a-gus 

(  Op'pi-an) 

Pam'me-neg,  6 

Pe-nel'o-pe 

Phi-loc'ra-teg  6 

Ne-crop'o-lis 

N  u'ma 

Op'pi-us 

Pam'phi-lus 

Pe-ne'us 

Phil'oc-te'teg,  6 

Nec-tan'a-bis 

Nu-man'ti-a,  10 

Op'ti-mus 

Pam-phyl'i-a 

Pen-tel'i-cus 

Phil'o-de'mus 

Nec'ta-ne'bus,jK\.F.  Nu-me/ni-us,  W.  S. 

Or-bil'i-us 

Pan'a-ce'a 

Pen'the-si-le'a,  10 

Phil'o-la'us 

Nec-tan'e-bus, 
Fac.  S.  Py. 

Nu'me-ri-a'nus 

Or'ca-deg,  6 

Pa-nse'ti-us,  10 

Pen'the-us,  or 

Phi-lol'o-gus 

Nu-mid'i-a 

Or-chom/e-num 

Pan-ath'e-nas'a 

Pen'theu3 

Phi-lom'bro-tus 

Ne'le-us,  or 

Nu'mi-tor 

Or-€hom'e-nus 

Pan'da-rus 

Pe-rse'a 

Phil'o-me'la 

Ne'ieus 

Nun'di-na 

Or'do-vi'ceg,  C. 

Pan-di'on 

Per-dic'cas 

Phi-lon'i-deg,  6 

Ne-mse'a,  and 

Nyc'te-us,  or 
Nyc'teus 

Or-dov'i-ceg,  6 

Pan-do'ra 

Pe-ren'Dis 

Phi-lop'a-tor 

Ne'me-a,  games 

O-re'a-deg,  6 

Pan'dro-sos 

Per'ga-mus 

Phil'o-poe'men 

Ne'me-a,  town  and  Nym-phid'i-us 

(  O're-ads) 

Pan-gae'us 

Pe'ri-an'der 

Phi-los'tra-tus 

river 

Ny'sa 

O-res' teg,  6 

Pan'hel-le'neg,  6 
Pa'ni-o'ni-um 

Per'i-cleg,  6 

Phi-lo'tas 

Ne'me-si-a'nus,  10 

Ny-sae'us 

Or'es-te'um 

Pe-ril'lus 

Phi-lo'tis 

Nem'e-sis 
Ne'o-bu'le 
Ne'o-caes-a-re'a 
Ne'o-cleg,  6 

O. 

Or'es-ti'dae  Pan-no'ni-a 

Or-£et'o-rix,  S.  Py.  Pan'o-pe,  or  -pe'a 
Or'gi-a  Pa-nor'mus 

O-rib'a-sus  Pan-the'a 

Per'i-pa-tet'i-ci 
( Per'a-pa-tet'ics ) 
Per'o-e 

Per-sae'us 

Phi-lox'e-nus 

Phin'e-us,  or 

Phi'neu3 

Phin'ti-aa,  10 

Ne'op-tol'e-mus 

Neph'e-le 

O'a-sis 

Or'i-cum,  or 
Or'i-cus 

Pan'the-on,  or 
Pan-the'on 

Per-seph'o-ne 

Per-sep'o-lis 

Phle'gon 

Pho-fas'a 

Ne'pos 

O-a'sis,  Py. 

O'ri-eng 

Pa'phi-a,  or 

Per'se-us,  or 

Pho'ci-on,  10 

Ne'po-ti-a'nus,  10 

O-ax'us 

O-rig'e-neg,  6 

Pa'phi-e 

Per'seus 

Pbo'cis 

Nep'tu-na'li-a 

O'ce-an'i-deg,  6, 

( Or'i-gen ) 

Paph'la-go'ni-a 

Per'si-a,  10 

Pho'cus 

Nep-tu'nus 

and  O'ce-a-nit'i- 

O-ri'on 

Pa'pbos 

Per'si-us,  10 

Pho-cyl'J-deg,  6 

( Nep'tune) 

deg 

Or'me-nus 

Pa'phus 

Per'ti-nax 

Phoe'be 

Ne-re'i-deg,  6 
( Ne're-ids) 

O  -ce'a-nus 

O-ro-deg,  6 

Pa'pi-as 

Pe-ru'si-a,  10 

Phoe-ni'ce,  or 

Oc'e-lum 

O-roe' teg,  6 

Pa-piu'i-a'nus 

Pe-til'i-us 

Phoe-mc'i-a,  10 

Ne're-us,  or 

O'chus 

O-ron'teg,  6 

(Pa-pin' i-an) 

Pet' o-si'ris 

Phoe'nix 

Ne'reus 

Oc-ta'vi-a 

O-ro'si-us,  10 

Pa-pir'i-us 

Pe'tra 

Phol'o-e 

Ne'ro 

Oc'ta-vi-a'nus 

Or'phe-us,  or 
Or'pheus 

Par'a-di'sus 

Pe-trae'a 

Phor'mi-o 

Ner'vi-i 

Oc-ta'vi-us 

Pa-raet'a-^as,  5 

Pe-tre'i-us  (-yus) 

Pho-ro'ne-us,  or 

Nes-to'ri-us 

O-cyp'e-te 

Or-tyg'i-a 

Par'ae-to'ni-um 

Pe-tro'ni-us 

Pho-ro'neus 

Ni-fae'a,  or  Ni-ce'a 

O-cyr'o-e 

O'rus 

Pa'ren-ta'li-a 

Peu-ces'teg,  6 

Pho-ti'nus 

Ni-cag'o-ras 

Od'e-na'tus,  W.  S. 

Os'cbo-pbo'ri-a 

Pa'ris 

Phae-a'ci-a,  10 

Phra-a'teg,  6 

Ni-can'der 

O-des'sus 

O-si'ris 

Pa-ris'i-i,  10 

Phae'don 

Phra-or'tes,  6 

Ni-ca'nor 

O-de'um 

O'tho 

Par-men'i-des,  6 

Phae'dra 

Phron'i-ma,  W.  Py 

Ni-ca'tor 

O-do'a-cer,  C. 

O-thry'a-deg,  6 

Par-rne'ni-o,  C.  S.  Phse'drus 

Phryg'i-a 

Ni-ce'tas,  or 

Od'o-a'cer,  W.  S. 

O-vid'i-us 

Par-nas'sus 

Pha'e-thon 

Phryn'i-chus 

Ni-ce'teg,  6 

M. 

( Ov'id) 

Pa-ro'pus 

Phal'a-cri'na 

Phry'nis 

Ni<j'e-te'ri-a 

Od'ys-se'a 

Ox'us 

Par-rha'si-us,  10 

Pha-lan'thus 

Phryx'us 

Nic'i-as,  10 

( Od'ys-sey ) 

Ox'y-ryn'chus 

Par-the'ni-ae,  and 

Phal'a-ris 

Phthi-o'tis,  14 

Ni-coeh'a-reg,  6 
Ni-coc'ra-teg*  6 
Ni-eo'cre-on 

CE'a-grus 
(E-a'grus 
(Eb'a-lus,  5 

P 

Par-the'ni-i 

Par-the'ni-ua 

Par'the-non 

Pha-le'ron 
Phal'e-rus,  a  com¬ 
panion  of  Jason 

Phy'a 

Pby'cus 

Thyl'a-ce 

Nic'o-da'mus 

(E-ba-reg,  6,  Pw. 

1  • 

Par-then'o-pe 

Fac.  K. 

Phy'le 

Ni-cod'a-mus, 

Pw. 

CE-cha'li-a 
CEc'u-me'ni-us,  5 

Pa-ca'ti-a'nus,  10 

Par'thi-a 

Pa-rys'a-tis 

Phal'li-ca 

Pha-lo're 

Phyl'li-us 

Pi-a'li-a,  W.  S. 

Nic'o-de'mus 

(Ed'i-pus,  5 

Pa-€hy'nus,  and 

Pa-sar'ga-das 

Pha-nae'us 

Pifj'en-ti'nl 

Pi-ce'num 

Nic'o-do'rus 

(E'ne-us,  or 

Pa-chy'num 

Pa-siph'a-e 

Phar'na-ba'zus 

Nic'o-la'us 

Gi'neus 

Pac'o-rus 

Pas'si-e'nus,  10 

W.  S. 

Pi-e'ri-a 

Ni-com'a-€hus 

GE-nom'a-us,  Pw. 

Pa-co'rus,  an 

Pat'a-le,  or  Pat'a-la  Phar'na-ceg,  6 

Pi'e-ri'a,  or 

Nic'o-me'deg,  6 

(En'o-ma'us,  K. 
CE-no'ne 

Egyptian  king. 

Pat'a-ra 

Pha'ros 

Pi'e-re'a,  a 

Nic'o-me-di'a,  or 

Pac-to'lus 

Pa-ta'7i-um 

Phar-sa'li-a 

nymph. 

Nic'o-me-de'a 

CE-no/tri-a 

Pa-cu'vi-us 

Pa-ter'cu-lus 

Phar-sa'lus,  or 

Pi-er'i-deg,  6 

Pi'e-rus 

Ni-o.op'o-lis 

O^'y-geg,  6 

Pa'dus 

Pat'i-zi'theg.  6 

Phar-sa'los 

Ni-cos'tra-tus 

O-gyg'i-a 

Pa-du'sa 

Pat'ro-cleg,  6 

Pha-se'lis 

Pi'e-tas 

Ni'ger 

O-il'e-us,  or 

Pae'an 

Pat'ro-clus 

Pha'si3 

Pi-la'tus 

Ni-£id'i-us 

O-i'leus 

Pse'o-neg,  6 

Pau-li'nus 

Phe'ge-us,  or 

(Pi' late) 

Nil'e-us,  or 

Ol'bi-a 

Pae'sos 

Pau-sa'ni-as 

Phe'geus, 

Pi-na'ri-us 

Ni'leus 

Ol'li-us 

Pag'a-sae,  or 

Ped'a-sus 

Phe'mi-us 

Pin'da-rus 

Nin'y-as 

O-lym'pi-a 

Pag'a-sa 

Peg'a-sus 

Pher'e-ti'ma 

(Pin'dar) 

Ni'o-be 

O-lym'pi-as 

Pa-lae'mon 

Pe-las'gi 

Phe'ron 

Pi-re'ne 

Ni-pha'teg,  6 

O  -ly  m'pi-o-do'rus 

Pa-laeph'a-tus,  5 

Pe-las'gi-o'tis 

Phid'i-as 

Pi-rith'o-us 

Nis'i-bis 

O-lym'pi-us 

Pa-laes'te,  5 

Pe'le-us,  or 

Phi-dip'pi-deg,  6 

Pi-san'der 

Ni-sy'rus 

O-lym'pus 

Pal'aes-ti'na 

Pe'leus 

Phii'a-del-phi'a 

Pi-sau'rus 

Nit'i-nb'ri-geg,  6, 

O-lyn'thus 

Pal'a-me'deg,  6 

Pe-li'a-deg,  6 

( Phil'a-dePphi-a)  Pi-sid'i-a 

10,  C. 

Om'pha-le 

Pal'a-ti'nus 

Pe'li-as 

Phil'a-del'phus 

Pis'is-trat'i-dse 

Nit'i-o-bri'ges, 

Om'pha-lus 

Pa-la'ti-um,  10 

Pe-li'deg,  6 

Phi'lae 

Pis'is-trat'i-deg,  6 

K  F.  Py. 

On'e-sic'ri-tus 

Pa'leg,  6 

Pe'li-on 

Phi-lge'ni 

Pi-sis'tra-tus 

Ni-to'cris 

O-nes'i-mus 

Pa-lil'i-a 

Pel-le'ne 

Phil'e-tae'rus 

Pi-tho'le-on,  C.  L 

Noc'ti-lu'ca 

On'o-mac'ri-tus 

Pal'i-nu'rus 

Pel'o-pe'a,  or 

Phi-le'tas 

Pit'the-us,  ot‘ 

Nom'a-deg,  6 

On'o-mar'ehus 

Pal'la-deg,  6 

Pel'o-pi'a 

Phi-li'nus 

Pit'theus 

No-ni'us 

On'o-san'der 

Pal-la'di-um 

Pe-lop'i-das 

Pkil'ip-pe'i 

Pla-cen'ti-a,  10 

494 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


Pla-cidd-a,  IF.  5. 

Pri-amd-deg,  6 

Quird-nadi-a 

Sadi-i 

Se-basde 

Si-samdeg,  6 

Sis'i  gam'bis,  or 
Sisd-gamdis 

Pla-na/si-a,  10 

PrPa-mus 

Quird-nadis 

Sal-lus/ti-us,  10 

Sebds-te'a,  or 

Blan-cPna 

( Pri'am) 

Qui-rPnus 

( Sal'lust) 

Sebds-ti'a 

Pla-tas'a 

Pri-a'pus 

Qui-rPteg,  6 

Sa-lo/me 

Sebd-da  [ L .  C.  Sis'y-phus 

Pla-tae'ae 

Plado 

Plaudi-adus,  10 
Plautus 

Prisdi-adus,  10 
( Pris'd  an) 
Produs,  M. 

Prodas 

R. 

Sa-lo^a,  or 
Sa-lodne 
SaPo-ni'na 
SaPo-ni'nus 

Sebdn-nydus, 

Se-dudi 

Se-dudi-i,  10 
Se-^edi-a,  10 

Si-taPceg,  6 

Smidax 

Smindhe-us,  or 
Smindheus 

Pleda-deg  (ple'ya-) 
or  Ple-Pa-deg,  6 

Proxies,  6 
Procdn-ne'sus 

Ra-bird-us 

SaPvid-i-e'nus, 

S.  IF. 

Segdn-tPa-ci 

Se-godi-a 

Soc/ra-teg,  6 
Soe^i-as,  <S.  W. 

Ple-Po-ne 

Pro-co'pi-us 

Ra-mPseg,  6,  C.  IF.  SaPvi-us 

Se/gu-si-adi,  10 

So-IPnus 

Plind-us 

Pro-crusdeg,  6 

Re-gilda 

Sa-ma^i-a,  F.  S. 

Se-jadus 

So/lon 

( Plin'y) 

Procd-led-us 

Re-giPlus 

SairPa-rPa 

Se-lede 

SoPy-ma 

Plisdhe-neg,  6 

(-yus) 

Reg/u-lus 

Sa/me 

SePeu-cPa,  or 

Sopdi-ter 

Plis-tPnus,  Pw.  IF. 

.  Procd-lus7 

Remd-lus 

Sa/mi-a 

SePeu-ce'a 

So'phax 

Plis-to'a-nax,  or 

Prody-on  (-shi-on) 

Re-miPri-a 

Sam-ni/tae 

( Se-leu'd-a) 

Soph/o-cleg,  6 

Plis-todax 

Prodd-cus 

ltednus 

Sam-nideg,  6 

Se-leudis 

Sophd-nis'ba 

Plotd-nop'o-lis 

Pro-medhe-us,  or 

R  h  ad7a-m  an  dh  us 

( Sam'nites) 

Se-lidus 

So/phron 

Plo-tPnus 

Pro-medheus 

Rhasdi,  or  Raedi 

Sa^ios 

SePi-nus,  For. 
Sel-ladi-a,  10 

Sophdo-nisdus 

Plu-tardhus 

Pron/o-mus 

Rhaedi-a,  10 

Sa-mos'a-ta 

So-racdeg,  6,  and 

( Plu'tarch) 

Pro-perdi-us,  10 

Rhed, 

SairPo-thra'ce,  or 

SeuPe-le 

So-racde 

Pludo 

Pro-pondis 

Rhe^i-um 

Samd-thradi-a, 

Se-mird-mis 

Sodi-a.  10 

Poe^d-le,  5 

Pro-ser/pi-na 

Rhesus 

10 

Semdo-neg,  6,  also  So-sibd-us 

PoPe-mon 

( Pros' er-pine) 

Rhe/sus 

San/cho-ni  'a-thon 

Sem-nodeg 

So-sicda-teg,  6 

Podi-or-cedeg,  6 

Pro-tesd-lads 

Rhi-phaed 

San/eho-ui-a'- 

Sem-prodi-a 

So-sigd-neg,  6 

Po-lPteg,  6 

Pro/te-us,  or 

RhocPo-pe 

thon,  Sch. 

Sem  -prodi-us 

So'si-i,  10 

Pol-lendi-a,  10 

Pro/teus 

Rho-do/pis 

San'dro-cotRus 

Se-nadus 

So-sipd-ter 

PoPli-o 

Pro-togd-neg,  6 

Rho/dus 

San-gadi-us 

Send-ca 

So-sis/tra-tus 

Pody-aedus 

Proxd-nus 

Rhoe/bus 

Sando-neg,  6 

Sep-temdi-ri 

Sosdhe-neg,  6 

Po-lybd-us 

Pru-dendi-us,  10 

Rhoe-tedm 

Sa/por 

Sep-timd-us 

Sosdra-tug 

PoPy-car'pus 

Prudi-as,  10 

Rhoedus 

Sa^a-ce'ne 

Seqda-ni 

Sotd-deg,  6 

( Pol'y-carp) 

Pryt'a-neg,  6 

Rhodus 

Sa-ran^eg,  6 

Se-ra/pis 

So7  ter 

PoPy-cleg,  6 

Pryt'a-nedm 

Rhox-ade,  or 

Sar'da-na-padus 

Se-re/na 

So-zomd-nus 

PoPy-cledus 

PsanPa-the,  14 

Rox-ade 

Sar-din'i-a 

Sede-ni-adus 

( Soz'o-mcn) 

Po-lyd/a-mas 

Psam  -me  t/i-ch  us 

Rhoxd-ladi 

Sar/ma-tae 

Sedeg,  6 

Ser^i-us 

Sparda-cus 

PoPy-decdeg,  6 

14,  C.  L. 

Rhu-tedi,  and 

Sar-madi-a,  10 

Spar-tadi,  or 

PoPy-doda 

PsanPme- tidh  us , 

Ru-thedi,  C.  IF. 

Sad’Oii 

Se-ri-'phus 

Spardi-adae,  10 

PoPy-dodus 

14,  K. 

Rhyndla-cus 

Sar-pe'don 

Ser-radus 

Spardi-adus,  10 

PoPyg-nodus 

Psydhe,  14 

Rigd-dudum,  K. 

Sardi-na 

Ser-todi-us 

Speu-sip7pus 

PoPy-hymdi-a,  or 

PtoPe-maedm,  14 

Ro-ma/ni 

Sadon 

Ser-viPi-a 

Sphodri-as,  L.  TF 

Po-lymdi-a 

PtoPe-ma-edm, 

Romd-lus 

Sa-tas/peg,  6  [TF.  S. 

Ser-viPi-us 

Spithdi-dadeg,  6 

PoPym-nesdor 

14 

Rosdi-us,  10 

Satd-bar-za'neg,  6 

Ser'vi-us 

Spo-le7tum 

PoPy-nPces,  6 

PtoPe-maeds,  14 

Roxd-ladi 

Satda-pe'ni 

Se-sosdris 

Spordi-deg,  6 

PoPy-pe'mon 

( Ptol'e-my) 

RiPbi-con,  and 

Sat/ri-cum 

Set/a-bis 

Spu/ri-us 

PoPy-perdhon 

PtoPe-mads,  14 

Ru'bi-co 

Sat'u-ra 

Se-vedus 

Sta7bi-ae 

PoPy-phednus 

Pub-1  icd-la 

Ru-bPgo 

Sat/ur-nadi-a 

Sex/ti-a,  10 

Sta-gida 

(Pol'y-plieme) 

Pubdi-us 

Ru'gi-i 

Sa-tur/ni-a 

Sex-tiPi-us 

Stad-us  (sta'yus) 

Po-lyxd 

Pul-ehedi-a.  S.  TF. 

Ru-piPi-us 

SaFur-ni'nus 

Si-byPla 

Sta-sicda-teg,  6 

Po-medi-a,  or 

Pudi  cum  BePlum 

R usdi-cus,  S.  Py. 

Sa-tur/nus 

Si-camdri 

Sta-tiPi-us 

Po-medi-i,  10 

Pu7pi-edus,  S.  W. 

Ru-tedi 

SaFy-rus 

Si-ca/ni,  and 

Sta-tPra 

Po-moda 

Pu-ted-li 

Ru-tiPi-us 

Sadus 

Sicdt-ni 

Stadi-us,  10 

Pom-ped-a  (-pe7ya)  Pyg-madi-on 

Rudu-li 

Saxd-neg,  6 

Sirehaeds 

Sta'tor 

PonFpe-i-adus 

PyPa-deg,  6 

Rudu-pae 

S^ae'a 

Siqd-nus 

Stephd-mis 

(-pe-yadus) 
Pom-ped-i  (-pe7yi) 
Pom-ped-us  (-yus) 

( Pom'pey) 

Pyr'a-mus 

Pyrd-naed 

Pyrd-naeds 

Py-thag'o-ras 

S. 

Sijaeda 

S^sevd-la 

Sca-man,'der 

Scan'di-nadi-a 

Sicd-rus 

Sicdi-li 

Si^y-on  (sishd  on) 
Sidd-nis,  or 

Stesd-lads,  Sio 
Ste-sinPbro-tus 
Sthend-le 
Sthend-lus 

Pom-piPi-us 

Pom-podi-us 

Pythd-as 
Pythd-us,  or 
Pydheus 

Sa-baed 

Scap'u-la 

Scaudus 

Si-dodis 

Si-gedm 

StiPi-cho 

Stod-ci  ( Sto'ics) 

Pondi-cus 

Sa-bePli 

Seedd-sus,  TF.  Pw.  Si-ladus 

Strado 

Pon-tPna 

Pythd-a 

Pythd-as 

Sa-bePlus 

ScePe-radus 

Si-ledus 

Strado,  or  St  radon 
Stratd-cleg,  6 

Pondi-us,  10 

Sa-bPni 

Sehe'di-a,  S.  W. 

SiPi-us 

Po-piPi-us 

Pythd-us 

Sabda-ta 

SgPa-thos 

Si-lud-eg,  6 

Stratd-ni'ce 

Pop-licd-la 

Pydhon 

Sabd-ra 

Sfi/nis 

SiPu-reg 

Strophd-deg,  6 

Pop-paPa 

Pythd-nis'sa 

Sa^ae 

Sfi-o^e 

Sil-vadus 

Stry/mon 

Por'ci-a,  10 
Por-senda,  or 
Porde-na 
Posd-dedm 

Q. 

Sag7a-ris 

Sa-£itda 
Sa-gundum,  or 
Sa-gundus 

Sfji-pi'a-dae 

S^ipd-o 

SgPron 

Sco/pas 

Simd-lis 

Sim/mi-as,  S  Sch. 
Simd-is 
Si-mond-deg,  6 

Stu-beda,  K. 
Stym-phadus 
Su-blic/i-us,  10 
Su-bur7ra 

Posd-dodi-us 

Pos-thu'mi-us 

Qua'di 

Sads 

SaPa-mi'na 

Scor-disdi,  and 
Scor-dis^ae 

Sim-plicd-us,  10 
Sind-e 

Su7cro 

Su-esda 

Pot'a-mus 

Quaes-to'reg,  6 

SaPa-mis 

Scri-bodi-a 

SPnon 

Suesdo-neg,  6,  or 
Sues-sodeg 

Potd-dae'a 

Qui-edus 

Sa-la'pi-a 

Scri-bodi-us 

Si-no^e 

Potdi-ae 

Quincdi-us,  10 
Quin'de-cim'vi-rl 

Sa-la'pi-se 

S^yl-lsedm 

Sip'y-lus 

Sue-todi-us 

Pra?-nesde 

Sa-las^i 

S^ydos 

Si-redeg,  6 
( Si'rens) 

Sue'vi 

Praetor 

Quin7quen-nades,  6 

Sa-le'i-us  (-le'yus) 

Sfydhae 

SuT'o-neg,  6 

Pratd-nas,  TP.  S. 

Quindil-i-adus 

SaPen-ti'ni 

S^ythd-a 

Sidis 

For.  TF 

Prax-itd-leg,  6 

(Quin-til' i-an) 

Sadi-a,  W.  Fac. 

Scy-thopd-lis 

SiiPmi-o 

Sui-odeg,  K. 

GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER 

NAMES. 

495 

Sul-pibi-a,  or 

Tend-dos 

Thradi-a,  10 

Triqdie-tra 

Va-ledi-adus 

Yi-tebli-us 

Sul-picd-a,  10 

Tedeg,6 

( Thrace) 

Trisqie-^isqus 

(  Va-le'ri-an) 

Vi-trudi-us 

S  ud-ve-tau -ril  d-a 

Tendy-ra 

Thrado 

Trbton 

Va-ledi-us 

Vibu-la 

Su'sa-na,  W.  L. 

Teds,  or 

Thras'y-budus 

Tri-vbcum 

Van-dadi-i,  W.Sch.  Vo^/e-sus 

Syb'a-ri'ta 

Ted-os 

Thra-sybius 

Tro'a-deg,  6 

(  Van'dals) 

Vo-^e'sus,  For. 

( Syb'a-rite) 

Te-rendi-a,  U 

Thras^y-medus 

Tro'as 

Van-gbo-neg,  6 

Voba-terda 

Syd-ne 

Te-rendi-us,  10 

Thu-cydd-deg,  6 

Trog-lod'y-tae 

Vau/ni-us 

Vo-logd-seg,  6,  M. 

Sy-ende-sis 

(  Ter'ence) 

Thude 

Trogdo-dydas, 

Va-radeg,  6 

Vol-tin/i-a 

Symdna-ehus 

Tede-us,  or 

Thibri-i 

For. 

W.  M.  S. 

Vo-ludi-lis,  K. 

Sym-pleg'a-deg,  6 

Tedeus 

Thyd-deg,  6 

Troygus  Pom-ped- 

Var-dged 

Yo-lum/na 

Sy-nedi-us^O,^.  L. 

Ter-gesde,  and 

Thyd-tida 

us  (-yus) 

Vadus 

Vo-lumdi-a 

Sy'phax 

Ter-gesdum 

Thy-esqeg,  6 

Trod-lus 

Vasdo-neg,  6 

Vo-lumdi-us 

Syr'a-cu'sas 

Tebi-dadeg,  6 

Thy-moeqeg,  6 

TWja 

Vas-codeg,  Strabo  Vo-lumdus 

( Syr'a-cuse) 

Te-rbo-li 

Ti-beqi-as 

(  Troy) 

Vabi-cadus 

Vo-ludi-a 

Sydos 

Tebme-rus 

Tibd-ri'nus 

Tro-phcbni-us 

(  Vat'i-can)  [Fac.  Vold-sedus,  S.  IV. 

Terdii-nadi-a 

Tibd-ris 

Tru-endum 

Vec-todeg,  6,  C. 

Vo-ludsi-us,  10 

Tebmi-ntis 

Ti-beqi-us 

Tryph'i-o-do'rus 

Vecdo-neg,  K.  F 

Vold-sus 

T 

Terp-siehd-re 

Ti-bublus 

Try-pho'sa 

For.  S. 

Vodux 

Tebtul-li-adus 

Tbbur 

Tu-bedo 

Ve-£edius,  10 

Yo-madus 

( Ter-tuVli-an) 

Ti-cidus,  a  river 

Tu-isdo,  or 

Ved-i  (ve^i) 

Vo-nodeg,  6 

Ta-audeg,  6 

Tedhys 

Ti-ferqium 

Tu-isyco 

Ve-ladruin 

Vodi-edus,  10 

Tadhos 

Te-trapd-lis 

Tigdl-lidus 

Tubli-a 

Ve-lidras 

Vul-eadus 

Ta^d-tus 

Tebri-cus 

Ti-gebli-us 

Tul-lbo-la 

Yel-led-us  Pa-tery- 

(  Vul'can) 

Taen'a-rus,  5 

Teuder 

Ti-gradeg,  6 

Tubli-us 

cu-lus 

Ta'gus. 

Teudo-ni,  and 

Tbgris 

( TuVly) 

Ye-nadrum 

Tamd-sis 

Teudo-neg,  6 

Tigd-ri'ni 

Tudiis,  or  Tu/nes,6  Ven'e-di 

Y 

( Thames) 

Tha-be/na,  K. 

Ti-maed 

Tudo-neg,  6 

Vend-ti 

.A.. 

Tan'a-gra,  C.  L. 

Thads  [W. 

Ti-mas'us 

Tubpi-o 

Ve-nedi-a,  10 

Py. 

Tha-lasdi-us,  10,  S. 

Ti-magd-nes.  6 

Tus/cu-lafnum 

(  Ven' ice) 

Xandhi-ca 

Ta-na'gra 

Thadeg,  6 

Ti-ma/vus 

Tusqu-lum 

Vedus 

Xan-thip;pe 

Tan'a-is 

Tha-lba 

Timd-cled 

Tudi-a,  10 

Ve-nudi-a,  10 

Xe-nagd-ras 

Tan'a-quil 

Thanby-ris,  S.  C.L. 

Ti-modre-on 

Tyya-na 

Verdi  n-^etd-rix 

Xe-ni^-des,  6 

Tanda-lus 

Thapda-cus 

Ti-mode-on 

Ty'a-nae'us 

Ver-gibi-a 

Xeyni-us,  C.  S.  W. 

Ta-prob'a-ne 

Thadi-us,  10 

Tbmon 

Tyehd-us 

Ver-i;ind-us 

Xend-cle/a 

Ta-rendum,  or 

Thados 

Ti-moqhe-us 

Tydd-us,  or 

Verd-tas 

Xend-cleg,  6 

Ta-rendus 

Thadus 

Tbphys 

Ty/deus 

Verd-mandu-i 

Xe-nocda-teg,  6 

1  Tar-ped-a  (-ya) 

The-adio  [M.  Ti-re  si-as,  10 

Ty^di-deg,  6 

Ve-roda 

Xe-nodd-mus, 

Tar-ped-us  (-yus) 

The-abi-das,  5.  IF.  Tird-da'teg,  6 

Tyn-dard-deg,  6 

Verd-nida,  L.  W. 

Sch.  W. 

Tar-quind-a 

Thedas 

Ti-ryrbthus 

Tyn-dadis 

Verdi-us 

Xend-dadius 

Tar-quind-i 

Thebd-is,  C.  Fac. 

Ti-samd-nus 

Tyn-dadus  [  W.  Yerdum-nadi-a 

Xe-nod/i-ce 

Tar-quind-us 

The-bads,  K.  F. 

Ti-siphd-ne 

Tyibni-ehus,  Pw. 

Ver-tumdus 

Xe-nodd-ehus 

( Tar1  quin) 

Thednis  [M.  Tisda-phebneg,  6 

Ty-pho'e-us,  or 

Verd-ladus 

Xe-nophd-neg,  6 

Tarda-cida 

Themd-son 

Ti-tadeg,  6 

Ty-phodus 

Vedus 

Xe-nophd-lus 

Tabta-rus 

The-misdo-cleg,  6 

Ti-tadi-a 

Ty/phon 

Ves-padi-adus,  10 

Xend-phon 

Tadi-adus,  10 

Thed-cleg,  6 

Ti-tadus 

Ty-randii-on 

(  Ves-pa' si-an) 

Xydbus 

( Ta'tian) 

The-ocdi-tus 

(  Ti'tan) 

Tyrd-dadeg,  6  ;  see  Ves-tadeg,  6 

Tadi-en'seg,  6,  10 

Thed-decdeg,  6 

Tithd-nidd-a 

Tiridates. 

Ves-tadi-a 

Tadi-us,  10 

Thed-doda 

Ti-tho'nus 

Tyr-rhe/ni 

Ves-tidi 

Taudi-ca 

Thed-do-redus 

Ti-tind-us 

Tyr-rhedum 

Yes-tidus 

Taudo-mind-um 

The-odd-ridus 

Tbtua 

Tyr-rhedius 

Vesdi-us 

Taurus 

(  Tlie-od1  o-ric) 

Tiby-rus 

Tyr-tasds 

Vetd-ra 

Ta-ygd-te,  or 

Thed-dodus 

Tiby-us 

Tydus 

Vebti-us 

Zab'a-tus 

Ta'y-geda 

Thed-do'si-u3,  10 

Tor-quadus 

Ve-tudi-a 

Za-cyndhus 

Ta-ygd-tus,  or 

The-odd-ta 

To-ry'ne 

Ye-tudi-us 

Za-leudus 

Ta-y^e-ta 

The-odd-tus 

Tox-icda-te,  Pin.  IF. 

TT 

Vedus 

Za-molxds 

Te-a'num 

Thedn 

Traeh'a-lus 

U  . 

Vi-adrus,  Sch.  W. 

Zedo 

Te'a-rus 

The-ophd-neg,  6 

Traeh'o-nbtis 

Vid-drus,  M. 

Ze-nodi-a 

Tec-tosd-geg,  6,  or 

The-ophd-lus 

Traj/a-nop'o-lis 

U-eabe-gou 

Vi-bidd-a,  S.  W. 

Zeu'o-dodus 

Tec-to.sd-gas 

Thed-phrasdus 

Tra-jaynus 

Ubpi-adus 

Yi-bidd-us,  S.  W. 

Ze-nodd-tus 

Te'ge-a 

Thed-ti'mus 

(  Tra'jan) 

(  Ul'pi-an) 

Vibd-us 

Zeph^-rus 

Ted-us  (te'yus) 

Thedx-e'ni-a,  5".  W.  Tre-badi-us,  10 

U-lysdeg,  6 

Vido 

( Zeph'yr) 

Teba-mon 

The-ramd-neg,  6 

Tre-bebli-a'nus 

Umdri-a 

Vi-bubli-us 

Ze-ryndhua 

;  Te-lebd-as 

Ther-mo/don 

Treybi-a 

U-radi-a 

Vida  Poda 

Ze-theg,  6,  or 

Teld-cleg,  6 

Ther-niop/y-lfe 

Tre-bo/ni-us 

U-radus 

Vi-cendi-a,  10 

Zed  us 

Tebe-elbdeg,  6 

Ther-sibo-chus 

Trev'e-ri,  or 

Udi-ca 

Yi-cedi-a,  10 

Zeuxd-da'mus 

Te-legd-nus 

Ther-side-q  6 

Trevd-ri 

Ux-eblo-dudum 

Vic-todi-a 

Zeuxds 

Te-lemd-chus 

The-seds 

Tri-aqi-us 

Uxd-i  (ukdhT-i) 

Yic-todi-us 

Zi-poedeg,  6 

Teld-phus 

Thede-us,  or 

Tri-babli 

W.  S.  Sch. 

Vimd-nadis  [L.  Zod-lus 

Tebe-si-nidus 

Thedeus 

Trie'as-ti'ni 

Vin-cendi-us,  10, 

Zodo-ras, 

Tebe-sidus 

Thes-mothd-tee 

Tri-cipd-ti'nu3 

Vin-deld-ci  [  S. 

L.  W.  S.  M. 

Tel-ledas 

Thes-pba 

Tri-detbtum 

TT 

Vin-dicd-us,  10,  W. 

Zo-na/ras,  Py. 

Tebli-as,  W.  S. 

Thes-sadi-a 

Tribo-li'nus 

V* 

Vip-sadi-a,  S.  Sch.  Zo-pyrd  on,  W.  S 

Tedos 

Thesda-lo-nida 

Tri-iemd-na 

Vir-£ild-us 

Zop'y  -rus 

Tel-phuda 

Thesda-lus 

Tri-na'cri-a,  or 

(  Vir'gil) 

Zord-asdreg,  6 

Temd-nus 

Theqis 

Tritba-cris 

Yadeug 

Vir-§ind-a 

( Zo'ro-as'ter) 

Temd-sa,  or 

Thibmi-da,  Fac.M.  Trind-bandeg,  6 

Yaben-tind-adus 

Yird-adhus 

Zosd-nius 

Temd-se 

Thods 

Trip'o-lis 

(  VaV en-tin’i-an) 

Vi-sigd-thae,  K. 

Zygd-i :  see  C. 

Teijeh-tedi 

Thoqax 

Trip-tobe-mus 

Ya-ledi-a 

Visdu-la 

Zy-gopd-lis 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 

OF 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


The  following  Vocabulary  contains  a  careful  selection  of 
such  Scripture  names  as  present  any  difficulty  of  pronun¬ 
ciation  ;  but  classical  names  occurring  in  the  Scriptures, 
and  given  in  the  preceding  vocabulary  of  Greek  and  Latin 
names,  are  for  the  most  part  omitted.  That  mode  of  pro¬ 
nunciation  which  is  deemed  to  be  best  supported,  is  given 
first,  and  any  other  pronunciation  which  has,  to  any  con¬ 
siderable  extent,  the  sanction  of  present  and  reputable 
usage,  is  subjoined  as  an  alternative  mode.  The  names 
have  been  accented,  divided  into  syllables,  and  marked  in 
accordance  with  the  system  of  notation  employed  in  the  pre¬ 
vious  part  of  this  work.  The  consulter  will  not,  therefore, 
require  any  Rules  to  guide  him  to  a  correct  pronunciation 
of  the  names  here  given,  but  with  reference  to  those  which 
are  omitted,  it  will  be  well  for  him  to  remember,  — 


1.  That,  in  words  of  two  syllables,  the  accent  is  uni¬ 
formly  on  the  first. 

2.  That,  in  words  of  two  syllables  in  which  the  accented 
vowel  is  separated  from  the  next  syllable  by  only  one  con¬ 
sonant  or  by  a  consonant  digraph,  the  consonant  or  the 
digraph  goes  to  the  following  syllable;  as,  A'din,  Jo'tham. 

3.  That  ch  always  has  the  sound  of  k. 

4.  That  g  is  always  hard,  as  in  go. 

5.  That  every  final  i  forming  —  with  or  without  a  pre¬ 
ceding  consonant  —  a  distinct  syllable,  has  its  long  sound; 
as  in  A'i,  Ab'dl. 

6.  That  the  terminations  ites  and  enes  (as  in  Gil'e-ad- 
ites,  Gad'a-renes ,  &c.)  are  pronounced  in  one  syllable. 

7.  That  in  other  respects  Scripture  names  usually  follow 
the  analogy  of  Latin  pronunciation.  See  p.  487. 


A 

A-bRjah 

Aeh'me-tha 

A-diRel 

A-hls'a-m&ch 

A-lRah 

A. 

A-bRjam 

Ach'sa 

A'e-dRas 

A-hYslRa-har 

A-lRan 

AbG-lu'ne 

A^i-pha  (its'i-fa) 

iE'ne-as 

A-hRshar 

AlGon-b&clRuth 

A/a-lar 

A-binRa-el 

A^G-tho  (asG-tho) 

Ag'a-ba 

A-hltlRo-phel 

Al-mo'dM 

AfVron  (SRron) 

A-braRe-leeh 

A-ciRa 

Ag^-bus 

A-hRtub 

ARmon-dibGa- 

Ab-a-€tLe 

A-bin'a-dab 

Ad'a-dah 

Ag'a-rfenes' 

AhGai 

thaGm 

A-bad'don 

AbG-ner 

Ad'a-Rah 

Ag'e-e 

A-ho'ah 

ARna-thAn 

Ab'a-dl'as 

A-bin'o-cim 

A-daGi-a 

Ag-ge'us 

A-hoGhte 

Al-phse'us,  or  Al- 

Ab'a-na 

A-bRram 

Ad'a-mah 

A-grlp'pa 

A-hoGah 

ptRRus 

Ab'a-rim 

A-bRron 

Ad'a-ml 

A-h&rGih 

A-hoGi-Sb 

Al'ta-ne'us 

Ab'de-el 

AbG-se'i 

Ad'a-sa 

A-haRhel 

A-holG-bah 

Al-tas'-ehith 

Ab-dRas 

AbG-sh3g 

Ad;be-el 

A-h&sGi-i 

AGio-l!b'a-mah 

A-mMGi-tha 

Ab'di-el 

A-bislRa-i 

AdG-da 

A-hAs'ba-I 

A-hiRma-I 

A-mad'a-thus 

A-bed'-ne-go',  or 

A-blslRa-lom 

A/di-el 

A-h&s'u-e'rus 

A-hiRzam 

Am'a-lek 

A-bfed'ne-go 

AbG-shu'a 

AdG-na 

A-hRva 

A-huz/zath 

Am^a-nd,  or  A- 

A'bel-heth-ma'a- 

AbG-shur 

AdG-no  or  A-dRno 

AGia-zRah 

AG 

miRna 

ehah 

AbG-sOm 

AdG-nus 

A-hRah 

A -Rah,  or  A'jah 

Am'a-rT'ah 

A'bel-maGm 

Ab'i-tai 

AdG-thaGm 

A-hRam 

A-Rath 

Am'a-rRas 

A^el-me-hoGah 

A-bRtub 

AdGa-I 

A-hRan 

A-Rja 

Am'a-sa 

A'bel-mTz'ra-im 

A-bRud 

Ad^ma-tha 

A/hT-G'zer 

Ay'a-lon  (Aj/al-on) 

A-m&s/a-I 

A'bel-sMt'tim 

A'bra-ham 

A-doGn-be'zek 

A-hRhud 

Ay/e-leth  Sha/har 

A-milsh/a-I 

A-bRa 

Ab'sa-lom 

A-donG-e&n 

A-hRjah 

(Ai'e-lfeth) 

Am'a-sl'ah 

A'bT-aRbon 

A-biRbus 

Ad'o-nRjah 

A-hRkam 

AGn 

Am'a-the'is 

A-bRa-s&ph 

Ae'a-t&n 

A-donG-kSm 

A-hlGud 

A-Rrus 

Am^-thTs 

A-bRa-thar 

Ae'ea-ron 

Ad'o-nRram 

A-hmRa-5z 

Aj'a-lSn 

AnRa-zRah 

A-bRdah 

A-c6Rda-m& 

A-do'nI-zS'dek 

A-hRman 

A-lfRmeth 

A-medA-tha 

AbG-d&n 

A-ehaGa  (-ya) 

A-do'ra 

A-hlnRe-lfeeh 

A-15nRme-leeh 

A-min'a-diib 

A'bi-el,  or 

A-ehaG-cus 

Ad'o-raGm 

A-hRmoth 

Aba-moth 

A-mlt'tai 

A-bRel 

Aeh'bor 

A-do'ram 

A-hla'a-dtib 

ARiji-mus 

A-mizGi-bSd 

A'bl-e'zer 

A'ohi-Sch'a-rus 

A-drSLnRme-lfeeh 

A-hnRo-Sim 

Al'e-ma 

AnRmi-doi 

AbG-haGl 

A-chRas 

Ad'ra-myt'ti-um 

A-hRo 

ARe-meth,  or  A-le'- 

Am^i-el 

A-bRhu 

A'chi-or 

A'dri-a 

A-hRra 

meth 

Am-mRhud 

A-bRhud 

A-chRtob 

A'dri-el 

A-hRram 

ARex-3n'dri-a 

Am-min'a-diib 

a,  e,i,  o,  u, 

y,  long;  S,  §,  T,  5, 

0,  f,  short ;  cfere,  far,  Ask,  all)  whg,t ; 

fere,  veil,  tSrm  ;  pique 

,  firm;  s6n, 

(496) 


SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES.  497 


Am-mtn'a-dTb 

A-ro'lT 

A-tar'ga-tls 

Bak'buk-T'ah 

Ber'a-T'ah 

BTn'e-a  [nu-I 

Am'mi-shiidMa-I 

Ar'e-bp'a-glte 

At'a-roth 

Ba'laam  (ba'lam), 

B5're-a,  1  Macc. 

Bin-nud,  or  Bin'- 

Ain-nnz'a-bad 

Ar'e-op'a-gus 

At'e-re-zi'as 

or  Ba'la-am 

ix.  4. 

Bir'za-vith 

Am'o-rlte 

Ar'e-tas  (Gr.  ’Api 

e-  Ath'a-I'ah 

Biil'a-dan 

Be-rG'a,  2  Macc. 

Bl-thl'ah 

Am-phlp'o-lls 

ra?) 

Ath'a-ll'ah 

Bal'a-mo 

xiii.  4;  Ac/sxvii. 

Bl-thjnd-a 

Am'pli-as 

A-rG'us 

Ath'a-rl'as 

Ba-liis'a-mus 

10, 13,  and  xx.  4. 

Biz-joth'jah 

Am'ra-phel 

A'ri-a-ra'thGs 

Ath'e-no'bi-Qs 

Bal-nu'us 

Ber'e-ehl'ab 

Bo'a-ner'geg 

An'a-el 

A-rTd'a-T 

Athdai 

Bal-tha'sar 

Be-rl'ah 

Boch'e-ri) 

An'a-ha'ratli 

A-rid'a-tha 

Atd-pha 

Ban'a-i'as 

Be-rl'Ttes 

Bo'ehim 

An'a-I'ah 

A-rT'eb 

At'tai 

Ban-na'ia 

Ber-nl'ce  [d;tn 

Bo'oz 

An'a-kim 

A'ri-cl 

At'ta-17'a 

Ba-rab'bas 

Be-r5'dath  -bal'a- 

Bof-'o-ra 

An'a-tnlm 

Ard-ma-thG'a 

At'ta-las 

Bar'a-ehel 

Be-rG'thah 

Buk-kT'ah 

A-namdne-lech 

A'ri-och 

At-thiir'a-tSg 

Bar'a-ehl'ali 

Ber'o-thi.i 

A-na'uI 

A-ris'a-T 

(ath-thar'a-teez) 

Bar'a-chT'as 

Ber-rG'tho 

An'a-nI'ah 

Ards-tar'chus 

Au'^i-a 

Bar-hu'mTte 

Ber  zG'lus 

An'a-nT'as 

Ards-to-budus 

Au-ra'nus 

Ba-rT'ah 

Bes'o-dG'iah  (-ya) 

c. 

A-niin'i-el 

Ar'ma-ged'don 

Au-tG'as 

Bar'na-bas 

Bet'a-nG 

An'a-thoth 

Ar-mo'nT 

Av'a-r&n 

Ba-ro'dis 

Beth-ab'a-ra 

Cad'mi-el 

An'dro-nPous 

Ar'o-dl 

Av'a-ron 

Bar'sa-bas 

Beth'-a'nath 

(,'acs'a-rG'a 

An'e-tothdte 

Ar'o-er 

Az'a-el 

Bar'ta-cus 

Beth'-a'noth 

Cada-plias  (-ya-fas) 

A'ni-Sm 

Ar-phitx'ad 

Az'a-Gdus 

Bar-tli  51'o-mew 

Beth'a-ny 

Ca-T'nan  (KaiVav) 

An'na-Xs 

Ar'sa-^Gg 

Az'a-ll'ah 

B'ir'ti-mG'us 

Beth'-ar'a-bah 

■fai'a-mol'a-lus 

An-nu'us,  or  An'- 

Ar'sa-reth 

Az'a-nI'ali 

Ba'ruch 

Beth'-L'ram 

Cal-dG'a 

nu-us 

Ar'te-mas 

A-za'phi-on 

Bar-zll'la-i 

Beth'-a'ven 

Caid-tSs 

An'ti-llb'a-nus 

Ardj-bbth 

Az'a-ra 

BSs'a-loth 

Beth'-az'ma-veth 

Cal-lTs'the-nGg 

An'ti-ooh 

A-ry'mah 

A-zSr'e-el,  or  A- 

Bas'^a-ma 

Beth'-ba'rah 

C'31'va-ry 

An'ti-o-ehPa 

As'a-dl'as 

za're-el 

Bash'e-math 

Beth'-ba'sT 

Ca'naan  (ka'nan, 

An-tl'o-ehTs 

As'a-el 

Az'a-rl'ah 

BSs'i-lis 

Both'-bTr'e-T 

or  ka'na-an) 

An-tl'o-ehus 

As'a-hel 

Az'a-ri'as 

B2s'ta-T 

Beth'-dlb'la- 

Ca'naan-Ite 

An'ti-pSs 

As'a-hi'ah 

A-za'zel 

Bdth'-shG'ba,  or 

tha'im 

(-nan-  or-na-an-) 

An-tlp'a-ter 

As'a-I'ah 

Az'a-zl'ah 

Bath'she-ba 

Beth'-G'den 

■CSn'da-^G 

An-tlp'a-tris 

As'a-na 

Az-bSz'a-reth 

Bath'-shij'u 

Beth'-G'mek 

Ca-per'na-tim 

An-to'ni-a 

A-sSr'e-el 

A-ze'kah 

Bath'zacli-a-rl'as 

Be-thgj'da 

Capb'ar-Sitl'a-ma 

An'to-thl'jah 

As'a-rGdah. 

Az'e-phu'rith 

BSv'a-T 

Beth'-e'zel 

<:  a-phen'a-tha 

An'to-tlilte 

As-bdz'a-reth 

A-zG'tas 

Be'a-ll'ah 

Beth'-ga'der 

■Ca-phi'ra 

A-pa'me 

As'ea-lon 

A-zT'a 

BG'a-loth 

Beth'-ga'mul 

•(r'aphdho-rim 

An'to-thite 

A-sG'as 

A-zI'e-I 

Be'an 

Beth'-ha«'ge-rgm 

-taphdo-rim 

A-pgldGg 

A-seb'e-bl'a 

A'zi-el 

BSb'a-T 

Beth'-lia'ran 

€ap'pa-d5'ci-a 

A-phar'sach-Ttes 

As'e-bT'a 

A-zI'za 

Bd'chor 

B6th'-hog'lah 

(-do'shl-A) 

A-ph'ar'sath- 

As'e-niUh 

Az'ma-vSth 

Be-ehS'rath 

Bgth'-ho'ron 

■CSr'a-ba'gi-on 

chTtes 

A-sG'rer 

A-z5'tus 

Beo'ti-leth 

Beth'-jSs'i-moth 

Car'oha-mis 

A-phar'sItes 

Ash'be-a 

Az'ri-el 

Bed'a-T'ah 

BethMeb'a-oth 

Car'ehe-mish 

A-phG'kah 

Ash'ohe-nSz 

Az'ri-kam 

Be-dG'iah  (-ya) 

BethMG'bem,  and  Ca-rG'ah 

A-pher'e-ma 

Ash'er 

A-zu'bah 

B3'el-Pa-da 

Beth'le-hem 

Ca'ri-a 

A-pher'ra 

Ash'i-ma 

Az'u-ran 

Be-el'sa-rus 

Beth-lo'nion 

€’ar-ma'ni-ans 

A-phi'ah 

Ash'ke-lon 

Be'el-teth'mus 

B  e  th'-ni  a'a-  r  h  ah 

Car'na-Im 

Aph'sGg 

Ash'ke-naz 

Be-el'ze-bub 

BCth'-mar'ea-both  Car'ni-on 

Ap'ol-15'ni-a 

Ash'pe-naz 

T> 

Be'er 

Beth'-me'on 

€ar/plia-sftl'a-md 

Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 

Ash'ri-el 

±>. 

Be-5'rah 

Br'th'-nim'rah 

■fc'ar'she-na 

Ap'ol-loph'a-nGg 

Asli'ta-roth 

Bd'er-3'lim 

Beth-o'ron 

Ca-slphd-a 

A-poldos 

Ash'te-mbh 

Ba'al 

Be-5'rl 

Beth'-pa'let 

C3sdeu 

A-poldy-on  (or  a- 

Ash'to-reth 

Ba'al-ah 

Bd'er-la-bai'-roi 

Beth'-pS'or 

Casdu-him 

_  pSl'yon) 

Ash'ur 

Ba'al-iith 

Be-5'roth 

Beth'pha-^e 

Ca-thu'a 

Ap'pa-Im 

Asd-bi'as 

Ba/a-lS 

Be'er-shS'ba,  or 

Beth'-phG'let 

CG'dron 

Ap'phi-a  (af'fi-a) 

A'si-el 

Ba'al-ha'mon 

Be-er'she-ba 

Beth'-ra'pha 

Cei'lan 

Ap'phus  (3f'fus) 

Asd-pha 

Ba'al-ha'nan 

Be-esh'te-rah 

Beth'-rG'hob 

Cen'rhre-a 

Ap'pi-T  Fb'rum 

As'ke-lon 

Ba'al-I 

Be'he-mdth 

Beth'-sa'i-da 

Cen'de-be'us 

Aq'ui-la 

As'ma-vSth 

Ba'al-Im 

B61'e-mQs 

Beth'-sa'mos 

Ces'a-re'a 

Ar'a-bah 

Agdno-dG'us 

Ba'a-lTs 

Bo'li-al 

Beth'-shG'an 

•t'ha'di-Ss 

Ar'a-bat-tha'ne 

As-nSp'per 

Ba'al-zG'bub 

Bel'ma-im 

Beth'-shG'mesh 

■6'hae're-as 

( Sr'a-bath-tha'ne) 

As'pa-tha 

Ba'a-nah 

Bel-shaz'zar 

Bgth'-tSp'pu-ah 

■Fhal-dG'a 

Ar'a-bat-tl'ne 

As-phSr'a-stts 

Ba'a-nT'as 

Be-na'iah  (-y3.) 

Be-thu'el 

•Chan'nu-nG'us 

Ar'a-dHs  fim 

As'ri-el 

Ba'a-ra 

Ben'e-bG'rak 

Beth-'u-lT'a,  or  Be- 

F  h^r'a-ath'a-lar 

A'ram-n  a'ha-ra/- 

As'sa-bi'as 

Ba'a-sG'iah  (-ya) 

BSn'e-ja'a-kan 

thu'li-a 

Chgr'a-ra 

A'ram-zo'bah 

As-sald-moth 

Ba'a-sha 

Bgn'-ha'dad 

Be-todi-Qs 

Char'a-shim 

Ar'a-rSt 

As'sa-nT'as 

Ba'a-sT'ah 

Ben'-ha'il 

Bet'o-mes'tham 

€har'ehe-niish 

Ar'a-r3th 

As'sa-rSdnoth 

Biio'chi-deg 

Ben'-ha'nan  Tnu  Bet'o-nlm  (lah 

-tha're-a 

A-ra'thGg 

As-sky'rim 

Bao-ohu'rus 

Ben'i-nu  or  Be-ni'- 

Beudah,  or  Be-u'- 

^har'ran 

A-rau'nah 

As'si-dG'ang 

Ba-^G'nor 

Ben'ja-intn 

BG'zai 

F'hds'e-ba 

Ar-b3d k(in  Pal- 

As'su-S'rus 

Ba-g5'as 

Ben'-o'nT 

Be-zal'e-el 

Ched'or-la'o-mer 

estine) 

As'ta-roth 

B3g'o-I 

Ben-nu'I,  or  Bgn'- 

BT'a-tSs 

Yr’heBci-as  (-shT-as) 

Ar-bo'na-I 

As-ty'a-Seg 

Ba-ha'rum-Tte 

nu-T 

BTg'tha-na 

Che-lu'bai 

Ar'ohe-la'us 

A-stip'pim 

Ba-hu'mus 

BSn'-zo'heth 

Big'va-1 

Chemda-rima 

Ar-chTp'pus 

A-sY’n'cri-tus 

Ba-hu'rim 

Ber'a-ehah 

BTl'e-im 

•Che-na'a-nah 

Aro-tu'rus 

At'a-rah 

Bak-bilk'kar 

Ber'a-chT'ah 

Bil'ga-I 

Chgn'a-nT 

or,  dQ,  wfllf,  t<Jb,  t<5t>k ;  urn, 

rye,  pyll ;  e,  i,  o ,  silent ;  9,  g,  soft;  o,  g, 

hard ;  ag  ;  exist ;  n 

as  ng ;  this. 

32 


4vJ8 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 

Ghixn  V/n'ah 

pal-ma'ti-a  (-ma'- 

El-ha/nan 

En'e-mes'sar 

G3d'di-el 

IFteh'mo-nT 

GhS'pnai  he, 'am 

shT-a) 

E-lT'ab 

E-nS'ni-us 

Gadus  (ga/yus) 

HBeh'mo-nTte 

mb'oai 

Dam'a-ris 

E-11'a-da 

En'-gBn'nim 

G31'a-3d 

HBd'ad-c'zer 

Ghe-phFrah 

Da-nuls'eus 

E-11'a-dah 

En'-ge'dl 

Ga-la'tia  ( -la'sht-a)  HBd'ar-e'zer 

Gh5're-as 

D3nd-el,  or  Din'- 

E-lT'a-das 

En'-hak-ko're 

G3Fe-ed 

HBd'a-shah,  or  Ha- 

GhSr'eth-imj 

iel  (-yel) 

E-lT'a-dun 

En'-ha'zor 

G3Fga-la 

da'shah 

Gher'eth-Ites 

Dan'-ja'an 

E-li'ah 

En'-rd'gel 

G31d-lee 

Ha-dat'tah 

GhS'rith 

DBth'e-ma 

E-11'ah-ba 

En'-she'mesh 

G31di-o 

H3dda-T 

■Ghd'rub  [a  city) 

Deb'o-rah 

E-lFa-kim 

En'-tap-pu'ah 

Gam'a-el 

Ha-do' ram 

Ghes'a-lon 

De-eSp'o-lis 

E-lT'a-11 

Ep'a-phrils 

Ga-ma'li-el 

H3g'a-bah 

Ghe-sBldoth 

Dj'dan 

E-11'am 

E-p3ph'ro-dI'tus 

G3m'ma-dimR 

Ililg'ga-I 

Ghe-thldm 

Ded'a-nim 

E-lT'a-o'ni-as 

E-pen'e-tus 

G3rd-zim 

Ilag't’e-rl 

Ghet-tidm 

De-ha/vltes 

E-lI'a-sSph 

E'phai 

Ga-za'ra 

Ilag-gi'ah 

Ghll'e-ab 

Del/a-I'ah 

E-lI'a-shlb 

Eph'e-sus 

Ga-z3'ra 

Ila'gi-a 

Ghild-on 

Deld-lah 

E-11'a-sib 

Eph'pha-tha 

Ge'bal 

Had 

GhTn'ne-reth 

De-mj'tri-us 

E-lI'a-sis 

E'phra-un 

Ged'a-ll'ah 

HSk'ka-tan 

GliTn'ne-roth 

Dem'o-phSn 

E-lFa-thah 

E'phra-In 

Ged'e-on 

Ila-ku'pha 

GhFos 

Des'sa-u(Gr.  Ae<r- 

E-lI'dad 

Eph'ra-tah 

Ge-dS'rah 

Hald-car-u3s'su3 

Ghlsdeu 

craou) 

Edi-ei 

E-pTph'a-nes 

Ged'e-rTte 

Hal-15'esh 

GhTt'tim 

De-u'el 

Edi-3dm-I 

Epd-phi 

Ge-d3'roth 

H3md-t31 

Ghob'a-T 

Dea'ter-on'o-my 

Edi-5'zer 

E-sadas  (e-za'vas) 

G6d'e-roth-adm 

Ham-med'a-tha 

Ghor'-aGian 

DTbda-Tm 

E-11'ha-ba 

E^ar-hShklon 

Ge-ha'zi 

Hamdne-16eh 

Gho-ra/zin 

DTbda-thadm 

£ld-ho-3'na-i 

Es'dra-edon 

Ge-hen'na 

IJam-mol'e-keth 

Ghis'a-’nedis 

Dld'v-mus 

Eld-ho'reph 

Es-dredon 

G61d-loth 

Ham'mo-nah,  vr 

Gho~z3'ba 

DIl'e-3n 

E-11'hu 

Es'e-bSn 

Ggm'a-rl'ah 

Ilani-mo'nah 

Ghu'slia  l-rlsh'a- 

Dl-mo'nah 

E-lI'jah 

E-s5'bri-as 

Ge-ngs'a-rgth 

Ha-mu'el 

thadrn 

DTndia-bah,  or 

fild-ka,  or  E-lT'ka 

Esh'-ba'al 

Gen'e-sis 

Ila-mudal 

^i-li'oi-a  f  sT-lish'- 

Din  hd/bah 

Edim 

E'she-3u 

Gen-ne'sar 

Ha-uSm'e-el 

i-a) 

Dl'o-ny'si-us 

E-lTm'e-leeh 

Esh'ta-ol 

Gen-ne'us 

Ila-niln'e-el 

Cin'ne-1  th 

(dl'o-nizhd-  ns) 

Eld-o-3'na-T 

Esh'ta-ul-Ites,  or 

Ge-nu'bath 

Ha-na'nT,  or  H3n'- 

OTn'ne-roth 

DI'os-co-rTn'thi -us 

Edi-o'nas 

Esh'tau-lltes 

(ier'ge-sSnes 

a-nl 

Cir'a-ma 

DT-ot're-phSs 

Eld-ph31 

Esh'te-mo'a,  or 

(igr'i-zim 

Han'a-nT'ah 

£i'sai 

DTz'a-hBb 

E-lTph'a-lSh 

Esh-tem'o-a 

Ger-rhS'ni-ana 

H3nd-el 

Glpu'di-a 

Dad'a-I 

E-lTph'a-lSt 

Esh'te-moh 

(-r5'-) 

H3ndia-thon 

Glau'di-us 

Dod'a-nTm 

Eld-phSz,  or  E-1F- 

E-so'ra 

Gesh'u-rl 

ITSn'ni-el 

Gle'o-pas 

D  id'a-vah 

phaz 

Est/ha-51 

Geth-sem'a-ne 

Ha'num 

Gle'o-pa/tra 

D3'eg 

E-liFa-bBth 

Es'ther  (es'ter) 

(ie-u'el 

H3ph'a-radm 

G15'o-phas 

Do-rym'e-nes 

Eld-s3'us 

Eth'a-nim 

Gib'be-thon 

Ilaph-ra'im 

CnI'dus  (nl'dus) 

Do-sith'e-us 

E-lFsha 

Eth'ba-al 

Uib'e-ah 

Har'a-dah 

(^oel'o-syrd-a 

Do'tha-im 

E-lIsh'a-mah 

Eu-budus 

liib'e-on 

Ilar-bo'nah 

(sel'-) 

E-lIsh'a-ph3t 

Eu-er'ge-tes 

(iid-d3FtI 

Har'ha-T'ah 

Gol-ho'zeh 

E-lish'e-ba 

Eu'me-ne^ 

Gid'e-on 

Har'ne-pher 

Godi-us 

XT' 

Eld-shij'a 

Eu'na-tiln 

(Gd'e-5'ul 

H3r'o-eh 

Go-los'se 

Hi. 

E-lTsd-mus 

Eu-nT're,  or  Eu'- 

GTl'a-lai 

Ha'ro-rTte 

Go-los'si-ans  (ko- 

E-lFu 

nl^e 

Gil-bd'a.orGIl-bo-a  Ha-ro'sheth 

loshd-anz) 

E'a-nS* 

E-lT'ud 

Eu-5'di-as 

Gil'e-ad 

Ha-rq'maph 

Go-nT'ah 

E'bed-mSdeeh^ 

E-lTz'a-phan 

Eu'pa-tor 

(iFlo-nlte 

H3rd)-phTte,  or 

Gon'o-nI'ah 

Eb'en-e'zer,  or  Eb'- 

Eld-zS'us 

Eu-phra'tes 

(iln'ne-tho 

Ha-rij'phlto 

GS'os 

en-e'zer 

E-lI'zur 

Eu-pSl'e-mils 

(iln'ne-thon 

Ilas'a-dT'ah 

Go're 

E-bl'a-saph 

El'ka-nah 

Eu-rSedy-don 

Gir'ga-shlte 

Has'e-nu'ah 

Gordnth 

E-brS'nah 

El'la-sar 

EH'ty-ehHs 

Gitda-Tm 

Hilsh'a-bl'ah 

Go-rTn'thus 

E-ea'nus 

El-mo'dam 

E'vil-me-ro'dach 

Gl'zo-nlte 

Ila-shSb'nah 

Gou'tha  (kow'tka) 

Ec-bBt'a-na 

El'na-Bm 

Ez'ba-I 

GnI'dus  (nl'dus) 

Hash'ab  nFah 

Gu'shan 

Ee-eGGi-as'te* 

Eldia-than 

Ez'e-fihPas 

GoFgo-tha 

Hash-bad'a-na 

Gu'shI 

E  c-elS'ii-as'ti-cus 

El'o-hTm 

Ez'e-rl'as 

Go-lFath 

Hash-mo'nah 

Gu'thah,  or 

Ed-dFas 

E-loG 

E-zT'as 

Go-mSr'rah 

Ha-shij'bah 

Guth'ah 

Ed're-I 

Ebpa-ill 

E'zi-on-ge'ber 

Gor'ii-Ss 

Ha-shn'pha 

Cy'a-mon 

Egda-Im 

El'pa-lefc 

Gor-ty'na 

HSs'se-na'ah 

Cfr'a-ma 

Ekde-bel 

El'-pa'ran 

GSth'o-lT'as 

Ha-su'pha 

Cy-re'ne 

EFa-dah 

El'te-keh 

F. 

Go-thond-el 

Hatd-pha,  or  Ha- 

yy-rS'ni-Bs 

El'a-sah 

El'te-kon  u  [13d 

Gud'go-dah 

tl'pha 

Edath 

El-to'lad,  or  El'to- 

GQr'-ba/al 

ITatd-ta 

El'-beth'-el 

E-lu'za-I 

For'tu-na'tns 

Hat-ta'a-vah 

D. 

El'ci-ti  (el'shi-a) 

El'y-mads 

Hat'ti-con 

El'da-ah,  or  El- 

El'y-m3s 

H. 

H3vd-lah 

da/ah 

El'y-me'ans 

G. 

H3z'a-el 

D3b'a-reh 

E  de-ad 

El'za-b3d 

Ha-zadah  (-za/y&) 

D3b'ba-shSth 

Ede-adeh 

El'za-ph3n 

Ha'a-hitsh'ta-rT 

H  az'a-zon-ta'mar 

Dab'e-r3th 

E-15'a-sa 

Em-mandi-el 

G3b'a-el 

Ha-Sm'mo-nai 

ILtz'e-lel-po'nl 

Da'bri-a 

E-13'a-sah 

Em'ma-us 

Gab'a-tha 

Ha-badah  (-ba'ya) 

Ha-zS'rim 

Da-eo'bl 

Ede-a'zar 

E-n3sd-bus 

G3b'ba-I 

IIBb'ak-kuk,  or 

Ila-ze'roth 

Fad-do'us 

Ede-a-zu'rus 

E'ne-as  ( see  ^1- 

G3b'ba-tha 

Ha-b3k'kuk 

Ilaz'e-zon-ta'-mar 

Dai'sBn 

El'-E-lo'he-Ig'ra-el 

neas) 

Ga/bri-as 

Ilab'a-zi-nI'ah 

Ila'zi-el 

Dal'a-I  'ah 

E-leu'the-rus 

En'-egda-im,  or 

Ga'bri-el 

IISch'a-H'ah 

Ilitz'u-bah 

D31'ma-nu'tha 

E-leu'za-I 

En'-eg-ladm 

G3d'a-ra 

H3ehd-lah 

Hilz'zu-rim 

a,  e,  I,  o,  u 

1 

,  y,  long;  3,  e,  I,  6, 

u,  5',  short;  care,  far,  ask,  all,  what,  ere,  veil,  tCrm,  pique 

,  firm  ;  son, 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES.  499 


HSg'a-I 
Hel-ehi'ah 
IIel-chi/as 
Hel'da-I 
He-ll'as 
Hbdi-o-do'rus 
Hgl'ka-T 
Hel-kT'as 
H6n'a-dM 
Heph'zi-bah,  or 
Heph'zi-bah 
Her-mog'e-neg 
Her'od 
IYe-ro'di-as 
He-ro'di-on 
Hez'e-kl 
Ilez'e-kT'ah 
He'zi-on 
Ilez'ra-I 
IIidMa-T 
Ilid'de-kel 
HI'el 

IIT/e-r;lp'o-lis 
HT-gr'e-el 
HT-er'e-moth 
IIT-erd-5'lus 
Hl-er'mas 
HI'e-ron'y-mus 
HI/e-rij'sa-lem 
IJig-gadon  (-gil'- 
yon) 

Hil-kl'ah 

Ilir-ea'nus 

Hiz-kT'ah 

Ho-badah  (-ba/ya) 

Hod'a-I^ah 

Hod'a-vl'ah 

LIo-d5/vah 

EIo-dTdih 

EIo-dT'jah 

Elol'o-fer'nSg 

Elor'o-nadm 

Elor'o-nlte 

Ho-ge'a 

Hosh'a-I'ah 

Hosh'a-ma 

Ho-she'a 

IIQ'rai 

Hu'shai 

Hy-d^s'peg 

Hydne-ne'us 


I. 

Tbde-5m 

Ib-n5dah  (-ne'ya) 
Ib-nI'jah 
Ioh'a-bod 
J-ed'ni-um 

I- dadah 
fd'u-el 
Id'u-mg'a 
Jg'da-ll'ah 
I^e-ai 
Idm 

Ij'e-ab'a-rim 

Idai 

II- ljh’d-eum 
Iph'e-dedah  (-ya) 
I-rl'jah 
Ir'-na'hSsh 
I'ron 

Ir'pe-el 


Ir'-she'mesh 

I'gaae  ( i'zak ) 

I-gadah  (i-za/ya) 

Is-eilrd-ot 

Is'da-el 

Ish/bi-b5'nob 

Ish'-bo'sheth 

I-shT/ah 

Jsh'ma-el 

Ish'ma-I'ah 

Ish'me-el-Tte 

Ish  dne-rai 

Ish'u-ah 

Ish'u-ai 

Ish/u-I 

Isdna-chi'ah 

Is'ma-T'ah 

Ig'ra-el 

Is'sa-ehar 

Is-shl'ah 

Tsdal-cu'rus 

Is'u-ah 

Is'u-T 

Ith'a-T 

Ith'a-mar 

Ithd-el 

Ithdre-Sm 

|tda-I 

It'u-re'a 

Iz'e-har 

Iz/ra-hl'ah 

Iz're-el 


J. 

Ja'a-kSn 

Ja-Sk'o-bah 

Ja-a/lah 

Ja-a'lam 

Ja'a-nai,  or  Ja-a/- 
nai 

Ja-3r 'e-or'e-gim 

Ja/a-sau 

Ja-a' si-el 

Ja-Sz'a-nl'ah 

Ja-a'zer 

Ja/a-zT'ah 

Ja-a/zi-el 

J5b/ne-el 

Ja-da'u 

Jad-du'a 

Ja'el 

Ja-hSl'e-lel 

Ja-ha'zah 

Ja'ha-zl'ah 

Ja-ha/zi-el 

Jah'da-I 

Jah'di-el 

Jahde-el 

Jah'ma-I 

Jah'ze-rah 

Jah'zi-el 

Jadr 

Ja/i-rus,  Esther. 

J  a-I'rus ,  New  Test. 
JSm'brbg 
Jam-ni'a 
Ja-n5/ah 
Ja-phT'a 
J5phde-tl,  or 
Japh-le'tl 
JSr'e-si'ah 
JSrd-moth 


Jardnuth 

Ja-rS'ah 

Jils'a-el 

Ja-sho'be-Sm 

JSsh'ub 

Jash '  u  -bl-le  'hem 

JSsh'ub-Ites 

Ja'si-el 

Ja-su'bus 

J&thdii-el 

Ja/zi-el 

Je'a-rim 

Je-St'e-rai 

Je-ber/e-ehl'ah 

Je-bu'sl 

Jec'a-rnT'ah 

Jeeh'o-ll'ah 

Jech'o-nl'as 

Jec'o-ll'ah 

Jee'o-nT'ah 

Jee'o-nI'as 

Je-dadah  (-ya) 

Je-d5dah  (-ya) 

Je-de'us 

Je-dl'a-el 

Jedd-dah 

J  edd-dl'ah 

Je'di-el 

Jed'u-thun 

Je-edl 

Je-6'lus 

Je-e'zer 

J  e'gar-sa/ha-du'- 
tha 

Je-hade-el 
J5' ha-15  de-el 
Je-hShe-lel 
Jeh-dS'iah  (-ya) 
Je-hez'e-kel 
Je-hT'ah 
Je-hT'el 
Je-hl'e-ll 
JS'hiz-kl'ah 
Je-hodi-dah 
Je-ho'a-hSz 
Je-ho'ash 
JS'ho-ha/nan,  or 
Je-ho'ha-nSn 
Je-hoida-ehin 
Je-hoi'a-da 
Je-hoi'a-kim 
Je-hoi'a-rib 
Je-hon'a-dSb 
Je-hon'a-than 
Je-ho'ram 
Je'ho-shSb'e-Sth 
Je-hOsh-'a-phat 
Je-hosh'e-ba 
Je-hosh'u-a 
Je-ho'vah 
Je-hOz'a-bSd 
Je-hoz'a-d&k 
Je'hu-eSl 
Je-hu'dT 
Je'hu-dT'jah 
Je-T'el 
Je-kilb'ze-el 
Jek'a-me'am 
J  ek'a-mT'ah 
Je-ku'thi-el 
Je-ml'ma,  or 
Jemd-ma 
Jem'na-Sn 
Je-mu'el 
Je-phtln'neh 


Je-rah'me-el 

Jer'e-chus 

Jer'e-mai 

Jer'e-ml'ah 

Jer'e-moth 

Je-rT'ah 

J  erd-bai 

Jerd-eho 

Jb'ri-el 

Je-rl'jah 

Jer'i-moth 

Je'ri-oth 

Jer'o-bo'am 

Jer'o-hitm 

Je-rub'ba-al 

Je-rub'e-sheth 

Jer'u-el 

Je-rij'sa-lem 

Je-rij'sha 

Je-sadah  (-ya) 

Je-sha'iah  (-ya) 

Jesh'a-nah 

Je-shar'e-lah 

Je-sheb'e-Sb 

J5shd-mon 

.Te-shTsh'a-T 

Jesh'o-ha-T'ah 

Jesh'u-run 

Je-sTdih 

Je-sTmd-el 

Jes'su-e 

Jes'u-T 

Je'u-el,  or  Je-u'el 

.Jez/a-nT'ah 

Jfz'e-bel 

Je-z3dus 

Je-zl'ah 

Jb'zi-el 

Jez-lT'ah 

Jez'o-ar 

Jez/ra-hT'ah 

Jez're-el 

Jlph'tha-cl 

Jo'a-ehaz 

Jo'a-^him 

Jo'a-da'nus 

Jo'a-haz 

Jo'a-kim 

Jo-a'Dan 

Jo'a-rib 

Jo'a-tliSm 

Jo'a-zitb'dus 

Joch'e-bed 

Jo-5dah 

Jo-e'zer 

Jog'be-hah 

Jo-ha'nan 

Jo-hSn'neg 

Joi'a-da 

Joidi-klm 

Joi'a-nb 

Jok'de-am 

Jok'me-Sm 

Jok'ne-am 

Jok'the-el 

Jon'a-dab 

Jop'pe 

Jo'ra-T 

Jord-b5s 

JSrd-bus 

Jor'ko-Sm 

Jos'a-bad 

Jos'a-phat 

J  os'a-phl'as 

Jos'e-deeh 


Jo-se'phus 

Josh'a-bSd 

JSsh'a-philt 

Joshdi-vi'ah 

J  osh-bek'a-  shah 

Josd-bT'ah 

Josd-phi'ah 

Jot'ba-thah 

Joz'a-bSd 

Joz'a-ehar 

Joz'a-ddk 

Ju/sh£Lb-h5'sed 


K. 

KSb'ze-el 

Ka'desh-bar'ne-a 

Kad'ini-el 

KSlda-T 

Ka-rS'ah 

Kar'ka-a 

Kar'na-im 

Ked'e-mah 

Ked'e-mdth 

Ke'desh  Naph'ta-11 

Ke-hel'a-thah 

Keidah 

Ke-Jadah 

Keld-ta 

Ke-mu'el 

Ker'en-hap'pueh 

Ke'ri-oth 

Ke-tu'rah 

Ke-zi'a 

Klb/roth-hat-ta'a- 

vah 

Kib'za-Tm 

KTd'ron 

KTr'-hilr'a-seth 

KTr'-ha'resh 

Kir-he/res 

KIrd-Sth 

KYrd-a-thadm 

KTrd-athd-a'ri-us 

ICTrd-oth 

KTr'jath-je'a-rtm 

KTshd-on 

KTt'ron 

Kol'a-i'ah 

Kush-adah 


L. 

La'a-dah 

La'a-dUn 

LSb'a-na 

La'chish 

La-^u'nus 

La-hai'roi 

La-5dd-pS'a 

L5pd-doth 

La-sS'a 

La-sha'ron 

Lits'the-neg 

LSz'a-rus 

Leb'a-nah 

Leb'a-non 

LCb'a-oth 

Leb-be'us 

Le-bo'nah 

Le'ha-bim 


Lem'u-el 
Le-t.u'shim 
Llb'a-nus 
Lo'-Sindm,  or  Lo- 
Sm'mi 
Lo'-de'bar 
LS'-rij'ha-mah 
Loth'a-su'bus 
L^«'a-5'ni-a 
Ly-sa'ni-as 
L^'si-as  (ITsh'i-as) 
Ly-slm'a-ehus 


M. 

Ma'a-ehah 

Ma-aeh'a-thl 

Ma-ad'ai 

Ma'a-dl'ah 

Ma-a'I 

Ma-abeh-a-critb'- 

bim 

Ma'a-nl 
Ma'a-rilth 
Ma'a-Sbdah  (-ya) 
Ma-Ssd-ai 
Ma'a-si'as 
Ma'a-zi'ah 
Mab'da-I 
Mae'a-lon 
Mac'ca-be'us 
Maeh'ba-nai 
Mach'be-nah 
MSeh'na-db'bai 
Mach-pedah 
Mad'a-I 
Ma-dT'a-bun 
Ma-dl'ah 
Ma'di-an 
Mad-mS'nah 
Ma-5dus 
Mag'da-la 
Mag'da-le'ne 
MSg'di-el 
Ma-gid'do 
Mdg'pi-Ssh 
Ma/  gor  -m  is'sa-bib 
Ma-ha'lah,  or  Ma/- 
ha-lah 

Ma-hada-le'el 
Ma'ha-lath 
Ma-ha'le-el 
Ma'ha-11 
Ma'ha-nadm 
Ma'ha-neh-dSn 
Ma-hSr'a-T 
Ma-ha'zi-oth 
Ma'her-shal'al- 
hash'-bftz 
Ma-an'e-ils 
Mak-hedoth 
Mak-he'dah 
Mal'a-ehl 
Mal-chbah 
MSl'ehi-el 
Mai-  chl'jah 
Mal-ehT/ram 
Mabehi-shij'a 
Ma-lSde-el 
MSldo-thi 
Ma-madas  (-yas) 
Mam-nlda-nai'mus 
Ma-mii'^hus 


or,  do,  w^lf,  tob,  t(Tok ;  hrn,  rpe,  pyll ;  e,  i,  o,  silent ;  g,  soft ;  e,  g,  hard ;  ag  ;  exist ;  nasng;  this. 


j  500 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 

MSn'a-6n 

Me-shTl'le-mith 

NFi-dus 

OFtho-sFas 

Pher'e-zTte 

Re'ha-bl'ah 

MXn'a-hSth 

Me-shTl'le-moth 

NFin 

O-ga^ias  (o-zFyas) 

PhT-bd/seth,  or 

Re'ho-bo'am 

M&n'as-sS'as 

Me-sho'biib 

Na-nFa  • 

O-se'a 

Phib'e-seth 

Re-hO/both 

M5n'li-Hs 

Me-shQFIe-mgth 

Na-5'ml,  or  NFo- 

O-sS'as 

PhIFa-deFphi-a 

R5'I 

Ma-no'ah 

Mes'o-ba'Ite 

ml 

O-she/a,  or  O'she-a 

(classical  pron. 

Rem'a-lT'ah 

Miir'a-lah 

Mes'o-po-ta'mi-a 

N5ph'i-si 

Oth/ni-el 

PhiFa-del-phFa) 

Rem'mon-mEth'o 

MSr'a-nSth'ii,  or 

Me-tFrus 

Nitph'ta-ll 

Oth^-nFas 

Phi-laFcheg 

ar 

MXr'a-na'tha 

Meth'o-ar 

Naph'tu-him 

O-zFas 

PhT-le^on 

RFpha-el 

Mar'do-ehS'us 

Me-thu'sa-el 

Na-th5n'a-el 

O^zi-el 

Phi-le^us 

RepFa-Fah 

Ma-rFshah 

Me-thu'se-lah 

N5th'a-nFas 

0-zo7ra 

Phl-lis^ine 

Reph^-im 

Mitr'i-moth 

Me-u'nim 

Naz'a-reth 

Phi-loFo-gus 

Reph'i-dim 

Mar'i-sa 

Mez'a-hSb 

NFa-rFah 

PhiFo-me'tor 

Rj'u 

Mar'se-na 

MFa-min 

Neb'a-T 

n 

Phln'e-as 

Ite-CFel,  nr  Req/gl 

Mils'a-loth 

MT-eFiah  (-ya) 

Ne-bFioth  (-yoth) 

r. 

Phin'e-has 

Itejj'mah 

Ma-sFas 

MFeha-el,  or  MF- 

Ne-bFjoth 

Phy-^eFlus 

Re-zl7^ 

M5s're-kah 

ehael  (-kel) 

Neb'u-ehad-nez'- 

PFa-rai 

PF-bFseth,  or 

Rh5/i2:i-um  (re'-) 

Mas-sFas 

Mi-ehFas 

zar 

PFgi-el 

PIb'e-seth 

Rhod'o-cQs  (rod'-) 

Math'a-nFas 

MTch'me-thah 

Neb'u-shas'ban 

Pa'I 

PF-ha-hFroth 

RT'bai 

Ma-thu'sa-la 

MTg'dal-el 

N  eb'u-zar-Fdan 

PfiFes-tl^na 

PIFe-ha 

Rob'o-Sm 

MSt'ta-nah 

MTj'a-min 

Ne-c5'dan 

PilFes-tTne 

PT-le^er 

Itod'a-nim 

Miit'ta-nFah 

Mik-nFiah  (-ya) 

Ned'a-bl'ah 

PilFti-el 

Pil-nE'ger 

Ro-ge'lim 

MiU'ta-tha 

MTl'a-la'I 

NFe-mFas 

Pam-phyFi-a 

PIFtai 

Ro'i-mus 

M&t'ta-thah 

MT-lFtus 

Neg'i-noth 

PaFme-nSs 

PIFa-thon 

Ro-m  itm' tl-e'zer 

Milt'ta-thFas 

Mi-nFa-mm 

Ne-heFa-mlte 

Par-shSn/da-tha 

Pl-sidq-a  [deez) 

Rij'ha-mah 

MSt'te-na'I 

MTr'i-am 

NFhi-loth 

ParFj-ah 

Pld/ia-dSg  (-ya- 

Mat-thFlas 

Mi's'a-el 

Ne-Fel,  or  NFi-el 

Par-vFim,  or  Par7- 

Poeh/e-reth 

Mat-thFas  (m3th- 

Mlsh'a-el 

Ne-k5'da 

va-im 

Pon/ti-us  PFlate 

Q 

thFas ) 

MFsbe-al 

Ne-mu'el 

Pa-Sd'ah 

(porFslii-us) 

o 

MXt'ti-thFah 

Mish-m5n'nah 

Ne-ph!sh'e-sim 

PiiFa-ra 

PSFa-tha 

Mifz'i-tFas 

Mish'ra-Ites 

Neph'tha-IT 

Pa-the'us 

PoFci-us  (-shi-us) 

SFbaeh-tha'nT 

Miiz'za-roth 

Mis'pe-reth  [im 

Neph'tha-lim 

PStlFros 

Pos/i-do'ni-us 

S&b'a-oth,  or  Sa- 

Me- a/ rah 

Mis're-photh-mF- 

Neph'to-ah 

Path-rq'sim 

Pot/i-phar 

bFoth 

Me-bQn'nai 

Mis'sa-bib 

Ne-phFsini 

PSt'ro-biis 

Po-tlph/e-rah 

SSb'a-te'us 

Me  eh'e-rath-Ite 

MTth'i’e-dSth 

Ner'gal-sha-re'zer 

Pa-tnFelus 

Pris-piFla 

Sab'a-tus 

Med'a-ba 

Mlt'y-13'ne 

NFreus 

PFu 

ProcFo-rus 

SSb'ba-the'us 

Med'e-ba 

MTz'ra-im 

Ne-rFah 

Ped/a-hel 

PtoFe-ma'is  (toF-) 

Sab-be'us 

Me-Fda 

MnFson  (nFson) 

Ne-rFas 

Pe-dah'zur,  or 

PtoFe-mS'us  (toF-) 

Sa-b5'ang 

Me-het'a-bel 

M5'a-dFah 

Neth'a-nFah 

Ped^h-zQr 

Putd'o-11 

Sa'bi-e 

Me-hFda 

Mol'a-dah 

Neth'i-nims 

Pe-dFiah  (-ya) 

PFti-el 

SSb'te-chab, 

Me-ho'lah 

Mo'o-sFas 

Ne-to'phah 

Pek/a-hT'ah 

Sad'a-mT'as 

Me-hu'ja-el 

Mo'ras-thTte 

Ne-toph'a-thI 

PeFa-Fah 

Sad-de'us 

Me-hu'man 

M&r'de-eai 

Ne-zFah 

PeFa-lFah 

Q- 

Sitd'du-^eeg 

Me-hu'nim 

Mor'esh-eth-g5th 

Nl-eFnor 

PeFa-tFah 

Sa'h’a-dii'tha 

MF-jar'kon 

Mo-rFah 

Nie'o-lFi-tang 

Pe-lFas 

S5Fa-mis 

Mek'o-nah 

Mo-sFra 

NT-cbp'o-lis 

Pe-nFel 

QuIFtus  Mem'mi- 

SaFa-sad'a-T 

Mel'a-tFah 

Mo-sFroth 

NFger 

Pen-tSp^-lis 

us 

Sa-la'thi-el 

Mel-ehFah 

Mo-sol'la-mon 

Nin'e-veh 

Pe-niFel 

S;tFla-I 

Mel-ehFas 

My/gi-a  (mizh'f-a) 

No'a-dFah 

PeFa-zim 

T) 

Sal-lu'mus 

Mel'ehi-el 

Nd'-a'mon 

Per'ga-mos 

K. 

S3Fman-a'sar 

Mel-chTg'e-dee 

No-5'ba 

Pe-rFda 

Sal-mo'ne 

Mel'chi-shq'a 

N. 

Nom'a-ddg 

PEr/me-nSs 

Ra'a-mah 

Sa-16'me 

MFle-a 

Nu-me'ni-Qs 

Per-sep'o-lis 

RFa-mT'ah 

Sam'a-el 

Mel'i-eu 

Pe-rq'da 

Ra-am'sEg 

Sa-ma'ias  (-yas) 

Mel'i-ta 

Na'a-mah 

PetlFa-hFah 

Rab-b5/nT 

Sa-ma'rba  (classi- 

Me-mu'can 

NFa-man 

O. 

Pe-thu'el 

Rjfb/sa-peg 

cal  pron.  Sitm'- 

Men'a-hem 

NFa-ma-thTte 

Pe-uFthai 

Rab/sa-ris 

a-ri'a) 

Me-nes'theus 

NFa-mTtes 

PhfiFa-reth 

RSb/sha-keh 

S3m'a-tus 

Me-on'e-nim 

NFa-rah 

O'ba-dFah,  or 

Phai'sur 

RSd'da-I 

Sa-me'ius  (-yus) 

Me-5n'o-thai 

NFa-rai 

Ob'a-dFah 

Phal-dFius  (-yus) 

RFgau 

Sam'o-thra'ci-i\ 

Meph'a-Sth 

Na'a-r5n 

Ob-dFa 

Pha-l5/as 

RF^eg 

(-thrFshi-a) 

Me-phlb'o-sheth 

Na'a-r5th 

O'chi-el 

PhSFti-el 

Ra-gu^el 

SSmp'sa-meg 

Mer'a-Fah 

Na-5sh'on 

£>9'i-dFlus 

Pha-nu'el 

RFmath-a'im 

S3n'a-bSs'sa-rus 

Me-rFioth  (-yoth) 

NFa-thus 

O^i-na 

PhS^a-^im 

Ram/a-t,hem 

S2n'a-sib 

Mer'a-rT,  or  Me-rF- 

N5b'a-rFas 

Od'o-nar'keg 

PhFraoh  (fa'ro  or 

Ra-mFseg 

San-b31'lat 

rl 

N5b'a-thFang 

Ol'a-mus 

fFra-o) 

Ra-mFah 

SSph'a-tl'as 

Mer'a-tha'im 

N5b'u-eho-don'o- 

Ol'i-vet 

PhitFa-tho'm 

RFpha-el,  or  RF- 

Sap-phl'ra  (saf-fl'* 

Mer'e-mSth 

s3r 

OFo-fer'neg 

Pha-rFra 

phael  (-fel) 

ra) 

M6r'i-bah 

Na-d&b'a-tha 

OnFa-e'rus 

Pha-se^ah,  or 

R;'tph/a-im 

Sar'a-bl'as 

Mer'ib-bil'al 

Na'ha-151 

O'me-ga,  or  O-mF- 

PhFse-ah 

Ra-thu'mus,  or 

Sa'rai 

Me  -r  5'daeh-b  51  'a- 

Na-hFli-el 

ga 

Pha-sSqis 

RSth'u-mus 

SSr'a-Fah 

d5n 

NFha-lol 

O-nes'i-mus 

Phils^-ron 

R5/a-T'ah 

Sa-ra'ias  (-yas) 

Me-ron'o-thite 

Na-ham'a-nl 

On/e-sIph,o-rus 

Phas'sa-rbn 

Re/el-a'iah  (-ya) 

Sar'a-mel 

Me-sheFe-mFah 

Na-h5r'a-I 

O-nFa-reg 

Phe-nFfe 

Re-eFi-us 

Sar-ched'o-nus 

Me-shSz'a-beel 

NFha-ra'im 

0-nFa8 

Phe-nFci-A 

Ree-sFias  (-yas) 

Sar-d5'us 

Me-shez'a-b81 

NFha-rl 

O-rFon 

(-nish7!-) 

Re/gem-me',le€h 

Sa're-a 

a,  e,  i,  5,  u 

,  y,  long;  5,  e,  I,  6, 

u,  fi  short;  care,  far,  Fsk,  fill ,  wh^t,  ere,  veil,  term,  pique,  firm  ;  son, 

SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES.  501 


Sa-ro'thi-e 

Shash7a-I 

Sib/ra-im 

Tandiu-meth 

T^rd-ang 

Zach'a-rT'ah 

Sar-se'ehim 

Sha/ul 

Sbcy-on  (sishd-on)  Tap/pu-ah 

Ty/rus 

Z3ck7a-rPas 

S3tk7ra-bu-za7  neg 

Ske-317ti-el 

Si-gPo-noth 

T3r7a-lah 

Z3eh7a-ry 

S3v7a-r&j 

S$lie7a-rPah 

SI-lo7ah,  or  SIbo-ah  TiPre-a 

Zal-mo7nak 

Sa7vi-3s 

Sh57ar-ja7shub 

Sl-lo'am,  or  SIbo-  Tatdia-I 

U. 

Za  no7ah 

Sp57va  (se7va) 

Skeb7a-nPah 

3m 

Teb7a-lPah 

Z3pk7natk-pa7a- 

S^y-tkop'o-lls  (si-) 

Sheb/a-rim 

SI-lo7e,  or  Sibo-e 

Te-h  a  p  k7  ne-heg 

ne'ah 

See7a-eak 

Skeb7u-el 

SPmal-eu'e 

Te-ko7a 

U'la-i 

Z3r7a-fS§ 

Se©k7e-nPa§ 

Sheeh7a-nPah 

SPnai 

Teb-Pbib 

U-phaPsin 

ZaPa-Pas 

Sed7e-£Pas 

Shed'e-ur 

Sip7pai 

Teba-Im 

Dpbane  (an  old 

Za7re-ak 

Sed-r&th 

Sh37ha-rPah 

Slrd-on 

Teb-ha-rPska 

spelling  of  Or7- 

ZaPe-pkatk 

S57led 

Skebe-mPak 

Sl-sunPa-I 

Temdi-nl 

ban ) 

Zar7e-tan 

Sebe-mPa 

Skebo-ml 

Sis7e-ra 

Tkad-d37us,  or 

U-rPah 

Zar7ta-nak 

Se-leu7ci-a  (-shi-a, 

Skebo-mith 

Sod'o-rna 

Tli3d7de-Qs 

U-rPas 

Zatk7o-e 

classical  pron. 

Skebo-moth 

Sop7a-ter 

Tk3m7na-tka 

U7ri-el 

Za-thud 

Sel7eu-^Pa) 

Shebmi-el,  or 

S5ph7e-reth 

Tke-«o7e 

U-rPjah 

Zeb7a-dPah 

Se-leu7©us 

She-ma/ak 

SopIPo-nPas 

The-la7sar 

U7tha-i 

Ze-ba7im 

SenPa-fikPah 

SkenPa-ah 

So-sip7a-ter 

Tke-o€/a-nus 

U7za-I 

Ze-bPna 

Sem7a-Pak 

SkenPa-Pak 

Sos7the-neg 

The-od7o-tus 

Oz/zah 

Ze-boi7im 

SenPe-I 

ShenPa-rPah 

Sos7tra-tus 

Tke-oplPi-lus 

Uz-zPah 

Ze-bo7im 

Se-mePli-us 

ShenPe-ber 

So7ta-I 

ThePme-leth 

Uz-zPel  or  Oz7zi-‘el 

Ze-biPdah 

Se-ua/ah ,  or  Sen7a- 

She-mPda 

StPohys 

Tkes7sa-lo-nP©a 

Zeb7u-lun 

ah 

Shemd-nith 

Steph7a-n3s 

Tklm/na-tkak 

Zeeh7a-rPah 

Sen-n3©k7e-rib,  or 

She-miPa-moth 

SlPba-I 

ThouPo-I 

Y. 

Zed7e-ohPas 

SerPna-cke'rib 

She-mu7el 

SCPdi-3s 

Thra/ci-a  (  skl-a) 

Zed7eki'ak 

Se-nu7ak 

She-na7zar 

SCPsan-ckites 

Thra-s57as 

Ze-lo7phe-kad 

Se-57rim 

SheplPa-tPah 

Sy-57lQs 

Thy7a-tPra 

Ya-jez7a-tha 

Ze-157teg 

Sepk7a-r3d 

She-phu7phan 

Sy-S7ne 

TI-b37ri-as 

Va-nPak 

ZerrPa-radm 

SeplPar-vadm 

Sher7e-bPah 

SvrPti-che 

TI-b37ri-us 

Ze-mPra 

Se-pkSda 

She-r57zer 

Syrd-on 

TIgdath-pi-15'ser 

Ze7nas 

SePa-Pah 

Sho'shai 

Sy7ro-phe-nPci-an  TU7gath-pil-n67ser 

X. 

Zeph7a-nPah 

SePgi-Qs 

S  k  57  th  ar-boz'na-I 

(-niskd-an) 

Tl-rntPus 

Zepk7a-tkak 

Ska7al-3b'bln 

Ska-3bbe-nlte 

Shib7bo-letli 
Skig-gadon  (-yon) 

TliiPna-tkah 

TI-mo/tkc-us 

X3n7thi-cus 

ZePa-hPak 

ZePa-Pak 

Sha/a-radm 

Ski-gPo-uoth 

T. 

TiPka-kak 

(z3n7-) 

Zer7e-da 

Skab-betk7a-I 

Ski-io7ah 

TTr7ka-nak 

Ze-red7a-thah 

Sh3©k7i-a 

ShSd'da-I 

Shi-15/nl 

SbPlo-nlte,  or  Sbi- 

TiPa-nack 

TIPi-a 

TIr/sha-tka 

rj 

ZePe-ratk 

Ze-ri]7ah 

Ska7ha-radm 

lo7nIte 

Tab7a-oth 

l’o-bbak 

JLa* 

Ze-rQb7ba-bel 

Ska-k3z7i-math 

ShiriPe-ak 

T3b7ba-otk 

To'bi-ei 

Ze7ru  Pah 

Sh3bi-sha 

ShlnPe-itm 

Ta'be-al 

To-bPjak 

Za7a  nadm 

Zib7e-on 

Sk317le~eketk 

SkmPe-3th 

Ti7be-el 

To-gAPmak 

Za7a-n3n 

Zib7i-ah 

Sh&bma-I 

SkluPe-I 

Ta-bebli-us 

Tobba-nGg 

Za7a-n3n7nim 

Zid-kPjah 

Shabma-ne'ser 

ShraPe-on 

T3b7e-rah 

To7pheI 

Za7a-v3n 

Zibtkai 

Sk3nPa-rPak 

SkluPshai 

Tubd-tka 

Trach/o-nPtis 

Zab7a-dse7ang 

ZPpkron 

ShanPma-I 

Ship  IP  rah 

Tab7ri-mon 

Trip/o-lis 

Zab7a-dadas  (-yas) 

Zip-po7rah 

Sk3m7mu-ah 

ShiPra-I 

TdelPmo-nlte 

Tro-gybli-flm 

Zab7bai 

Zo-b57bak 

Sk3m7ske-rad 

Sho7ba-i 

Ta-kap7a-neg 

Troph^i-mus 

Z3b-d57us 

Z67he-letk 

Sh3r7a-I 

Sho7©ho 

Tah7pan-h5g 

Try-phe/na 

Zab7di 

Zo7pkai 

Sk3r7a-im 

Sho-shandrim 

Tak7pe-n?.g 

Try-pho/sa 

Zab7di-el 

Zo7re-ah 

Sha-r57zer 

Shij7ba-el 

Tahde-a 

Tu'bi-e'nl 

Zab7u-lon 

Zo-rob7a-bel 

ShaPon 

Shy7the-lah 

T31d-tha-eu'ml 

Tychd-cus 

Z3«7<;a-I 

Zu7ri-el 

Ska-ru7ken 

Sib7be-ekai 

T&bmai 

Ty-r3n/nus 

Zac-ch57us 

Zd7ri-skad,da-I 

or ,  dQ,  wjlf,  too,  took  j  ftrn,  rye,  py.il j  e,  i,  o,  siler*'  •  q.  g,  soft,-  o,  g, 

hard  ;  as  ;  e^ist ;  q  as  ng ;  this. 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARIES 


OF 

MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


By  J.  THOMAS,  M.  D., 

AUTHOR  OP  THE  SYSTEM  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  PRONUNCIATION  IN  LIPPINCOTT’S  GAZETTEER  OF  THE  WORLD. 


ELEMENTS  OF  PRONUNCIATION 

OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  MODERN  LANGUAGES  OF  CONTINENTAL  EUROPE. 


VOWELS. 

1.  In  the  languages  of  Continental  Europe,  a  never  has 
a,  sound  like  that  in  the  English  words  fate  or  name ,  but  is 
usually  like  the  a  in  far  or  father,  often  approximating  that 
in  fat.  In  Hungarian  it  is  sometimes  like  o  iu  not. 

2.  E  generally  has  a  sound  similar  to  a  in  fate,  or  else  to 
e  in  met.  In  French  it  is  often  silent.  In  Ssvedish,  e ,  when 
long,  has  a  sound  resembling  that  of  short  i ,  but  more 
prolonged.  Thus,  Carlen  might  be  pronounced  kar-liin'. 
When  short,  it  is  like  e  in  met. 

3.  I  usually  sounds  as  in  marine ;  that  is,  like  long  e  in 
English.  It  is  sometimes  like  our  short  i,  as  in  pin.  It  is 
important  to  observe  that  i  final  in  French,  Italian,  and 
Spanish,  has  the  full,  clear  sound  of  ee  in  see;  it  should 
therefore  not  be  allowed  to  fall  into  as  it  is  apt  to  do  in 
English  or  Anglicized  words. 

4.  O  has  for  the  most  part  nearly  the  same  sound  as  in 
English.  Sometimes  it  is  long,  as  in  no,  but  often  it  has  a 
sound  intermediate  between  that  of  our  o  iu  no  and  that  in 
not.  In  Russian,  o,  when  not  accented,  is  very  short,  al¬ 
most  like  a  in  father,  or  intermediate  between  this  and  that 
in  fat.  In  Swedish  and  Norwegian,  at  the  end  of  a  sylla¬ 
ble,  it  is  sounded  like  our  oo. 

5.  U  in  most  languages  is  pronounced  like  the  English 
oo.  In  French  (and  in  Dutch  when  it  ends  a  syllable)  it 
may  be  said  to  combine  the  sounds  of  our  oo  and  long  e. 
If  the  speaker,  after  placing  his  lips  in  the  position  for  pro¬ 
nouncing  oo,  endeavors,  without  moving  his  lips,  to  utter 
the  sound  of  ee,  that  of  the  French  u  will  be  produced. 

6.  Y  is  usually  like  i,  that  is,  like  our  e.  In  Danish, 
Norwegian,  and  Swedish,  it  sounds  like  the  French  u  or 
German  ii.  In  Polish  it  resembles  our  short  i,  as  in  pin. 
In  Dutch  it  is  like  our  long  i.  It  may  be  observed,  that, 
according  to  the  modern  Dutch  orthography,  ij  is  substi¬ 
tuted  for  y.  Thus,  the  old  spelling  Overyssel  is  replaced 
by  Overijssel,  Bilderdyk  by  Bilderdijk,  &  c. 

Diphthongs. 

7.  An  in  Danish  usually  sounds  ijearly  like  our  a  in  fall, 
sometimes  approaching  o  long.  A  [a)  in  Swedish  sounds 
like  long  o  in  English. 

(502) 


8.  Ae,  or  a,  is  usually  pronounced  like  a  in  fate,  or  e  in 
met.  In  Dutch  and  Flemish  ae  sounds  like  a  in  far.  In 
the  modern  Dutch  orthography,  ae  is  replaced  by  an.  Thus, 
the  name  formerly  written  Haerlem,  is  now  Haarlem,  Maes 
is  changed  into  Maas,  &c. 

9.  Ai  and  ay  are  usually  proper  diphthongs,  being  com¬ 
pounded  of  the  sound  of  a  as  in  far  and  i  as  in  fg,  thus 
nearly  corresponding  in  sound  to  our  long?.  In  French, 
and  in  Modern  Greek,  they  are  pronounced  nearly  like  ay 
in  the  English  word  day  ;  that  is,  like  the  long  a  in  fate. 

10.  Au  has  generally  the  sound  of  ow  in  now.  In 
French  au  and  eau  have  the  sound  of  long  o. 

11.  Ei  and  ey  are  generally  proper  diphthongs,  uniting 
the  sounds  of  a.  in  fate  and  e  in  me,  being  similar  to  ay  in 
day  when  this  word  is  pronounced  very  full.  In  German 
they  are  like  our  long  i ;  in  French,  nearly  like  our  e  in 
met,  or  a  in  fate. 

12.  Eu  in  French  and  Dutch  has  a  sound  nearly  similar 
to  u  in  the  English  word  fur,  but  somewhat  more  pro¬ 
longed.  This  sound  is  intermediate  between  that  of  the 
English  short  u  and  that  of  the  German  d.  (See  14.)  In 
German  eu  and  au  have  the  sound  of  oi  in  English. 

13.  Ie  at  the  end  of  a  word  is  always  pronounced  in 
French  like  e  in  the  English  word  me.  In  German  it  is 
frequently  so  pronounced.  In  the  middle  of  a  word,  ie, 
both  in  Dutch  and  German,  always  sounds  like  our  long  e. 

14.  Oe ,  or  o,  occurs  in  several  European  languages.  In 
Danish,  however,  instead  of  two  dots  being  placed  over  the 
o,  a  mark  is  drawn  obliquely  through  it  (<£).  The  sound 
is  unlike  anv  thing  we  have  in  English,  but  is  nearest  to 
that  of  u  in  fur,  or  e  in  her.  If,  while  the  lips  are  retained 
in  the  position  proper  for  forming  o  long,  the  speaker  tries 
to  utter  the  sound  of  e  in  met  (or  a  in  fate  ),  he  will  produce 
the  sound  of  o.  [  This  sound,  as  well  as  that  of  the 
French  u,  should,  if  possible,  be  learned  from  an  oral  in¬ 
structor.]  In  Dutch,  oe  sounds  like  our  on. 

15.  Oi  in  French  is  usually  sounded  like  wd ;  moi  is 
pronounced  mwa  ;  roi,rwa;  &c.  Oi  in  the  termination 
of  certain  adjectives,  was  formerly  used  instead  of  ai,  and 
was  pronounced  like  this  diphthong.  Now.  however,  oi  in 
such  words  is  almost  universally  replaced  by  ai.  Thus, 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES.  503 


instead  of  Frangois,  Frangoise  (French),  the  forms  Fran- 
gais  and  Frangaise  are  now  used. 

16.  Ou  in  French  and  in  Modern  Greek  sounds  like  our 
oo  ;  in  Dutch  and  Norwegian,  like  ow  in  the  English  word 
now,  or  like  ou  in  house.  In  Portuguese  it  is  pronounced 
nearly  like  long  o. 

17-  Ue  or  it,  has  the  sound  of  the  French  u.  (See  5.) 

A  double  vowel,  in  foreign  words,  is  generally 
equivalent  to  the  single  vowel  prolonged. 


CONSONANTS. 

The  consonants  in  the  languages  of  Continental  Europe 
arc,  for  the  most  part,  similar  in  sound  to  the  same  letters 
in  English.  The  following  exceptions  may  be  mentioned :  — 

18.  B  at  the  end  of  a  word  in  German  is  pronounced 
like  p.  Between  two  vowels  in  Spanish  its  sound  is  some¬ 
what  similar  to  v,  with  which  it  is  often  interchanged  ;  as, 
Cordoba ,  Cordova,  &c.  This  sound  of  b  is  formed  by 
bringing  the  lips  loosely  or  feebly  into  contact. 

19.  C  before  e  and  i  in  Italian  is  pronounced  like  ck  in 
the  English  word  chill;  in  the  same  position  in  Spanish  it 
sounds  like  the  Spanish  z  or  like  our  th  in  thin.  In  Ger¬ 
man,  c  before  e,  i,  and  y  is  pronounced  like  the  German  z, 
or  like  is  in  English.  In  Polish  it  has  the  same  sound, 
even  at  the  end  of  a  word. 

20.  D  at  the  end  of  a  word  in  German  and  Dutch  is 
pronounced  like  l.  In  Spanish  and  Danish,  between  two 
vowels  or  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  has  a  sound  similar  to  th 
in  this. 

21.  In  all  the  European  languages  g  is  hard  before  a ,  o, 
and  u;  in  German,  Danish,  Norwegian,  and  Polish,  it  is 
hard  in  every  situation,  though  it  sometimes  has  a  guttural 
sound.  Before  e  and  i  (or  y),  in  French,  Portuguese,  Span¬ 
ish,  and  Swedish,  it  is  like  they  of  these  languages.  In  the 
same  position  in  Italian  it  sounds  like  our  y,  or  soft  g.  In 
Dutch  it  is  always  prouounced  like  h  strongly  aspirated. 
Gu  before  e  and  i,  in  French,  Portuguese,  and  Spanish, 
sounds  like  g  hard. 

22.  H  in  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  is 
either  never  pronounced  at  all,  or  else  is  sounded  so  slightly 
that  an  English  ear  can  scarcely  perceive  it.  In  the  other 
languages  of  Europe  it  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 

23.  J  in  Italian,  German.  Polish,  Swedish,  Norwegian, 
Danish,  and  Dutch,  is  pronounced  like  our  y.  In  French 
and  Portuguese  it  lias  the  sound  of  zh,  or  s  in  the  English 
word  pleasure.  In  Spanish  it  is  equivalent  to  x,  being  sim¬ 
ilar  in  sound  to  a  strongly  aspirated  h. 

24.  Often  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  in  French  and  Portu¬ 
guese,  m  and  n  are  said  to  have  a  nasal  sound  ;  but,  more 
correctly  speaking,  dropping  their  own  proper  character, 
they  impart  nasality  to  the  preceding  vowels,  which  are 
then  sounded  through  the  nose.  For  example,  ban  in 
French  approximates  in  sound  that  indicated  by  bong  in 
English.  Alem  or  alen ,  in  Portuguese  is  pronounced  almost 
a-lcng' .  In  pronouncing  the  nasal  vowels  in  these  lan¬ 
guages,  care  should  be  used  not  to  press  the  back  part  of 
the  tongue  against  the  palate,  as  is  doue  in  producing  the 
sound  of  the  English  ng.  In  French,  o  before  n  nasal  has 
nearly  the  sound  of  our  o  in  note,  but  is  somewhat  shorter. 
That  is  to  say,  if  the  English  word  no  be  pronounced  quickly, 
with  the  vowel  rendered  nasal,  the  sound  produced  will 
correspond  almost  exactly  to  that  of  the  French  non.  N 
in  Italian  before  g  usually  preserves  its  clear  sound  ;  hence 
Marengo  is  pronounced  almost  ma-renn'go  ;  in  all  or  nearly 
all  the  other  languages,  n  in  such  cases  approximates  the 
sound  of  the  English  n  in  link. 

25.  N  in  Spanish  (like  gn  in  French  and  Italian,  and  nh 
in  Portuguese)  has  a  sound  combining  that  of  n  and  y  con¬ 
sonant.  Mino  and  Minho  are  pronounced  alike  —  meen'yo. 

26.  Qu  before  e  and  i  in  Portuguese  and  Spanish,  and 
before  every  vowel  in  French,  has  the  sound  of  A;.  In  most 
other  languages  it  is  essentially  the  same  as  in  English. 

27.  R  in  most  European  languages  is  trilled  more  strongly 
than  in  English,  particularly  at  the  end  of  a  word  or  syl¬ 
lable.  In  pronouncing  it,  the  tip  of  the  tongue  is  made  to 
approach  very  near  to  the  roots  of  the  upper  teeth. 


28.  S'  in  many  European  tongues,  when  between  two 
vowels,  is  very  soft,  having  the  sound  of  our  z,  or  one  very 
near  it.  In  German  it  is  usually  pronounced  soft,  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word.  In  Hungarian  it  sounds  like  our  sh, 
or  the  German  sch. 

29.  T  in  several  European  tongues  has  a  sound  somewhat 
more  dental  than  in  English.  This  is  especially  observable 
in  Spanish,  in  which  language  it  is  pronounced  by  putting 
the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  teeth. 

30.  W  in  German  and  some  other  languages  is  nearly 
similar  to  our  v.  It  may  be  described  as  a  v  uttered  with 
the  lips  alone,  without  the  aid  of  the  teeth. 

31.  X  in  Spanish  generally  sounds  like  a  strongly  aspi¬ 
rated  A.  (See  23.)  In  Portuguese  it  is  px-onounced  like  our 
sh. 

32.  Z  in  German  and  Swedish  has  the  sound  of  ts ;  in 
Italian,  z  usually  soutids  like  dz,  zz  like  ts.  In  Spanish  it 
is  pronounced  like  the  English  th  in  thin. 

Combined  Consonants. 

33.  Ch  in  Spanish  has  the  same  sound  as  in  the  English 
word  chill.  In  Italian,  it  is  pronounced  like  k ;  in  German, 
Polish,  and  some  other  languages,  it  has  a  guttural  sound, 
somewhat  similar  to  a  strongly  aspirated  h.  This  sound  must 
be  learned  from  an  oral  instructor.  In  French  (except  in 
the  case  of  some  words  derived  from  the  Greek),  and  in 
Portuguese,  ch  has  the  sound  of  our  sh. 

34.  Cs  in  Hungarian  sounds  like  ch  in  the  English  word 
church. 

35.  Cz  in  Polish  sounds  like  our  ch;  in  Hungarian, 
like  ts. 

36.  By  in  Hungarian  blends  the  sounds  of  d  and  con¬ 
sonant  y,  and  hence  approximates  the  sound  of  our  y.  The 
same  combination  occurs  in  some  English  words,  as  in  sol¬ 
dier ,  verdure.  & c.  (See  44.) 

37.  Gh  in  Italian  is  like  gh  in  the  English  word  ghost ,  or 
g  in  game. 

38.  Gl  in  Italian,  when  followed  by  i,  hns  the  same 
sound  as  Ih  in  Portuguese,  or  ll  in  Spanish.  Before  a,  o,  or 
u,  the  i  following  gl  is  silent.  (See  41.) 

39.  Gn  in  French  and  Italian  (like  h  in  Spanish)  com¬ 
bines  the  sounds  of  n  and  consonant  y.  (See  25.) 

40.  Gy  in  Hungarian  blends  the  sounds  of  d  and  y  con¬ 
sonant.  Magyar  is  pronounced  mod'ySr'.  (See  36.) 

41.  Lh  in  Portuguese,  and  ll  in  Spanish,  combine  the 
sounds  of  l  and  y  consonant,  For  example,  velho  is  pro¬ 
nounced  vePyo  ;  villa,  veekya  ;  llano,  1\  a'no.  Ly  in  Hun¬ 
garian  has  also  the  sound  of  ll  in  Spanish.  Ll  in  Fiench, 
when  preceded  by  i,  was  formerly,  in  certain  words,  sounded 
like  the  Spanish  ll;  but  according  to  the  modern  popular 
pronunciation,  all  sound  of  the  l  in  such  words  is  dropped. 
Aurillac,  formerly  o'rePyak',  is  now  generally  sounded 
o're'yak' ;  Bouillon,  formerly  booPyox',  is  now  boo7}’ on', 
&c.  It  may  be  observed,  however,  that  public  speakers, 
and  others  who  aim  to  be  very  correct  in  their  pronuncia¬ 
tion,  still  frequently  retain  the  sound  of  the  l. 

42.  Nh  in  Portuguese  is  pronounced  like  the  Spanish  h. 
(See  25  and  39.)  Ny  in  Hungarian  has  the  same  sound. 

43.  Sc  in  Italian,  before  c  and  i,  sounds  like  the  English 
sh. 

44.  Sz  in  Hungarian  is  sounded  like  sharp  s  or  ss  ;  but  zs 
is  like  our  zh.  In  Polish,  sz  sounds  like  our  sh. 

45.  Sch  in  German  is  pronounced  like  sh  in  English  ;  in 
Italian,  before  e  and  i,  it  sounds  like  sk  in  English,  and  in 
Dutch,  before  all  the  vowels,  its  sound  is  similar,  but 
harsher  and  more  guttural. 

46.  Th  in  all  the  modern  languages  of  Continental 
Europe  except  Greek  (in  w’hich  the  character  0  has  the 
same  sound  as  our  th),  is  pronounced  like  simple  t,  or  like 
th  in  the  English  word  thyme. 

47.  Ts  in  Hungarian  is  like  cs  in  the  same  language ; 
that  is,  like  our  ch  in  church. 

48.  Ty  in  Hungarian  blends  the  sounds  of  t  and  consonant 
y  ;  it  appi’oaches  in  sound  our  ch.  A  similar  combination 
of  t  with  the  sound  of  consonant  y  takes  place  in  the  English 
words  creature,  righteous ,  virtue. 


* 

504  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


ACCENT. 

49.  By  accent  is  usually  meant,  in  English,  that  particular 
impulse  or  stress  of  the  voice  which,  in  pronunciation,  is 
placed  upon  certain  syllables  of  a  word  ;  for  example,  on  the 
last  syllable  in  confer  and  retain ,  on  the  second  in  America, 
and  on  the  first  and  last  in  evermore.  Many  words  in 
English  (like  the  one  last  cited)  have  two  accents  ;  but  one 
is  always  predominant,  and  is  termed  the  primary  accent ; 
the  other  is  called  the  secondary  accent. 

Something  analogous  to  English  accentuation  is  found  in 
nearly  all  languages.  In  the  Teutonic  tongues,  especially, 
the  accent  is  essentially  the  same  as  in  English,  a  large 
number  of  the  polysyllabic  words  having  both  the  primary 
and  secondary  accent,  as  Son'ders-hau'sen,  ZoWve-rein1 . 

It  is  very  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  give  any  general 
rules,  that  would  be  of  much  practical  utility,  for  placing 
the  accent  on  foreign  words  or  names.  Among  what  may 
be  termed  the  principal  European  languages  (viz.,  English, 
French,  German,  Italian,  Russian,  and  Spanish),  there  is 
scarcely  one  general  rule  for  accent  to  which  there  are  not 
a  multitude  of  exceptions.  Those  of  most  general  applica¬ 
tion  are  perhaps  the  following  :  In  Spanish  and  Portuguese, 
words  endiug  in  a  vowel  usually  have  the  accent  on  the 
penuitima  ;  those  ending  in  a  consonant  are  generally 
accented  on  the  last  syllable ;  yet  even  to  these  there  are 
numerous  exceptions  ;  e.  g.,  Alcala,  Cordova,  Andiijar, 
Cadiz ,  &c. 

50.  In  Spanish,  the  difference  between  accented  and  un¬ 
accented  syllables,  though  sufficiently  obvious  to  a  native, 
is  sometimes  scarcely  perceptible  to  a  foreigner. 

51.  In  Hungarian,  there  is  no  accent,  according  to  our 


use  of  this  word  ;  but  the  syllables  are  distinguished  from 
each  other  by  quantity,  being,  like  the  Latin,  divided  into 
long  and  short.  But  as  quantity  in  Latin  and  Greek  is 
converted  into  accent  by  the  usage  of  English  pronuncia¬ 
tion,  so,  in  giving  Hungarian  names  in  the  following  Vo¬ 
cabularies,  the  accent  is  placed  according  to  quantity  when¬ 
ever  this  could  be  satisfactorily  ascertained. 

52.  The  French  language  also  has  no  accent,  in  the  sense 
in  which  we  employ  the  term.  The  marks  called  accents 
that  are  placed  over  the  different  vowels,  serve  only  to  indi¬ 
cate  some  particular  sound  of  these  letters,  and  not  that 
peculiar  impulse  of  the  voice  which  characterizes  an  ac¬ 
cented  syllable  in  the  English  and  most  other  European 
tongues.  Thus,  the  accent  over  the  e  in  parlc  serves  to 
show  that  this  vowel  has  its  first  French  sound,  and  at  the 
same  time  distinguishes  it  from  parle,  another  form  of  the 
same  verb,  in  which  the  e  is  mute.  The  circumflex  imparts 
to  the  vowels  over  which  it  is  placed  a  longer  and  deeper 
sound  than  ordinary  ;  e.  g.,  in  hate,  tempete ,  gite,  and 
apOtre. 

It  is  commonly  said  that  the  French  pronounce  all  the 
syllables  of  a  word  with  an  equal  stress  of  voice,  but  that 
they  seem  to  an  English  ear  to  accentuate  the  last,  because 
in  our  language  the  universal  tendency  is  to  throw  the 
accent  toward  the  beginning  of  the  word.  Accordingly, 
the  principal  accent  has  been  placed  on  the  last  syllable  of 
French  names  ;  at  the  same  time  it  has  been  thought 
proper  to  mark  the  others  with  secondary  accents,  in  order 
to  prevent  them  from  being  pronounced  too  slightly  or  indis¬ 
tinctly,  as  is  usually  the  case  with  unaccented  syllables  in 
English.  The  pronunciation  of  Orleans,  for  example,  has 
been  thus  given  —  oR/la'oN'. 


EXPLANATION  OF  ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS 

EMPLOYED  IN  THE  VOCABULARIES  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  BIOGRAPH¬ 
ICAL  NAMES. 

The  figures  refer  to  the  Elements  of  Pronunciation  given  above. 


Ar.  Arabic. 

Flem.  Flemish. 

Fr.  French. 

Get.  German. 

Hung.  Hungarian. 

Nona.  Norwegian.  Syn. 

Turk.  Turkish. 

a,  e,  i,  Q,  marked  with  this  sign  [J  underneath,  have 
an  obscure  sound  similar  to  that  of  short  u,  but 
are  usually  considerably  shorter,  and,  indeed,  some¬ 
times  are  almost  mute :  thus,  Grat'tan  might  be  pro¬ 
nounced  graPtQn  or  grilPCn ;  HeFler,  hePlur  or 
helG’r,  &c. 

a,  e,  o  are  similar  in  sound  to  a,  e,  o,  but  are  not  to  be 
pronounced  so  long. 

a  is  employed  to  denote  the  long  sound  of  a. 

o  has  a  sound  similar  to  e  in  her  (see  14)  ;  it  may  be 
Anglicized  by  e. 

u  represents  the  sound  of  the  German  «  and  the  French 
u  (see  5) :  it  may  be  Anglicized  by  the  English  u. 

U,  small  capital,  is  intended  to  represent  the  sound  of 
the  French  eu  (see  12),  which  is  pronounced  nearly 
like  u  in  the  English  word  fur. 

B,  small  capital,  is  used  to  denote  the  sound  of  b  between 
two  vowels  in  Spanish,  often  nearly  approximating 
that  of  v.  (See  18.) 

D,  small  capital,  is  intended  to  represent  a  sound  similar 
to  th  in  this.  (See  20.) 

G  and  K,  small  capitals,  indicate  a  peculiar  sound  of  the 
German  ch,  or  one  similar  to  it.  (See  33.) 

H,  small  capital,  has  a  sound  somewhat  similar  to  the  pre¬ 
ceding,  but  more  resembling  a  strongly  aspirated  h. 


T  ( l  liquid)  is  to  be  pronounced  like  lli  in  million ;  it  blends 
the  sounds  of  /and?/  consonant.  (See  41.) 

M  and  N,  small  capitals,  are  used  in  the  respelling  of 
French  words,  to  represent  the  nasal  sound  of  the 
preceding  vowel,  and  are  not  themselves  to  bo  pro¬ 
nounced.  The  French  nasal  vowels  arc  ax,  on,  ox, 
fix,  being  similar  in  sound  to  dng,  dug,  Cng,  ung. 
(See  24.) 

h  is  pronounced  like  ni  in  minion  ;  it  blends  the  sounds 
of  n  and  y  consonant  (See  25  and  42.) 

R,  small  capital,  has  nearly  the  sound  of  rr  in  terror ,  but 
stronger.  (See  27.) 

s  is  used  to  indicate  that  the  sound  of  the  s  is  very  soft, 
nearly  resembling  our  z.  In  the  middle  of  a  word  it 
should  be  pronounced  like  a  soft  z. 

w  has  a  sound  similar  to  our  v.  (See  30  )  The  v  over  the 
iv  is  intended  to  point  out  its  alliance  to  our  v. 

y  and  ey  at  the  end  of  an  uuaccented  sy  llable  sound  like 
j  in  pin. 

au  and  aiv  have  the  sound  of  a  in  fall. 

ce  indicates  the  clear  sound  of  short  i  before  r,  as  in  the 
English  words  spirit ,  miracle,  &c. 

ow  is  to  be  pronounced  like  ow  in  cow,  and  on  like  ou  in 
house.  In  respelling  for  pronunciation,  oiv  has  been 
replaced  by  ou  wherever  the  former  combination  would 
be  liable  to  be  pronounced  like  long  o,  as  in  grow \ 
tow ,  &c. 

ss  is  sometimes  used  to  mark  the  sharp  sound  of  s  where  a 
single  s  would  be  liable  to  be  prououuced  like  z  ;  e.  g., 
Mans,  moxss,  not  m5xs. 

££| p *  The  other  marked  letters,  and  the  marks  denoting 
the  primary  and  secondary  accents,  (', ')  are  the  same 
as  those  used  in  the  body  of  the  Dictionary. 


Port.  Portuguese. 
pron.  pronunciation. 
Russ.  Russian. 

Sp.  Spanish. 

Sw.  Swedish. 
Synonym. 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


OF 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES, 


A- 


Adrianople  (ad7rl- 
an-o7pl) 
Ad7rl-at7ic 

Aa  (a)  _  JEgean  (Sea)  (e- 

Aachen  (U7Kgn).  jee7an) 

Syn.  Atx-la-Cha-  JEroe  (Pro  or  tPrci) 
pcllc.  Afghanistan  (af- 

Aalborg  (oPboRG)  gan7is-tiin7) 

Aar  (Ur)  _  Agen  (a/zhax7) 

Aargau  (Uli/gow)  A*7in-court  (or  a7- 

Abancay  (i-ban-  zh&PkooR7) 


U7. 

Abano  (ti-ba/no) 
Abbeville  (Fr. 
(ab7vel7) 

Xb'be-vlllc  (S.  C.) 
AlVer-brotlPoek, 

^  or  Arbroath 
Ab7er-deen7 
Abergavenny 
er-gl'ni 


Agnone  (an-yo7nu) 
Agosta  (a-gos7ta) 
Aguas  Calientes  (a7- 
gwas  ka-le-en7- 
tes)  [yas) 

Agulhas  (a-gooP- 
Ah7med-nug7gur 
Ain  (Sx) 

(ixb7-  Aintab  (In-tab7) 
Aix  ( Iks) 


Ab/er-Tst'\vith  (tk  Aix-la-Chapelle 
as  in  thin)  (Iks-la-shtPpeP) 

Abo  (Pbo)(Sw.  A-  (Gcr  Aachen, U7- 
bo,  o7boo)  Kgn) 

Abomey  (ab'o-mil7)  Ajaccio  (a-yat7cho), 
Abookeer,  Abou-  or  Ajazzo  (a-ytit7- 
kir,  or  Abukir  so)  [miin7) 

(Li-boo-keer7)  Akerman  (a/ker- 
Abootizh,  Abou- Akhissar  (iik7his- 
tige,  or  Aboutij 
(a-boo-tlzh7) 

Abrintes  (ii-bran7- 
tes) 

.Ab-se7com 
AlPys-sinG-a 
Acapulco  (a-ka- 
pookko) 

Ac/co-mac7 
Ach-ceu7,  or  Atch-  Albano  (al-ba/no) 
ccn7  Albans,  St.  (sent 

Acqui,  or  Aqui(a7-  awkbunz) 

kvrcc)  Albany  (a wPba-nv) 

Acqui  a  (a-kwPa)  Al7be-marle  (Eng.) 

Acre  (ii/kr  or  tPkcr)  Al7be-marle7  (U.  S.) 
Aden  (I7don  ;  Arab.  Albuquerque  (til- 
proa.  ti7dgn)  boo-keit7ka  or  al7- 

Adige  (a7de-jc  ;  It.  boo-kerk) 

pron.  tPde-jti)  Alcala  (al-ka-la7) 
(Ger.Etsch,etch)  Alcantara  (al-kiin7- 
Ad7x-ron7dack  ta-ra) 

Adlerberg  (i7dler-  APder-ney 

beRG7),  or  Arl-  Alem  Tejo,  or  Alen- 
berg  (aRl7beRG)  Tejo  (a-leN-ta7- 

Adour  (tPdooR7)  zho) 

Adria  (a/dre-ti)  Alenpon  (a-len7- 


saR7) 

Al7a-ba7ma,  or  Al7- 
a-ba/rna  [u-n) 
Alachua  (al-atch7- 
Alamo  (a/lti-mo) 
Aland ( a7 land )  ( S w. 

Aland,  xPliind) 
A-lap7a-ha7 
Al-bi7m-a 


son  ;  Fr.  pron. 
a716x7sux7) 
Alessandria  (al-es- 
siiu7dre-a) 
Aleutian  (a-lu7slh- 
an) 

Al7ex-an7dri-a 
Algarve  (iil-gaR7va), 
or  A  1-gar7  bx-a 
Al-£e7rl-a 

Algeziras  (al-je- 
zeo7rns) 

Algi-rV 

Al-go7a  (usually 
pron.  by  the  Eng¬ 
lish  aPgo-n) 
Al-i-cant7,  or  Ali¬ 
cante  (a-le-ktin7- 
ta) 

Alicata  (a-le-ka7ta) 
Alkmaar,  or  Alk- 
maer  (alk-maR7) 
Allahabad  (aPltih- 
ha-bad7) 
APle-ghtPny 
Almaden  (til-ma- 
Den7) 

Almeida  (al-ma7e- 
dii) 

Alnwick,  or  Alne- 
wiclc  (an7nik) 
Alsace  (tiPsiiss7) 
Altai  (iil-tl7) 
Altamaha  (aw^ta- 
naa-haw7) 

Altena  (aPta-na) 
APten-burg  (  Gcr. 
pron.  '  iii/ten- 
bfUORG7) 

APton 

Altona  (aPto-na) 
Altorf  (tiPtoRf),  or 
Aitdorf 

Am7a-zon  (Sp.  Ma- 
ranon 
yon7) 

Am-boy7 
Am-bo.v7na 
A-merG-ca 
Amherst  (am7erst) 
Amiens  (amG-enz ; 
Fr.  pron.  a/me- 
ox7) 

Am7mo-noo7suck 
Amoo,  or  Amou  (a- 
moo7) 


Amoor,  or  Amour 
(a-moor7) 

A-moy7 

Ampudia  (am-poo7- 
De-ti) 

Am7ster-dam7 
An-a-deer7,  or  Ana¬ 
dir  [wak7) 

Anahuac  (ti-nti- 
A-nam7  or  An7nam7 
An7a-to7lT-a.  Sy7i. 
Natolia. 

Andalusia  (an7da- 
lu7shl-a ;  Sp. 
pron.  tin-da-loo- 
thee7ti) 
An7da-man7 
Andelys,  Les  (laz- 
oxd7le7) 

Andes  (an7dez)  [Ra) 
Andorra  (an-doR7- 
An7do-ver 
An7  dros-cog7gin 
Angermannland 
(ang7er-man- 
land7)  (Sw.  Ang- 
ermland,  ong7- 
orm-land) 

Angers  (an7jcrz) ; 
formerly  written 
Angiers  ( Fr. 
pron.  ox7zha7). 
Anglesey,  or  Angle- 
sea  (ang7gl-se) 
An-goGa 
An-go7ra 

Angostura  (an-gos- 
too7ra) 

Angouleme  (ox7- 
goo-lam7) 

An7gus 

Anhalt  (an7halt) 
Anholt  (an7holt) 
An7jqu  ( Fr.  pron. 

oxPzhoo7) 

Annagh  (an-na7) 
An-nap7o-lis 
Ann  A-run7del 
Annecy  (an7sc7) 
Annobon  (an7no- 
bon7) 

Anspach  (ans7paK) 
Antibes  ( orPteeb7) 
An7tI-cos7tI 
An-ti37tam 
Antigua  (an-te7ga) 


Antilles  ( an-teel7  or 
ON7teel7) 

Autisana  (an-te7- 
sa-na) 

Antwerp  (Dutch 
Antwerpen,  ant7- 
weRp-en) 

Apache  (a-pa7cha) 
Ap7en-nxne^ 
Ap7pa-lach7ee 
Ap7pa-la7chi-an 
Ap7pa-lach7i-co7la 
Apure  (a-poo7r3,)~ 
Apurimac  (ti-poo- 
re-niak7 ) 

Aquila  (a7kwe-la) 
Aquin  (a7kSx7) 
Acpxino  (a-kwc7no) 
Arabia  (a-ra7bi-a) 
Arad(or7od7) 
Ar7a-gon  ( Sp.pron. 

a-ra-gon7) 

Ar7al 

Araixjuez  (a-riin- 
Hweth7) 

Ar7a-rat 

Ar7as,  or  A-rax7eg 
Areola  (aR-ko7la) 
Ar-c.ot7 

Ar7den,  or  Ar¬ 
dennes  (aR7den7) 
Arequipa  (ii-ra- 
lcee7pa) 

Argenteuil  (aR7- 
zhox7tul7) 
Ar/gcn-tine  Ite- 
pub'lic 

Argostoli  (aR-gos7- 
to-lee) 

Argyle,  or  Argyll 
(ar-gil7) 

Argyro  Castro  (aR7- 
ge-ro  kas7tro 
Arica  (a-re7kil) 
Ariege  (a7re-azh7) 
Ar7i-zo7na 
Ar-kan7sns  ( form¬ 
erly  pronounced, 
and  sometimes 
written  Ar7kan- 
saw) 

ArPberg  (  German 
pron  .  aRPbeRG). 
Syn.  Adlerberg. 
Arles  (arlz  ;  Fr. 
pron.  aRl) 


Armagh  (ar-ma7) 
Annaguac  (aR7- 
man7yak7) 
Ar-me7ui-a 
Arn7hem,  or  Arn- 
lieim  (aRn7h!m) 
A-roos7tdok 
Arpino  (aR-pee7no) 
Ar7ra-can7,  or  Ara- 
can 

Ar-rap7a-hoe.  Syn. 
w  Arapahoe. 

Ar7ras  (Fr.  pron. 
ar7ras7) 

Artois  (aR7twa7) 
Ar7un-del  (Eng.) 
A-run'del  (U.  S.) 
As7aph 

Aschiiffenburg  (a- 
shaf7fen-bui'g  ;~ 
Ger.  pron.  a- 
shaf'fen-bdoRg7) 
Ascoli  (as7ko-lee) 
A-shan7tee,  or  Ash7- 
an-tee7 
Ash7ta-bu7la 
Ash7ue-lot  (ash7we- 
lot) 

Asia  (ix7shi-a) 
As-sam7 

Assaye  (as-sl7  or  as- 
si7) 

As-sin7ni-boin7 
Assisi  (as-see7see) 
Asterabad  (as7ter- 
a-bad7) 

Asti  (as7 tee) 

Astorga  (as-toR7ga) 
As-to7rI-a 
As-tra-can7,  or  As¬ 
trakhan  ( Russ, 
pron.  as-tra-Ktin7) 
Asturias  (as-too7re- 
as) 

Atacama  (ti-ta-ka7- 
ma) 

Atchafalaya  (atch- 
af-a-lPa ) 

Ath7a-pes7cow,  or 
Ath7a-bas7ca 
Ath-lone7  _  . 

Ath7gl,  or  A7thgl 
Athy  (a-thl7) 

At7las 

Attigni  (tit7ten7ye7l 
Aube  (ob) 


a,e,&c.,long;  5,e,o,  less  prolonged;  the., short;  a, obscure;  eftre, far, ask, all, what,;  ere, veil, term;  pique, firm;  son  or, 
dq,wplf>tcTo,td'ok ;  dm, rye, pull ;  g,§,  soft ;  -c,g,  hard;  as  ;  exist ;  n  as  ng  ;  this ;  a,b,y,ee,I,n,s,\v,B,D,G,H,K,x,R,u (see  p.  502.) 

(505) 


506 

Auerbach  (ow'er- 
ban7) 

Augbburg  ( Ger. 
pron.  owgs7- 
bcfORG) 

Augustine,  St.  (sent 
aw7gus-teen7) 
Aurillac  (S7re7yak7 
or  o7rel7yak7) 
Aurungabad  (5- 
rung'ga-bad') 
Aus7ter-litz  ( -lits ; 
Ger.  pron.  ows7- 
ter-lits) 

Aus7tral-a/si-a  (-a7- 
shl-a) 

Aus-tra7ll-a 
Aus7trl-a  (Ger. 
Oestreick,  ost7- 
rlK) 

Autun  (57tHN7) 
Auvergne  .  (o-vern7 
or  o7veRn7) 

Aux  Cayes  (5  ka) 
Auxerre  (o7seR7) 
Auxonne  (oks7on7), 
or  Aussone  (os7- 
s5n7) 

Ava  (a/va) 

Aveiro  (a-va7e-ro) 
Avignon  (a/ven7- 
yoN7) 

Avila  (a/ve-la) 

Avon  (a7vgn) 
Avoyelles  (av7oi- 
elz7) 

Ayr  (ar) 

Ayrshire  (ar7shir) 
Az7of,  Azoph ,  or 
Azov 

Azores  (a-z5rz7  or 
a-zd7rez) 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


B. 


Baalbec  (babbSk7) 
Ba7bel-man7del,  or, 
more  correctly, 
Bab7el-man7deb 
Bacchiglione  (bak- 
kel-yo7ua) 
Bacharach  (baK7a- 
riiK7 ) 

Badajos  (bad-a- 
hos7)  (Sp.  Bada- 
joz,  ba-na-Hoth7) 
Baden  (ba/dgn  or 
bad7en) 

Badenweiler  (ba- 
den-wl'lgr) 
Bagdad  (bag-dad7 
or  bag7dad) ;  writ¬ 
ten  also  Bagdat. 
Ba-htbmas 
Bahia  (ba-e7a) 
Bahr-el-Abiad 
( bah’r-el-a/be- 
ad7) 

BaVkal  (bbkab) 
Baireuth  (bbrijth  ; 
Ger.  pron.  bi7- 
roit) 

Bal7a-ghauts7 


Bal7a-kla7va  [riik7) 
Balaruc  (ba/la7- 
Balaton,  more  cor¬ 
rectly  Balatony 
(bil7iaw-ton) 
Bale(bal).  Syn.  Ba¬ 
sel. 

Bal7e-ilr7ic  (Islands) 
Balize  (ba-leez7) 
Balkan  (bal-kan7) 
Balkh  (balk) ;  writ¬ 
ten  also  Bulkh. 
Ballinasloe  (bablf- 
na-slo7) 

Balbston  Spa  (spa 
or  spaw) 
Bal-mor7al 
Babtic 

Babti-more  (or 
bawbti-mgr) 
Banff  (bamf )  ; 
sometimes  writ¬ 
ten  Bailiff. 
Bang7kok7 
Bangor  _  (Eng.) 

(bang7ger) 
Ban'gor  (U.  S.) 
Ban7nock-burn7 
Ban7tam7 

Bapaume  (bibpom7) 
Barataria  (ba-ra- 
ta/re-a) 

Barbados,  or  Bar- 
ba-does  (bar-ba7- 
doz) 

Bar-ce-lo7na  (or 
baR-tha-lo7na) 
Barege  (bibrazh7) 
Barita  (ba-ree7ta) 
or  Barrita 
Barnaul  (baR- 
nowl7) 

Bar7re  (in  two 
syllables) 

Barreges,  or  Barege 
(ba/razh7) 

Basel  (ba7zgl)  (Fr. 
Bale,  or  Basle, 

bal ) 

Bassano  (bas-sa/no) 
Bassora  (bas7so-ra), 
or  Bas7rah 
Ba-ta/vT-a 
Baton  Rouge  (bat7- 
un  roozh) 
Ba-va7rl-a  (Ger. 

Baiern,  bberu) 
Bayeux  (bibyuh7) 
Bayonne  (ba7yon7) 
Bayreuth.  See  Bai¬ 
reuth. 

Bearn  (ba7aR7) 
Beaufort  ( British 
Dominions)  (b57- 
furt) 

Beaufort  (S.  C.) 

(bibfurt)  [ris) 
Beaumaris  (bo -ma7- 
Behring’s  (beer7- 
ingz)  (Strait) 
Beiroot.  or  Beirout. 

See  Beyroot. 
Bel7ed-el-Jer-eed7  ; 
written  also 
Beled-el-Jerid. 


Bel-fast7  (Ireland) 
Bel7 fast  (Maine) 
Belgium  (bel7ji- 

um) 

Belgrade7  (Turk. 
Bibgrad) 

Belle  Isle,  or  Bell- 
isle  (bei-ib) 
Belloochistan  (bel- 
loo7ckis-tan7) 
Belvidere  (bebve- 
deer7) 

Benares  (ben-ii7res) 
Bengal  (ben-gawl7) 
Benguela  (ben-ga/- 
lii) 

Benin  (ben-een7) 
Ben-Lo7mond 
Ben-Ne7vis 
Beresina,  or  Berezi¬ 
na  (ber-g-zee7na) 
Bergamo  (beR'ga- 
mo) 

Berkshire  (former¬ 
ly  bark'shir) 
Ber7lin  (  Ger.  pron. 

beR-leen7) 
Ber-mu7da2 
Berwick  (Eng.) 

( ber7rik ) 
Berwick  (U.  S.) 
Besangon  (b’z-ON7- 
SON7) 

Bexar  ( Sp.  pron. 
bS-naR7  ;  often 
pron.  by  the  Tex¬ 
ans,  beh-kar7  or 
bar) 

Beyroot,  Berut,  or 
Bairout  ( U'broot ; 
Turk.  pron.  bb- 
root) 

Bhurt7poor7,  or 
Bhurt7pore7 
Bialystok  (be-abis- 
tok ) 

Bilbao  (bil-ba7o ; 
often  written  and 
pronounced  in 
Eng.,  Bibbo-a) 
Biled-ul-Gerid 
(bibgd-obl-jer- 
eed7).  Syn.  Bel- 
ed-el-Jereed. 
Bibler-ic-a 
Bing7gn 

Binghamton  (bing7- 
um-tun)  [ma. 
BTr7ma.  Syn.  Bur- 
Birmirigham  (bir7- 
ming-am ) 

Bis7cay  (Sp.  Bis¬ 
caya,  bis-ka7ya) 
Blanc,  Mont  (moN 
blox)  or  Mount 
Blanc. 

Blenheim  (blen7im) 
(Ger.  Blindheim, 
blint'him) 

Blois  (bloi,  prefer¬ 
ably  blwa) 

Boden  See  (bo7den 
sa7).  Syn.  Lake 
Constance. 
Bogota  (bo-go-ta7). 


Syn.  Santa  Fe  de 
Bogota 

Bo-ke7mi-a  (Ger. 
Bohmen,  or  Boeh- 
men,  bo'men) 
Bokhara  (bo-Ka7ra), 
or  Bu-eha/ri-a 
Bo-liv7i-a(  Sp.  pron. 

bo-lee7ve-a) 
Bologna  (bo-lon7- 
ya) 

Bomarsund  (bo7- 
mar-soond7) 
Bom-bay7 
Bo7na  Vis7ta,  or 
Bom  Vis7ta 
Bootan  (boo-tan7), 
or  Bhootan 
Bordeaux  (boR7- 
do7),  or  Bour- 
deaux  (booR7do7) 
Borgne (born) 
Bor7ne-o 

Bor-noo7 ;  written 
also  Bornou. 
Borodino  (bor-o- 
dee7no);  Russ, 
pron.  bor-o-de- 
no7) 

Bosna-Serai  (bos- 
nii-ser-i7) 

Bos7m-a 

Bos7po-rus  ;  less 
correctly  written 
Bosphorus. 
Botlbni-a 
Bouillon  (boo7yoN7 
or  booby  on7) 
Boulogne  (boo-lon7; 
Fr.  pron.  boo7- 
lon7) 

Bourbon  (boor7- 
bun ;  Fr.  pron. 
booR7bc>N7) 
Bourbon  (Ky.) 

(bQr7bun) 
Bourbonnes-les- 
Bains  (booR- 
bon7-la-baN7) 
Bowdoin  (bo7den) 
Brabant  (brii7bant 
or  dira-bant7) 
Bra-gan7za 
Brah7ma-poot7ra, 
or  Bur7ram-poo7- 
ter 

Bra-zil7  ( Fort. pron. 

bra-zeel7) 
Bra-zo7ri-a 
Brazos  (bra/zgs  or 
bra7soss) 
Bread-abbane 
Brechin  (breK/in) 
Brec7cjn 
Breda  (bra-da7) 
Brenben  ( or  bra7- 
men)  (Europe) 
Bre7men  (U.  S.) 
Breslau  ( bres7law 
or  bres'lou) 
Bretagne  (brgh- 
tan7).  Syn.  Brit¬ 
tany. 

Breton  (brit7un) 
(Cape) 


Brianfon  (bre7oN- 

SON7) 

Brienne  (bre7en7) 
Brienz  (bre7ents7) 
Brighton  (brbtgn) 
Britain  (brit7un  or 
brit7n) 

Brit7ta-ny  (Fr.  Bre¬ 
tagne,  breh-taii7) 
Brdok7line 
Brook7lJTn 
Brough  (bruf) 
Briick  (brdk,  al¬ 
most  brick) 
Bridges  ( Fr.  pron. 

briizh)  [briin) 
Briinn  (brhn  or 
Brung7wick  (Ger. 
Braunschweig, 
brown7shwlG) 
Brus7selg  (Fr. 
Bruxelles,  brii7- 
sel7) 

Bu-eha7rl-a.  Syn. 

Bokhara. 
Bu7chg-rest7,  or 
Bucharest 
Bu7da  ( Hung. 

pron.  boo'doh7) 
Budweiz  (bood7- 
wis) 

Buenaventura 

(bwa7na-ven-too7- 

ra) 

Buena  Yista  (bwa7- 
na  vis7ta) 

Buenos  Ayres  (bo7- 
nus  a7riz  ;  Sp. 
pron  b\va7noss 
i7res) 

Bug  (boog)  [ri-a) 
Bulgaria  (bdol-ga7- 
Biilkh.  Syn.  Balkh. 
Bur7gun-dy  (Fr. 
Bourgogne, 
booR7gori7) 
Bur7ling-tQn 
Btir7ram-poo7tcr. 
Syn.  Brahma¬ 
pootra. 

Bury  (ber7ry) 
Byzantium  (bi- 
zan7shl-um ) 


C. 


Ca-bool7  (called  by 
the  natives  Ka7- 
bhl) 

Ca7diz  ( Sp.  pron. 

ka7Deth) 

Caen  (kSN) 
Caermarthen  (ker- 
mar7thgn) 
Caernarvon  (ker- 
nar7vQn) 
Caf-fra7rl-a 
Ca-haw7ba 
Cabro  (Egypt)  ; 
called  by  th.e 
Arabs  El  Kahira 
(el  kah7he-ra) 
Cabro  (U.  S.)' 


Ca-la7brT-a  (or  ka- 
la7bre-a) 

Calais  (kiibiss;  Fr. 

pron.  ka7la7) 
Csil-cut7  ta 
Cabe-do'nI-a 
Cabi-cut 
Cal7i-for7nT-a 
Callao  (kal-la7o  or 
kal-ysbo) 

Caine  (lean) 
Camanche  jka- 
miin7chS) 
Cam-bay7 

Cam-bo7dI-a,  or 
Cam-boge7 
Cam7bray,  or  Cam- 
brai  ( Fr.  pron. 
kaM7bri7) 
Cambridge  (kam7- 
brij) 

Campagna  (kiim- 
pan7yii) 

Campeachy  (kam- 
pee7che) 

Can7a-da 

Canajoharie  (kan7- 
a-jo-hitr7re) 
Canandaigua  (kan7- 
an-da7gwa) 
Canaries  (ka-na7- 
reez) 

Ca-nav7er-al 
Can-da-har7,  or 
Kandahar 
Can7di-a,  or  Crete 
Cannes  (kiln) 
Canterbury  (kan7- 
ter-bgr-e) 

Can7 ton  (China) 
Can7tgn  (U.  S.) 
Cape  Breton  (kap 
brit7t’n  or  brit7- 

un) 

Cape  Girardeau  (je- 
rar-do7)  [en) 
Capellaitien  (ha7te- 
Cape  Pabmas 
Capo  d’Istria  (ka7- 
po  dis7tre-ii) 
Cap7u-a  (It.  pron. 
ka7poo-a) 

Ca-rac7as,  or  Carac- 
cas  ( Sp.  pron. 
ka-ra'kas) 
Cardenas  (kaR7da7' 
nas) 

Citr7ib-be7an  Sea 
Ca-rin7tbl-a 
Carlisle  (kar-llb) 
Carlscrona  (karls- 
kroo7na) ;  or 
Carlscroon 
Carlsruhe,  or  Karls> 
ruhe  (karls7roo) 
Carmagnoia  (kar- 
man-yo7la)-  [na) 
Carolina  (kSr7o-lI7- 
Carpathian  (kar- 
pa'thl-an) 
Car7pen-ta7rT-a 
Carrara  (kiiR-Ra7ra) 
Cartagena  (kar7ta- 
je'na  ;  Sp.  pron. 
kaR-ta-Ha7na) 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Cashmere,  or  Kash- 
mire(kash-meer7) 
Cas'pi-an 

Cassiquiari  (ka-se- 
ke-a/ree) 

Castiglione  (kas- 
tel-yo7na) 

Castile  (kas-teel7) 
(Sp.  Castilia,  kas- 
teel7ya) 

Castine  (kas-teen7) 
Cat7a-lo7ni-a  (Sp. 
Cataluna,  ka-ta- 
loon7ya)  [tegat 
Cat7e-gat,  or  Kat- 
Cat7ta-rau7gus 
Caubul  (kaw-bool7). 

Syn.  Cabool. 
Cau7ca-sus 
Cavery,  or  Cauvery 
(kaw7ver-e) 
Cawn-pore7 
Cayenne  (kl-en7) 
Cayuga  (ka-yoo7ga) 
Cebu  (se-boo7).  Syn. 
Zebu. 

Cefalu  (chef-a-loo7) 
Celebes  (sel7e-biz) 
Cen7is  (or  se7ne7) 
Ceph7a-lo7ni-a 
Ceuta  (su7ta^  Sp. 

pron.  tha7oo-ta) 
Cevennes  (sa7ven7) 
Ceylon  (see7lon  or 
sl-lon7) 

Chagres  (cha/gres) 
Chaleur  (sha-loor7) 
Chalons  sur  Marne 
(sha/loN'-siiR- 
maRn) 

Chalons-sur-Saone 

(sha7loN7-s'uR- 

son) 

Chamouny  (sha7- 
moo'ne') 

Champagne  (shoN7- 
pan7) 

Cliauipaigne 
(sham-pan7) 
Cham -plain7 
Chandeleur  (shan- 
dg-loor7) 

Chantilly  (shan- 
til7lee  ;  Fr.  pron. 
shoN7tel7ye7  or 
shffN7te7ye7) 
Chapala  (cha-pa7- 
la) 

Chapultepec  (chii- 
pool-ta-pek7) 
Charente  (sha7- 
roNt7) 

Chartres  (shaRt’r) 
Chatauque.  See 
Chautauqua. 
Chateaubriant 
(sha7to7bre-oN7) 
Chateaudun  (sha7- 
to7duN7) 

Chat7ta-hoo7che 
Chat7ta-noo7ga 
Cbaudiere  (sho7de- 
fcR7) 

Chaumonfc  (Fr.) 
(sho7moN7) 


Chaumont  (N.  Y.) 
(sho7mo7) 

Chautauqua  (sha- 
taw7kwa  ) ;  for¬ 
merly  written 

Chautauque. 
Chebucto  (she- 

buk7to) 
Chelmsford 
(chemz7furd) 
Cheltenham  (chelt7- 
num) 

Chemnitz  (Kem7- 

nits) 

Chemung  (she- 

mung7) 

Chenango  (she- 

nang7go) 

Clie-raw7 

Cherburg  (sher7- 

burg  or  sheR7- 

booR') 

Cher7o-kee7 
Chertsey  (ches7se) 
Ches7a-peake 
Che-sun7cdbk 
Cheviot  (chiv7e-ut) 
Chey  enne  (she-en7) 
Chicago  (she-kaw7- 
go) 

Chichester 
(chitch7es-ter) 
Chick7a-hom7I-ny 
C  h  ick 7  a-ma  u  7ga 
Chick'a-pee7 
Cliick7a-sawg 
Chihuahua  (che- 
wa/wa) 

Chili  (chil7le)  (Sp. 

Chile,  chee7la) 
Chil7li-coth7e 
Chillon  (she7yoN7 
or  shiPlou)  (Swit¬ 
zerland) 

Chiloe  (che-lo-a7, 
almost  chil-way7) 
Chimborazo  (chim7- 
bo-ra7zo ;  Sp. 
pron.  cheem-bo- 
ra/tho) 

Chi7na 

Chinchilla  (chin7- 
cheel'ya) 

Chin  In7di-a 
Chippenham 
(chip7num) 
Chippewa  (chip7pe- 
wa) 

Chip7pe-way 
Chiriqui  (che-re- 
kee7) 

Chiswick  (chiz7ik) 
Cholula  (cho-loo7- 
la) 

Chowan  (cho-wan7) 
Chris7  ti-an'a 
Christiania  (kris- 
te-a/ne-a) 
Christianstadt 
(kris7te-an-stat) 
(Sw.  Christian- 
stad,  kris7te-an- 
stadf) 

Chudleigh  (chftd7- 
lee) 


Chuquisaca  (choo- 
ke-sa7ka) 

Ciara  (se-a/ra) ; 
written  also  Ce- 
ar'a  and  Seara. 
Cincinnati  (sin7sin- 
nah't!) 

Often  im¬ 
properly  pro¬ 
nounced  as  if 
written  Cincin- 
natah,  or  Cincin¬ 
nati!  h. 

Cin7tra  (or  seen7- 
tra) 

Circar^  (Northern.) 
Circassia  (ser- 
kash7i-a) 

Ci7ren-ces7ter  (com¬ 
monly  pron. 
sis7e-ter  or  sis7is- 
tgr) 

Ciudad  Real  (Spain ) 

( the-oo-DaD7  ra- 
iil7) 

Ciudad  Real  (Mexi¬ 
co)  (se-oo-dad7 
r  a-al7 ) 

Civita  Yecchia 
(chee7ve-ta  vek7- 
ke-ii) 

Clagenfurth,  or 
Klagenfurth 
(kla/gen-fooRt7) 
Cleves  (ldeevz) 
Clitheroe  (klith7- 
er-o) 

Clogher  (kloh7Hgr) 
Clon-mell7 
Coahuila.  See  Co- 
hahuila. 

Coango  (ko-ang7go) 
Coblentz  (kob7- 
lents)  (Ger.  Cob¬ 
lenz,  ko7blents) 
Co7burg  (  German 
pron.  ko7bobRG) 
Cochin  (ko-cheen7) 
Co7chin  Chi7na 
Cognac  (kon-yak7) 
Cohahuila,  or  Coa¬ 
huila  (ko-a-wee7- 
la) 

Cohoes,  or  Cahoos 
(ko-h5z7) 

Co-im7bra  (or  ko- 
eem7brii) 
Col7ches-ter 
Coleraine  (k51-ran7) 
Cologne  (ko-lon7 ; 
Fr.  pron.  ko7- 
lon)(Ger.  Koln) 
Colombia  (ko-lom7- 
be-a) 

Col7on-sa,  or  Col7- 
on-say7 

Colorado  (kol7o- 
ra/do)i 
Co-lum7bT-a 
Co-man7che,  or 
Ca-man7che 
Com7ba-hee7 
Comines  (ko7rneen7) 
or  Commines 
(kom7meen7) 


Com'o-rin 
Co7morn,  or  Ko- 
morn 
Com7o-ro 

Compiegne  (koM7- 
pe-an7) 

Con7chas  (ch  as  in 
child) 

Concord  (konk7- 
urd) 

Conemaugh  (kon7e- 
maw) 

Congaree  (kong7- 
ga-ree7 ) 

Congo  (kong'go) 
Connaught  (kon7- 
nawt) 

Connecticut  (kon- 
netG-kut) 
Con-stan7ti-no7ple 
Cooch  Bahar  (ba- 
har7 ) 

Coos  (ko-os7) 
Coo7saw-hatch7ie 
Co7pen-ha7gen 
Co7pi-a-po7 
Coquimbo  (ko- 
keem7bo) 

Cor-dil7ler-as  ( Sp. 
pron.  koR-del- 
ya7ras) 

Cor7do-va,  or  Cor¬ 
doba 
Co-re7a 

Corfu  (kor-foo7  or 
kor7fu) 

Cor7inth 
Cor7o-man7del 
Corpus  Chris7ti 
(kor7pus  kris7te) 
Corrientes  (koR-Re- 
bn7tes) 

Cor7si-ca  (Fr.  Corse, 
koRs)" 

Co-run7na  (Spanish 
Coruna,  ko- 
roon7ya) 

Costa  Rica  (kos7ta 
ree'kii) 

Cotopaxi  (ko-to- 
paks7e ;  Spanish 
pron.  ko-to-piih7- 
He) 

Courland  (koor7- 
land) 

Courtray,  or  Cour- 
trai  (kooR7trS7) 
Coventry  (kuv7cn- 
tri) 

C6v7ing-ton 
Cowes  (kowz) 
Cracow  (kra7ko) 
(Polish  Krakow, 
kra7koof) 

Crecy  (kres7se :  Fr. 

pron.  kra/se7) 
Cre-mo7na  (It. 

pron.  kra-mo7na) 
Cr!-me7a  (Russ. 
Krim.) 

Croatia  (kro-a7- 
shi-a) 

Croix,  St.  (kroi). 

Syn.  Santa  Cruz. 
Crom7ar-t.y 


Cronstadt  (kron7- 
stat) 

Cu7ba  (Sp.  pron. 

koo7ba) 
Cul-lo7den 
Cul7pep-per 
Cumana  (koo-ma- 
na7) 

Curagoa  (ku7ra-so7) 
Cur7ri-tuck7 
Cuzco  (koos7ko) 


D. 


Dahomey  (dah7ho- 
ma7) 

Da-ko7tah.  Syn. 

Sioux. 

Dalecarlia  (da-le- 
kaR'le-a) 

Dnlkeith  (dal- 

keeth7) 

Dalles  (ddlz) 

Dalmatia  (dal-ma7- 
shjf-a) 

Daiton  (dawPton) 

Dant7zic  (dant7sik) 
.(German  Danzig, 
dant7siG) 

Dan 7  u  be  (German 
Donau,  do7now) 

Dardanelles  (dar7- 
da-nelz7) 

Darien  (Ga.)  (da7re- 

gn) 

Darien,  Isthmus  of 
(da-re-en7) 

Darmstadt  (daRm7- 
stat) 

Dartmouth  (dart7- 
muth ) 

Debreczin,  or  De- 
bretzin  (da-bret7- 
sin) 

Dec7can,  or  Dek7- 
kan 


Del7a-go7a 

Delaware  (del7a- 
war) 

Delft  (every  letter 
should  he  pro¬ 
nounced.) 

Delhi,  or  Dehli 
(Hindostan) 

(del 7  lee) 

Demerara  (dem7er- 
a7ra) 

Denbighshire  (den7- 
be-shir) 

Deptford  (det7furd) 

Der7by  (or  dar7bi) 

Derne  (der7ne  or 
der7neh ) 

Des  Moines  (de 
moin) 

Des7sau  ( German 
pron.  des7sow) 

De-troit7 

Devises  (de-vFziz) 

Devonshire  (dev7- 
on-shir) 

Dhawalaghiri  (da- 
wol7a-ger7re) 


507 

Dieppe  (dyep  or  de¬ 
ep7) 

Dijon  (de7zhoN7) 
Dinant  (de'noN7  or 
de-nant7) 

Dnieper  (nee7per  •, 
Russ.  pron. 
dnyep7er) 
Dniester  (nees7ter  ; 
Russ.  pron. 
dnyes7ter) 
Do7fra-f!-eld7.  Syn. 

Dovrefield. 
Domingo  (do-ming7- 
go) 

Dominica  (dom7e- 
nee'ka ;  Fr.  Dom¬ 
inique,  dom-e- 
neek7) 

Donegal  (don-e- 
gawl7) 

Dongola  (dong7go- 
la) 

Dor7ches-ter 
Dor-dogne  (dor7- 
don7  ;  Fr.  pron. 
doR7don7 ) 

Dordrecht  (dort7- 
reKt),  or  Dort 
Dornoch  (dor7noK) 
Dorpat  (doR7pat), 
or  Dorpt 

Douai,  or  Douay 
(doo7ii7) ;  some¬ 
times  written  Do- 
way. 

Doubs  (doobz  or 
doo) 

Douro  (doo7ro) 
Do7vre-fi-eld7 
Dowlatabad  (dow7- 
la-ta-bad7) 

Drin  (dreen),  or 
Drino  (dree7no) 
Drogheda  (droh7- 
Hg-da ) 

Dro7more,  or  Dro- 
more7 

Drontheim  (dront7- 
im) 

Dub7lin 

Dubuque  (du- 
b(Tok7) 

Dulwich  (dul7ij) 
Dum-blane7 
Dumfries  (dum- 
freess7) 

Dun-bar7 

Dundalk  (dun- 
dawk7) 

Dun-dass7 

Dun-dee7 

Dunfermline  (dum- 
fer7lin) 

Dungeness  (dun-je- 
ness7) 

Dun7kirk  (French 
Dunkerque, 
duN7keRk7) 
Duquesne  (du- 
kan7) 

Durango  (doo- 
rang7go) 

Durham  (dhr7um) 
Dus7sel-dorf  (Ger. 


do,wQlf,too  ,tdok ;  Qrn,ri]e,pyll ;  $,g,soft ;  v,g,hard ;  ag  ;  exist ;  n  aing ;  this;  a,b,u,ee,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u  (see  p.  502). 


508 

Dusseldorf,  diis7- 
sgl-doRf') 

DwPnjj 


E. 

E7bro  ( Sp.  pron. 
a7bro) 

Ecuador  (ek-wa- 

dOR7) 

Edinburgh  (ed7in- 
bur-ruh)  ;  writ¬ 
ten  also ,  but  less 
properly ,  Edinbo- 
ro\ 

Ed'is-to 

Eg7ri-po.  Syn.  Ne- 
gropont. 

Egypt  (e7jipt) 
Ehrenbreitstein  (a7- 
rgn-brit-stTn) 
Eichstadt,  or  Aich- 
stadt  (IiPstet) 
Ekatarinburg  (u- 
ka'ta-reen- 
booRg/) 

Ekatarinoslaf,  or 
Ekatarinoslav  (a- 
ka7ta-reen7o- 
slaf7).  See  Yeka- 
tarinoslav. 

Elbe  (elb  ;  Ger. 

pron.  ebb  eh) 
El-boorz7,  or  El- 
brooz7 
EPgin-shire 
Eliza  be  tgrad  (a-liz7- 
ii-bet-grad7),  or 
Yelisave  tgrad 
El-mEra 

El  Paso  del  Norte 
(el  pa/so  delnoR7- 
ta) 

El7sT-nore7,  or  Elsi- 
neur  (el7se-nur7) 
Ems  (ems) 

England  (ing7- 
gland) 

Entre  Douro  e  Min- 
ho  (en7tra  doo7- 
ro  a  meen7yo ) 
Erfurt  (eR'fdbRt) 
Erie  (57ree) 

Erne,  Lough  (Ioh 
ern) 

Erzgebirge  (eRts7- 
ga-beetpga) 
Essequibo  (es-sa- 
k37bo) 

Este  (es7ta) 
Es-tho7nT-a 
Estremadura  (es- 
,  tra-ma-r>oo7ra) 
Etienne  "Saint  (sSNt 
et7e-en7) 

Et7o-wah 

Etsch  (etch).  Syn. 

Adige 
Eu  (uh) 

Euphrates  (ytf-fra7- 

fez) 

Europe  (u7rup) 
Eylau  (Plou) 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


"C*  Fyum  (f7-oom7). 

^  •  Syn.  Fai-oom. 


Faeroe  (fa'ro  or  fa7- 
ro-e).  Syn.  Far 
roe. 

Falaise  (fa/laz7) 
Falkirk  (fawPkirk) 
Falkland  (fawk7- 
laml)  [muth) 
Falmouth  (fSP- 
Falster  (fSPster  or 
faPstgr) 

Faroe  (fa7ro  or  fa7- 
ro-e) 

Fayal  (fl-awP;  Port. 

pron.  fl-aP) 
Fee7jee.  Syn.  Fiji. 
Fermanagh  (fer- 
maa'a) 

Ferrara  (feR-R-a/ra) 
Fezzan  ( fez7zan7) 
Fiji  ( pronounced , 
and  often  writ¬ 
ten ,  Fee'jee) 
Finisterre,  Cape 
(fin-is-ter7) 
Finland 
Fiume  (fyoo7m3.) 
Flan'der^ 

Florence  (It.  Fi¬ 
renze,  fe-ren7za, 
or  Fiorenza,  fe-o- 
rerPza) 

Flo7res 
FI  or7! -da 
Fontainebleau 
(foN7tan7blo7) 
Fontarabia  (fon-ta- 
ra/be-a)  (Sp. 
F  uenterabia, 
fwen-ta-ra-bee7a) 
Fon-te-noy7  (Fr. 

pron.  font7nwa7) 
For-mo7sa 
Fotheringay  (foth7- 
er-ing-ga7) 

France  (franss ;  Fr. 

pron.  froxss) 
Franche  Comte 
(froNsh  kox7t7a) 
Fran-cohiT-a 
Frank7fgrt  (Ger. 
Frankfurt, 
frankYcxmt) 
Freiberg  (frPbeRG) 
Freiburg  (frPburg 
or  frl'booRG) 
Frejus  (fra/zhus7) 
FrijPland 
Frio  ( free7o) 

Frische  Ilaff  (frish7- 
ghhaf),  or  Fris¬ 
che  See  (frislPoh 
sa) 

Frob/ish-er,g  Strait 
Frod7sham 
Fulda  (fcfoPda) 
Funchal  (foon- 
shiiF) 

FiPnen  (Dan.  Fyen, 
f  u/gn ) 

Furruckabad  { f ur/- 
ruk-a-bad7) 
Furth  ffiiRt) 


G. 


Gaeta  (ga-a7tii) 
Galapagos  (gal7a- 
pa/gus ;  Sp.  pron. 
ga-UPpa-gos) 
GaPa-shi31;7 
Galatz  (ga/liits) 
Ga-lehia 

Galicia  ’(ga-listPi-a) 

Gal-lip7o-li 

GaPlI-po-l;s7  (Ohio) 

GaPlo-way 

GaPves-tgn 

Galway  (gawPwa) 

Ganpbl-a 

GatPg'3^  (Hindoo, 
Gnnga) 

Garda  (gaR7da) 
Gardiner  (gard7ngr) 
Garonne  (gii-ron7) 
Gas7co-ny  ( Fr.  Gas¬ 
cogne,  gas7kon7) 
Gaspe  (gas7p&7) 

Geel  ( Dutch  pron. 
Hal) 

Gelders,  or  Guelders 
(gePdgrz)  Syn. 
<jel7der-land. 
6en7e-see7 
Gen7e-se7o 
Ge-ne7Va 

Genii  (na-neeP) ; 
written  also  Xen- 
il. 

(Jen7o-a  (It.  Geno¬ 
va,  jen7o-vii) 
Geor7gi-a 

Ger7ma-ny  (Ger. 
Deutschland, 
doitshGant) 
Gerona  (ritPro-na) 
Geysers  (gPsgrz) 
Ghadamis  (gii-da7- 
mis) 

Ghauts  (gawts) 
Ghee7zeh ;  ivritten 
also  Gizeh  and 
Jizeh. 

Ghent  (gent)  (Fr. 

Gand, gox) 
Gi-braPtar  ( Sp. 
pron.  ne-bral7- 
taR7) 

Gila  (ne7la) 

Gilolo  (hc-1o71o) 
Girjenti  (jcu-jen/te/) 
Gizeh  (jee'zgh  or 
gee7zeh) 

Glasgow 

Gloucester  (glos7- 
tgr) 

Glickstadt  (gluk7- 
stat) 

Gniund  (gmiint),  or 
Gmiinden 
(gmiin'dgn) 
Gmund  (gmdbnt) 
Godavery  (go-da/- 
vgr-e) 


Gojam  (go-jam7) 
Gol-con7da 
Gom-broon7 
GonaVves,  Les  (IS 
go7na7ev7  or  go- 
Gon7dar  [nlv7) 
Gotha  (go7ta) 
Gottingen,  or  Goet¬ 
tingen  (get7ting- 
gn  or  got7ting-gn ; 
Ger.  pron.  got7- 
ting-gn) 

Graetz(grets).  Syn. 
Gratz. 

Grammont  (gram7- 
moN7) 

Gram7pi-an 
Granada  (gra-na7- 
dii ;  Sp.  ''pron. 
gra-na/Dii) 

Gratiot  (grash7I-ot) 
Gratz,  or  Graetz 
(grots) 

Gravelines  (griiv7- 
len7) 

Gravesend  (grdvz7- 
end7) 

Great  Britain  (brit7- 
un  or  brit’n) 
Greenwich  (grln7ij) 
Grenada  (gre-na7- 
da) 

Grenoble  (grgn-ob’l 
or  grgh-n67b’l) 
Grisons  (gre7zo.\7) 
(Ger.  Graubund- 
ten,  grou7biint- 
en) 

Gron7ing-en  ( Dutch 
pron.  Hro7ning- 
Hgn) 

Gross-Wardein 
(gros-\vaR7dIn) 
Gro7ton  (Eng.) 
Gro7ton  (U.  S.) 
Guadalajara,  or 
Guadalaxara 
(gwa-Da-lii-Ha7- 
ra) 

Guadaloupe  (gaw7- 
dn-Ioop7  orga'dii- 
loop7) 

Guadalupe  (gwa- 
da-loo7pa  or  gaw7- 
da-loop7) 
Guadalquivir 
(gaw7dal-kwiv7- 
gr  ;  Sp.  pron. 
g  w  a-Dal-ke-veeR7) 
Guadiana  (gaw7de- 
a7na  or  gwa-ne- 
a7na) 

Guanahani  (gwa- 
na-ha7nce) 
Guanaxuato,  or 
G  uanaj  uato  ( gwa- 
na-Hwa7to) 
Guardafui  (gwar7- 
da-fwee  or  gar7- 
da-fwe7) 

Guatemala  (gaw7te- 
ma'la  or  gwa-te- 
ma7la) 

Guayaquil  (gwi-a- 
keel7) 


Guernsey  (gern7ze) 
Guiana  (ge-a7na), 
or  Guyana 
Guienne  (ge7en7) 
Guildford  (giPfgrd) 
Guinea  (gin7e) 
Guise  (gweez)_ 
Gnyandott  (gi-an- 
dot7,  familiarly 
called  gi-an7) 
Gwalior  (gwa/li-or) 


H. 

Haarlem,  Ilaerlem, 
or  Harlem  (har7- 
lem) 

Had-ra-maut7 
Hague  (haig),  The 
Ilai  nan  ( hi-nan7 ) 
Haiti  (ha7ti).  Syn. 
Ilayti. 

Ilakodadi  ‘(ha-ko- 
da7dee) 

HaPx-fax 
Halle  (haPleh) 
Hallo  well  (hoPo- 

wel) 

Ham7burg  ( Ger. 

pron. hanPbooRG ) 
Hamcln  (ha7mgln) 
Hamp7shire 
IIan7o-ver  (Ger. 

IIan-no7ver) 
Harfleur  (haR- 
flUR7) 

Ilartz,  or  Harz 
(harts) 

Harwich  (hSr7rij) 
Hat7ter-as 
Ha-van7a,  or  Ila- 
vanna  ( Sp.  Ila- 
bana,  or  Havana, 
a-va/nii);  some¬ 
times  called  “The 
IIa-van7na.” 
Haverhill  (Eng.) 

(hav7er-il) 
Haverhill  (Mass.) 

(ha7ver-il) 

Havre  de  Grace 
(hav7gr  de  grass ; 
Fr.  pron.  a7v:r 
deli  grass) 

Hawaii  (ha-wl7ee) 
Ilayti,  or  Haiti 
(ha7tl) 

Hebrides  (heb7rl- 
d3z) 

IIcc7la 

Heidelberg  (hl7dgl- 
beRG7) 

Ileilbronn  (hll- 
bron7) 

Hg-le7na  (St.) 
IlcPgo-land,  or 
IlePi-go-land 
Ilel-vePlyn 
Ilelvoetsluys  (hel7- 
vcTot-slois7) 
IIen-lo7pgn 
Ilen-rPko 
Herat  (hgr-at7) 


IIer7e-fgrd 
IIer7kI-mgr 
Hertford  (Eng.1) 

(har7furd) 
Hertford  (U.  S.) 

(hert7furd) 

Hesse  Cas7sgl 
Hesse  Darmstadt 
(hess  daRm7stat) 
Hesse  IlonPburg 
Ilimmaleh  (him- 
ma7la),  or  Ilim-a- 
la7ya 

Hin-dg-stan7,  or 
In-do-stan7 ; 
written  also  Hin¬ 
dustan,  and  Hin¬ 
doos  tan. 
IIis-pan-T-o7la. 

Syn.  Ilaytf. 
IITas'sa.  Syn. 
Lassa. 

IIo-ang7ho  (pro¬ 
nounced  almost 
whang7ho7) 
IIo7bar-ton ,  or 
IIob7ar-ton 
IIo7bo-kgn 
Hochheim  (ho7- 
him  or  hoK7him) 
Hohenlinden  (ho7- 
gn-lin'dgn) 
Iloheuzollern  (ho7- 
gn-tsoPlgrn) 
HoPland  ( Dutch 
pron.  hoPlant) 
Holstein  (hoPstln) 
IloPy-head 
Honduras  (hon- 
doo7ras) 

Ilonlieur  (hox7- 
IlUR7  or  n.VllUR7) 
II6n7I-ton 
Honolulu  (ho-no- 
loo7loo) 

Iloog'ly  ;  written 
also  Ilooghly  and 
Ilugly. 

Ilousatonic  (hoo7- 
sa-ton7ik) 

Hue  (hoo-a7) 
Hungary  (hung7ga- 
rT) 

IIu7ron 

Hyderabad  (hl7dgr- 
a-bad7)  or  Hydra- 
bad 

Ilythe  (hlth) 


I. 


Iceland ;  called  Is¬ 
land  (ees7land)  by 
the  natives. 
Icolmkill  (ik7om. 

kil7).  Syn.  Iona. 
I7da-ho 

Illinois  (il-li-noiz' 
or  -noi7) 

Il-lyr7T-a 
JPmin-ster 
Imola  (e7mo-la) 
In7dl-a 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


509 


In'dT-an'a  (or  in -dl- 
a'na) 

In'di-an-ap'g-lis 
Indies  (in'diz) 
Ingolstadt  (ing'ol- 
stat  or  ing'gol- 
stat') 

Inkerman  (ink-gr- 
man') 

Innspruck  (inss'- 
prcTok),  or  Inns¬ 
bruck 

Interlachen  (in'tgr- 
laK'en) 

In'ver-a'ry  [Pjk'I) 
Inverlochy  (in'ver- 
In-vgr-ness' 

Iona  (e-o'na)  or 
Icolmkill  (ik'om- 
kil') 

Ionia  (I-o/ni-a.) 
I'o-wa 
Ips'wich 
Ireland 

Ir-kootsk' ;  ivritten 
also  Irkutsk  and 
Irkoutsk. 
Iroquois  (Ir-o- 

kwoy') 
Ir'ra-wad'dy 
Iser,  or  Isar  (ee'zer) 
I§'ling-ton 
Ispahan  (is-pa- 

han')  or  Isfahan 
It'a-ly  [It.  Italia, 
e-ta'le-a) 

I-u'ka 

Ivica"  Iviza  (e-vee'- 
sa),  or  Ibiza 
Ivry  (iv'ri  or  ev're') 


J. 

Jaf'fa  (or  yaf'fa) 
Jalapa  (Ha-la'pa). 

Syn.  Xalapa. 
Jalisco,  or  Xalisco 
(Ha-lees'ko  or  Hii- 
lis'ko) 

Jamaica  (ja-ma'ka) 
Ja-pan' 

Japura  (na-poo'ra) 
Jassy  (yas'se) 

Java  (ja'va  or  ja'va) 
Jedburg  "(jed'bur- 
reh) 

Jeddo  (yed'do). 

Syn.  Yeddo. 
Jen'a  (  Ger.  pron. 
ya'na) 

Jersey  (jer'zi) 
Je-ni'sa-lem 
Jesso,  or  Iesso(yes'- 
so).  Syn.  Yesso. 
Jo  Daviess  (jo  da'- 
vis) 

Jol'T-ba,  or  Djoliba 
Jonkjopin,  or  Jon- 
koping  (yon'cho- 
ping,  almost 
yon'chep-ing) 
Jorullo,  or  Xorullo 
(so-rool'yo) 


Ju'an  Fer-nan'dSz 
( Sp.  pron.  hoo- 
an'  ieR-nan'- 
deth) 

Ju'an,  Saint  (Sp. 
San  J  uan,  san 
Hoo-iin'  or  san 
Hwiin) 

Jungfrau  (ydbng'- 
frow) 

J  u'nl-at'a 
J  u'ra  ( Fr. 

zhti'ra') 

JuFland 


Kincardine 
kar'din ) 
Kingkitao  (king-ke 
ta'o) 

Ivin-ross' 

Kin-sale' 


(king-  Las'sa,  or  H'lassa 
(h’las'sa) 

Latakia  (la'ta-kee'- 
a),  or  Ladikia  (la'- 
de-kee'a) 
Lau'der-dale 


Ivircaldy  (kir-kawP-  Lauenburg  (lou'en- 


pron. 


d5r  or  kjr-kaw'dy ) 
Kirkudbright  (Idr- 
koo'bree) 
Ivit'ta-tin'ny 
Kiz'il  Ir'mak(  Turk, 
pron.  kiz'il  eer- 
mak') 

Klagenfurth  (kla/- 


K. 


Kal'a-ma-zoo' 
Kalusz  (ka'loosh) 
Kamieniec  (kam'- 
yen'yets') ;  some¬ 
times  written 
Kaminietz. 
Kamt-chat'ka,  or 
Kamt-schat'ka 
Kanawha  (ka-naw'- 
wa ) 

Kan'da-kar'.  Syn. 

Candahar. 
Kankakee  (kan- 
kaw'kee) 

Kan'sas  ;  formerly 
often  written 
Kanzas. 

Kara  (ka'ra) 
Kash-gar',  or  Cash- 
gar 

Ka-tah'din 
Ka'trine,  or  Kat'- 
rine 

Keighly  (keeth'le) 
Kelat  (kel-at'),  or 
Kelath 
Ken'ne-beck' 
Ken'ne-bunk' 
Ken-tuck'y 
Ke'o-kuk' 
Kerguelen  (kerg'g- 
Ign)  Land  (Fr. 
pron.  keR'ge- 
Ion') 

Kerman  (ker-man') 
Kharkof  (Kar-koF) 
Khartoom ,  Khar¬ 
tum  ,  or  Khar¬ 
toum  (Ear -toonF) 
Kherson,  or  Cher- 
son  (ker-son') 
Khiva,  or  Kheeva 
(Kee/va) 

Khorassan  (Ko'ras- 
san') 

Kiakhta  (ke-aK'ta) 
Kiang-Ku(ke-ang'- 
kew')  Syn.  Yang- 
tse-kiang. 
Kick'a-poo' 

Kief,  or  Kiew  (ke- 
eF),  or  Kl-ev' 
Kiel  (keel) 
Kil-ken'ny 
Kil-lar'ney 
Kil-mar'ngck 


burg,  or  lou'gm 
bdbRG') 

Lausanne  (lo'zan') 
Lauterbrunnen 
(lou'tgr-brdbn'- 
nen),  or  Lauter- 
brunn  (lou'tgr- 
brdbn' ) 

gen-fooRt').  Syn.  Lay  bach,  or  Lai- 
Clagenfurth.  bach  (li'baK) 

Klau'sen-burg  Leam'ing-tgn 

(Ger. pron.  klow'-  Leg-horn'  (or  leg'- 
zen-bdbRG')  horn)  (  Tt.  Livor- 

Konigsberg  (ko'-  no,  le-voR'no) 
nigz-berg),  or  Legnano  (len-ya'- 
Koenigsberg  no) 

(ken'igz-berg  ;  Lehigh  (lee'hij 

Ger.  pron.  ko'-  Leicester  (les'ter) 
niGs-beRG')  Leigh  (lee) 

Koordistan,  Kur-  Leighton  (lee'tgn) 
distan,  or  Curdis-  Leinster  (lin'ster  or 
tan  (koor-dis-  leen'stgr) 
tan')  Leipsic  (lip'sik) 

Kreuznach  (kroits'-  (  Ger.  Leipzig, 
nan)  llp'tsiG) 

Kurische,  or  Cu-  Leith  (leeth) 


rische-Haff  (koo' 
rish-gh-haf ) 


Leitrim  (lee'trim) 
Leixlip  (las'lip) 
Le'na  ( Russ.  pron. 
15'na) 

T  Lenni-Lennappe 

(len'nelen'na'pS) 
Lenoir  (le-nor') 

Laaland  (law'land),  Leom'in-ster  (U.  S.) 


Livadia,  or  Libadia  Lym'fT-ord',  or 
(liv-a-Dee'a)  Liimfiord  (leem- 

Liv'er-pool  fe-ord') 

Ll-vo'nT-a  Ly'gns  (Fr.  Lyon, 

Llandaff  (lan-daf'),  le'oN') 
or  Landaff 
Llangollen  (lan- 
goth'lgn)  Tl/T 

Llanos  (lya'nos)  J-T-L* 

Loango  (lo-ang'go) 

Lochaber  (loK-a'- Maastricht  (mas'- 
bgr)  triKt,  or  mas'- 

Lodi  ( Italy )(lo'dee)  triKt).  Syn. 
Lodi  (II.  S.)  (lo'dT)  Maestricht. 
Lof-fo'dgn,  or  Lg- Macao  (ma-ka'o  or 
fo'den  ma-kow') 

Loire  (lwaR)  Ma-cas'sar 

Lom'bar-dy  Machias  (ma-chi'- 

Lomond,  Loch  (Iok  as) 

15'mund)  Mack'T-naw ;  for- 

London  (lun'dun  or  merly  Michili- 
lun'd’n)  mackinac  (mish'- 

Londonderry  (lun'-  il-I-mak'in-aw) 
dun-der'rl)  Miicon  (France) 

Loo  Choo(cAas  in  (ma'koN') 

child)  Macon  (U.S.)  (ma'- 

Lo-rain'  (Ohio)  kun) 

Lo-ret'to  (It.  and  Mad'a-gas'cnr 
Sp.  Loreto,  lo- Madeira  (ma-dee'- 
ra'to)  ra  ;  Port.  "pron. 

Lorraine  (lor'ran')  ma-da'e-ra) 

Los  Angeles.  See  Mad-ras' 

La  Puebla  de  los  Mad-rid'  ( Sp.pron . 
Angeles  ma-nreen',  al- 

Lostwithiel  (lost-  most  matli-reeth') 
with'gl),  or  Lest-  Mad'rid  (U.  S.) 


Leominster  (Eng.) 
(lem'ster) 

Le'on  ( Sp.  pron.  la- 
on') 

Le-pan'to  (or  la'- 
piin-to) 

Le-vant' 


or  Lol'land 
Lab'ra-dor' 

Lac'ca-diveg' 

Lack'a-wan'na 
Lad'o-ga 

La-droneg'  ( Sp. 

"pron.  laD-ro'ncs) 

Lago  Maggiore  (la'-  Lev'en,  Loch 
go  mad-jo'ra)  Lewes  (lu'ess) 
Laguna  del  Madre  Lew'ish-am 
(la-goo'na  del  Leyden,  or  Leiden 

maD'ra)  (lT'den  or  la'dgn) 

Lahore  (la-hor')  Li-be'rl-a 
Laibach  (11'biiK).  Lichtenfels(liK'tgn- 
Syn.  Lay  bach.  fels') 

La  Mancha  (la  Liege  (leej ;  Fr. 

man'cha)  pron.  le-Szh') 

Lancashire  (lank'a-  Lille,  or  Lisle  (leel) 
shir)  "  Lima  (Peru)  (lee'- 

Lanc'as-tgr  ma) 

Lan-daff' ;  more  Lima  (U.  S.)  (ll'ma) 

properly  Llandaff  LIm'gr-ick 
Langres  (loNg’r)  Limoges  (le'mozh') 
Languedoc  (Ion'- Limousin  (le'moo' 
ggh-dok')  saN')  or  Limosin 

La  Plata  (la  pla'-  Lincoln  (link'un) 
tii).  See  Plata.  Lin-lith'gow 
La  Puebla,  or  La  Lippe-Detmold 
Puebla  de  los  An-  (-det'molt) 

geles  (la  pwSb'la  Lig'bgn  (Port.  Lis- 
da  los  ang'Hel-es)  bo'a  or  les-bo'a) 

Las  Palmas  (las  Lisle  "(leel).  Syn. 
pal'mas).  Syn.  Lille. 

Palmas.  Lith'u-a'nT-a 


withiel 
Lothian  (lo'tbl-an) 
Lou'don  (ou  as" in 
shout) 

Loughborough 
(luf'bhr  hh) 
Louis,  St. 
loo'is  or 


Maelstrom  (mal- 
strum  or  mal'- 
strum) 

Maese.  See  Meuse. 
Maestricht.  o?Maas- 
tricht  (mas' triKt) 
(sgnt  Mng'a-dox'o,  or 
loo'e  ;  Magadoxa  (Port. 
Fr.  pron.  s&N  pron.  ma-ga-do'- 
loo'e')  sho  or  ma-ga- 

Louisiana  (loo'e-ze-  do'sha) 


a'na) 

Louisville  (loo'is- 
vil  ;  formerly 
pron.  loo'I-vil) 
Low'ell 
LU'beck 

Luc'ca  ( It.  pron. 
look'ka) 

Lucerne  (loo-sern'; 
French  pron.  lii'- 


Mag'da-le'na  ( Sp. 
pron.  mag-da-la'- 
na) 

Mag'de-burg  ( Ger. 
pron.  maG'dgh- 
bd'ORG') 

Magellan  (ma-jeP- 
lan ;  Port.  Ma- 
galhaens ,  ma-gal- 
ya'exs) 


seRn')  (German  Maggiore  (mad-jo'- 
Luzern,  or  Lu-  ra) 
cern,  loot-seRn')  Main,  or  Mayn 
Lucia,  St.  (loo-  (min) 
see'a,  often  called  Maine  (France) 
loo-see')  (man;  Fr.  pron. 

LQck'now'  almost  mCn) 

Lu'ngn-burg  Maine  (U.  S.)  (man) 

Lutzen  (ldbt'sgn)  Ma-jor'ca 

Lux'gm-burg  (Fr.  Mal'a-bar' 
Luxembourg,  Ma-lac'ca 

luks'oN'booR')  Mal'n-ga  ( or  ma'la- 

Ljjx'gr,  or  LQx'gr  ga) 

Luzerne  (U.  S.)  (lu- 
zern') 

Luzon  (loo-zon'),  Malmesbury 
or  Lufon  (Sp.  (mamz'ber-I) 
pron.  loo'thon')  Mal'mo  (crmal'mij| 


Mal'den 

Maldives  (mal'dTvz) 


dQ,W9lf,too,tdbk;  drn,r]}e,p9ll;  9,  g,  soft;  <t,g,  hard;  ag;  epst;  q  as  ng;  this;  S,b,u,ec,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u  (seep.  602). 


510 

Malplaquet  (mah- 
pla/ka') 

Malta  (mawPta ;  It. 

pron.  maPta) 
Malvern  (maw'- 
vgru) 

Malwah  (mawFwii) 
Mancha,  La  (la 
mln'cha) 
Man7ches-ter 
Manheim,  or  Mann¬ 
heim  (man'him) 
Ma-niPla  (Sp.  Ma¬ 
nila,  ma-nee7la) 
Mantchooria, 
Mandshooria,  or 
Mandchouria 
(man-choo7re-a) 
Man'tu-a 
Manzanillo  (pron. 
man-sa-neePyo 
by  the  Mexicans , 
and  man-tha- 
neePyo  by  the 
Spaniards) 
Maracaybo,  or  Ma¬ 
racaibo  (ma-ra- 
ki7bo) 

Maranon  (ma-ran- 
yon7).  Syn.  Ama¬ 
zon  . 

Marble-head' 
Marlborough 
(mawPbrQh) 
Mar'mQ-ra,  or 
Mar7ma-ra 
Marne  (maRn) 
Marquesas  (mar- 
ka7sas) 

Marseilles  (mar- 
salz7)  (Fr.  Mar¬ 
seille,  maR'sal') 
Mar7ta-ban' 
Martinique  (mar'ti- 
neek') 

Ma'ry-land 
Mas'sa-chu'setts 
Mat7a-gor'da 
Mat7a-mo'rQS,  or 
Matamoras 
Ma-tan7zas  (or  ma- 
tan'thiis) 
Mauch-Chunk 
(mawk-chiink7) 
Mauchline  (moK'- 
lin) 

Maui  (mou'ee) 
Mau-mee7  [pa') 
Maurepas  (mo're- 
Mauritius  (maw- 
rish'I-us) 
Mayence.  See 
Mentz. 

Mayenne  (ma'yen' 
or  mi7en') 

Mayn  (min) 
May-noo4h/(  or  ma7- 
nooth) 

Mayo  (Ireland) 
(ma'o) 

Maz'at-lan'  (or  ma- 
sat-lan7 ) 

Mechlin  (mek'lin), 
or  Mechelen 
(meK'gl-gn) 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Meck'len-burg 
(  Ger  pron.  mek'- 
len-bobRG7) 
Medina  (Aribia) 
(me-dee'na) 
Medina  (U.  S.)  (me- 
dl'na) 

Med'i-ter-rl'ne-an 
Melbourne  (meP- 
burn) 

Mel  -ro^e7 

Me-lun7  (Fr.  pron. 
ra'luN) 

Mem'el  ( or  ma'mel ) 
Mem'phre-m  Pgog 
Menai  (men'I  or 
men7a)  (Strait) 
Me-nan7 

Mendocino  (men- 
do-see'no) 

Mentz  (ments),  or 
Mainz  (mints) 
( Fr.  Mayence, 
ma/voNss')  [da) 
Mer'i-da  (or  mer'e- 
Mer7I-on'eth 
Mer'rT-mack 
Mersey  (mer'zT) 
Messina  (mes-see7- 
na)  [ra'do) 

Mesurado  (ma-soo- 
Metz  (mets ;  Fr. 

pron.  mas) 

Meuse  (muz  ;  Fr. 
pron.  muz) (Dutch 
Maese,  or  Maas, 
mils) 

Mex'i-co  ( Sp.  pron. 

meh'He-ko) 

Miaco  (me-a/ko), 
or  Kee'o 

Miami  (mi-a'mT) 
Michigan  (mish'i- 
g’n,  or  mish'i- 
89“) 

Michilimackinac 
(mish7il-e-mak'in- 
aw.)\  Syn.  Mack¬ 
inaw. 

Michoacan  (me'cho- 
a-kan') 

Milan  (mTPan  or 
ml-lan7) 

Mil-wau'kee,  or  Mil- 
waukie 
Minas-Geraes 
(mee'nas-zhS- 
ra/es) 

Mindanao  (min-da- 
na/o),  or  Magin- 
dinao  (ma-hen- 
de-na/o) 

Minho  ( Portugal) 
(meen'yo) 
Min7ne-so'ta 
MT-nor'ca 
Miramachi  (mlr'a- 
ma-shee') 
Mis-sis'que 
Mis7sis-sip'pi 
Missolonghi  (mis7- 
so-long'ge) 
Missouri  (mis-soo7- 
ri) 

Mobile  (mo-beeP) 


Mocha  (mo'ka : 
Arab.  pron.  mo'- 
Ka7)  [na) 

Mod'e-na  (or  mod'S- 
M o' hawk 

Moldau  (moPdow) 
Mol-dl'vi-a 
Mo-luc'cas 
Mombaza  (mom- 


(German  Mun- Ner-bud'dah,  or 
chen,  mun'Hgn)  Narmada  (nar- 
ma'da) 

Neufchatel,  or  Neu- 
chatel  (nush'a7- 
teP)  (Ger.  Neuen- 
burg.  noi'gn- 
bojmn) 


Mtinster  (Ireland) 
Munster  (Ger.) 
(mun'ster  or 
mun'stgr) 

Mur,  or  Muhr 
(mooR) 


Nykoping,  or  Nylc- 
joping  (nu'chb7- 
ping,  almost  nee7- 
chOp-ing) 


0. 


Mon-go'lY-a 
Mo-non'ga-he'la 
Mon-ro'vi-a 
Mon-ta/na  . 
Montauban  (moN7- 
to'bSN') 

Mont  Blanc  (moN 
blox)  or  Mount 
Bhtnc. 

Montcalm  (rnont- 
kam7) 

Mont  Cenis  (mSN 
sch-ne7  or  seh- 
ness7) 

Montenegro  (mon- 
ta-na'gro ) 
Monterey  (mon-ta- 
ra.7 ) 

Mon'te-vid'e-o  (or 
mon-ta-vee'da-o) 
Montgomery 

(mgnt-gum'er-e) 
Montmartre  (ui5n/- 
maRtr') 

Montmorency,  or 
Montmorenci 
(mont'mo-ren'si ; 
Fr.  pron.  moN7- 
mo'ro  7se') 
Mont-pe'li-gr 
Mont-pePIT-er  ( Fr. 
pron.  moN'pePle- 
a') 

Montreal  (mont're- 
awP ;  Fr.  pron. 
moN'ra'aP) 
Mont'ser-rat' 
Moorshedabad 
(moor'shed-a- 
bad') 

Moorzook,  Mour- 
zouk,  or  Murzuk 
(moor-zook7) 
Mo-ra'vi-a 
Moray  ;  pron. ,  and 
often  written , 
MQr'ray. 

Mo-re'a.  Syn.  Pelo¬ 
ponnesus. 

Morena,  Sierra,  (se- 
eR'Ra  mo-ra'na) 
Mo-roc'co,  or  Ma- 
rocco  (Arab.  Ma- 
raksh ,  ma-raksh') 
Mos'cow  (Ituss. 
Moskwa,  mosk- 
wa') 

Moselle  (mo-zeP) 
(Ger.  Mosel,  mo'- 

zgl) 

Mo'sul,  or  Moo'sul 
Moy'a-men'sing 
Mozambique  (ma- 
zam-beek') 
Munich  (mu'nik) 


Murcia  (mur'shT-a ;  Neuilly-sur-Seine 
Spanish  pron.  (uuh'ye'sdR'san') 
mooR'the-a)  Neuse  (nus) 

Mus-cat'  [teen')  Ne'va  (  Russ.  pron. 
Muscatine  (mus'ka-  na'va) 

Mus-co'gee  Nevada  (na-va/Da) 

Mus'cg-vy  Nevers  (neh-veR7) 

Muskingum  (mus- Ne'vis,  Ben 


king'gum) 
Mysore  (mi-sor7) 


N. 


Nacogdoches  (nak7- 
o-do'chiz) 
Na-hant7 

Namur  (na'mur  ; 
Fr.  pron.  na7- 
muR') 


Newcastle  (Dela¬ 
ware  (nu7kas-sl) 
Newcastle  (Eng.) 

( nu-kas7sl) 
Newfoundland 
(nu'fund-land7) 
New  Le7ou  (Sp. 
Nuevo  Leon, 
nwa7vo-la-on7) 
New  Or7le-ans  ;  of¬ 
ten,  but  less  cor¬ 
rectly  ,  called  New 
Or-15ans7. 


Nan'cy  (  Fr.  pron.  Ngami  (’n-ga/mee) 
noN'se')  Niagara  (ni-ag7a- 

Nangasaki  (nang-  ra  ;  sometimes 
ga-sa/ke)  pron.  ni-ag7a-ra) 

Nan-kin7,  or  Nan- Nicaragua  (nik7a- 
king7  ra'gwa) 

Nantes  (nants  ;  Fr.  Nice  (nees) 
pron.  noNt)  Niemen  (nee'mgn)  ; 

Nan-tuck7et  Pol.  pron.  nyem7- 

Naples  (na'plz)  (It.  en) 

Napoli,  na7po-le)  Nieuport  (nu'port) 
Narbonne  (naR7- Niger  (ni'ier),  or 
bon')  Quor'ra 

Nar7ra-gan7sett  Nile  (Arab.  Bahr 

Nash'u-a  Nil,  baH’r  neel) 

Nas'sau  (  Ger.  pron.  Nimes,  or  Nismes 
nas'sou)  (neem) 

Natal  (na-tal7)  Ni-phon7,  or  Nj- 

Natch'I-toch'es  pon7 

.  (sometimes  pro-  Nip'is-sing7 
nounced  nak7g-Nizh7nee  (or  Nijni) 


tush')  [to'll-a. 
Na-to7li-a,  or  An7a- 
Nav7a-hoe  (In¬ 
dians)  ;  written 
also  Nabajo. 
Navarin  (na-va- 


Nov'go'rod 
Norfolk  (nor'fgk) 
Nor7man-dy 
Nor7ridge-wock 
Norrkoping  (noR7- 
choping) 


reen7),  or  Navari- Nor'way  (Norw. 
no  (nav-a-ree7no).  Norge,  noR'gGh  or 
Navarre  "(na-var7)  noR'ga) 

(Sp.  Navarra,  na- Norwich  (Eng.) 
vSR'Ra)  [na)  (nor'rij) 

Neagh,  Lough  (16h  Norwich  (U.  S.) 
Ne-bras7ka  (nor'rich  or  nor7- 

Neck'ar,  or  Neck'gr  wich) 
NeePgher'ry,  or  Nova  Scotia  (no7va 
Neilgherry  (neel7-  sko7shT-a) 
ger'ree)  No'va  Zem'bla 

Neg-ro-pont7,  or  Nov7go-rod',  or  No7- 
Eg'ri-po  vo-go-rod' 

Nemours  (ngh-  Nu7bi-a 
mooR7)  Nueces'(nwa7sgs) 

Ne-o7sho  Nu7rem-bgrg  (Ger. 

Neots,  St.  (sent  Nurnberg,  nuRn7- 
neets7)  bgRG) 

Ne-paul7,  or  Nepal  Nyanza  (ne-an7za) 


Oahu  (wah'hoo) 
Oaxaca,  or  Oajaca 
(wa-H.Pka) ;  writ¬ 
ten  also  Guaxaca. 
07bgr-lin 

Obi,  or  Oby  (57be), 
or  Ob 

Oceana  (o7she-a'na) 
Oceania  (o7she-a' . 
ui-a) 

Ocean  ica  (o7she- 

an'I-ka) 
Oc-muPgee 
07cra-coke 
Odense  (o7den-sgh) 
0-des7sa 
Oeland]o7land) 
Oestreich  (ost'rlK). 

Syn.  Austria^ 
Ogeechee  (o-gee7- 
chee) 

O-hPo 

Okhotsk  (o-Kotsk7 ; 
Russ.  pron.  al¬ 
most  o-Hotsk7) 
OPdgn-burg  (  Ger. 
pron.  ol'den- 
bcfoRG7) 

Olmutz  (oPmuts), 
or  OlPmutz 
Omaha  (5'mahaw7) 
Oman  (o-man7) 
07mgr,  St.  (Fr. 
Saint  Omer,  s&Nt 
o'meR') 

0-ne7ga  (Russ. 

pron'.  o-na7ga) 
Oneida  (o-ni7da) 
Onondaga  (on'un- 
daw'ga ) 

Ontario  (on-tii'rl-o) 
Oo7na-las'ka,  or 
Oo7na-lash'ka 
Op7e-lot]'sas 
0-por7to 
Or7e-gQn 

Orellana  (0-rel-ya7. 

na).  Syji.  Ama« 
07rl-no'ko  [zon. 
0-ris7ka-ny 
Orizaba  (o-re-sa7ba) 
Orkneys (ork'nez) 
Orleannais,  or  Or- 
leannois  (oR'la'a7- 
no') 

Or7le-ans  ( Fr.  pron. 
or71S76n') 

O'sage'  (Fr.  pron. 
o'zazh') 

Oshmooneyn,  or 
Achmouneyn 
(osh-moo-nan7) 
Os'na-bruck7 ;  often 
called ,  Ixy  the 
English ,  OjPna- 
burg. 


5.,c,&c.,long;a,e,d,less  prolonged ;  5, 6,&c., short ;  a,g,i,g, obscure ;  care, far, ask, jill, what;  ere ,vfiil, term;  pique, firm;  s6u,or, 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ossuna  (os-soo'na) 

Ost-end7 

Os-we7go 

Otaheite  (o-ta-hee7- 
te).  See  Tahiti. 
0-tran7to  (It.  pron. 
o7tran-to) 

Ot7ta-wa  (or  ot7ta- 
wa) 

Oude  (owd  ;  some¬ 
times  improperly 
pronounced  ood). 
Oudenarde  (ow'- 

dgn-ar'dgh)  (Fr. 
Audenarde,  57- 
dgh-naRd7) 

Ouse  (ooz) 

Owego  (o-wee7go) 
0-why7nee.  See 
Hawaii. 

O-zark/ 


P. 


Pa-dang7 

Pad7u-a  (It.  Pado¬ 
va,  pa/do-va) 
Paisley  (p:\z/li) 
Pal7em-bang7 
Pa-lenque  (pa- 
lenk7&),  or  Cul- 
huacau  (kool-wa- 
kan7) 

Pa-ler7mo  ( It.  pron. 

"pa-lSR/mo) 
PaPes-tlne 
Palmas,  or  Las  Pal¬ 
mas  (las  piiPmas) 
Palo  Alto  (pa7lo  aP- 
to) 

Pam7li-co 

Pamplona  (pam- 
plo/ua),  or  Pam- 
peluna  (pam-pa- 
loo7na) 

Pa-mun7key,  or 
Pa-mun7ky 
Panama  (pSn'a- 
ma') 

Papua  (pap7oo-a  or 
piPpoo-a).  Syn. 
New  Guinea. 

Para  (pa-ra7) 
Paraguay  ( pa-ra  - 
gwiP  or  pa-ra- 
gwP) 

Par7a-mar7I-bo  > 
Parana  (pa-ra-na7) 
P»rana-lba,  or  Pa- 
ranahiba  (pa-ra- 
na-ee7ba) 

Parima  (pa-re7ma) 
Parina  (pa-re-na7) 
Paris  ( p5r7is  ;  Fr. 

pron.  pa7Re7) 
Pascagoula  (pas7- 
ka-goo'la) 

Paso  del  Norte  (pa7- 
so  del  noR'ta) 
Pas-sa/ic 

Pas7sa-ma-quod7dy 
?at7a-go7ni-a 
Pavia  ( pa-vee7a) 


Paw-tuck  et 
Pays  de  Vaud  (pa7e- 
deh  vo).  Syn. 
Vaud. 

Paz,  La  (la  paz  ; 
Sp.  pron.  la 
path) 

Pe-chee-lee  ( pu- 
chee-lee') 

Pe7dee7 

Peebles  (pee7blz) 
Pei-ho  (pa7ho7) 
Pe7kin7,  or  Peering7 
Pe-lew/ 

Pembina  (pem7be- 
na) 

Pembroke  (pem7- 
brdok) 

Pe-nang7 
Penn'syi-va'ni-a 
Pe-nolVscot 
Pen7sa-co7la 
Penzance  (p6n- 

zanss7) 

Pe-o7n-a  [goR7) 

Perigord  (per7e7- 
Pernambuco  (peR- 
nam-boo7ko) 
Persia  (per7shi-a, 
not  per7zhl-a) 
Peru  (pe-roo7;  Sp'. 

pron.  pu-roo7) 
Peschiera  (pes-ke- 
a7ra) 

Pesth  (pest ;  Hung. 

pron.  pesht) 
Pet-cho'ra,  or  Pet- 
schora 

Pe7ter;-burg,  Saint 
PhiPa-dePphi-a 
PhiPip-pme 
Piacenza  (pe-a- 
clien/za) 

Pic7ar-dy  (Fr.  La 
Picardie,  la  pe7- 
kaR7de7) 

Pictou  (pik-too7) 
Piedmont  (peed7- 
mont)  (It.  Pie¬ 
monte,  pe-a- 
mon7ta) 

Pilcomayo  (pil-ko- 
mT7o) 

Pisa  (pee7sa) 
Pis-cat7a-qua 
Pis-cat7a-quis 
Placentia  (pla-sen7- 
shi-a) 

Plaquemine  (plak7- 
meu7) 

Plata,  La  (la  pla7- 
ta) ;  called  also 
the  Argentine 
(ar7jen-tTn)  Re¬ 
public. 

Plata,  Rio  de  la 
(re7o  da  la  pla7- 
ta) 

Plin-lim7mgn 
Plombieres  (ploN7- 
be-eR7) 

Plymouth  (plim7- 
uth) 

Poictiers.  See 
Poitiers. 


Poictou.  See 
Poitou. 

Poitiers,  or  Poic¬ 
tiers  (poi-teerz7 ; 
Fr.  pron.  pwa7- 
te-a7,  almost 
pwl7te-a7) 

Po7land  ;  called  by 
the  Poles  Polska 
(pol7ska) 

Polynesia  (pol7I- 
nee'shl-a) 
Pom7e-ra7ni-a  (Ger. 

Pom7mern) 
Pompeii  (pom-pa7- 
yee) 

Pondicherry  (pon7- 
de-sher7ree)  (Fr. 
Pondicherry, 
poN7de7sha7re7) 
Pont7char-train7 
Pontefract  (pom7- 
fret) 

Popayan  (po-pi-an7 
or  po-pa-yan7) 
Po-po-cat7a-petl7 
Port-au-Prince 
(p5rt-5-prmss ; 

Fr.  pron.  poRt- 
S-priiNss) 

Port  Mahon  (ma- 
hon7) 

Por7to  Prin7cT-pe 
Porto  Rico  (por-to 
ree7ko)  (Sp.  Puer¬ 
to  Rico,  pweR7to 
ree7ko) 

Portsmouth  ( ports7- 
muth) 

Port7u-gal  (Port, 
pron.  poR-too- 
gal7) 

Posen  (po7zen) 
Po-to7mac 
Potosi  (po-to-see7  or 
po-to7see ) 

Poughkeepsie  (po- 
kip7sl) 

Prague  (prag)  (Ger. 

Prag,  pr'aa ) 
Prairie  du  Chien 
(pra7ri  dq  sheen) ; 
Fr.  pron.  pra7re7 
dii  she-SN7) 

Pres7  burg Press7- 
burg  (  Ger.  pron. 
press7bobRG) 
Presque  Isle  (presk 
eel) 

Prip7ets  (Pol.  Prv- 
pec,  prip7ets) 
Provence  (pro7- 
vQnss7) 

Prussia  (prQsh7i-a 
or  proo7shi-a) 
Prqth  (  Ger.  pron. 
proot) 

Puebla  (pweb'la) 
Puerto  Principe 
(pw6R7to  prin7se- 
pa  or  preen'the- 
pa)  or  P5r7to 
Prin7ci-pe 

Punjab  (pun-jab7), 
or  Pun-jjiub7 


Puntas  Arenas 

(poon7t&s  a-ra7- 
nas) 

Puy  de  Dome  (pwe 
deh  dom ) 

Pyrenees  (pir7g- 

nez) 


Q. 


Que-bec7  (Fr.  Que¬ 
bec,  ka7bek7) 
Queretaro  (ka-ra7- 
ta-ro) 

Quiloa  (kee7lo-a) 
Quito  (kee7to) 
Quor7r<a.  Syn.  Ni¬ 
ger.  ” 


R. 


Raab  (r’iib) 

Racine  (ras-seen7) 
Rahway  (raw7wa) 
Raleigh  (raw7!!) 
Rambouillet  (roN7- 
boo7ya7  or  roN7- 
bool7ya7) 

Ramillies  (ram7e- 
lez  ;  Fr.  pron. 
Ra7mel7ye7  or  Ra7- 
me7ye7) 

Rangoon  (rang- 
goon7) 

Rap7id-an7,  or  Rap7- 
id  Ann 

Rap7pa-han7nQck 
Raritan,  or  Rariton 
(r3r7it-un) 
Rat7is-bon  ( Ger. 
Regensburg,  Ra7- 
gens-bobRG7) 
Ra-ven7na  (or  ra- 
ven7na,y 

Reading  (red7ing) 
Re-ho7bgth 
Reichstadt  (rlK7- 
stat) 

Reigate  (ri7get) 
Rei7ki-a-vlk 
Reims,  or  Rheims 
(reemz;  Fr.pron. 
ra>’z) 

Resaca  de  la  Palma 
(ra-sa7ka  da  la 
pal7ma) 

Rheims.  See  Reims. 
Rhine  (rln)  (Ger. 
Rhein  ;  Dutch 
Rhyn  ;  both  pro¬ 
nounced  as  the 
English  Rhine) 
Rhodes  (rodz) 
Rhone  (ron) 

Rideau  (re7do7) 
Riesengebirge  (ree7- 
zen-ga-bebRG7gh) 
RI7ga  (or  ree7ga) 

Rio  del  Norte~(ri7o 
del  nort ;  Sp. 
pron.  ree7o  del 


noR7ta)  ;  called 
also  the  Ri7o 
GrSnde  ( Sp. 
pron.  ree7o  gran7- 
da)  and  Rio 
Bravo  (ree7o  bra7- 
vo). 

Rio  Janeiro  (ri7o  ja- 
nee7ro  or  ree7o  ja- 
na7ro)  (Port.  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  ree7o 
da  zha-na7e-ro) ; 
often  called  sim¬ 
ply  RI7o 
Ro7a-noke7 
Rochefort  (rotch7- 
fgrt  or  rosh7foR7) 
Rochelle,  or  La  Ro¬ 
chelle  (la  Ro7shel7) 
Roermonde  (rooR- 
mon7deh)  (Fr. 
Ruremonde, 
RiiR7moNd') 
Romagna  (ro-man7- 

ya) 

Romania  (ro-ma7- 
ne-a  or  ro-ma- 
nee7a) 

Rome  (rom)  (It. 

•Roma,  ro7ma) 
Ron7ce-val7les  (Sp. 
Roncesvalles, 
ron-thes-val7y6s) 
Roo-me7li-a,  or  Ru- 
melia 

Roth7er-hithe  (vul¬ 
garly,  red7rif) 
Rot7t.er-dam7 
Rouen  (roo7en ;  Fr. 

pron.  rwoN) 
Row-an7 

Roxburgh  (Scot¬ 
land)  (roks7bHr- 
rgh) 

Rigen  (ru7gen) 
Rumelia.  See 

Roomelia. 

Russia  ( rfish7i-a 
or  roo7shI-a ) 
Ryswick  (riz7wik) 
( Dutch  pron.  rls7- 
■wik) 


S. 


Saale  (sa7leh) 
Sabine  (sa-been7) 
Sachsen  "(siik7sen). 

See  Saxony. 

Saco  (saw7ko) 
Sag-hal7i-en,  or 
Sakhalien 
Sag7T-naw  [naQ 
Saguenay  (sag7eh- 
Sahara  (sa-ha7ra  or 
sah7ha-ra) 

Sai'gon  (si7gon7)  or 
SaTgong  (si7- 
gong7) 

St..  Bernard  (sgnt 
ber7nard) 

Saint  "  Germain. 
See  Germain , 


511 

Saint,  and  so  for 
other  names  hav¬ 
ing  the  prefix  of 
Saint. 

Salado  (sa-la7Do) 
Sal-a-manc7a  (or 
sa-la-mang7ka) 
Saline  (sa-leen7) 
Salisbury  (sawlz7- 
bgr-I),  or  New 
Sa7rum 

Salonica  (sal-o-nee7- 
ka),  or  Selaniki 
(sel-a-nee7ke) 
Sa7lgp.  Syn. 

Shropshire. 
Salvador  "(sal-va- 
doR7) 

Saltz7burg  (sawlts7- 
burg),  or  Salz¬ 
burg  (  Ger.  pron. 
salts7b(>ORG) 
Samana(sa-ma-na7) 
Sam7ar-cand7 
Samoa  (sji-mo7a) 
San  An-to7ni-o 
San  Augustine 
(aw7gus-teen7) 
San  Diego  (san  de- 
a7go) 

Sand7wich  (or 
sand7wij) 

San  Fran-cis7co  (or 
san  friin-sees7ko) 
San  Joaquin  (san 
Ho-a-keen7 ) 

San  Jose  del  Par- 
ral  (san  Ho-sa7 
del  paR-Ral7) ; 
also  called  simply 
Parral 

San  Ju7an  ( Sp. 
pron.  san  Hoo-an' 
or  hwan) 

San  Luis  (Texas) 
(san  loo7is) 

San  Luis  de  Potosi 
(san  loo7is,  Sp. 
pron.  loo-ees7,  dS 
po-to-see7) 

San  Marino  (san 
mii-ree7no) 

San  Salvador  ( san 
sal-va-ddR7) 
Sangamon  (sang7- 
ga-mon) 

Santa  Cruz  (san7ta 
kroos ;  Sp.  pron. 
san7ta-krooth),  cr 
St.  Croix  (sgnt 
kroi) 

San7ta  Fe  ( Sp 
pron.  san7ta  fa) 
Santa  Fe  de  Bogota 
(dS,  bo  go-ta7) 
Santa  Maria  (san7- 
ta  ma-ree7a) 
San7ta  Mau7ra  (or 
san7ta  mow7ra) 
Santarem  (san-ta- 
reN7,  almost  san- 
ta-reng7) 

San7tee7  [a7go) 
Santiago  (san-te- 
Saone (son) 


dQ,wglf,too,tcrok;  arn,rqe,pvill ;  $  g, soft;  e,g, hard ejist;  q  as  ng;  this;  a,b,u,eb,I,n,§,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(see  p.  602). 


512 

Sar7a-gos'sa  (Sp. 
Zaragoza,  tha-ra- 
go7tha) 

S&r7a-nac' 
Sar'a-to'ga 
Sar-din7i-a  (It.  Sar¬ 
degna,  saR-den7- 
ya  or  sar-dan7ya) 
Sarmiento  (saR-me- 
en7to) 

Saros.  (Hungary) 
(sha'rosh7) 

Sarum  (sa'rtim) 
Sas-katch'a-wan7 
Sault  de  Sainte 
Marie  (  Fr.  pron. 
so  dgh  saN  ma7re', 
but  now  usually 
called  Sault  (soo) 
St.  Ma'ry. 
Sauterne,  or  Sau- 
ternes  (so7teRn') 
Sava  (sa/va) 
Sa-van7nah 
Sav7oy  {or  sa-voi7) 
(It.  Savoia,  sa- 
vo7ya ;  Fr.  Savoie, 
sa7vwa') 

Saxe  Altenburg 
(sales  aFtgn-burg) 
Saxe  Co7burg 
Saxe  Weimar  (saks 
wFmar) 

Sax7o-ny  ( Ger. 

Sachsen,  salFsgn) 
Scan7dT-na'vI-a 
Scarborough  (skar7- 
b’ruh  or  skar'bur- 
ruh) 

Scheldt  (skelt) 
(Dutch  Schelde, 
sKeFdgh ;  Ger. 
Schelde, sheFdgh) 
Schemnitz  (shem7- 
nits) 

Schenectady  (skg- 
nek7ta-dy) 
Schiedam  (sKee7- 
dam') 

Schiraz  (she'raz'). 

Syn.  Sheeraz. 
Schleswig.  See  Sles- 
wick. 

Schoharie  (sko- 
h:Ir7ree) 

Schonbruun,  or 
Schoenbrunn 
(shoWbroon) 
Schoodic  (skoo7dik) 
Schuy  lkill  ( skool7- 
kil) 

Schwarzburg 
(shwarts'burg  or 
shwaRts'booRG) 
Schwerin  (  shwa- 
reen7) 

Scilly  (sil'IT) 

Scinde  (slnd)  Sun. 
Sinde. 

Scio  (sFo  or  shee/o) 
Scioto  (si-o7to) 
Scituate  (sit7u-at) 
Scla-vo'nI-a.  Syn. 

Slavonia." 

Scotland 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Scutari  (skoo7ta- 
ree) 

Sebastopol.  See  Se¬ 
vastopol. 

Secunderabad  (se- 
kQn7dgr-a-bad') 
Seine  (san) 

Sen7e-ca 

Senegal  .  (sen7e- 
gawl') 

Sen7e-gam'bi-a 
Seringapatam  (ser- 
ing'ga-pa-tam') 
S5r7vi-a 

Setubal  ( si-too'bal ) , 
or  Setuval  (s&- 
too7val ) ,  or  St. 
Ubes  (ubz) 
Sev7as-to'pgl  (or 
se-vas7to-pol) ; 
less  correctly ,  Se¬ 
bastopol  (in  Rus¬ 
sian  (JeBacTo- 
nOAk,  sa-vas-to7- 
pol) 

Severn 

Seville  (sev7il  or  se- 
vil7) 

Sevre  (sev’r  or 
sav’r) 

Seychelles  (stFshel') 
Shamo  (sha/mo') 
Shang-Hai,  or 
Chang-IIaT 
(shang'hi') ; 
sometimes  writ¬ 
ten  Shang-Hae. 
ShIr7Qn 

She-boy7gan ;  for¬ 
merly  written 
Cheboygan. 
Sheeraz,  or  Shiraz 
(she7raz'  or  shee7- 
raz) 

Sheer-uess7 
Shen7an-do'ah 
Shiraz.  See  Sheeraz. 
Shrewsbury  (Mass.) 

(shrijz7ber-i) 
Shrewsbury  (Eng¬ 
land)  (shrijz7bgr-i 
or  shrdz7bgr-i) 
Siam  (si-am7  or  se7- 
SI-be7rI-a  [am') 
Sig'i-1^ 

Si-en'na  (It.  Siena, 
se-a'na) 

Sierra  Gorda  (se-eR7- 
Rii  goR'da) 
Sl-er'ra  Le-o'ne  ( Sp. 
pron.  se-fiR'Ra  la- 
o7na) 

Sierra  Madre  (se- 
eR'Ra  maD'rS) 
Sierra  Morena  (se- 
eR'Ra  mo-ra'na) 
Sierra  Nevada  (se- 
eR'Ra  na-va'Da) 
Silesia  (si-lee'shi-a) 
(Ger.  Schlesien, 
shla'ze-gn) 
Sim-pher-o'pol,  or 
Simferopol 
Sim'plon  (Fr.pron. 
sSn'pIon') 


Sinde,  or  Scinde 
(sind) 

Singapore  (sing'ga- 
por'),  or  Singa- 
poor 

Sin-o'pe  (Turk.  Sin- 
oob,  or  Sinoub, 
se-noob7) 

Sioux  ( usually  pron. 
soo  ;  Fr.  pron .  se- 
oo') 

Skag'ggr  Rack 
Skane  (skS'na) ; 

often  written 
Sehonen  ( Dutch, 
pron.  sKo'ngn  ; 
Ger.  .  sho'nen) 
and  Scania  (ska7- 
ne-a). 

Skaneateles  (skan7- 
e-at'lgs) ;  written 
also  Skeneateles. 
Skye  (ski) 

Sla-vo'nI-a,  or  Scla- 
vo'nT-a 

Sles'wick  (Dan. 
Sles'vig ;  Ger. 
Schleswig,  sbles7- 
wiG) 

Sluys  (slois) 
Smo-lensk7,  or  Smo- 
len'sko 

Smyrna  (smTr'na)  ; 
called  Izmeer7  by 
the  Turks. 
Snow'dgn  [tra 
So-co'tra,  or  Soc'o- 
Sofala  (so-ia'la  or 
so'fa-la) 

Soissons  (swiis'soN', 
almost  swFson') 
Soleure  (so'Iur') 
Solferino  ( sol-fa - 
ree'no)  [lee) 
Somauli  (so-maw7- 
Som'gr-set 
So-no'ra 
Soodan,  Soudan,  or 
Sudan  (soo'dan') 
Sorata  (so-ra'ta) 
Southampton 
(suth-hamp'tun) 
Spa  (spaw  ;  Fr.  and 
Flem.  pron.  spa) 
Spandau  (span7- 
dow) 

Spey  (spa) 

Speyer  (pronounced, 
and  often  written , 
Spire). 

Spitz-berg'gn 
Spor'a-des 
Stamboul  (stam- 
bool7).  Syn.  Con¬ 
stantinople. 
Staten  Island 
(stat'tn  Fland) 
Staubbach  (stoub7- 
baK) 

Staunton  (Va.) 

(st3n7tun) 
Staunton  (Eng.) 
(stan'tun  orst&n'- 
tun) 

Stettin  (stet-teen') 


Steuben  (stu'ben  or 
stu-ben') 
Stockholm 
Ston'ing-tgn 
Stralsund  (straF- 
soond) 

Strasbomg  (straz'- 
burg;  Fr.  pron. 
straz'booR')  ( Ger. 
Strassburg, 
stras'booRG) 
Stx-asburg  (Ger¬ 
many)  (stras'- 
bdoRG) 

Stromboli  (strom'- 
bo-lee) 

Stutt'gart,  or  Stut- 
gard  (  Qer.  pron. 
stdot'gaRt) 

Styria  (stir'i-a) 
Suabia,  or  Swabia 
(swa'bi-a) 

Suez  (soo'ez  ;  Arab, 
pron.  soo-ez'  or 
soo-az') 

Suffolk  (suf'fgk) 
Suir  (shpr) 

Sumatra  (soo-ma'- 
tra) 

Sun'da 

Surat  (soo-rat7) 
Surinam  (soo-ri- 

nam') 

Sus'que-han'na 
Sutledge  (sut'lej) 
Swa'bi-a.  Syn.  Sua¬ 
bia. 

Swe'dgn  (Sw. 
Swerige,  swer'e- 
geh) 

Switz'gr-land 

(swits7-) 

Syr7a-cuse  (It.  Siri- 
cusa,  se-re-koo7- 
sa.) 

Syr7i-a 

Szegedin  (seg7ed7- 
en'  or  seg7ed7in') 


Taunton  (Eng.) Tivoli  (tiv7o-lo  or 
(tawn'tgn)  tee7vo-lee) 

Taunton  (Mass.) Tobago  (to-ba7go) 
(tan'tgn)  To-bolsk7 

Tchad  (chad)  To-kay7  (Hung. 

Tehran,  or  Teheran  pron.  t.o-koi7) 
(tgh-h’ran7) ;  To-le7do  (  Sp.  pron. 

written  also  Teh-  to-la7Do) 


T. 


Ta-co7ny 

TaFT-let',  or  Taf7i- 
lelt' 

Ta'gus  (Sp.  Tajo, 
ta'Ho;  Port.  Tejo, 
ta7zho) 

Tahiti  (ta-hee7te) 
l’alavera  de  la 
Reyna  (ta-la-va7- 
ra  da  la  ra/e-na) 
Tah7le-quah 
TaFla-has'see 
TaFla-poo'sa 
Tampico  (tam-pee7- 
ko) 

Tananarivoo  (ta-na- 
na-ree-voo7) 
Tangier  (tan-jeer7) 
Taos  (ta7Ss,  almost 
towss) 

Taranto  (ta/ran-to) 
Tas-ma7ni-a 


raun.  Tom-big7bee,  or 

Tehuantepec  (tu-  Tom-beck7be 
wan-tS-pek7)  Tonkin,  or  Tonquin 
Teignmouth  (tin7-  (ton-keen7) 
niuth  or  tan7-  Toorkistan,  or  Tur- 
muth)  kistan  (tooR'kis- 

TemesvAr  (tem-esh-  tan') 
vHr7);  written  To-pe7ka 
also  Temeschwar.  Toplitz,  Toeplitz 
Teneriffe  (ten7er-iP)  ( top'lits),  or  Tep- 
(Sp.  Tenerife,  ta-  litz  (tep'lits) 
n?i-ree7ia)  Tor-bay7 

Ten7nes-see'  To-ron7to 

Tgr-nate7  (or  ter- Tortuga  (tor-too'- 
na7ta)  ga) 

Ter7ra  del  Fu-e'go,  Toulon  (too'loN') 
or  Tierra  del  Fue-  Toulouse,  or  Thou 
go  (te-eR7Ra  dgl  louse  (too7looz') 
fwa7go)  Touraine  (too'ran') 

Terre-Bonne  ( teR7-  Tournay  ( tooR7na' 
bon'  ;  often  pron.  Flem.  Doornik< 
tar-bon7)  doR7nik) 

Terre-Haute  (tbr7- Tours  (tooR) 
rgh-hot;Fr.  pron.  Towcester  (tows7- 
teR'hot'  or  t6r7-  ter) 
reh-h5t)  Traf7al-gar',  or 

Teviot  (tiv7e-ot)  Tra-f^Fgar 
Thames  (temz)  Tra -lee7 
Than7gt  Tran7syl-va'ni-a 

Thebes  (theebz) ;  Tras  os  Montes  ^tras 
called  Thebai  os  mon7t6s) 
(the7va)  by  the  Treb'i-zond7 
modern  Greeks.  Tre-mont7 
Theiss  (tis)  (Hung.  Treves  (treevz)  (Fr. 

Tisza,  tee'sgh7)  Treves,  trav ; 

Thes78a-ly,  or  Thes-  Ger.  Trier,  treerj 
sa7li-a  Trichinopoli,  or 

Thibet,"  or  Tibet  Trichinopoly 
( tib'et  orti-bet7);  (tritch7in-op'o-le) 
written  also  Tib-  Triest,  or  Trieste 
bet .  ( tre-est7  or  tre-es7 

Thomaston  (tom7-  ta) 
as-tun)  Trincomalee 

Thurgau  (tooR7-  (trink7o-ma-lee') 
gow),  or  Thur-  Trin7T-dad' 
go7vi-o(Fr.  Thur- Trip7o-lI ;  called  by 
govie,  tiiR7go7ve')  the  natives  Ta- 
Thuringia  (thu-  ra/bloos. 

rin7ji-a)  Ger.  Trois  Rivieres  (trwa 
ThUringen,  tii7-  re7ve-eR').  Syn. 
ring-gn)  JJhree  Rivers. 

Tl7bgr  (It.  Tevere,  Trondhjem,  or 
ta7v3,-ra)  Trondjem. 

Tibet,  or  Tibbet.  Trosachs  (tro'saks) 
See.  Thibet.  Truxillo,  or  Trujillo 

TT-con7dgr-o'ga  (troo-Heel7yo) 

Tiflis  (tif-lees7) ;  Tubingen  (tii'bing- 
written  also  Te-  gn) 

TFgris  [flis.  Tu7nis  ;  called  by 

Tim-buc7too,  or  the  natives  Too7- 
Tom-booc7to  nis. 

Timor  Laufc  (te-  Tu7pe-lo 
mor7lout)  Tur7co-ma'nI-a 

TT-o7ga  Tu'rin  (or  tu-rln7 ; 

Tipperary  (tip-pgr-  Fr.  pron.  tu7r5n') 


a7rT) 

Titicaca 


[ka) 
(tit-e-ka7- 


(It.  Torino, 
ree7no) 


to- 


a,e,&c.,Zong/  a, e,o, less  prolonged;^, e short;  obscure;  c3tre,far,ask,aU,wh^t;  6re,vgil,t5rm  ;  pique, firm,  son.or. 


* 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Turkey  (tur'ky),  or 
Ot'to-man  Em¬ 
pire. 

Tus7ca-loo'sa 
Tus7ca-ny  (It.  Tos¬ 
cana,  tos-ka7na) 
Tus7ca-ro'ra 
Tyr'gl  ( Ger.  pron. 
te-rol7 ) 

Ty-rone7  (ti-rbn7) 


u. 


See 


Ubes,  Saint 
Setubal. 

Ucayale  (oo-ki-a7- 
13,),  or  Ucayali 
(oo-kT-a7lee) 
Ukraine,  (yoo7kran 
or  oo-kran7 ) 

Ulea  (oo'le-o) 

Ulm  ( Ger.  pron. 

(Tolin) 

Um-ba7gog 
Umea  (oo7me-o) 
Unterwalden  (dbn7- 
tgr-wakdgn),  or 
Un7dgr-wakdgn 
Upernavik  (oo- 
peR/na-vik) 
Up7sal,  "or  Upsala 
( up-sa'la) 

U7ral,  or  Oural 
(oo-ral7) 

Uri  (yoo'ri;  Ger. 

pron.  oo/re) 
Uruguay  (u'roo- 
gwa7,  or  oo-roo- 
gwk) 

Ushant  (ush'ant) 
U7ti-ca 

Utah,"  or  Youta 
(yoo7ta,  less  prop- 
erly  yoo7taw) 
Utrecht  (u7trekt  ; 
Dutch  pron.  ik- 
treKt) 

Uttoxeter  (uks7e- 
tgr) 


~\T  Vienna  (U.  S.)(vl- 

v  •  en7na) 

Villa  (in  Sp.  veek- 
ya  ;  in  Port. 
veekla  or  vikla) 
Villa  Real  (veekya 
ra-ak) 

Villa  Rica  (Sp. 
America )  (veek¬ 
ya  ree7ka) 

Villa  Rica  (Brazil) 
(vikla,  or  veekla, 
ree'kii) 

Villefranche  (vel7- 
froNsh')  (It.  Vil- 
lafranca,  vil-la- 
fran7ka) 

Vincennes  (vin7- 
senz' ;  Fr.  pron. 
vaiksen') 

Virginia  (vgr-jin7- 
i-a) 

Vistula  (vist7yu-la) 
Vitebsk  (ve-tebsk7), 
or  Vitepsk.  Syn. 
Witebsk. 

Vol7ga,  or  Wolga 
Vosges  (vozh) 


Valencia  (va-len7- 
shl-a ;  Sp.  " pron 
va-len' the-a) 
Valenciennes  (va7 
lotkse-en') 
Valentia  (va-len7- 
shi-a) 

Vakla-do-lid'  ( Sp. 
pron.  val-ya-DO- 
leeD7) 

Valois  (val'wa/) 
Valparaiso  (val-pa- 
rkso ) 

Vancouver  (van- 
koo7vgr) 

Van  Diemen’s  (van 
dee7mgnz) 
Vaud(vo),  or  Pays- 
de-Vaud  (pa7e- 
deh-vo7) 

Vendee  La  (la  von7- 
da') 

Vendome  (von7- 
d5nk) 

Venezuela  (ven7g- 
zwee'la  ;  Sp. 
pron.  ven-eth- 
wa7la)  [a) 

Venetia  (ve-ne7shi- 
Venice  (ven7iss)  (It. 
Venezia,  ven-ed7- 
ze-a) 

Vera  Cruz  (va7ra 
kroos) 

Vergennes  (ver- 
jenz7) 

Vgr-mont7 
Verona  (v3-ro7na) 
Versailles  (vgr- 
salz7 ;  Fr.  pron. 
veR7s3l'  or  veR- 
s3y’7) 

Ve-sp7vi-us  (It. 
Vesuvio,  va-soo7- 
ve-o) 

Vienna  (ve-en7na) 
(Ger.  Wien,  ween, 
almost  veen) 


w. 


Wabash  (waw7- 

bash) 

Waday  (wa7dl) 
Wagram  (w  a/gram 
or  w  a/gram) 
Waldoborough 
(wawkdo-bur7- 
ruh) 

Wales  [kl-a) 

Wallachia  (wol-la7- 
Waltham  (Eng.) 
(wok  tarn) 

Waltham  (Mass.) 

(wokthSm ) 
Wandsworth 
(wonz7wurth) 
Warasdin  (wa/ras- 
deen7) 


War7saw  (Pol. 
Warszawa,  vaR- 
sha/va  or  w&R- 
sha/va) 

Warwick  (Eng.) 
( wor7rik) 

Warwick  (U.  S.) 
(wor7wik  or  wor7- 
rik) 

Washita  (wosh/i- 
taw7) 

W  a7tgr-ee7 
Wa7tgr-loo7  ( Dutch 
pron.  wa7tgr-lo7) 
Weimar  (wkmar) 
Wener  (wa7ngr), 
or  Wenner  (wen7- 
ngr) 

We7ggr  ( Ger.  pron. 
wa7zgr) 

West  Indies  (in7- 
dez) 

West'more-land 
West-pha7li-a  (Ger. 
Westphalen, 
west-la7lgn) 
Weymouth  (wa7- 
muth) 

Wid'in,  or  Vidin. 
Wilkesbarre 
( wilks'bdr-rT) 
Wikna,  or  Vilna 
Windsor  (win7zgr) 
Win'ne-ba'go 
Win7nl-peg 
Winnipiseogee 
( win'ne-pis-sok7- 
ki) 

Wisbaden  (wis-ba7- 
den),  or  Wiesba¬ 
den  (wees-ba7- 
dgn) 

Wis-cas7set 
Wis-con7sin,  or 
Wiskonsin. 
Wit7ten-berg  (  Ger. 
pron.  wit'ten- 
beRG7) 

Woburn  (woo7- 
burn) 

W  olverham  p  ton 


( wdbk  vgr-hamp7- 
tun) 

Woolwich  ( wobk- 
itch  or  wdbkij) 

Worcester  (wdos7- 
ter) 

Worms  (wQrmz ; 
Ger.  pron. 
woRms) 

WUrtemberg  (wGr7- 
tgm-berg ;  Ger. 
pron.  wiiR'tgm- 
beRG7)  written 
also  Wirtemberg. 

Wy7an-dot/ 

Wy-o7ming 

Wythe  (with,  th  as 
in  thin ) 


513 

Slav7),  or  Yekata* 
rinoslaf.  Syn. 
Ekatarinoslaf. 
Yenken 

Yenikale,  or  Jeni- 
kale  (yen7e-ka73) 
Yenisei  (yen7e-sa/e 
or  yen-e-sfk),  or 
Enisei  (en'e-sa/e)- 
Yesso  or  Jesso 
(yes'so) 
Yo-sem'i-to 
Ypres  (ee7p'r) 
(Flemish  Ypern, 
kpgrn) 

Yp7ca-t3n7  (or  yoo7- 
ka-tan7) 

Yvetot  (ev7to7) 


X. 


z. 


Xenia  (zee7ni-a) 
Xenil  (Ha-neel7). 

Syn.  Genii. 

Xeres  (Sp.  pron. 
Ha-res7 ;  PorL 
pron.  sha-res7  or 
sher-es7) 

Xingu,  or  Chingu 
(shen-goo7) 


Y. 


Yakootsk  (ya- 
kootsk7) ;  written 
also  Yakoutsk, 
Yakutsk. 

Yang-tse-kiang 

(yang7tse-ke- 

ang') 

Yanina,  or  Janina 
(ya7ne-na) 

Ya-zoo7 

Yeddo,  or  Jeddo 
(yed7do) 

Yekatarinoslav  (ya- 
ka-ta-ree-no- 


Zacatecas  (zak-a- 
ta7kas  or  sa-ka- 
ta7kas) 

Zaire,  or  Zahir  (za- 
eer7).  Syn.  Con¬ 
go. 

Zam-beze7  (or  zam- 
ba7ze ) 

Zanguebar  (zang7- 
ga-bar') 

Zan'te 

Zan7zi-bar7 

Zebu,  or  Cebu  (see- 
boo7  ;  Sp.  pron. 
th3-boo7) 

Zollverein  (tsokfgr- 
in7) 

Zurich  (zu7rik ; 
Ger.  pron.  tsii7- 
riK) 

Zuyder,  or  Zuider, 
Zee  (zkdgr  zee  or 
zoo7dgr-zee  ; 
Dutch  pron.  zoi7- 
der  za) 

Zweibriicken  (tswi- 
briik7kgn).  Syn. 
Deux-Ponts. 


dg,W9lf,too,tdbk;  Qrn,rue,p9ll ;  p,g,soft  ;-e,g,harcl;si%  ;  exist ;  nasng  ;  this ;  a,b,i},ee,I,3,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(seep.  502J. 


83 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 

OF 

MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


A. 


Abbasides  (ab-Ms7- 
i-dez) 

Abdalla  (ab-dal7- 
lah),  or  Abdullah 
(ab-duPlah) 
Abd-el-  Kader  ( abd- 
el-ka7der) ;  writ¬ 
ten  also  Ab-dul- 
Kadir. 

Xb7e-lard,  or  Ab7- 
ai-lard  (Fr.  pron. 
a7ba7laR7) 

Abercrornby  (5b7er- 
krunPbi) ;  some¬ 
times  written  Ab¬ 
ercrombie. 
Abernethy  (iWer- 
ne-thT) ;  Scotch 
pronunciation 
aber-nethG) 
Abinger  (3b7in-jer) 
Abu-Bekr,  or 

Abou-Bekr  (a7- 
boo-bekr7) 
Abul-Feda,  or 

Aboulfeda  (a7- 
booPfe-da7) 
Abu-Mansur  (a7- 
boo-man-sooR7) 
Achilli  (a-keeGee  or 
a-kllGee) 

Adair  (a-dar7) 
Adalbert  (iPdal7- 
beR7) 

Adansou  (a/dQN7- 

SON7) 

Adelung  (a7deh- 
loong) 

Agassiz  (ag7a-see  or 
a-gasLsiz ;  Fr. 
pron.  a/gas7se7) 
Aguilar  (a-ge-laR7) 
Ahmed  (aiPmed), 
or  Achmet  (aK7- 
met) 

Ainsworth  (anz7- 
WQrth) 

Akenside  (a7ken- 
sid) 

Aladdin  (a-13d7din) 
(Arab.  Ala-ed- 
Din  (a7lli7ed-den7) 
Alaric  (itPa-rlk) 
Alberoui  (al-ba-ro7- 
nee) 

Alboni  (al-bohiee) 
Albuquerque  (SP- 


bu-kgrk ;  Port, 
pron.  al-boo- 
keRk7  or  al-boo- 
keR7ka) 

Alcuin  (XPkwin) 
(Lat.  Al-eui/nus) 
Aldrich  (awPdritch 
or  awl-drlj) 

Aldus  (ilPdus)  (It. 

Aide,  aPdo) 
Alembert  (aGorP- 
beR7),  or  d’Alem¬ 
bert  (da7loN7beR7) 
Alfieri  (al-fe-a7ree) 
Alford  (awPford) 
Algarotti  (al-ga- 
rot7tee) 

Ali  (aGee) 

Alighieri  (a-le-ge- 
iPree) 

Alison  (SlG-sgn) 
Allston  (awPston) 
Almack  (aPmak) 
Al-Mansur,  or 
-Mansour  (al- 

man-soor7) 
Almeida  (al-ma'e- 
da  or  al-ma7da) 
Alsop  (awPsgp)" 
Alston  (awPston) 
Alton  (Eng.)  (awl7- 
tgn) 

Alverez  (Port.)  (aP- 
vii-res) 

Alvarez  (Sp.)  (aP- 
vii-reth) 

AnPa-de'us  [rik) 
Amalaric  (am-aPa- 
Amalric  (a-maPrik 
or  a7mal7rek7) 
Ambrogio  (am-bro7- 
jo) 

Amelot  (amGo') 
Amerigo  (a-ma- 
ree7go  or  a-mer7- 
e-go).  See  Ves¬ 
pucci. 

Amiot,  or  Amyot 
(a/me-o7) 

Ampere  (5N7peR7) 
AnPu-rath  or  Amu- 
rat  (a-moo-riit7) 
Ancillon  (Fr.)  (on7- 
se7yoN7) 

Andre  (Eng.)  (Sn7- 
dra  or  An/drl) 
Angelo  (an7ja-lo) 
Angouleme  (on7- 
gooGem7  or  on7- 
gooGam7) 


Annesley  (anzGi) 
Anquetil-Duperron 
(oN/kgh-tel/du/- 
peR'rdN7) 

An7strij-ther  (pop¬ 
ularly  arPstgr) 
Antonelli  (an-to- 
nePlee) 

Ar7a-go  ( Fr.  pron. 

a/ra/go7 ) 

Aram  (a7ram) 
Ar7biith-not  ( pro¬ 
nounced  in  Scot¬ 
land  ar-buth7- 
ngt) 

Ariosto  (arG-os'to 
or  a-re-os7to) 
Arminius  (ar-mlnG- 
us) 

Arnaud  (aR7no7) 
Arnauld  (aR7no7) 
Arnault  (aR7no7) 
Arndt  (aRnt) 
Arnould  (aR7noo7) 
Arteveld  (aR-ta- 
velt7),  or  Arte- 
velde  (aR-ta-veP- 
deh) ;  sometimes 
Anglicized  Arte- 
velde  (art- veld7) 
Ar7un-del 
Ascham  (SsGcam) 
Ashburnham  ( &sh7- 
burn-am) 

XslPbur-tQn,  or 
Ash,bur/tgn 
Atahualpa  (a-tii- 
hwaPpa) 

Xth'el-stan  [ya7) 
Aubigne  (o7ben7- 
Aubrey  (Eng.) 
(aw7  brl) 

Auchmuty  (iPmu- 
ty) 

Au7du-bon  ( Fr. 

pron.  o7d'u7b6N7) 
Augustine  (Saint) 
(sent  aw/gus-tin) 
Aurungzebe  (o7- 
rbng-zab7  or  aw'- 
rung-zeeb7) 
Avenzoar  (av-en- 
zo'ar)  (Ar.  Ibn 
Zohr,  ib’n  z5h’r) 
Averroes  (a-ver7- 
ro-es  or  av-er-r57- 
es) 

Avicenna  (av7e- 
sen7na)  (Ar.  Ibn 
Sina,  Ib’n  se7na) 


Avila  (a7ve-la) 
Ayeshah  (a7e-sha) 
(Ar.  pron.  nearly 
I7g-sha) 

Ayton,Aytoun  (a7- 
tun) 

Azeglio  (ad-zaPyo) 


B. 


Bauer  (bow7gr) 
Baum  gar  ten 
(bovvm'gaR-tgn) 
Baumgartner 
( bo  wm  7gaRt7ner) 
Baur (bowr) 

Bayard  (ba7ard  or 


Baba,  Ali  (iPlee 
biPba)  [kee) 
Baccioclii  ( bat-cho7- 
Bach  (baK) 

Bache  (batch) 
Baillie  (baGee) 
Bailly  (Fr.)  (baGe 
or  ba7ye7) 

Bajazet  (b;\j7a-zet). 

Syn.  Bayazid. 
Balboa  (bal-boGi) 
Balfour  (bilPfur; 

in  Scot,  bal-foor7) 
Balguy  (bilPgi) 
Ballou  ( bitl-loo7 ) 
Balzac  (baPzak7) 
Barbarossa  ( bar7ba- 
ros'sa) 

Barbauld  (Eng.) 
(bar7bawld  or 
bar-b57) 

Barberini  (baR-ba- 
ree7nee) 

Barbier  ( baR7be-a7 ; 

almost  baRb7yu7) 
Barbour  (bar7bur) 
Barere  (ba7reR') 
Baretti  (ba-ret7tee) 
Barham  (bSr7am) 
Baring(Eng.)(bar7- 
ing) 

Barmecide  (bar'- 
me-sld7) 

Barnave  (baR7nav7) 
Barneveldt  (bar7- 
ngh-velt7) 

Barras  (ba7ra7) 
Barrere  (ba7reR7). 

See  Barere. 
Barrot.  (biPro7) 
Barth  (baRt) 
Barthelemy  (baR7- 
titPme7  or  baR7- 
ta.7lgh-me7) 
Basnage  (ba/nazh7) 
BSth7urst 

Batthyani,  or  Bath- 
yani  (bat-ya7nee) 


Belknap  (bel'nSp) 
Bellamy  (Eng) 
(bePla-mi) 
Bellarmin  (bel-lar7  ■ 
min)  (It.  Bellar- 
mino,  bel-laa- 
mee7no) 

bPard  ;  Fr.  pron.  BePlen-dgn 
ba/yaR')  Bellini  (bel-lee7nee) 

Bay  azid  (ba-ya-  BePsham 
zeed7  or  bl-a-  Belzoni  (bel-zo7nee) 
zeed7).  Syn.  Ba-  Ben7bow 
jazet.  Bentham  (ben7tam 

Beatoun  (be7tun)  or  ben7tham) 

Beatrice  (b57a-  Bentivoglio(ben-te- 

treess  ;  It.  pron.  voPyo) 
ba-a-tree  cha)  Benvenuti  (ben-va- 
Beattie  (bee7ti;  noo7tee) 

Scotch  pron.  ba7-  Beranger  (ba'roN7- 
ti)  zhfp) 

Beauchamp  (Eng.)  Ber7en-ger 
(bee'cham)  Ber7gs-fgrd 
Beauchamp  (Fr.)  BerkeGey  (formerly 
(bo7shoN7)  barkGy) 

Beauclerc  (bo7-  Bernadotte(ber-na- 

klerk)  dot7  or  beR7na7- 

Beaufort  (Eng.)  dot7) 

(bo7fort)  Ber7nard(F’r.pron. 

Beaufort  (Fr.)  (bd7-  beR7niiR7) 

foR7)  Bernouilli  (bgr- 

Beauharnais  (bo7-  nooPyee  or  beR7- 
a,R7na7)  nool'ye7) 

Beaumarchais  (bo7-  Berzelius  (ber-zee7- 
maR7sha7)  lx-us  :  Sw.  pron. 

Beaumont  (Eng.)  beR-zIIGe-us) 
(bo7m5nt)  Beth7<am 

Beaumont  (Fr. )  Bethune  (beh- 
(bo7moN7)  thoon7) 

Beauregard  (Amer.)  Bewick  (bu7ik) 
(bo7reh-gard7)  B57za  (Fr.  Beze, 
Beauregard  (Fr.)  bez  or  baz) 
(boR7giiR7)  Billaud-Varennes 

Beccafumi  (bek'ka-  (be7yo'-va7renn7) 
foo7mee)  Billaut  (be7yo7  or 

Beccaria  (bCk-ka-  be7yo7) 

ree7a)  Biot  (be7o7  or  be7ot7) 

Bed7doe2  Bligh  (bll) 

Bede  (beed)  Blomfield  (blUm7- 

Bedell  (Amer.)  (be-  feeld) 


Blount  (blSnt) 
Blucher  (bloo7ker; 
Ger.  pron.  blii7- 
Ker) 

Blumenbach(bloo7- 
men-biiK) 
me.  Bobadilla  (bo-Ba- 

Behn  (ben)  DeePya) 

Behring  (beerGng ;  Boccaccio  (bok- 
Danishpron.  ba7-  kat7cho) 
ring)  Bochart  (bo7shaR7) 


del7) 

Bedell  (Eng.)  (bee7- 
dol  or  be-del7) 
Beethoven  (ba7t5- 
ven) 

Behmon.  See  Boh- 


a,e,&c  .^long;  a  ,e,o,  less  prolonged;  a,  e, &c.,  short;  a,g  ,i  ,q  ,  obscure;  cSire, far, ask, all, what ;  ere, veil, termjpique, firm, s6n, or. 
t514) 


MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Bockh  (bok) 

Bode  (bo7dgh) 
Boerhaave  (bor7- 
hSv ;  Dutch  pron. 
booR/ha/vgh) 
Bohme  (bo7mgh), 
or  Bohm  (bom) 
Boileau  ( boklo ;  Fr. 

pron.  bwa/lo7) 
Bojardo,  or  Boiardo 
(bo-yaR7do) 
Boleyn  (bobbin) 
Bolingbroke  (bol7- 
ing-brdbk 
Bolivar  (bo-lee7vaR; 
erroneously  pron. 
boki-var7) 
Bonaparte  (bo'na- 
part ;  It.  pron. 
bo-na-pas/ta) 
Bonheur  (bo7nuR7) 
Borghese  (boR-ga7- 
ga) 

Borgia  (bor7ja  or 
boR'jii) 

Borromeo  (boR-Ro- 
ma/o) 

Bos-caw7en,  or 
Bos7ca-wgn 
Bossuet  (bos7sli-a7, 
almost  bos7swa7) 
Bossu(bo7sa)  (Lat. 

Bos7su-lus) 

Bossut  (bo7sli7) 

Bob  well 

Both7  well  [zaris. 
Botzaris.  See.  Boz- 
Boucher  (Eng.) 

(bow7cher) 
Boucher  (Fr. )  (boo7- 
sha7) 

Boudinot  (boo7de- 
not) 

Bougainville  (boo7- 
gaikvel7) 
Boulaiuvilliers 
(boo7liiN7ve7ya7) 
Bourbou  (boor7- 
bgn  ,•  Fr.  pron. 
booR7boN7) 
Bourdaloue  (booR7- 
dii/loo7) 

Bourdon  (booR7- 
doN7) 

Bourne (born) 
Bourrienne  (boo7re- 
en7) 

Bouterwek  (boo7- 
tgr-wek) 

Bouvier  ( Amer.) 

(boo-vee^) 
Bowditch  (bou7- 
ditch) 

Bowdoin  (bo7dn) 
Bowles  (bolz) 
Bowring  (bour7ing) 
Boy7dell 
Boyer  (bwii/ya7) 
Bozzaris,  or  Botza¬ 
ris  (bot/sa-ris  ; 
popularly  culled 
bgz-zarbs) 
£rad7war-dlne ; 
•written  also  Brad- 
wardin 


Brahe  (bra  or  bra  ; 
Danish  pron. 
bra/ eh) 

Bramante  d’Urbino 
(bra-man7ta 
dooR-bee'no) 
Brandt  (brant) 
Bremer  (breeder; 
Sw.  pron.  bra7- 
mgr) 

Brissot  (bre7so7) 
Brockhaus  (brok7- 
howss) 

Broderip  (br5d7rip) 
Brodie  (brow'd!) 
Broeck  (brtTok) 
Brome  (broom) 
Brdnbley  (brfinbli) 
Bronte  (broibte) 
Brough  (bruf) 
Brougham  (broo7- 
am  or  broo’m ) 
Broughton  (brow7- 
Bru-nel7  [tgn) 

Brunelleschi  (broo- 
nel-les7kee) 
Brunet  (bru7na7) 
Buchanan  (buk- 
an7an  ;  often 

mispronounced 
bd-kan/an ) 
Buffon  (buffgn  or 
biif7foN7) 

Bulwer  (bdokwer) 
Bunsen  (bobn'sgn) 
Buonaparte  (boo- 
o7ua-paR7ta) 

Syn.  Bonaparte. 
Buonarotti  (boo-o7- 
na-rot'tee) 
Burckhardt  (bGrk7- 
hart ;  Ger.  pron. 
bdoRk/hart) 
Bur-dett7 
Burger  (buR7ger) 
Burgoyne  (bur- 

goin7) 

Burlamaqui  (buR7- 
li/ma/ke7) 
Burleigh  (bur7li). 

Syn.  Burghley. 
Burnouf  (buR7- 

noof7) 

Bussy  d’Amboise 
(bu7se7  doikbwaz7) 


C. 

Cab'ot  (It.  Caboto, 
ka-bo7to) 
Ca-do7gan 
cEd-wakla-dgr 
Cagliari  (kakya- 

ree) 

Cagliostro  (kal- 

yos7tro.) 

Cairns  (karnz) 
Cains  (keez) 
Caka-my 

Calderon  (kal-dS- 

ron7) 

Calhoun  (lt31- 

hoon7) 


Calkcott 

Cdkmet  {Fr.  pron. 
kakma7) 

Calvert  (Eng.) 
(kill7  vert) 

Calvert  ( Amer. ) 
(kokvgrt) 

Cambaceres  (koN7- 
ba7sa7res7) 
Cam'gr-gn 
Ca-mo7ens  (or 
kduko-ens  ;  Port 
pron.  ka-mo'eNs) 
Campbell  (kSm7gl) 

©3“  Some  fam¬ 
ilies  of  this  name 
call  themselves 
kunkbel. 

Canova  (ka-no7va) 
Canrobert  (koN7- 
ro'beR7) 

Cantemir,  or  Kan¬ 
temir  (kdn/tgh- 
meer  or  kan'te- 
meer7) 

Canute  (ka-nut7). 

Syn.  Knut. 
Cfkpet  ( Fr.  pron. 
ka/pa7) 

Capo  d'Istria  (ka7- 
po  dis7tre-a),  or 
Capodistrias  (ka- 
po-dis7tre-as) 
Caradoc  (ka-ra7- 
dok)  (Lat.  Ca- 
rac7ta-cus) 
Car7dan  (Lat.  Car- 
diknus  ;  It.  Car¬ 
dano,  kaR7da7no) 
Carew  {generally 
ka-roo7) 

Carlen  (kaR-lan7, 
almost  kaR7l)ffn7) 
Carlisle  (kar-llk) 
Carlyle  ( kardll  or 
kar-llk ) 

Carmichael  (kar- 
mkkgl  or  kar7- 
ml-kgl) 

Carteret  (kar7ter- 
et) 

Casaubon  (ka-saw7- 
bgn) 

Casimir  (kits'e- 
meer) 

Castaglione  (kas- 
tal-yo'na),  or 
Castiglione  (kas- 
tel-yo7na) 
Castlereagh  (kSs7sl- 
ra7) 

Castren  (kas-tran7 
or  kas-triin7) 
Caulaincourt  (ko7- 
hlikkooR7) 
Cavaignac  (ka7- 
ven7yak7) 
Cdv7gn-dish 
Cavour  (ka'vooR7) 
Cecil  (ses7il  or  sis7- 

il) 

Cellini  (chel-lee7- 
nee) 

Cenci  (chen7chee) 
Centlivre  (sgnt- 


lee7vgr  or  sent- 
liv7gr) 

Cervantes  Saavedra 
(scr-van7tSz  sii- 
ved7ra  ;  Spanish 
pron.  tiieK-van7- 
tCs  sa-a-va7 ora) 
Chalmers  (chdl7- 
mgrz;  Scot. pron. 
chaw7merz) 
Chamier  (sha- 
meer7 ) 

Chamisso  (sha7me7- 
so7) 

Champollion 
(sham-pokle-gn, 
or  shSikpokle- 
ON7) 

Charlemagne 
(shar7le-man7  ; 
Fr.  pron.  shaRk- 
man7) 

Charlevoix  (shar7- 
leh-vwa7  or 
shaRkvwa7) 
Chateaubriand 
(sha/to7bre76N7) 
Chatham  (chdt7- 
am) 

Chauncey  (chan7sl 
or  chawn7si) 
Cherubini  (kfi-roo- 
bee7nee) 
Cheg7gl-dgn 
Cheyne  (chan  or 
chin) 

Childebert  (chikde- 
bgrt ;  Fr.  pron. 
shekdeh-beR7) 
Chil7dgr-ic  (Fr. 
Childeric,  (shel7- 
da7rek') 

Chikpgr-ic  (French 
Chilperic,  shel7- 
pa7rek7) 

Chisholm  (chiz7- 

Chlopicki  (Klo-pit7- 
skee) 

Cholmondely 

(chdm7lT) 

Christophe  (kres- 
tof7) 

Cimabue  (che-ma- 
boo7u) 

Cinq  Mars  (saxk7- 
maRs7) 

Claude  {Fr.  pron. 
icl5d) 

Claverhouse  (klav7- 
er-tis  or  klav7- 
grs) 

Clotaire  (klo7teR7) 
Clo-t!kda,  or  Clo- 
tilde  (klo7teld7) 
Clough  (kldf) 
Clo7vis 

Cochrane  (kok7ran) 
Cockburn  (ko7- 
burn) 

Coeur  de  Lion 
(kur  de  lkQn ; 
Fr.  pron.  kuR 
dg  1c7on7) 

Coke  (kdbk  or  kok) 


Colbert  (kokbeR7) 
Colburn  (kokburn) 
Cokby 
Co-len7so 

Coleridge  (kokrij) 
Coligny,  or  Coligni 
(ko7len7ye7,  or 
kol7en7ye7) 
Cokrnan 

Colquhoun  (ko- 
hoon7) 

Cokton 

Combe  (koom) 
Comstock  (kdm7- 
stok ) 

Conde  (kon7da  ; 
Fr.  pron.  koN7- 
da7) 

Condillac  (koN7- 
dee7yak7  or  koN7- 
de)73  ak7) 

Condorcet  (koN7- 
doR7sa7) 

Confucius  (kon-fu7- 
shi-us)  (Chinese 
Kong-Fu-Tse7, 
kong-f(Tot-sa7) 
Congreve  (kong7- 
grGv) 

Conybeare  (kdn7!- 
ber) 

Copernicus  (ko- 
per7ni-kus)  {orig¬ 
inally  Copernic, 
or  Kopernic,  ko- 
peR7nik) 

Coquerel  (kok7rel7) 
Corday  (kor7da7) 
Corneille  (kor7- 

nak ;  Fr.  pron. 
koR7nSl7  or  koR7- 
n5y’7) 

Cornwallis  (korn- 
woklis) 

Correggio  (kor- 

red7jo) 

Cor7tgz  (Sp.  Cor¬ 
tes,  koR-tes7) 
Cousin  (koo7ziiN7) 
Cowley  (kow7li) 
Cowper  (kow7pgr 
or  koo7per) 
Cr;td7ock 
Cr3sh7aw 

Crebillon  (kra7be7- 
yoN7) 

Crichton  (krkton) 
Cromwell  (krum7- 
wel  or  krom7- 
wel) 

Cunard  (ku-nard7) 
Cunha,  da  (da 
koon7va) 

Cuvier  (kikve-a7  or 
ltu7ve-gr) 

Cuyp,  or  Kuyp 
(koip) 


D. 


Dagobert  (dag7o7- 
bort  or  da7go- 
beR7) 


515 

Daguerre  (da/gen7) 
Dahl  (dill) 

Dahlgren  (dak- 
gren) 

Dalhousie  (ddl- 
hoo7zI) 

Dairy  m  pie  (dtil7- 
rim-pl) 

Dalton  (dawktQn) 
Dalzell  (da-el7) 
Damiens  (da7me- 
5n7)  ;  Anglicized 
Da7mT-eng. 

Dam  pier  (dam7- 
peer) 

Dandolo  (dan7do- 
lo) 

Dante  (dSn7te ;  It. 

pron.  dan7ta) 

Dan  ton  (ddn7tgn 
or  ddrktoN7) 
D;Arblay  (dar7bla) 
Daubigne  (do7ben7- 
ya7) 

Ditv7gn-ant 
Dav7gn-port 
Davila  (da7ve-lji) 
De  Candolle  (deh 
koN7dol7) 

D<  -ca'tur 
Deka-no 

Delaroche  (d’la7- 
rosh7) 

Delolme  (deh-lolm7 
or  d'lolm) 
Demidov  (d8m7e- 
dov7),  or  D6m-i- 
dof7. 

Denham  (den7am) 
Denina  (da-nee7na) 
Denis  (deh-ne7) 
Derby  (der7bl  or 
dar7bl) 

Derham  (der7am) 
De  Ruyter  (de  rl7- 
tgr  or  rokter) 
Derzhavin  (deR- 
zha7vin) 

Descartes  (da7- 

kiiRt7) 

Deshoulieres  (da7.. 

zoo7Ie-eR7) 
Desmoulins  (da7- 
moo7lSN7) 

Despreaux  (da7- 
prS7o7) 

Dessaix  (da7stt7) 
Dessalines  (da7sa7- 
len7  or  des7sa- 
15n7) 

De  Thou  (dgh  too7) 
(Lat.  Thu-a7nasj 
Devereux  (dev7er- 
oo) 

Dewees  (de-weez7) 
D’Ewes  (duz) 

De  Wette  (dgh. 
w@t7teh) 

Diderot  (ded7ro7  or 
de7dgh-ro7) 

Didot  (de7do7) 

Diez  (deets) 

Diodati  (de-o-da7' 
tee)  [ee) 

Disraeli  (diz-ra7el- 


516 

Doderlein,  or  Doe- 
derlein  (do'der- 
lln/) 

Dolomieu  (do7lo7- 
me-uh7) 

Domenichino  (do- 
ma-ne-kee7no) 
Donizetti  ( don7e- 
zet'tee  or  do-nid- 
zet7tee) 

Don7o-van 
Douce  (Eng.) 
(dowss) 

Douglas  (dug7lass) 
Douw ;  pronounced 
and  sometimes 
written  Dow. 
Ducange  (du-kSnj7; 
French  pron.  du/- 
koNzh7) 

Duchesne  (dii/- 

shan7) 

Duclos  (du7klo7) 
Dudevant  (dii'dgh- 
von7  or  diid7- 
vox7) 

Dufresnoy  (dy7- 

frfL7nwa7) 

Dumas  (dy7ma7) 
Dumont  (dii7moN7) 
Dun-bar7 

Duncan  (dunk7an) 
Dundas  (dun-d&s7) 
Dunglison  (dilng7- 
gli-sgn) 

Duponceau  (du- 
pon7so  ;  Fr. 
pron.  dii7poN7so7) 
Dupont  (Am.)  (du- 
pont7) 

Dupont  (Fr.)  (dii7- 
poN7) 

Duquesne  ( dii7kan7) 
Durand  (Am.)(du- 
rand7)  [roN7) 
Durand  (Fr.)  (dii7- 
Durer  (du7rgr  or 
dii'rer) 

Duyckinck  (di7- 
kink) 

Dyche  (dlch  or 
ditch) 


MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Epinay  ia7pe7na7)  Foix  (fwa) 

Erasmus  (e-raz7-  Fontaine  (fon-tan7; 

mus)  Fr.  pron.  foN7- 

Ercilla  (eR-theel7-  ten7)  [uel7) 

Eric  (er7ik)  [ya)  Fontanelle  (ion7ta- 
Ericsson  (er7ik-  Fontenelle  (fon- 
sgn)  tgh-nel7 ;  French 

Erskine  (ers7kin)  pron.  foNt7nel7) 

Estaing  (es7tto7),  Forbes  (Eng.) 
or  d’Estaing  (forbz)  [bgz) 
(des7tXN7)  Forbes  (Scot.)  (for7- 

Este  (es7te  or  es7ta)»Forcellini  (for- 
Esterhazy,  or  Esz-  chel-lee7nee) 
terhazy  (es'tgr-  Fordyce  (foi-dls7) 
hit7ze)  Forster,  or  Foer- 

Estienne  (a7te-enn7)  ster  (ioR'ster) 
Euler  (yoo7ler  ;  Forsyth  (fyr-sith7) 
Ger.  pron.  oi7ler)  Fortescue  (for'tgs- 


Ewart  (yoo7art) 
Ewing  (yoo7ing) 
Eyre  (ar) 


F. 

Fabre  (fiibr) 
Fabyan,  or  Fabian 
(fa7bi-an) 


ku) 

Fosbroke  (fos7- 
brobk ) 

Foscari  (fos7ka-ree) 
Foscolo  (fos7ko-lo) 
Fothergill  (foth7- 
er-gil) 

Fouche  (foo7sha7) 
Foulis  ( fow7lis ; 

Scot.  pron.  fowlz) 
Foulques  (fdok) 


Facciolati  (fat-cho-  Fouque  (foo7ka7). 
la7  tee',  or  Fac-  See  La  Motte- 


Fouque. 
Fouquier-Tinville 
(foo7ke-S7tSN7- 
vel7) 

Fourcroy  ( fooR7- 
krwa7) 

Fourier  (foo7re-gr; 
Fr.  pron.  foo7- 
re-a7) 

Francesca  (fran- 
ches7ka) 

Francia  ( South 

Am.)  (fran7se-a) 
Francois  (froN7- 

swa7) 


E. 


Eccles  (Ck7glz) 
Echard  (English) 
(etch7ard).  Syn. 
Eachard. 

Egerton  (ej7gr-tgn) 
Elgin  (el7 gin) 
Ellesmere  (elz7- 
meer) 

Elmes  (elrnz) 
Elphinstone  (el7- 
fin-stgn) 

Elzevir  (el7zgh-vir) 
Encke  (enk7eh) 
Enghien  (oN7ge- 
i?N7) 

Eon,  Beaumont  d’ 
(b57moN7da7oN7) 
Epes  (eps) 


ciolato  (fat-cho- 
la7to) 

Fahrenheit  ( i';Xr7on- 
hlt ;  Ger.  pron. 
fa7ren-hlt7) 

Fairbairn  (far7- 
barn) 

Falconer  (fawk7ngr 
or  faw7kgn-gr) 

Falieri  ( fa-le-a7ree) 

Falkland  (fawk7- 
land) 

Faneuil  (fttn7il) 

Faraday  (f3r7a-da) 

Farnese  (far-neez7 ; 

It.  pron.  far-na7-  Fraunhofer 
sa)  (frown7ho-fgr) 

Farquhar  (far7-  Freiligrath  (fri7le- 
kwar  or  far7kar)  grftt7) 

Fatima  (fa7 te-ma  or  Frelinghuysen 
f;lt7e-ma)  (free7ling-hi7zgn) 

Faust  (fowst  or  Fremont,  or  Fre- 
fawst)  [chee)  mont  (Am.)  (fre- 
Federici(fa-da-ree7-  mont7) 

Fenelon  (fen7gh-  Fresnel  fra7nel7) 
lgn  ;  Fr.  pron.  Freund  Aroint) 
fan7loN7  or  fa7-  Frey  tag  (frI7taG) 
ngh-loN7)  Frob7ish-er 

Feodor  (ffl-o7dor,  Froila  ( fro7i-la) 
almost  fyo7dor)  Froissart  (frois7- 
Fichte  (fiK7tgh)  siirt7  ;  Fr.  pron. 

Fingal  (flng7gal  or  frwa7saR7) 

fing-gawl7)  Froude  (frood) 

Firdousi,  or  Fir- Fulton  (fool7tQn) 
dausi  (fir-dow7-  Fuseli  (fu7sg-ll) 
see) ;  less  correct-  (Ger.  Swiss  Fues- 
ly ,  Firdusi.  sli,  fiiss7lee) 

Firmin  (Fr.  (feR7- 
m&N7) 

Fleury  (fluh7re  or 
fluh7re7) 

Flotow  (flo7to) 

FlU7gel,  or  Fluegel  Gainsborough 
(flu7ggl)  (gang7b'rg) 


Galignani  (ga-len- 
ya7nee) 

Galileo  (g317i-lee7o  ; 
It.  pron.  ga-le- 
la/o) 

Gall  (gawl ;  Ger. 

pron.  gal) 
GiXl7la-tin 
G317lau-det' 

Galt  (gawlt) 

Galvani  (gal-va7- 
nee) 

Garcia  (Sp.)  (gaR- 
thee7a) 

Garcias  (gaR-thee7- 
as) 

Garcilasso  (or  Gar- 
cilaso)  de  la  Ve¬ 
ga  (gaR-the-las7- 
so,  or  gar-se-lSs7- 
so,  da  la.  va7ga) 
Gardiner  (gard7ngr) 
Garibaldi  (gilr-T- 
biil7dl  or  ga-re- 
bal7dee) 

Gascoygne,  or  Gas¬ 
coigne  (gas-koin7) 
Gasparin  (g3s7pa- 
rin  or  gas7pa7raN7) 
Gauss  (gowss) 
Gay-Lussac  (gS7- 
lus7sak7) 

Ged 

Ged7dgg 
Gelee  (zh’IS) 

Gell  (jel) 

Geuet  (jgh-net7  or 
zh’na) 

Gengis  Khan ,  or 
Jengis  Khan 
(jeng7gis  kiin  or 
kan) 

Genlis  (zhoN7le7) 
Genseric  (jen7sgr- 
ik) 

Geoffroy  (Eng.) 
(jef7fri) 

Gerando  (zhgh- 
roN7do7  or  ja- 
ran7do) 

Gerard  (Eng.)  (jer7- 
ard) 

Gerry  (ger7ri) 
Gerson  (Fr.)(zheR7- 
SON7) 

Gejxson  (Ger.) 
ggR7son) 

Gervaise  (zheR7- 
vaz7) 

Gesenius  (gg-see7- 
nl-us ;  Ger.  pron. 
ga-za7ne-dbs) 
Gesner  (Las7ngr) 
Gessler  (gess7lgr) 
Ghirlandajo  (ger- 
lan-da7yo) ;  writ¬ 
ten  also  Ghirlan- 
_  daio. 

Gfb7bgn 

Gibbg 

Gib7sgn 

Gifford  ( gif7ford 
and  jif7fQrd) 
Gignoux  (zhen7- 
yoo7) 


Gilbert  (Eng. )  (gil7- 
bgrt) 

Gilchrist  (gil7krist) 
Gil-fil7lan_ 

Gillespie  (gil-les7pi) 
Gil7pin 

Giotto  (jot7to) 
Girard  (Am.)  (jg- 
rard7) 

Girard  (Fr.)  (zhe7- 
raR7) 

Girardin  (zhe7raR7- 
_  dax7) 

Gij'bgrne 
Giulio  Romano 
(joo7le-o  ro-ma7- 
no) 

Glauber  (glaw7bgr 
or  glou7bgr) 

Gleig  (gleg) 
Glendower  (glen7- 
dou-gr) 

Glover  (gluv7gr) 
Gluck  (glook) 

Gliick  (gliik,  al¬ 
most  glfk) 
Gobelin  (gob7gh- 
lin ;  French  pron. 
gob7laN7) 
Go-dol7phin 
Goethe.  See  Gothe. 
Goldoni  (gol-do7- 
nee) 

Goldschmidt  (golt7- 
shmit) 

Gomez  (go7meth) 
Gonzaga  (gon-za7- 
ga) 

Gonzalo  (gon-tha7- 
lo).  Syn.  Gon- 
salvo. 

Gonzalez  (gon-za7- 
les  or  gon-tha7- 
leth) 

Gorgei,  or  Gorgey 
(goR7ga ;  Ger. 
pron.  gor7Gi) 
Gorges  (gor7jez) 
Gortchakov,  or 
Gortschakow 
(gor7cha-kof) ; 
written  also 
Gortchakotf. 
Gothe,  or  Goethe 
(go7tgh) 

Gough  (gof) 

Gould  (goold) 
Gower  (gow7er  and 
gor) 

Graeme  (gram) 
Grammont  (gram7- 
moN7) 

Granger  (Eng.) 

(gran7jgr) 

Grau  (grou) 

Greaves  (greevz) 
Green  ough 
(green7o) 
Gresh7am 

Greville,  or  Grevile 
(grev7il) 

Griesbach  (grees7- 
baK)  dee) 

Grimaldi  (gre-miil7- 
Grisi  (gree7see) 


Gronov  (gro'nov), 
or  Gro-no7vI-us 
Groot  (grot) 
Grosvenor  (gro7- 
vgn-yr) 

Grotius  (gro7shi-t1s) 
Grouchy  (groo7she7) 
Guarini  (gwa-ree7- 
nee) 

Guelph  (gwelf)  (It. 

Guelfo,  gwel7fo) 
Guercino  (gweR- 
chee7no) 

G  uericke  ( ger7ik- 

ka  or  ga7rik-kgh) 
Guicciardini  (gwet- 
chaR-dee7nee) 
Guido  Reni  (gwee7- 
do  ra7nee) 

Guise  (gwez) 

Guizot  (gwe'zo7 
or  ge7zo7) 
Giinther  (giin7tgr) 
Gutenberg  (goo7- 
ten-beRG7  or  goo7- 
ten-beRG) 
Guthrie  (guth7rl) 
Guyon  (gl7gn  or 
ge7oN7) 

Guyot  (ge7o7) 


H. 


Hafiz  (ha7fiz) 
Hahnemann  (ha/- 
neh-man) 
IISk7lj}yt  ;  written 
also  Hackluyt. 
IiaFket  ( Scot. 

pron.  h5k7et) 
Ha-157ran 
H5n7dgl  (Ger. 

Handel,  hen7del) 
IIaps7btirg  (Ger. 
llapsburg,  haps7- 
booRG ) 

Ilarcourt  (Eng.) 

(har7kurt) 
Ilardicanute  (har7- 
de-ka-nut7) 
Hardinge  (har7- 
ding) 

Hardouin  (aR7- 
dwilN7) 

Haroun-al  -  Rasch- 
id  (ha-roon7al- 
r;tsh7id)  more  cor¬ 
rectly ,  Harun- 
(or  Haroun-)  er- 
Rashid  (ha7- 
roon7eR-Ra- 
sheed7) 

Ilauser  (how7zer) 
Haiiy  (ha7 we7) 
Havelock  (hiiv7eh." 
lok) 

Haydn  (ha7dn ; 

Ger.  pron.  hi7dn\ 
Ilaynau  (hI7now) 
Ilearne  (hern) 
IIeb7er-dgn 
Heeren  (ha^ren) 
Hegel  (ha7ggl) 


a,e,&c.,Zo/ig;  a,e,o,Zm  prolonged ;  £, e,&c., short ;  a, §,i,Q, obscure ;  care, far, ask, jjll, what;  ere, veil, term;  pique, firm;  s6n,on 


MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Heine  (hl'neh) 

Heinsius  (hln7se- 
us) 

Ileintzelman 
(hlnt'sel-man) 
Helvetius  (hel-vee7- 
shi-us) 

Hem7ans 

llengist  (heng7gist) 
Hengstenberg 
(heng'sten-beRG7) 
Ilerbelot  (eRb7lo' 
or  eR7beh-lo') 

Herder  (herder  or  Joan 
heR7der) 

Iler'i-gt 

Herrera  (eR-Ra7ra) 
Herschel  (her7shel) 
Hewes  (huz) 

Heylin  (ha7lin) 

Heyne  (hl'neh) 

Hey'se  (hl'zeh) 

Ileywood 
wood) 


J. 


Kuyp  (koip). 
Cuyp. 


517 


(mat7- 


L. 


Jacobi  (ya-ko7bee) 

Jamieson  (jam'e- 
sgn  or  ja7nn-son ) 

Jasmin  (zhas'm&N') 

Jean  Paul  (zhoN  La  Bruyere 
powl  or  jeen  brii7yeR7) 


Syn.  Le  Sueur  (leh  Port .Magalhaens,  Matthisson 

swur)  ma-gal-ya/eNs)  tis-son) 

Leuwenhoek  (loo'-  Maginn  (ma-gin7)  Maturin  (mS^yoo- 
en-hook ;  Dutch  Mahmud,  or  Mah-  rin) 


lo7wen- 


pron. 
hook) 

Le7ver 

(la  Leverrier  (leh-ver7- 
ri-er  or  leh-v&7re- 


moud 
mood') 
Mahomet 
hom'et, 
met,  or 
met).  See 
hammed. 


(mawn7- 
(mo'- 


(mah7-  Maunder 
dor) 

(ma-  Maupertuis 
ma7ho-  peR7twe') 
ma7ho-  Maurepas(moR7pa') 

pawl).  Syn.  Lacepede  (la'sa7-  a')  met).  See  Mo- Maury  (Am.) 

Richter.  ped')  Levisac  (157ve-zak')  hammed.  (maw7rl  and 

Jellachich  (ygl7la- Lacroix  (lii/krwa')  Lewes  ( 1  u7is)  *Mahon  (ma-hoon7  mur'rl)  [re') 

kJk)  Ladislas  (lad'is-  L’Hopital,  or  L’-  or  ma-hon7)  Maury  (Fr.)  (mo7- 

of  Arc  (Fr.  las)  ;  written  also  Hospital  (lo7pe7- Maimonides  (ml- Mazarin  (m&z'a- 
Jeanne  d’Arc,  Lad7is-la'us.  tal')  mon7e-dez)  reen' ;  Fr.  pron. 

zhan  daRk7)  La  Fayette,  or  La-  Liddell  (lTd7del)  Maintenon  (m5xt7-  ma/za/r;iN') 
Joinville  (join'vil  fayette  (la/KS-  Lieber  (lee'ber) 
or  zhwSN7vel')  et')  Liebig  (lee7big ; 


or  man7te-  Mazzini  (mat-see7  - 


Jomini 
ne') 

Jouffroy 
frwa') 
(ha7-  Jourdain 
Jourdan 


noN' 

non )  nee  or  ma-zee'nee ) 

pron.  lee7-  Mainwaring  (man7-  Meagher  (ma7er) 

ner-ing)  Medici  (med7e-chee) 


Hogarth  (ho7garth)  doN' 

Holbein  (hoi7 bln)  Jowett  (jo7et) 
Ilolinshed,  or  IIol-  Juarez  (Hoo-a7res 


lynshed  (hol'inz- 
hed) 

Holmes  (homz) 
Hoogeven  (ho7Ga- 
vcn) 

Iloudon  (oo7doN') 
Houghton  (ho7tgn) 
Houston  (popularly 
pronounced  hu7- 
stgn) 

Hovey  (huv7i) 
Huber  (hoo'ber) 
Huger  (Am.)  (u- 
jee7) 

Hughes  (huz 
Humbert 
beR') 

Humboldt  (hfim7- 
bolt:  Ger.  pron. 
hbbm'bolt) 
IIus'kTs-son 
IIuss,  or  llus 

(buss  ;  Ger.  pron. 
hdbss) 


or  Hwa7reth) 
Jullien(zhul7le-ax' 


(zho7me7- Laffitte  (laf7fit'  or  Ger. 

la7tet')  b;G) 

(zhoof7- La  Fontaine  (la  Lingard  (ling7gard)  Malagrida  (ma-la- Medicis  (ma'de7sess' 
[d&x')  IT)  n't  an' ;  Fr.  Linne  (lin-na7,  a  l-  gree'da)  or  med'e-sis) 

(zhooR7-  pron.  la'fox'ten')  most  lin-nn7)  Malcolm  (mftPkgm)  Mehemet  Ali  (ma- 
(zboor7-  Laing  (lang)  (Lat.  Linnaeus,  Malebranche  (mill'-  hem'et  a/lee) ;  bet- 

Lally-Tollendal  lin-nee7tis)  e-branch7  or  ter  Mohammed 

(lablee'  tobloN7- Linnell  (lin7nel)  mal'brbxsh')  Ali. 

dal')  Liszt  (list)  Malesherbes  (msd7-  Meigs  (mfgz) 


almost 
jSn') 

Junot  (zhli'no') 
Jussieu  (jus'su' ; 
Fr.  pron.  zhii7- 
se-uh') 


Lamartine  (la7-  Lloyd  (loid)  zeRb') 

maR'ten')  Lope  de  Vega  (lo7pa  Malibran 


K. 


zhiil7-  Lamballe  (15N7bal')  da  va7ga) 

La  Mennais,  or  Lotliaire  (lo-ther7 
Lamennais  (la7-  or  lo-teR7) 
ma'na')  Loudon  (lou7don) 

La  Motte-Fouque  Louis  (loo7is;  Fr. 

(la  mot-foo'ka')  pron.  ioo'e') 

La  Perouse  (la  Louverture  (loo7- 
pa7rooz')  veR7t'uR').  Syn. 

Laplace  (la/plass')  Toussaint. 

La Roche-jaquelein ,  Lowth  (louth) 
or  La  Roche-  Loyola  (loi-o7la  or 
jacquelin  (la  lo-yo7la) 
rosh'zhak'l&N')  Lubin  (Fr.) 

( un7- Kantemir  (kan7te- Las  Casas  (las  ka7- LjTf7grd 
meer).  Syn.  Cau-  sas) 
temir.  Las  Cases  (las  kaz) 

Kavanagh  (kav'a-  La'tham 

na7  or  kav'a-  Latour  (la/tooR') 

nau')  Lavater  (la-va'ter  Macaulay 

Kearney  (kar'nl)  or  la'va'tcR')  kaw'll) 


Melanchthon 
(ma'le-  l&nk'thgn)  , 


(me¬ 

te 


Kant  (kant 
leant) 


or 


M. 


Keble  (keb'l)  Lavoisier 
Keightly  (klt/lee)  ze-a') 

Iluyghens  (hT'genz  Kircher  (kiR'Ker  Layard  (la'ard) 
or  hoi'genz)  "  or  klr'ker)  Le  Cierc,  or  Le- 

Hyder  Ali  (hT'der  Kisfaludy  (kish'fo-  cierc  (leh-ldeR7) 
a'lee)  loo'di,  almost  Legare  (Amer.) 

kish-fo-loodj7)  (leh-gree7) 

Kneller  (nel7ler ;  Legendre  (Rh- 

Ger.  pron.  knel7-  zhbNd’r7  or  leh-  Mackay  (ma-ka7 
-*-•  ler)  jen7der)  and  ma-kl7) 

Knolles  (nolz) ;  Leibnitz,  or  Leib-  Mack'in-tosh 
Ibrahim  (ib-bra7-  written  also  niz  (llp7nits)  Mack'lin 
heem)  (Pasha)  Ivnollys  (nolz)  Leigh  (lee)  Mac-lau'rin 

Inchbald  (inch7-  Knowles  (n51z)  Leighton  (la7tgn)  Maclean  (mak-lan7) 


broN  ;  Anglicized  correctly  Melanc- 
mSPi-brSn).  thon. 

Malone  (ma-lon7)  Menage  (ma7nazh') 
Malpighi  (mal-pee7-  Mendelssohn  (men7- 
gee)  del-sonj 

Malte  Brun  (mawlt  Mendoza  (men-do7- 
brQn7  or  malt'e-  za  ;  Sp.  pron. 
brtiN')  men-do'tha) 

Mantell  (man'tl)  Metastasio  (met'a- 
Manutius  ima-nu7-  sta'se-o  or  ml- 
she-Qs)  (It.  Man-  ta-sta7se-o) 
uzio,  ma-noot7-  Metternich  (met7- 
se-o)  [nee)  ter-nlk  or  met7- 

Manzoni  (man-zo7-  ter  nix) 

Marat  (mii'ra')  Meyer  (mi7er) 
Marie- Antoinette  Meyerbeer  (ml'er- 
(ma7re'  0N7twa7-  baR7) 
net')  Meyrick  (mer'ik) 

(m a- Marie  Louise  (ma7- Michaelis  (me-ka- 
re'  loo7ez')  a7lis) 


tlu7- 

[ban') 


bald)  Koch  (koK)  Lempriere 

Inez (ee7nt?z)  (queen  Korner,  or  Koer-  pri-er  or 
of  Portugal)  ner  (koR'ner)  preer7) 

In7§e-low  Kosciusko  (kos-si-  Lenclos,  or 


(la'vwa7- Macchiavelli  (mak-  Marion  (Am.)  Michelet  (  mesh7la') 
ke-a-vel7lee).  (mar7e-gn)  Mignet  (men7yS') 

Syn.  Machiavel  Marlborough  Mil7lin-gen 

(mak7I-a-vel)  (mawPb’ro)  Milne  (Scot.)  (mil) 

MacCulloch  (ma- Marlowe  (mar7lo)  ;  Milne  (Eng.)  (miln) 
kuPlhh)  sometimes  written  Milnes(milz) 

Macllvaine  (mak7il-  Marlow.  Miloradovitch  (me- 

van')  Marryatt  (mar'rl-  lo-ra7do-vitch)  ; 

at)  written  also  Milo- 

Martel  (maR'tel')  radowitz. 

Martineau  (Eng.)  Minie  (me7ne-a') 
(mar7ti-no)  Mirabeau  (mTr7a- 

Masaniello  (ma-sa-  bo'  or  me'ra/bo') 
ne-el7lo) 


Ireton  (Ir'tgn)  us7ko) 

Iriarte  (e-re-aR7-  Kossuth 
ta).  Syn.  Yri- 
arte. 

Iturbide  (e-tooR7- 
be-da) 

Ivan  (Russ.) 

(e-van7) 


clos  (loN'klo') 
(kosh7-  Le  Sage,  or  Lesage 
shoot')  (leh-sazh7) 

Kotzebue  (kot'sgh-  Lespinasse,  or  L’Es- 
bu  ;  Ger.  pron.  pinasse  (les'pe7- 
kot7seh-boo)  nass') 

Krummacher  L'Estrange  (les- 
(krobrn'inaK-er)  tranj7) 


(lem7-  Macleod  Maskelyne  (mas7ke- 

lem-  klowd7)  lln) 

Maclin  (ma-klTn7)  Mas7sa-soit' 

L’En-  Maclise  (ma-kleez7)  Massena  (mas-sa7- 


(me- 


Mirandola 
riin7do-la) 
Mo-hSm7med 
(Arab.  pron.  mo- 
ham7med. )  Often , 
Macomb  (m3_  n^i  Fr.  pron.  but  less  correctly , 

komb7)  ma7sS7na')  written  Mahomet 

Macready  (ma-  Massillon  (mXs7sil-  Moir  fmoi7er) 
kree7dl)  Ion  or  mas7se7-  Mole  mo'la') 

Mad7oc  yoN')  Moliere  (mo7Ie-eR') 

Magellan  (ma-jel7-  Massinger  (mSs7sin-  Molina  mo-lee7na) 
lan;  Sp.  pron.  jer)  Molyneux  (niol'i- 

ma-nel-yan7  ;  Mather  (mSth7er)  nooks7) 


dQ,wglf,t(ro,t(Tok ;  Qrn,rye,p\.ill ;  $}g,soft;  exg,hard;  as;  e^ist;  n  as  ng;  this;  a,b',u,dfe,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u(see  p.  502). 


518 

Moncreiff  (mon- 

kreef7) 

Monroe  (mgn-ro7) 
Monstrelet  (moxs7- 
trgh-la7)  [gu) 
Montague  (mon'ta- 
Montaigne  (mon7- 
tan7  ;  Fr.  pron. 
mox7tan7) 
Montalembert 
(mox7ta715N7beR7) 
Montcalm  (mont- 
kam7  ;  Fr.  pron. 
m5x7kam7) 
Montecuccoli. 

( m  on7  ta-k  obk7ko- 
lee) ;  written  also 
Montecuculi. 
Montespan  (mou7- 
tes-piln7  ;  Fr. 
pron.  moN/tes/- 
poN7) 

Montesquieu 
(m8n7tgs-ku7 ; 

Fr.  pron.  mSN7- 
tes7kg-uh7) 
Montgolfier  (moN7- 
gol7fe-a7  or  rnont- 
goFfi-gr) 

Montgomery  (Eng.) 

( m  gnt-guuFgr-T ) 
Montholon  (mox7- 
to7loN7)  [roz7) 
Montrose  (mgnt- 
Montucci  (mon- 
toot7chee) 

Moore  (Eng.)  (mor) 
Moratin  ( mo-ra- 
teen7) 

Moray  (mur7rl) 
Moreau  (mo7ro7) 
Morel  (mo7rel7) 
Morell  (mo-relF) 
Morrell  (Am.) 

(mor7rel) 

Mor7tgn 

Moj7by 

Mosheim  (mos7him) 
Motteux  (mot-too7) 
Moultrie  (moo7trl) 
Mow7att 

Mozart  (mo-zart7 ; 
Ger.  pron.  mot7- 
sart) 

Mudie  (mu7di; Scot. 

pron.  moo7di) 
Muller  (mdPler,  al¬ 
most  mlFlgr)  [i) 
Mulready  (muhred- 
Miinchhausen 
(mSn-chaw7sgn  ; 
Ger.  pron  miinK- 
how'zgn) 

Murat  (miFra7  or 
mu-rat') 

Murillo  (moo-reel7- 
yo  or  mu-riFlo) 
Mylne  (miln) 


N. 

Nadir  Shah  (na/dir 
shah) 


MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Nana  Sahib  (na7nii 
sa7hib) 

Napier  (na7pe-gr) 
Ne-;ln7dgr  ( Ger. 

pron.  nS-an7dgrJ 
Neck7gr  (Fr.  pron. 
nekfiteR7) 

Nemours  (neh- 

mooR7) 

Nesselrode  (nes'sgl- 
ro7dgh) 

Ney  (na) 

Niebuhr  (nee7boor) 
Niepce  (ne-eps7) 
Noailles  (no7aI7  or 
no7fty’7) 

Nodier  (na7de-S7) 
Nohden,  or  Noeh- 
den  (no7dgn) 
Nos'tra-da'mtls  iFr. 
Notre-dame,  notr7- 
dam7) 

Novalis  (no-vl7ljs). 
Syn.  Hardenberg. 


0. 


Oberlin  (o7bgr-lin); 
Fr.  pron.  o7beR7- 
13x7)  [nel) 

O’Connell  (o-kon7- 
(Eoolampadius  (ek7- 
o-lam-pa7di-us) 
Ogilby  (o7g’l-bi) 
Ogilvie  (o7g‘l-vi) 
Oglethorp  (o7g’l- 
thorp) 

Ohlenschlager,  or 
Oehlensclilager 
(o7lgn-shla7ggr) 
Oldys  (ol7dis  or 
oldz) 

Olmstead  (um7sted 
or  om7stgd) 
O’Meara  (o-mee7ra ; 
Irish  pron.  o- 
ma7ra) 

Onkelos  (onk7e-los) 
Orsay  (or-sa7) 

Orsini  (oR-see7nee) 
Os'bal-dis'tgne 
Ossian  (Qsh7an) 
Ossoli  (os'so-lee) 
Oudinot  (oo'de'no7) 
Oughtred  (ot7rgd) 
Ousely  (ooz7lT) 
Overweg  (o7vgr- 
\vaG) 

Oxenstiern  (oks7gn- 
slSrn7)  (Sw.  Oxen- 
stierna,  oks7gn- 
ste-eR7na) 


Pacheco  (Sp.)  (pa- 
cha/ko) 

Paesiello  ( pl-a-se- 
el7lo),  or  Paisiello 
(pa-e-se-eFlo,  al¬ 
most  pI-ze-el7lo) 


Paganini  (pa-ga- 

nee7nee) 

Paget  (paj7gt)  _ 
Paixhans  (paks7- 
hanz  or  peks7ox7) 
Palafox  (paFa- 

foks7  ;  Sp.  pron. 
pa-la-foH7) 
Palestrina  (pa-les- 
tree7na) 

PaFgrave 

Palmerston  (piim7- 
gr-stgn) 

Panizzi  (pa-mt7see) 
Pan'mure  ( Scotch 
pron.  p&n-mur7) 
Paoli  (pa/o-lee  or 
pow7lee)  [no7) 
Papineau  (pa/pe7- 
P5r7a-pel7sQs 
Pardoe  (par7do) 
Parmigiano  (paR- 
me-ja7no),  or 
Parmegiano 
(paR-ma-ji7no) 
Par7ngll 

Pascal  (p5s7kal ;  Fr. 

pron.  pas7kal7) 
Passow  (pas7so) 
Pearce  and  Pearce 
P3ar7son  and  Pear¬ 
son 

Pellico  (pel7le-ko) 
Pepin  (pep7in  or 
pip7in  ;  Fr.  pron. 
peh-p&x7) 

Pepys (peps) 

Pereira  (pe-ree7ra  ; 
Fort.  pron.  pa- 
ra7e-ra) 

Persigny  'per-sen7- 
ye  or  peR7sen7ye7) 
Pestalozzi  (pes-ta- 
lot7see) 

Petrarch  ( pee7- 
trark)  (It.  Petrar- 
ca,  pa-traR7ka) 
Pfeiffer  (Ger.)(pilf7- 
fgr) 

Pharamond  (far7a- 
mond  or  fa/r'A7- 
mox7) 

Piccolomini  ( pik- 
ko-lom7e-nee) 
Pichegru  (pesh7- 
gru7) 

Pierce  (peerss  or 
perss) 

Piozzi  (pe-ot7see  or 
pe-oz7zT) 

Piper  (Sw.)  (pee7- 
pgr  ;  in  Fng.  pl7- 
per) 

Pizarro  ( pe-zar7ro ; 
Sp.  pron.  pe- 
thaR7Ro) 

Plantagenet  (plSn- 
t;Ij7e-net) 

Pleyel  (pll7el),  or 
Pleyl  (pill) 
Po7ca-hon7tas 
Po7cocke 
Poin-sett7 
Polk  (polk  or  pok) 
Pombal  (pom-baF) 


Pompadour  (p5m7- 
pa-ddOR7  or  poM7- 
pa/ddoR7) 

Ponce  de  Leon 
(pon7tha  da  la- 
on7) 

Poniatowski  (po-ne- 
a-tov7ske) 
Pontchartrain 
(pox7shaR7triiN7) 
Popham  (pop7am) 
Porteus  (p5r7te-Qs) 
Potemkin  (po-tem7- 
kin ;  Russ.  pron. 
pot-yom7kin) 
Poussin  (poo7silN7) 
Powell  (pou7gl) 
Pow7hat-t3n7 
Praed  (prad) 

Preble  (preb7l) 
Prichard  (pritch7- 
ard) 

Prideaux  (pnd7o 
and  prid7ux) 
Priessnitz  (preess7- 
mts) 

Proudhon  (proo7- 
dox7) 

Prud’hon  (pr'u7- 
dox7) 

Psalm anazar  (sSl7- 
ma-na7zar) 

P  K  f7fen  -dor f  ( Ger . 
Pufendorf,  poo7- 
fgn-doRf) 

Pughe (pu) 

Pugin  (pu7jin) 
Pulaski  ("pu-las7- 
kee ;  Pol.  pron. 
poo-las7kee) 

Pulci  (pool7chee) 
Pulteney  (pult7m) 
Pusey  (pu7zl) 


Q- 


Quarles  (kwarlz) 
Quatremere  (kat’r7- 
meR7) 

Quevedo  (kS-ya/Do) 
Quinault  (ke7no7) 
Quincy  (kwin7si  or 
kwln7zi) 

Quinet  (ke7na7) 


R. 


Rabelais  (ra7bgh- 
la7  or  rab7la7) 

Rachel  (Fr.)  (ra7- 
shel7) 

Racine  (ra7sen7  or 
ras-seen7 ) 

Radetzky  (ra-dets7- 
kee) 

Raeburn  (ra/bgrn) 

Raffaelle  (riif-fa-el7- 
la)  Syn.  Raphael. 

Raleigh  (raw7li) ; 
written  also 
Ralegh. 


Rambouillet  (roN7- 

boo7yo7) 

Ranke  (rank7gh) 
Raphael  (ra7fa-el  or 
r<lf7fa-gl) 

Rapin  (rAp7Tn  or 
ra7p5x) 

Ravaillac  (r'a7val7- 
yak7  or  ra7viih7- 
yiik7) 

Reaumur  (ra7o7- 

m'uR7  or  ro'mur) 
Regiomontanus 
(re7je-o-mon-ta7- 
nus) 

Rembrandt  (rem7- 
brant ;  Dutch 

pron.  rem7brant) 
Renan  (rgh-nox7) 
Ren7ngll 

Reynolds  (rcn7oldz) 
Ricasoli  (re-ka7so- 
lee) 

Riccio  (ret7cho) 
Richelieu  (rcsh7gh- 
loo  ;  Fr.  pron. 
resh7le-uh7) 
Richter  (riK7tgr). 

Syn.  Jean  Paul. 
Rienzi  (re-en7zee), 
or  Rienzo  (re-en7- 
zo) 

Rives  (Amer.) 

( reevz) 

Rizzio  (ret7se-o  or 
r!t7se-o) 

Robespierre  (ro'bgs- 
peer7  or  rob7gs- 
pe-eR7) 

Rochambeau  (ro7- 
shox7bo7) 
Rochefoucauld 
(rosh7foo-k57  or 
rosh7foo7ko7) 
Roget  (ro7zha  or 
ro7zha7) 

Rollin(r517lIn ;  Fr. 

pron.  rol7lax7) 
Romilly  (Eng.) 

(rom7il-i) 

Ronge  (rong7gh) 
Ronsard  (rox7saR7) 
Rosecranz  (roz7- 
krants) 

Rosenmuller  (ro7- 
zgn-muFlgr),  al¬ 
most  ro7zen-mil7- 

Igr) 

Rothschild  (ros7- 
child ;  Ger.  pron. 
rot7shllt) 

Roubiliac  (roo7bel7- 
yak7  or  roo7be7- 
yak7) ;  written  also 
Roubilliac  and 
Roubiliac. 
Rousseau  (roo7so7) 
Routledge  (rQt7lij) 
Rowe  (ro) 

Rowley  (rou7li) 
Riickert  (ruk7kert, 
almost  rik7kgrt) 
Rutgers  (rut7ggrs) 
Rutherford  (ruth7- 
gr-fgrd) 


S. 


Saadi.  See  Sadi. 
Sabine  (sab7m) 
Sacheverell  (sa. 

chev7gr-gl) 

Sachs  (saks) 

Sain  tine  (saN7ten7) 
Saint-John  (sent7- 
jon  or  sin7jgn) 
Saint  Leger  (sil7lin- 

jgr) 

Saint-Pierre  (sent- 
peer  or  s3x7pe- 
CR7) 

Saint-Simon  (sent- 
si7mgn  orsax7se7- 
moN7) 

Saladin  (sal7n-din) 
(Arab.  Salah-ed- 
Din  (sa-lah7ed- 
deen7) 

Salmasius  (sAl-ma7- 
zhT-Ss).  Syn. 
Saumaise. 
Sam7o-set. 

Sand  (sand,  or 
son) 

San7dys (or  sandz) 
Saumarez  (saw7, 

ma-rez) 

Saunderson  (san7- 
dgr-sgn) 

Saurin  (saw7rln ; 

Fr.pron.  so7raN7) 
Saussure  (so7sur7 
or  so7s'ur7) 

Savary  (sa7va7re7) 
Savigny  (sa7ven7- 
ye') 

Sayile,  or  Saville 
(sav7il) 

Savonarola  (sa-vo- 
nii-ro7la) 

Scaliger  (skal7I-jgr) 
Scarron  (ska7rox7) 
Schamyl  (sha'mil). 

Syn.  Shamyl. 
Scheffer  (shef7fgr  ; 
Dutch  pron. 
SKePfer ;  French 
shePfcR7) 
Scheller  (shePlgr) 
Schelling  ( shePling) 
Schenck  (skenk) 
Schiller  (shii7ler) 
Schimmelpennink 
(shlm7mgl-pen7- 
nlnk) 

Schlegel  (shla7gel 
or  shla7Ggl) 
Schleiermacher 
(shlI7gr-maK7gr) 
Schlosser  (shlos7 
sgr) 

Schmidt  (shmit) 
Schuyler  (skPlgr) 
Scoresby  (skorz7b!) 
Scougal  (skoo7gal) 
Scribe  (skreb) 
Scuderi,  or  Scudery 
(Fr. )  (sku7da7re7) 
Sepulveda  (sa- 
pooPva-da) 


a,S,&c .,long;  a,e ,b ,less prolonged;  a,e,&c ., short;  a,g,i,Q, obscure;  care, far, ask, all, what ;  ere, veil, tSrm;  p"q ue , firm , s 6n , or. 


MODERN  BIOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


519 


Steuben  (German)  Ten7ter-den  Trowbridge  (tro7-  Yladimir  (vlad7e-  Worcester  ( wtTos7- 

(stoi'ben)  Thaarup  (to7rup)  brij)  mer)  "  tgr) 

Stockhardt,  or  Thackeray  (thak7-  Turenne  (tu7renn7 ;  Yolney  (vol7ni ;  Fr.  Wordsworth 

Stoeckhardt  er-ri)  .  French pron.  tii7-  pron.  vol7na7)  (wQrdz7wGrth) 

(stok7haRt)  Thalberg  (tSl7beRG)  renn7)  Yoltaire  (vol-ter7  or  Wouverman  (wow7- 

Storace  (sto-ra/cha  Theobald  (thee7o-  Turgot  (toor'go7  or  vol7teR7).  Syn.  ver-man) 


or  stor7ass) 
Storrs  (storz) 


bawld  or  tib7- 
bald) 

Thesiger  (thesG-jer) 
Thevenot  (tav7no7) 
Thibaudeau  (te7- 
bo7d57) 


tiiR7go7)  Arouet.  Wraxall  (rSks7al  or 

Turpin  (tftr7pln  or  Vortigern  (vor7te-  rdks7al) 

tGR7pais7)  gern)  Wycherley  ( witch 7- 

Tyrwhitt  (ter7it  or  Voss  (Dutch)  (voss)  er-li) 


ter7wit) 


u. 


vosh7i-ds) 

Voss  (Ger.)  (foss) 


5er-ve7tHs  (Sp. 

Servedo,  seR-va7- 
do) 

Scvigne  (sa-veen7ya 
or  sa7ven7ya7) 

Seward  (su7ard) 

Seymour  (see'mgr) 

Sforza  (sfoRt/sa) 

Shakes7p3are  :  writ-  Stowell  (sto7gl) 
ten  also  Shak-  Strahan  and 
.  speare  and  Shak-  Strachan 

f  spere.  (strawn) 

Shamyl  (sha/mil).  Straparola(stra-pa-  Thierry  (te-er7ri  or 
Syn.  Schamyl.  ro7la),  or  Strap7a-  te-a7ree7) 

Sheil  (sheet)  role  "  Thiers  (te-eR7) 

Sidmouth  (sid7-  Strauss  (strouss)  Tholuck  (to7ldok) 
muth)  Stuyvesant  (stl7vg-  Thom  (tom)  Uberti  (oo-b8R7tee) 

Sieyes  (se-8s7,  se-  sant)  [su)  Thoresby  (thorz'bi)  Ugolino  (oo-go-lee7- 

a7,  or  se-a7y a7)  Sue  (su;  Fr.  pron.  Thorwaldsen  (tor7-  no)  W»chter  (waK7tgR) 

Sigel  (see7ggl)  Suleyman  (soo-la-  wald-sgn  or  toR7-  Uhland  (oo7lant  or  Waldemar  (wgl7de- 

Sigismund"  (sy7is-  man7).  Syn.  Soli-  vald-sen)  yoo7land)  mar  or  wal7dgh- 

miind)  man.  Thouvenel  (toov7-  Ulfilas,  or  Glphilas  mar) 

Sigourney  (sig7gr-  Sully  (sfil'li ;  Fr.  nel7) 
nt)  pron.  sii7ye7)  Tieclc  (teek) 

Sismondi(sis-mon7-  Surajah  Dowlah  Tighe  (tl) 

(sur-a/jah-dow7-  Tillemont 
lah)  A  mos') 

Suwarrow  (soo-or7- Tilly  (til7le; 


(Lat.  Vossius,  Wycliffe  (wlk7lif); 


w. 


also  Wyclif,  Wic- 
lif,  and  Wickliffe. 
Wyntoun  (win7tgn 
or  win7toyn) 
Wythe  (with  •  th  aa 
in  thin) 


X. 


di ;  It.  pron.  ses- 
mon7dee) 

Slidell  (sll-del7) 
Snorri  Sturluson 
(snor7ree  stoor7- 
ldb-sgn) 

Soane  (son) 


(ul7fi-las) 

Upham  (up7am) 
Urquhart  (<frk7art) 
(tey’7-  Uwins  (yoo7inz)~ 


Wallenstein 


len-stln  ;  German 


pron. 

stin7) 


Fr. 


(wol7-  Xayier  (z3v7T-gr ; 

Sp.  pron.  Ha-re-, 
wal'lgn-  Sr7) 

Ximenes  (zi-mee7- 
pron. 


nez : 


Sp. 


ro) ;  written  also 
Souvoroff  or  Su- 
worow  ( Russ 
pron.  soo-ro7rof) 


Y. 


Sobieski  (so-be-es7-  Swe7dgn-borg7(  Sw 
kee)  pron.  swa7den- 

Socinus  (so-sT7ntis)  boRG);  written 

(It.  Sozzini,  sot-  also  Sredenborg. 

see7nee)  Sydenham  (sid7gn- 

Somers  (sum'grz)  am) 

Sontag  (son7tag  or 
son7taG) 

Sotheby  (stith7g-bi)  rn 

Soule  (sol)  -*•  • 

Soule  (soo-la7  or 
soo7la7)  Taglioni  (tal-yo7- 

Soulouque  (soo7-  nee) 

lcTok7)  Talbot  (tawl7bQt) 


pron.  te7ye7) 

Timur,  or  Timour 
(tee7moor7). 

Called,  by  the  Yal-lan7di-gham 
Persians  Timur-  (-di-gam) 
Lilng  or  Long  (i.  Van  Buren 
e.,  “  Timur  the  bu7rgn) 
Lame”)  whence  Vanbrugh 
Tamerlane. 

Tintoretto  (ten-to- 
ret7to) 

Tippoo  Sahib  (tip7- 
po  sa/hib  ;  almost 
sa/ib) 

Tiraboschi  (te-ra- 
bos7kee) 


Y. 


Tischendorf  (tish7-  ha-ggn) 

en-doRf)  Vattel  (vat-tel7  or 

Soult  (soolt)  Talfourd(tawl7fgrd)  Titian  (tish7an)(It.  vat7tel7) 

Southard  (stith7-  Taliaferro  (t517I-  Tiziauo,  tet-se-  Vauban  (vo7boN7) 

ard)  vgr,  and  some-  a7no) 

Southern  (suth7grn)  times  tel7fgr)  Tocqueville 

Southey  (sowth7!)  Talleyrand  (tal7li-  vil ;  Fr. 

Souvestre  (soo7-  rdnd;  Fr.  pron.  tok7vel7) 

vestr7)  tal7la/roN7)  Torquato 

Sowerby  (sou7gr-  Tallien  (ta/le-aN)  kwa7to). 

bi)  Tallmadge  (t517mij)  Torquemada 

Soyer  (soi'er  or  Tamerlane  (tarn 7gr-  ka-ma7Da) 

swa/ya7)  lan  or  tSm7gr-  Torricelli 

Spinola  (spee7no-la)  lan7)  sel7li  or 

Spinoza  (spe-no7za)  Taney  (taw7ni)  chel7lee)  plank7) 

Spurtzheim  TSs7so  {It.  pron.  Toucey  (tou7si)  Vgr-ste7gan 

(spooRts7him  or  tiis'so)  Tournefort  (tooRn7- Ver7q-lam 

spQrz7im)  Tassoni  (tas-so7-  foR7)  Vespucci 

Stael  (stal  or  stawl)  nee)  [nits)  ToussaintL’Ouyer-  poot7chee) 

Stanhope  (st5n7gp)  Tauchnitz  (touK7-  ture  (too7saN7  Vicente  (ve-sen7ta)  (wdblf) 

Stanislaus  (stSn-is- Tauler  (tou7lgr)  loo7vgR7tuR7)  Vicq  d’Azyr  (vek  Wollaston 


Walsingham  (wol7- 
sing-am)  He-ma7nes) 

War7bur-ton 
Wargentin  (\var7- 
gen-teen) 

Warham  (wor7am) 

Washington 

(ySn  (wosh7ing-tgn_)  Yonge  (yung) 
Watteau  (vat7to7)  Youatt  (yoo7at) 
(v2n7-  Weber  (wa7bgr  or  Youmans  ~(y°o/' 
broo)  wa7bgr)  manz) 

Vancouver  (ran-  Wellesley  (wglz7li)  Yriarte  (e-re-aR7tS) 
koo7vgr)  Wemys  (weemz  or  Syn.  Iriarte. 

Vandyke  (rSu-dTk7)  wimz)  Ysabeau  (e7za/bo7) 

(Dutch  Vandyck,  Werner  (wer7ner  or 
or  Vandjik,  ran-  \veR7ner) 
dlk7)  Whalley  (hwSl7l!)  t7 

Varnhagen  (faRn7- Whewell  (hu7gl) 

Whitefield  (hwit7- 

feeld)  ZTm7mgr-mann 

Wieland  (wee7land ;  (German  pron. 
German  pron.  ts!m7mer-man) 
wee7lant)  Zinzendorf  [tsint7- 

Willoughby  (wi171q-  sgn-doRf) 
bl)  Zollikofer  (Ger.) 

Willughby  (wil7lQ-  (tsol7le-ko7fgr) 
bl)  Zol7li-kof7fgr  [Am.) 

Zouch  (zooch) 
Zschokke  (tshok7- 


Vaughan  ( vaw'n  or 
vaw7an) 

Vaux  (Eng.  & 

Amer. )  (vawks) 

Vega  (va7ga) 

Velasquez  (ra-las7-  Winckelmann 
kez  or  ya-las7-  (wTnk7gl-man) 


la7us  or 
la7us) 
Staunton 
Steuben 


(tok7- 
pron. 

(toR- 

(toR- 

keth)  Windham  (wind7-  kgh) 

(tor-rl-  Vernet  (veR7nS7)  am)  Zumala  -  Carregui 

toR-Re-  Verplanck  (vgr-  Wmkelried  (winK7-  (thoo-ma7la-kaR- 

gl-reet)  Ra/gee) 

Wirth  (weeRt)  Zumpt  (tsdompt) 
Wolcott  ( w517kQt  Zuniga  ( thoon-y  ee7- 
(vSs-  or  w<5bl7k8t)  ga).  See  Ercilla. 

Wolff  (English)  Zwin7gli  (German 
pron.  tswing7lee) 
(wool7-  (Lat.  Zwin7gll-tis 


stan-is- Tg-cQm7sgh  Townshend  da7zeR)  as-tgn) 

[ton)  Tegner  (teng-neR7)  (townz7end)  Vidocq  (ve7dok7)  Wollstonecraft 
(stan7- Teniers  (ten7yerz ;  Trad7cs-cSnt  Villiers  (vil7ygrz)  (wo'ol7stQn- 

(Amer.)  Fr.  pron.  teh-ne-  Tristan  (French)  Vinci  (vin7chee  or  krSft) 


(lres7toN7) 


ven7chee) 


Wolsey  (wdbl7zi) 


or  Zuin7gli-us) ; 
written  also 
Zwingle  (zwing7- 

gl)  v  [§r) 

Zwirner  (tswiRn7- 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


OF 

COMMON  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN  NAMES, 

WITH 

THEIR  DERIVATION,  SIGNIFICATION,  AND  DIMINUTIVES,  OR  NICK-NAMES. 


I.  NAMES  OF  MEN. 


A. 

AARON  (ar'un).  [Heb.]  Lofty  ;  in¬ 
spired. 

A'bel.  [Heb.]  Breath;  transitori¬ 
ness  :  vanity. 

A-bi'el.  [Heb.]  Father  of  strength. 

A-bI'jah.  [Heb.]  To  whom  Jehovah 
is  a  father. 

Xb'ner.  [Heb.]  Father  of  light. 

A'BRA-HAM.  [Heb.]  Father  of  a  mul- 

_  titude.  — Dim.  Abe  (ab). 

A'BRAM.  [Ileb.]  Father  of  elevation. 
Dim.  Abe. 

Ad'am.  [Heb.]  Man;  earth-man; 
red  earth.  —  Dim.  Ade  (ad). 

A-dol'phus.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Noble 
wolf,  i_.  e.  noble  hero. 

Ad'o-ni'ram.  [Heb.]  Lord  of  height. 

Al'AN.  Variously  explained  as  a 
hound  [Slav.],  harmony  [Celt.],  and 
a  corruption  of  Hilary ,  or  of  JElia- 
nus. 

Al'a-ri€.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  All-rich  ;  or, 
noble  ruler. 

Ai/bert.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Nobly  bright ; 
illustrious. 

Al'bi-on.  [Celt.]  Mountainous  land  ; 
the  ancient  name  of  England. 

Ai/e^c-an'der.  [Gr.]  A  defender  of 
men.  —  Dim.  AUeck,  El'lick,  SXn7- 
der,  SSn'dy,  Saw'nie. 

Al'fred.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Elf  in  coun¬ 
cil ;  i.  e.,  good  counselor.  —  Dim. 
Alf. 

Al'Ger-non.  [Fr.]  With  whiskers. 

A-lon'zo.  [0.  Ger.]  The  same  as 
Alphonso,  q.  v. 

Al'PHE-us  (properly  Al-phe'us). 
[Heb.]  Exchange. 

Al-pii5n'so.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  All-ready  ; 
willing. 

aw™;  }  tHeb-J  Ini(iuity- 

Al'vin,  )  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Beloved  by 

Al'win,  )  all. 

Am/a-ri'ah.  [Heb.]  Whom  Jehovah 
promised. 

Am'a-sA.  [Heb.]  A  burden. 

Xm'brose.  [Gr.]  Immortal ;  divine. 

Am/mi.  [Heb.]  My  people. 

A'mos.  [Heb.]  Strong  ;  courageous  ; 
otherwise ,  burden. 


An'drew  (Sn'drij ).  [Gr.]  Strong; 

manly.  —  Dim.  An'dy. 

An'selm.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Protection 
of  God. 

An'tho-ny  (-to-),  (  [Lat.]  Priceless  ; 

An'to-ny.  J  praiseworthy.  — 

Dim.  To'ny. 

AR'chi-bald.  [Ger.]  Extremely  bold  ; 
otherwise,  holy  prince.  — Dim.  Ar'- 
chv. 

AR'te-mas.  [Gr.]  Gift  of  Artemis,  or 
Diana. 

Ar'thur.  [Celt.]  High;  noble. 

A'sA.  [Heb.]  Healer ;  physician. 

AS'A-HEL.  [Heb.]  Made  of  God. 

A'gAPH.  [Heb.]  A  collector. 

Ash'er.  [Heb.]  Happy ;  fortunate. 

AshGjr.  [Heb]  Black;  blackness. 

* 

Au-gDs'tus.  [Lat.]  Exalted  ;  impe¬ 
rial —  Dim.  Gus. 

AU-REGa-us.  [Lat,.]  Golden. 

Az/a-rPah.  [Heb.]  Helped  of  the 
Lord. 

B. 

Bald'win.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Bold,  coura¬ 
geous  friend. 

BAp'tist.  [Gr.]  A  baptizer  ;  purifier. 

Bar'na-by.  (  Son  of  consolation. 

Bar-thol/o-mew.  [Ileb.]  A  warlike 
son.  —  Dim.  Bat. 

Bar-zTl'lai.  [Heb.]  Iron  of  the 
Lord  ;  firm  ;  true. 

BX§Gl.  [Gr.]  Kingly  ;  royal. 

Ben'e-d/ct.  [Lat.]  Blessed.  —  Dim. 
Ben'net, 

Ben'ja-mIn.  [Heb.]  Son  of  the 

right  hand.  —  Dim.  Ben,  BetVny. 

Be-ri'ah.  [Heb.]  In  calamity. 

BRr'nard,  ( [0.  H.  Ger.]  Bold  as  a 

Bar'nard.  )  bear. 

BEr'tram.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Bright 
raven. 

Be-zai/E-el.  [Heb.]  In  the  shadow 
(protection)  of  God. 

B5n'I-face.  [Lat.]  A  benefactor. 

BrI'an.  [Celt.]  Strong. 

Bru'no.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Brown. 


C. 

CAD-WAL'LA-DER.  [Brit.]  Battle- 

arranger. 

QjE'sar.  [Lat.]  Hairy;  or  blue-eyed ; 
or,  born  under  the  cesarean  opera¬ 
tion. 

■Ga'eeb.  [Heb.]  A  dog. 

CXl'vin.  [Lat.]  Bald. 

Cecil  (se'sil,  sis'il,  or  ses'il).  [Lat.] 
Dim-sighted. 

Qe'phas.  [Aramaic.]  A  stone. 
Charles.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Strong; 
manly  ;  noble-spirited.  —  Dim. 
Chiir'lie,  or  Char  Gey. 

ChristGAN.  [Lat.]  Belonging  to 
Christ ;  a  believer  in  Christ.  —  Dim. 
ChrTsGTe. 

Chris'to-piier.  [Gr.]  Bearing 

Christ.  —  Dim.  Kes'ter,  Kit,  Chris. 
ClXrG3N<?e.  [Lat.]  Illustrious. 
CLAU'Dl-US,  )  rT  *  l  t 

Claude.  \  fLat^  Lame* 

Clem'ent.  [Lat.]  Mild-tempered  j 
merciful. 

Con'rau.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Bold  in 

council ;  resolute. 

Con'stant.  [Lat.]  Firm  ;  faithful. 
Con'stan-tIne.  [Lat.]  Resolute  ; 
firm. 

Cor-ne'li-us  (or  kor-neePyus).  [Lat.] 
(  Uncertain). 

CrIs'pus,’  !  W  IIaving  curly 
Cris'pi-an.  )  nair- 
CGth'bert.  [A.-S.]  Noted  splem 
dor. 

Qyp'ri  AN.  [Gr.]  Of  Cyprus. 
OVr'il.  [Gr.]  Lordly. 

Cy'rus.  [Per.]  The  sun. 


D. 

DXnG-el  (or  dXn'yel).  [Heb.]  Adivine 
judge.  —  Dim.  Dan. 

DA-RIGJS.  [Per.]  Preserver. 

Da'vid.  [Heb.]  Beloved.  —  Dim. 
Da'vv,  Dave. 

De-me'tri-us.  [Gr.]  Belonging  to 
Ceres. 

Dengs,  1  [Gr.]  Same  as  Dionysius. 
Den'NIS.  j  [Fr.  form.] 


a,  e,  i,  6,  u,  y,  long;  X,  e,I,  6, 0,  It, short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fTrm  ;  s6n, 

(520) 


COMMON  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN  NAMES. 


521 


DEr'RICK.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  A  corrup¬ 
tion  of  Theodoric. 

DPo-nJs'i-us  (dPo-nlzh'I-us).  [Gr.] 
Belonging  to  Dionysos  or  Bacchus, 
the  god  of  wine. 

Don'alu.  [Celt.]  Proud  chief. 

DOn'can  (dOnk'an).  [Celt.]  Brown 
chief. 


E. 


£b'en._  [Ileb.]  A  stone. 
Eb'en-e'zer.  [Heb.]  The  stone  of 
help. 

£d'gar.  [A.-S.]  A  javelin  (or  pro- 
w  tec  tor)  of  property. 

Ed'MUND.  [A.-S.]  Defender  of  prop¬ 
erty.  —  Dim.  Ed,  Ned  (a  contraction 
of  “  mine  Ed  ”). 

Ed'ward.  [A.-S.]  Guardian  of  prop¬ 
erty.  —  Dim.  Ed,  Ed'dy,  Ned, 
w  NeiPdy,  Ted'dy. 

Ed'win.  [A.-S.]  Gainer  of  property. 

—  Dim.  Ed,  Ed'dy. 

Eg'bert.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  The  sword’s 
brightness  ;  famous  with  the  sword. 
El/bert.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  The  same  as 
w  Albert. 

El'dred.  [A.-S.]  Terrible. 
E'le-a'zer.  [Heb.]  To  whom  God 
_  is_a  help. 

E'LI.  [Heb.]  A  foster  son. 

E-LI'ab.  [Heb.]  God  is  his  father. 
E-LI'AS.  [Heb.]  The  same  as  ELIJAH. 
E-Ll'HU.  [Heb.]  God  the  Lord. 
E-lPjah.  [Heb.]  Jehovah  is  my 
God. 

E-lipiPA-let.  [Heb.]  God  of  sal¬ 
vation. 

E-lPsha.  [Heb.]  God  my  salvation. 
E-lPzur.  [Heb.]  God  is  my  rock. 
El'lis.  [Heb:]  A  variation  of  Eli- 
w  sha. 

El'mer.  [A.-S.]  Noble  ;  excellent. 
w  [A  contraction  of  Ethelmer.] 
El'na-than.  [Ileb.]  God  gave. 
Em-mXn'u-el.  [Heb.]  God  with  us. 
Em'e-ry,  ) 

Em'me-ry,  [  [A.-S.]  Powerful;  rich. 
Em'o-ry.  ) 

ji'NOCH.  [Heb.]  Consecrated;  dedi- 
_  cated. 

ft  'NOS.  [Heb.]  Man. 

E'phra-Im.  [Heb.]  Very  fruitful. 
E-ra§'mus.  [Gr.]  Lovely ;  worthy 
to  be  loved. 

E-rXs'TUS.  [Ger.]  Lovely ;  amiable. 
E'Ric.  [A.-S.]  Rich  ;  brave  ;  power¬ 
ful. 

Er'nest,  )  fG  , 

Er-n£s'tus.  J  L^er.-I 

E'than.  [Heb.]  Firmness  ;  strength. 
Eu'gene,  or  Eu -gene'.  [Ger.]  Well¬ 
born  ;  noble. 

Eus'ta^e.  [Gr.]  Healthy;  strong; 
^  standing  firm. 

Ev'an.  [Brit.]  The  same  as  John. 
E-ze'ki-el.  [Heb.]  Strength  of  God. 

—  Dim.  Zeke. 

Ez'ra.  [Heb.]  Help. 


Earnest. 


F. 


Fer'di-NAND.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Brave  ; 
valiant. 


Fer-nXn'do.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Same  as 
Ferdinand. 

FrAn'^is.  [Fr.]  Free.  —  Dim.  FrSnk. 

Frank.  [Fr.]  A  contraction  of 
Francis. 

FrLd'er-ic,  )  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Abound- 

FRED'ER-ICK.  J  ing  in  peace ;  or 
peaceful  ruler.  —  Dim.  Fred,  Fred'- 
dy. 


Gr. 


GA'IUS  (ga'yus).  [Lat.]  Rejoiced. 

Ga-mA'LI-EL.  [Heb.]  Recompense 
of  God. 

GXr'ret.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Another  form 
of  Gerald,  or  Gerard. 

6eof'fkey.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  The  same 
as  Godfrey. 

GeorGe.  [Ger.]  A  landholder  ;  hus¬ 
bandman. — Dim.  George,  GeOr'die. 

Ger'ald,  (  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Strong  with 

Ger'ARD.  j  the  spear. 

Ger'shom.  [Ileb.]  An  exile. 

GTd'e-on.  [Ileb.]  A  destroyer. 

Gil'bert.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Yellow- 

(  bright ;  famous. 

6Ile§.  [Gr.]  A  kid. 

GIv'en.  [Eng.]  Gift  of  God. 

God'dard.  [0.  Ger.]  Pious  ;  virtu¬ 
ous. 

God'frey.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  At  peace 
with  God. 

Greg'o-ry.  [Ger.]  Watchful ;  vigi¬ 
lant. 

Gr'if'fith.  [Brit.]  Having  great 
faith. 

Gus-ta'vus.  [Sw.]  A  warrior ; 
hero. 

Guy.  [Fr.]  A  leader. 


H. 


HXn'ni-bal.  [Punic.]  Grace  of 
Baal. 

Har'old.  [A.-S.]  A  champion  ; 
general  of  an  army. 

IIe'man.  [Heb.]  Faithful. 

IlEN'RY.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  The  head  or 
chief  of  a  house. —  Dim.  H&l,  H&r'ry 
(by  assimilation  of  consonant  sound), 
H6n. 

HEr'bert.  [A.-S.]  Glory  of  the  army. 

Her'MAN.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  A  warrior. 

IlEZ'E-KPAH.  [Heb.]  Strength  of 
the  Lord. 

IIIL'A-RY.  [Lat.]  Cheerful ;  merry. 

III'RAM.  [Ileb.]  Most  noble. 

Hor'a^e.  [Gr.]  Same  as  Horatio. 
[Fr.  form.] 

IIO-RA'TI-O  (ho-ra'shT-o).  [Gr.]  Un¬ 
certain. 

Ho-gE'A.  [Ileb.]  Salvation. 

How'ELL.  [Brit.]  Sound;  whole. 

Hu'bert.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Bright  in 
spirit  ;  soul-bright. 

Hugh  (hu),  )  [D.]  Mind  ;  spirit ; 

IIu'GO.  j  soul. 

IHjmph'rey.  [A.-S.]  Protector  of 
the  home. 


IcH'A-BOD. 

departed. 


I. 

[Heb.] 


The  glory  has 


Ig-na'ti-us  (ig-na'shl-us).  [Gr.]  Ar¬ 
dent  ;  fiery. 

Im-mXn'u-el.  [Heb.]  The  same  as 
Emmanuel. 

IN'CREASE.  [Eng.]  Increase  of  faith. 

In'gram.  [Teut.]  Raven. 

In'i-go.  [Gr.]  The  same  as  Igna¬ 
tius.  [Sp.  form.] 

I'rA.  [Ileb.]  Watchful. 

I'gA  AC  (Fzak).  [Heb.]  Laughter.  — 
Dim.  Ik,  Ike. 

I-sa'iah  (T-za'ya).  [Heb.]  Salvation 
of  the  Lord. 

I§'RA-EL.  [Heb.]  A  soldier  of  God. 

IV'AN.  [Brit.]  The  same  as  John. 
[Russian  form.] 

J. 

J A/BE  z.  [Heb.]  He  will  cause  pain. 

Ja'cob.  [Heb.]  A  supplanter.  — 
Dim.  Jake. 

Ja/I-rus.  [Heb.]  He  will  enlighten. 

JAMEg.  [Heb.]  The  same  as  Jacob. 
—  Dim.  Jeameg,  Jem,  JIm,Jgm''- 
_my,  Jlm'my. 

Ja'pheth.  [Ileb.]  Enlargement. 

Ja'red.  [Heb.]  Descent. 

JA'SON.  [Gr.]  A  healer. 

J  Xs'PEjt  [Per.]  (Uncertain.) 

Jed'e-di'aH.  [Heb.]  Beloved  of  the 
Lord. 

Jef'frey.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  The  same 
as  Godfrey. 

JisS'-Spis/l  tHieb]d Exaitedofthe 

JER'E-MY.  )  Lord- 

Jer'ome  (in  Eng.),  Je-rome'  (in 
Amer.).  Holy  name. 

Jes'se.  [Heb.]  Wealth. 

Jo'ab.  [Heb.]  Jehovah  is  his  father. 

Job.  [Heb.]  Afflicted ;  persecuted. 

Jo'el.  [Heb.]  The  Lord  is  God. 

John  (jon).  [Heb.]  The  gracious 
gift  of  God.  — Dim.  John'ny,  Jack, 
_Jock. 

JSSi? }  A  dove- 

Jon'a-than.  [Heb.]  Gift  of  Jeho¬ 
vah. 

Jo'gEPH.  [Ileb.]  He  shall  add. — 
Dim.  Joe. 

Josh'u-a.  [Heb.]  God  of  salvation. 
—  Dim.  Josh. 

Jo-sPah,  )  [Ileb  ]  Given  of  the 

Jo-sPAS.  j  Lord. 

Jo'THAM.  [Heb.]  The  Lord  is  up¬ 
right. 

Ju'DAH.  [Heb.]  Praised. 

Ju'Ll-AN.  [Lat.]  Sprung  from,  or  be¬ 
longing  to,  Julius.  —  Dim.  Jule. 

Ju'Ll-us.  [Gr.]  Soft-haired. — Dim 

Jule. 

JOs'TlN.  [Lat.]  Just. 

Jtis'TUS.  [Lat.]  Just. 

K. 

KEn'elm.  [A.-S.]  A  defender  of  hp 
kiudred. 

Ken'neth.  [Gael.]  A  leader  ;  com¬ 
mander. 

L. 

LA'ban.  [Ileb.]  White. 


OR,  do,  wqlf,  too, took ;  Orn,  rue ,  pyLL ;  E,  I,  o,  silent ;  9,6,50/i;  c,g ,  hard ;  Ag ;  exist;  N  as  NG ;  this 


COMMON  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN  NAMES. 


522 


LXm'beRT.  [0.  II.  Ger.j  Illustrious 
with  landed  possessions. 

LXn'^e-lot.  [It.]  A  little  angel ; 
otherwise ,  a  little  lance  or  warrior ; 
or  a  servant. 

Y^AU'ren^e,  1  [Lat.]  Crowned  with 

Law'ren^e.  J  laurel.  — Dim.  LXri- 
ry  (Law'rie,  Laurie,  Scot.,  LSr'ry, 

1  Irish. ) 

Laz'a-rus.  [Ileb.]  God  will  help. 

Le-Xn'der.  [Gr.]  Lion-man. 

Lem'u-el.  [Ileb.]  Created  by  God. 

Leon'Ard  (len'ard).  [Ger.]  Strong 
or  brave  as  a  lion. 

Le-on'I-das.  [Gr  ]  Lion-like. 

Le'o-pold.  [0.  H.  Ger  ]  Bold  for 
_the  people. 

AiE'vI.  [Heb.]  Adhesion.  See  Gen. 
xxix.  34. 

Aew'is  (lcToris).  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Bold 
warrior.  —  Dim.  Lou. 

Ll'NUS.  [Gr.]  Flaxen-haired. 

Li'o-NEL.  [Lat.]  Young  lion. 

Llew-£l'lyn  (lu-gRlin).  [Celt.] 
Lightning. 

Lo-am'mi.  [Heb.]  Not  my  people. 

Lo-ren'zo.  [Lat.]  Same  as  LAU¬ 
RENCE.  [It.  &  Sp.  forms.] 

Lot.  [Ileb.]  A  veil;  a  covering. 

Lou'is.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Tk~  same  as 
Lewis.  [Fr.  form.] 

Lu'CI-an  (lii/shi-an).  [Lat.]  Belong¬ 
ing  to,  or  sprung  from,  Lucius. 

Lu'cT-Os  (lu'shl-fis).  [Lat.]  Born  at 
break  of  day. 

Lu'do-VIU.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as 

Lewis.  [Ger.  form.] 

Luke.  [Lat.]  Light. 

Lu'ther.  [Ger.]  Illustrious  warrior. 

M. 

Ma'doc.  [W.]  Good ;  beneficent. 

Mai/a-€HI.  [Ileb  ]  Messenger  of 

the  Lord. 

MA-nXs'seii.  [Heb  ]  Forgetfulness. 

Mar-^El'lus.  [Lat.]  Dim.  of  Mar¬ 
cus. 

MAr'cI-Os  (marishl-us).  [Lat.]  Same 
as  Marcus. 

MXr'CUS,  I  [Lat.]  A  hammer  ;  other- 

Mark.  j  wise ,  a  male,  or  sprung 
from  Mars. 

MXr'ma-duke.  [A.-S.]  A  mighty 
noble. 

Mar'tin.  [Lat.]  Of  Mars;  warlike. 

MXt'thew  (math'ytj).  [Heb.]  Gift 
of  Jehovah.  —  Dim.  Mat. 

Mau'rI^E.  [Lat.]  Moorish;  dark- 
colored. 

MXx'I-mIl'I-AN.  [Lat.]  The  great¬ 
est  ^Emilianus. 

MI'cah.  [Heb.]  Who  is  like  the  Lord  ? 

Mi'CHA-el  (or  mFkel).  [Heb.]  Who 
is  like  God  ?  — Dim.  Mike. 

Mile§.  [Lat.]  A  soldier. 

Mo'§E2.  [Egypt.]  Drawn  out  of  the 
water.  — Dim.  Mose. 

N. 

Na'hum.  [Heb.]  Consolation. 

Na-po'le-on.  [Gr.]  Lion  of  the  for¬ 
est-dell. 

Na'than.  [Heb.]  Given  ;  a  gift. 


Na-thXn'a-el,  [  [Ileb.]  The  gift  of 
Na-than'i-el.  j  God. 

Neal,  I  [Lat.]  Dark;  swarthy; 
Neil.  j  _  otherwise  [Celt.],  chief. 
Ne'he-mi'AH.  [Heb.]  Comfort  of 
the  Lord. 

Nich'o-las,  I  [Gr.]  X:ictory  of  the 
Nic'o-LAS.  )  people.  — Dim.  Nick. 
No'ah.  [Ileb.]  Rest;  comfort. 
No'el.  [Lat.  Dies  Natalis.]  Christ¬ 
mas  ;  born  on  Christmas  day. 
Nor'man.  [Ger.]  A  Northman;  a 
native  of  Normandy. 

O. 

O'ba-di'ah.  [Ileb.]  Servant  of  the 
Lord. 

O'BED.  [Ileb.]  Serving  God. 
Oe-TA'vi'-Os,  )  [Lat.]  The  eighth- 
Oc-TA'vus.  )  born. 

UL'i-VER.  [Lat.]  An  olive-tree. 
0-RES'te§.  [Gr.]  A  mountaineer. 
Or-lXn'do.  [Teut  ]  Same  as  Row- 
^  LAND.  [It.  form.] 

Os'CAR.  [Celt.]  Bounding  warrior. 
Og'WALD.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Power  of 
God. 

Ow'EN.  [Celt.]  Lamb;  otherwise , 
young  warrior. 

P. 

PXt'rick.  [Lat.]  Noble;  a  patrician. 
—  Dim.  Pit,  Paddy. 

PAU^US.  |  I1**'] 

Pe'leg.  [Ileb.]  Division. 
Per'e-grIne.  [Lat.]  A  stranger. 
Pe'ter.  [Gr.]  A  rock. — Dim.  Pete, 
Pe'ter-kin. 

Phi-lXn'der.  [Gr.]  A  lover  of  men. 
PHI-LE'MON.  [Gr.]  Loving  ;  friendly. 
PhIl'ip.  [Gr.]  A  lover  of  horses.  — 
Dim.  Phil,  Pip. 

Ph'in'e-as,  )  [Heb.]  Mouth  of 
Phin'e-has,  j  brass. 

Pi'us.  [Lat.]  Pious;  dutiful. 
PLIN'Y.  [Lat.]  (  Uncertain.) 
PRE-SERV'ED.  [Eng.]  Redeemed. 

Q. 

QuIn'tin.  [Lat.]  The  fifth. 

E. 

RXlph  (in  Eng.  often  pronounced 
raf.)  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as  Ro- 
DOLPI1US. 

RXph'a-el.  [Heb.]  The  healing  of 
God. 

Ray'MOND.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Wise  pro¬ 
tection.  [ruler. 

REg'i-nald.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Strong 
Reu'ben.  [Heb.]  Behold,  a  son. 
Reu'el.  [Heb.]  Friend  of  God. 
REyn'old.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Same  as 
Reginald. 

RIch'ard.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Rich-heart¬ 
ed  ;  powerful.  — Dim.  Dick,  DIck'en, 
Dickon  (d  and  r  being  etymological¬ 
ly  convertible). 

R5b'ert.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Bright  in 


fame.  — Dim.  Bob,  Dob,  Dobbin, 
llob,  Robrin,  Pop. 

Rod'er-ic,  I  [0.  II.  Ger.l  Rich  in 
Rod'ER-Ick.  j  fame. 

Ro'dolpii,  1  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Fa- 

Ro-dol'PHUS.  )  mous  wolf,  or  hero. 
Rog'er.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Famous  with 
the  spear.  — Dim.  Hodge,  Hodgkin 
(h  and  r  being  etymologically  con¬ 
vertible.) 

Rowland.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Same  ac 
Rowland.  [Fr.  form.] 
Row'land.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Fame  of 
the  land. 

Ru'dolph,  1  [0-  II.  Ger.]  Va- 

Ru-dol'phus.  j  riations  of  Ro- 
"dolpiius. 

Ru'FUS.  [Lat.]  Red  :  red-haired. 
Rfi'PERT.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  The  same  as 
Robert. 

S. 

SXl'mon.  [Heb.]  Shady. 

SXm'son,  )  [Heb.]  Splendid  sun; 
SXmp'son.  j  i.  e .,  great  joy  and 
felicity. 

SXm'u-el.  [Heb.]  Heard  of  God; 
asked  for  of  God.  — Dim.  Sam,  SXm/- 
my. 

Saul.  [Ileb.]  Asked  for. 

Se'B.4.  [Heb.]  Eminent. 
Se-bXs'tian  (-bast'yan).  [Gr.]  Ven¬ 
erable  ;  reverend. 

Se-re'no,  )  [Lat.]  Calm;  peace- 
Se-re'nus.  )  ful. 

SfiTH.  [Heb.]  Appointed. 
Sig'is-mund.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Conquer¬ 
ing  protection. 

SI'las.  [Lat.]  A  contraction  of  SlL- 
VANUS. 

SlL-VA'NUS.  [Lat.]  Living  in  a  wood. 
Sil-ves'ter.  [Lat.]  Bred  in  the 
country ;  rustic. 

SIm'e-on,  I  [Heb.]  Hearing  with 
Si'mon.  j  acceptance.  —  Dim. 

Sim. 

SOL'O-MON.  [Heb.]  Peaceable. — 
Dim.  Sol. 

Ste'PHEN  (ste'vn).  [Gr.]  A  crown. — 
Dim.  Steve. 

S5l'van,  I  The  same  as  SlLVA- 
Syl-va'nus.  j  NUS. 
Syl-vEs'TER.  The  same  as  SILVES¬ 
TER. 


ThXd'de-us.  TSyr.]  The  wise. 
The'o-bald  (  formerly  tib'ald).  [0. 

H.  Ger.]  Bold  for  the  people. 
The'o-dore.  [Gr.]  The  gift  of  God. 
The-od'o-riu.  [A.-S.]  Powerful 
among  the  people. 

The-oph'i-lus.  [Gr  ]  A  lover  of 
God. 

THjS'RON.  [Gr.]  A  hunter. 
Thom'as  (tom'as).  [Heb.]  A  twin. — 
j Dim.  Tom,  Tom'my. 

TIm'o-thy.  [Gr.]  Fearing  God.— 
Dim.  Tim. 

Tl'TUS.  [Gr.]  (Uncertain.) 
To-bi'ah,  )  [Heb.]  Distinguished 
To-BI'as.  j  of  the  Lord.  —  Dim. 
Td'by. 


A,  e,  I,  o,  u,  y,  long;  X,  fi,  I,  6,  0,  Y,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  ^.ll,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm;  s6n, 


COMMON  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN  NAMES.  523 


TrIs'TAM,  )  [Lat.]  Grave ;  pen- 
TrIs'tram.  j  sive  ;  melancholy  ; 
sorrowful;  sad. 

U. 

U-l¥s'se§.  [Gr.]  A  hater. 

Dr'ban.  ^[Lat.]  Of  the  town  ;  cour¬ 
teous  ;  polished. 

U-RI'ah.  [Heb.]  Light  of  the  Lord. 
L'RI-AN.  [Dan.]  A  husbandman. 
"O'RI-EL.  [Heb.]  Light  of  God. 

y. 

VXl'EN-tIne.  [Lat.]  Strong; 

healthy;  powerful. 

VIG'TOR.  [Lat.]  A  conqueror. 


Vincent.  [Lat.]  Conquering ;  vic¬ 
torious. 

VIv'I-AN.  [Lat]  Lively. 

W. 

Wal'ter.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Ruling  the 
host.  — Dim.  W:jt,  Walt. 

WlLL'lAM.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Resolute 
helmet,  or,  helmet  of  resolution  ;  de¬ 
fense  ;  protector. — Dim.  Will,  Willy, 
and  (by  interchange  of  convertible 
letters)  Bill,  Bll'ly. 

Win'fred.  [A.-S.]  Win-peace. 

Z. 

ZXb'di-el.  [Heb.]  Gift  of  God. 


ZXg-ghe'us.  [Heb.]  Innocent; 
pure. 

ZXch'A-ri'ah,  1  [Heb.]  Remember- 
ZXch'a-ry.  j  ed  of  the  Lord. — 
Dim.  Zach. 

ZA'dok.  [Heb.]  Just. 

Zeb'a-di'ah,  1  [Heb.]  Gift  of  the 
Zeb'e-dee.  |  Lord. 

Ze-bi'nA._  [Heb.]  Bought. 
Zegh'A-ri'ah.  [Heb.]  The  same  as 
Zachariah. 

ZLd'e-kI'ah.  [Heb.]  Justice  of  the 
Lord. 

ZE-LO'TEg.  [Gr.]  A  zealot. 

Ze'nas.  t^Gr.]  Gift  of  Jupiter. 
Zeph'a-nI'AH.  [Heb  ]  Hid  of  th 
Lord. 


II.  NAMES  OF  WOMEN. 


A. 

Xb'I-GAIL  (Sb'i-gel).  [Ileb.]  My 
father’s  joy. — Dim.  Xb'by. 

Xch'sA.  [Heb.]  Anklet. 

A'dA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as  EDITH. 
Ad' A-LINE.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Same  as 
Adeline. 

Xd'e-lA.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Same  as  Ade¬ 
line. 

Ad'e-laide.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Same  as 
Adeline. 

A-de'li-A.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  A  varia¬ 
tion  of  Adela. 

Ad'E-lI'na,  1  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Of  no- 

Xd'e-line.  )  w  ble  birth;  a  prin¬ 
cess. — Dim.  Ad'dy. 

Xg'a-thA.  [Gr.]  Good ;  kind. 
Xg'ne§.  [Gr.]  Chaste;  pure. 
Al-bEr'tA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Feminine 
of  Albert. 

Al'e-the'a.  [Gr.]  Truth. 
Al'ex-an'dra,  (  [Gr.]  Feminine 
Al'EX-AN-dri'nA.  J  of  Alexander. 
Al'I^E,  1  [O.II.Ger  ]  Same 

A-li^'i-A  (-llsh'i-).  )  as  ^Adeline. 

— DJm.  Al'iy,  or  Al'lTe,  El'sie. 
Al-mi'rA.  [Ar.]  Lofty  ;  a  princess. 
Al-THE'A.  [Gr.]  A  healer. 
Am'a-bEl.  [Lat.]  Lovable. 
A-mXn'dA.  [Lat.]  Worthy  to  be 
loved. 

A-ME'li-A  (or  a-meel'ya).  [0.  H. 

Ger.  ]  Busy  ;  energetic.  —  See  Eme- 
_  LINE. 

A'MY.  [Lat.]  Beloved. 

An-g£l'i-€A,  )  [Gr.]  Lovely  ;  an - 

An'Ge-li'nA.  J  gelic. 

Ann,  1  [Heb.]  Grace  ;  —  same  as 
An'nA,|  Hannah.  —  Dim.  An'- 

Anne.  )  nie,  Niln'ny,  NSn'^y, 

NSn,  NPna. 

An-nette'.  [Ileb.]  A  variation  of 
Anne.  [Fr.  form.] 
An'toi-nette'.  [Gr.]  Diminutive 
of  Antonia.  [Fr.  form.]  — Dim. 
Net'ty. 


An-to'ni-A.  [Lat.]  Inestimable. 

Ar'a-bel'lA.  [Lat.]  A  fair  altar  ; 
otherwise,  an  Arabian  woman.  — 

_  Dim.  BePla,  Bel. 

A'RI-Xn'A.  [Gr.]  A  corruption  of 
Ariadne. 

Au-gus'tA.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  Au- 

"  GUSTUS. 

Au-RE'LI-A  (or  aw-reePya).  [Lat.] 
Feminine  of  AURELIUS. 

Au-ro'rA.  [Lat.]  Morning  redness ; 

”  fresh  ;  brilliant. 

B. 

Bar'ba-rA.  [Gr.]  Foreign  ;  strange. 
— Dim.  B&b. 

Be'a-trI^e,  I  [Lat.]  Making  hap- 

Be'A-TRIX.  j  py. 

Be-lIn'dA.  (Uncertain.) 

Ber'thA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Bright ; 
beautiful.  — Dim.  Ber'ty. 

Bet'sey.  [Heb.]  A  corruption  of 
Elizabeth. 

Blanche.  !  t*4"*-! 

BrTdg'et.  [Celt.]  Strength. — Dim. 
Bid'dy. 

C. 

Ca-mIl'lA.  [Lat.]  Attendant  at  a 
sacrifice. 

€Xr'o-line.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Feminine 
of  Carolus,  the  Latin  of  Charles. 
[Fr.  form.]  —  Dim.  C3r'ne,  CSd'- 
die. 

€as-san'drA  [Gr.]  She  who  inflames 
with  love. 

IDXth'A-rI'nA,  )  [Gr.]  Pure. — Dim. 

€Xth'A-rIne,  [  €a'sy,  Kate,  KAt'- 

€Xth'er-ine,  )  rine.  Kit,  KTt'ty. 

Ce-^Il'i-A,  1  [Lat.]  Feminine  ofCE- 

(,1E^'I-LY.  j  CIL .  —  Dim.  Sls'ley, 
Sis,  Cis. 

e-lLs'tIne.  [Lat.]  Heavenly. 
e'li-A  (or  seePya).  [Lat.]  Femi¬ 
nine  of  Ccelius.  [It.  form.] 


QhXr'lotte.  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Femi 
nine  of  CHARLES. 

Chlo'e.  [Gr.]  A  green  herb; 
blooming. 

Chris'ti-Xn'A,  1  [Gr.]  Feminine  oi 
€hris-ti'nA.  j  Christianus,  Lat. 
for  Christian.  —  Dim.  t’hris'sie, 
Xina  (zee'na). 

([fic'E-LY.  [Lat.]  A  corruption  of 
Cecilia. 

€JlXr'A.  [Lat.]  Bright;  illustrious. 
—  Dim.  Clare. 

<3lar'I(['E,  I  [Lat.]  A  variation  of 
€la-r!s'sA,  )  Clara.— Dim.  Clare. 
Clau'di-A.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of 
Claudius. 

€lem'en-ti'nA,  I  [Lat.]  Mild  ;  gen- 
€lem'en-t!ne.  j  tie. 
€on'stan^e.  [Lat.]  Firm  ;  constant. 
•Co'rA.  [Gr.]  Maiden;  —  another 
form  of  CORINNA. 

€or-de'li-A  (or  -deePya).  [Lat.] 
Warm-hearted. 

Co-rIn'nA.  [Gr.]  Maiden. 
•Cor-ne'li-A  (or  -neel'ya).  [Lat.] 
Fem.  of  Cornelius. 

Q^n'thi-A.  [Gr.]  Belonging  to  Mt. 
Cynthus. 

D. 

D£b'o-RAH.  [Heb.]  A  bee.  —  Dim. 
Deb'by,  Deb. 

De'li-A  (or  deePya).  [Gr.]  Of  Delos 
Di-Xn'A.  [Lat.]  Goddess. —  Din. 
Di,  Die. 

Di'nah.  [Heb.]  Judged. 

DO'rA.  [Gr.]  A  contraction  of  DOR 
OTHEA. 

Dor'cas.  [Gr.]  A  gazelle. 
Do-rin'dA.  [Gr.]  Same  as  Doro¬ 
thea. 

Dor'o  THE'A,  ]  [Gr.]  The  gift  of 
Dor'o-thy.  (  God.  —Dim.  Dol, 
Dol'ly  (l  and  r  being  etymologically 
convertible. 

Dru-sIl'lA.  (  Uncertain.) 


f>R,  DO,  WQLF,  TOO,  TOA>k;  CRN,  RUE .  PljLL ;  E,  I,  O,  silent ;  C,  6,  soft;  c,  G,  hard ;  Ag;  exist;  if  as  NG  ;  THIS 


524 


COMMON  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN  NAMES. 


E. 

E'dith.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Happiness ; 

otherwise ,  rich  gift. 

Ed'nA.  [Heb.]  Pleasure. 
£l'e-a-nor,  I  [Gr.]  Light ;  —  the 

£l'i-nor.  )  same  as  Helen.  — 
Dim.  EPla,  N611,  No'ra. 
E-lIs'a-BETH,  \  [Heb.]  Worshiper 
E-liz'a-beth,  [  of  God ;  conse- 
E-LI'zA.  )  crated  to  God.  — 

Dim.  Bess,  Bes'sey,  Betsey,  B&t'ty, 
w  Liz'zy,  LIb'by,  LPsa. 

Ei/lA.  [Gr.]  A  contraction  of  Ele¬ 
anor. 

£l'len.  [Gr.]  A  diminutive  of  Ele¬ 
anor. 

El-yi'ra  [Lat.]  White. 
EM'e-line,  )  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Ener- 
EM'ME-LINE.  J  getic  ;  industrious. 
EM'i-ly.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as  Em- 


w  ELINE. 

Em'mA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as  Eme- 
line. — Dim.  Emm,  Em'mie. 
£r'nes-tine.  [Ger.]  Feminine  and 
w  dim.  of  Ernest. 

Es'ther  (es'ter).  [Per.]  A  star ; 
w  good  fortune. 

Eth'el.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Noble;  of 
noble  birth  ;  —  same  as  Adela. 
Eth'e-lind, 

Eth'e-lIn'dA. 

Eu-oo'rA.  [Gr.]  Good  gift. 
Eu-ge'ni-A.  [Gr.]  Feminine  of  Eu¬ 
gene. 


l  j  [Teut.] 


Noble  snake. 


Eu-ge'ni'e.  [Gr.]  Same  as  Euge¬ 
nia.  [Fr.  form.] 

Eu-lA'li-A.  [Gr.]  Fair  speech. 
Eu'nk(:e.  [Gr.]  Happy  victory. 
Eu-phe'MI-A.  [Gr.]  Of  good  report. 
_  — Dim.  EPfie. 

E'VA.  [HebJ  Life. 

E-van'ge-line.  [Gr.]  Bringing 
_  glad  news. 

Eye.  [Heb.]  The  same  as  Eva. 
EV'e-lI'nA,  )  [Heb.]  Diminutive  of 
Ev'e-line.  J  Eva.  [It.  form.] 


FXn'ny.  [Ger.]  A  diminutive  of 
Frances. 

Faus-ti'nA.  [Lat.]  Lucky. 

Fe-lic'I-A  (fe-llsh/i-a.)  [Lat.]  Hap¬ 
piness.  [ful. 

FI-de'LI-A  (or  -deePya).  [Lat.]  Faith- 

Flo'rA.  [Lat.]  Flowers. 

FlOr'en^e.  [Lat.]  Blooming; 
flourishing. 

FrAn'9e§.  [Ger.]  Feminine  of  Fran¬ 
cis. —  Dim.  FXn'ny,  FrXnk. 

Fred'er-I'cA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Femi¬ 
nine  of  Frederick.  — Dim.  Fred/- 
d!e. 

G. 

GEOR'dil-XN'A,  1  [Gr.]  Feminine  of 

Geor-Qi'nA.  j  George. 

Ger'al-dine.  Feminine  of  Gerald. 

Ger'trude.  [0._II.  Ger.]  Spear- 
maiden. — Dim.  GSr'tie,  Trjj'dy. 

Gra^e,  )  [Lat.]  Grace, 

GrA'ti-A  (gra'shY-a).  )  favor. 

GrI-SEl'dA.  [Teut.]  Stone-heroine. 
—Dim.  Grls'sel. 


H. 

IIXn'NAH.  [Heb.]  The  same  as  ANNA. 


M 

J 


HXr'ri-et, 
HXr'ri-ot 

RY.  [Eng.  form.] 
Hel'en, 

IIel'e-nA 


[0.  H.  Ger.]  Feminine 
diminutive  of  Hen- 
Dim.  HXt'ty. 

[  [Gr.]  Light.  —  Dim. 
.  J  N611,  NePly. 
Hen'ri-et'tA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Femi¬ 
nine  and  diminutive  of  Henry. 
[Sr.  form.] — Dim.  Et'ta,  Ilet'ty. 
Heph'zi-bah.  [Heb.]  My  delight 
is  in  her. 


Hes'ter, 


|  [Per.]  Same  as 
Esther. 
Feminine  of 


Hes'ther  (hgs'ter).  j 
HI-la'ri-A.  [Lat.] 

Hilary. 

HO-NO'RA,  )fT 
Ho-no'ri-a,  f  [Lat-J 
Hor-ten'si-A  (hor-ten'shl-a.) 

A  lady  gardener. 

Hul'dah.  [Heb.]  A  weasel. 


Honorable. 

[Lat.] 


I. 

I'dA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Godlike. 
I'NEZ.^Gr.]  The  same  as  Agnes. 
[Pg.  form.] 

I-re'ne.  [Gr.]  Peaceful. 

Ig'A-BEL,  )  [Heb.]  The  same  as 
12'a-bel'lA.  )  Elizabeth. — Dim. 
Bel,  Bel'la. 

J. 

Jame§-i'nA.  [Heb.]  Feminine  of 
James. 

Jane.  [Heb.]  Feminine  of  John  ; 

—  Same  as  Joanna. 

J  a-nEt'  (in  Scot,  fy  U.  S. ;  Janet,  in 
Eng.).  [Heb.]  Dim.  of  Jane. 
JXq/ue-lIne.  [Heb.]  Feminine  of 
James.  [Fr.  form.] 

Jean,  \  [Ileb.]  The  same  as 

Jeanne,  [  Jane  or  Joan. 

Jean-netteA  )  [Fr.  forms.] 
Je-MUmA.  [Heb.]  A  dove. 
Je-ru'sha.  [Heb.]  Possessed ;  mar¬ 
ried. 

Joan',  (  [Heb.]  Feminine  of 
Jo-Xn-na.)  John. 

Jo-se'phA,  1  [Heb.]  Feminine  of 
Jo'sepii-Ine.  [  Joseph.  —  Dim. 

Jo'zy,  Phe'ny. 

Joy^e.  [Lat.]  Sportive. 

Ju'dith.  [Heb.]  Praised.  —  Dim. 
Ju'dy. 

Jul'i-A  (or  juPya).  [Lat.]  Feminine 
of  Julius.  [lian. 

Ju'li-Xn'A.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  Ju- 
JU'LI-ET.  [Lat.]  Diminutive  of  Ju¬ 
lia.  [Fr.  form.] 

Jus-tI'nA.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  Jus¬ 
tin. 


K. 

KXtii'a-rIne,  1  [Gr.]  SameasCATH- 
KATH'ER-InE.  |  ARINE. 

Ke-tu'rah.  [Heb.]  Incense 
Ke-zI'ah.  [Heb.]  Cassia. 

L. 

Lau'rA.  [Lat.]  A  laurel. 


L^u-rin'dA.  [Lat.]  A  variation  of 
Laura. 

La-vin'_i-A.  [Lat.]  Of  Latium. 
Le'o-no'rA.  [Gr.]  Same  as  Elea¬ 
nor. 


Le-tI'TI-A  (le-tish'I-a).  [Lat.]  Hap¬ 
piness. 

Let'tia’E.  A  corruption  of  Letitia, 
Lil'i-an,  I  rT  .  ,  T  . , 
lil'ly.  }  ^Lat-]  Li]y- 
Lo'is.  [Gr.]  Good;  desirable. 
Lou-I'gA,  I  [0.  II.  Ger.]  Feminine  of 
Lou-isE'.  j  Louis. — Dim.  Lou'Te. 

Lfi'ci-A  (-shT-a).  [Lat.]  Same  as 
Lucy.  [It.  form.] 

Lu-^in'dA.  [Lat.]  The  same  as  Lucy. 
Lu-cre'ti-A  (lu-kre'shi-a).  [Lat.] 
JJain  ;  otherwise ,  light. 

Lu'^y.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  LUCIUS. 
Lyd'i-A.  [Gr.]  A  native  of  Lydia, 
in  Asia  Minor. 


M. 

Ma'bel.  [Lat.]  A  contraction  of 
Amabel. 

MXd'e-line.  [Heb.]  Same  as  Mag¬ 
dalene.  [Fr.  form.] 

MXg'da-lene  (properly  mitg'da-le'- 
ne).  [Heb.]  Belonging  to  Magdala. 
— Dim.  Maud,  Maud'lin. 

Mar-cel'lA.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of 
Marcellus.  [cius. 

Mar'ci-A  (-shl  ).  Feminine  of  Mar- 

Mar'ga-ret.  [Gr.]  A  pearl.— Dim. 
Grit'ty,  Mag,  MXdge,  Mag'gy,  Mar'- 
£ie,  Mar'£er-y,  Meg,  Mfg'gy,  Me'ta, 
Peg,  Peg'gy  (m  and  p  being  cognate 
letters). 

Ma-rI'A.  [Ileb.]  The  same  as  Mary. 
[Lat.  form.] 

Ma'ri-Xnne'.  [Heb.]  A  compound 
of  Mary  and  Anne. 

MXr'i-on.  [Heb.]  A  French  form 
of  Mary. 

Mar'thA.  [Heb.]  The  ruler  of  the 
house ;  otherwise ,  sorrowful ;  melan¬ 
choly. —  Dim.  M&t,  Mat'ty,  Pit, 
PXt'ty. 

MA'ry.  [Heb.]  Bitter;  otherwise , 
their  rebellion,  or  star  of  the  sea.  — - 
Dim.  Moll,  MoPly,  Pol,  PoPly,  May. 

Ma-thil'dA  (-tIP-),  )  [0.  H.  Ger.] 

Ma-tIl'dA.  )  Mighty  bat¬ 

tle-maid  ;  heroine.  —  Dim.  Mat, 
M&t'ty,  Maud,  Pat'ty  (m  and  p  be¬ 
ing  convertible). 

Maud.  A  contraction  of  Mathil¬ 
da,  or  Magdalene. 

May.  The  month  of  MAY,  or  a  dim¬ 
inutive  of  Mary. 

Me-het'a-bel,  )  [Heb.]  Benefited 

Me-hIt'a-ble.  f  of  God. 

M£l'i-(1ent.  [Lat.]  Sweet  singer; 
otherwise  [Teut.],  work-strength. 

Me-lIs'sA.  [Gr.]  A  bee. 

MTl'dred.  [Ger.]  Mild  threatener. 

Mi-ran'dA.  [Lat.]  Admirable. 

MTr'1-am.  [Heb.]  The  same  as  Mary. 

My'rA.  [Gr.]  She  who  weeps  or  la¬ 
ments. 

N. 

NXn'^y.  A  familiar  form  of  Anne. 

• — Dim.  NSn,  Nan^e,  N'Pna. 


A,  e,  I,  6,u,  y,  long;  X,  £,I,  6,  C,  1?,  short;  cAre,  far,  Ask,  all,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  pique,  fIrm  ;  s6n. 


COMMON  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN  NAMES.  525 


No'ra.  A  contraction  of  Honora, 
and  of  Leonora. 


O. 

Oe-TA'VI-A.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of 
^  Octavius. — Dim.  Ta'vy,  Tave. 

O-lIv'i'a.  i  [“-l  A“  olive- 
O-phe'li-A  (or  o-feePya).  [Gr.]  Ser¬ 
pent. 

Q-LYM'PI-A.  [Gr.]  Heavenly. 


P. 

Pau'lA.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  PAU- 
'lus,  or  Paul. 

Pau-LI'nA,  I  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  PAU- 
PAU-LINE'.  )  LINUS. 

Pe-nel'o-pe.  [Gr.]  A  weaver. 
PEr'sis.  [Gr.]  A  Persian  woman. 
PHE'BE.  [Gr.]  The  same  as  Phcebe. 
Phi-lip'pA.  [Gr.]  Feminine  of 
Philip. 

Phce'be.  [Gr.]  Pure;  radiant. — 
Dim.  Phebe. 

PilYL'Lls.  [Gr.]  A  green  bough. 
PoL'LY.  [Eng.]  A  variation  of 
Molly,  from  Mary. 

Pris-^Ll/la.  [Lat.]  Somewhat  old. 


R. 


Ra'chel.  [Heb.]  A  ewe. 
Re-bec'ca,  I  [Heb.]  Of  enchanting 
Re -bek/ AH.  )  beauty. — Dim.  BCcky. 
Rho'dA  (ro'da).  [Gr.]  A  rose. 
Ro'gA.  [Lat.]  A  rose. 

Ros^a-bel,  )  rT  .  i  *  *  ■ 
Ro§'a-bel-lA.  }  £Lafc-J  A  fair  rose- 


Ro-sa'li-A,)  [Lat.]  Little  and  bloom- 

Rog'A-LlE.  /  ing  rose.  [Fr.  and  It. 
forms.] 

R6§'a-l1nd.  [Lat.]  Beautiful  as  a 
rose. 

Rog'A-MOND.  [Teut.]  Horse-protec¬ 
tion,  i.  e.  famous  protection. 

Rox-an'A.  [Per.]  Dawn  of  day. 

Ruth.  [Heb.]  Beauty. 

S. 

Sa-bPnA.  [Lat.]  A  Sabine  woman. 

SA-LOME'  (properly  sa-16'me).  [Heb.] 
Peaceful. 

SA'rA,  1  [Heb.]  A  princess.  — Dim. 

SA'RAH.  j  S51,  Sal'ly. 

Se-LI'nA.  [Gr.]  Parsley;  otherwise , 
moon. 

Se-re'nA.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  Se- 
renus  or  Sereno. 

IIbSlA.}^^  A  prophetess. 

So-phi'A  [Gr.]  Wisdom.  —  Dim. 
So'phy. 

So-PHRO'NI-A.  [Gr.]  Of  a  sound  mind. 

StEl'lA.  [Lat.]  A  star. 

Steph'A-nA.  [Gr.]  Feminine  of 
Stephen. 

Su'san,  \  [Ileb.]  A  lily. —  Dim. 

Su-san'nA,  [  Sue,  Suke,  Su'ky, 

Su-san'nah.  )  Su'zy. 

T. 

TXb'i-thA.  [Syr.]  A  gazelle. 

The'o-do'rA.  [Gr.]  Feminine  of 
Theodore. — Dim.  Do'rii. 

The'o-do'si-A  (the'o-do'zhl-a).  [Gr.] 
The  gift  of  God. 


The-re'sA.  [Gr.]  Carrying  ears  of 
corn. —  Dim.  Tgr'ry,  Tra^y. 

Thom'a-sA  (tom'-),  [  [Heb.]  Femi- 

Thom'a-sine.  j  nine  of  Thom¬ 
as.  —  Dim.  TanYzine. 

Try-phe'nA.  [Gr.]  Delicate;  lux¬ 
urious. 

Try-ph5'sA,  [Gr.]  Luxurious; 
dainty. 

u. 

tfL'Rl-eA.  [0.  H.  Ger.]  Rich. 

U-RA'ni-A.  [Gr.]  Heavenly; — the 
name  of  one  of  the  Muses. 

Or'SU-lA.  [Lat.]  She-bear. 

V. 

Ya-le'ri-A.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of 
Valerius. 

VlC-TO'Rl-A.  [Lat.]  Victory.  Fem¬ 
inine  of  Victor. 

Vi'dA.  [Erse.]  Feminine  of  David. 

VI'O-lA.  [Lat.]  A  violet. 

Vir-gin'i-A.  [Lat.]  Virgin ;  pure 

VIv'I-AN.  [Lat.]  Lively 

W. 

WlfL'HEL-Mi'NA.  [0.  IT.  Ger.]  Fem¬ 
inine  of  Wilhelm,  German  of 
William.  —  Dim.  WiFmett,  WiP- 
mot,  Mi7na,  Mi-nePla. 

Win'i-frLd.  [Teut.J  A  lover  of 
peace. 

Z. 

Ze-no'bi-A.  [Gr.]  Having  life  from 
Jupiter. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  LANGUAGES. 


NOTE.  — The  names  of  dead  languages  are  printed  in  Italic. 


No.  I. 


LANGUAGES. 

Sanskrit  (divided  into  Vedic  Sanskrit  and  the  Classical,  or  more  modern, 
Sanskrit),  Prakrit ,  Pali;  Bengali,  Marathi,  Guzerathi,  &c. ;  Hindi, 

Hindustani  (or  Urdu);  Gypsy . 

Zend  (or  Avestan,  or  Old  Bactrian),  Old  Persian  (cuneiform  inscriptions), 
Pehlevi  (or  Huzvaresh),  Parsi  (or  Pazend),  Old  Armenian;  Modern  Per¬ 
sian,  Kurdish,  Afghan  (of  Pushto),  Ossetic,  Modern  Armenian,  &c . 

Old  Ionic  (or  Epic),  jEolic,  Doric,  New  Ionic,  Attic ;  Romaic  (or  Modern 

Greek) . 

Oscan  (or  Opican ),  Umbrian,  Latin;  the  Romance  (or  Romanic)  languages 
(descendants  of  the  Latin),  viz.,  Italian,  Portuguese,  Spanish,  Provencal, 

French,  Rhseto-Romanic,  Wallachian . 

Irish  (or  Gaelic  of  Ireland),  Erse  (or  Gaelic  of  the  Scottish  Highlands, 

called  also  Highland  Scotch),  Manx . 

Cornish,  Welsh,  Armorican  (or  Breton) . 

Bulgarian  (or  Old  Slavonic,  or  Church  Slavic),  Russian  (or  Russ;  —  in¬ 
cluding  the  Russian  proper,  and  the  Little-Russian,  or  Ruthenian),  Illy¬ 
rian  (including  three  idioms,  the  Servian,  Croatian,  and  Slovenic) . 

Polabian ,  Polish,  Bohemian,  Moravian,  Slovak  (or  Slovakian),  Upper  and 
Lower  Sorbian,  Lusatian  (or  Wendish) . 

Old  Prussian,  Lettish  (or  Livonian),  Lithuanian . 

Old  High  German  (with  its  dialects,  Frankish ,  Alemannic,  and  Swabian, 
Bavarian,  and  Austrian ),  Middle  High  German,  New  High  German. 
Gothic  (or  Moeso-  Gothic),  Old  Saxon,  Anglo-Saxon  (or  Saxon),  Dutch 
(or  Low  Dutch),  Friesic  (or  Frisian),  Flemish,  Englishe,  Low  German  (or 

Plattdeutsch) . 

Old  Norse  (or  Old  Icelandic ),  Modem  Icelandic,  Swedish,  Danish,  Nor¬ 
wegian . 

No.  H. 

LANGUAGES. 

Himyaritic,  Ethiopic  (or  Geez);  Arabic;  Maltese;  Amharic,  and  other 

Abyssinian  dialects . 

Hebrew ,  Samaritan,  Phenician,  Punic . 

Aramaic  (or  Aramxan ,  or  Chaldaic,  or  Chaldee ),  Cuneiform  inscriptions 
of  Babylon  and  Nineveh  (  ?  ),  Syriac,  Neo-Syriac . 


SUB-BRANCHES.  BRANCHES. 


Indian,  or  Indicb 


Iranian?*,  or  Iranic 
or  Persian 


|  Greek,  or  Ilellenicc 


Gaelic,  or  Gad- 
helic 


.Cymric 


Eastern  and 
Southern 


Western 


High  German 


Low  German 


Scandinavian 


Latinc,  or  Italic 


Celtic 


-  Slavonic^,  or  Slavic 


Lithuanian^,  or 
Lithuanic 


Teutonic,  or  Ger¬ 
manic 


D 

a. 

o 

I 

fcd 

e 

i-i 

o 

i 

p 

s 

o 

l-l 

t> 

l-l 

’■< 

p 

a 

vi 

p 

3 

<5* 

9 


BRANCHES. 
Arabic,  or  Southern  ^ 

i 

Hebraic,  or  Middle*?  1- 
Aramaic,  or  Northern 


Semitic  Family/ 


a  Sometimes  called  Indo-Germanic  or  Japhetic. 

b  The  Indian  and  Iranian  branches  are  often  classed  together  as  forming  the  Indo-Persian  or  Aryan  branch  of  the  family, 
c  The  Greek  and  Latin  are  often  joined  together  as  the  Grseco-Latin,  or  classical  branch. 
dThe  Slavonic  and  Lithuanian  branches  are  often  classed  together  as  the  Letto-Slavic  or  Windic  languages, 
e  Divided  into  four  periods,  viz.,  Semi-Saxon  (a.  d.  1150-1250),  Old  English  (a.  d.  1250-1350),  Middle  English  (a.  d.  1350-1550), 
Modern  English  (a.  d.  1550  to  the  present  day). 

/Called  also  Shemitic  and  Syro- Arabian. 
g  Called  also  Canaanitic. 

(626) 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  LANGUAGES. 


527 


Besides  the  Indo-European  and  Semitic  families,  philologists  distinguish  several  others,  which  may  be  classed  as 
follows :  — 

Tartaric  (or  Tataric)  Family  (called  also  Turanian,  Scythian,  Altaic,  Ural-Altaic,  and  Mongolian),  including 
the  numerous  and  widely  different  languages  of  the  Manchus,  the  Mongols,  the  Turks  (in  Asia  and  Europe),  the  Magyars 
(in  Hungary),  the  Finns,  the  Laplanders,  the  Samoyeds,  and  a  multitude  of  other  tribes.  Whether  the  Tamil  and  its 
sister  idioms  in  Ceylon  and  southern  India  belong  to  this  family  is  uncertain  ;  they  are  grouped  together  under  the 
name  of  the  Dravidian  Family.  The  Japanese,  the  Corean,  and  other  tongues  spoken  in  the  peninsulas  and  islands  of 
the  extreme  north  eastern  part  of  Asia  are  claimed  by  some  as  belonging  to  the  Tartaric  Family  ;  but  this  is  very 
doubtful. 

South-eastern  Asiatic  or  Monosyllabic  Family  in  China,  and  Farther  India,  and  countries  adjacent 
to  these  (including  the  Chinese,  Siamese,  Burmese,  Annamese,  &c.). 

Malay-Polynesian  or  Oceanic  Family,  including  the  languages  and  dialects  spoken  in  nearly  all  the 
islands  of  the  Pacific  and  Indian  oceans. 

Hamitic  Family,  composed  of  the  Egyptian,  and  its  congeners,  the  Coptic,  Galla,  Berber,  Hottentot  (?),  & c. 

Soutli-African  (sometimes  called  Zingian)  Family,  filling  Africa  about  the  equator  and  southward  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

American  Family,  occupying  with  its  many  and  greatly  varying  dialects  the  whole  continent  of  North  and 
South  America. 

Besides  these  great  families,  there  are  several  isolated  languages,  or  groups  of  languages,  which  have  hitherto  resisted 
all  attempts  at  classification.  Such  are  the  Yenisean  in  Siberia;  the  Albanian  (or  Skipetar)  in  north-western  Greece; 
the  Caucasian  group  (including  the  Georgian,  Circassian,  Lesghian,  and  Mitsjeghian  idioms)  in  the  mountain-range  of 
the  Caucasus;  the  Etruscan  in  Northern  Italy  ;  and  the  ancient  Iberian ,  which  was  once  the  prevailing  language  of  the 
Spanish  peninsula,  and  which  still  lives  on  both  sides  of  the  Pyrenees  in  the  strange  language  called  Basque  (Biscayan, 
or  Euscarra). 


QUOTATIONS, 

WORDS,  PHRASES,  PROVERBS,  AND  COLLOQUIAL  EXPRESSIONS, 

FROM 

THE  GREEK,  THE  LATIN,  AND  MODERN  EOREIGN  LANGUAGES, 

FREQUENTLY  OCCURRING  IN  ENGLISH  BOOKS,  IN  PERIODICALS,  AND  IN  CONVERSATION, 

RENDERED  INTO  ENGLISH. 


SELECTED  AND  TRANSLATED  BY 

WILLIAM  G.  WEBSTER. 


NOTE.  —  L.  Latin  ;  Fr.  French  ;  Ger.  German  ;  It.  Italian  ;  Sp.  Spanish  ;  Gr.  Greek. 


A. 

A  bas.  [Fr.]  Down ;  at  the  foot  ; 
upon  the  ground; — la  Frangai.se , 
after  the  French  mode;  —  la  mode , 
in  fashion  ;  —  PAnglaise,  after  the 
English  fashion  ;  —  Poutrance,  to 
the  utmost;  —  plomb,  perpendicu¬ 
larly  ;  —  propos,  to  the  point  ;  — 
propos  de  bottes,  apropos  to  boots  ; 
without  reason. 

A  fortiori.  [L.]  With  stronger  reason  ; 

—  mensa  et  thoro,  from  bed  and 
board  ;  — posteriori ,  from  the  effect 
to  the  cause  ;  — priori ,  from  the 
cause  to  the  effect ;  —  vinculo  matri¬ 
monii ’,  from  the  tie  of  marriage. 

Ab  extra.  [L.]  From  without; — initio, 
from  the  beginning  ;  —  intra,  from 
within  ;  —  ovo  usque  ad  mala,  from 
the  egg  to  the  apples  ;  from  begin¬ 
ning  to  end  ;  —  uno  disce  omnes, 
from  one  learn  all ;  from  a  single 
instance  infer  the  whole. 

Absente  reo.  [L.]  The  defendant  be¬ 
ing  absent. 

Abusus  non  tollit  usum.  [L.]  Abuse 
is  not  an  argument  against  proper 
use. 

Ad  astra.  [L.]  To  the  stars,  or  to  an 
exalted  state ;  —  Calendas  Grsecas,  at 
the  Greek  Calends  ;  i.  e.,  never,  as 
the  Greeks  had  no  Calends  ;  —  cap- 
tandum  vulgus,  to  catch  the  rab¬ 
ble  ;  —  eundem  (sc.  gradum),  to  the 
same  degree; — finem,  to  the  end; 

—  hominem ,  to  the  man  ;  that  is,  to 
his  interests  and  passions  ;  —  infin¬ 
itum,  to  infinity; — interim ,  in  the 
mean  while  ;  —  libitum,  at  pleasure  ; 

—  nauseam ,  to  disgust; — utrum- 
que  paratus,  prepared  for  either 
event; — valorem,  according  to  the 
value. 

Adscriptus  glebx.  [L.]  Belonging  or 
attached  to  the  soil. 

JEquam  servare  mentem.  [L.]  To  pre¬ 
serve  an  equable  mind. 

(528) 


JEquo  animo.  [L.]  With  an  equable 
mind  ;  with  equanimity.  , 

JElatis  sux.  [L.]  Of  his  age;  of  her 
age. 

Affaire  d?amour.  [Fr.]  A  love  affair ; 

—  du  cceur,  an  affair  of  the  heart. 

Agenda.  [L.]  Things  to  be  done. 

Alere  fiammam.  [L.]  To  feed  the 

flame. 

Alis  volat  propriis.  [L.]  She  flies 
with  her  own  wings  ;  —  the  motto  of 
Oregon. 

Allons.  [Fr.]  Let  us  go  ;  come. 

Alma  ma.ter.  [L.]  A  fostering 
mother. 

Alter  ego.  [L.]  Another  self ;  —  idem, 
another  precisely  similar. 

Amende  honorable.  [Fr.]  Satisfactory 
apology ;  reparation. 

Amicus  curix.  [L.]  A  friend  of  the 
court.  [vanity. 

Amour  propre.  [Fr.]  Self-love ; 

Ancien  regime.  [Fr.]  Ancient  order 
of  things.  [manner. 

Anglice.  [L.]  According  to  the  English 

Anno  xtatis  sux.  [L.]  In  the  year  of 
his  (or  her)  age ;  —  Christi,  in  the 
year  of  Christ ;  —  Domini ,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  ;  — mundi ,  in  the 
year  of  the  world  ;  —  urbis  conditx, 
in  the  year  the  city  (Rome)  was 
built. 

Ante  bellum.  [L.]  Before  the  war  ; 

—  meridiem,  before  noon. 

Appui.  [Fr.]  Point  of  support. 

Aqua  vitx.  [L.]  Brandy  ;  spirit ; 

alcohol. 

Arbiter  elegantiarum.  [L.]  An  umpire 
in  matters  of  taste. 

Argumentum  ad  hominem.  [L.]  An 
argument  deriving  its  force  from  the 
situation  of  the  person  to  whom  it 
is  addressed;  —  ad  ignorantiam,  an 
argument  founded  on  an  adversary’s 
ignorance  of  facts  ;  —  ad  verecundi- 
am ,  an  argument  to  modesty. 

Arriere  pensee.  [Fr.]  A  mental  reser¬ 
vation. 

Au  contraire.  [Fr.]  On  the  contrary  ; 


— fait,  well  instructed ;  expert  ;  — 
reste ,  as  for  the  rest ;  —  revoir,  adieu 
until  we  meet  again. 

Audi  alteram  partem.  [L.]  Hear  the 
other  side. 

Auri  sacra  fames.  [L.]  The  accursed 
thirst  for  gold. 

Aut  vincere  aut  mori.  [L.]  Either  to 
conquer  or  to  die. 

Aux  armes.  [Fr.]  To  arms. 


B. 


Das  bleu.  [Fr.]  A  blue-stocking. 

Beau  monde.  [Fr.]  The  fashionable 
world. 

Beaux  esprits.  [Fr.]  Gay  spirits ;  men 
of  wit ;  —  yeux ,  handsome  eyes  ;  that 
is,  attractive  looks. 

Bel  esprit.  [Fr.]  A  brilliant  mind. 

Ben  trovato.  [It.]  Well  found;  a  hap¬ 
py  invention. 

Bete  noir.  [Fr.]  A  black  beast ;  a 
bugbear. 

Bienscance.  [Fr.]  Civility :  decorum. 

Billet  d'amour,  1  rr,  ,  t  ,  ,  , 

Billet  doux.  UFr'l  A  love-letter. 

Bizarre.  [Fr.]  Odd ;  fantastic. 

Blase.  [Fr.]  Pallid  ;  surfeited ;  ren¬ 
dered  incapable  of  continued  en¬ 
joyment. 

Bona  fide.  [L.]  In  good  faith. 

Bon  gre  mal  gre.  [Fr.]  Willing  or  un¬ 
willing  ;  —  jour,  good  day ;  good 
morning  ;  — soir, good  evening. 

Bonhomie.  [Fr.]  Good-natured  sim¬ 
plicity. 

Boulevard.  [Fr.]  A  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demol¬ 
ished  fortifications. 

Bouleversemtnl.  [Fr.]  Overturning; 
subversion. 

Bourgeois.  [Fr.]  A  man  of  middle 
rank  in  society. 

Bourgeoisie.  [Fr.]  Middle  classes  of 
society ;  traders. 

Brevet  dHnvention.  [Fr.]  A  patent. 


WORDS,  PHRASES,  PROVERBS,  ETC 


Brochure.  [Fr.]  A  pamphlet. 

Brusque.  [Fr.]  Rude ;  blunt. 

Brutum  fulmen.  [L.]  A  harmless 
thunderbolt. 

C. 

Cacocthes.  [L.]  An  evil  habit; — lo- 
quendi ,  a  rage  for  speaking;  —  scri- 
bendi,  an  itch  for  scribbling. 

Cxtern  desunt.  [L.]  The  remainder 
is  wanting.  , 

Cxteris  paribus.  [L.]  Other  things 
being  equal. 

Cafe.  [Fr.]  A  coffee-house. 

Calcche.  [Fr.]  A  half-coach  or 
calash. 

Calembour.  [Fr.]  A  pun. 

Canaille.  [Fr.]  The  rabble. 

Cantalrice.  [It.]  A  female  profes¬ 
sional  singer. 

Capias  ad  respondendum.  [L.]  You 
may  take  to  answer; — a  writ  for 
taking  and  keeping  the  defendant  10 
answer  the  plaintiff  in  the  action. 

Capias  ad  satisfaciendum.  [L.]  You 
may  take  to  satisfy ;  —  a  writ  for 
taking  and  keeping  the  party  named 
until  he  gives  satisfaction  to  the 
party  by  whom  it  is  issued. 

Captatio  benevolentix.  [L.]  A  cur¬ 
rying  favor. 

Caput  mortuum.  [L.]  The  worthless 
remains. 

Carpe  diem.  [L.]  Enjoy  the  present 
day. 

Casus  belli.  [L.]  That  which  involves 
or  justifies  war. 

Catalogue,  raisonne.  [Fr.]  A  catalogue 
of  books  arranged  according  to  their 
subjects. 

Caveat  emptor.  [L.]  Let  the  buyer 
beware. 

CTest-d-dire.  [Fr.]  That  is  to  say. 

Champs  Elysees.  [Fr.]  Elysian  Fields. 

Chanson.  [Fr.]  A  song. 

Chapeau  bas.  [Fr.]  Hats  off ;  —  bras, 
a  military  cocked  hat. 

Charge  d'affaires.  [Fr.]  An  inferior 
diplomatic  representative  at  a  foreign 
court. 

Charivari.  [Fr.]  A  mock  serenade  of 
discordant  music. 

Chateaux  en  Espagne.  [Fr.]  Castles  | 
in  Spain,  the  land  of  romance  ; 
castles  in  the  air. 

Chef-d'oeuvre.  [Fr.]  A  masterpiece. 

Chore  amie.  [Fr.]  A  dear  friend  ;  a 
mistress. 

Chevalier  d'industrie.  [Fr.]  A  knight 
of  industry  ;  one  who  lives  by  per¬ 
severing  fraud. 

Chronique  scandaleuse.  [Fr.]  A  chron¬ 
icle  of  vices  and  crimes. 

Ci-devant.  [Fr.]  Formerly ;  former. 

Circa,  or  Circiter.  [L.]  About. 

Citd  maturum ,  citd  putridum.  [L.] 
Soon  ripe,  soon  rotten. 

Citoyen.  [Fr.]  A  citizen  ;  a  burgher. 

Civilitas  successit  barbarum.  [L-] 
Civilization  succeeds  barbarism  ;  — 
the  motto  of  Minnesota  when  a  ter¬ 
ritory. 

Coiffeur.  [Fr.]  A  hair-dresser. 

Comme  il  faut.  [Fr.]  As  it  should 
be. 


Compos  mentis.  [L.]  Of  a  sound 
mind. 

Compte  rendu.  [Fr.]  Account  ren¬ 
dered  ;  report.  [nestly. 

Con  amore.  [It.]  With  love  ;  ear- 

Concio  ad.  clerum.  [L.]  A  discourse 
to  the  clergy. 

Confrere.  [Fr.]  A  brother;  an  associate. 

Conge  d'elire.  [Fr.]  A  leave  to  elect. 

Contretemps.  [Fr.]  An  awkward  mis¬ 
hap  or  accident. 

Conversazione.  [It.]  A  meeting  of 
company  for  conversation. 

Coram  nobis.  [L.]  Before  us  ;  —  non 
judi.ee,  before  one  who,  is  Dot  the 
proper  judge. 

Cordon  sanitaire.  [Fr.]  A  line  of 
troops  to  prevent  the  spreading  of 
pestilence. 

Corps  de  garde.  [Fr.]  A  body  of  men 
who  watch  in  a  guard-room  ;  the 
guard-room  itself ;  —  diplomatique , 
a  diplomatic  body. 

Corpus  delicti.  [L.]  The  substance  or 
foundation  of  the  offense. 

Corrigenda.  [L.]  Typographical  errors 
to  be  corrected. 

Couleur  de  rose.  [Fr.]  Rose  color;  an 
aspect  of  attractiveness. 

Coup  d'etat.  [Fr.]  A  stroke  of  policy 
in  public  affairs  ; — de  grace,  a  fin¬ 
ishing  stroke  ;  —  de  main,  a  sudden 
enterpi’ise  or  effort  ;  —  de  soleil,  a 
stroke  of  the  sun. 

Coble  qu'il  cobte.  [Fr.]  Let  it  cost 
what  it  may. 

Crede  quod  habes,  et  habes.  [Lat.]  Be¬ 
lieve  that  you  have  it,  and  you 
have  it. 

Crescite,  et  multiplicamini.  [L.]  Grow, 
or  increase,  and  multiply  ;  —  the 
motto  of  Maryland. 

Crevasse.  [Fr.]  A  deep  crevice ;  a 
breach. 

Crimen  falsi.  [L.]  Falsehood ;  perju¬ 
ry  ;  —  Ixsx  maje.statis,  high  treason. 

Crux  criticorum.  [L.]  The  puzzle  of 
critics. 

Cut  bono  ?  [L.]  For  whose  benefit  ? 
Colloquially ,  but  erroneously ,  of  what 
use  ? 

Cuisine.  [Fr.]  A  kitchen  ;  cookery. 

Cum  grano  salts.  [L.]  With  a  grain 
of  salt ;  with  some  allowance  ;  — 
privilegio,  with  privilege. 

Curiosa  felicitas.  [L.]  A  felicitous 
tact. 

Currente  calamo.  [L.]  With  a  run¬ 
ning  or  rapid  pen.  [rolls. 

Cuslos  rotulorum.  [L.]  Keeper  of  the 


D. 

Dal  segno.  [It.]  Repeat  from  the 
sign. 

De.  bonis  non.  [L.]  Of  the  goods  not 
yet  administered  on;  —  facto,  from 
the  fact ;  really  ;  — gustibus  non  est 
disputandum ,  there  is  no  disputing 
about  tastes  ;  — jure,  from  the  law  ; 
by  right  ;  —  mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum , 
say  nothing  but  good  of  the  dead ;  — 
nihilo  nihil  ft,  of  nothing  nothing 
is  made; — novo,  anew; — profundis, 
out  of  the  depths. 

34 


529 

De  trop.  [Fr.]  Too  much,  or  too 
many  ;  not  wanted. 

Dehors.  [Fr.]  Without;  out  of;  for¬ 
eign  ;  irrelevant. 

Dei  gratia.  [L.]  By  the  grace  of  God. 

Demi-monde.  [Fr.]  Disreputable  fe¬ 
male  society  ;  abandoned  women. 

Deo  gratias.  [L.]  Thanks  to  God;  — 
juvante,  with  God’s  help  ;  — volente, 
God  willing. 

Dernier  ressort.  [Fr.]  A  last  resource. 

Desipere  in  loco.  [L.]  To  jest  at  the 
proper  time. 

Desunt  extera.  [L.]  The  remainder 
is  wanting. 

Detur  digniori.  [L.]  Let  it  be  given 
to  the  more  worthy. 

Deus  ex  machina.  [L.]  A  god  from  the 
machine;  i.  e.  from  a  theatrical  con¬ 
trivance  for  making  gods  appear  in 
the  air ;  hence,  an  unexpected  and 
fortunate  occurrence. 

Dies  faustus.  [L.]  A  lucky  day ;  — 
infaustus,  an  unlucky  day  :  —  irx, 
day  of  wrath  ;  —  non,  a  day  on 
which  judges  do  not  sit. 

Dieu  defend  le  droit.  [Fr.]  God  de¬ 
fends  the  right ;  —  et  mon  droit ,  God 
and  my  right. 

Dignus  vindice  nodus.  [L.]  A  knot 
worthy  to  be  loosened  by  such  hands. 

Dirigo.  [L.]  I  direct  or  guide  ;  —  the 
motto  of  Maine. 

Disjecta  membra.  [L.]  Scattered  limbs 
or  remains.  [nent. 

Distingue.  [Fr.]  Distinguished ;  emi- 

Di strait.'  [Fr.]  Absent  in  thought. 

Divide  et  impera.  [L.]  Divide  and 
rule. 

Dolce.  [It.]  Soft,  —  used  in  music ;  — 
far  niente,  sweet  doing-nothing  ; 
sweet  idleness. 

Dominus  vobiscum.  [L.]  The  Lord 
be  with  j'OU. 

Double,  entente.  [Fr.]  Double  mean¬ 
ing  ;  a  play  on  words. 

Douceur.  [Fr.]  Sweetness  ;  a  bribe. 

Dramatis  personx.  [L.]  Characters 
represented  in  a  drama. 

Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patrih  mori. 
[L.]  It  is  sweet  and  honorable  to 
die  for  one’s  country. 

Dum  vivimus,  vivamus.  [L.]  While 
we  live,  let  us  live. 

Durante  beneplacito .  [L.]  During  good 
pleasure  ;  —  vita,  during  life. 


E. 

Eau  de  vie.  [Fr.]  Water  of  life ; 
brandy. 

Ecce  homo.  [L.]  Behold  the  man  ;  — 
applied  specifically  to  any  picture 
representing  the  Savior  given  up  to 
the  people  by  Pilate,  and  wearing  the 
crown  of  thorns  ;  —  signum,  behold 
the  sign. 

E  pluribus  unum.  [L.]  One  out  oi 
many  ;  one  composed  of  many  ;  — 
the  motto  of  the  United  States. 

Editio  princeps.  [L.]  The  first  edition. 

Egalite.  [Fr.]  Equality. 

Eldve.  [Fr.]  A  pupil ;  a  foster  child. 

Elite.  [Fr.]  A  choice  or  select  body 
of  persons. 


530  WORDS 

Eloge.  [Fr.]  A  funeral  oration 

Eloignement.  [Fr.]  Estrangement. 

Embonpoint.  [Fr.]  Plumpness ;  flesh¬ 
iness. 

Emeute.  [Fr.]  A  riot ;  a  mob. 

Employe.  [Fr.]  One  who  is  employed 
by  another;  a  person  in  service. 

En  arricre.  [Fr.]  In  the  rear  ;  — 
avant  !  forward  !  ;  —  deshabille ,  in 
undress  ;  —  famille,  in  a  domestic 
state  ;  — fin ,  at  last ;  finally  ;  —  pas¬ 
sant,  in  passing ;  by  the  way  ;  — 
plein  jour ,  in  broad  day  ;  — rapport , 
in  a  condition  or  relation  of  sympa¬ 
thy  ;  —  regie,  in  order  ;  according  to 
rules ;  —  route ,  on  the  way  ;  —  suite, 
in  company. 

Enciente.  [Fr.]  Pregnant. 

En  fans  pen!  us.  [Fr.]  Lost  children ; 
a  forlorn  hope. 

Enfant  gate.  [Fr.]  A  spoiled  child. 

Ennui.  [Fr.]  A  feeling  of  weariness 
and  disgust ;  tedium. 

Ensemble.  [Fr.]  The  whole. 

Ease  petit  placidam  sub  libertate  qui- 
etem.  [L.]  With  the  sword  she  seeks 
quiet  peace  under  liberty  ;  —  the 
motto  of  Massachusetts. 

Entente  cordiale.  [Fr.]  Evidences  of 
good  will  and  justice  toward  each 
other,  exchanged  by  the  chief  per¬ 
sons  of  two  states. 

Entourage.  [Fr.]  Surroundings ;  ad¬ 
juncts.  [table. 

Entree.  [Fr.]  Entry  ;  first  course  at 

Entre  nous.  [Fr.]  Between  ourselves. 

Entrepot.  [Fr.]  A  bonded  warehouse ; 

Ergo.  [L.]  Therefore.  [a  free  port. 

Espicglerie.  [Fr.]  Sportive  tricks. 

Esprit  de  corps.  [Fr.]  The  animating 
spirit  of  a  collective  body  ;  —  des  lois, 
spirit  of  the  laws.  [ual. 

Esto  perpetua.  [L.]  Let  it  be  pernet- 

E't  modus  in  rebus.  [L.]  There  is  a 
medium  in  all  things. 

Et  cum  spiritu  tuo.  [L.]  And  with 
thy  spirit; — id  genus  omne,  and 
every  thing  of  the  sort ;  —  sic  de 
similibus ,  and  so  of  the  like;  —  tu, 
Brute  !  and  thou  also,  Brutus  ! 

Eureka  (eiiprjxa,  hu-rS'ka.)  [Gr.]  I 
have  found  it;  —  the  motto  of  Cali¬ 
fornia. 

Exanimo.  [L.]  Heartily;  —  cathedra , 
from  the  bench ;  with  high  author¬ 
ity  ;  —  officio,  by  virtue  of  his  office ; 
—  parte,  on  one  side  only; — pede 
Herculem,  we  recognize  a  Hercules 
from  the  size  of  the  foot ;  that  is,  we 
judge  of  the  whole  from  the  speci¬ 
men ; —  post  facto,  after  the  deed  is 
done  ;  —  tempore ,  without  premedi¬ 
tation  ;  —  uno  disce  omnes,  from  one 
learn  all ;  —  vi  termini,  by  the  mean¬ 
ing  or  force  of  the  expression. 

Excelsior.  [L.]  Higher ;  more  ele¬ 
vated  ;  —  the  motto  of  New  York. 

Excerpta.  [L._]  Extracts.  [ample. 

Exempli  gratia.  [L.]  By  way  of  ex- 

Exeunt.  [L.]  They  go  out ;  —  omnes, 
all  go  out. 

Experirnentum  crucis.  [L.]  The  ex¬ 
periment  of  the  cross ;  a  decisive  ex¬ 
periment. 

Experlo  crede.  [L.]  Trust  one  who 
has  tried,  or  had  experience. 

Expose.  [Fr.]  An  exposition. 


PHRASES,  PROVERBS, 

F. 

Facile  princeps.  [L.]  Evidently  pre¬ 
eminent  ;  the  admitted  chief. 

Fait  accompli.  [Fr.]  A  thing  already 
done. 

Faubourg.  [Fr.]  A  suburb. 

Fauteuil.  [Fr.]  An  easy  chair. 

Faux  pas.  [Fr.]  A  false  step. 

Felo  de  se.  [F.]  A  suicide. 

Femme  couverte.  [Fr.]  A  married  wo¬ 
man  ;  —  de  ckambre,  a  chambermaid. 

Ferae  naturae.  [L.]  Of  a  wild  nature. 

Festina  iente.  [L.]  Hasten  slowly. 

Fete  champctre.  [Fr.]  A  rural  festival. 

Feu  de  joie.  [Fr.]  A  firing  of  guns  in 
token  of  joy  ;  a  bonfire. 

Feuilleton.  [Fr.]  Bottom  part  of  a 
French  newspaper,  separated  by  a 
line  from  the  rest,  and  devoted  to 
light  literature,  criticism,  & c. 

Fiacre.  [Fr.]  A  hack. 

Fiat  justitia,  rual  caelum.  [L.]  Let 
justice  be  done,  though  the  heavens 
fall ;  —  lux.  let  there  be  light. 

Fidei  defensor.  [L.]  Defender  of  the 
faith. 

Fides  Punica.  [L.]  Punic  faith ; 
treachery. 

Fid  us  Achates.  [L.]  Faithful  Acha¬ 
tes;  i.  e.j  a  true  friend. 

Filius  nullrus.  [L.]  A  son  of  nobody  ; 
—  terrae,  one  of  low  birth. 

Fille  de  chambre.  [Fr.]  A  chamber¬ 
maid  ;  —  de  joie,  a  prostitute. 

Flagrante  hello.  [L.]  During  hostili¬ 
ties  ;  —  delicto,  in  the  commission  of 
the  crime. 

Fortiter  in  re.  [L.]  With  firmness  in 
acting. 

Franco.  [It.]  Post  free. 

Friseur.  [Fr.]  A  hair-dresser. 

Fu.it  Ilium.  [L.]  Troy  has  been. 

Fusillade.  [Fr.]  A  simultaneous  dis¬ 
charge  of  fire-arms. 


G. 

Gallicd.  [L.]  In  French. 

Gargon.  [Fr.]  A  boy,  or  a  waiter. 

Garde  du  corps.  [Fr.]  A  body  guard. 

Genius  loci.  [L.]  The  genius  of  the 
place. 

Gens  d'armes.  [Fr.]  Armed  police. 

Genus  irritabile  vatum.  [L.]  The 
irritable  race  of  poets. 

Germanicd.  [L.]  In  German. 

Glebse  ascriptus.  [L.]  A  servant  be¬ 
longing  to  the  soil. 

Gloria  in  excelsis.  [L.]  Glory  to  God 
in  the  highest ;  —  Patri,  glory  be  to 
the  Father. 

TvinOi  creavrov  (  Gnothi  seauton ).  [Gr.] 
Know  thyself. 


H. 

Haud  passibus  sequis.  [L.]  Not  with 
equal  steps.  [elty. 

Haute  nouveaute.  [Fr.]  A  great  nov- 
Haut  gout.  [Fr.]  High  flavor;  fine  or 
elegant  taste. 


ETC. 

Helluo  librorum.  [L.]  A  devourer  of 
books  ;  a  book -worm. 

Hiatus  valde  deflendus.  [L.]  A  defi¬ 
ciency  much  to  be  regretted. 

Hie  et  ubique.  [L.]  Here  and  every¬ 
where  ;  —  jacet,  here  lies  ;  —  labor , 
hoc  opus  est,  this  is  labor,  this  is 
work. 

Hoc  age.  [L.]  Do  this  ;  —  tempore,  at 
this  time. 

Honi  soit  qui  mal  y  pense.  [Fr.]  Shame 
on  him  who  evil  thinks. 

Hora  c  sempre.  [It.]  It  is  always 
time. 

Hors  de  combat.  [Fr.]  Out  of  condi¬ 
tion  to  fight. 

Humanum  est  errare.  [L.]  To  err  is 
human. 


I. 

Ich  dien.  [Ger.]  I  serve. 

Id  est.  [L.]  That  is  ;  —  genus  omne, 
all  of  that  sort. 

Ignotum  per  ignotius.  [L.]  That 
which  is  unknown  by  something  still 
more  unknown. 

j  Imperium  in  imperio.  [L.]  A  gov¬ 
ernment  within  a  government. 

Imprimatur.  [L.]  Let  it  be  printed ; 

—  a  license  to  print  a  book,  See. 

Improvvisatore.  [It.]  An  impromptu 

poet. 

Improvvisatrice.  [It.]  An  impromptu 
poetess. 

In  seternum.  [L.]  Forever;  —  articulo 
mortis ,  at  the  point  of  death  ;  in  the 
last  struggle  ;  —  commendam,  in 
trust ;  —  curiar in  the  court ;  —  equi¬ 
libria,  in  equilibrium  ;  —  esse,  in  be¬ 
ing  ;  —  extremis,  at  the  point  of 
death  ;  — flagrante  delicto ,  taken  in 
the  fact  ;  — forma  pauperis,  as  a 
poor  man  ;  —  foro  conscientiae,  before 
the  tribunal  of  conscience  ;  — futu- 
ro,  in  future ;  henceforth  ;  — hoc  sig- 
no  vinces.  in  this  sign,  or  under  this 
standard,  thou  shalt  conquer ;  — 
limine,  at  the  threshold;  —  loco,  in 
the  proper  place  ;  —  loco  parentis,  in 
the  place  of  a  parent;  —  medias  res, 
into  the  midst  of  things,  or  affairs  ; 

—  medio  tutissimus  ibis,  you  will  go 
most  safely  in  the  middle  ;  —  memo- 
riam,  in  memory  ;  —  nubibus,  in  the 
clouds  ;  —  perpetuum ,  forever ;  — pos¬ 
se,  in  possible  existence  ;  — propria 
persona,  in  person  ;  —  pur  is  naturali- 
bus,  quite  naked ;  —  re,  in  the  matter 
of;  —  rem,  against  the  thing;  — 
saerula  sseculorum,  for  ages  on  ages; 

—  situ,  in  its  original  situation;  — 
statu  quo,  in  the  former  state;  — 
terrorem,  as  a  warning;  —  toto,  in 
the  whole  ;  entirely  ;  —  totidem  ver¬ 
bis,  in  so  many  words  ;  —  transitu, 
on  the  passage  ;  —  usum  Delphini, 
for  the  use  of  the  Dauphin  ;  — 
utrumque  paratus,  prepared  for  either 
event ;  —  vacuo,  in  empty  space  ;  — 
verba  magistri  jurare ,  to  swear  to, 
or  by,  the  words  of  another;  to 
adopt  opinions  on  the  authority  of 
another  ;  —  vino  verilas,  there  is 
truth  in  wine. 


WORDS,  PHRASES,  PROVERBS,  ETC.  531 


Infanta.  [Sp.]  A  princess  of  the  blood 
royal  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Infante.  [Sp.]  Any  son  of  the  king, 
except  the  eldest,  or  heir  apparent. 

Insouciance.  [Fr.]  Indifference  ;  care¬ 
lessness. 

Instar  omnium.  [L.]  Like  all. 

Inter  alia.  [L.]  Among  other  things  ; 
—  nos ,  between  ourselves. 

Invito.  Minerva.  [L.]  Without  genius. 

Ipse  dixit.  [L.]  He  himself  said  it. 

Ipsissima  verba.  [L.]  The,  very  words. 

Ipso  facto.  [L.]  In  the  fact  itself ; 
^jure,  by  the  law  itself. 


J. 

Jacta  est  alea.  [L.]  The  die  is  cast. 

Je  ne  sais  quoi.  [Fr.]  I  know  not 
what. 

Jeu  de  mots.  [Fr.]  A  play  on  words  ; 
a  pun  ;  —  d'esprit ,  a  witticism. 

Jupiter  tonans.  [L.]  Jupiter  the  thun- 
derer. 

Jure  divino.  [L.]  By  divine  law. 

Jus  civile.  [L.]  Civil  law  ;  —  divinum, 
divine  law  ;  —  et  norma  loquendi ,  the 
law  and  rule  of  speech  ;  —  gentium , 
law  of  nations. 

Juste  milieu.  [Fr.]  The  golden  mean. 


L. 

Labor  ipse  voluptas.  [L.]  Labor  itself 
is  pleasure; — omnia  vincit,  labor 
conquers  every  thing. 

Laissez  faire.  [Fr.]  Let  alone. 

Lapsus  linguae.  [L.]  A  slip  of  the 
tongue. 

Latet  angitis  in  herba.  [L.]  A  snake 
lies  hid  in  the  grass. 

Laudator  temporis  acti.  [L.]  A  praiser 
of  time  past. 

Laus  Deo.  [L.]  Praise  to  God. 

Le  beau  monde.  [Fr.]  The  fashiona¬ 
ble  world ;  —  diable  boiteux,  the  lame 
devil ;  —  roi  et  Vetat ,  king  and  state ; 
roi  le  veut .  the  king  wills  it; — roi 
s'avisera,  the  king  will  consider  or 
deliberate. 

Ldse  majeste.  [Fr.]  High  treason. 

L'etoile  du  nord.  [Fr.]  The  star  of 
the  north  ;  — the  motto  of  Minnesota. 

Lettre  de  cachet.  [Fr.]  A  sealed  letter  ; 
a  royal  warrant  ;  —  de  marque ,  a  let¬ 
ter  of  marque  or  of  reprisal. 

Lex  loci.  [L.]  The  law  of  the  place  ; 
—  non  scripta ,  the  common  law  ;  — 
scripta ,  statute  law;  —  talionis,  the 
law  of  retaliation. 

L'homme  propose ,  et  Dieu  dispose. 
[Fr.]  Man  proposes,  and  God  dis¬ 
poses. 

Liaison.  [Fr.]  An  alliance  ;  an  illicit 
connection. 

Lite  pendente.  [L.]  During  trial. 

Litera  scripta  manet.  [L.]  The  writ¬ 
ten  letter  remains. 

Loco  citato.  [L.]  In  the  place  cited. 

Locum  tenens.  [L.]  A  deputy  or  sub¬ 
stitute  ;  a  proxy. 

Locus  in  quo.  [L.]  The  place  in 
which  •,  —  sigilli,  place  of  the  seal. 


Longo  intervallo.  [L.]  By  or  with 
long  interval.  [ment. 

Lucidus  ordo.  [L.]  A  clear  arrange- 
Lucus  a  non  lucendo.  [L.]  A  jeu 
d'esprit  in  etymology,  which,  assum¬ 
ing  that  Incus,  a  dark  wood  or  grove, 
is  derived  from  the  verb  lucere,  to 
shine,  supposes  it  must  be  d  non 
lucendo ,  from  its  not  being  light. 
Lusus  naturae.  [L.]  A  sport  or  freak 
of  nature. 


M. 

Macte  virtute.  [L.]  Proceed  in  virtue. 

Mafois.  [Fr.]  Upon  my  faith. 

Magna  est  veritas ,  et  prevalebit.  [L.] 
Truth  is  mighty,  and  it  will  prevail. 

Magnum  opus.  [L.]  A  great  work. 

Magnus  Apollo.  [L.]  Great  Apollo  ; 
one  of  high  authority. 

Mai  son  de  ville.  [Fr.]  The  town-house. 

Maitre  d' hotel.  [Fr.]  A  house-steward. 

Mai  a  propos.  [Fr.]  Ill-timed. 

Malgrc  nous.  [Fr.]  In  spite  of  us. 

Malum,  in  se.  [L.]  Bad  in  itself. 

Mare  clausum.  [L.]  A  closed  sea  ;  a 
bay. 

Materiel.  [Fr.]  Materials  or  instru¬ 
ments  employed  (opposed  to  per¬ 
sonnel). 

Mauvais  goilt.  [Fr.]  Bad  taste;  — 
honte ,  false  modesty. 

Me'ya  /3i/3A<.W,  peya  ko.kov  (mega  bibli- 
07i,  mega  kakon).  [Gr.]  A  great 
book  is  a  great  evil. 

Me  judice.  [L.]  I  being  judge. 

Melange.  [Fr.]  A  medley. 

Melee.  [Fr.]  A  hand-to-hand  fight ; 
a  riot. 

Memento  mori.  [L.]  Remember  death. 

Memorabilia.  [L.]  Things  to  be  re¬ 
membered. 

Mens  sana  in  corpore  sano.  [L.]  A 
sound  mind  in  a  sound  body  ;  —  sibi 
conscia  recti ,  a  mind  conscious  of 
rectitude. 

Messalliance.  [Fr.]  Improper  associa¬ 
tion  ;  marriage  with  one  of  lower 
station. 

Meurn  et  tuum.  [L.]  Mine  and  thine. 

Mirabile  dictu.  [L.]  Wonderful  to  be 
told. 

Mise  en  seine.  [Fr.]  The  putting  in 
preparation  for  the  stage. 

Mittimus.  [L.]  We  send  ;  —  a  writ  to 
commit  an  offender  to  prison. 

Modus  operandi.  [L.]  Manner  of  op¬ 
eration. 

Montani  semper  liberi.  [L.]  Moun¬ 
taineers  are  always  freemen  ;  —  the 
motto  of  ^Vest  Vii’ginia. 

Monumentum  sere  perennius.  [L.]  A 
monument  more  durable  than  brass. 

Multum  inparvo.  [L*]  Much  in  little. 

Mutatis  mutandis.  [L.]  The  necessary 
changes  being  made. 

Mutato  nomine.  [L.]  The  name  being 
changed. 

N. 

Naive.  [Fr.]  Having  native  or  un¬ 
affected  simplicity. 


Naivete.  [Fr.]  Native  simplicity. 

Ne  plus  ultra.  [L.]  Nothing  further ; 

—  quid  nimis,  not  any  thing  too 
much  or  too  far ;  —  sutor  ultra  cre- 
pidam,  let  not  the  shoemaker  go 
beyond  his  last. 

Nee.  [Fr.]  Born  ;  as,  Madame  de  Stael, 
nee  (that  is,  whose  maiden  name 
was)  Necker. 

Negligee.  [Fr.]  An  easy,  unceremo¬ 
nious  attire ;  undress. 

Nemine  contradicente.  [L.]  No  one 
speaking  in  opposition  ;  —  dissenti- 
ente ,  no  one  dissenting. 

Nemo  me  impune  lacessit.  [L.]  No 
one  wounds  me  with  impunity;  — 
the  motto  of  Scotland. 

Nil  admirari.  [L.]  To  wonder  at 
nothing  ;  —  conscire  sibi,  to  be  con¬ 
scious  of  no  fault ;  —  desperandum, 
never  despair. 

N'importe.  [Fr.]  It  matters  not. 

Noblesse  oblige.  [Fr.]  Rank  imposes 
obligation  ;  much  is  rightly  expected 
of  one  of  high  birth  or  station. 

Nolens  volens.  [L.]  Whether  he  will 
or  not.  [me. 

Noli  me  tangere.  [L.]  Don’t  touch 

Nolle  prosequi.  [L.]  To  be  unwilling 
to  proceed. 

'Nom  de  plume.  [Fr.]  A  pen  name  ; 
an  assumed  title; — de  guerre ,  a 
war  name  ;  a  traveling  title  ;  a  pseu¬ 
donym. 

Non  compos  mentis.  [L.]  Not  in 
sound  mind  ;  — constat ,  it  does  not 
appear;  —  est  inventus,  he  has  not 
been  found ;  —  liquet,  it  is  not  clear  ; 

—  obstante,  notwithstanding  ;  —  om¬ 

nia  possuvms  omnes,  we  can  not,  all 
of  us,  do  all  things ;  —  omnis  moriar , 
I  shall  not  wholly  die  ;  —  sequitur, 
it  does  not  follow ;  an  unwarranted 
conclusion.  [ber. 

Non  mi  ricordo.  [It.]  I  don’t  remem- 

Nosce  teipsum.  [L.]  Know  thyself. 

Nota  bene.  [L.]  Mark  well. 

Noubliez  pas.  [Fr.]  Don’t  forget. 

Nous  verrons.  [Fr.]  We  shall  see. 

Novus  homo.  [L.]  A  new  man. 

Nuance.  [Fr.]  Shade  ;  gradation  ;  tint. 

Nudum  pactum.  [L-]  A  contract 
made  without  any  consideration,  and 
therefore  void.  [never. 

Nunc  aut  nunquam.  [L.]  Now  or 

0. 

Obiit.  [L.]  He,  or  she,  died. 

Obiter  dictum.  [L.]  A  thing  said  by 
the  way,  or  in  passing. 

Obsta  principiis.'  [L.]  Resist  the  first 
beginnings. 

Odium  theologicum.  [L.]  The  hatred 
of  theologians. 

Gi.il  de  baeuf.  [Fr.  ]  A  bull’s  eye. 

Ohe  .'jam  satis.  [L.]  0,  now  there  is 
enough. 

Ot  nokkoi  (Hoi  polloi).  [Gr.]  The 
many  ;  the  rabble. 

Omnia  vincit  amor.  [L.]  Love  con¬ 
quers  all  things  ;  —  vincit  labor ,  labor 
overcomes  all  things. 

On  dit.  [Fr.]  They  say  ;  flying  rumor. 

Onus  probandi.  [L.]  The  burden 
of  proving. 


532  WORDS,  PHRASES,  PROVERBS,  ETC. 


Ora  e  sempre.  [It.]  Now  and  always. 

Ora  pro  nobis.  [L.]  Pray  for  us. 

Orator  Jit,  poeta  nascitur.  [L.]  The 
orator  is  made,  but  the  poet  is  born. 

Ore  rotunda.  [L.]  With  round,  full 
voice ;  —  tenus,  as  far  as  the  mouth. 

O  !  si  sic  omnia.  [L.]  0  that  he  had 

always  done  or  spoken  thus. 

O  temporal  O  mores!  [L.]  0  the 

times  !  0  the  manners ! 

Otium  cum  dignitate.  [L.]  Ease 
with  dignity  ;  dignified  leisure. 

Oubliette.  [Fr.]  Dungeon  of  a  castle. 

Oui  dire.  [Fr.]  Hearsay. 

Outre.  [Fr.]  Out  of  the  common 
course;  extravagant.  [san. 

Ouvrier.  [Fr.]  A  workman;  an  arti- 


P. 

Palmam  qui  meruit  ferat.  [L.]  Let 
him  who  has  won  it  bear  the  palm. 

Papier  mctclice.  [Fr.]  Chewed  or 
mashed  paper ;  a  hard  substance 
made  of  a  pulp  from  rags  or  paper. 

Par  exemple.  [Fr.]  For  example  ;  — 
excellence ,  by  way  of  eminence. 

Pari  passu.  [L.]  With  equal  pace. 

Par  nobile  fratrum.  [L.]  A  noble 
pair  of  brothers  ;  two  just  alike. 

Parole  d'honneur.  [Fr.]  Word  of 
honor.  [plice. 

Particeps  criminis.  [L.]  An  accom- 

Parva  componere  magnis.  [L.]  To 
compare  small  things  with  great. 

Parvenu.  [Fr.]  An  upstart  ;  one 
newly  risen  into  notice. 

Pas  d  pas.  [Fr.]  Step  by  step. 

Passe.  [Fr.]  Past ;  out  of  use ; 
faded ;  worn  out. 

Passe-partout.  [Fr.]  A  master-key. 

Pate  de  foie  gras.  [Fr.]  Goose-liver 
pie.  [family. 

Paterfamilias.  [L.]  The  father  of  a 

Pater  noster.  [L.]  Our  Father ;  the 
Lord’s  prayer  ;  —  patrise,  father  of 
his  country. 

Patois.  [Fr.]  Dialect  of  the  lower 
classes. 

Patres  conscripti.  [L.]  Conscript  fa¬ 
thers  ;  the  Roman  senators. 

Peccavi.  [L.]  I  have  sinned. 

Peine  forte  et  dure.  [Fr.]  Strong 
and  severe  punishment. 

Penchant.  [Fr.]  Inclination  ;  liking. 

Pendente  lite.  [L.]  Pending  the  suit. 

Pensee.  [Fr.]  Thought. 

Per  annum.  [L.]  By  the  year  ;  — cap¬ 
ita,  by  the  head ;  —  centum,  by  the 
hundred ;  — contra,  contrariwise  ;  — 
diem,  by  the  day;  —  se,  by  itself 
considered. 

Perdu.  [Fr.]  Lost. 

Personnel.  [Fr.]  Body  of  persons 
employed  in  some  public  service. 

Petit  maitre.  [Fr.]  A  dandy  ;  a  cox¬ 
comb. 

Petitio  principii.  [L.]  A  begging  of 
the  question. 

Peu-d-peu.  [Fr.]  Little  by  little. 

Peu  de  chose.  [Fr.]  A  trifle. 

Piece  de  resistance.  [Fr.]  A  solid  joint. 

Pirouette.  [Fr.]  A  whirl  on  the  toes, 
as  in  dancing. 

Pis  aller.  [Fr.]  The  last  shift. 


Pill.  [It.]  More. 

Pleno  jure.  [L.]  With  full  authority. 

Plexus.  [L.]  A  net-work  ;  web. 

Poco  a  poco.  [It.]  Little  by  little. 

Poeta  nascitur ,  non  ft.  [L.]  The 
poet  is  born,  not  made. 

Point  d'appui.  [Fr.]  Point  of  sup¬ 
port  ;  prop. 

Pons  asinorum.  [L.]  Bridge  of  asses. 

Post  mortem.  [L.]  After  death;  — 
obitum ,  after  death. 

Pot-pourri.  [Fr.]  A  hotch-potch  ;  a 
medley. 

Preux  chevalier.  [Fr.]  A  brave  knight. 

Prirna  facie.  [L.]  On  the  first  view. 

Primus  inter  pares.  [L.]  Chief  among 
equals. 

Principia,  non  homines.  [L.]  Princi¬ 
ples,  not  men. 

Principiis  obsta.  [L.]  Resist  the  first 
beginnings. 

Pro  aris  et  focis.  [L.]  For  our  altars 
and  firesides;  —  bo  no  publico  for  the 
public  good;  —  et  con,  for  and 
against  ;  —  formh,  for  the  sake  of 
form  ;  —  hac  vice ,  for  this  turn  or 
occasion; — rata ,  in  proportion;  — 
re  nata,  for  a  special  emergency  ;  — 
tanto,  for  so  much;  —  tempore ,  for 
the  time. 

Proccs  verbal.  [Fr.]  A  written  state¬ 
ment.  [vulgar. 

Profanum  vulgus.  [L.]  The  profane 

Prohpudor.  [L.]  0,  for  shame. 

Propria  r/use  maribus.  [L.]  Those 
things  which  are  appropriate  or  pe¬ 
culiar  to  males  or  men,  or  to  hus¬ 
bands.  [ery. 

Punica  fdes.  [L.]  Punic  faith  ;  treach- 


Q- 

Qua.  [L.]  So  far  as ;  in  so  far  as. 

Quantum  libet.  [L.]  As  much  as  you 
please; — meruit,  as  much  as  he 
deserved;  —  mutalus  ab  illo !  how 
changed  from  what  he  was  1  ;  —  suf- 
ficit ,  a  sufficient  quantity  ;  —  vis,  as 
much  as  you  will. 

Quasi.  [L.]  As  if;  in  a  manner. 

Quelque  chose.  [Fr.]  A  trifle  ;  some¬ 
thing  ;  any  thing. 

Quid  pro  quo.  [L.]  One  thing  for  an¬ 
other  ;  an  equivalent ;  —  rides  ?  why 
do  you  laugh  ? 

Qui  facit  per  alium ,  facitper  se.  [L.] 
He  who  does  a  thing  by  the  agency 
of  another,  does  it  himself. 

Quis  custodiet  ipsos  custodes?  [L.] 
Who  shall  guard  the  guards  them¬ 
selves  ? 

Qui  transtulit,  sustinet.  [L.]  He  who 
transplanted,  still  sustains  ;  —  the 
motto  of  Connecticut. 

Qui  vive  ?  [Fr.]  Who  goes  there  ?  — 
hence,  on  the  qui  vive,  on  the  alert. 

Quoad  hoc.  [L.]  To  this  extent. 

Quo  animo  ?  [L.]  With  what  mind  or 
intention  ?  — jure.  ?  By  what  right  ? 

Quod  erat  demonstrandum.  [L.] 
Which  was  to  be  demonstrated  ;  — 
vide,  which  see. 

Quos  Deus  vult  perdere,  prius  demen- 
tat.  [L.]  Those  whom  God  wishes 
to  destroy,  he  first  makes  mad. 


R 

Rara  avis.  [L.]  A  rare  bird. 

Recueii.  [Fr.]  Collection. 

Reductio  ad  absurdum.  [L.]  A  re¬ 
ducing  a  position  to  an  absurdity. 

Regnant  populi.  [L.]  The  peoplo 
rule; — the  motto  of  Arkansas. 
[Properly,  Regnat  populus.] 

Re  infecta.  [L.J  The  business  being 
unfinished. 

Religio  loci.  [L.]  The  religious  spirit 
of  the  place. 

Renommee.  [Fr.]  Renown  ;  fame. 

Requiescat  in  pace.  [L.]  May  he  rest 
in  peace. 

Res  angusta  domi.  [L,]  Narrow  cir¬ 
cumstances  at  home ;  poverty. 

Respice  finem.  [L.]  Look  to  the  end. 

Resume.  [Fr.]  A  summing  up  ;  re¬ 
capitulation. 

Resurgam.  [L.]  I  shall  rise  again. 

Revenons  d  nos  moutons.  [Fr.]  Let  us 
return  to  our  sheep;  let  us  return 
to  our  subject. 

Rifacimento.  [It.]  Renewal  ;  re-es¬ 
tablishment. 

Robe  de  chambre.  [Fr.]  A  dressing- 
gown  or  morning-gown. 

Rouleau.  [Fr.]  A  little  roll. 

Rudis  indigestaque  moles.  [L.]  A 
rude  and  undigested  mass. 

Ruse  de  guerre.  [Fr.]  A  stratagem  of 
war. 

Rus  in  urbe.  [L.]  The  country  in  town. 


S. 

Salle.  [Fr.]  A  hall. 

Salon.  [Fr.]  An  apartment  for  com¬ 
pany  ;  a  fashionable  party  ;  or  fash¬ 
ionable  society. 

Salus populi  suprema  est  lex.  [L.]  The 
welfare  of  the  people  is  the  supreme 
law  ;  —  the  motto  of  Missouri. 

Sanctum  sanctorum.  [L.]  Holy  of 
holies. 

Sans  ccrcmonie.  [Fr.]  Without  cer¬ 
emony  ;  — peuret  sans  reproche,  with¬ 
out  fear  and  without  reproach. 

Sartor  resartus.  [L.]  The  cobbler 
mended. 

Sauve  qui  peut.  [Fr.]  Save  himself 
who  can. 

Savoir faire.  [Fr.]  Ability; — vivre, 
good  breeding. 

Scandalum  magnatum.  [L.]  De¬ 
famatory  speech  or  writing  to  the 
injury  of  persons  of  dignity. 

Scire  facias.  [L.]  Cause  it  to  bo 
known. 

Seance.  [Fr.]  A  sitting  or  session. 

Secundum  artem.  [L.]  According 
to  rule ;  —  naturam,  according  to  the 
course  of  nature  ;  —  ordinem,  in  or¬ 
der. 

Semper  felix.  [L.]  Always  fortunate  ; 
— fi delis,  always  faithful ;  —  idem , 
always  the  same  ;  —  paratus,  al¬ 
ways  ready. 

Senates  consultum.  [L.]  A  decree 
of  the  Senate. 

Se  non  e  vero,  e  ben  trovato.  [It.]  If 
not  true,  it  is  well  feigned. 


WORDS,  PHRASES,  PROVERBS,  ETC.  533 


Sesquipedalia  verba.  [L.]  Words  a  foot 
and  a  half  long. 

Sic  itur  ad  antra.  [L.]  Such  is  the 
way  to  immortality  ; — passim,  so 
everywhere;  — semper  tyrannis, ever 
so  to  tyrants  (the  motto  of  Vir¬ 
ginia) ; —  transit  gloria  mundi,  so 
passes  away  earthly  glory  ;  — cos  non 
vobis,  thus  you  do  not  labor  for 
yourselves. 

Sicut  ante.  [L.]  As  before; — patri- 
bus,  sit  Deus  nobis,  as  God  was  with 
our  fathers,  so  may  he  be  with  us. 

Similia  similibus  curantur.  [L.]  Like 
things  are  cured  by  like. 

Si  monvmentum  quxris,  circumspice. 
[L.]  If  you  seek  his  monument,  look 
around. 

Simplex  munditiis.  [L.]  Of  simple 
elegance. 

Sine  curd.  [L.]  Without  charge  or 
care  ;  —  die ,  without  a  day  appoint¬ 
ed  ; —  qua  non,  an'  indispensable 
condition. 

Si  quceris  peninsulam  amxnam,  cir¬ 
cumspice.  [L.]  If  thou  seekest  a 
beautiful  pomnsula,  behold  it  here  ; 
—  the  motto  of  Michigan. 

Sit  tibi  terra  levis.  [L.]  May  the  earth 
lie  lightly  upon  thee. 

Soubretle.  [Fr.]  An  intriguing  woman. 

Stans  pede  in  uno.  [L.]  Standing  on 
one  foot. 

Stat  magni  nominis  umbra.  [L.]  He 
stands  the  shadow  of  a  mighty 
name. 

Statu  quo  ante  belliim.  [L.]  In  the 
state  which  was  before  the  war. 

Status  quo.  [L.]  The  state  in  which. 

Stet.  [L.]  Let  it  stand, 

Suaviter  in  modo,  fortiter  in  re.  [L.] 
Gentle  in  manners,  but  resolute  in 
deed 

Sub  judice.  [L.]  Under  considera¬ 
tion ; —  rasa,  under  the  rose;  pri¬ 
vately. 

Sui  generis.  [L.]  Of  its  own  kind  ;  — 
juris,  in  one’s  own  right. 

Summum  bonum.  [L.]  The  chief 
good. 

Suo  Marte.  [L.]  By  his  own  strength. 

Suum  cuique.  [L.]  Let  each  have  his 
own. 

T. 

Tabula  rasa.  [L.]  A  smooth  or  blank 
tablet. 

Tant  pis.  [Fr.]  So  much  the  worse. 

Tantum  vidit  Virgilium.  [L.]  He 


merely  saw  Virgil  (that  is,  the  great 
man). 

Tapis.  [Fr.]  A  carpet ;  also,  the  cover 
of  a  council-table ;  hence,  to  be  on 
the  tapis  is  to  be  under  considera¬ 
tion. 

Tempora  mutantur,  et  nos  mutamur 
in  illis.  [L.]  The  times  are  changed, 
and  we  are  changed  with  them. 

Tentpus  edax  rerum.  [L.]  Time  the 
devourer  of  all  things; — fugit,  time 
flies. 

Terrx  Jilius.  [L.]  A  son  of  the  earth  ; 
that  is,  a  human  being. 

Terra  Jirma.  [L.]  Solid  earth  ;  a  safe 
footing  ;  —  incognita,  an  unknown 
country. 

Tertium  quid.  [L.]  A  third  some¬ 
thing  ;  a  nondescript. 

Tiers-dtat.  [Fr.]  The  third  estate  ; 
commons  or  commonalty. 

To  Ka\ov  (To  kalon).  [Gr.]  The 
beautiful  ;  the  chief  good  ;  —  npenov 
( prepon ),  the  proper  or  becoming. 

Totidem  verbis.  [L.]  In  just  so  many 
words. 

Toties  quoties.  [L.]  As  often  as. 

Toto  ccelo.  [L.]  By  the  whole  heavens ; 
diametrically  opposite. 

Tout-d-fait.  [Fr.]  Entirely; — au 
contra  ire,  on  the  contrary  ;  —  en¬ 
semble,  the  whole  taken  together. 


u. 

Uberrima  fides.  [L.]  Superabound- 
ing  faith.  [tioned. 

Ubi  supra.  [L.]  Where  above  men- 

Ultima  ratio  regum.  [L.]  The  last 
argument  of  kings  ;  war ;  —  Thule, 
utmost  limit. 

Una  voce.  [L.]  With  one  voice. 

Uno  aninio.  [L.]  With  one  mind; 
unanimously. 

Usque  ad  aras.  [L.]  To  the  very 
altars  ; — ad  nauseam,  to  disgust. 

Utile  dulci.  [L.]  The  useful  with  the 
pleasant. 

Ut  infra.  [L.]  As  below; — supra, 
as  above  stated. 

Uti  possidetis.  [L.]  As  you  possess  ; 
state  of  present  possession. 


V. 

Vade  mecum.  [L.]  Go  with  me  ;  a 
constant  companion. 


V x  victis.  [L.]  Woe  to  the  vanquished. 

Vale.  [L.]  F'arewell. 

Valet  de  chambre.  [Fr.]  An  attend¬ 
ant ;  a  footman. 

Variorum  notx.  [L.]  The  notes  of  va¬ 
rious  authors. 

Veni,  vidi ,  v id.  [L.]  I  came,  I  saw, 

I  conquered. 

Verbatim  et  literatim.  [L.]  Word  for 
word  and  letter  for  letter. 

Verbum  sat  sapienti.  [L.]  A  word  is 
enough  for  a  wise  man. 

Vettu.ro.  [It.]  A  hack. 

Vetturino.  [It.]  A  hackman. 

Vexata  quxstio.  [L.]  A  disputed 
question. 

Via.  [L.]  By  the  way  of. 

Via  media.  [L.]  A  middle  course. 

Vice.  [L.]  In  the  place  of;  —  rersd, 
the  terms  being  exchanged. 

Vide  ut  supra.  [L.]  See  what  is  stated 
above.  [by  main  force. 

Vi  et  armis.  [L-]  By  force  and  arms ; 

Vinc.it  amor  patrix.  [L.]  Love  of  coun¬ 
try  prevails  ;  —  omnia  veritas,  truth 
conquers  all  things. 

Vinculum  matrimonii.  [L.]  The  bond 
of  marriage. 

Vires  acquirit  eundo.  [L.]  She  ac¬ 
quires  strength  in  her  progress. 

Vis  a  vis.  [Fr.]  Opposite  ;  facing. 

Vis  a  tergo.  [L.]  A  propelling  force 
from  behind;  —  inertix,  the  power 
of  inertia  ;  resistance.;  —  vitx ,  the 
vigor  of  life. 

Vitam  impendere  vero.  [L.]  To  stake 
one’s  life  for  the  truth. 

Vivat  regina.  [L.]  Long  live  the 
queen  ;  —  rex,  long  live  the  king. 

Viva  voce.  [L.]  By  the  living  voice ; 
by  oral  testimony. 

Vive  la  republique.  [Fr.]  Long  live  the 
republic ;  —  la  bagatelle  !  success  to 
trifling;  —  le  roi,  long  live  the  king. 

Voild.  [Fr.]  Behold  ;  there  is,  or  there 
are. 

Vox,  et  prxterea  nihil.  [L.]  A  voice, 
and  nothing  more  ;  — populi ,  vox 
Dei ,  the  voice  of  the  people  is  the 
voice  of  God. 

Vraisemblance.  [Fr.]  Appearance  of 
truth. 

z. 

Zonam  solvere.  [L.]  To  loose  the  vir¬ 
gin  zone. 

Zotlverein.  [Ger.]  A  union  among 
the  German  states  for  the  collection 
of  custom-house  duties. 


THE  METRIC  SYSTEM 


OF 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

METRIC  DENOMINATIONS  AND  VALUES. 

EQUIVALENTS  IN  DENOMINATIONS  IN  USE. 

Mvriameter .  10,000  meters. 

Kilometer .  1,000  meters, 

Hectometer . 100  meters, 

Dekameter  .  10  meters, 

Meter . 1  meter, 

Decimeter . i  <7  of  a  meter, 

Centimeter . of  a  meter, 

Millimeter  . ToVo  a  meter- 

.  0.3937  inch. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

METRIC  DENOMINATIONS  AND  VALUES. 

EQUIVALENTS  IN  DENOMINATIONS  IN  USE. 

Hectare  .  10,000  square  meters, 

Are  .  . . 100  square  meters, 

Centare . 1  square  meter, 

MEASURES  OF  CAPACITY. 


METRIC  DENOMINATIONS  AND  VALUES. 

EQUIVALENTS  IN  DENOMINATIONS 

IN  USE. 

Names. 

No.  of 
liters. 

Cubic  Measure. 

Dry  Measure. 

Liquid  or  Wine 
Measure. 

Kiloliter,  or  Stere 

1,000 

1  cubic  meter . 

1.308  cubic  yards . 

264.17  gallons. 

Hectoliter .  .  . 

100 

of  a  cubic  meter . 

2  bushels  and  3.35  pecks . 

26.417  gallons. 

Dekaliter  .  .  . 

10 

10  cubic  decimeters . 

9.08  quarts . 

2.6417  gallons. 

Liter  .... 

1 

1  cubic  decimeter . 

1.0567  quarts. 

Deciliter  .  .  . 

1 

10 

_1_  of  a  cubic  decimeter  .  .  . 

1  0 

6.1022  cubic  inches . 

0.845  gill. 

Centiliter  .  .  . 

1 

Too 

10  cubic  centimeters . 

0.6102  cubic  inch . 

0.338  fluid  oz. 

Milliliter  .  .  . 

l 

To  00 

1  cubic  centimeter . 

0.061  cubic  inch . 

0.27  fluid  dram. 

WEIGHTS. 


METRIC  DENOMINATIONS  AND  VALUES. 

EQUIVALENTS  IN  DENOM¬ 
INATIONS  IN  USE. 

Names. 

Number  of 
grams. 

Weight  of  what  quantity  of  water  at  maximum  density. 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 

Millier  or  Tonneau  . 

1,000,000 

1  cubic  meter . 

2,204.6  pounds. 

Quintal . 

100,000 

1  hectoliter . 

220.46  pounds. 

Myriagram .... 

10,000  10  liters . 

22.046  pounds. 

Kilogram  or  Kilo  . 

1,000 

1  liter . 

2.2046  pounds. 

Hectogram .... 

100 

1  deciliter . 

3.5274  ounces. 

Dekagram  .... 

10 

10  cubic  centimeters . 

0.3527  ounce. 

Gram . 

1 

1  cubic  centimeter . 

15.432  grains. 

Decigram  .  .  .  . 

tV 

of  a  cubic  centimeter . 

1.5432  grains. 

Centigram  .  .  •  . 

To~o 

0.1543  grain. 

Milligram  .  .  .  . 

TlTol) 

0.0154  grain. 

( 534) 


ABBREVIATIONS 

USED  IN 

WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


A. 

,  or  a.  Adjective  ;  After¬ 
noon;  Acre. 

a.,or@.  ( Ad .)  To  or  at. 

a.,or  aa.  (Ana.,  Gr.  ava.) 
In  mud.,  Of  each  the  same 
quantity. 

A.,  or  Ans.  Answer. 

A.  A.  G.  Assistant  Adjutant 
General. 

A.  A.  S.  ( Academies  Amer¬ 
icans  Socius.)  Fellow  of 
the  American  Academy. 

A.  B.  (Artium  Baccalau- 
reus.)  Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Abbr.  Abbreviated. 

A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  American 
Board  of  Commissioners 
for  Foreign  Missions. 

Abl.  Ablative. 

Abp.  Archbishop. 

A.  C.  ( Ante  Christum.)  Be¬ 
fore  Christ. 

Acc.  Accusative. 

Acc..,  or  Acct.  Account. 

Act.,  or  act.  Active. 

A.  D.  ( Anno  Domini.)  In 
the  year  of  our  Lord. 

Ad.,  or  adv.  Adverb. 

Ad  lib.  (Ad  libitum.)  At 
pleasure. 

Adm.  Admiral ;  Admiralty. 

Admr.  Administrator. 

Admx.  Administratrix. 

Adv.  Advocate ;  advent. 

JE.,  or  JEt.  (jEtatis.)  Of  age  ; 
aged. 

Ag.  (Argentum.)  Silver 

Agt.  Agent. 

AL,  or  Ala.  Alabama. 

Alex.  Alexander. 

A.  M.  (Artium  Magister  ) 
Master  of  Arts. —  (Ante 
Meridiem.)  Before  noon. 
—  (Anno.'Miindi.)  In  the 
year  of  the  World. 

Am.  Amos  ;  American. 

Amer.  American. 

Amt.  Amount. 

Anon.  Anonymous. 

Ans.  Answer. 

Aatiq.  Antiquities. 

Apo.  Apogee. 

Apr.  April. 

A-  R-  (Anno  Regni.)  Year 
of  the  reign. 

Aritk.  Arithmetic. 

Ark.  Arkansas. 

As.  Arsenic  ;  Arkansas  ;  As¬ 
tronomy 

Asst.  Assistant. 

A.  S.  S.  TJ.  American  Sun¬ 
day  School  Union. 


Att.,  or  Atty.  Attorney. 
Atty.  Gen.  Attorney  General. 

A.  TJ.  C.  (Ab  Urbe  Condi ta.) 
In  the  year  from  the  build¬ 
ing  of  the  city,  i.  e.,  Rome. 

Aug.  August. 

Aur.  (Aurum.)  Gold. 

Avoir.  Avoirdupois. 

B. 

b.  Born. 

B.  A.  British  America  ; 
Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Ba.  Barium. 

Bal.  Balance. 

Bar.  Barleycorn  ;  Barrel. 
Bart.,  or  Bt.  Baronet. 

Bbl.  Barrel,  barrels. 

B.  C.  Before  Christ. 

B.  C.  L.  Bachelor  of  Civil 
Law. 

B.  D.  Bachelor  of  Divinity. 
Bd.  Bond ;  Bound. 

Bds.  (Bound  in)  Boards. 

Be.  (Beryllium.)  Glucinum. 
Benj.  Benjamin. 

Bi.  Bismuth. 

Bib.  Bible  ;  Biblical. 

Biog.  Biography. 

Bk.  Bank ;  Book. 

B.  L.  Bachelor  of  Laws. 

Bl.  Barrel. 

Bor.  Boron  ;  Borough. 

Bp.  Bishop. 

Br.  Brother ;  Bromine. 
Brig.  Brigade ;  Brigadier. 
Brig.-  Gen.  Brigadier  -  Gen¬ 
eral. 

Brit.  Britain  ;  British. 

Bro.  Brother. 

B.  V.  (Beata  Virgo.)  Bless¬ 
ed  Virgin. —  (Bene  Vale.) 
Farewell. 

C. 

C.  Carbon.  —  (  Centum.)  A 
hundred  ;  Cent ;  Centime. 

C.,  or  Cap.  (Caput.)  Chap¬ 
ter. 

Ca.  Calcium. 

Cal.  California  ;  Calendar. 

—  (Calends.)  Calends. 
Cant.  Canticles. 

Cap.  Capital.  —  (Caput.) 

Chapter. 

Capt.  Captain. 

C.  A.  S.  (  Connecticut  tens  is 
Academies  Socis.)  Fellow 
of  the  Connecticut  Acad¬ 
emy. 

Cat.  Catalogue. 

Cath.  Catholic. 


C.  C.  County  Commission¬ 
er;  County  Court ;  Con¬ 
tra  :  Credit. 

C.  C.  P.  Court  of  Common 
Pleas. 

Cd.  Cadmium. 

C.  E.  Civil  Engineer. 

Ce.  Cerium. 

Cent.  (  Centum.)  A  hundred. 

Cf.  or  cf.  (Confer.)  Com¬ 
pare. 

C.  H.  Court-house;  Cus¬ 
tom-house. 

Ch.  Church;  Chapter. 

Clial.  Chaldron. 

Chap.  Chapter. 

C/iem.  Chemistry. 

Chr.  Christopher;  Christian. 

C/iron.  Chronicles ;  Chro¬ 
nology. 

Cit.  Citation ;  Citizen. 

Civ.  Civil. 

C.  J.  Chief  Justice. 

Cl.  Clergyman ;  Clerk  ;  Chlo¬ 
rine. 

Cld.  Cleared. 

C.  M.  Common  Meter. 

Co.  Cobalt  ;  Company  ; 
County. 

Cock.,  or  Cochl.  (Cochleare.) 
A  spoonful. 

C.  O.  D.  Cash  (or  Collect) 
on  Delivery. 

Col.  Colonel ;  Colossians. 

Coll.  College;  Collector  ; 
Colleague. 

Com.  Commissioner ;  Com¬ 
modore;  Committee ;  Com¬ 
merce  ;  Commentary ;  Com¬ 
mon. 

Comp.  Compare ;  Compara¬ 
tive  ;  Compound. 

Con.  (Contra.)  Against;  In 
opposition. 

Con.,  or  Cr.  Contra  Credit. 

Cong.  Congress. 

Conj.  Conjunction. 

Conn.,  Con.,  or  Ct.  Connec¬ 
ticut. 

Const.  Constable ;  Consti¬ 
tution. 

Cor.  Corinthians. 

Cor.  Mem.  Corresponding 
Member. 

Cor.  Sec.  Corresponding  Sec¬ 
retary. 

Cos.  Cosine. 

C.  P.  Court  of  Probate  ; 
Common  Pleas. 

C.  P.  S.  (  Custos  Privali  Si- 
gilli.)  Keeper  of  the  Privy 
Seal. 

Cr.  Credit ;  Creditor ;  Chro¬ 
mium. 


Crim.  Con.  Criminal  Con¬ 
versation,  or  Adultery. 

Cs.  Caesium. 

C.  S.  Court  of  Sessions  ; 
Clerk  to  the  Signet. — (  Cus¬ 
tos  Sigilli. )  Keeper  of  the 
Seal. 

Ct.  Connecticut ;  County  ; 
Court. 

Ct.,  or  ct.  Cent. —  (  Centum.) 
A  hundred. 

Cts.,  or  cts.  Cents. 

Ca.  (Cuprum.)  Copper. 

Cwt.,  or  cwt.  (Lat.  Cen¬ 
tum,  a  hundred,  and  Eng¬ 
lish  weight. )  A  hundred 
weight. 

Cyc.  Cyclopaedia. 

D. 

D.  Didymium. 

D.,  or  d.  Day  ;  Died  ;  Dime  ; 
Daughter ;  Deputy  ;  De¬ 
gree.  —  ( Denarius  or  de¬ 
narii.)  A  penny,  or  pence- 

Dan.  Danish ;  Daniel. 

Dat.,  or  dat.  Dative. 

D.  C.  District  of  Columbia. 
—  (Da  Capo.)  Again,  or 
from  the  beginning. 

D.  C.  L.  Doctor  of  Civil 
(or  Canon)  Law. 

D.  D.  (Divinitatis  Doctor.) 
Doctor  of  Divinity. 

D.  D.  S.  Doctor  of  Dental 
Surgery. 

Dea.  Deacon. 

Dec  December ;  Declination. 

Def.,  or  def.  Definition. 

Deft.  Defendant. 

Deg.,  or  deg.  Degree,  de¬ 
grees. 

Del.  Delaware ;  Delegate. 

Del.,  or  del.  (Delineavit.) 
He,  or  she,  drew  it ;  —  pre¬ 
fixed  to  the  draughtsman’s 
name. 

De.m.  Democrat  ;  Demo- 
cratic. 

Dep.  Deputy ;  Department. 

Dept.  Department ;  Depo¬ 
nent. 

Deut.  Deuteronomy, 

Dft. ,  or  dft.  Defendant. 

D.  G.  (Dei  Gratia.)  Bj 
the  grace  of  God. 

Di.  Didymium. 

Diam.,  or  diam.  Diameter. 

Diet.  Dictionary. 

Disct.  Discount. 

Dist.  District. 

Dist.  Atty.  District  At  to* 
ney. 

(536' 


536  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


Div.  Dividend  ;  Division  ; 
Divide ;  Divided ;  Divisor. 

D.  M.  Doctor  of  Music. 

Do.  or  do.  {Ditto.)  The 
same. 

Dots.,  or  dots.  Dollars. 

Doz .,  or  doz.  Dozen. 

D.  P.  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Dr.  Debtor  ;  Doctor  ;  Dram. 

D.  S.  {Dal  Segno.)  Prom 
the  Sign. 

D •  T.  Dakota  Territory.  — 
{Doctor  Theologix.)  Doc¬ 
tor  of  Divinity. 

D.  V.  (Deo  Volente.)  God 
willing. 

Divl.  (Lat.  Denarius  and 
English  weight.)  Penny¬ 
weight. 

E. 

E.  East ;  Earl ;  Erbium. 

s a.  Each. 

Eb.  Erbium. 

E.  C.  Eastern  Central  (Pos¬ 
tal  District,  London). 

Eccl.,  or  Eccles.  Ecclesias¬ 
tes  ;  Ecclesiastical. 

Ecclus.  Ecclesiasticus. 

Ed  Editor ;  Edition. 

E.  E.  Errors  excepted  ;  Ells 
English. 

e.  g.  (exempli  gratia.)  For 
example. 

E.  I.  East  Indies,  or  East 
India. 

E.  I.  C.  East  India  Com¬ 
pany. 

Elec.  Electricity. 

E.  Lon.  East  longitude. 

E.  N.  E.  East-North-East. 

Eng.  England;  English. 

Engin.  Engineering. 

Eph.  Ephesians  ;  Ephraim. 

Esd.  Esdras. 

E.  S.  E.  East-South -East. 

Esq. ,  or  Esqr.  Esquire. 

Esth.  Esther. 

e t  al.  (et  alibi.)  And  else¬ 
where.  —  (et  alii ,  or  alix.) 
And  others. 

Etc.,  etc.,  or  fyc.  (Et  cxteri , 
cxterx,  or  extern.)  And 
others :  and  so  forth. 

et  seq.  (et  sequentes ,  or  et 
sequenlia. )  And  the  follow¬ 
ing. 

Ex.  Example ;  Exodus. 

Exc.  Excellency ;  Excep¬ 
tion. 

Exch.  Exchequer ;  Exchange. 

Exec. ,  or  Exr.  Executor. 

Execx.  Executrix. 

Exod.  Exodus. 

Ez .,  or  Ezr.  Ezra. 

Ezek.  Ezekiel. 


F. 

F.  France ;  Fellow ;  Fri¬ 
day  ;  Fluorine ;  F'eminine  ; 
Franc  ;  Florin  ;  Farthing  ; 
Foot. 

Fahr  Fahrenheit. 

Far.  Farriery  ;  Farthing. 


F.  A.  S.  Fellow  of  the  So¬ 
ciety  of  Arts  ;  Fellow  of 
the  Antiquarian  Society. 

Fcp.  or  fcp.  F'oolscap. 

Fe.  ( Ferrum .)  Iron. 

Feb.  February. 

Fee.  (Fecit.)  He  (or  she) 
made  it. 

Fem.,  or  fem.  Feminine. 

Fig. ,  or  Jig.  Figure,  figures ; 
Figuratively. 

Fir.,  or  fir.  Firkin. 

Flor.  Florida. 

Fo. ,  or  Fol.  Folio. 

Fr.  France  ;  Francis ; 
French. 

F.  R.  G.  S.  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Soci¬ 
ety. 

Fri.  Friday. 

F.  R.  S.  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

F.  R.  S.  E.  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  Edinburgh. 

F.  R.  S.  L.  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Litera¬ 
ture  ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  London. 

F.  S.  A.  Fellow  of  the  So¬ 
ciety  of  Arts. 

Ft.,  or  ft.  Foot,  feet;  Fort. 

Fth.  Fathom. 

Fur.,  or  fur.  Furlong. 

Fut.,  or fiut.  Future. 

G. 

G.  Genitive  ;  Glucinum  ; 
Guide. . 

G.,  or  g.  Guinea  ;  guineas  ; 
Gulf. 

Ga.  Georgia. 

Gal.  Galatians. 

Gal., or  gal.  Gallon,  gallons. 

G.  B.  Great  Britain. 

G.  C.  Grand  Chapter. 

G.  C.  B.  Grand  Cross  of 
the  Bath. 

Gen.  Genesis  ;  General  ; 
Genitive  ;  Generally. 

Gent.  Gentlemen. 

Geo.  George. 

Geog.  Geography. 

Ger.,  or  Germ.  German. 

Gov.  Governor. 

G.  M.  Grand  Master. 

G.  P.  O.  General  Post-Of¬ 
fice. 

Gr.  Great ;  Greek  ;  Gross. 

Gr.,  or  gr.  Grain,  grains. 

H. 

H.  Hydrogen. 

H.,  or  h.  High  ;  Height  ; 
Harbor  ;  Husband  ;  Hour, 
hours. 

Hab.  Habakkuk. 

Hag.  Ilaggai. 

H.  B.  C.  Hudson’s  Bay 
Company. 

H.  B.  M.  His  (or  Her)  Bri¬ 
tannic  Majesty. 

H.  C.  M.  His  (or  Her)  Cath¬ 
olic  Majesty. 

Hdkf.  Handkerchief. 

Htbr.  Hebrew ;  Hebrews. 


H.  E.  I.  C.  Honorable  East 
India  Company. 

Hy.  (Hydrargyrum.)  Mer¬ 
cury. 

H.  G.  Horse  Guards. 

Hhd.,  or  hhd.  Hogshead. 

II.  I.  H.  Ilis  (or  -Her)  Im¬ 
perial  Highness. 

Hist.  History. 

H.  M.  Ilis  (or  Her)  Majesty. 

H.  M.  S.  His  (or  Her)  Maj¬ 
esty’s  Steamer,  Ship,  or 
Service. 

Hon.  Honorable. 

Hos.  Ilosea. 

H.  R.  House  of  Represent¬ 
atives. 

H.  R.  E.  Holy  Roman  Em¬ 
pire  (or  Emperor). 

H  R.  H.  His  (or  Her)  Roy¬ 
al  Highness. 

Hund.  Hundred. 

I. 

I.  Iodine ;  Island. 

la.  Indiana. 

lb. ,  Ibid.  (Ibidem.)  In  the 
same  place. 

Id.  (Idem.)  The  same. 

I.  e.,  or  i.  e.  (Id  est.)  That 
is. 

I.  H.  S.  (lesus  [or  Jesus] 
Hominum  Salvator.)  Je¬ 
sus  the  Savior  of  Men. 

ffilp*  This  was  originally 
written  IH2,  and  intended 
as  an  abbreviation  of  TH- 
20Y2,  the  Greek  form  of 
the  word  Jesus.  The  Greek  II 
(eta)  having  been  mistaken 
for  the  Latin  II  ( aitch ),  and 
a  Latin  S  substituted  for  the 
Greek  2,  the  three  letters 
were  supposed  to  be  the  ini¬ 
tials  of  three  separate  words. 

III.  Illinois. 

Imp.  Imperial ;  Emperor. 

ln.  Inch  ;  inches. 

■incog.  (incognito.)  Un¬ 
known  . 

Ind.  Indiana. 

Inf.,  or  inf.  Infinitive. 

In  iim.  (In  limine.)  At  the 
outset. 

I.  N.  R.  I.  ( lesus  [or  Jcsws] 
Nazarenus ,  Rex  Iudxorum 
[or  Judxorum].)  Jesus  of 
Nazareth,  King  of  the 
Jews. 

inst.  Instant. 

Int.,  or  int.  Interest. 

Interj.  Interjection. 

lo.  Iowa. 

I.  O.  O.  F.  Independent  Or¬ 
der  of  Odd  Fellows. 

I  O  U.  I  owe  j  ou — an  ac¬ 
knowledgment  for  money. 

i.  q.  (idem  quod.)  The  same 
as 

ls. ,  or  Isa.  Isaiah .< 

I  si.,  or  isl.  Island. 

lt. ,  or  Ital.  Italian;  Italic. 

J. 

J.  Judge. 

J.  A.  Judge  Advocate. 


Jan.  January. 

Jus.  James. 

J.  C.  Jesus  Christ;  Jus¬ 
tice  Clerk  ;  Julius  Caesar. 

J.  C.  D.  (Juris  Civilis  Doc 
tor.)  Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 

J.  D.  (Jurum  Doctor.)  Doc¬ 
tor  of  Laws. 

Jer.  Jeremiah. 

J.  G.  W.  Junior  Grand 
Warden. 

Jno.  John. 

Juna.  Jonathan. 

Jos.  Joseph. 

Josh.  Joshua. 

J.  P.  J  ustice  of  the  Peace. 

J.  Prob.  Judge  of  the  Pro¬ 
bate. 

Jr.,  or  jr.  Junior. 

J.  U.  D.  (Juris  Utriusque 
Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Both 
Laws  (/.  e.,  the  Canon  and 
the  Civil  Law). 

Jud.  Judith. 

Judg.  J udges. 

Jul.  July;  Julius. 

Jun.,  Junr.  Junior. 

J.  W.  Junior  Warden. 

K. 

K.  King  ;  Knight.  —  ( Kali - 
vm.)  Potassium. 

Kan.  Kansas. 

K.  B.  Knight  of  the  Bath  •, 
King's  Bench. 

K.  C.  King’s  Council. 

K.  C.  B.  Knight  Command¬ 
er  of  the  Bath. 

Ken  ,  or  Ky.  Kentucky. 

K.  G.  Knight  of  the  Garter. 

K.  G.  C.  Knight  of  the 
Grand  Cross ;  Knight  of 
the  Golden  Circle. 

Ki.  Kings. 

K.  M.  Knight  of  Malta. 

Knt .,  or  Kt.  Knight. 

Ky.  Ky. 

L. 

L.  Lady  ;  Latin  :  Lord  ;  Low  ; 
Lithium  ;  Lake  ;  Line. 

L.,  lb.,  or  lb.  (Libra.)  A 
pound,  in  weight. 

L  ,  l.,  or  £.  A  pound  ster¬ 
ling. 

La.  Lanthanum. 

Lam.  Lamentations. 

Lat.  Latin. 

Lat.,  or.  lat.  Latitude. 

Lb.,  lb.,  or  lb.  (Libra.)  A 
pound  in  weight. 

L.  C.  Lower  Canada  ;  Lord 
Chancellor. 

1.  c.  Lower  case.  —  loco  cita¬ 
to.)  In  the  place  before 
cited. 

L.  C.  J.  Lord  Chief  Justice 

Ld.  Lord. 

Ldp.,  or  Lp.  Lordship. 

Lea.,  or  lea.  League. 

Leg.,  or  Legis.  Legislature 

Lev.  Leviticus. 

L.  I.  Long  Island ;  Light 
Infantry. 

Li.,  or  L.  Lithium. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


537 


£i&.,  or  lib.  [Liber.)  Book. 

Lieut.,  or  Lt.  Lieutenant. 

LL.B.  (Legum  Baccalau- 
reus.  Bachelor  of  Laws. 

ra@“The  initial  letter  of  a 
word  is  sometimes  doubled, 
as  in  the  present  instance,  to 
signify  the  plural. 

LL.D.  (Legum  Doctor.) 
Doctor  of  Laws.  See  L  L.  B. 

Lon.,  Long.  Longitude. 

Lou.,  or  La.  Louisiana. 

Lp.,  or  Ldp.  Lordship. 

L.  S.  Left  side.  —  ( Locus 
Sigilli. )  Place  of  the  Seal. 

L.  S.  D.,  or  l.s.  d.  (Libra, 
Solid i,  Denarii.)  Pounds, 
Shillings,  Pence. 

Lt.,  or  Lieut.  Lieutenant. 

M. 

M.  Marquis  ;  Monday  ;  Mon¬ 
sieur  ;  Morning.  — ( Mille .) 
Thousand.  —  (Meridies.) 
Meridian ,  or  noon . 

M.,ov  m.  Masculine  ;  Moon  ; 
Month,  months  ;  Minute  ; 
minutes ;  Mill,  mills ;  Mile, 
miles. 

M.  A.  Military  Academy ; 
Master  of  Arts. 

Mac.,  or  Macc.  Maccabees. 

Mad.,  or  Madm.  Madam. 

Mag.  Magazine. 

Maj.  Major. 

Maj.-Gcn.  Major-General. 

Mai.  Malachi. 

Mar.  March ;  Maritime. 

Mas.,  Masc.  Masculine. 

Mass.,  or  ills.  Massachu¬ 
setts. 

Matt.  Matthew. 

ill.  B.  (Aledicinss  Baccalau- 
reus.)  Bachelor  of  Medi¬ 
cine. 

M-  C.  Member  of  Congress  ; 
Master  of  Ceremonies  ; 
Master  Commandant. 

ill.  D.  ( Medicinx  Doctor.) 
Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Aid.  Maryland. 

Mille.  Mademoiselle. 

M.  E.  Methodist  Episcopal ; 
Military  or  Mechanical 
Engineer ;  Most  Excellent. 

Me.  Maine. 

Mem.  Memorandum. 

Messrs.,  or  Mill.  (Mes¬ 
sieurs.)  Gentlemen;  Sirs. 
See  LL.B. 

Aleth.  Methodist. 

Alg.  Magnesium. 

ill  H.  S.  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society ;  Mem¬ 
ber  of  the  Historical  So¬ 
ciety. 

Mi.  Mississippi. 

Mic.  Micah. 

Mick.  Michigan ;  Michael¬ 
mas. 

Mid.  Midshipman. 

Min.,  or  min.  Minute  ;  min¬ 
utes. 

Minn.  Minnesota. 

Miss.  Mississippi. 

Mile.  Mademoiselle. 


MM.  Their  Majesties. — ( Mes¬ 
sieurs.)  Gentlemen.  See 
LL.B. 

Mme.  Madame. 

Ain.  Manganese. 

Mo.  Missouri ;  Molybdenum. 

Alo.,  or  mo.  Month. 

Mod.  Modern. 

Mon.,  or  Aland.  Monday. 

Mons.  Monsieur,  or  Sir. 

AIos.,  or  m os.  Months. 

M.  P.  Member  of  Parlia¬ 
ment  ;  Member  of  Police. 

M.  P.  P.  Member  of  the 
Provincial  Parliament. 

Air.  Master,  or  Mister. 

M.  R.  I.  Member  of  the 
Royal  Institution. 

Mrs.  Mistress,  or  Missis. 

AIS.  Manuscript. 

AISS.  Manuscripts.  See 
LLB. 

Alt.  Mount,  or  Mountain. 

Mas.  D.,  Mus.  Doc  ,  or 
1 Vlus.  Doct.  Doctor  of 
Music. 

AT.  W.  Most  Worthy. 

M.  W.  G.  AI.  Most  Wor¬ 
shipful  Grand  Master. 


N. 

N.  Noon  ;  North  ;  Note  ; 
Name;  New;  Nitrogen. 

N.,  or  n.  Noun;  Neuter; 
Nail,  nails. 

N.  A.  North  America. 

Na.  (Natrium.)  Sodium. 

Nak.  Nahum. 

Nat.  Natural;  National. 

Nath.  Nathaniel. 

Naut.  Nautical. 

N.  B.  New  Brunswick.  — 
(Nota  Bene.)  Note  well,  or 
take  notice. 

N.  C.  North  Carolina. 

N.  E.  North-East ;  North¬ 
ern  Eastern  (Postal  Dis¬ 
trict,  London) ;  New  Eng¬ 
land. 

Neb.  Nebraska. 

Nek.  Nehemiah. 

Nem.  Con.  (Nemine  Con- 
tradicente.)  No  one  con¬ 
tradicting  ;  unanimously. 

Nem.  Di.ss.  (Nemine  Dissen- 
tiente.)  No  one  dissenting. 

Neut .,  or  neut.  Neater. 

N.  F.  Newfoundland. 

N.  H.  New  Hampshire. 

Ni.  Nickel. 

N.  J.  New  Jersey. 

N.  1.,  or  n.  1.  (Non  liquet.) 
It  appears  not ;  the  case  is 
not  clear. 

N.  Lat.  North  Latitude. 

N.  N.  E.  North-North-East. 

N.  N.  W.  North-North- West. 

No.  Norium. 

No.  or  no.  (Numero.)  Num¬ 
ber. 

Nom.,  or  nom.  Nominative. 

Non  Pros.,  or  Non  pros. 
(Non  Prosequitur.)  He 
does  not  prosecute  ;  —  a 
judgment  entered  against 


the  plaintiff  when  he  does 
not  appear  to  prosecute. 

Non  seq.,  or  non  seq.  (Non 
sequitur. )  It  does  not  fol¬ 
low. 

Nos.,  or  nos.  Numbers. 

Nov.  November. 

N.  P.  New  Providence  ;  No¬ 
tary  Public. 

N.  S.  Nova  Scotia ;  New 
Style  (since  1752). 

N.  T.  New  Testament. 

Num.  or  Numb.  Numbers. 

N.  W.  North-West ;  North¬ 
ern  Western  (Postal  Dis¬ 
trict,  London). 

N.  Y.  New  York. 

O. 

O.  Ohio  ;  Oxygen  ;  Old. 

Ob.,  or  ob.  (  Obi  it.)  Died. 

Obad.  Obadiah. 

Obj. ,  or  obj.  Objective ;  Ob¬ 
jection. 

Obs.  Observatory. 

Obt.,  or  Obdt.  Obedient. 

Oct.  October. 

Olym.  Olympiad. 

Or.  Oregon. 

Ord.  Ordinance ;  Ordinary 

O.  S.  Old  Style  (previous¬ 
ly  to  1752. ) 

Os.  Osmium. 

O.  T.  Old  Testament. 

Oxon.  (Oxonia.)  Oxford. 

Oz.,  or  oz.  Ounce,  or 

ounces. 

©§“  The  z  is  here  used  to 
represent  the  character  -7  , 
anciently  an  abbreviation 
for  terminations. 

P. 

P. ,  or  p.  Page  ;  Part ;  Phos¬ 
phorus  ;  Pipe. 

Pa.  Pennsylvania. 

pa.  Participial  adjective. 

Pari.  Parliament. 

Part.,  or  part.  Participle. 

Pass.,  or  pass.  Passive. 

Pb.  (Plumbum.)  Lead. 

P.  B.  (Philosophic/}  Bacca- 
laures.)  Bachelor  of  Phi¬ 
losophy. 

Pd.  Paid ;  Palladium. 

Pe.  Pel  opium. 

P.  E.  I.  Prince  Edward 
Island. 

Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

Per  an. ,  or  per  an.  (Per  an¬ 
num.  )  By  the  year. 

Per  cent.,  per  cent..  Per  ct., 
ovperct.  (Per  centum.)  By 
the  hundred. 

P.  G.  Past  Grand. 

Ph.  D.  ( Philosophise  Doc¬ 
tor.)  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Phil.  Philip  ;  Philippians  ; 
Philosophy  :  Philemon. 

Pliila.  Philadelphia. 

Philom.  (Philomathes.)  Lov¬ 
er  of  learning. 

Pinx.,  pinx.,  or  Pxt.,  pxt. 
(Pinxit.)  He,  or  she, 
painted  it. 

Pk.,  or  pk.  Peck. 


PI.  or  pi.  Plural. 

Plff.  Plaintiff. 

Plur.,  or  plur.  Plural. 

P.  M.  Post-Master  ;  Past 
Master;  Past  Midshipman. 
—  (Post  Aleridiem.)  After¬ 
noon. 

P.  M.  G.  Post-Master-Gen¬ 
eral. 

P.  O.  Post-Office. 

Pos.,  pos.,  Poss.,  or  poss. 
Possessive. 

pp.  Pages.  See  LL.B. 

P.  P.  C.  (Pour  prendre  con 
ge-)  To  take  leave. 

Ppk.,  or  pph.  Pamphlet. 

Pr.,pr.,  or  If  (Per.)  By  the. 

P.  R.  Prize  Ring;  Porto 
Rico. 

Prep.,  or  prep.  Preposition 

Pres.  President. 

Fret.,  or  pret.  Preterit. 

Prof.  Professor. 

Pron.,  or  pron.  Pronoun. 

Pro  tern.,  or  pro  tern.  (Pro 
tempore.)  For  the  time 
being. 

Prov.  Proverbs  ;  Provost ; 
Province. 

Prox.  (Proximo.)  Next. 

P.  S.  ( Post  scriptum.)  Post¬ 
script. 

Ps.,  Psalm,  or  Psalms. 

Pt.  Pint ;  Part ;  Payment ; 
Platinum  ;  Point ;  Port. 

Pub.  Public ;  Publisher. 

Pub.  Doc.  Public  Docu¬ 
ments. 

Pivt.,  or  piot.  Pennyweight. 

Pxt.  or  pxt .  (pinxt.)  He,  or 
she,  painted  it. 

Q. 

Q.  Question. 

Q.,or  Qu.  Query;  Question; 
Queen. 

Q.  B.  Queen’s  Bench. 

Q.  C.  Queen’s  Council. 

Q.  d-, or  q.  d.  (  Quasi  dicat.) 
As  if  he  should  say. 

Q.  E.  D.  (  Quod  Erat  De¬ 
monstrandum  . )  Which 

was  to  be  demonstrated. 

Q.  1.  (Quantum  libet.)  As 
much  as  you  please. 

Q.  M.  Quartermaster. 

Q.  M.  G.  Quartermaster- 
General. 

Qr.,  or  qr.  Quarter  (28 
pounds);  Farthing ;  Quire. 

Q.s.,  or  q.  s.  —  (  Quantum 
sufficit.)  A  sufficient  quan¬ 
tity. 

Qt. ,  or  qt.  Quart;  Quantity. 

Qu.  Queen ;  Question; 
Quarter. 

Qu. ,  or  Qy.  (  Quxre.)  Query. 

Ques.  Question. 

Q.  v.,  or  q.  v.  (  Quod  vide.) 
Which  see. 

Qy.  Query. 

R. 

R.  Railway;  Rhodium. — 

(Rex.)  King.  —  (Regina.) 
Queen - (Recipe.)  Take 


538  ABBREVIATIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


R.  A.  Royal  Academy,  or 
Academician  ;  Rear  Admi¬ 
ral  ;  Right  Ascension. 

Rb.  Rubidium. 

R.  E.  Royal  Engineers. 

Rec.  or  R.  Recipe. 

Rec.  Sec.  Recording  Secre¬ 
tary. 

Ref.  Reformed  ;  Reformer  ; 
Reformation ;  Reference. 

Reg.  Register ;  Regular. 

Rep.  Representative ;  Re¬ 

public  ;  Reporter. 

Rev.  Revelation ;  Revolu¬ 

tion  ;  Review ;  Revenue ; 
Reverend ;  Revise. 

R.  I.  Rhode  Island. 

R.  N.  Royal  Navy. 

Rom.  Roman ;  Romans. 

Rom.  Cntk.  Roman  Catholic. 

R.  R.  Railroad. 

Rt.  Hon.  Right  Honorable. 

Rt.  Rev.  Right  Reverend. 

Ru.  Ruthenium. 

R.  IV.  Right  Worshipful. 

S. 

S.  Sign  ;  South  ;  Sulphur  ; 
Sunday  ;  Saturday  ;  Shill¬ 
ing. 

S.  A.  South  America  ;  South 
Africa. 

Sam.  Samuel. 

Sat.  Saturday. 

Sb.  ( Stibium. )  Antimony. 

S.  C.  South  Carolina. 

Sc.,  or  sculp.  ( Sculps  it.) 
He,  or  she,  engraved  it. 

Sell.,  or  Schr.  Schooner. 

Scil:,  or  Sc.  (Scilicet.)  To 
wit ;  namely. 

Script.  Scripture. 

Sculp.,  or  sculp.  (Sculpsit.) 
He,  or  she,  engraved  it. 

S.  E.  South-East ;  South- 
Eastern  (Postal  District, 
London). 

Se.  Selenium. 

Sec.  Secretary. 

Sec.,  or  sec.  Second  ;  Section. 

Sect.,  or  sect.  Section. 

Sen.  Senate  ;  Senator  ;  Sen¬ 
ior. 

Sep. ,  or  Sept.  September. 

Serg.,  or  Serj.  Sergeant,  or 
Serjeant. 

Serv. ,  or  Servt.  Servant. 

S.  H.  S.  ( Societatis  Histo- 
rix  Socius.)  Fellow  of  the 
Historical  Society. 


Si.  Silicium. 

Sing.,  or  sing.  Singular. 

-S'.  J.,  Society  of  Jesus. 

S.  J.  C.  Supreme  Judicial 
Court. 

S.  Lat.  South  Latitude. 

Sid. ,  or  sld.  Sailed. 

S.  M.  State  Militia  ;  Short 
Meter ;  Sergeant  Major ; 
Sons  of  Malta. 

S.  M.  I.  (Sa  Majesle  Im¬ 
perial.)  His,  or  Her,  Im¬ 
perial  Majesty. 

Sn.  (Stannum.)  Tin. 

Soc.  Society. 

Sol.  Solomon  ;  Solution. 

S.  P.  Q.  R.  (Senatus  Pop - 
ulusque  Romani.)  Senate 
aud  people  of  Rome. 

Sq.,  or  sq.  Square. 

Sq.ft.,  or  sq.ft.  Square  feet. 

Sq.  in.,  or  sq.  in.  Square 
inches. 

Sq.  m. ,  or  sq.  m.  Square 
miles. 

Sr.  Sir,  or  Senior. 

SS.,  or  ss.  ( Scilicet.)  Name¬ 
ly.—  (Semis.)  Half. 

S.  S.  Sunday  School ;  Saint 
Simplicius  (the  mark  on 
the  collar  of  the  Chief 
Justice  of  England). 

S ■  S.  E.  South-South-East. 

S.  S.  IV.  South-South- 
West. 

St.  Saint;  Street;  Strait. 

Stat.  Statute ;  Statuary. 

S.  T.  D.  ( Sacrx  Theologix 
Doctor.)  Doctor  of  Divin¬ 
ity. 

-S'.  T.  P.  (Sacrx  Theologix 
Professor. )  Professor  of 
Theology. 

Subj.,  or  subj.  Subjunctive. 

Subst.  Substantive ;  Substi¬ 
tute. 

Sun.,  or  Sund.  Sunday. 

Sup.  Superior ;  Supplement. 

Supt.  Superintendent. 

Surg.  Surgeon ;  Surgery. 

-S.  IV.  South-West ;  South- 
Western  (Postal  District, 
London) ;  Senior  Warden. 

Syn.,  or  syn.  Synonym. 

T. 

T.  Tenor  ;  Tuesday  ;  Town  ; 
Township  ;  Territory  ;  Ton. 

Ta.  Tantalum. 

Tb.  Terbium. 


Te.  Tellurium. 

Ten.,  or  Tenn.  Tennessee. 
Tex.  Texas. 

Tit .  Thursday  ;  Thomas  ; 

Thorium. 

Theo.  Theodore. 

Thess.  Thessalonians. 
Thurs.  Thursday. 

TV.  Titanium. 

Tier.,  or  tier.  Tierce. 

Tim.  Timothy. 

Tit.  Titus. 

Tl.  Thallium. 

Tob.  Tobit. 

Tr.  Translation  ;  Trans¬ 
pose  ;  Treasurer ;  Trustee. 
Tu.,  or  Tues.  Tuesday. 


TJ. 

U.  Uranium. 

U.  C.  Upper  Canada. 

Ult.,  or  ult.  (  Ultimo.)  Last, 
or  of  the  last  mouth. 

Univ.  University. 

U.  S.  United  States. 

U.  S.  A.  United  States  of 
America ;  United  States 
Army. 

U.  S.  M.  United  States  Mail; 
United  States  Marine. 

U.  S.  M.  A.  United  States 
Military  Academy. 

U.  S.  N.  United  States  Navy. 

U.  S.  V.  United  States  Vol¬ 
unteers. 

U.  T.  U tah  Territory. 


V. 

V.  Vanadium ;  Victoria ; 
Viscount ;  Verb  ;  Verse  ; 
Vocative ;  Volume. 

V.  a. ,  or  v.  a.  Verb  active. 
Va.  Virginia. 

V.  C.  Vice  Chancellor. 

Ven.  Venerable. 

V.  G.  Vicar  General ;  Vice 
Grand. 

V.  i.  Verb  intransitive. 

Vice  Pres.  Vice  President. 
Vid. ,  or  vid.  (  Vide.)  See. 
Vis.,  or  Vise.  Viscount. 

Viz. ,  or  viz.  (Videlicet.) 
Namely  ;  to  wit.  [See  Note 
under  Oz.] 

V.  n. ,  or  v.  n.  Verb  neuter. 
Voc.,  or  voc.  Vocative. 

Vol. ,  or  vo'l.  Volume. 

V,  P.  Vice  President. 


V.  R.  ( Victoria  Regina.) 
Queen  Victoria. 

Vs.  or  vs.  (  Versus.)  Against, 
or  In  opposition. 

Vt.  Vermont. 

V.  t.,  or  v.  t.  Verb  transitiva 

W. 

IV.  West ;  William  ;  Wednes¬ 
day  ;  Welsh  ;  Warden. 
—  ( Wolframium.)  Tungs- 
sten. 

IV,  or  w.  Week. 

IV.  C.  Western  Central 
(Postal  District,  London). 

Wed.  Wednesday. 

IV.  I.  West  India  ;  West 
Indies. 

IV.  Lon.  West  Longitude. 

Wm.  William. 

TV.  M.  Worshipful  Master. 

IV.  N.  IV.  West-North-West. 

Wp.  Worship. 

IV.  S.  Writer  to  the  Signet. 

IV.  S.  IV.  West-South- 
West. 

IV.,  or  wt.  Weight. 

IV.  Va.  West  Virginia. 

X. 

X.  Christ. 

Xm.,  or  Xmas.  Christmas- 

Xt.  Christ. 

Y. 

Y.  Yttrium. 

Yd.,  or  yd.  Yard. 

Ye,  or  ye.  The. 

©Of*  The  ?/  in  this  abbrevi¬ 
ation  is  a  corrupt  represen¬ 
tation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  P 
or  t/i,  introduced  at  the  time 
when  the  Anglo-Saxon  al¬ 
phabet  was  superseded  by 
the  Old  English  or  Black 
Letter,  in  which  j)  (y)  bore  a 
considerable  resemblance  in. 
form  to  p. 

Yr.  Your. 

Z. 

Z. ,  or  Zr.  Zirconium. 

Zach.  Zachary. 

Zech.  Zechariah. 

Zeph.  Zephaniah. 

Zn.  Zinc. 

Zo'dl.  Zoology. 

Zr.  Zirconium. 


i 


ARBITRARY  SIGNS 

USED  IN 

WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 


I.  ASTRONOMICAL. 

1.  SUN,  GREATER  PLANETS,  ETC. 


Q,or® 

The  Sun. 

dD,  P  ,  or  ([ 

The  Moon. 

O 

New  Moon. 

dD,  or  D 

First  Quarter. 

O,  or  © 

Full  Moon. 

(i>,  or  a 

Last  Quarter. 

$ 

Mercury. 

? 

Venus. 

©,  ©, or  & 

The  Earth. 

c? 

Mars. 

y- 

Jupiter. 

h 

Saturn. 

13,  or  § 

Uranus. 

W 

Neptune. 

& 

Comet. 

or  ->|f 

Fixed  Star. 

The  asteroids  are  now  desig¬ 
nated  by  numbers  indicating  the  order 
of  their  discovery,  and  their  symbol  is 
a  small  circle  inclosing  this  number ; 
as,  (T),  Ceres  ;  ©,  Pallas ;  © , Juno  ;  ©, 
Vesta  ;  and  the  like. 

2.  SIGNS  OF  THE  ZODIAC. 

1.  cp  Aries,  the  Ram. 

2.  y  Taurus,  the  Bull. 

3.  O  Gemini,  the  Twins. 

4.  o  Cancer,  the  Crab. 

5.  Leo,  the  Lion. 

6.  Iljj  Virgo,  the  Virgin. 

7.  —  Iiibra,  the  Balance. 

8.  Ilj  Scorpio,  the  Scor¬ 
pion. 

9.  f  Sagittarius,  the 
Archer. 

10.  Vp  Capricornus,  the 
Goat. 

11.  Aquarius,  the  Water¬ 
man. 

12.  X  Pisces,  the  Fishes. 

3.  ASPECTS  AND  NODES. 

<3  Conjunction  ;  —  indicating  that 
the  bodies  have  the  same  longitude, 
or  right  ascension. 

Sextile  ;  —  indicating  a  difference 


Spring 

Signs. 

Summer 

Signs 


Autumn 

Signs. 


Winter  . 
Signs.  " 


of  60°  in  longitude,  or  right  ascen¬ 
sion. 

□  Quadrature;  —  indicating  a  dif¬ 
ference  of  90°  in  longitude,  or  right 
ascension. 

A  Trine  ;  —  indicating  a  difference 
of  120°  in  longitude,  or  right  ascen¬ 
sion. 

8  Opposition;  —  indicating  a  differ¬ 
ence  of  180°  in  longitude,  or  right 
ascension. 

Q  Ascending  Node;  —  called  also 
Dragon's  Hear], 

y  Descending  Node;  —  called  also 
Dragon's  Tail. 


II.  CHEMICAL. 

4®"  Every  elementary  substance  is 
represented,  in  chemical  notation,  by  a 
symbol  consisting  of  the  initial  or  ab¬ 
breviation  of  its  Latin  name  ;  as  II  for 
hydrogen,  0  for  oxygen,  Ag  (from  Ar¬ 
gentum),  for  silver,  and  the  like,  each 
symbol,  when  used  singly,  always  indi¬ 
cating  a  single  atom  or  equivalent  of 
the  substance  represented  by  it ;  thus, 
O  stands  for  one  atom  or  equivalent  of 
oxygen,  G  for  a  single  equivalent  of  car¬ 
bon,  and  the  others  in  like  manner.  A 
compound  body  made  up  of  single  equiv¬ 
alents  of  its  constituents  is  represented 
by  the  two  symbols  of  the  respect¬ 
ive  constituents  written  side  by  side  ; 
as,  HO,  a  compound  of  one  equivalent 
of  hydrogen  with  one  of  oxygen,  form¬ 
ing  water.  To  express  more  than  one 
atom  or  equivalent  of  a  substance,  a 
number  is  used,  either  prefixed  to  the 
symbol,  or,  more  commonly,  written 
after  it,  below  the  line;  as,  20,  or  02, 
two  equivalents  of  oxygen. 

A  secondary  compound,  as  a  salt,  is 
indicated  by  writing  the  symbols  of  the 
constituent  compounds  one  after  an¬ 
other,  with  the  sign  -f- between  them, 
the  symbol  of  the  base  being  always 
placed  first ;  thus,  CaO  -f-  CO2  repre¬ 
sents  carbonate  of  lime.  A  comma  is 
frequently  used  instead  of  the  sign-(-, 
commonly  to  express  a  more  intimate 
union  than  would  be  expressed  by  that 
sign.  The  period  is  also  sometimes  used 
to  indicate  a  union  more  intimate  than 
that  denoted  by  the  sign  but  less  so 
than  that  implied  by  a  comma.  A 


number  written  before  the  symbol  of  a 
compound  designates  a  corresponding 
number  of  equivalents  of  that  com¬ 
pound  ;  as,  3  SO3,  three  equivalents  of 
sulphuric  acid.  When  the  formula  of 
the  quantity  contains  several  terms, 
those  to  which  the  figure  applies  are  in¬ 
cluded  in  parentheses  or  brackets,  to 
which  the  figure  is  prefixed ;  as,  3 
(CaO  -f-  SO3),  three  equivalents  of  sul¬ 
phate  of  lime. 


III.  MATHEMATICAL. 

THE  RELATIONS  OF  QUANTITIES. 

-J-  Plus  ;  and  ;  more ; — indicating  ad¬ 
dition  ;  as  a  -f-  b  =  c  ;  —  used  also  to 
indicate  that  figures  have  been  omit¬ 
ted  from  the  end  of  a  number,  or 
that  the  latter  is  approximately  ex¬ 
act  ;  as,  the  square  root  of  2  is 
1.4142136 +. 

—  Minus  ;  less  ;  —  indicating  subtrac¬ 
tion  ;  as,  a  —  b  =  c. 
i,  or  Plus  or  minus  ;  ambiguous  ; 
indicating  that  the  number  or  quan¬ 
tity  to  which  it  is  prefixed  may  have 
either  of  the  signs  +  or —  ;  as,  a^b. 

X  Multiplied  by;  times;  into;  as, 
a  X  b  —  ab;  6  X  4  =  24. 

4®”  Multiplication  is  also  often  in¬ 
dicated  by  placing  a  dot  between  the 
factors,  or  by  writing  the  latter,  when 
not  numerals,  one  after  another  with¬ 
out  any  sign. 

— t— ,  or  ;  Divided  by:  as,  a-r-b ;  that 
is,  a  divided  by  b ;  6 -=-3=2. 

4®=*  Division  is  also  very  often  indi¬ 
cated  by  writing  the  divisor  under  the 
dividend,  with  a  line  between  them  ;  as, 

that  is,  a  divided  by  b  ;  5  =2. 
b 

=  Is  equal  to  ;  equals  ;  as,  (a  b)  \ 
c  =  ac-\-  be ;  6-f-2  =  8. 

>  Is  greater  than;  as,  «>(>,•  that 
is,  a  is  greater  than  b ;  6  >  5. 

<  Is  less  than  ;  as ,  a  <^b;  that  is,  a 
is  less  than  b  ;  3  <  4. 

Is  equivalent  to  ;  — applied  to 
magnitudes  or  quantities  which  are 
equal  in  area  or  volume,  but  are  not 
of  the  same  form,  or  capable  of  su¬ 
perposition. 

^  The  difference  between  ;  —  used  to  • 

(539' 


540 


ARBITRARY  SIGNS. 


indicate  the  difference  between  two 
quantities  without  designating  which 
is  the  greater  ;  as,  a  b. 

X  Varies  as  ;  is  proportional  to  ;  as, 
oc  b. 

•  Is  to  ;  the  ratio  of ;  )  —  used  to  in- 

o  •  As ;  equals ;  j  dicate  ge¬ 
ometrical  proportion  ;  as,  a  :  b  : :  c  : 
d ;  that  is,  a  is  to  b  as  c  is  to  d. 
Hence  ;  therefore  ;  on  this  account. 

«„•  Because. 

CO  Indefinitely  great ;  infinite  ;  infin¬ 
ity- 

0  Indefinitely  small ;  infinitesimal ; 
used  to  denote  a  quantity  less  than 
any  assignable  quantity;  also,  as  a 
numeral,  naught;  nothing;  zero. 

£.  Angle  ;  the  angle  ;  as,  /.ABC. 

L_  Right  angle  ;  the  right  angle;  as, 
L  ABO;  that  is,  the  right  angle, 
ABC. 

_L  The  perpendicular ;  perpendicular 
to  ;  as,  draw  A  B  J_  C  D. 

;  parallel  to ;  is  parallel 


Parallel 
to  ;  as,  A  B 


C  D. 


i/, 


O  Circle  ;  circumference  ;  360°. 

Triangle ;  the  triangle  ;  as  A  B 
C  ;  that  is,  the  triangle  ABC. 

□  Square  ;  the  square  ;  as,  □  A  B  C 
D ;  that  is,  the  square  A  B  C  D. 

P  Rectangle ;  the  rectangle  ;  as,  □ 
A  B  C  D  ;  that  is.  the  rectangle  A  B 
C  D.  _ 

or  Root ;  —  indicating, 

when  used  without  a  figure  placed 
above  it,  the  square  root ;  as,  V  4 

=  2  ;  4 a2  =  2a.  This  symbol  is 

called  the  radical  sign.  To  denote 
any  other  than  the  square  root,  a 
figure  (called  the  index)  expressing 
the  degree  of  the  required  root,  is 
placed  above  the  sign ;  as  %/a,  £/a, 
tya.  See. 

The  root  of  a  quantity  i3  also 
denoted  by  a  fractional  index  at  the 
right  hand  side  of  the  quantity  and 
above  it,  the  denominator  of  the  index 
expressing  the  degree  of  the  root ;  as 

ill 

a2,  a3,  a  5  ;  that  is,  the  square,  cube, 
and  fifth  roots  of  a,  respectively. 

- Vinculum,  indicate 

(  )  Parenthesis,  that  the 

[  ],or  {  },  Brackets,  ^0uan^csh 

|  Bar,  they  are 

applied,  or  which  are  inclosed  by 
them,  are  to  be  taken  altogether  ;  as, 

x-\-y*\  2(a-{-6) ;  a  X  (b  +  c[e  +  d])) 

+X  I  2- 
ry  1 

f,  or  F  Function ;  function  of ;  as 
y—f  (x)\  that  is,  y  is,  or  equals, 
a  function  of  x. 

Various  other  letters  or  signs 
are  frequently  used  by  mathemati¬ 
cians  to  indicate  functions  j  as,  f, 
<f>,  < f>',  i/f,  7r,  and  the  like. 

d  Differential ;  as,  dx  ;  that  is,  the 
differential  of  x. 

8  Variation  ;  as  S  x  ;  that  is,  the  va¬ 
riation  of  x 
A  Finite  difference. 

D  Differential  co-efficient ;  derivative. 
The  letters  d,  8,  A,  D,  and 


A 


sometimes  others,  are  variously  em¬ 
ployed  by  different  mathematicians, 
prefixed  to  quantities  to  denote  that 
the  differentials,  variations,  finite  dif¬ 
ferences,  or  differential  co-efficients  of 
these  quantities  are  to  be  taken  ;  but 
the  ordinary  significations  are  those 
given  above. 

J  Integral;  integral  of  ;  —  indicating 

that  the  expression  before  which  it 
is  placed  is  to  be  integrated ;  as, 
y' 2 xdx  =  £• ;  that  is,  the  integral  of 
2 xdx  is  x'-. 

It  is  repeated  to  indicate  that 
the  operation  of  integration  is  to  be 
performed  twice,  or  three  or  more  times, 
as  ff,  f  f /,  & c.  For  a  number  of 
times  greater  than  three,  an  index  is 
commonly  written  at  the  right  hand 
above  ;  as,./-”1  xdx m  ;  that  is,  the  with 
integral,  or  the  result  of  m  integra¬ 
tions  of  xdx. m. 

denotes  that  the  integral  is  to  be 

taken  between  the  value  b  of  the  va¬ 
riable  and  its  value  a.  J  a  denotes 
that  the  integral  ends  at  the  value  a 
of  the  variable,  and  J'  that  it  be¬ 
gins  at  the  value  b.  These  forms 
must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
similar  one  indicating  repeated  in¬ 
tegration,  or  with  that  indicating 
the  integral  with  respect  to  a  par¬ 
ticular  variable. 

2  Sum  ;  algebraic  sum  ;  — commonly 
used  to  indicate  the  sum  or  summa¬ 
tion  of  finite  differences,  and  in 
nearly  the  same  manner  as  the  sym¬ 
bol  ./. 

e  Residual. 

7 r  The  number  8.14159265  -f- ;  the  ra¬ 
tio  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle 
to  its  diameter,  of  a  semicircle  to  its 
radius,  and  of  the  area  of  a  circle  to 
the  square  of  its  radius.  In  a  circle 
whose  radius  is  unity,  it  is  equal  to 
the  semi-circumference,  and  hence  is 
used  to  designate  an  arc  of  180°. 

°  Degrees  ;  as,  60°  ;  that  is,  sixty  de¬ 
grees. 

1  Minutes  of  arc;  as,  30' ;  that  is, 
thirty  minutes. 

"  Seconds  of  arc  ;  as,  20"  ;  that  is, 
twenty  seconds. 

1 ,  ",  111 ,  &c.  Accents  used  to  mark 
quantities  of  the  same  kind  which 
are  to  be  distinguished ;  as,  a',  a", 
a'",  &c.,  which  are  usually  read  a 
prime,  a  second,  a  third,  etc.  ;  a  b 1 
r"  +  a1  b"  c.  -f-  a"  b  d . 

1,  2,  3,  & c.  Indices  placed  above  and 
at  the  right  hand  of  quantities  to 
denote  that  they  are  raised  to  powers 
whose  degree  is  indicated  by  the  fig¬ 
ure  ;  as,  a1 ;  that  is,  the  first  power 
of  a  ;  a2,  the  square  or  second  power 
of  a ;  a3,  the  cube  or  third  power  of 
a ;  and  the  like. 


IV.  MEDICAL. 

aa  (Gr.  ava),  of  each. 

R  (Lat.  Recipe).  Take. 


APOTHECARIES’  WEIGHTS. 

lb  Pound. 

g  Ounce;  as,  gi,  one  ounce;  gss, 
half  an  ounce  ;  giss,  one  ounce  and 
a  half;  gij,  two  ounces,  &c. 

3  Drachm  ;  as,3i,  one  drachm  ;  gss, 
half  a  drachm  ;  3iss,  one  drachm 
and  a  half;  3>j,  two  drachms,  &c. 

3  Scruple  ;  as,  £)i.  one  scruple  ;  £ss, 
half  a  scruple  ;  £)iss,  one  scrupio 
and  a  half ;  £)ij,  two  scruples,  &c. 


APOTHECARIES’  MEASURES. 

O,  or  0  (Lat.  Octarius).  Pint. 

3  Ounce,  or  f  §  fluid  ounce. 

3  Drachm,  or  f  3  fluid  drachm. 
11(  Minim,  or  drop. 


V.  MISCELLANEOUS. 

&,  <§*,  &  And.  —  &c.  [Et  extern.) 
And  the  rest ;  and  so  forth  ;  and  so 
on  ;  and  the  like. 

y 

eY15  or  T"  -4  ^gn  of  the  cross  used  by 
the  pope,  and  by  Roman  Catholic 
bishops  and  archbishops,  imme¬ 
diately  before  the  subscription  of 
their  names.  In  Roman  Catholic 
service-books,  it  is  used  in  those 
places  of  the  prayers  and  benedic¬ 
tion  where  the  priest  is  to  make  the 
sign  of  the  cross. 

X>  or  - f-  A  character  customarily 
made  by  persons  unable  to  write, 
when  they  are  required  to  execute 
instruments  of  any  kind,  as  deeds, 
affidavits,  &c.  The  name  of  the 
party  is  added  by 
souu  one  who  can  his 

write  ;  as,  John  X  Smith 

4to,  or  4°.  Quar-  mark, 

to  ;  four  leaves, 
or  eight  pages,  to  a  sheet. 

8vo,  or  8°.  Octavo  ;  eight  leaves,  or 
sixteen  pages,  to  a  sheet. 

12mo,  or  12°.  Duodecimo ;  twelve 
leaves,  or  twenty-four  pages,  to  a 
sheet. 

16mo,  or  16°.  Sexto-decimo  ;  sixteen 
leaves,  or  thirty-two  pages,  to  a 
sheet. 

18mo.  or  18°.  Octavo-decimo  ;  eighteen 
leaves,  or  thirty-six  pages,  to  a 
sheet. 

K Other  sizes  are  24mo,  or  24r 
(Vigesimo-quarto),  32mo,  or  32°  (Tri 
gesimo-secundo),  36mo,  or  36°  (Triges 
imo-sexto),  48nio,  or  48°  (Quadrigesi- 
mo-octavo),  64mo,  or  64°  (Sexagesimo 
quarto),  72  mo,  or  72°  (Septuagesimcs> 
secundo),  96mo,  or  96°  (Nonagesimo- 
sexto),  128mo,  or  128°  (Centesimo  et 
vigesimo-ootavo).  These  sizes  are  of 
rare  occurrence,  and  are  not  common¬ 
ly  known  by  their  Latin  names,  but 
are  colloquially  called  twenty-four-mo, 
thirty-two-mo,  &c.,  or  twenty-fours, 
thirty-twos,  &c. 

7ber,  September  ;  8ber,  October  ;  9ber, 
November ;  lOber,  December; 


ARBITRARY  SIGNS. 


VI.  MONETARY,  Etc. 

$  Dollar,  or  Dollars  ;  as,  $1 :  $200. 
f  Cent,  or  cents  ;  as,  12/. ;  33/  . 

£  Pound,  or  pounds  (sterling);  as, 
£1 !  £45.  [1ft  ;  24ft. 

tb  Pound,  or  Pounds  (in  weight) ;  as, 
@  At,  or  to  ;  as,  silk  @  $2  per  yd. 

^  Per;  as,  sheep  $4  If  head. 

^  Per  cent. ;  as,  discount  6  <f0 . 

a/  Account ;  as,  J.  Smith  in  ctl  with 
7  J.  Jones.  /c 

/  Shilling,  or  Shillings  ;  as,  1  6  =ls. 

6d. ;  2/3  =  2s.  3d. 

A 1  Designation  of  a  first-class  vessel ,  in 
Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  For¬ 
eign  Shipping ;  the  letter  denoting  that 
the  hull  is  well  built  and  sea-worthy, 
and  the  figure  the  efficient  state  of  her 
rigging,  anchors,  cables,  & c. 

XX  Ale  of  double  strength. 

XXX  Ale  of  triple  strength. 

VII.  TYPOGRAPH¬ 

ICAL. 

1.  MARKS  OF  PUNCTUATION. 

,  Comma.  :  Colon. 

%  Semicolon.  ,  Period. 


* 

• 

(  ) 
I  ] 


Y 


Dash.  [tion. 
Interroga- 
Exclamation. 
Parenthesis. 
Brackets,  or 
Crotchets. 
Apostrophe. 
Hyphen. 
Acute  Accent. 
Grave  Accent. 
Circumflex 
Accent. 
Circumflex, 
or  Tilde. 

The  Long, 
Macron. 

The  Short, 
Breve. 
Diaeresis. 
Cedilla. 


A  Caret. 

“  ”  Quotation 
Marks. 

|  Brace. 

*#*  Ellipsis. 

...  Ellipsis ;  al¬ 
so ,  Leaders. 

- Ellipsis. 

*  Asterisk, 
t  Dagger,  or 
Obelisk. 

t  Double  Dag - 


or 


or 


§ 


ger. 

Section. 
Parallels. 

IF  Paragraph. 
dSPHndex. 

or  As- 
terism. 


#  > 


2.  CORRECTION  OF  THE  PRESS. 
O)  j  or  $  (dele).  Take  out,  or  expunge. 
©  Turn  a  reversed  letter. 

A  space,  or  more  space  between 
^words,  letters,  or  lines. 

_  Less  space,  or  no  space,  between 
words  or  letters. 

L ,  or  J  Carry  a  word  further  to  the 
left  or  to  the  right. 

□  Indent. 

Elevate  a  letter,  word,  or  character 
that  is  sunk  below  the  proper  level. 


541 


Sink  a  letter,  word,  or  character 
raised  above  the  proper  level. 

[  shows  that  a  portion  of  a  para¬ 
graph  projects  laterally  beyond  the 
rest. 

|  directs  attention  to  a  quadrat  or 
""  space  which  improperly  appears. 

X,  or  -f-  directs  attention  to  a  broken 
or  imperfect  type. 

[  Bring  a  word  or  words  to  the  be¬ 
ginning  of  a  line  ;  also,  make  a  new 
paragraph. 

IF  Make  a  new  paragraph. 

—  Change  from  Italic  to  Roman,  or 
from  Roman  to  Italic,  as  the  case 
may  be. 

=  Put  in  small  capitals. 

B  Put  in  capitals. 

JOQr-  The  following  abbreviations , 
used  in  correcting  proof-sheets,  re¬ 
quire  explanation :  — 

wf.  Wrong  font;  —  used  when  a  char¬ 
acter  is  of  a  wrong  size  or  style. 
tr.  Transpose. 

1.  c.  Lower-case  ;  i.  e.,  put  in  small  or 
common  letters  a  word  or  a  letter 
that  has  been  printed  in  capitals  a,' 
small  capitals.  [tala 

s.  caps.  ;  or  sm.  c.  Put  in  small  capi 
Qh.,  Qy.,  or  ?  Query. 
out ,  s.  c.  Words  wanting,  see  copy- 


SPECIMEN  OF  A  CORRECTED  PROOF-SHEET. 
THE  CROWNING  OF  PETRARCH. 


^cr^id. 


A.  eaj/id.  /^Nothing  can  be  conceived  more  affecting  or  noble  thamji  that  ceremony.  The 

3) 


ee 

/,  o. 


[ 


superb  palaces  and  -a&4  porticos  by  which  had  rolled  the  ivory  chariots  of  Marius 
and  Caesar  had  long  mouldered  into  dust.  The  laureled  fasces,  the  golden  eagles, 
the  shouting  _Legions,  the  captives,  and  the  pictured  cities  were  indeed  want/^ 
ing  to  his  victorious  procession.  The  sceptre  had  passed  away  from  Rome. 


oni. 


-/ 


© 


/eac/. 


ca. 


7^/  /l 


e-ued 


S' 


But  she  still  jetained  the  mightier  influence  of  an  (^empireyTntellectual/i  and  was 
now  to  confer  the  prouder  reward  of  an  intellectual  triumph.  To  the  mon  who  dtet.  a/ 
had  extended  the  dorainion  of  herL_  ancient  language  —  who  L_  had  erected |_  the  A^vace  tettel> 

trophie8  Philosophy  and  imagination  in  the  ( _  haunts  of  ignorancejjand  J, 

ferocity,  whose -eaptionfr-  were  the  he  arts  of  admiring  nations/ enchained  by  the  3  *  / 

influence  of  his  S0P°  —  whose  spoils  were  the  treasures  of  ancient  genius  —  the 

*/ 


Eternal  City^offered  the  fglorious^and/just^  tribute  of  her  gratitude.  J 

IT  At  ( Amid  the  ruined  monuments  of  ancient,  and  the  infant  ereci  /of  modern 

A  .  I 

^  art,  he  who  had  restored/ the  broken  link  between  thetwo  agesjof  lan  civiliza 


from  the  moderns  who 


tion  was  crowned  with  the  wreath  which  Lad  deserj 


$1  /eac/ 


owed  to  him  their  refinement,  —  from  the  ancients  who  owpjej  to  him  their  fame 
Never  was  a  coronation  so  august  witnessed  by  Westminster  or  Rheims. 


tt. 


o 


Macaulay. 

i,eAcuect jtiom  atdculr  tjf  an</  (/eccty 


A  CONCISE  ACCOUNT 


OF  THE 

CHIEF  DEITIES,  HEROES,  ETC.,  IN  THE  GREEK  AND 

ROMAN  MYTHOLOGY. 


Ab'a-ris.  A  Scythian  priest  of  Apollo, 
said  to  have  ridden  through  the  air 
on  an  arrow. 

A-^ES'TE^.  A  king  of  Sicily,  who  en¬ 
tertained  iEneas  and  Anchises. 

A-OHjE'US.  Son  of  Xuthus,  from 
whom  the  Achasans,  a  Grecian  tribe, 
were  descended. 

A-eHA'TEg.  A  trusty  friend  and  com¬ 
panion  of  iEneas. 

Aoh'e-ron.  Son  of  Sol  and  Terra, 
transformed  into  a  river  in  the  infer¬ 
nal  regions. 

A-€hIl'le§.  A  Grecian  hero,  distin¬ 
guished  for  his  warlike  prowess,  and 
invulnerable  except  in  his  right  heel ; 
but  at  length  slain  by  Paris,  in  the 
Trojan  war.  He  was  the  son  of 

_  Peleus  and  Thetis. 

A'^IS.  The  son  of  Faunus,  a  Sicilian 
shepherd,  who  was  killed  by  Poly¬ 
phemus,  because  he  had  obtained  the 
affections  of  Galataea. 

Ae-T^'ON  A  celebrated  hunter,  who, 
having  seen  Diana  bathing,  was 
changed  into  a  stag  and  hunted  down 
by  his  own  hounds. 

Ad-me'tus.  A  king  of  Pherge,  in 
Thessaly,  and  husband  of  Alcestis. 

A-DO'NIS.  A  Cyprian  youth  famed 
for  his  beauty  and  beloved  by  Venus, 
but  torn  in  pieces  by  a  wild  boar. 

2E'A-€US.  Son  of  Jupiter  and  Europa, 
famed  for  his  justice  and  piety.  After 
death  he  was  made  one  of  the  judges 
in  the  infernal  regions. 

JE-trE'RI-A.  See  Egeria. 

.iE-GjE'us.  A  king  of  Athens,  who 
gave  his  name  to  the  iEgean  sea,  in 
which  he  was  drowned. 

M'G LE.  1.  One  of  the  Hesperides.  2. 
The  fairest  of  the  Naiads. 

YE-6Yp'TUS.  A  king  of  Egypt,  whose 
fifty  sons,  with  the  exception  of 
Lynceus,  were  slain  on  their  wedding 
night  by  their  wives,  the  daughters 
of  Danaus. 

iE-NE'AS.  A  Trojan  warrior,  son  of 
Venus  and  Anchises.  He  is  distin¬ 
guished  for  his  pious  care  of  his 
father  at  the  capture  of  Troy ;  and 
his  adventures  form  the  subject  of 
Virgil’s  iEneid. 

2E'o-lus.  The  god  or  ruler  of  the 
winds,  who  resided  in  the  islands  be¬ 
tween  Italy  and  Sicily. 

iEs'EU-LA/Pi-us.  Son  of  Apollo,  and 
god  of  the  healing  art. 

Xg7a-mem'non.  Brother  of  Menelaus, 
and  commander  of  the  Grecian  forces 
against  Troy.  He  was  murdered  by 


his  wife  Clytaemnestra,  with  the  aid 
of  iEgisthus,  her  paramour.  See 
CLYTAiMNESTRA. 

Ag'a-nip'pe.  A  fountain  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Helicon,  sacred  to  the 
Muses. 

AMAX.  1.  A  son  of  Telamon,  and  one 
of  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks  in  the 
Trojan  war.  2.  A  Greek  renowned 
for  his  bravery  in  the  Trojan  war. 
He  was  the  son  of  Oileus,  and  king 
of  the  Locri. 

Al-^es'txs.  Wife  of  Admetus,  to 
preserve  whose  life  she  resigned  her 
own.  She  was  afterward,  however, 
brought  back  from  the  lower  world 
by  Hercules. 

AL-^I'DEg.  A  name  of  Hercules. 

AL€-ME'nA.  Wife  of  Amphitryon, 
and  mother  of  Hercules  by  Jupiter. 

Al-^V'O-NE.  A  daughter  of  AEolus, 
who  drowned  herself  in  grief  for  the 
loss  of  her  husband,  and  was  turned 
into  a  king-fisher. 

A-leg'to.  One  of  the  Furies. 

Am'MON.  A  title  of  Jupiter. 

Am-phi'on.  A  Theban  prince  who 
cultivated  the  art  of  music  with  such 
success  that,  at  the  sound  of  his  lyre, 
stones  came  together,  and  formed  the 
walls  of  Thebes. 

Am/phi-trEte.  Daughter  of  Nereus 
and  Doris,  and  wife  of  Neptune. 

An-c^e'us.  A  king  of  the  Samians, 
who,  leaving  a  cup  of  wine  untasted 
to  pursue  a  boar  by  which  he  was 
killed,  gave  rise  to  the  proverb, 
“  There ’s  many  a  slip  ’twixt  the  cup 
and  the  lip.” 

An-€hI'se§.  The  father  of  iEneas  by 
Venus. 

An-drom'a-ghe.  The  wife  of  Hector, 
distinguished  for  her  domestic  vir¬ 
tues. 

An-drom'E-dA.  Daughter  of  the 
Ethiopian  king  Cepheus.  Her  moth¬ 
er,  Cassiope,  having  boasted  herself 
fairer  than  Juno,  Andromeda  was 
exposed  to  a  sea-monster,  but  was 
rescued  by  Perseus,  who  married 
her. 

An-TjE'US.  A  monarch  of  Libya,  of 
gigantic  size  and  strength,  slain  by 
Hercules. 

An'te-ros.  The  god  who  avenges 
slighted  love. 

An-tIg'o-ne.  A  daughter  of  CEdipus 
and  Jocasta,  famous  for  her  filial 
piety. 

A-nO'bis.  An  Egyptian  god,  repre¬ 
sented  as  having  the  head  of  a  dog. 


Aph'ro-dT'te.  The  Greek  name  of 

_  Venus. 

A'Pis.  The  Egyptian  god  of ’ndustry, 
worshiped  under  the  form  of  an  ox. 

A-pol'lo.  A  deity  of  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  worshiped  as  the  sun-god. 
He  was  also  god  of  medicine,  divina¬ 
tion,  archery,  and  poetry,  and  pre¬ 
sided  over  the  Muses. 

A-RA€H'ne.  A  Lydian  maiden,  who 
challenged  Minerva  to  a  trial  of  skill 
in  embroidery,  and  was  changed  into 
a  spider,  as  a  puuishment  for  her 
presumption. 

AR'e-thu'sA.  Daughter  of  Nereus,  a 
nymph  of  great  beauty,  in  the  train 
of  Diana,  in  Elis; — changed  into  a 
fountain  when  pursued  by  the  river- 
god  Alpheus.  It  was  believed  that 
this  fountain  flowed  under  the  sea, 
with  the  Alpheus,  and  appeared  again 
in  Sicily. 

Ar'go-nauts.  Companions  of  Jason, 
who  went  to  Colchis,  in  the  ship 

__  Argo,  in  search  of  a  golden  fleece. 

AR'GUS.  The  son  of  Arestor;  said  to 
have  a  hundred  eyes.  Being  sent  by 
Juno  to  watch  Io,  he  was  killed  by 
Mercury,  whereupon  Juno  placed 
his  eyes  in  the  tail  of  a  peacock. 

A'Rl-AD'NE.  Daughter  of  Minos,  king 
of  Crete,  who,  for  the  love  she  bore 
to  Thfeseus,  gave  him  a  clew  of  thread 
which  guided  him  safely  out  of  the 
labyrinth  of  Crete. 

A-ri'ON.  A  famous  musician  and 
lyric  poet  of  Methymna,  in  Lesbos, 
rescued  from  drowning  by  a  dolphin. 

Ar'is-TjE'US.  A  son  of  Apollo  and 
Cyrene,  who  discovered  the  use  of 
honey,  oil,  & c.,  and  who  first  taught 
men  the  management  of  bees. 

AR'TE-Ml's.  The  Greek  nameof  Diana. 

As-eXl/A-PHtJS.  A  son  of  Acheron, 
who,  having  asserted  that  Proserpine 
had  eaten  a  pomegranate-seed  in  the 
kingdom  of  Pluto,  was  turned  into 
an  owl,  for  mischief-making. 

As-trae'A.  The  goddess  of  justice. 
During  the  Golden  Age  she  lived  on 
earth,  but  when  that  passed  away 
she  abandoned  it,  and  returned  to 
heaven. 

As-ty'A-nXx.  Son  of  Hector  and 
Andromache,  killed  by  Ulysses  at  the 
destruction  of  Troy. 

At/a-lXn'tA.  A  princess  of  Scyros, 
who  consented  to  marry  any  one  of 
her  suitors  who  should  outrun  her. 
Hippomenes  was  the  successful  com¬ 
petitor. 


A.  e,  I,  o,  u,  v , long ;  X,  £,I,  6, 0,  short;  cAre,  fXr,  ask,  all.,  what;  £re,  veil,  t£rm;  PIQUE,  fIrm;  s6n, 


GREEK  AN 

A'TE.  The  goddess  of  revenge. 

;  At'LAS.  A  Titan,  and  king  of  Mauri¬ 

tania,  who  is  said  to  have  supported 
the  world  on  his  shoulders,  and  was 

w  changed  into  a  mountain. 

AT'RO-POS.  One  of  the  Parcae.  Her 
duty  among  the  three  sisters  is  to  cut 
the  thread  of  life. 

Au'GE-AS.  One  of  the  Argonauts,  and 
afterward  king  of  £iis.  His  stables 
were  the  scene  of  the  fifth  labor  of 
Hercules,  who  cleansed  them  from 
the  accumulated  filth  of  thirty  years 
by  turning  a  river  through  them. 

AU-RO'RA.  The  goddess  of  morning. 

BA€-€H.Xn'te§.  Priestesses  of  Bac¬ 
chus. 

Bae'ehus.  The  god  of  wine. 

Bel-ler/o-piion.  Son  of  Glaucus, 
and  grandson  of  Sisyphus.  Being 
falsely  accused  by  the  wife  of  Proetus, 
king  of  the  Argives,  he  was  sent  with 
a  letter  from  Proetus  to  his  father-in- 
law,  commanding  him  to  put  the 
bearer  to  death.  He  is  noted  for 
having  slain  the  Chimaera. 

Bel-lo'nA.  The  goddess  of  war,  and 
sister  of  Mars. 

Ber'e-nT'^e.  Sister  and  wife  of  Ptole¬ 
my  Euergetes.  Her  beautiful  hair 
was  placed  in  the  heavens  as  a  con¬ 
stellation  . 

Bo'nA  De'a.  A  name  given  by  the 
Romans  to  the  goddess  of  chastity. 
It  was  unlawful  for  any  man  to  enter 
her  temple. 

BrI-a're-us,  or  Bri'a-REUS.  A  fa¬ 
mous  giant,  feigned  to  have  had  a 
hundred  hands  and  fifty  heads. 

Bri-se'is.  A  beautiful  slave  of  Achil¬ 
les,  from  whom  she  was  taken  by 
Agamemnon. 

BroN'tes.  One  of  the  Cyclops,  who 
forged  Jove’s  thunder-bolts. 

Bu-Sl'RIS.  A  king  of  Egypt,  who,  in 
consequence  of  an  oracle,  sacrificed 
strangers  on  the  altar  of  Jupiter.  He 
was  slain  by  Hercules. 

BVb'lis.  The  daughter  of  Miletus, 
who  loved  her  brother,  and  being 
avoided  by  him,  wept  herself  into  a 
fountain. 

GA-BI'rI.  Deities  worshiped  at  Lem¬ 
nos  and  Samothrace  as  tutelary  genii. 

■GA'eus.  A  noted  giant  and  robber, 
fabled  to  have  had  three  heads.  He 
stole  the  oxen  of  Geryon  from  Hercu¬ 
les,  and  on  that  account  was  slain  by 
him. 

GXiFmus.  Son  of  the  Phenician  king 
Agenor,  and  the  inventor  of  alpha¬ 
betic  writing. 

GXi/oiias.  A  famous  soothsayer,  and 
prophet  of  the  Greeks  in  the  Trojan 
war. 

■Gal-lPo-pe.  Mother  of  Orpheus, 
and  chief  of  the  nine  Muses.  She 
presided  over  epic  poetry. 

GAL-LlS'TO.  Daughter  of  Lycaon, 
an  Arcadian  king.  She  was  changed 
by  Juno,  on  account  of  jealousy,  in¬ 
to  a  bear,  and  was  placed  by  Jupiter 
among  the  stars. 

D  ROMAN  DEITIES,  HE 

Ga-l^p'so.  A  nymph  who  reigned  in 
the  island  of  Ogygia,  where  she  en¬ 
tertained  Ulysses  for  eight  years. 

Ga-miiPlA.  A  warlike  queen  of  the 
XTolscians,  slain  in  the  war  with 
AEneas. 

GXp'A-NEUS.  One  of  seven  heroes 
who  led  an  expedition  from  Argos 
against  Thebes.  He  was  struck  with 
lightning  by  Jupiter. 

Gas-sXn'BRA.  A  daughter  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba,  whose  prophecies  the 
Trojans  refused  to  believe. 

■Gas-tA'li-A.  A  celebrated  fountain 
on  Mount  Parnassus,  sacred  to  Apol¬ 
lo  and  the  Muses. 

Qe'grops.  The  founder  and  first 
king  of  Athens,  who  instituted  mar¬ 
riage  and  the  interment  of  the  dead. 

Qen'TAURS.  A  Thessalian  race,  fa¬ 
bled  to  have  been  half  men  and  half 
horses. 

Qe'phe-us,  or  (^e'piieus.  A  king 
of  Ethiopia,  husband  of  Cassiope  and 
father  of  Andromeda. 

Qer'be-rus.  The  three-headed  dog 
•  of  Pluto,  which  guarded  the  gate  of 
Hades. 

(pE'RES.  The  goddess  of  grain,  fruits, 
and  agriculture.  She  was  the  daugh¬ 
ter  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  sister  of  Jupi¬ 
ter,  Pluto,  and  Neptune,  and  mother 
of  Proserpine. 

Gjha'ron.  The  son  of  Erebus  and 
Nox,  who  ferried  the  souls  of  the 
dead  over  the  rivers  Acheron  and 
Styx  to  Hades. 

Giia-ryb'dis.  A  ravenous  woman, 
turned  by  Jupiter  into  a  dangerous 
whirlpool  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  op¬ 
posite  to  the  rocks  called  Scylla. 

Ghi-mae'rA.  A  fabulous  monster  in 
Lycia,  which  vomited  fire,  and  was 
slain  by  Bellerophon. 

€hry-se'IS.  A  daughter  of  Chryses, 
a  priest  of  Apollo,  at  Chryse,  in 
Troas.  Having  been  captured  by 
the  Greeks,  and  given  to  Agamem¬ 
non,  Apollo  sent  a  pestilence  upon 
the  Grecian  hosts,  whereupon  she 
was  restored  to  her  father. 

QlR'^E.  A  sea- nymph  and  sorceress, 
who,  by  means  of  an  enchanted  cup, 
turned  men  into  swine. 

€li'o.  The  Muse  who  presided  over 
history ;  represented  with  a  half- 
opened  roll. 

•GlcPA-^PnA.  A  Roman  goddess,  who 
presided  over  the  sewers. 

Glo'THO.  The  youngest  of  the  three 
Fates.  Her  office  was  to  spin  the 
thread  of  life. 

Gl^T'jEM-NES'TRA,  1  The  faithless 

Glyt'EM-NES'TRA,  )  wife  of  Aga¬ 

memnon,  whom  she,  with  her  para¬ 
mour  AEgisthus,  murdered  on  his  re¬ 
turn  from  Troy,  for  which  crime  she 
was  killed  by  her  son  Orestes. 

Go-^y'tus.  A  river  in  the  lower 
world. 

Qce'lus.  One  of  the  earlier  deities, 
the  spouse  of  Terra,  and  father  of 
Saturn.  [merriment. 

Go'mus.  The  god  of  festivals  and 

Gre'on.  A  king  of  Thebes,  who  prom- 

ROES,  ETC.  543 

ised  his  sister  Jocasta  in  marriage  to 
any  one  who  would  expound  the  rid¬ 
dle  of  the  Sphinx. 

Grce'scs.  A  king  of  Lydia,  celebra¬ 
ted  for  his  great  riches. 

Gu'pid.  The  god  of  love,  son  of  Mars 
and  Venus. 

(^yb'e-le.  The  wife  of  Saturn  ;  called 
the  mother  of  the  gods. 

(^Y'eLOPS.  Savage  giants  of  enormouo 
strength,  who  worked  for  Vulcan. 

They  had  but  one  eye,  and  that  was 
in  the  middle  of  the  forehead. 

Qyn'thi-A.  A  surname  of  Diana, 
from  Mount  Cynthus,  iu  Delos,  where 
she  was  born. 

Qyn'thi-us.  A  surname  of  Apollo. 

(lYP'A-R'ls'SUS.  A  youth  beloved  by 
Apollo.  Having  by  accident  slain  a 
favorite  stag  belonging  to  the  god,  he 
was  changed,  through  grief,  into  a 
cypress. 

DjED'a-lus.  A  famous  Athenian  ar¬ 
tificer,  father  of  Icarus,  and  builder 
of  the  Cretan  labyrinth.  He  is  said 
to  have  constructed  wings  with  which 
he  fled  across  the  AEgean  Sea,  to  avoid 
the  resentment  of  Minos. 

DAEMON,  a  Pythagorean  of  Syracuse, 
celebrated  for  his  friendship  for  Pyth¬ 
ias,  or  Phintias. 

DXn'a-e.  Daughter  of  Acrisius,  and 
mother  of  Perseus  by  Jupiter,  who 
visited  her  in  the  form  of  a  shower 
of  gold,  her  father  having  shut  her 
up  in  a  tower. 

Da-na'I-de§.  The  fifty  daughters  of 
Danaus,  all  of  whom,  with  the  excep¬ 
tion  of  Iiypermnestra,  slew  their 
husbands  on  their  wedding  night ; 
for  which  crime  they  were  doomed 
eternally  to  fill  with  water  a  tub 
pierced  with  holes. 

DXph'ne.  A  nymph  beloved  by  Apol¬ 
lo,  but  who  chose  rather  to  be 
changed  into  a  laurel  than  yield  to 
his  wishes. 

Dar'da-nus.  Son  of  Jupiter  and  Elec- 
tra,  the  Pleiad.  Having  slain  his 
brother  Jasius,  he  flel  into  Asia, 
where  he  founded  the  city  of  Troy. 

De-id'A-mFA.  Daughter  of  Lycorne- 
des,  king  of  Scyros,  and  mother  of 
Pyrrhus  by  Achilles. 

DePA-ni'rA.  The  wife  of  Hercules, 
who  killed  herself  because  she  had 
sent  to  her  husband  a  shirt  dipped  in 
the  blood  of  the  centaur  Nessus,  to 
escape  the  agony  occasioned  by 
which,  he  burnt  himself  on  Mount 
(Eta. 

De'li-A  and  De'li-us.  Names  of 

Diana  and  Apollo,  from  Delos,  where 
they7  w-ere  born. 

Del/phi.  A  city  of  Phocis,  on  tho 
hill  of  Parnassus,  where  was  a  cele¬ 
brated  oracle  of  Apollo. 

Deu-ca'li  on.  Son  of  Prometheus, 
king  of  Phthia,  in  Thessaly,  who, 
with  his  wife  Pyrrha,  was  preserved 
in  a  small  boat  from  a  flood  which 
drowned  the  rest  of  Greece,  and, 
landing7  on  Mount  Parnassus,  re¬ 
peopled  the  country. 

or,  do,  wqlf,  too,  to'ok;  Crn,  rue,  pvll;  e,i,  o,  silent;  q,&,sofc;  €,G ,/iard;  A§;  ejist;  N  as  ng;  this. 

544  GREEK  AN 

Di-Xn'A  ( classical  pron.  DT-a'na).  The 
daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Latona, 
and  the  twin  sister  of  Apollo.  She 
was  regarded  as  the  virgin  moon- 
goddess,  the  protector  of  virginity, 
and  of  women  in  labor,  the  patron¬ 
ess  of  the  chase,  and  the  presider 
over  nocturnal  incantations. 

DI'do.  The  foundress  and  queen  of 
Carthage,  the  site  of  which  she  ob¬ 
tained  by  purchasing  as  much  land 
as  could  be  encompassed  with  a  bul¬ 
lock’s  hide,  and  then  cutting  the  hide 
into  small  shreds.  She  fell  in  love 
with  iEueas,  and  killed  herself  be¬ 
cause  he  slighted  her. 

DI'O-MED,  or  Dl'O-ME'DEg.  1.  A 
king  of  Thrace,  whose  horses  fed  on 
human  flesh.  2.  A  famous  Grecian 
hero,  who  assisted  Ulysses  to  carry 
off  the  Palladium  from  Troy. 

Di-6'ne.  A  sea-nymph  and  mother 
of  Venus. 

Dis-eoR/Dl-A.  The  goddess  of  dis¬ 
cord,  banished  from  heaven  for  ex¬ 
citing  divisions  among  the  gods. 

Dry'ads.  Nymphs  who  presided  over 
the  woods. 

E€H'5  (classical  pron.  E'cho).  A 
nymph  who  fell  in  love  with  Narcis¬ 
sus,  but  being  slighted  by  him,  pined 
away  until  nothing  was  left  but  her 
voice. 

E-ge'ri-A.  A  nymph  of  Aricia,  in 
Italy,  the  spouse  and  instructress  of 
Numa. 

E-LE€'tra.  1.  One  of  the  seven 
Pleiades,  daughter  of  Atlas  and  Plei- 
one,  and  mother  of  Dardanus  by  Ju¬ 
piter.  2.  A  daughter  of  Agamemnon 
and  Cly tasmnestra,  and  sister  of 
Orestes. 

E-LYg'l-UM  (-llzhff-).  The  place  as¬ 
signee).  for  the  residence  of  good  men 
after  death. 

En-^el'A-dus.  The  strongest  of  the 
giants  who  conspired  against  Jupiter, 
and  attempted  to  scale  heaven.  J upi- 
ter  hurled  Mount  Etna  upon  him. 

En-d5m'i-on.  A  beautiful  young 
shepherd  of  Mount  Latmos,  in  Caria, 
who  was  condemned  to  perpetual 
sleep.  Diana  fell  in  love  with  him, 
and  nightly  came  down  from  heaven 
to  kiss  him. 

E-Pe'us.  Son  of  Panopeus  and  fabri¬ 
cator  of  the  wooden  horse,  by  means 

w  of  which  Troy  was  taken. 

EphG-Xl'te§.-  A  giant,  who,  withhis 
brother  Otus,  waged  war  with  heav- 

w  en,  and  was  killed  by  Apollo. 

Er'a-to.  The  Muse  of  lyric  and  ama¬ 
tory  poetry. 

Er'e-bus.  1.  An  infernal  deity,  son 
of  Chaos,  and  brother  of  Nox.  2.  A 
dark  and  gloomy  cavern  through 
which  the  shades  pass  on  their  way 
from  Earth  to  Hades. 

E-rIn'nys.  A  Fury  ;  one  of  the  Fu¬ 
ries.  (pi.  E-rIn'ny-es.) 

Eu  mEn'I-de§.  [Lit.,  the  benevolent 
or  gracious  ""ones.]  A  euphemistic 
name  of  the  Furies,  whose  true  name 
of Erinnyes  they  were  afraid  to  speak. 

D  ROMAN  DEITIES,  HE 

Eu-phor'bus.  A  brave  Trojan,  son 
of  Panthous  or  Panthus. 

Eu-phros'y-ne.  One  of  the  three 
Graces. 

Eu-ro'pa.  Daughter  of  the  Phenician 
king  Agenor,  and  mother  of  Minos 
and  Sarwedon  by  Jupiter,  who,  un¬ 
der  the  form  of  a  white  bull,  carried 
her  off  into  Crete. 

Eu-ry'A-LE.  Daughter  of  Minos,  king 
of  Crete,  and  mother  of  Orion. 

Eu-ry'A-lus.  A  Trojan,  famed  for 
his  friendship  for  Nisus. 

EU-ryd'i-^e.  Wife  of  Orpheus,  to  re¬ 
gain  whom  he  descended  to  the  low¬ 
er  world.  Pluto  yielded  to  his  pray¬ 
er  on  condition  that  he  should  not 
look  back  at  her  until  they  reached 
the  light,  which  condition  he  failed 
to  fulfill,  and  was  obliged  to  return 
without  her. 

Eu-ryn'o-me.  Daughter  of  Oceanus 
and  mother  of  the  Graces. 

Eu-rys'the-us,  or  Eu-rys'theus. 
A  king  of  Mycenae,  who, at  the  com¬ 
mand  of  Juno,  imposed  upon  Her¬ 
cules,  his  cousin  and  junior,  twelve 
difficult  labors. 

Eu-ter'pe.  The  Muse  who  presided 
over  music. 

Fates.  Goddesses  who  presided  over 
human  destiny. 

Fau'nA.  A  prophetic  goddess  of  the 
Latins,  called  also  Bona  Den. 

Fau Sylvan  deities  with  horns  and 
goats’  feet ;  the  offspring  of  Faunus. 

FAU'NUS.  A  mythical  king  of  Latium, 
worshiped,  after  death,  as  the  god  of 
agriculture  and  of  shepherds. 

Fe-ro'ni-a.  An  Italian  deity,  the 
goddess  of  plants,  and  the  patroness 
of  freedmen.  [gardens. 

Flo'ra.  The  goddess  of  flowers  and 

For-tu'nA.  The  goddess  of  fortune, 
from  whose  hand  were  derived  riches 
and  poverty,  happiness  and  miserj'  ; 
represented  as  blind. 

Fu'RlEg.  The  goddesses  who  avenge 
in  the  next  world  the  sins  committed 
in  this.  They  are  represented  armed 
with  snakes  and  lighted  torches. 

GXl'A-tae'A.  A  sea-nymph,  passion¬ 
ately  loved  by  Polyphemus. 

GXl'lus.  A  youth  beloved  by  Mars, 
and  by  him  changed  into  a  cock. 

GXn'Y-mede.  [Lat.  GXn'Y-ME'- 

l)Eg.]  The  son  of  Tros,  a  youth  of 
surpassing  beauty,  carried  off  by 
Jupiter’s  eagle  from  Mount  Ida  to 
heaven,  where  he  became  cup-bearer 
to  the  god,  in  place  of  Hebe. 

6e-nPI.  Tutelar  deities,  or  guardian 
spirits  of  persons  or  places. 

6e'ry-on.  A  king  of  Spain,  whose 
oxen  Hercules  carried  off  into  Greece, 
after  he  had  killed  their  master. 

Gor'di-us.  A  Phrygian  king,  who 
tied  in  the  harness  of  his  chariot  an 
inextricable  knot,  of  which  it  was 
foretold  that  whoever  untied  it 
should  become  king  of  all  Asia.  Al¬ 
exander  the  Great,  being  unable  to 
disentangle  it,  cut  the  rope  with  his 

ROES,  ETC. 

sword,  saying  that  to  cut  was  the  j 

same  as  to  untie. 

Gor'gons.  Three  daughters  of  Phor- 
cys  and  Ceto,  of  hideous  appearance, 
wTho  had  power  to  change  men  into 
stone  by  simply  looking  at  them. 

Graces.  Three  beautiful  virgin  god¬ 
desses,  daughters  of  Jupiter  and 
Eurynome,  constantly  in  attendance 
on  Venus. 

GY'GEg.  1.  A  king  of  Lydia,  famous 
for  having  a  ring,  by  means  of  which 
he  could  make  himself  invisible.  2. 

A  giant  with  a  hundred  arms. 

IlA'DEg.  The  place  of  departed  spirits, 
comprehending  both  Elysium  and 
Tartarus. 

IIam/a-dry'ads.  Nymphs  who  lived 
in  the  woods,  and  presided  over  i 

trees. 

IlAR'PTEg.  [Lat.  HAR-PYG-AS.]  Ra¬ 
pacious  monsters,  having  the  faces 
of  women,  but  the  bodies,  wings,  and 
claws  of  birds  qf  prey. 

Har-po€'ra-tes.  The  Egyptian  god 
of  silence  ;  represented  with  his  fin¬ 
ger  on  his  mouth. 

IIe'be.  The  goddess  of  youth,  and 
cup-bearer  to  the  gods,  until  super¬ 
seded  by  Ganymede  on  account  of  an 
unfortunate  fall. 

IlEe'A-TE.  A  goddess  who  presided 
over  enchantments,  conjurations, 

& c.  ;  the  same  with  Luna  in  heaven 
and  Diana  on  earth.  ; 

IlEe'TOR.  Son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
and  the  bravest  of  the  Trojans,  but 
slain  at  last  by  Achilles,  who  dragged 
his  body  three  times  round  the  walls 
of  Troy. 

Hee'u-bA.  The  wife  of  Priam.  She 
tore  out  her  eyes  for  the  loss  of  her 
children,  and  was  turned  into  a  bitch 
for  railing  at  the  Grecians. 

Hel'e-nA.  [Eng.  IILl'en.]  Daughter 
of  Tyndarus  and  Leda,  and  wife  of 
Menelaus  ;  the  most  beautiful  woman 
of  her  age.  By  running  away  with  1 

Paris,  she  occasioned  the  Trojan 
war. 

IIel'e-nOs.  The  son  of  Priam  and 
Hecuba,  spared  by  the  Greeks  on  ac¬ 
count  of  his  skill  in  divination. 

Hel'i-€on.  A  mountain  of  Boeotia, 
sacred  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

Hel'le.  Daughter  of  Athamus  and 
Nephele.  She  fled  from  her  step- 
mother  Ino,  and  was  drowned  in  the 
Pontic  Sea,  thence  called  the  Helles¬ 
pont. 

Her'a-elI'd^e.  The  descendants  of 
Hercules. 

IlER'uu-LEg.  Son  of  Jupiter  and 
Alcmena,  celebrated  for  his  great 
strength,  and  especially  for  his  twelve 
labors. 

IIer'me§.  The  Greek  name  of  Mer¬ 
cury. 

IIer-mI'o-ne.  1.  Daughter  of  Mars 
and  Venus,  and  wife  of  Cadmus, 
changed  into  a  serpent.  2.  Daughter 
of  Menelaus  and  Helena,  and  wife  of 
Orestee. 

He'ro.  A  beautiful  priestess  of  Ve- 

A.  E,  I,  o,  u,  Y,  long;  X,  £,I,  6,  0,  V,  short;  cAre,  FAR,  AsK,  ALL,  WHAT;  £re,  VEIL,  TERM;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  s6t*, 

GREEK  AN 

nus  at  Sestos,  in  Thrace,  beloved  by 
Leander  of  Abydos,  who  used  to 
swim  over  the  Hellespont  every  night 
to  see  her.  Leander  being  at  length 
unfortunately  drowned,  she  threw 
herself,  in  despair,  into  the  sea. 

He-si'o-ne.  Daughter  of  Laoinedon, 
kiug  of  Troy,  rescued  from  a  sea- 
monster  by  Hercules,  who  gave  her 
in  marriage  to  Telamon. 

Hes-per'i-des.  Three  nymphs, 

daughters  of  Hesperus,  who,  in  a 
garden  on  an  island  beyond  Mount 
Atlas,  guarded  the  golden  apples 
which  Juno  gave  to  Jupiter. 

IIes'pe-riis,  or  Ves'per.  Son  of 
Japetus  and  Asia,  and  brother  to 
Atlas ;  changed  into  the  evening 
star. 

Hip-pol'y-tUs.  Son  of  Theseus  and 
Ilippolyte,  who  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
his  own  horses,  but  was  restored  to 
life  by  iEsculapius,  at  the  request  of 
Diana. 

Hip-p5m'e-d5n.  Son  of  Nesimachus, 
and  one  of  the  seven  Grecian  chiefs 
in  the  war  against  Thebes. 

HIP-POM'e-nes.  A  Grecian  prince, 
who  beat  Atalanta  in  a  race  by 
throwing  golden  apples  before  her, 
and  thus  obtained  her  as  his  wife. 
They  were  both  changed  by  Cybele 
into  lions. 

Hy/a-9? n'thus.  A  beautiful  Spartan 
youth,  beloved  by  Apollo  and  Zephy- 
rus.  The  latter  accidentally  killed 
him;  but  Apollo  changed  the  blood 
that  was  spilt  into  a  flower  called  the 
hyacinth. 

IIy'a-de§.  Nymphs  whose  parentage, 
names,  and  number  are  differently 
stated  ;  but  the  number  commonly 
given  is  seven.  They  were  placed 
among  the  stars,  and  were  thought 
to  threaten  rain  when  they  rose  with 
the  sun. 

Hy'dra.  A  celebrated  water  serpent, 
with  seven  heads,  which  infested 
Lake  Lerna.  As  fast  as  one  head  was 
cut  off,  two  sprang  up  in  its  stead. 
Hercules,  however,  succeeded  in  kill¬ 
ing  it. 

Hy-ge'i-A.  Daughter  of  IEsculapius, 
and  the  goddess  of  health . 

Hy'LAS.  A  beautiful  son  of  Theoda- 
mus,  passionately  loved  by  Hercules. 
He  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Mysia, 
and  was  long  sought  by  Hercules, 
but  in  vain. 

Hym'e-NjE'Gs,  or  Hy'men.  Son  of 
Bacchus  and  Venus,  or,  as  some  say, 
of  Apollo  and  one  of  the  Muses.  lie 
was  the  god  of  marriage. 

I-Xe'€HUs.  A  surname  of  Bacchus. 

Ie'A-rus.  A  son  of  Daedalus,  who, 
flying  with  his  father  out  of  Crete 
into  Sicily,  fell  into  the  AEgean  Sea, 
—  thence  called  the  Icarian  Sea. 

I-DOM'E-NEUS.  A  king  of  Crete,  and 
the  leader  of  the  Cretans  against 
Troy. 

Plus.  A  son  of  Tros  and  Callirrhoe, 
and  the  founder  of  Troy,  which  was 
called  after  him  Ilium. 

D  ROMAN  DEITIES,  HE! 

T'o.  Daughter  of  Inachus  and  Ismene, 
beloved  by  Jupiter,  who,  through 
fear  of  Juno,  turned  her  into  a  cow. 
She  wandered  into  Egypt,  was  re¬ 
stored  to  her  former  shape,  married 
king  Osiris,  and  after  death  was  wor¬ 
shiped  by  the  Egyptians,  under  the 
name  of  Isis. 

IphG-GE-nI'a.  Daughter  of  Aga¬ 
memnon  and  Clytasmnestra.  ller 
father  sought  to  offer  her  as  a  sacri¬ 
fice  to  Diana,  whose  resentment  he 
had  incurred,  but  the  goddess  put  a 
hart  in  her  place,  and  conveyed  her 
to  the  Tauric  Chersonese,  where  she 
became  a  priestess  in  the  temple  of 
her  preserver. 

Pris.  Daughter  of  Thaumas  and 
Electra,  and  messenger  of  Juno,  who 
changed  her  into  .a  rainbow. 

Ix-l'ON.  A  king  of  the  Lapithse,  in 
Thessaly,  and  the  father  of  the 
Centaurs  by  an  image  of  cloud  which 
he  supposed  to  be  Juno.  Having 
boasted  of  his  intimacy  with  the  god¬ 
dess,  he  was  punished  by  being  fast¬ 
ened  in  hell  to  a  fiery  wheel  perpetu¬ 
ally  turning  round. 

JA'NUS.  An  ancient  Italian  deity,  the 
sun-god.  He  entertained  Saturn  on 
his  arrival  in  Italy,  and  introduced 
the  use  of  wines,  altars,  and  temples. 
He  is  represented  with  two  faces, 
looking  backward  and  forward,  to 
denote  the  past  and  the  future.  His 
temple  at  Rome  was  always  open  in 
time  of  war,  and  closed  in  time  of 
peace. 

Ja'son.  A  prince  of  Thessaly,  who, 
with  the  aift  of  Medea,  brought  away 
from  Colchis  a  golden  fleece  which 
was  guarded  by  a  sleepless  dragon. 

Jo-CAS'TA.  The  wife  of  (Edipus. 

Ju'NO.  Daughter  of  Saturn  and  Ops, 
and  sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter.  She 
was  the  queen  of  heaven,  the  guar¬ 
dian  deity  of  women,  and  the  found¬ 
ress  of  marriage. 

Ju'pi-ter.  The  supreme  god  of  the 
Romans,  and  the  father  of  men  and 
gods;  identical  with  the  Grecian 
Zeu?  (Zeus).  He  was  the  son  of 
Saturn,  brother  of  Neptune  and 
Pluto,  and  brother  and  husband  of 
Juno. 

La€H'e-SIS.  One  of  the  three  Fates. 

La'I-us.  King  of  Thebes,  and  father 
of  (Edipus,  who  unwittingly  killed 
him. 

La'MI-jE.  Female  specters  who  as¬ 
sumed  the  most  seductive  forms  to 
insnare  young  persons,  whom  they 
devoured. 

La-og'O-ON.  Son  of  Priam  and  Hecu¬ 
ba,  a  Trojan  priest,  who,  having  of¬ 
fended  Pallas,  was  destroyed  by  ser¬ 
pents,  together  with  his  two  sons. 

La-OM'E-don.  A  king  of  Troy,  and 
father  of  Priam  and  Ganymede ; 
killed  by  Hercules  for  refusing  to 
give  him  Hesione  in  marriage,  after 
he  had  delivered  her  from  a  sea- 
monster. 

ROES,  ETC.  545 

La're§.  Tutelar  deities  who  presided 
over  houses  and  families. 

La-ti'nus.  A  king  of  the  Lauren- 
tians,  in  Italy,  who  gave  AEneas  his 
daughter  Laviuia  in  marriage. 

LA-to'NA.  The  mother  of  Apollo  and 
Diana,  whom  she  brought  forth  on 
the  floating  island  of  Delos. 

La-vIn'i-a.  A  daughter  of  Latinus, 
married  to  iEneas,  after  his  victory 
over  Turnus. 

Le-an'der.  A  youth  of  Abydos,  the 
lover  of  Hero.  See  Hero. 

Le'dA.  Daughter  of  Thestius,  and 
wife  of  Tyndarus,  beloved  by  Jupi¬ 
ter  ;  said  to  have  laid  two  eggs,  from 
one  of  which  came  Pollux  and  Hele¬ 
na,  and  from  the  other,  Castor  and 
Clytaemnestra. 

Ler'na.  A  famous  marsh  near  Argos, 
where  Hercules  slew  the  Hydra. 

Le'the.  A  river  of  the  lower  world, 
whose  waters  caused  a  total  forget¬ 
fulness  of  the  past  in  those  who 
drank  of  them. 

Li-ge'I-A.  One  of  the  three  Sirens. 

Lu-CPnA.  Thegoddessof  childbirth. 

Lu'£1-fer.  The  name  of  the  planet 
Venus  when  seen  in  the  morning. 

Lu'nA.  The  moon  ;  daughter  of  Hy¬ 
perion  and  Terra ;  Diana’s  name  in 
Heaven. 

Ly-ga'on.  A  king  of  Arcadia,  who, 
having  offended  Jupiter,  was  struck 
by  lightning  and  turned  into  a  wolf. 

Lyg/0-ME'des.  A  king  of  the  island 
of  Scyros,  among  whose  daughters 
Achilles  for  a  time  concealed  him¬ 
self,  disguised  in  female  attire,  to 
avoid  going  to  the  Trojan  war. 

MA-gha'ON.  Son  of  iEsculapius  ;  a 
famous  surgeon  of  the  Greeks  before 
Troy. 

MA'I-A.  Daughter  of  Atlas  and  Pleione, 
and  mother  of  Mercury  by  Jupiter. 

Mars.  The  god  of  war. 

Mar'sy-AS.  A  satyr,  who,  having 
challenged  Apollo  to  a  trial  of  skill 
in  music,  was  defeated  and  flayed 
alive  by  him. 

Mau-so'lus.  A  king  of  Caria,  and 
husband  of  Artemisia,  who  erected 
to  his  memory  a  magnificent  monu¬ 
ment,  the  Mausoleum ,  which  was 
reckoned  one  of  the  seven  wonders 
of  the  world. 

Me-de'A.  A  celebrated  sorceress, 
daughter  of  iEetes,  king  of  Colchis. 
Through  her  assistance,  Jason  se¬ 
cured  the  golden  fleece. 

Me-du'sA.  One  of  the  three  Gorgons, 
slain  by  Perseus. 

Me-le'a-ger.  Son  of  CEneus,  king 
of  Calydon,  and  Althsea.  His  life 
depended  on  the  preservation  of  an 
extinguished  brand,  and  this  hie 
mother  burned  out  of  revenge  for 
the  death  of  her  brothers  Avhom  he 
had  slain. 

Mel-pom/e-ne.  The  Muse  who  pre¬ 
sided  over  tragic  and  lyric  poetry. 

Mem'non.  A  king  of  ^Ethiopia,  son 
of  Tithonus  and  Aurora.  He  went 

OR, do,  WOLF, too, took;  Orn,  rue,  pull  ;  E,  7,  o,  silent ;  9,fcr,.sq/i;  G,  G  ,hard;  A§;  e^cist;  nojng;  this. 

35 

546  GREEK  AND  ROMAN  DEITIES,  HE] 

to  the  aid  of  the  Trojans,  and  was  Ne're-ids.  Nymphs  of  the  sea, 
slain  by  Achilles.  His  statue  near  daughters  of  Nereus. 

Thebes  gave  forth  a  sound  like  that  Ne're-us,  or  Ne'reus.  A  sea-god, 
of  a  harp-string  whenever  the  first  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  husband 

beams  of  the  rising  sun  fell  upon  it.  of  Doris,  and  father  of  the  Nereids. 

Men'e-la'us.  King  of  Sparta  and  NEs'sus.  A  Centaur  slain  with  a 
husband  of  Helen,  whose  elopement  poisoned  arrow  by  Hercules  for 

from  him  with  Paris  caused  the  Tro-  offering  violence  to  Dejanira.  See 

jan  war.  DEJANIRA. 

Men'tor.  A  faithful  friend  of  Ulysses,  Nes'tor.  Son  of  Neleus  and  Chloris, 
and  left  in  charge,  by  him,  of  his  eminent  among  the  Grecian  heroes 

domestic  affairs,  and  particularly  of  before  Troy  for  his  eloquence  and 

his  son  Telemachus.  lie  was  regarded  wisdom.  He  is  said  to  have  outlived 

as  the  wisest  man  of  his  time.  three  generations  of  men. 

Mer'CU-RY.  Son  of  Jupiter  and  Maia,  NPnus.  The  first  king  of  Assyria, 
messenger  of  the  gods,  the  inventor  husband  of  Semiramis,  and  founder 

of  letters,  and  the  god  of  eloquence,  of  Nineveh. 

merchants,  and  thieves.  Nl'o-BE.  A  daughter  of  Tantalus. 

Ml'DAS.  A  foolish  king  of  Phrygia,  She  wept  herself  into  a  stone  through 

who  entreated  Bacchus  that  every  grief  at  the  death  of  her  children, 

thing  which  he  touched  might  be  who  were  slain  by  Apollo  and  Diana, 

turned  into  gold.  Apollo  changed  because  Niobe  set  herself  above  La- 

hisears  into  those  of  an  ass,  because  tona. 

he  decided  a  musical  contest  in  favor  Nox.  One  of  the  most  ancient  of  the 
of  Pan.  [tona.  deities,  and  goddess  of  night. 

Mi'lo.  A  celebrated  athlete  of  Cro- 

Ml-NER'vA.  The  goddess  of  wisdom,  O^E-AN'l-DEg.  Sea-nymphs,  300  in 
of  the  liberal  arts,  and  of  spinning  number,  daughters  of  Oceanus. 

and  weaving.  She  was  not  born  like  O-CE'A-NUS.  Son  of  Coelus  and  Terra, 
others,  but  sprang  full-armed  from  the  most  ancient  god  of  the  sea  and 

the  head  of  Jove.  father  of  the  nymphs  presiding  over 

Ml'NOS.  A  king  and  law-giver  of  springs  and  rivers. 

C^ete,  son  of  Jupiter  and  Europa,  (Ed'i-pus.  A  king  of  Thebes  who 
and  brother  of  Iihadamanthus.  After  solved  the  riddle  of  the  Sphinx,  un¬ 
death  he  was  made  a  judge  in  the  wittingly  killed  his  father,  Laius, 

lower  regions.  and  married  his  mother,  Jocasta,  on 

Min'o-taur.  A  famous  monster  with  discovering  which  he  ran  mad,  and 

the  head  of  a  bull  and  the  body  of  a  tore  out  his  own  eyes, 

man.  He  was  kept  in  the  Cretan  OMTHA-LE.  A  queen  of  Lydia,  for 
labyrinth,  and  fed  with  human  flesh.  love  of  whom  Hercules  became  a 

Mne-MOS'Y-ne  (ne-mos'-).  The  moth-  slave,  exchanged  his  club  for  a  spin- 

er  of  the  Muses  and  the  goddess  of  die  and  distaff,  and  suffered  himself 

memory.  to  be  beaten  with  her  slipper. 

Mo'mus.  The  god  of  ridicule  and  OPS.  A  name  of  Cybele. 

satire  ;  a  son  of  Nox.  O'RE-ADS.  Nymphs  of  the  mountains 

Mor'phe-us,  or  Mor'pheus.  The  who  accompanied  Diana  in  hunting. 

son  of  sleep  and  god  of  dreams.  O-RES'TEg.  Son  of  Agamemnon  and 

Mors.  A  deified  personification  of  Clytaemnestra,  brother  of  Electra 

death.  and  Iphigenia,  and  the  firm  friend\ 

Mu'ses.  Nine  goddesses  who  pre-  of  Pylades.  He  avenged  the  death 

sided  over  poetry,  music,  and  the  of  his  father  by  slaying  his  mother 

liberal  arts  and  sciences.  They  were  and  her  paramour  AEgisthus,  and 

daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosy-  was  in  consequence  pursued  and 

ne.  Their  names  were  Calliope,  Clio ,  tormented  by  the  Furies. 

Erato,  Euterpe,  Melpomene,  Poly-  O-RI'ON.  A  mighty  giant  who  was 
hymnia,  Terpsichore,  Thalia,  and  made  a  constellation. 

Urania.  OR'phe-US,  or  OR'pheus.  A  poet, 

musician,  and  philosopher,  whose 
Na'IADS.  Nymphs  of  fountains  and  skill  in  music  was  such  that  the  very 

streams.  .  rocks  and  trees  followed  him. 

NAR-9IS'SUS.  A  beautiful  youth,  son  O-si'Ris.  An  Egyptian  deity,  the  hus- 
of  Cephisus  and  the  nymph  Liriope.  band  of  Isis,  worshiped  under  the 

Beholding  his  own  image  in  a  foun-  form  of  an  ox 

tain,  he  fell  so  violently  in  love  with  OS'SA.  A  lofty  mountain  of  Thessaly, 
it,  that  he  wasted  away  with  desire,  which  the  giants,  in  their  war 

and  was  changed  into  the  flower  of  against  the  gods,  piled  upon  Mount 

the  same  name.  Peliou,  in  their  attempt  to  scale 

Nem'e-sis.  The  goddess  of  retribu-  heaven, 
tive  justice. 

Ne'op-tol'e-mus.  Another  name  PAE-to'lus.  A  celebrated  river  of 
of  Pyrrhus.  See  Pyrrhus.  Lydia,  in  which  Midas  washed  him- 

NEp'tune.  The  god  of  the  sea  and  self  when  his  touch  turned  every 

of  other  waters  ;  son  of  Saturn  and  thing  to  gold,  from  which  cause  it 

Ops,  brother  of  Jupiter,  and  hus-  ever  after  rolled  golden  sands, 

band  of  Amphitrite.  PXl'a-me'des.  A  king  of  Euboea, 

ROES,  ETC. 

and  one  of  the  Greeks  before  Troy, 
where  he  lost  his  life  through  the 
machinations  of  Ulysses,  whose 
feigned  madness  (feigned  that  he 
might  .avoid  going  to  war)  he  had 
discovered. 

Pa'les.  The  goddess  of  husbandry 
and  cattle. 

PalG-NU'rus.  The  pilot  of  AEneas, 
noted  for  falling  asleep  at  the  helm, 
and  tumbling  into  the  sea. 

Pal-la'di-UM.  A  wooden  image  of 
Pallas,  on  the  possession  of  which 
the  security  of  Troy  was  supposed  to 
depend.  It  was  stolen  from  Troy  by 
Ulysses  and  Diomedes. 

Pal'las.  A  name  of  Minerva. 

Pan.  The  god  of  the  woods  and  of 
shepherds  ;  son  of  Mercury  and  Pe¬ 
nelope. 

Pan-do'ra.  The  first  woman,  made 
by  Vulcan  at  the  command  of  Jupi¬ 
ter,  and  endowed  by  Venus  with 
great  beauty.  Jupiter  gave  her  a 
box  containing  all  kinds  of  misfor¬ 
tunes  ;  curiosit}'  tempted  her  to  open 
it  and  they  all  flew  out ;  but  Hope 
remained  at  the  bottom. 

Par'^je.  The  goddesses  of  fate;  the 
Fates. 

PA/RIS,  or  Par'IS.  Son  of  Priam, 
king  of  Troy,  and  of  Hecuba.  He 
decided  a  contest  of  beauty  between 
Juno,  Pallas,  and  Venus,  in  favor  of 
the  last,  who,  in  return,  promised 
him  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus, 
and  the  most  beautiful  of  women. 

By  carrying  her  off  to  Troy,  he 
brought  on  the  Trojan  war. 

PAR-tiien'o-pe.  One  of  the  three 
Sirens.  She  fell  in  love  with  Ulysses, 
and  not  winning  him,  cast  herself 
into  the  sea,  and  was  thrown  by  the 
waves  on  the  shore  where  Naples 
afterwards  stood. 

Pa-tro'clus.  One  of  the  Greeks 
before  Troy,  the  friend  of  Achilles, 
slain  in  single  combat  by  Hector. 

Peg'A-SUS.  A  winged  steed,  belong¬ 
ing  to  Apollo  and  the  Muses.  He 
sprang  from  the  blood  of  Medusa, 
when  she  was  slain. 

Pe'lops.  A  king  of  Phrygia,  and 
son  of  Tantalus.  When  a  child  he 
was  served  up  to  the  gods  by  his 
father;  but  was  restored  to  life  by 
Jupiter,  who  gave  him  a  shoulder 
of  ivory  in  place  of  one  eaten  by 
Ceres. 

Pe-na'tes.  Old  Latin  guardian  gods 
of  the  household,  and  of  the  state  as 
being  formed  of  a  union  of  house¬ 
holds. 

Pe-nel'o-pe.  The  wife  of  Ulysses, 
who,  being  pressed  by  suitors  during 
his  absence,  made  them  promise  to 
delay  until  she  finished  a  web  which 
she  was  then  weaving,  and  of  which 
she  unraveled  at  night  what  she 
wove  by  day. 

PEr'dix.  The  nephew  of  Daedalus, 
thrown  from  a  tower  by  his  uncle, 
and  changed  by  Minerva  into  a 
partridge. 

P£r'se-us,  or  PEr'seus.  Son  of  Ju- 

A,  E,  5,  o,  u,  Y,  long ;  X,E,I,  6,  0,  short;  CARE,  FAR,  ASK,  ALL,  WHAT  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  PIQUE,  FIRM;  SON, 

GREEK  AND  ROMAN  DEITIES,  HEROES,  ETC.  547 


piter  and  Danae,  who  was  made  a 
constellation.  He  vanquished  the 
Gorgons  and  performed  many  won¬ 
drous  deeds  by  means  of  Medusa’s 
head. 

Pha'e-ton.  Son  of  Phoebus  and 
Clymene,  who  obtained  permission 
from  his  father  to  drive  his  chariot 
for  a  single  day  ;  but,  being  unable 
to  manage  the  fiery  steeds,  was 
hurled  by  Jupiter  into  the  river 
Eridanus,  to  prevent  a  general  con¬ 
flagration. 

Phu/og-te'tes.  Son  of  Poeas,  of 
Thessaly,  and  a  celebrated  archer. 
Hercules,  at  his  death,  gave  him 
some  poisoned  arrows  without  which 
Troy  could  not  be  taken. 

Phxl'o-ME'la.  Daughter  of  Pandi- 
on,  king  of  Athens.  She  was 
changed  into  a  nightingale. 

Phin'e-us,  or  Phi'neus.  A  sooth¬ 
saying  king  of  Thrace,  who,  having 
blinded  and  imprisoned  his  children 
on  a  false  accusation,  was  himself 
struck  blind  and  tormented  by  the 
Harpies. 

PHIN'TI-AS.  A  Pythagorean  of  Syra¬ 
cuse,  noted  for  his  tender  friendship 
for  Damon. 

Phleg'e-thon.  A  river  in  Hades 
which  ran  with  fire  instead  of  water. 

PllLE'GY-AS.  A  kiug  of  the  Lapithm, 
who,  having  burnt  the  temple  of 
Apollo,  was  placed  in  hell  under  a 
great  stone,  apparently  about  to  fall 
at  every  moment. 

Phce'be.  A  name  of  Diana,  as  god¬ 
dess  of  the  moon. 

Phce'bus.  A  name  of  Apollo,  as  god 
of  the  sun. 

PlICE'NlX.  A  fabulous  bird,  which, 
according  to  Herodotus,  visited  Heli¬ 
opolis,  in  Eg}  pt,  once  in  every  five 
hundred  years.  It  had  no  mate, 
but  when  about  to  die  made  a  nest 
and  burned  itself  to  ashes,  from 
which  a  young  phoenix  arose. 

PI-ER/l-DES.  1.  A  name  given  to  the 
Muses  from  Mount  Pierius.  2.  The 
daughters  of  Pierius,  whom  the 
Muses  changed  into  magpies  for  chal¬ 
lenging  them  to  sing. 

Pi-ritii'o-us.  Son  of  Ixion,  king  of 
the  Lapithae,  husband  of  Ilippoda- 
mia,  and  intimate  friend  of  Theseus. 

Ple'IA-des.  The  seven  daughters  of 
Atlas  and  Pleione,  transformed  into 
the  constellation  of  the  same  name. 

Plu'to.  The  god  of  Hades,  or  the 
lower  world  ;  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops, 
brother  of  Jupiter  and  Neptune,  and 
husband  of  Proserpina. 

Plu'tus.  The  god  of  wealth,  repre¬ 
sented  as  lame  in  his  approach,  but 
winged  in  his  departure. 

Pot/LUX.  A  famous  pugilist,  son  of 
Tyndarus  and  Leda,  and  twin  brother 
of  Castor.  See  Castor. 

Po-L? D'A-MAS.  A  famous  athlete. 

Pol'y-dore,  or  Pol'y-do'rijs.  A 
son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  killed  for 
his  riches  by  the  Thracian  king  Po- 
lymnestor. 

POL/Y-HfM'NT-A,  or  PO-Li?M'NI-A. 


The  Muse  who  presided  over  singing 
and  rhetoric. 

POL/Y-PHE'MUS.  A  cruel  giant  who 
had  but  one  eye,  in  the  middle  of  his 
forehead,  which  Ulysses  burnt  out 
with  a  firebrand,  having  first  made 
him  drunk.  lie  was  one  of  the 
Cyclops,  and  a  son  of  Neptune. 

Po-mo'na.  The  goddess  of  orchards 
and  fruits. 

Pri'am.  Son  of  Laomedon,  husband 
of  Hecuba,  aud  father  of  Heitor, 
Paris,  & c.  He  was  the  last  king  of 
Troy,  the  city  having  been  taken  by 
the  Greeks  during  his  reign. 

Pri-A'pus.  The  god  of  gardens  and 
vineyards,  and  of  procreation. 

Pro-CRUS'tes.  A  savage  highway¬ 
man  of  Attica,  who  placed  his  cap¬ 
tives  on  a  couch,  and,  if  too  short, 
stretched  them  out  to  fit  it ;  but  if 
they  were  too  long,  he  cut  off  their 
legs. 

ProG'ne.  Daughter  of  Pandion, 
king  of  Athens,  wife  of  Tereus,  and 
sister  of  Philomela.  She  was  changed 
into  a  swallow. 

Pro-me'the-us,  or  Pro-me'theus. 
Son  of  Iapetus  and  Clymene,  cousin 
to  Epimetheus,  and  father  of  Deuca¬ 
lion.  Having  stolen  fire  from  heaven, 
he  was  bound  last  on  Mount  Cau¬ 
casus  and  tormented  by  a  vulture, 
which  fed  continually  upon  his  liver. 

Pro-ser'pi-nA,  or  Pros'er-pxne. 
Daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Ceres,  wife 
of  Pluto  and  queen  of  Hell. 

Pro'te-us,  or  Pro'teus.  A  sea-god 
who  foretold  future  events,  and  pos¬ 
sessed  the  power  of  transforming 
himself  into  various  shapes. 

Psy'che  (sPke).  A  nymph  beloved 
by  Cupid,  and  made  immortal  by 
Jupiter. 

PYG'AXlEg.  A  nation  of  dwarfs,  in 
Africa,  only  a  span  high.  Every 
spring  they  were  attacked  and  de¬ 
feated  by  the  cranes. 

Pyg-ma'li-on.  1.  Son  of  Belus,king 
of  Tyre,  and  brother  of  Dido,  whose 
husband,  Sichasus,  he  slew  for  his 
money.  2.  Great-grandson  of  Belus, 
who  made  a  statue  of  which  he  be¬ 
came  so  enamored,  that  Venus  on 
his  entreaty  gave  it  life. 

Pyl/a-des.  A  most  constant  friend 
of  Orestes. 

Pyr'a-mus.  A  Babylonian,  the  lover 
of  Thisbe.  On  account  of  her  sup¬ 
posed  death  he  stabbed  himself  un¬ 
der  a  mulberry  tree  ;  and  she,  finding 
his  corpse,  put  an  end  to  her  life  on 
the  same  spot  and  with  the  same 
weapon. 

Pyr'rha.  See  Deucalion. 

PVr'riius.  Son  of  Achilles  and  De- 
i'damia.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Troy  by  his  cruelty  and 
vindictiveness  as  well  as  bravery.  At 
the  instigation  of  his  wife  he  was  slain 
by  Orestes. 

P^TH'I-AS.  [Properly  Phintias .]  See 
PHINTIAS. 

Py'xhon.  A  huge  serpent,  killed 
near  Delphi,  by  Apollo,  who  insti¬ 


tuted  the  Pythian  games  in  com¬ 
memoration  of  the  event. 

Qui-rI'nus.  A  name  given  to  Romu¬ 
lus  after  his  death  and  deification. 

Rii'MUS.  The  twin  brother  of  Romu¬ 
lus,  slain  by  him  for  leaping  in  scorn 
over  the  walls  of  Rome  when  they 
were  building. 

RhaiVa-man'thus.  A  law-giver  of 
Crete,  son  of  Jupiter,  and  brother  of 
Minos.  He  was  famous  for  his  jus¬ 
tice  and  equity,  and  was,  therefore, 
after  death,  made  one  of  the  judges 
iii^the  lower  world. 

Rhe'a.  Another  name  of  Cybele. 

Rom'u-lus.  A  son  of  Mars  and  Rhea 
Silvia.  His  uncle  threw  him  as  soon 
as  born  into  the  Tiber,  but  he  wTas 
saved  and  brought  up  by  a  shepherd, 
and  finally  became  the  founder  and 
first  king  of  Rome. 

Sal-m5'ne-us,  or  Sal-m5'neus.  A 
king  of  Elis,  struck  by  lightning  for 
imitating  the  thunder-bolts  of  Jove. 

Sar-pe'don.  A  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Europa,  and  king  of  Lycia,  who  dis¬ 
tinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of 
Troy,  and  was  killed  by  Patroclus. 

Sat'URN.  Son  of  Coelus  and  Terra, 
and  father  of  Jupiter.  Having  been 
banished  from  the  throne  of  heaven 
by  his  son,  he  fled  for  safety  into 
Italy,  and  taught  the  people  agricul¬ 
ture  and  the  useful  arts.  The  time 
in  which  he  did  this  is  called  The 
Golden  Age. 

SA'TYRg.  Lascivious  sylvan  deities, 
with  horns  and  goats’  feet. 

S^YL'LA.  1.  A  daughter  of  Phorcyrs, 
changed  by  Circe,  out  of  jealousy, 
into  a  sea-monster,  with  dogs  about 
the  haunches,  and  placed  on  a  rock 
on  the  Italian  coast,  opposite  Cha- 
rybdis  on  the  coast  of  Sicily.  2.  A 
daughter  of  Nisus  of  Megara,  beloved 
by  Minos,  for  whom  she  cut  off  from 
her  father’s  head  a  purple  lock,  on 
which  his  life  depended  ;  for  which 
crime  she  was  changed  into  a  lark. 

Sem'e-le.  Daughter  of  Cadmus,  and 
mother  of  Bacchus  by  Jupiter. 

Si-le'nus.  The  foster-father  of  Bac¬ 
chus  ;  lascivious  and  addicted  to 
drunkenness,  but  regarded  as  the 
god  of  abstruse  mysteries  and  knowl¬ 
edge.  He  is  represented  as  bald- 
headed,  with  short  horns  and  a  flat 
nose,  and  as  riding  on  an  ass. 

SIL-VA'NUS.  See  Sylvanus. 

SPRens.  Three  birds,  with  the  faces 
of  virgins,  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Italy,  where  with  their  sweet  voices 
they  enticed  ashore  those  who  were 
sailing  by,  aud  then  killed  them. 
They  were  daughters  of  Oceanus 
aud  Parthenope,  and  their  names 
were  Leucasia ,  Ligeia,  and  Parlhen- 
ope. 

Sis'Y-PHUS.  Son  of  AEolus,  king  of 
Corinth,  and  a  noted  robber,  killed 
by  Theseus.  For  his  crimes,  he  was 
condemned  in  hell  to  roll  to  the  top 


548  GREEK  AND  ROMAN  DEITIES,  HEROES,  ETC. 


of  a  hill  a  huge  stone,  which  con¬ 
stantly  fell  back  again  to  the  bot¬ 
tom. 

Sol.  A  name  of  Apollo. 

S&m'nus.  A  son  of  Erebus  and  Nox, 
and  the  god  of  sleep. 

Sphinx.  A  fabulous  monster  near 
Thebes,  with  the  head  of  a  woman, 
the  body  of  a  lion,  and  the  wings  of 
a  bird,  which  put  forth  riddles  to 
passers  by,  and  devoured  all  who 

I  were  unable  to  solve  them ;  (Edipus 
solved  one  proposed  to  him,  where¬ 
upon  she  destroyed  herself. 

Sten'tor.  One  of  the  Greeks  before 
Troy.  Ilis  voice  is  said  to  have  been 
as  loud  as  the  voices  of  fifty  men  to¬ 
gether. 

Styx.  A  river  in  the  infernal  regions, 
by  which  the  gods  swore  their  most 
solemn  oaths. 

Syl-VA'nus.  A  Roman  deity  who 
presided  over  woods  and  all  places 
planted  with  trees. 

TXn'ta-lus.  A  king  of  Phrygia,  son 
of  Jupiter,  and  father  of  Niobe  and 
Pelops.  .For  his  misdeeds  he  was 
placed  in  a  lake  of  water  which  re¬ 
ceded  whenever  he  attempted  to 
drink,  and  under  a  tree  laden  with 
all  manner  of  delicious  fruits,  which 
always  eluded  his  grasp. 

Tar'ta-rus.  The  place  of  punish¬ 
ment  in  Hades,  or  the  lower  world. 

TEl'a-mon.  One  of  the  Argonauts, 
son  of  iEacus,  brother  of  Peleus,  and 
father  of  Ajax  and  Teucer.  He  was 
king  of  Salamis,  and  first  scaled  the 
walls,  when  Hercules  took  the  city 
of  Troy  in  the  reign  of  Laomedon. 

Te-lem'a-ghus.  The  only  son  of 
Ulysses  and  Penelope.  He  went  in 
search  of  his  father  after  the  siege  of 
Troy. 

Tel/lus.  The  earth  personified  ;  the 
most  ancient  of  all  the  deities  after 
Chaos.  She  is  represented  as  a 
woman  with  many  breasts  distended 
with  milk. 

Tem'pe  .  A  valley  of  Thessaly  through 
which  ran  the  river  Peneus,  between 
Ossa  and  Pelion  ;  described  by  the 
poets  as  the  most  delightful  spot  on 
the  earth. 

Ter'MI-NUS.  A  divinity  at  Rome, 
who  was  supposed  to  preside  over 
bounds  and  limits,  and  to  punish  all 
unlawful  usurpations  of  land. 

Terp-sigh'o-re.  The  Muse  who  pre¬ 
sided  over  dancing. 

Te'THYS.  Wife  of  Oceanus,  and 


mother  of  the  sea-nymphs  and  river- 
gods^ 

Tha-li'A.  1.  One  of  the  Muses  ;  the 
Muse  of  comedy.  2.  One  of  the 
three  Graces. 

The'MIS.  The  daughter  of  Coelus 
and  Terra,  and  goddess  of  justice, 
who  rewarded  virtue  and  punished 
vice. 

The'se-us,  or  The'seus.  King  of 
Athens  and  one  of  the  most  famous 
heroes  of  antiquity.  He  was  the  son 
of  AEgeus  (or,  as  some  say,  of  Nep¬ 
tune)  and  iEthra,  husband  of  Ari¬ 
adne  and  afterward  of  Phaedra,  and 
father  of  Hippolytus  by  the  Amazo¬ 
nian  Hippolyte  He  was  especially 
noted  for  slaying  the  Minotaur  and 
conquering  the  Centaurs,  and  for  his 
friendship  for  Pirithous. 

This'be.  See  Pyramus. 

TI-SIPH'o-NE.  One  of  the  three  Fu¬ 
ries. 

TI'TAN.  1.  Son  of  Coelus  and  Terra, 
elder  brother  of  Saturn,  and  father 
of  a  race  of  giants  called  Titans,  who 
contended  with  Saturn  for  the  sov¬ 
ereignty  of  heaven,  until  Jupiter 
(Saturn’s  son),  cast  them  by  his 
thunderbolts  into  Tartarus.  2.  A 
grandson  of  the  above,  and  son  of 
Hyperion  ;  the  sun-god.  3.  A  name 
given  to  Prometheus,  as  grandson  of 
Titan. 

Ti-tho'nus.  Son  of  Laomedon  and 
father  of  Memnon,  by  Aurora,  who 
endowed  him  with  immortality,  and 
when  he  had  become  very  old  and 
decrepit  turned  him  into  a  grass¬ 
hopper. 

Tit'Y-US.  A  son  of  Jupiter,  slain  by 
Apollo  for  an  attempt  on  the  chastity 
of  Latona,  and  condemned,  in  the 
infernal  regions,  to  have  a  vulture 
forever  feeding  on  his  liver,  which 
was  perpetually  renewed.  He  was  a 
giant  of  size  so  huge  that  his  body, 
when  stretched  out,  covered  nine 
acres  of  land. 

Trip-tol'e-mOs.  A  king  of  Eleusis, 
who  was  the  inventor  of  agriculture, 
and  became  a  judge  in  the  lower 
world. 

Tri'TON.  Son  of  Neptune  and  the 
nymph  Salacia;  a  sea-god,  and  Nep¬ 
tune’s  trumpeter. 

Tro'i-lus.  Son  of  Priam  and  Hecu¬ 
ba,  slain  by  Achilles. 

Tro-pho'ni-us.  A  deity  who  im¬ 
parted  oracles  in  a  cave  near  Leba- 
dia,  in  Boeotia.  He  was  the  builder 
of  Apollo’s  temple  at  Delphi. 


Tur'nus.  A  king  of  the  Rutuli,  iu 
Italy,  killed  by_fEneas. 

Tyd'e-Es,  or  Ty'deus.  A  king  of 
Calydon,  son  of  (Eneus,  and  father 
of  Diomedes  ;  celebrated  for  his  vic¬ 
tory  over  Eteocles,  king  of  Thebes. 

Ty'phon,  _  _  _ 

Ty-pho'e-us,  or  Ty-pho'eus.  ) 
mous  giant,  struck  with  lightning 
by  Jupiter,  and  buried  uuder  Mount 
iEtna. 

U-lys'ses.  Son  of  Laertes,  husband 
of  Penelope,  father  of  Telemachus, 
and  king  of  Ithaca ;  the  most  elo¬ 
quent,  wise,  and  politic  of  the  Gre¬ 
cian  heroes  in  the  Trojan  war. 

U-RA'NI-A.  The  Muse  who  presided 

_  over  astronomy. 

U/RA-NUS.  The  most  ancient  of  the 
gods,  husband  of  Tellus  or  Terra  (the 
Earth),  and  father  of  Saturn.  By 
the  Romans,  he  was  called  Calus. 

Ve'NUS.  The  goddess  of  love,  grace¬ 
fulness,  beauty,  and  pleasure;  wife 
of  Vulcan,  mother  of  Cupid,  iEneas, 
&c. 

Ver-tEm'NUS.  A  Roman  deity  who 
presided  over  the  seasons  (particu¬ 
larly  Spring)  and  their  productions. 
He  was  the  lover  of  Pomona. 

Ves'tA.  The  goddess  of  flocks  and 
herds,  and  of  the  household  in  gen¬ 
eral  ;  daughter  of  Saturn  and  sister 
of  Jupiter,  Neptune,  Pluto,  Juno, 
and  Ceres.  Her  temple  contained  a 
sacred  fire,  tended  by  virgins,  and 
never  permitted  to  go  out. 

VEl'EAN.  Son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno, 
and  husband  of  Venus.  He  was  the 
god  of  fire,  and  presided  over  work- 
ei’S  in  metal.  His  workshop  was  sup¬ 
posed  to  be  under  Mount  iEtna, 
where,  assisted  by  the  Cyclops,  he 
forged  the  thundei-bolts  of  Jove,  who 
is  said  to  have  kicked  him  out  of 
heaven  on  account  of  his  deformity. 

Zeph'y-rus.  The  west  wind,  son  of 
iEolus  and  Aurora,  and  the  passion¬ 
ate  lover  of  the  goddess  Flora. 

Ze'tes.  One  of  the  Argonauts,  son 
of  Boreas  and  Orithnia,  and  brother 
to  Calais,  together  with  whom  ho 
pursued  the  Harpies,  and  drove  them 
from  Thrace.  He  is  generally  de¬ 
scribed  as  a  winged  being. 

Ze'THUS.  Son  of  Jupiter  and  Anti- 
ope,  and  twin-brother  of  Amphion ; 
very  expert  in  music. 

Zeus.  The  Greek  name  of  Jupiter. 


A,  E,  I,  o,  u,  y ,long;  X,  e,  t,  6,  E,  V ,  short ;  cAre,  fXr,  ask,  all,  what  ;  Ere,  veil,  t£rm  ;  pique,  firm  ;  son 
6b,do,w9lf,  too,  to~ok-,  Ern,  rue, pyLL ;  e,  i,  o, silent ;  q,b,soft;  e^ajiard;  A§;  eicist;  nojng;  this 


TABLES  OF 

MONEY,  WEIGHT,  AND  MEASURE, 

OF  THE 


PRINCIPAL  COMMERCIAL  COUNTRIES  IN  THE  WORLD; 

THE  VALUE  OF  THE  MONEY  IN  EACH  GIVEN  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  FEDERAL  CURRENCY;  AND  OF 
THE  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  IN  THE  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  IN  ORDINARY  USE  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES,  AND  ALSO  IN  THE  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  OF  THE  METRIC  SYSTEM. 


By  E.  B.  ELLIOTT, 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 


UNITED  STATES. 

( Principal  Commercial  City,  New  York.) 

Money. 

The  National  currency  of  the  United  States  is  termed  the 
Federal  Currency.  Its  different  denominations  pro¬ 
ceed  in  a  decimal  proportion.  The  unit  of  money  is  the 
dollar- 

10  mills . =  1  cent. 

10  cents . =  1  dime. 

10  dimes . =  1  dollar. 

10  dollars . =  1  eagle. 

The  mill  is  not  coined. 

The  coin  of  the  United  States  consists  of  gold,  of  silver, 
of  nickel,  and  of  bronze. 

The  standard  gold  coin  contains,  by  weight,  nine  tenths 
pure  gold,  and  one  tenth  alloy  —  the  alloy  being  silver  and 
copper,  the  silver  by  law  not  exceeding  one  half,  but  in 
fact  falling  much  short  of  this  limit,  and  so  far  as  it  can 
conveniently  be  done  excluded  from  the  alloy.  The  stan¬ 
dard  silver  coin  contains  nine  tenths  pure  silver,  and  one 
tenth  alloy  —  the  alloy  being  copper.  The  nickel  coin  is 
composed  of  nickel  and  copper  —  the  nickel  not  exceeding 
twenty-five  per  cent.  The  bronze  coin  contains  five  per¬ 
cent.  of  tin  and  zinc,  and  ninety-five  per  cent,  of  copper. 

Gold.  —  From  gold  of  standard  purity  are  coined  double 
eagles,  eagles,  half-eagles,  quarter-eagles,  three- dollar  and 
one-dollar  pieces.  The  dollar  contains  twenty-five  grains 
and  eight  tenths  of  a  grain  (25.8  grains  0.05375  of  an 
ounce  troy)  of  standard  gold.  The  weights  of  other  gold 
coins  are  in  proportion. 

Silver.  —  From  silver  of  standard  purity  are  coined 
dollars,  half  dollars,  quarter  dollars,  dimes,  half  dimes,  and 
three-cent  pieces.  The  dollar  coin  contains  412J  grains  of 
standard  silver.  The  half-dollar  coin  contains  192  grains 
of  standard  silver,  and  the  other  smaller  coins  (quarters, 
dimes,  half  dimes,  and  three-cent  pieces),  in  the  same  pro¬ 
portion  as  the  half  dollar  —  the  value  of  the  half  dollar  and 
smaller  coins  being  proportionately  less  by  nearly  seven  and 
one  half  per  cent.  (7-42)  of  their  value  than  that  of  the  dol¬ 
lar  coin. 

Nickel. — Metric  Weight  of  Coins.  —  From  nickel  (} 
pure  and  |  copper)  are  coined  five-cent  and  three-cent  pieces 
(5491 


— each  of  the  former  weighing  just  5  grammes  (French), 
or  77.16  grains  nearly  ,  and  having  a  diameter  of  two  centi¬ 
meters  ;  the  latter  coin  weighing  30  grains. 

The  five-cent  coin  of  nickel  is  the  first  issued  from  the 
United  States  mint  with  the  avowed  design  of  presenting  a 
simple  relation  to  the  metric  (French)  system  of  weight 
aud  measure.  It  is,  however,  worthy  of  note,  that  the  stand¬ 
ard  weight  of  the  U.  S.  three-dollar  gold  coin  is  also  almost 
precisely  five  grammes  (more  exactly  5.015,)  a  difference  of 
abou  t  three  tenths  of  one  per  cent,  in  excess  ;  and  that  the 
standard  weight  of  two  U.  S.  silver  dimes  is  also  very  nearly 
the  same  (more  exactly  4.976  grammes),  the  difference  being 
about  one  half  of  one  per  cent,  in  defect.  That  is,  ourentire 
gold  and  silver  coinage,  with  the  exception  of  the  silver  dol¬ 
lar  coin,  conforms  almost  precisely  to  the  French  metric 
system  of  weights— as  nearly  so  as  is  practicable,  while 
legally  grains  and  troy  ounces  are  employed  to  designate 
their  weights. 

Bronze.  —  From  bronze  (5  per  cent,  zinc  and  tin  and 
95  per  cent,  copper)  are  coined  one-cent  and  two-cent 
pieces  —  the  former  weighing  48  grains,  or  one  tenth  of  an 
ounce,  and  the  latter  in  proportion. 

Legal  Tender.  — The  gold  coinsand  the  silver  dollar 
are  legal  tender  of  payment  in  all  amounts.  The  half  dol¬ 
lar  and  smaller  silver  coins  (quarter  dollars,  dimes,  half 
dimes,  and  three-cent  pieces)  are  legal  tender  in  sums  not 
exceeding  five  dollars.  The  nickel  five-cent  coins  are  legal 
tender  in  sums  not  exceeding  one  dollar,  and  the  nickel 
three-cent  coins  in  sums  not  exceeding  sixty  cents.  The 
bronze  coinage  (one-cent  and  two-cent  pieces)  is  not  legal 
tender  in  sums  exceeding  four  cents  in  amount,  but  may 
be  paid  out  from  the  mint  in  exchange  for  the  lawful  cur¬ 
rency  of  the  United  States. 

United  States  Coins  at  different  Periods. — 
Under  the  Act  of  Congress  of  the  2d  of  April  1792,  under 
which  act  the  national  coinage  originated,  the  weight  of 
standard  gold  in  the  eagle  was  fixed  at  270  grains.  Under 
the  Act  of  the  28th  of  June,  1834,  this  weight  was  reduced 
to  258  grains,  which  weight  is  still  retained.  The  weight 
of  pure  gold  contained  in  the  eagle  under  the  earlier  of  these 
two  acts,  was  247^  grains ;  under  the  later  act,  232  grains. 

By  the  Act  of  January,  1837,  it  was  declared,  that  the 
gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  United  States  should  contain 
nine  tenths  of  pure  metal  and  one  tenth  of  alloy  —  the  alloy. 


550 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


in  the  case  of  gold  coins,  to  be  of  silver  and  copper  ;  the  sil¬ 
ver  not  to  exceed  one  half.  Accordingly,  the  proportion  of 
pure  metal  in  the  eagle  was  slightly  increased,  the  quantity 
becoming  232.2,  as  now,  instead  of  232  grains.  The  alloy 
of  silver  coins  was  to  be  copper. 

The  quantity  of  pure,  metal  in  the  silver  dollar,  3711 
grains,  established  by  the  Act  of  the  2d  of  April,  1792,  (and 
which,  it  should  be  observed,  is  just  fifteen  times  the  weight 
of  pure  metal  in  the  gold  dollar  of  that  date —  or  1}  times 
the  weight  of  pure  metal  in  the  gold  eagle,)  has  continued 
unchanged,  as  to  the  entire  dollar,  to  the  present  time  ;  the 


weight  of  standard  metal  in  the  coin  has,  however,  been 
somewhat  reduced  by  abstracting  therefrom  a  part  of  the 
alloy  ;  3}  grains  of  alloy  being  withdrawn  by  the  Act  of  the 
18th  of  January,  1837,  and  its  standard  weight  thereby  re¬ 
duced  from  416  grains  to  4121,  the  present  standard. 

The  weight  of  the  half-dollar  and  the  smaller  silver  coins 
(quarters,  dimes,  and  half-dimes,)  was  by  the  Act  of  the  21st 
of  February,  1853,  still  further  diminished  ;  the  weight  of 
the  half-dollar  being  fixed  at  192  grains,  nine  tenths  fine, 
and  that  of  silver  coins  of  smaller  denominations  in  pro¬ 
portion. 


legal  weight,  fineness,  and  relative  value  of  the  gold  and  silver  coins  of  the  united 

STATES  AT  DIFFERENT  PERIODS. 


Weight  of  Silver  Dollar. 

Legal  Ratios  of 
value  of  Gold 
to  Silver. 

Of  Standard 
Silver. 

Of  Pure  Sil¬ 
ver. 

Grains. 

416 

Grains. 

3711 

15  to  1 

416 

CO 

—  I 

h-i 

16  to  1,  nearly. 

412J 

371} 

16  to  1,  nearly. 

4121 

371} 

16  to  1,  nearly. 

384 

345.6 

14|  to  1  nearly. 

Under  the  Act  of 


2d  April,  1792  .  . 

28th  June,  1834  .  . 
18  th  January,  1837 
21st  February,  1853 


Fineness. 
Proportion  of 
Pure  Gold. 


11 

l : 2 


T9g  nearly. 


_9 

1  0 
9 

TO 

9 

10 


Weight  of  Gold  Eagle. 


Of  Standard 
Gold. 


Grains. 

270 

258 

258 

258 

258 


Of  Pure 
Gold. 


Grains. 

247.5 

232.0 

232.2 

232.2 

232.2 


Fineness. 
Proportion  of 
Pure  Silver. 


a  nearly. 
10  0  J 

y  Ac  nearly. 

_9_ 

1  0 
_9  * 

1  0 
_9_t 
1  0 


Under  the  Act  of  the  3d  of  March,  1851,  a  three-cent  sil¬ 
ver  coin  ( }  fine)  was  issued,  weighing  twelve  and  three 
eighths  (12|)  grains.  Under  an  Act  of  the  3d  of  March, 
1853,  the  same  fineness  (nine  tenths)  was  adopted  for  the 
silver  three-cent  coins  as  for  other  silver  coius,  and  the 
weight  was  made  proportional. 

All  gold  coins  issued  subsequently  to  the  Act  of  the  18th 
of  January,  1837,  are  legal  tender  in  any  amount.  All  sil¬ 
ver  coins  issued  prior  to  the  21st  of  February,  1853,  and  all 
dollar  coins  of  silver  whenever  issued,  are  legal  tender  to 
any  amount ;  and  all  silver  coins  of  smaller  denomination 
than  one  dollar,  issued  since  the  enactment  of  that  law,  are 
legal  tender  in  sums  not  exceeding  Jive,  dollars. 

Coins  of  unmixed  copper  have  nearly  disappeared  from 
circulation,  but  are  occasionally  seen.  They  have  not 
been  coined  since  1857.  The  half-cent  pieces  ceased  to  be 
coined  by  the  Act  of  February  21, 1853.  The  Spanish  and 
Mexican  dollar  and  their  fractional  parts  have  not  been  in 
circulation  since  1849. 

Paper  Money.  —  Early  in  the  late  civil  war,  notes  of 
the  United  States  government  —  not  bearing  interest  — 
were  declared  by  Congress  legal  tender  in  payment  of  all 
dues  to  the  government,  except  duties  on  imports  ;  and  in 
payment  of  all  claims  against  the  government  except  in¬ 
terest  on  the  public  debt ;  and  in  payment  of  all  debts, 
public  and  private,  except  duties  on  imports  and  interest 
as  aforesaid. 

The  earlier  issues  of  these  legal  tender  notes,  when  pre¬ 
sented  in  sums  not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  were  made  ex¬ 
changeable  at  par  for  certificates  convertible  into  certain 
United  States  securities  bearing  six  per  cent,  interest  in 
gold  ;  but  by  a  later  Act  of  Congress  these  note3  ceased  to 
be  so  exchangeable  unless  presented 'prior  to  July  1st,  1863. 

Notes  of  banks,  organized  under  National  laws,  are  ex¬ 
tensively,  and  under  State  laws  to  a  very  limited  extent, 
employed  as  the  representatives  of  legal  tender  notes.  The 
circulation  of  the  notes  of  the  National  Banks  is  limited 
by  law  to  $300,000,000,  very  nearly  the  whole  of  which 
amount  is  constantly  in  circulation  ;  but  only  coin  and  gov¬ 
ernment  notes  are  legal  tender.  Gold  and  silver  coins  have 
disappeared  from  circulation,  and  are  sold  in  market  at  a 
premium ;  legal  tender  notes  of  the  denominations  of  one 
dollar  and  upwards,  and  fractional  notes  of  the  denomina¬ 
tions  of  fifty  cents,  twenty-five  cents,  ten  cents,  and  five 

*  Entire  Dollar. 


cents,  taking  their  place.  But  few  of  the  five-cent  notes, 
however,  continue  in  circulation,  the  law  now  requiring 
their  withdrawal. 

The  relative  annual  average  values  of  gold  and  of  legal 
tender  paper  currency,  in  open  market  in  New  York  city, 
have  beeu  as  follows  :  — 


Currency. 


Calendar 

Value  in  Currency 

Value  in 

Years. 

of  $100  in  Gold. 

$100  in  C 

1862 

$114 

$88 

1803 

$144 

$70 

1834 

$204 

$49 

1865 

$157 

$64 

1866 

$141 

$71 

1867 

$138 

$72 

National  Securities.  —  Five- Twenties.  —  The  se¬ 
curities  known  as  “Five-Twenties”  —  so  called  from  the 
number  of  years  for  which  they  are  issued  —  are  govern¬ 
ment  bonds,  some  with  coupons  attached,  others  registered, 
redeemable  at  tne  pleasure  of  the  government  on  due  no¬ 
tice  to  the  holders,  at  any  time  after  five  years,  and  pay¬ 
able  in  twenty  years  from  the  date  of  issue.  These  bonds 
bear  interest  in  coin,  payable  semi-annually,  at  the  rate  of 
six  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Ten-Forties.  — The  “  Ten-Forties,”  so  called,  ar efive  per 
cent,  securities  (some  with  coupons,  others  registered),  re¬ 
deemable  after  ten,  and  payable  forty  years  from  date,  prin¬ 
cipal  and  interest  payable  in  coin.  The  interest  on  bonds 
of  the  denominations  of  fifty  and  one  hundred  dollars  re¬ 
spectively  is  pay  able  annually,  on  all  other  denominations 
semi-annually. 

Seven- Thirties  — The  “  Seven-Thirties” — so  called  from 
the  rate  of  interest  which  they'  bear  —  are  treasury -notes 
with  coupons  attached,  the  interest  being  payable  semi-an¬ 
nually  in  lawful  money  (currency),  at  the  rate  of  seven  and 
three-tenths  per  cent,  per  annum  (or,  one  cent  a  day  on 
each  fifty -dollars),  and  convertible  at  maturity  at  the 
option  of  the  holder  into  six  per  cent,  gold-bearing  secu¬ 
rities  redeemable  after  five,  and  payable  twenty  years  from 
date.  Their  dates  of  issue  are  June  15,  and  July  15,  1865. 
On  the  July  issue  the  government  reserves  the  right  of  pay¬ 
ing  the  interest  in  coin  at  six  per  cent. 

Sixes  of  1881.  —  The  six  per  cent.,  twenty -year  loan,  ma¬ 
turing  in  1881,  principal  and  interest  payable  in  coin,  can 

t  Fractional  parts  of  Silver  Dollar- 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  551 


not  be  redeemed  by  the  government  prior  to  maturity,  ex¬ 
cept  by  purchase. 

The  above  comprise  the  principal  forms  of  government 
securities. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

Standard  Units. 

Standard  of  Length.  —  The  actual  standard  of  length  of 
the  United  States,  is  a  brass  scale  of  eighty-two  inches  in 
length,  prepared  for  the  survey  of  the  coast  of  the  United 
States,  by  Troughton  of  London,  and  now  in  the  possession 
of  the  United  States  Treasury  Department,  and  deposited 
at  the  office  of  Weights  and  Measures.  The  yard  measure 
is  between  the  twenty -seventh  and  the  sixty-third  inches  of 
the  scale.  The  temperature  at  which  this  scale  was  designed 
to  be  standard,  and  at  which  it  is  so  used  in  conducting  the 
operations  of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  is  62°  Fahren¬ 
heit.  Late  comparisons  show  that  on  the  United  States 
standard  scale  at  62°  Fahrenheit,  the  yard  is  in  excess  of 
the  British  standard  by  0.00087  inch.  Accoi’ding  to  a  re¬ 
port  made  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Weights  and 
Measures,  by  Professor  A.  D.  Bache,  late  Superintendent  of 
the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  in  1860,  before  the  Amer¬ 
ican  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  “  the 
standard  temperature  of  the  United  States  yard  ”  “  has 
never  been  authoritatively  here  fixed.” 

The  unit  of  length  — the  yard  —  is  derived  from  ancient 
arbitrary  standards  in  England.  Its  thirty-sixth  part  — 
the  inch  —  is  said  to  be  contained  39.13929  times  in  the 
length  of  the  pendulum  that,  in  a  vacuum  and  at  the  level 
of  mid-tide,  under  the  latitude  of  London,  vibrates  seconds 
of  mean  time. 

Comparison  of  the.  Common  with  the  Metric  Standards 
of  Length.  —  According  to  Ilassler,  the  meter  contains 
39.3809i714  of  the  inch-divisions  of  the  Troughton  scale 
at  32°  Fahrenheit ;  and,  consequently,  making  due  allow* 
ance  for  the  expansion  by  heat  of  the  metal  scale, 
39.36850154  of  these  inch-divisions,  when  the  bar  is  at  62° 
Fahrenheit.  The  number  of  imperial  inches  in  the  meter, 
according  to  Kater,  and  adopted  in  the  late  Act  of  Par¬ 
liament,  which  rendered  the  use  of  the  metric  system  per¬ 
missible  in  Great  Britain,  is  39.37079.  The  number  of 
United  States  inches  in  the  meter,  according  to  the  Act  of 
Congress  of  1866,  authorizing  the  use  of  the  metric  S3?stem 
of  weights  and  measures  in  the  United  States,  is  39.37. 

Standard  of  Weight.  —  The  weights  of  the  United  States 
are  designed  to  be  identical  with  those  of  England.  The 
standard  of  weight  is  the  troy  pound ,  copied  in  1827,  by 
Captain  Kater,  from  the  imperial  troy  pound  of  England, 
for  the  use  of  the  mint  of  the  United  States,  and  there  de¬ 
posited.  This  pound  is  standard  when  in  air  in  which  the 
mercury  stands  at  SO  inches  in  a  barometer,  and  at  62 
degrees  in  the  Fahrenheit  thermometer.  The  pound  troy  is 
assumed  to  contain  5,760  grains  ;  the  commercial  or  avoir¬ 
dupois  pound,  contains  7,000  of  these  grains. 

Standards  of  Volume.  — The  standard  of  liquid  measure 
is  the  gallon:  of  dry  measure,  the  bushel.  The  former  is 
almost  exactly  equivalent  to  a  cylinder  7  inches  in  iuternal 
diameter,  and  6  inches  in  height  ;  the  latter  to  a  cylinder 
of  18.5  inches  internal  diameter,  and  8  inches  in  height, 
and  when  heaped  the  cone  must  not  be  less  than  6  inches 
high,  containing  for  a  true  cone,  2,747.715  cubic  inches. 

The  gallon ,  if  filled  with  distilled  water  at  the  temper¬ 
ature  of  its  maximum  density  (say  39.83°  Fahrenheit,  as 
determined  by  Mr.  Ilassler),  contains,  according  to  the  offi¬ 
cial  report,  at  that  temperature,  if  weighed  in  air  in  which 
the  barometev  is  30  inches  at  62°  F'ahrenheit,  58,372.2 
standard  grains  (8.3389  pounds  avoirdupois).  —  The  bushel 
is  a  measure  containing  543,391.89  standard  grains  (77-6274 
pounds  avoirdupois)  of  distilled  water  at  the  temperature 
of  maximum  density,  and  barometer  at  30  inches  at  62° 
Fahrenheit. 

According  to  Mr.  Hassler’s  comparisons,  the  weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  of  water  at  its  maximum  density,  the  barometer 
being  30  inches  at  62°  Fahrenheit,  is  998.068  ounces  avoir¬ 
dupois  ;  the  weight  of  a  cubic  inch  of  such  water  being  [ 


252.6937  grains.  The  United  States  gallon  is  thus  the  old 
wine  gallon  of  231  inches,  nearly  ;  and  the  United  States 
bushel,  the  Winchester  bushel  of  2150.42  cubic  inches, 
nearly. 

The  British  standard  measure  of  volume,  by  Act  of  1824, 
is  the  imperial  gallon  containing,  when  weighed  in  air, 
both  air  and  water  being  at  the  temperature  of  62°  Fahren¬ 
heit,  and  the  barometer  at  30  inches,  10  pounds  avoirdu¬ 
pois.  The  cubic  inch  of  distilled  water  ( temperature  62°, 
barometer  30  inches),  is  declared  to  contain  252.458  grains  ; 
hence  the  imperial  standard  gallon  contains  277.274  cubic 
inches.  The  imperial  bushel,  of  8  imperial  gallons,  con¬ 
tains  2218.192  cubic  inches.  Its  dimensions  are  19.5  inches 
outside  diameter,  8.5  inside  diameter,  18.25  depth,  and  6 
inches  height  of  cone  for  heaped  measure;  the  contents 
of  the  heaped  bushel  being  2815.488  cubic  inches. 

The  United  States  standard  gallon  is  to  the  imperial 
standard  gallon,  nearly,  as  5  to  6  ;  the  United  States  stand¬ 
ard  bushel  is  to  the  imperial  standard  bushel,  nearly,  as 
32  to  33. 

Metric  System. 

Metric  System  of  Weights  and  Measures  Permissible. — 
By  an  Act  of  Congress  approved  in  July,  1866,  the  use  of 
the  weights  and  measures  of  the  metric  system  is  made 
permissible ;  and  contracts  are  declared  not  to  be  invalid 
because  the  weights  and  measures  expressed  or  referred  to 
therein  are  weights  and  measures  of  that  system. 

The  following  tables  of  equivalents  are  also  therein  rec¬ 
ognized  in  the  construction  of  contracts  and  in  all  legal 
proceedings. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


0.001  meter  — 
0.01  meter  = 
0.1  meter 
1  meter  .  r= 
10  meters  .  = 

100  meters  .  -  = 

1,000  meters  .  = 
10,000  meters  .  = 


1  millimeter  = 
1  centimeter  = 
1  decimeter  = 
1  meter  = 

1  dekameter  = 
1  hectometer  = 

1  kilometer  = 
1  myriameter  = 


0.0394  inches. 
0.3937  inches. 
3.937  inches. 
39.37  inches. 
393.7  inches. 
0.328  1-12  ft. 
0.3280  10-12  ft. 
0.62136  miles. 
0.32808  4-12  ft. 
6  2137  miles. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


1  square  meter  =  1  centare  =  1550  square  inches. 
100  square  meters  1  are  :=  119.6  square  yards- 
10,000  square  meters  =  i  hectare  =:  2.471  acres. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 


Cubic  Measure. 


1  cubic  centimeter  = 
10  cubic  centimeters  = 
0  1  cubic  decimeter  = 
1  cubic  decimeter  == 
10  cubic  decimeters 
0.1  cubic  meter 


1  milliliter 
1  centiliter 
1  deciliter 
1  liter 
1  dekaliter 
1  hectoliter 


0.001  liter. 
0.01  liter. 
0.1  liter. 
1  liter. 

10  liters. 

100  liters. 


1  cubic  meter  =  1  kiloliter,  or  stere  =  1,000  liters. 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


Dry  Measure. 


milliliter . 

=  0.061  cubic  inch. 

centiliter  ...... 

=  0.6102  cubic  inch. 

deciliter . 

=  6.1022  cubic  inches. 

liter . 

=  0.908  quart. 

dekaliter . 

=  9.08  quarts. 

hectoliter . 

=  2  bushels  and  3.35  pecks. 

kiloliter,  or  stere  .  . 

=  1.308  cubic  yards. 

Liquid 

Measure. 

milliliter . 

.  .  0.27  fluid  drachm 

centiliter . 

.  .  =  0.338  fluid  oz. 

deciliter . 

.  .  =  0.845  gill. 

liter . 

.  .  =  1.0567  quarts. 

dekaliter . 

.  .  :=  2.6417  gallons. 

552 

1  hectoliter  .  .  . 

1  kiloliter,  or  stere 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


—  26.417  gallons. 

=  264.17  gallons. 


1  cubic  millimeter  *  : 
10  cubic  millimeters  : 
100  cubic  millimeters : 
1  cubic  centimeter 
10  cubic  centimeters  : 
1  deciliter 

1  liter 

10  liters  .  , 

1  hectoliter 


.  =1 

:=1 


:  1 

1  cubic  meter  .  =  • 


WEIGHTS. 

=  1  milligramme 
z  1  centigramme  : 
-  1  decigramme 
=  1  gramme 
=  1  dekagram  me 
hectogramme  = 
1  kilogramme  ( 
or  kilo  ) 
myriagramme  — 
quintal  — 

.  1  miilier  or  1  _ 

|  tonneau  j 


—  0.001  gramme. 
0.01  gramme. 

=  0.1  gramme, 
rr  1  gramme. 

—  10  grammes. 
100  grammes. 

1,000  grammes. 

10,000  grammes. 
100,000  grammes. 

1,000,000  grammes. 


1  milligramme  .  . 

1  centigramme  .  . 

1  decigramme  .  . 

1  gramme  .  .  . 

1  dekagram  me  .  . 

1  hectogramme 
1  kilogramme  or  kilo 
1  myriagramme 
1  quintal  .... 

1  miilier  or  tonneau 


—  0.0154  grain  avdp. 

—  0.1543  grain  avdp. 

=  1.5432  grains  avdp. 

=  15.432  grains  avdp. 

=  0.3527  ounce  avdp. 

—  3.5274  ounces  advp. 

— ■  2.2046  lbs.  avdp. 

—  22.046  lbs.  avdp. 

=  220  46  lbs.  avdp. 

=  2204.6  lbs.  avdp. 


Metric  Standards  to  be  furnished,  each  State.  —  By  a  joint 
Congressional  resolution  of  the  same  date,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  was  “  authorized  and  directed  ”  to  furnish  to 
each  State,  “  one  set  of  the  standard  weights  and  measures 
of  the  metric  system.” 

Metric  Postal  Balances  to  be  furnished  certain  Post-of¬ 
fices. —  By  another  act  of  the  same  date,  the  Postmaster- 
General  was  “  authorized  and  directed  to  furnish  to  the 
post-offices  exchanging  mails  with  foreign  countries,  and  to 
such  other  offices  as  he  shall  think  expedient,  postal  bal¬ 
ances  denominated  in  grammes  of  the  metric  system  ;  and 
until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  one  half  ounce  avoirdu¬ 
pois  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  for  postal  purposes  as  the 
equivalent  of  fifteen  grammes  of  the  metric  weights,  and  so 
adopted  in  progression ;  and  the  rates  of  postage  shall  be 
applied  accordingly.” 

it  will  be  seen  on  reference  to  the  tables  above  given, 
that  one  half-ounce  avoirdupois  is  actually  equal  to  about 
14.176  grammes  instead  of  fifteen  grammes. 

Length  of  the  Meter.  —  The  meter  was  designed  to  be  the 

ten-millionth  part  ( y  0  o  o*0  0  0  0~^  eart^'s  meridian 

passing  through  Dunkirk  and  Formentera.f  Later  invest! 
gations,  however,  based  on  additional  measures  of  merid¬ 
ional  arcs  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  have  shown  that 
the  meter  sensibly  exceeds  such  ten-millionth  part  of  the 
quadrant  —  the  excess  being  equal  fas  is  stated  by  Sir 
John  Herschel)  to  about  one  part  in  6400. 

Weights  in  Common  Use. 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 


16  drams 
16  oz. 


=  1  ounce,  oz. 
—  1  pound,  lb. 


28  lbs . =  1  quarter,  qr. 

4  qrs.  1  hundred-weight,  cwt 

20  cwt . =  1  ton. 

100  lbs . =  1  cental. 

175  troy  lbs . =  144  pounds  avoirdupois. 

1  lb.  troy . —  5,760  grains. 

1  lb.  avdp . =  7,000  grains. 

This  weight  is  applied  to  all  coarse  articles,  such  as  hay, 
meat,  fish,  potash,  groceries,  hemp,  flax,  butter,  cheese, 
&c.,  and  all  metals,  except  gold  and  silver.  Gross  weight 
is  the  weight  of  goods  with  the  boxes,  casks,  or  bags  which 
contain  them.  Net  weight  is  the  weight  of  the  goods  only. 
Formerly,  the  usual  custom  was  to  allow  112  pounds  for  a 
hundred  weight,  and  28  pounds  for  a  quarter ;  but  this 
practice  has  very  nearly  passed  away.  In  buying  and  sell¬ 
ing  all  articles  of  commerce  estimated  by  weight,  the  laws 
of  most  of  the  States,  as  well  as  general  usage,  call  100 
pounds  a  hundred  weight,  and  25  pounds  a  quarter.  The 
custom-house,  however,  continues  the  old  usage. 


♦  Of  water  at  maximum  density. 

t  Sir  John  Herschel  has  called  attention  to  the  remarkable 
fact,  not  generally  known,  that  the  earth’s  polar  semi-axis  con¬ 
tains  almost  precisely  1001  millions  of  English  quarter-inches: 
and  recommends  the  augmentation  of  the  existing  English 
measures  of  length  by  their  one  thousandth  aliquot  part;  the 
augmented  measures  to  be  designated  “geometrical  measures.” 

Thus  augmented,  a  cubic  double  foot  (or  a  cube,  the  sides  of 
which  are  each  twenty -four  “geometrical”  inches),  will  contain 
almost  exactly  1000  half  pounds  avoirdupois,  (more  exactly 
1000.131)  of  distilled  water  at  its  temperature  of  maximum  den¬ 
sity  ;  and  a  square  the  side  of  which  measures  10,000  of  the  new 
(or  geometrical)  quarter-inches,  will  contain  almost  precisely  one 
acre,  (more  exac  ly,  0.9084  acre).  These  close  approximations  to 
integral  ratios,  show  that  the  familiar  units  of  measure  and  weight 
may  be  very  nearly  preserved  in  a  decimal  system  baaed  upon  a 
natural  unit. 


Troy 


Weight. 


24  grains,  gr . =  1  pennyweight,  dwt. 

20  dwt.  —  1  ounce,  oz. 

12  oz . =  1  pound,  lb. 

Gold,  silver,  and  jewels  are  weighed  by  this  weight. 


Apothecaries'  Weight. 


20  grains 

39  • 
83  • 

12  §  . 


=  1  scruple,  9 
1  dram,  3 
—  1  ounce,  5 
"  1  pound,  lb 


This  weight  is  used  by  apothecaries  and  physicians  in 
compounding  medicines  ;  but  drugs  and  medicines  are 
bought  and  sold  by  avoirdupois  weight.  The  pound  and 
ounce  in  this  weight  are  the  same  as  the  troy  pound  and 
ounce. 

Measures  in  Common  Use. 


Long 

3  barleycorns 
12  lines  .  . 

12  inches 
3  feet  .  . 

54  yards 

40  rods  or  perches 

8  furlongs  .  . 

6  feet 
3  miles 

60  naut.  or  geog.  miles 
69  j  statute  miles 

3  inches 

4  inches 

9  inches 
18  inches 

Long  Measure 


Measure. 

—  1  inch,  in. 


is  used  in 


length  only  is  considered. 


=  1  inch. 

=  1  foot,  ft. 

=  1  yard,  yd. 

—  1  rod,  perch,  or  pole. 

=  1  furlong,  fur. 

—  1  mile,  m. 

—  1  fathom. 

1  league,  lea. 

—  1  degree,  deg.  or  ° 

=  1  equatorial  deg.  nearly, 
rr  1  palm. 

—  1  hand  (horse  measure). 
1  span. 

=  1  cubit  (Scripture), 
measuring  distances,  where 


Square  Measure. 


144  sq. inches 
9  sq.  feet  . 

30j  sq.  yards  or  ) _ 

272j-  sq.  feet  . 

40  sq.  rods  . 

4  roods  or  1 
160  sq.  rods  ) 

640  acres  .  . 


1  square  foot. 

1  square  yard. 

1  square  rod,  perch,  or  pole 

1  rood. 

1  acre. 

1  square  mile. 


Square  Measure  is  used  in  measuring  surfaces,  as  land, 
flooring,  plastering,  & c. 

Cubic  Measure. 

1728  cubic  inches  .  .  =  1  cubic  foot. 

27  cubic  feet  ....=:  1  cubic  yard. 

40  feet  of  round,  or  1  _  . _ , 

60  feet  of  hewn  timber  |  ’ 


42  cubic  feet  .  . 

16  cubic  feet  .  . 

8  oord  feet,  or  ) 
128  cubic  feet  j 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  553 


=  1  ton  of  shipping. 

_ (  1  foot  of  wood,  or  a  cord 

(  foot. 

=  1  cord. 


Shipping  Admeasurement. 

Register  Ton.  —  For  Register  Tonnage ,  or  for  meas¬ 
urement  of  the  entire  internal  capacity  of  a  vessel :  — 

130  cubic  feet  ~  1  register  ton. 


Cubic  Measure  is  used  in  measuring  solid  bodies,  having 
length ,  breadth ,  and  thickness ;  as  timber,  stone,  boxes  of 
goods,  the  capacity  of  rooms,  ships,  & c. 


Cloth  Measure. 


2}  inches 
4  nails 

4  quarters 
3  quarters 

5  quarters 

6  quarters 
37.2  inches 


1  nail,  na. 

1  quarter,  qr. 
1  yard,  yd. 

1  ell  Flemish. 
1  ell  English. 
1  ell  French. 
1  ell  Scotch. 


This  measure  is  used  in  buying  and  selling  cloth,  rib¬ 
bons,  &c. 

Wine  Measure. 


4  gills . 

2  pints  . 

4  quarts . 

42  gallons . 

14  tierce,  or  63  gal. 

1}  hogshead,  or  84  gal. 
U  puncheon,  or  126  gal. 

2  pipes  . 

231  cubic  inches  .  .  . 

10  gallons . 

18  gallons . 

31^  gallons . 


1  pint,  pt. 

1  quart,  qt. 

1  gallon,  gal. 

1  tierce. 

1  hogshead,  hhd. 
1  puncheon. 

1  pipe. 

1  tun. 

1  gallon. 

1  anker. 

1  runlet. 

1  barrel. 


Wine,  spirits,  cider,  vinegar,  oil,  honey,  & c.,  are  meas¬ 
ured  and  sold  by  this  measure.  In  London  the  gill  is 
usually  called  a  quartern  ;  but  in  the  North  of  England  it 
is  a  noggin,  and  a  half  pint  is  termed  a  gill. 


Ale  and  Beer  Measure. 


2  pints  .  . 

4  quarts  . 

9  gallons  . 

2  firkins 
2  kilderkins 
14  barrel  . 
1}  hogshead 
14  puncheon 


18  gal 
35  gal 
54  gal 
72  gal 
108  gal 


quai-t. 

gallon. 

firkin. 

kilderkin. 

barrel. 

hogshead. 

puncheon. 

butt. 


The  Ale  gallon  contains  282  cubic  inches.  In  some  of 
the  New  England  States,  the  barrel  for  cider  and  beer  is 
legally  fixed  at  32  gallons.  In  other  States  it  is  of  differ¬ 
ent  capacity. 


Apothecaries'1  Measure. 


60  minims  (or  drops),  1T\  .  .  . 

8  fluidrachms . 

16  fluidounces . 

8  pints . 


==  1  fluidrachm,  f  5  • 

=  1  fluidounce,  f§  . 
=  1  pint  ( octarius ),  0 
=  1  gallon  (congius). 


Dry  Measure. 


2  pints . 

4  quarts . 

2  gallons . 

4  pecks  . 

36  bushels . 

4  bushels  (in  England)  .  . 

2  cooms  “  “  .  . 

5  quarters  “  “  .  . 

2  weys  “  “  .  . 


=  1  quart,  qt. 

—  1  gallon,  gal. 
=  1  peck,  pfc. 

—  1  bushel,  bu. 
=  1  chaldron,  ch. 

—  1  coom. 

=:  1  quarter. 

1  wey. 

=  1  last. 


A  gallon,  dry  measure,  contains  268  4-5  cubic  inches. 
This  measure  applies  to  all  goods  that  are  not  liquid  and 
are  sold  by  measure,  as  corn,  fruit,  salt,  coal,  &c. 


This  number  is  arbitrarily  assumed  to  facilitate  compu¬ 
tation. 

Shipping  Ton.  — For  the  measurement  of  cargo  :  — 


40  cubic  feet 


42  cubic  feet 
350  cubic  feet 


=  1  U.  S.  shipping  ton. 

=  31.16  imperial  bushels. 
=  32.143  U.  S.  bushels. 

3=  1  British  shipping  ton. 
=  32.719  imperial  bushels. 
=  33.75  U.  S.  bushels. 

=  1  keel. 


1  U.  S.  (or  Winchester)  bushel 
1  imperial  bushel  .  . 

1  English  quarter  .  . 


2150.42  cubic  inches- 
2218.192  “  “ 

1.0315157  U.S.bu. 

8  imperial  bushels. 

8|  U.  S.  bu.  (nearly.) 
17745.54  cubic  in. 
10.2694  cubic  feet. 


A  shipping  ton  (U.  S.)  of  40  cubic  feet  equals  three  and 
nine-tenths  (3.895)  English  quarters  of  8  imperial  (or  8|  U. 
S.)  bushels  each.  A  shipping  ton  (British)  of  42  cubic  feet, 
equals  four  and  one-tenth  (4.09)  English  quarters.  A  ship¬ 
ping  ton  of  41  (or  more  exactly  40.9776)  cubic  feet,  would 
equal  exactly  four  English  quarters  ;  i.  e.,  32  imperial 
bushels,  or  33  United  States  bushels. 

Wheat  a  Standard  of  Volume  and  Weight. — 
Wheat  is  a  standard  alike  for  the  volume  and  weight  of 
cargoes.  When  in  bulk  on  board  ship,  this  commodity  oc¬ 
cupies  sibout  fifteen  per  cent,  less  space  than  when  filled 
into  measures  of  capacity  in  the  customary  way.  So  com¬ 
pressed,  a  ton  of  2240  pounds  occupies  about  40  cubic  feet. 

Measurement  Cargo.  —  The  capacity  of  a  vessel  for 
cargo,  on  voyages  of  average  length,  is  usually  estimated  at 
from  20  to  25  per  cent,  less  than  her  Register  Tonnage,  or 
entire  internal  capacity  This  net  space,  in  cubic  feet,  di¬ 
vided  by  40,  gives,  in  shipping  tons  of  40  cubic  feet  each, 
her  “  Measurement  Cargo,”  so  called,  or  her  net  carrying 
capacity,  in  shipping  tons.  Her  measurement  cargo  is, 
therefore,  from  lg  to  2  times  the  number  of  register  tons,  of 
100  cubic  feet  each,  in  her  Register  Tonnage. 

Dead  Weight  Cargo.  —  The  “  Dead  Weight  Cargo  ” 
of  a  vessel,  or  the  net  weight  in  tons,  of  the  cargo  which 
the  vessel  can  safely  carry  on  voyages  of  average  length,  is 
approximately  ascertained  bv  dividing  the  entire  internal 
capacity  of  the  vessel  in  cubic  feet  by  63,  and  deducting 
from  the  gross  result  one-fourteenth  (or  about  7  per  cent.) 
for  the  weights  of  water,  provisions,  crew,  and  their  lug¬ 
gage.  The  number  of  tons  weight  in  this  net  result  is, 
therefore,  about  14  times  the  Register  Tonnage,  or  number 
of  tons  of  volume  in  the  entire  internal  capacity  of  the  ves¬ 
sel. 

Load  Displacement. —The  “Load  Displacement” 
of  a  vessel,  or  the  entire  weight  of  the  vessel,  cargo,  & c., 
when  fully  equipped  and  ready  for  sea,  may  be  ascertained 
by  dividing  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  sea-w-ater  displaced 
by  the  vessel  by  35,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  occupied  by 
a  ton  (2240  pounds)  of  sea-w-ater. 

Relative  Buoyancy  of  Iron  and  Wooden 
Hulls.  —  In  case  of  vessels  of  wooden  hulls,  whether 
sailing  or  steam,  about  60  per  cent  of  the  “  load  displace¬ 
ment  ”  is  for  cargo,  and  33  per  cent,  for  the  hull,  the  re¬ 
maining  7  per  cent,  being  for  the  weights  of  water,  provis¬ 
ions,  crew,  & c.  In  case  of  iron  hulls,  if  of  sailing  vessels, 
the  weight  allowed  for  cargo  is  about  68  per  cent,  of  the 
displacement,  if  of  steam,  65  percent.  The  weight  of  car¬ 
go  which  can  be  carried  is  therefore  relatively  greater  with 
iron  hulls  than  with  wooden;  13  per  cent,  greater,  if  of 
sailing  vessels,  9  per  cent,  if  of  steam. 

New  Mode  of  Admeasurement  of  Vessels.  — - 


» 


o54  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


The  new  “  mode  ”  for  the  admeasurement  of  vessels  in  use 
in  the  United  States,  since  the  Act  of  Congress  of  May, 
1864,  is  very  accurate  ;  prior  to  that  date,  the  system  was 
rude,  and,  in  its  results,  inaccurate.  The  new  system  dif¬ 
fers  somewhat  from  the  British  system  (adopted  by  Act  of 
Parliament  in  1854),  chiefly  as  applied  to  steamers.  In  the 
British  measurement  of  steamers,  deductions  are  made  for 
the  space  occupied  by  engines,  boilers,  and  coal ;  no  such 
deductions  being  made  for  United  States  steamers  under 
the  Uuited  States  law.  Under  the  new  United  States 
method,  the  Register  Tonnage  of  double-decked  and  three¬ 
decked  vessels  is  somewhat  augmented,  of  clipper  and 
half  clipper  vessels  diminished,  of  single-decked  sailing 
vessels,  canal  boats,  and  freight  barges  on  the  western 
rivers  diminished,  and  of  river  and  lake  steamers  largely 
increased. 


Measuring 


Distances. 


7  92-100  inches  .  .  : 

25  links . : 

100  links . : 

10  chains  .  .  .  .  : 

8  furlongs  .  .  .  .  : 

Used  by  engineers,  surveyors,  See. 


1  link. 

1  pole. 

1  chain. 

1  furlong. 
1  mile. 


Time. 

60  seconds . =  1  minute. 

60  minutes . =  1  hour. 

24  hours . .  .  =  1  day. 

7  days . =  1  week. 

2  weeks . =  1  fortnight. 

4  weeks . =  1  month. 

si  6 1,ours> " }  =  1  Jull“ 

12  calendar  months  .  .  .  .  =  1  year. 

Used  for  computing  time. 

Circular  Motion. 

60  seconds,  or  60^  .  .  —  1  prime  minute. 

60  minutes,  or  6G^  .  .  =  1  degree,  ° 

30  degrees . =  1  sign,  s. 

12  signs,  or  360  degrees  =  {  th^°cIfi  Sreat  circle  of  the 

Used  in  measuring  latitude  and  longitude,  & c. 

Numbers. 


12  units  . 

.  .  .  .  =  1  dozen. 

12  dozen  . 

.  .  .  .  =  1  gross. 

12  gross  . 

.  .  .  .  =  1  great  gross 

20  units  . 

.  .  .  .  =  1  score. 

Paper. 

24  sheets 

.  .  .  .  —  1  quire. 

10J  quires 

.  .  .  .  =:  1  token. 

20  quires 

.  .  .  .  1  ream. 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

(Principal  Commercial  City ,  LONDON.) 

Money. 

Thj»  national  currency  of  Great  Britain  is  called  Sterling 
Money — thus  wre  say,  so  many  pounds  sterling.  The 
pound  sterling  is  represented  by  a  gold  coin  called  a  sov¬ 
ereign,  and  its  custom-house  value  in  the  United  States  is 
fixed  by  law  at  $4.84.  The  intrinsic  value  of  the  sovereign 
varies  somewhat,  depending  on  the  date  of  the  coinage. 
Victoria  sovereigns  are  worth  the  most,  as  being  of  the 
latest  coinage  ;  those  of  William  IV.,  George  IV.,  or  George 
III.  less,  as  more  worn.  The  intrinsic  value  of  the  legal 
standard  sovereign  is  $4.86,66.  The  commercial  value  of 
the  pound  sterling  varies,  like  merchandise,  according  to 
demand  ;  $4.84  is  that  on  which  duties  are  charged.  Thus, 
if  you  buy  a  bill  of  goods  in  London  of  £100  on  vThich  the 
duty  in  this  country  is  25  per  cent.,  and  import  them,  you 


■  pay  at  the  custom-house,  together  w  ith  certain  other  charges 
not  necessary  to  be  here  specified,  25  per  cent,  on  $484,  or 
$121.  What  is  called  the  par  value  of  the  pound  sterling 
in  the  United  States  is  $4,44  4-9.  The  par  value  of  the 
pound  in  London,  in  American  coin,  is  $4.80.  The  differ¬ 
ence  between  the  par  value  of  the  pound  sterling  in  this 
country  ($4,44  4-9)  and  the  actual  value  to  us  here,  at  the 
time,  of  a  pound  sterling  in  London,  is  called  the  ex¬ 
change.  Thus,  if  exchange  on  London,  in  New  York,  is  9 
per  cent.,  a  pound  sterling  is  worth  $4.44  4-9,  and  9  per 
cent,  added,  or  $4.84  4-9.  If  7  per  cent.,  of  course,  less  ;  if 
10  per  cent.,  more. 

Freight  bills  for  goods  by  ship  are  payable  at  $4.80  the 
pound,  which  is  eight  per  cent,  on  $4.44  4-9.  Exchange 
on  London  is  usually  7  to  10  per  cent,  in  New  York,  i.  e., 
a  pound  sterling  in  London  is  worth  $4.44  4-9  and  7  to 
10  per  cent,  additional,  in  New  York,  nearly. 

In  the  following  Tables  the  pound  sterling  is  given  at 
$4.8666 — ,  which  is  its  intrinsic  value  when  of  standard 
weight  and  fineness ;  it  being  understood,  however,  that 
its  commercial  value  in  exchange  is  sometimes  higher  and 
sometimes  lower. 


f  UlUCO  JU  u  I  Oi 


4  farthings,  qr. 

4  pence  .  . 
12  pence  .  . 

2  shillings 

5  shillings 


=  1  penny,  d. 
~  1  groat 
=  1  shilling,  5. 
=  1  florin,//. 
=  1  crown, 


20  shillings^  {  1  soyereign,  or 

°  (  pound  sterling,  £ 


21  shillings 
$1  .  .  . 


—  1  guinea 


1  franc  ....... 

1  German  (or  Union)  crown 


gold  coin. 

$0.02,03 
0.08,11 
0.24.33 
0.48,67 
1.21,66 
=  4.86,66 

=25.22.16  francs 
£.732238  Ger.  crown 
=  $5.10,99 

•  .  =  £0.205  4838 
.  .  =  £0.039  6486 
.  .  =  £1.365  675 


From  a  troy  ounce  of  gold  of  standard  fineness  (11-12) 
are  coined  77  shillings,  and  10j  pence  sterling;  hence,  the 
sovereign  when  of  standard  weight  and  fineness  contains  of 
pure  gold  113.0016  grains.  From  a  troy  ounce  of  silver  of 
standard  fineness  (37-40)  are  coined  66  pence. 

The  currency  is  of  coins  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper  (or 
bronze),  and  of  Bank  of  England  notes,  exchangeable  on 
demand  at  their  full  nominal  value  for  gold  and  silver. 

Gold  is  the  standard  of  value,  being  legal  tender  in  all 
amounts.  Silver  and  copper  are  subsidiary  coinages,  the 
former  legal  tender  in  payment  only,  of  sums  not  exceeding 
40  shillings,  and  the  latter  only  to  the  amount  of  12  pence. 

Of  copper  are  coined  farthings,  half-pennies,  and  pen¬ 
nies ;  of  silver,  threepenny,  fourpenny,  and  sixpenny 
pieces,  shillings,  florins,  and  crowns ;  of  gold,  sovereigns, 
half-sovereigns,  guineas,  and  half-guineas. 

In  1860,  a  bronze  coinage  was  introduced,  composed  of  95 
parts  by  weight  of  copper,  4  of  tin,  and  1  of  zinc.  A  few 
two-penny  and  penny  pieces  are  coined  from  silver,  and  are 
distributed  as  alms  by  the  sovereign,  but  are  not  in  general 
circulation.  Double  sovereigns,  although  authorized,  are 
not  in  circulation. 

The  gold  coins  consist  of  11-12  of  pure  metal,  and  1-12  of 
alloy.  The  alloy  is  of  silver  and  copper.  The  proportion 
of  silver,  however,  is  small,  and  it  is  without  commercial 
value,  as  it  cannot  be  separated  by  any  economic  method. 
In  computing  the  value  of  gold  coins,  the  alloy  is  consid¬ 
ered  as  of  no  value. 

The  silver  coins  are  11.1-12  (or  37-40)  of  fine  silver,  and 
0.9-12  (or  3-40)  of  copper  alloy. 

A  pound  troy  of  standard  gold  is  coined  into  44^  guineas, 
or  46  29-40  sovereigns,  and  a  pound  troy  of  standard  silver 
into  66  shillings;  the  mint  price  of  standard  gold  conse¬ 
quently  being  77s.  10^/.  per  ounce,  and  that  of  standard 
silver  66d.  per  ounce.  Prior  to  the  year  1816,  a  pound  troy 
of  standard  silver  was  coined  into  62  shillings,  and  such 
silver  coin,  equally  with  gold,  was  the  legal  tender  in  all 
amounts.  That  is,  prior  to  this  change  in  the  year  1816, 
England  had  endeavored  to  maintain  a  “  double  standard'1' 
(so  called)  of  coinage  (gold  and  silver) ;  it  has  since  had  but 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  555 


a.  single  standard  (gold),  all  other  coins  being  subsidiary 
and  legal  tender  only  in  payment  of  sums  of  small  amount. 
The  absurd  attempt  effectively  to  maintain  simultaneously 
in  circulation  two  metals,  gold  and  silver,  each  legal  tender 
in  payment  of  all  amounts,  was  practically  abandoned  by 
the  United  States  in  1853,  and  by  France  in  1865,  although 
a  double  standard  is  still  nominally  retained  in  each  of 
these  two  countries.  The  market  value  of  the  silver  in  the 
legal  tender  silver  coins  of  each  of  these  countries  being 
greater  than  that  of  the  legal  tender  gold  coins  of  the 
same  denomination,  they  are  forced  to  retire  from  circula¬ 
tion  ;  but  the  intrinsic  value  of  their  subsidiary  silver 
coins,  legal  tender  in  small  amounts,  being  less  than  that 
of  the  corresponding  gold  coins,  they  circulate  freely,  and 
are  largely  employed  in  facilitating  the  lesser  exchanges  of 
commerce. 

From  the  proportions  given  above,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  weight  of  pure  gold  to  the  weight  of  pure  silver  in 
English  coins  of  the  same  denominations,  is  as  1  to 
14.2878  ;  also,  that  the  weight  of  standard  gold  is  to  that 
of  standard  silver  of  like  denominations  as  is  1  to  14.1590. 
According  to  the  average  of  the  relative  intrinsic  values  of 
the  two  metals,  for  the  fourteen  years,  1853-66,  as  deduced 
from  the  periodical  quotations  of  the  price  of  silver  in  bars 
in  the  London  market,  the  weights  of  equal  values  of  gold 
and  silver,  respectively,  have  been  very  nearly  asl  to  15$ ; 
and  consequently  the  relative  values  of  equal  weights  of 
gold  and  silver  have  been  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  these 
numbers,  that  is,  as  15$  to  1. 

The  following  Table  shows  the  average  relative  values  of 
pure  gold  and  pure  silver,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  one 
hundred  and  seven  years,  from  1760  to  1866,  inclusive  ;  the 
values  for  the  twenty-six  years,  from  1841  to  1866,  inclu¬ 
sive,  having  been  carefully  deduced  from  trustworthy  quo¬ 
tations  of  the  sterling  market  price  of  silver  bars  in  Lon¬ 
don. 


introduced  in  1753,  in  accordance  with  a  convention  be¬ 
tween  Austria  and  Bavaria.  The  latter  standard  is  so 
named  because  the  Cologne  mark  of  pure  silver  (3608.943 
troy  grains,  or  233.8555  grammes)  was  coined  into  20  Bor¬ 
ins — 105  of  the  new  florins  are  declared  exchangeable  for 
100  of  the  old. 

The  weight  of  the  new  gold  coinage  of  the  States  of  the 
Customs’  Union,  including  Austria,  like  that  of  their  new 
silver  coinage,  is  referred,  according  to  the  Convention  of 
1857,  to  the  mint  pfund  of  500  grammes  :  the  mint  pfund 
of  pure  gold  being  coined  into  50  German  or  Customs’  Un¬ 
ion  crowns.  The  standard  fineness  of  the  Union  crowns  is 
.9  pure  metal  to  .1  alloy. 

The  ducat,  of  the  old  gold  coinage,  was  to  continue  in 
use  until  the  close  of  the  year  1865.  Sixty-seven  (67) 
ducats  were  coined  from  the  Vienna-Cologne  mark  (3609.167 
troy  grains,  or  233.870  grammes)  of  pure  gold.  The  Vienna- 
Cologne  mark  is  precisely  5-6  of  a  Vienna  mark. 

The  Austrian  Commission  of  April,  1867  (ten  years  later 
than  the  Convention  last  mentioned),  adopted,  in  addition 
to  the  Union  crown,  gold  coins  of  the  value  and  fineness  of 
the  French  10  and  25  gold  francs. 

NEW  SYSTEM. 

Silver. 

100  kreutzers  =  1  florin  —  £0.09867  =  $0.48030 

lg  florins  =  1  Union  thaler  =  0.14804  =  0.72045 

3  florins  =  1  double  thaler  =  0.29608  =  1.44090 

Gold. 

1  half  crown  (Gei-man  Union)  =  £0.68284  =  $3.32314 

1  Union  ci’own . =  1.36567  =  6.64628 

10-franc  piece . =  0.39849  =  1.92953 

25-franc  piece . =  0.99122  =  4.82382 


Periods  of  Years. 

1760  to  1789,  30  years 
1790  to  1809,  20  years 
1810  to  1819,  10  years 
1820  to  1829,  10  years 

1841  to  1848,  8  vears 
1849  to  1852,  4  years 


1853  to  1860,  8  years 
1861  to  1866,  6  years 


Relative  Value 
of  Gold  to 
Silver. 

.  14.5  to  1  f  Prior  to  the  Discov- 

.  14.9  to  1  I  ery  of  Gold  in 

.  15.4  to  1 1  California  and 

.  15.8  to  1  (  Australia. 

--  n  ,  -  (  Transition  Period  — 

'  i  o  r  f°  r  \  Opening  of  the  New 
•  16.6  to  1  |  1JMinef_ 

Subsequent  to  the 
Discovery  and  ef¬ 
fective  opening  of 
the  new  Gold 

[  Fields. 


15.3  to  1 

15.4  to  1  ) 


The  British  Tables  of  Weights,  Measures,  Time,  &c., 
are  the  same  essentially  as  the  American. 


AUSTRIA. 

(  Chief  Commercial  City ,  VIENNA.) 


OLD  SYSTEM. 
Silver. 


240  pfennige,  or 

60  kreutzers,  or 

40  poituraken,  or  }-=  1  florin  or 

20  groschen,  or  gulden 

3  zwanziger 

1$  florins  =  1  reichs  thaler 

o  _ ( 1  convention  or 

2  florins  ={  species_thaler 


1  = 


£0.10386  =  $0.50544 


=  £0.15579  =  $0.75816 
=  0.20772  =  1.01088 


Gold. 


44  florins,  or  ) 

2}  species-thaler,  or  j  =  1  ducat  =  £0.46996  =  $2.2871 
3  reichs-thaler  ) 

Gold  is  at  premium  against  silver.  Paper  money,  con¬ 
sisting  of  demand  notes  of  the  National  Bank,  is  practi¬ 
cally  the  chief  medium  of  exchange,  and  is  now  (1868)  at 
about  13  per  cent,  discount  against  silver. 


Money. 


Weights  and  Measures. 


Silver  is  the  standard,  the  price  of  gold  coin  varying 
with  the  relative  market  values  of  the  two  metals.  In 
comparing  the  values  of  moneys  of  countries  in  which 
silver  is  the  standard,  with  those  of  countries  in  which 
practically  the  standard  is  gold,  regard  must  be  had  to 
these  varying  relative  market  values.  In  the  following 
Tables,  the  value  of  gold  is  assumed  to  be  15$  times  that  of 
silver,  which  ratio  is  very  near  the  actual  average  obtaining 
in  the  London  market  during  the  last  fourteen  years.  The 
ratio  for  the  last  two  or  thi’ee  years  has  somewhat  exceeded 
this  value,  approaching  more  nearly  to  15$. 

Since  1858,  the  silver  currency  of  Austria  has  been  based 
upon  what  is  known  as  the  45 -florin  standard ,  so  called  be¬ 
cause  a  new  mint  pfund  of  500  grammes  of  pure  silver 
(7716.1744  troy  grains  is  coined  into  45  new  florins.  This 
standard  supersedes  the  convention  or  20 -florin  standard 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


12  punkt  =  1  linie. 

12  linien  =  lzoll  =  1.03713  U.  S.  inch. 


12  zoll  = 

6  fuss  = 

2  klaftern,  or 
12  fuss 


1  fuss  | 

1  klafter 
|=1  ruthe(werk-ruthe)  =  j 


=  1.03713  U.  S.  foot. 

=  0.31611  meter. 

=  6.22272  U.  S.  feet. 

2.4454  U.  S 
feet. 


f  =  4  9782  U.  S.  miles. 

|  =  7586.663  meters. 

4000  klaftern  =  1  post  meile  -(  =  1.0225  German 

(Geogr.)  meile. 
i  =  1.0072  Prus.  meile. 


14.646  post  meilen  =  1  average  degree  of  meridian 


556 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


=  2.5565  U.  S.  feet. 

1  elle,  imperial  =  2.465  fuss  (  =  30.678  U.  S.  inches. 

r=  0.77921  meter. 

1  elle  of  Upper  Austria  ==  31.485  U.  S.  inches. 

The  elle  is  divided  into  halves,  quarters,  eighths,  and  so 
on  ;  also,  into  thirds,  sixths,  etc. 

Engineer's  Measure. 

10  decimal  linien  =  1  decimal  zoll  —  1.24454  U.  S.  inch. 

10  decimal  zoll  1  fuss  .  .  =  1.03712  U.  S.  foot. 

10  tuss  .  ~  1  engineer’s  ruthe  =:  3.4571  U.  S.  yds. 


3  linien 

4  strich 
4  zoll  . 


Measure  far  Recruits. 

.  —  1  strich  =  3.11133  U.  S.  lines. 


Measure  far  Horses. 

1  zoll. 

=  4.14848  U.  S.  inches. 
1.03712  U.  S.  hand. 


=  1  faust 


{= 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


144  square  lines  —  1  square  zoll. 

141  square  zoll  =  1  square  fuss. 

33  square  fuss  =  1  square  klafter  =  4.3025  U.  S.  sq.  yds. 

2l  square  klaftern,  or)  =  1  are  ruthe  _  j  11 .951  U. 
100  square  fuss  j  H  (  o.  sq.  jds. 

192  square  ruthen  =  1  metze  —  2288  U.  S.  square  yards, 
o  .  ,  (=  6884  u.  S. 

icon  me  ZenJ  ^  }  =  1  yock,  or  johart  ]  sq.  yards. 

1600  square  klaftern  j  j  j  j  (  — 1.4223  acre. 

A  yock,  or  day’s  work,  is  understood  to  be  as  much 
ground  as  can  be  plowed  with  one  team  in  one  day. 

MEASURES  OF  CAPACITY. 

Liquid  Capacity. 

—  1  seitel  =  0.09346  U.  S.  gallon. 

=  0.37386  U.  S.  gallon. 

=  1.41513  liter. 

=  3.73858  U.  S.  gallons. 

'  =  14.95432  U.  S.  gallons. 

—  12  458626  imperial  gallons 
(Eng.) 

=  56.60524  liters. 

'  =  29.9086  U.  S.  gallons. 

.  =  149.5432  U.S.  gallons. 

.  =  478  5382  U.  S.  gallons. 

.  =  358.9037  U.  S.  gallons. 

3  pfiff  (l^  seitel,  or  §  maass)  =  1  gross-seitel  =  |  u^S^gal 

Prior  to  1855,  a  maass  of  41  to  the  eimer  (and  equal  to 
0.33474  U  S.  gallon)  was  in  common  use  in  Austria,  but 
never  as  a  measure  of  account ;  since  that  year,  however, 
the  eimer  is  divided  only  into  40  maass. 


2  pfiff  . 
4  seitel  . 

10  maass 


=  1  maass 
1  viertel 


40  maass  (4  viertel)  =1  eimer 


2  eimer  =  1  fass  (of  wine) 
10  eimer  =  1  fass  of  beer  . 
32  eimer  =  1  fuder  .  .  . 

24  eimer  =  1  dreiling  .  . 


Dry  Capacity. 

8  pvobmetzen  =r  1  becher  := 

2  becher  rr  1  small  maassel  = 

2  small  maassel  =1  great  maassel  = 

2  (Treat  maassel  —  f  1  ha,f  achtel>  or  l 
*  Kre,lt  maassel  “  1  muller  maassel  j 

2  mullermaassel  =  1  achtel  .  = 

2  achtel  .  .  .  =  1  viertel  .  = 


4  vierteln 


1  metze 


30  metzen  =  1  muth  ...  = 

2  tnetzen=  1  stubich  (for  charc’l)  = 
2|  metzen  =  1  miithel  (for  lime)  = 


0.013636  U.S.  bu. 
0.027273  U.  S.  bu. 
0.054545  U.  S.  bu. 
=  0  109090  U.  S. 
bushel. 

=  0.218180  U.  S.  bu. 

=  0.436361  U.  S.  bu. 

=  1.9471  Vienna  cu¬ 

bic  foot. 

=  3760.035  U.  S.  cub.  in. 
—  1.745444  U.  S.  bu. 

=  61.5045  liters. 

=  52.36332  U.  S.  bu. 
3.490888  U.  S.  bu. 
4.36361  U.  S.  bu. 


In  some  sections  of  the  country  they  call  the  half-achtel 
a  “great  maassel,”  and  the  1-32  metze  a  “  small  maassel.” 
and  the  1-64  metze  a  “half  small  maassel,”  or  “futter 
maassel.” 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

4  pfennig  or  sixteenths  =  1  quent  =  67.518  grains  troy. 

4  quentchen  ...  —  1  loth  =  270.072  grains  troy. 

2  loth . =1  unze  —  540.144  grains  troy. 

4  uuzen  .  .  .  .  =  1  vierding  =  2160.577  grains  troy. 

( =  8612.309  grains  troy. 
=  1.234616  lb.  avdp 

4  vierding,  or  32  loth  =  1  pfund  ^ 

—  130.774  rieht  pfennig 
(of  the  Vienna  mark). 

—  24  6923  lbs.  avdp. 

=  123.4616  lbs.  avdp. 

(or  56. 001  kilogrammes). 

=  339.519  lbs.  avdp. 


20  pfund  .  .  .  r=  1  stein  . 

100  pfund  (5  stein)  —  1  centner 


275  pfund  .  .  .  =  1  saum 

250  pfund (2  loegal)  =  1  saum  of  steel  ==  308.654  lbs.  avdp. 
40  pfund  .  .  .  =  1  karsch  .  .  =  493  846  lbs.  avdp. 

For  Chocolate-weight ,  the  pfund  consists  of  28  loth,  or  | 
of  a  commercial  pfund,  and  =  1.080286  lb.  avdp. 

The  Customs-weight  (zoll-gewicht)  is  that  of  the  Prus¬ 
sian-German  Zollverein  (Customs’  Union),  namely,  the  zoll- 
pfund  of  500  grammes  (7716.174  troy  grains).  It  is  di¬ 
vided  into  30  zoll-loth,  and  its  smallest  subdivision  in  use 
is  the  weight  of  24  grammes,  or  .005  of  the  zollpfund. 
The  zoll-centner  contains  100  zollpfund  (110.231  lbs.  avoir¬ 
dupois). 

Medicinal  and  Apothecaries. 


1  gran . 

20  gran  —  1  scrupel  . 
3  scrupel  —  1  dractime 
8  drachmen  =  1  unze 


12  unzen  =  1  pfund 


=  1.1253  U.  S.  (or  troy)  gr. 

=:  22.506  U.  S.  (or  troy)  grs. 
=  67.518  U.  S.  (or  troy)  grs. 
=  540.144  U.  S.  (or  troy)  grs. 

=  6481.7315  U.  S.  (or  troy)  grs. 
—  1.1253  troy  lb. 

=  0.9259616  lb.  avdp. 

=  420.009  grammes. 

The  pfund  medicinal  contains  24  lotli ,  or  ^  of  a  commer¬ 
cial  pfund  ;  so  that  the  unze  =  2  commercial  loth,  and  the 
drachme  =  1  commercial  quent. 

Gold ,  Silver,  and  Precious  Stones.  New  Standard. 

According  to  the  Vienna  Convention,  and  the  patents  of 
1857,  a  new  mint  pfund  of  500  grammes  (7716.174  grains 
troy),  the  same  as  the  zollpfund,  and  divided  into  10,000  ass , 
is  now  employed  for  the  purposes  of  the  mint. 

The  mint  pfund  of  pure  silver  is  divided  into  45  new  flor¬ 
ins,  or  rix-gulden ;  the  same  weight  of  pure  gold  into  50 
new  Union  crowns. 


Former  Standard. 


64  richtpfennig  . 

2  viertelpfennig 
2  heller  .  .  . 

4  pfennig  .  . 

4  quentchen 
16  loth,  or 
65,536  richtpfennig 


1  Vienna  mark 


2  Vienna  marks  = 
The  Vienna  mark 


=  1  viertelpfennig. 
=  1  heller. 

=  1  pfennig. 

=  1  quent. 

=  1  loth. 

=  1  Vienna  mark. 


=  4331.0002  U.  S.  grs.  (troy) 
=  0.075191  troy  lb. 

=  280.644  grammes. 

-  f  ,  (  =  8662.000  U.  S.  grains. 

1  pfund  ]_  i  503^  troy  lb. 

1.20000  Vienna-Cologne  mark. 

,  =  1.20007  Prussian  mark,  or 
Zollverein  mint-mark. 


The  Vienna-Cologne  mark 
(with  the  same  subdivisions 
as  the  Vienna  mark) 


=  5-6  Vienna  mark. 

=  3609.167  U.  S.  grs.  (troy) 
=  233.870  grammes. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


557 


One  Vienna  mark  of  gold  of  23j  carats  (or  47-48)  fine, 
was  coined  into  8|  ducats;  or,  which  is  the  same,  one  Vi- 
enna-Cologne  mark  (=  5-6  of  a  Vienna  mark)  into  67  duc¬ 
ats. 

For  expressing  fineness,  the  mark  or  other  weight  is  di¬ 
vided,  for  gold,  into  24  carats  of  12  grains  each  ;  for  silver, 
into  16  loth  of  18  grains  each. 

The  carat  for  diamonds  and  other  precious  stones  =  48} 
richtpfennig  of  gold  and  silver  weight  =  3.1812  troy  grains. 

Solid  Measure. 

For  solid  measure  the  cubes  of  the  measures  of  length. 

The  cubic  fuss  =  0.024S61  cubic  meters  =0.8779  U.  S. 
cubic  foot. 

Grain  Measure 


4  dreissiger 
4  maassel  . 
2  vierteln  . 


6  metzen 


.  =  1  maassel. 

.  =  1  viertel. 

.  =  1  metze. 

( =  1  schaffel  or  sehaff. 
j  =  208  maasskannen  of  fluid  measure. 
=  222.357  liters. 

|  =  6.310  U.  S.  bushels. 

(_  =  58.74  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

Fluid  Measure. 

The  maasskanne,  or  maass  =  43  Bavarian  decimal  cubic 
zoll  =  1.06903  liters  =  0.2824  U.  S.  gallon. 

The  schenk-eimer,  for  wine  and  general  commerce  =60 
maas  =  64.1116  liters  =  16  944  U.  S.  gallons. 

The  visir-eimer  =  64  maas,  the  same  as  the  bier-eimer. 
The  fass  of  beer  =  24  eimer. 

BELGIUM. 

( Principal  Commercial  City ,  Antwerp.) 

Weights,  Measures,  and  Coinage,  the  same  as  in  France. 
The  coinage  i3  in  accordance  with  the  Monetary  Conven¬ 
tion  of  the  23d  of  December,  1865,  between  France,  Bel¬ 
gium,  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  known  as  the  “  quadripartite 
convention.”  (.See  France.) 

CHINA. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities — Shanghae,  Fuh-chau, 
Canton,  Ningpo,  Amoy,  and  IIong-kong.) 

Money. 

For  Domestic  Commerce. 


10  sse,  or  sii  .  . 

10  hao,  or  chou 
10  cash  .  . 

10  candareens  . 


.  =  1  hao,  or  chou. 

.  =  1  cash  (li) 

.  =  1  candareen  (fun). 

.  =  1  mace  (tsien). 

(  =  1  tael  (bang),  or  silver  ounce. 

10  mace  ....  ]  =  579.84  troy  grains  of  sycee 

(  (or  sycee-silver). 

For  Foreign  Commerce. 

f  =  1  dollar  (silver  piaster),  Spanish  or  Old  Mexi¬ 
can. 

100  cents  -j  =  worn  and  unworn  together,  about  $1-04622 
U.  S.  gold  ;  or  4s.  3^.6  sterling  ;  or  5.422 
francs. 

The  silver-ounce,  or  liang.  is  called  by  the  English  tael 
or  tall,  and  by  the  Portuguese  tael.  The  li  is  called  by  the 
English  cash,  by  the  Dutch  pitje.  The  li  or  cash  is  also,  for 
the  purposes  of  retail  trade,  called  by  the  Chinese  tong- 
tsien. 

Wan-yin  is  the  Chinese  term  for  fine  silver,  but  se-sze 
(fine  silver)  or  sycee  is  also  employed. 

The  tael  (liang),  although  denoting  a  definite  weight  of 
the  silver  known  as  sycee  (i.  e.  579.84  troy  grains),  is  not 
of  uniform  value:  the  sycee  being  of  uncertain  fineness, 
and  never  entirely  pure. 


The  accounts  of  foreign  merchants,  European  and  Amer¬ 
ican,  are  kept  in  silver  piasters  or  dollars,  based  on  the 
pillar- piaster  of  Spain,  or  the  old  silver  piaster  of  Mexico  ; 
and  the  value  of  the  tael  is  estimated  by  its  rate  of  exchango 
for  such  piasters  or  dollars. 

Gold  and  silver  are  not  coined  by  the  Chinese  govern¬ 
ment  ;  the  only  national  coin  issued  being  the  cash  (or  li) 
of  mixed  metal — a  circular  coin  of  about  nine  tenths  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  square  hole  in  the  middle  by 
which  the  coins  may  be  strung  in  bunches  of  definite  num¬ 
ber.  The  average  intrinsic  value  of  the  legal  cash  is  about 
}  of  a  cent  U  8.  gold;  but  of  legal  and  forged  coins,  as 
commonly  found  together  in  payments,  about  .1  of  a  cent. 
In  large  commercial  transactions,  silver  and  gold  in  bars  of 
differing  weight  and  fineness  are  used. 

The  gold  bars  vary  in  weight  from  }  of  a  tael  (or  liang) 
to  10  taels  ;  the  silver  from  }  to  100  taels. 

The  fineness  of  the  gold  bars  varies  from  92  to  98  touch, 
or  hundredth-parts  ;  that  is,  the  bars  contain  by  weight 
from  92  to  98  parts  of  fine  gold  to  from  8  to  2  parts  of  alloy. 
The  fineness  of  the  silver  bars  varies  from  80  to  100,  but 
mostly  from  88  to  94  touch  or  hundredth-parts. 

Practically,  the  fineness  of  the  sycee  (or  sycee-silver)  of 
commerce  is  found  to  average  about  96  touch  —  that  is,  to 
contain  98  parts  of  pure  metal  to  4  parts  of  alloy.  The  al¬ 
loy  is  called  pakfong,  and  is  a  mixture  of  zinc,  nickel,  and 
copper.  The  intrinsic  value  of  the  tael  of  such  sycee  is 
$1.56  U.  S.  gold  =  $1  49  of  Spanish  silver  =  6s.  4c/.9  ster¬ 
ling  ;  and  671  such  taels  =  $1000  of  Spanish  silver. 

The  fineness  of  the  ingots  of  sycee-silver  sent  in  payment 
of  taxes  to  the  Imperial  Treasury  at  Pekin  is  found  to  have 
been  from  97  to  99  touch  ;  making  the  value  of  the  tael  of 
this  silver  to  be  from  $1.57}  to  $1.61  U.  S.  gold  =  from 
$1.50}  to  $1.54  Spanish  silver  =  from  6s.  bd.l  to  6s.  7d.3. 
sterling. 

717  taels  of  sycee-silver  are  commonly  held  to  be  worth 
1000  Spanish  dollars  ;  or  1  tael  =  $1.46  II.  S.  gold  =  $1.39 
Spanish  silver  =  6s.  sterling  :  virtually  assuming  the  fine¬ 
ness  of  the  metal  to  be  only  89.84  touch,' a  fineness  consid¬ 
erably  below  the  average  fineness  of  the  sycee  of  commerce. 

The  intrinsic  value  of  a  tael  (579.84  troy  grains)  of  fine 
silver  =  $1,552  Spanish  silver  =  (assuming,  as  is  done  else¬ 
where  in  these  tables,  the  value  of  gold  to  silver  to  be  as 
15|-  to  1)  $1,624  U.  S.  gold  =  6s.  8 d.  sterling. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

1  liang  or  tael . =  583}  U.  S.  gr.  troy. 

16  liang  or  tael  =  1  kin  or  catty  =  1}  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 
100  kin  or  catties  =  1  tan  or  pecul  =  133}  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

2  catties . =1  yin 

15  yin  30  catties)  .  .  =  1  kwan 

4  kwan  (or  -g-  tarn)  .  =  1  shik 

1  quarter  of  28  lbs.  avdp.  (U.  S.) 

1  cwt.  of  112  lbs.  avdp.  (U.  S.) 

1  ton  of  2240  lbs.  avdp.  (U.  S.) 


=! 


2§  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
40  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
160  lbs.  avoirdupois- 

21  catties. 

84  catties. 

1680  catties  or 
16.80  peculs. 

For  commerce  generally,  the  liang  or  tael  =  10  lin,  each 
of  10  shu  =  583}  U.  S.  grains  troy.  For  the  weighing  of 
gold,  silver,  and  medicines,  the  tael  =  10  tsein,  each  of  10 
fun  or  candareens,  each  of  10  li  or  cash  =  579.84  U.  S. 
grains  troy. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

For  Commerce . 

10  fan  .  .  =  1  tsun  .  .  .  .  =  1.41  U.  S.  inch. 

,  (  =  1  cliih  (tschih),  1  =  14.1  U.  S.  inches. 

1U  sun  .  .  |  covid,  or  cobre  )  =  1.175  U.  S.  foot. 

The  chih  (tschih)  above  given,  of  14.1  U.  S.  inches,  is  that 
adopted  for  Customs.  It  is  the  legal  measure  in  all  ports  of 
trade,  and  its  use  is  becoming  still  more  general. 

1  The  chih  (or  foot)  for  trade  .  .  =  13.322  U.  S.  inches. 


558 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


The  ohih  fixed  by  the  Mathemat- ) _ 1Q  10.  Ti  « 

ical  Board  at  Pekin  .  .  .  .)  =  13-12o  U.  S.  inches. 

The  chih  used  by  Constructors  of  I  r  Tt  a  •  u 
Public  Works  ( kong-pu )  .  .  .  j  =  U.  S.  inches. 

The  cliih  for  land  measure  and  en-  10  COq  tt  a  •  i 

gineers . }  =  12'588  U'  inches- 

The  cuih  for  distances  in  general  =  12.1  U.  S.  inches. 

In  Canton  the  chib  varies  from  14.625  to  14.81  U.  S. 
inches.  The  Canton  trade-foot  (chib)  by  a  late  arrange¬ 
ment  is  reckoned  as  equal  to  15  U.  S.  inches  ;  and  the  U.  S. 
yard  as  equal  to  2.4  chih  or  24  tsun. 

For  Land  Measure  and  Engineers. 

5  engineers'  chih  =  1  pu  .  .  {  =  {J-  | 

10  chih  (2  pu)  .  =  1  chang  (tschang)  =  10.490  U.  S.  ft. 

100cUih(10chang)  =  ]j.aa  .  . 

Itinerary. 

15  f  new  =  182'’  U.  S.  feet  =  0.3458 U.  S.  m. 

180  chang  -  1  li  {  old  _  1897i  u.  s.  ft.  =  0.3594  U.  S.  m. 

m  i  ,  (  new  —  86.45  U.  S.  miles. 

250  li  .  —  1  tu  |  Qld  _  g9  g5  u>  g 

The  change  from  the  old  to  the  new  count  for  the  li  was 
brought  about  by  the  intervention  of  European  mathema¬ 
ticians  at  Pekin. 

DENMARK. 

(Principal  Commercial  City ,  COPENHAGEN.) 


Money. 


6  marks,  or  I  _ 

96  skillings  ) 


1  rigsdaler,  or  daler 


16  skillings  .  =  1  mark. 

=  $0.5463 
=  £0.1122 
=  fr.  2.831 

2  rigsdalers  =  1  doppelt-daler,  or  specie-daler  =  $1.0926 
The  rigsdaler  =  about, five-eighths  of  the  old  current  daler. 
1  Frederick's  d’or,  or  Christian  d'or,  or  pistole  =  $3.96 

Silver  is  the  standard  of  currency. 

The  bronze,  coins  are  the  skilling  and  the  half-skilling 
pieces.  The  silver  coins  are  of  two  kinds  as  to  intrinsic 
value  :  those  of  which  18i  dalers  are  coined  from  the  Ilam- 
burg-Cologne  mark  (3808  troy  grains)  of  fine  silver;  and 
those  of  which  20  dalers  are  so  coined.  The  former,  con¬ 
sisting  of  rigsdalers  and  doppelt-dalers  (or  specie-dalers), 
are  worth  $0.5463  to  the  rigsdaler;  the  latter,  consist¬ 
ing  of  4-skilling,  16-skilling,  and  48-skilling  pieces,  are 
worth  $0.5053  to  the  rigsdaler.  The  gold  coins  of  Den¬ 
mark  are  the  Christian  d'ors,  and  the  Frederick  d’ors,  or 
pistoles,  commonly  reckoned  at  3  rigsdalers  38  skillings. 
Intrinsic  value  $3.96.  They  are  common  in  North  Ger¬ 
many,  but  rare  in  Denmark  itself. 

The  National  Bank  of  Copenhagen  issues  notes  for  1,  5, 
10,  50,  and  100  rigsdalers,  which  are  always  convertible  into 
specie  at  their  full  nominal  value. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHT. 

Commercial. 

1  quint  or  quintin. 


10  ort  . 
10  quint 
100  pund 
12  pund 


^  kilogramme. 

1  pund  ^  =  7716.1744  U.  S.  (troy)  grains. 

1.10231061b.  avdp. 

1  centner  =  110.23106  lbs.  avdp. 

•  =(--53)  p(”d}=13.2277.b,.vdp. 

3  bismer-pund  =  1  waage  .  .  =39  6832  lbs.  avdp. 

16  pund  .  .  =  1  lispund  (stone)  =  17.637  lbs.  avdp. 

20  lispund  (320  pund)  =  10  skippund  =  352.679  lbs.  avdp. 


Precious  Metals. 

4  quintin . =  1  lod  (£  unse). 

4  ort . =1  quintin. 

16  lodder  (8  unser)  .  .  .  .  =  1  mark. 

The  mark  is  divided  *  f°r  gold’  int0  24  karafc  =  288  BrSn 
ihe  mark  is  divined  j  for  silver)  into  1(j  iocider  =  288  gran. 

For  gold  and  silver  the  unit  is  (  =  235.2941  grammes. 

the  Danish-Cologne  mark  (  =  3631.155  C.  S.  grains. 
For  com ,  the  unit,  is  the  Ham-  ;  =  233.7945  grammes. 
burg-Cologne  mark  \  =  3608  U.  S.  grains. 


Apothecaries' 


20  gran 
3  scrupel 
8  drachmer 


1  scrupel. 

1  drachme. 

1 


=  1  unse. 


12  unser  .  =  1  pund  .  .  j _ 


=  |  of  commercial  pund. 
5787.1388  troy  grains. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


1  linie 
12  linier 

12  tommer 


=  1  tomme  .  .  . 

=  1  fod  .  .  . 

=  1  Prussian  fuss 


2  fodder  =  1  aln  or  alen  (ell) 

3  alen  .  =  1  favn  (fathom) 

2  favne  =  1  rode  .... 

1  kabel-lmngde  1 
(cable  length)  ( 

200  rodder,  or  1 _ ■,  ...  ., 

24000  fodder  )  —  1 nml  or  mile 


100  favne  = 


1.029713  U.  S.  line. 
1.029711  U.  S.  inch. 
1.029711  U.  S.  foot. 

:  12.35654  U.  8.  inches. 
:  0.3138535  meter. 
2.059422  U.  S.  feet. 

6  178266  U.  S.  feet. 
12.35653  U.  S.  feet. 

:  617.8266  U.  S.  feet. 

:  102  9711 U.  S.  fath’s. 

:  24713.06  U.  S.  feet. 

:  4.6805  U.  S.  miles. 


14|  miil  =  about  the  average  degree  of  the  earth’s  meridian. 

The  fod  represents  0f  the  pendulum  beating  seconds, 
in  a  vacuum,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  under  the  mean  par¬ 
allel  of  45°  North  latitude. 

For  surveying ,  there  are  used  decimal  multiples  and  sub¬ 
multiples  of  the  fod. 

10  linier  .  .  =  1  tomme  .  .  =  0.1029711  U.  S.  foot. 

10  tommer  .  =  1  fod  .  .  .  =  1.029711  U.  S.  foot. 

10  fodder  .  =  1  rode  .  .  .  =  10.29711  U.  S.  feet. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

Agrarian. 

1  square  fod  .  =1.060304  U.  S.  sq.  foot. 
4  sq.  fodder  =  1  sq.  aln  (or  alen)  =4.241216  U.  S.  sq.  feet. 
100  sq.  fodder  (25  sq.  aln)  .  .  =  1  sq  rode. 

70  sq.  rodder . =1  fierdingkar. 

4  fierdingkar  (7,000  sq.  aln)  .  =  1  skieppe. 

'  =  1  tonde,  or  ton  de-land, 
or  tonde-saatland. 

=  55.1623  French  ares. 
=  1.3  '309  U.  S.  acre. 

8  skiepper  =  1  tonde-hartkorn  =  5.45238  U.  S.  acres. 

By  a  tonde-hartkorn  is  meant  as  much  land  as  can  be 
sown  with  1  tonde  (capacity  measure)  of  rye  or  1  of  barley. 
A  tonde-saatland  or  arable  (or  sowing)  land  is  reckoned  at 
one-fourth  of  the  tonde-hartkorn. 


2  skiepper  (14,000  sq.  aln) 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 


3  paegle  = 

4  paegle  = 


1  pa?gel  = 
1  flask  = 


1  pot  { = 


0.063805  U.  S.  gallon. 

0.191415  U.  S.  gallon. 

0.966120  liter. 

0.25522  U.  S.  gallon. 

0.21263  British  Imperial  gallon. 
0.51044  U.  S.  gallon. 


2  potter  =  1  kande  = 

19|  kander,  or  1 
S8|  (commonly  reck-  v  = 
oned  39 )  potter  ) 

4  ankere  =  1  ahm ,  terts,  or  tierce  =  39.5595  U.  S.  gallons. 
6  ankere  =  1  oxehoved  (ox-head)  =  59.3393  U.  S.  gallons. 


1  anker  =  9.8899  U.  S.  gallons. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  559 


4  oxeboveder  . 

5  oxehoveder ) 

(U  fad)  ] 


1  fad  .  .  =  237.357  U.  S.  gallons. 
1  stykfad  =  290-693  U.  S.  gallons. 

Wholesale. 


Spotter.  (  =  1£dtai°C!  =  2.04176  U.S.  gallons. 

2(!f60rpon£)!  =  lahm  '  •  •  =  40.835  U.  S.  gallons. 
3  ahui  .  .  =  1  jjibe  .  •  .  =  122.5  U.  S.  gallons. 


The  pot,  the  unit  of  all  fluid  measure  =  of  a  Danish 
or  Prussian  cubic  foot  (fod  or  fuss)  =  54  Danish  or  Prus¬ 
sian  inches  (tomnier  or  zoll). 

DRY  MEASURE. 

1  ottingkar  (|-kar) 

2  ottingkar . =1  fierdingkar  (^-kar). 

4  fierdingkar' . =1  skieppe. 

8  skiepper . =1  tonde. 

Kar  (kan)  denotes  a  vessel,  but  not,  by  itself,  any  definite 
measure. 


The  tonde  is  of  various  kinds,  with  the  above  subdi¬ 
visions  for  each. 


The  korn-tonde ,  for  the ) 

measurement  of  grain  and  |  _ 

many  other  hard  and  dry  | 
commodities.  The  measure 


measure. 

Prussian 


144  potter,  fluid 
4|  Danish  or 

is  usually  struck  or  leveled  1oa  io-i'o'1-!0 
(not  heaped)  except  for  ap¬ 
ples,  roots,  and  other  larger 
kinds  of  agricultural  prod¬ 
uce. 

Salt  is  measured  by  the  korn-tonde ;  but  the  salt  from 
Norway  is  sold  by  weight.  A  tonde  (of  10  Danish  skiepper) 
of  Norway-salt  must  weigh  250  pund. 


=:  3.948  U.  S.  bushels. 

=  33.7516  U.  S.  gallons. 


The  measure  for  coal  (both  f  —  176  potter,  fluid  measure, 
stone-coal  and  charcoal)  is  the  j  =  -U-  of  a  korn-tonde. 
so-called  salt-ton.de  .  .  .  .( —4.825  U.  S.  bushels. 


The  ol-tbnde  (ale-ton)  for  1  _  13g  potte  fluid  measure. 

the  measurement  of  ale,  _  17..,  . 

meal,  butter,  tallow,  soap,  {"  1  7  ot  ,<orn-tonLle- 

fish,  etc.  .  .  .  .  .  .  j  =  34.7098  U.  S.  gallons. 


f  =  120  potter. 

The  ticere-tonde  (tar-ton)  j  =  &  of  the  korn-tonde. 

i  =  30.626  U.  S.  gallons. 


1  Isest  (load'  .  .  =  12  korn-tonder  =  47-38  U.  S.  bu. 
1  laest  of  stone-coal  =  18salt-tonder  =  86.86  U.  S.  bu. 


EAST  INDIES. 

(Hindostan,  or  British  India.) 

( Presidencies  of  Bengal ,  Madras ,  and  Bombay.) 

Money. 

Accounts  in  all  of  the  three  Presidencies  are  kept  in 
Company  or  legal  rupees. 

12  pies . =1  anna. 

13  annas  .  .  .  .  =  1  rupee. 

100,000  rupees  .  .  .  .  =  1  laka  (of  rupees). 

100  lakas.  or  10  millions  of  rupees  —  1  crore  (of  rupees), 
nearly  1  million  pounds  sterling. 

The  Companv  or  legal  rupee  (silver)  contains  165  troy 
grains  of  fine  silver  and  15  grains  of  alloy,  and  is  standard 
in  all  commercial  transactions.  The  standard  rupee  (as¬ 
suming,  as  is  done  elsewhere  in  these  tables,  the  value  of 
fine  gold  to  be  15$  times  that  of  fine  silver  of  equal  weight) 
=  $0.48217  =  22.8  pence  sterling.*  The  laka  of  100,000 


*  Here,  ns  in  other  places  in  these  tnhles,  £1  sterling  is  consid¬ 
ered  equal  to  $4.8066;  and  $1  =  £0.20548  sterling;  these  num¬ 
bers  being  in  strict  accordance  with  the  relative  intrinsic  values 
of  the  standards. 


rupees  is  valued  in  local  transactions  at  about  £10,000  (more 
exactly  £9,496  15s.  4.8t/.  sterling). 

Gold  coins  throughout  the  Presidencies  are  receivable 
only  at  their  market  value  as  merchandise. 

PRESIDENCY  OF  BENGAL. 

( Chief  Commercial  City ,  Calcutta.) 

Money. 

Coins.  —  Local  coins  or  moneys  have  the  following  rela¬ 
tions  :  — 

33|  cowries  (small  white  glossy  shells  used  among  the 
lower  classes)  =  1  pie. 

Copper  coins  are  of  the  denominations  of  1  pie,  3  pies 
(called  in  Bengal  a  paisa),  6  pies  (^  anna),  and  12  pies 
(1  anna).  Copper  coins  are  receivable  in  payment  of  any 
sum  not  exceeding  one  rupee. 

Silver  coins  of  the  Company,  or  legal  standard,  are  of  the 
value  of  and  1  rupee.  The  piece  of  2  rupees,  although 
allowed  by  law,  has  never  been  in  circulation.  Since  the 
17th  of  August,  1835,  the  following  relations  are  fixed  by 
law  :  — 

100  Ascott  rupees  .  .  =  108  Company  or  current  rupees. 

100  Bombay  rupees  .  =  110  Company  or  current  rupees. 
100  Sonat  rupees  .  .  —  111  Company  or  current  rupees. 

100  Sicca  or  Calcutta  1 

rupees  J  ~  ^  Company  or  current  rupees. 

The  gold  pieces  in  circulation  are  those  of  5,  10, 15,  and 
30  gold  rupees  ;  or  |  mohur,  §  mohur,  mohur,  and  double 
mohur. 

The  present  mohur,  or  15-rupee  piece  of  gold,  contains 
165  grains  of  fine  gold  and  15  grains  of  alloy  ;  thus  having 
a  weight  and  fineness  identical  with  that  of  the  silver  ru¬ 
pee  of  the  Company.  It  follows,  taking  the  value  of  gold 
to  be  15$  times  that  of  silver,  that  the  mohur,  or  piece  of 
15  gold  rupees  =  15|  company  rupees  (silver). 

Other  gold  coins  in  circulation  are  the  earlier  mohurs  of 
Madras,  Bombay,  and  Bengal,  of  16  rupees,  valued  at 
about  $7,116,  .and  the  star-pagoda  of  Madras,  ranging  in 
value  from  $1,621  to  $1,911. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

Of  commercial  weights  there  are  two  kinds  —  (a)  the 
standard  “ Imperial  ”  or  “  Indian  ”  weight,  also  called  the 
New  Bazaar  weight  of  Bengal,  and  (6)  the  Factory  weight. 
The  former  is  the  standard  weight  of  British  India  in  use 
by  the  authorities,  and  also  for  the  market;  the  latter  is 
used  for  the  factories  of  Bengal. 

Imperial,  or  Indian ,  or  New  Bazaar  Weight  —  (British 
East-Indian  Standard). 


The  unit  of  weight  is  the  tola 
5  tolas  (or  siccas)  =  1  chittak 

16  chittaks  =  l  seer  .  .  . 

5  seers  =  1  pussaree  .  .  . 

40  seers  =  1  maund,monn,  or 
mahnd 


(  =  180  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

|  — 11.664  grammes. 

=  900  U.  S.  grains  troy, 

(  =14400  U.  S.  grains. 

{  =  lbs.  troy. 

(  =2.057143  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
.  =  10.2858  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
(  =  82-2.  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
j  =  100  U.  S.  lbs.  troy. 

*•  =  37  324  kilogrammes. 


This  weight  is  about  yL  heavier  than  the  factory  weight. 
The  old  bazaar  mnund,  subdivided  into  40  seers  =  72$ 
U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

In  the  interior  the  seer  varies  considerably.  At  Allabad 
and  Lucknow  it  is  96  tolas  :  at  Mirzapore  and  Benares  it  is 
84  tolas  ;  and  at  Hoogly  it  is  82  tolas. 


Factory  Weight  (adopted  by  the  Government  in  1787). 


4  siccas  . 
16  chittaks 


=  1  chittak  =  0.1167  lb.  avoirdupois. 

ly-|lb,  avoirdupois. 
846  grammes. 


1  seer 


{  = 


560 


40  seers 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


.  _z  |  U.  S.  cwt.  (of  112  lbs.) 
=  1  maund  { =  74§  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

,  =  93.74  lbs.  troy. 


4  punks 
4  dhans 
8  ruttees 

12  mashas 


Gold ,  Silver,  and  Precious  Stones. 

=  1  daan  or  dhan. 

=  1  ruttee. 

=  1  masha. 

f  —  1  tola  or  sicca  (Indian  or  new  bazaar  weight). 
(  zzz  180  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

The  earlier  unit  was  a  somewhat  smaller  sicca  =  179§ 
U.  S.  grains  troy. 

The  fineness  as  well  as  the  weight  of  gold  and  silver  are 
stated  in  terms  of  the  masha  and  its  subdivisions.  Pure 
gold  and  silver  are  12  mashas  fine. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Liquid  Measure. 

Liquids  are  sold  by  the  Imperial  or  Indian  weight  (new 
bazaar  maund):  but  in  wholesale  trade,  in  part  by  the 
English  Imperial  gallon  and  in  part  by  the  old  English 
wine  gallon  (U.  S.  gallon) ;  and  English  beer  by  the  Eng¬ 
lish  hogshead. 

Grain  Measure. 

Grain  and  most  articles  of  nourishment  are  sold  by 
weight.  The  government  has  never  yet,  iu  Bengal,  defined 
any  measures  of  capacity. 

5  chy  tacks . =  1  konkee. 

4  lconkees . =1  railc. 

4  raiks . =1  palli. 

20  pallis . =  1  soailee. 

16  soallees . =1  kahoon. 

The  kakoon,  as  a  weight  — 40  factory-maunds  =2986§ 
U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  1354  72  kilogrammes.  As  a  meas¬ 
ure  of  capacity  it  is  said  to  be  about  41.1428  British  Impe¬ 
rial  bushels  =  42.44  U.  S.  bushels. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

Ordinary  and  Itinerary  Measure. 


1  jaub,  or  jow,  or  corbe  (barley  grain )  = 

3  jaub 

4  ungulees  = 

3  moots 


6  moots 

2  hat’hs 
2  guz 

2000  guz 


{  =  : 


1  guz  or  gos3  . 

1  dan  da  .  .  . 

1  coss  or  hardary 
(Bengal  mile) 


U.  S. inch. 

1  ungulee  .  .  .  .  =  |  U.  S.  inch. 

1  moot  (hand)  .  .  =  3U.  S.  inches. 

1  span  (ur  big  hat’h)  =  9  U.  S.  inches. 

1  hat’h,  haats,  haut,  hath,  or  cubit. 

18  U.  S.  inches. 

=  3  U.  S.  feet. 

=  1  U.  S.  fathom. 
=  2000  U-  S.  yards. 

=  about  ly  U.  S.  mile. 
=  1828.77  meters. 
Ilat’h  is  generally  translated  cubit.  Its  length  in  some 
places  is  18  inches, ^in  others  20 ;  its  average  length  being 
about 19£  inches. 

Cloth  Measure. 

3  ungulees  .  =lgherry  ....  =2}  U.  S.  inches. 
8  gherries  .  =  1  hat’h,  haut,  or  haats  =  18  U.  S.  inches. 

2  hat’hs  .  .  =  1  guz  or  goss  .  .  .  =  1  U.  S.  yard. 

1  guz  of  Bengal  =  1^  guz  of  Bombay  =  2  covids  of  Madras. 

At  wholesale,  manufactures  are  sold  by  the  corge  or 
koorje  of  4  gondas ;  which  denotes  20  pieces  of  any  fabric. 
French  silk  fabrics  are  sold  by  the  old  Parisian  ell. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

4  square  hat’hs,  hauts,  haats,  or  cubits  =  1  cowrie. 

4  cowries . =1  gunda. 

20  gundas . =1  cotta  (320  sq.  hat’hs). 

20  gandehs,  or  square  hat’hs  =1  chyttak. 

4  chyttak  ......  =1  pauah. 

4  pauahp  (16  cbyttSks)  .  j  =  1  <* 


'  =  14400  U.  S.  square  feet. 
=  1600  U.  S.  square  yards. 
=  0.33U58  U.  8.  acre. 

=  13  37755  French  ares. 

4  veegahs  =  1  hahni  of  Madras  =  1.34232  U.  S.  acre. 


20  cottas  (6400  I _ . 

square  hat’hs)  j  1  veeSa^ 


PRESIDENCY  OF  MADRAS. 

( Principal  Commercial  City,  MADRAS.) 

Money. 

The  money  of  account  in  Madras,  as  in  the  other  Presi¬ 
dencies,  is  in  rupees,  and,  since  1835  and  1836,  in  Company- 
rupees,  each  q/"16  annas,  each  o/  12  pies ;  the  rupee  (Com¬ 
pany)  being  worth  SO .46217,  or  22.8  pence  sterling. 

Coins.  —  For  a  statement  of  the  existing  coinage  of  the 
Presidencies,  see  above,  under  the  head  of  Bengal. 

The  former  coins  of  the  Presidency  of  Madras  since  1818 
are  iu  gold:  new  gold  rupee  (so  called)  ercmohur,  and  the 

j,  and  |  mohurs  ;  —  in  silver:  the  entire,  the  half,  and 
the  quarter  rupee  (Company -rupee,  value  $0. 46),  and  the 
single  and  double  annas. 

During  an  earlier  period  until  1800,  there  were,  in  gold: 
the  star-pagoda  (or  current  pagoda)of  from  35  to46fnnams, 
each  of  80  cash,  being  the  older  arcot-pagoda ;  —  in  silver, 
the  entire,  the  half,  and  the  quarter  arcot-rupee  (this  rupee 
being  worth  about  SO. 47);  —  in  copper,  the  pie  (py)  of  20 
cash,  the  dodee  of  10  cash,  the  lialf-dodee  of  5  cash,  and 
the  1-cash  piece. 

Accounts  are  kept  in  pagodas,  fanams,  and  cash  :  — 


10  cash  .  . 

2  dodees 

3  pies(pici). 
lj  anna  .  . 


Copper. 

.  =  1  dodee. 

.  =  1  pie  (py). 

.  =  1  anna. 

.  =  1  fanam  = 


$0.0392. 


Silver. 

12  fanam  (16  annas)  =  1  rupee  =  about  $0.47. 
Gold. 

(  =  1  star-pagoda  (current-pagoda). 
|  =  from  $1,621  to  $1,911. 


3^-  rupees 


Weights  and  Measures. 


WEIGHT. 

Commercial. 


1  tola  .  z 

3  tolas  (or  10  )=1  Uum  j  = 
pagodas)  j  (  = 

8  pollums  .  =  1  cutcha  seer  z 

5  cutcha  seers  =  1  viss  .  .  .  = 

8  viss  .  .  .  =  1  Madras-  1  _ 

maund  j  “ 
20  Madras-maunds  =1  candy  z: 

By  commercial  usage,  the  viss 
lbs.  ;  the  Madras-maund  25  lbs.  ; 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 


zl80  IJ.  S.  grs.  (troy). 

=  540  U.  S.  grs.  (troy), 
z  1.2342  U.  S.  oz.  avdp. 
z4320  U.  S.  grs.  (troy.) 
z  3.0S6  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

z  24.686  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
;  493.7142  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
is  always  considered  3'f 
and  the  candy  500  U.  S. 


Gold,  Silver ,  and  Precious  Stones. 

The  weight  of  gold  and  silver  is  the  English  (or  U.  S. ) 
troy  weight ;  the  munjadi  being  equal  to  5  troy  grains,  and 
the  pagoda  to  54  troy  grains,  or  yL-  of  a  pollum.  The  na¬ 
tives  reckon  by  the  star-pagoda-weight  of  52.56  troy  grains 
=  3.4058  grammes.  —  The  assay-weight  is  likewise  the  Eng* 
lish  divided,  as  in  China,  into  10  touches  of  10  parts  each. 
—  Diamond  weight  is  the  English  jewel-carat. 

For  pearls  the  weight  is  the  mangelin  of  16  parts  =  6 
U.  S.  troy  grains  =0.3888  gramme.  The  price  of  pearls  is 
based  on  an  ideal  chow  of  64  parts.  If  the  weight  in  -man- 
gelins  be  multiplied  by  itself,  three-fourths  (|)  of  the 
product  divided  by  the  number  of  pearls  will  give  the 
number  of  chows. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASUEES. 


561 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 


8  ollucks  =  1  puddee 
8  puddees  =  1  mercal 

5  mercals  =  1  para  . 


{= 


Grain. 

0.40585  U.  S.  gallon. 
0.043585  U.  S.  bushel. 
0.34868  U.  S.  bushel. 

=  3750.0  a  U.  S.  cubic  inches. 

=  16.2341  U.  S.  gallons. 

=  1.7434  U.  S.  bushel. 

=  139.474  U.  S.  bushels. 

1  garce  =  9256^ 


80  paras  =  1  garce 

Grain  is  also  sold  by  weight,  reckoning 
U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Oil  is  sold  by  the  candy  of  64  U.  S.  gallons  ;  rice  by  the 
S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 


bag  of  164  U 


Liquid. 


Liquids  are  sold  according  to  the  U.  S.  (or  old  English) 
wine  measure. 

Oil,  milk,  butter,  &c.,  are  sold  by  the  puddee  of  grain 
measure. 

1  puddee  =  0.40585  TJ.  S.  gallon. 

8  puddee  =1  mercal  =  3.24682  U.  S.  gallons. 

20  mercals  =  1  candy  =  64.9364  U.  S.  gallons. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

In  Madras  the  English  (or  U.  S.)  foot  and  yard  are  in 
quite  general  use  by  native  workmen. 

The  moolutn  (covid  or  cubit)  ranges  from  18  to  21  U.  S. 
inches,  and  its  average  length  is  about  19^  or  19§  U.  S. 
inches. 

The  native  hole,  or  artificer’s  rod  (as  also  the  guz)  = 
about  33  U.  S.  inches. 

The  baume,  (fathom)  is  about  6£  TJ.  S.  feet. 

Nalli  valli  (signifying  the  distance  walked  in  24  minutes) 
=  about  1£  TJ.  S.  mile. 

7  nalli  valli  =  1  kadam  =  about  10  U.  S.  miles. 

At  wholesale  very  many  fabrics  are  sold  by  the  corge  or 
koorje  of  20  pieces  (as  in  Bengal). 

LAND  OR  SQUARE  MEASURE. 

f  =  1  cawney. 

ci  .  =57,600  U.  S.  square  feet. 

24  grounds,  or  maunies  _  ’  !.3223  U  S.  acre. 

53.51  French  ares. 


t= 


PRESIDENCY  OP  BOMBAY. 

( Principal  Commercial  City,  BOMBAY.) 

Money, 

Since  1835,  the  money  of  account  established  by  the 
British  Government  is  the  same  as  in  Bengal  and  Madras, 
and  accounts  are  almost  always  kept  in  rupees ,  annas ,  and 
pies :  — 

12  pies  .  .  =  1  anna . =  $0.03851 

16  annas  .  .  =  1  (Company)  rupee  .  .  =  0.46217 

Accounts  in  Bombay  are  sometimes  kept  in  rupees,  quar¬ 
ters ,  and  reas:  — 

100  reas  .  .  .  =  1  quarter  .  .  .  =  $0.11554 

4  quarters  .  =  1  rupee  .  .  .  =  0.46217 

Coins. 

The  copper  coins  are  the  urdee  of  2  reas,  the  dori  of  6 
reas,  the  dogganey  or  pie  (Calcutta)  of  4  reas,  and  thefud- 
dah  or  double-pie.  These  coins  are  alloyed  with  tin  and 
lead,  and  have  only  a  local  circulation. 

The  silver  coins  are  the  rupee,  its  half  and  its  quarter,  as 
in  Bengal. 

1  rupee  =  4  quarters  =  16  annas  =  400  reas. 

The  gold  coins  are  the  |  mohur  (paunhas  or  fanum),  the 
§  mohur,  the  mohur  (of  15  nominal  rupees)  and  the  double- 
mohur,  as  in  Bengal.  The  intrinsic  value  of  the  Bombay- 
mohur  (gold)  of  standard  weight  and  fineness,  is  $7-106. 

36 


In  Bombay  the  following  nominal  relations  exist :  — 

1  mohur  =  3  paunhas  or  fanums  =  15  rupees  =  60 
quarters  =  240  annas  =  750  fuddeas  (or  double-pies)  =  1000 
doreas  (or  pies)  =  1500  dogganeys  =  3000  urdees  =  6000 
reas. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

The  Imperial  (Indian)  or  New  Bazaar  Weight,  explained 
under  Bengal,  is  in  process  of  introduction,  and  is  the  legal 
standard- 

5  tolas  .  =  1  chittak  .  .  .  =  180  TJ.  S.  (troy)  grains. 

16  chitt&ks  =  1  seer  .  .  .  .  =  900  U.  S  (troy>  grains. 

1  1  Imperial,  In-  ) 

40  seers  .  =  j  dian,  or  new  v  =  82^-  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

( bazaar  maund ) 

The  following  weights  are  still  in  common  use :  — 

^  ^yar  °T  j  =  ^  ru^t*ca  —  3 £  TJ.  S.  grains  nearly. 

8  ruktica  =  1  masha  =  17.01  TJ.  S.  grains  nearly. 

4  mashas  =  1  tank  .  =  68ylg  TJ.  S.  grains  nearly. 

72  tanks  (or  \ _ -.  (  =  4900  U.  S.  grains  nearly. 

30  pies)  j  (  =  11^-  TJ.  S.  ounces  avdp. 

40  seers  .  =  1  Bombay  maund  =  28  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

20  maunds  }  ==  1  Bombay  candy  =  560  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

The  candy  varies  in  different  districts  from  560  to  3055 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

The  Sattara  candy  =  3055  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

The  candy  for  cotton  =  28  maunds  j  ~  ’  g  ’  av<^B' 

Other  maunds  and  candies  are  occasionally  used,  name¬ 
ly  =  — 

A  seers04  B°mh&7  °f  ^  }  =  29  A  S- lbs-  a^p. 

The  Pucca  maund  (or  Bengal  )  TT  a  ,,  , 

factory  maund)  ...?}=  <4§  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

T1Jstandard)S.al  !*“?  T"”*  }  =  S2J  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
The  Madras  maund  of  24.686 ) 
lbs.  avdp.  —  by  commercial  (  =  25  TJ.  3.  lbs.  avdp. 

usage . ) 

Five  different  Surat  maunds  of  40,  41,  42,  43 and  44  Surat 
seers,  respectively  ;  a  Surat  seer  =  0.936  U  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

A  second  Bombay  candy  of  21  I  6g8  n  g  lfeg  d 
common  Bombay  maunds  .  )  1 

A  third  Bombay  candy  of  22  (  =  616  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

such  maunds . j  or  5^  cwt. 

Three  different  Surat  candies  of  20,  21,  and  22  common 
Surat  maunds,  —  a  common  Surat  maund  (40  Surat 

seers) . =  37.44  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

The  Travancore  maund  .  .  .  =  32  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
The  Travancore  candy  of  20  1  64Q  r  g  Jbg  avd 

such  maunds . )  r 

The  Chinese  or  Canton  pecul  .  =  133^  TJ.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

The  TJ.  S.  (or  English)  commercial  weight  (avoirdupois) 
is  also  used. 

Gold  and  Silver. 

6  chows  .  .  =  1  goonze  .  =  1.79  TJ.  S.  grain. 

2-£  goonze  .  .  =1  wall  .  =  4.475  TJ.  S.  grains. 

rtST6  =  •  ■  =  17S>  V.  8.  grains. 

24  tolas  .  .  =  1  seer  .  .  =  4296  TJ.  S.  grains. 

Pearls. 

4  annas  .  .  =  1  quarter  =  f  TJ.  S.  (troy)  grain. 

4  quarters  .  =  1  suttee  =  3  TJ.  S.  (troy )  grains. 

24  suttees  or  .  (=  72  TJ.  S.  (troy ) grains. 

330  tuccas  J  ‘  '  ( =  4.6635  grammes. 

Pearls  are  sold  by  ideal  chows,  computed  by  the  follow- 


562 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


ing  process:  The  weight  in  tanks  is  multiplied  by  itself 
and  the  result  by  330,  and  the  product  divided  by  the 
number  of  pearls;  the  quotient  is  the  number  of  Bombay 
choiv s.  The  number  of  chores,  therefore,  in  a  string  or  col¬ 
lection  of  pearls  —  by  this  rule  as  well  as  by  that  given 
under  Madras  —  varies  directly  with  the  square  of  the 
weight,  and  inversely  with  the  number  of  pearls. 

1  Madras  pearl  chow  zz  3  Jg-  Bombay  pearl  chows. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Grain. 

2  tlpprees  .  zz  1  seer  .  zz  0.7  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

4  seers  .  .  zz  1  pylee  zz;  2.8  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

16  pylees  .  .  zz  1  parah  zz  44.8  U  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

8  parahs  .  =  1  candy  f  =  ^  S‘ Ibs'  avoirdupois. 

I  zz  162.567  kilogrammes. 

At  wholesale  often  1  para  zz  17  pylees,  a  larger  weight  by 
6J-  per  cent. 


Rice. 

z —  1  seer. 

.  1  adowly. 

zz  1  parah. 


2  tipprees  .  . 

7|  seers  .  .  . 

20  adowlies  .  . 

25  parahs  or  4  candies  =  1  murah  {  =  jgj  u'^bush" 

The  candy  weighs  215  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp.  zzz  97-947  kilo¬ 
grammes,  and  has  a  capacity  of  about  25  old  English  Win¬ 
chester  (or  U.  S.)  bushels  zz  881  liter. 

A  sack  (or  bag)  of  rice  denotes  6  local  maunds  weight 
zz  138  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp.  zz  76.2  kilogrammes. 


Salt. 


10 1  adowlies  =  1  parah  (korbe) 


! 


:  1607.61  U. 
:  0.74758  U. 


S.  cubic  in. 
S.  bushel. 


100  parahs  zz  1  anna 
16  annas  zz  1  rash  . 


(  zz  56  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

—  2\  U.  S.  long  tons  (weight), 
zz  74  758  U.  S.  bushels. 

(  zz  40  U.  S.  long  tons  (weight). 
\zz  1196.13  U.  S.  bushels. 


Liquids. 


Liquids  are  commonly  measured  by  the  old  English  wine 
(or  U.  S.)  gallon.  For  distilled  spirits  the  maundof  50  seers 
is  used,  a  weight  equal  to  76-|- U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois  zz 
34.797  kilogrammes. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


2  nugalees  .  .  . 

8  tussoos  .  .  . 

16  tussoos  (2  vent’hs) 

24  tussoos  (3  vent’hs) 


1  nugalee  — 
zz  1  tussoo  .  — 
zz  1  vent’h  zz 
=  1  hat’h  .  = 

=  1  guz  .  I ~ 


1|U.S.  inch. 
2}  U.  S. inches. 
9  U.  S.  inches. 
18  U.  S.  inches. 
27  U.  S.  inches. 
0.6858  meter. 


The  hat’h  is  the  same  as  the  hat’h,  covid,  or  cubit  of 
Bengal.  The  English  (or  U.  S.)  yard  is  also  used.  At 
wholesale  fabrics  are  sold  by  the  corge  of  20  pieces. 

In  Surat  the  guz  (for  cloth)  of  24  tussoos  —  24  U.  S. 
inches. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


20  hutties 
20  pund  . 
120  beegah 


16  annas  . 
40  goontahs 


Ordinary. 

1  pund  .  . 

:  1  beegah  . 

:  1  chaliur  . 


:  0.04057  U.  S.  acre. 
:  0.81136  U.  S.  acre. 
97.363  U.  S.  acres. 


Revenue  Field  Survey. 


zz  1  goontah 
zz  1  acre 


=  4D.  S.  square  rods, 
zz  1  U.  S.  acre. 


20  nanwansi 
20  saswansi  . 
20  hachwansi 
20  biswansi  . 

20  biswa  .  . 


20  khund  . 
20  padtal  . 
20  padat 
20  vishwasi 


20  vaso 


In  Northwest  Provinces. 

—  1  saswansi 

—  1  hachwansi. 
zz  1  biswansi. 

—  1  biswa. 

(  zz  3025  U.  S.  sq.  yards. 

—  1  beegah  ]  zz  0.6250  U.  S.  acre. 

(  zz  25-29  French  ares. 

In  Guzerat. 

zz  1  padtal. 
zz  1  padat. 
zz  1  vishwasi. 
zz  1  vaso. 

zz  3025  U.  S.  sq.  yards. 
0.6250  U.  S.  acre. 
25.29  French  ares. 


zz  1  beegah  <  zz 


EGYPT. 

(Principal  Commercial  Cities,  ALEXANDRIA  and  CAIRO.) 

Money. 

Moneys  of  Account. 

Accounts  are  kept  in  piasters,  of  40  para,  fadda,  or  me- 
dini  each.  Large  payments  are  made  in  purses  (kis)  of  500 
current  piasters,  chiefly  in  Spanish  dollars  or  piasters. 

2J  good  asper,  or  3  current  )  zzl  para,  <adda,or  medini. 

asper . )  zz  $0.00124. 

(  zz  $0.0495 

40  para  zz  1  piaster,  or  gersh  }  zz  2.44  pence  sterling. 

( zz  0.0257  francs. 

In  Cairo  the  piaster  is  divided  into  33  medini,  or  80  cur¬ 
rent  asper.  In  Upper  Egypt  the  same  piaster  is  divided  into 
30,  40,  50,  60,  70,  and  80  medini. 

The  piaster  is  called  in  Arabic  “  gersh,”  in  the  plural 
“  gurush.” 

In  round  numbers,  10  Egyptian  piasters  are  reckoned  as 
equal  to  11  Turkish  piasters. 

Of  paper  money,  the  so-called  mestravat ,  or  mushitara- 
vat,  is  at  about  12  per  cent,  discount  against  silver  ;  naga- 
die,  7£  per  cent.,  and  hawalat,  14  per  cent. 

The  price  of  cotton,  coffee,  and  indigo  is  always  under¬ 
stood  to  be  in  Spanish  piasters  ;  other  goods,  in  current 
Egyptian  money. 

Coins.  —  The  present  gold  coins  of  Egypt  are  of  100,  50, 
20,  10,  and  5  piasters  ;  the  silver  coins  are  of  20,  10,  6,  5,  3, 
l.t  piasters,  and  1,  and  ^  piaster.  The  5-fadda  piece 
piaster)  is  the  smallest  coin  known  in  the  Egyptian  trade. 
For  smaller  amounts  the  people  substitute  articles  of  small 
value  and  of  daily  demand,  as  grain,  etc. 

Silver  Coins. 

Intrinsic  values 
from  trials. 

j-piaster  piece  (ashereh)  zz  $0.0124 
^-piaster  piece  (yarem- 
lik,  or  ashrenea) 

1  piaster  or  gersh  . 


=  { 


10  fadda  or  para 

20  fadda  or  para 

40  fadda  or  para 
5-piaster  piece  zz  |  real  (ruba) 
10-piaster  piece 
20-piaster  piece 


!= 


\  real 


nusf) 


0.0248 

0.0495 

0.2559 

0.50105 


1  real . —  1.0067 

Gold  Coins. 

20-piaster  piece  (kairie-haschrin)  zz  $0.9976 
50-piaster  piece  (nusfiik)  .  .  .  zz  2.485 
100-piaster  piece  (bedidlik)  .  .  .  zz  4  969 

Besides  the  above  silver  coins,  there  are  in  general  circu¬ 
lation —  the  French  5-franc  piece  (called  real  franca)  at 
about  19  piaster  10  fadda,  the  Austrian  Convention  (or  spe¬ 
cies)  thaler,  called  pataska  zzat  about  20  piaster,  and  the 
Spanish  pillared  piaster  (colonati  talari,  called  colonati)  zz 
at  about  20  piaster  28  fadda. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  563 


The  following  foreign  gold  coins  are  also  in  common 
use  :  — 

Holland  ducat,  at  about  45  piaster  26  fadda. 

Zecchini  (Venetian),  at  about  46  piaster  13  fadda. 
Napoleon  d’or  (20  fr.),  at  about  77  piaster  6  fadda. 
Doubloons  (Spanish),  at  about  313  piaster  29  fadda. 
Sovereign  (English),  at  about  974  piaster  20  fadda. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

The  weights  of  Egypt  are  of  many  kinds.  The  unit  of 
weight  is  the  tier  hem,  or  drachme  =  3.0884  grammes  := 
47.66  U.  S.  grains  (troy). 

Oka-weight. 


(g)  Pik  itinerary 


(  =  29.163  U.  S.  inches. 
]  =  2.430  U.  S.  feet. 

(  =  0.74074  meter. 


Itinerary. 

24  itinerary  derail  or  pik  =  1  baah  =  1.85185  meter. 

2  baah  =  1  cassaba  .  .  .  .  =  3.70370  meters. 
500  cassabas  =z  1  mili  (mile)  ...  —  1851.85  meters. 

3  mili  .  =  1  farsak  (league)  .=  5^  kilometers. 


4  farsak 
2  baride 
march) 

24  safar-yome,  or 
20  farsak,  or  .  . 

60  mili  .  .  .  . 


=  1  baride  .  .  . 

—  1  safar-yome  (day’s 


. 1  degree  of 
meridian 


=  22.2.  kilometers. 
=  44-9  kilometers. 

=  111-g-  kilometers. 
=  69.04  U.  S.  miles. 


The  common  oka  (ucka)  of  400  1  =  2.7235  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

derhem . )  =  1.2354  kilogramme. 

m,  11  e _  ( =  420  derhem . 

The  special  oka  of  commerce  J  _  2  8597  u<  g>  pounds. 

(Used  for  small  articles  of  commerce.) 

The  special  oka  of  commerce  of  1  —  412  derhem. 

Alexandria . (  =  2.8052  U.  S.  pouuds. 


Rotolo-weight. 


The  common  rotolo  —  144  derhem 


(  =  0  980406  U.S.  lb.  av. 
|  —  444.74  grammes. 

This  weight  is  divided  iuto  12  uckieh  (ounces)  of  12  der¬ 
hem  each. 

The  special  rotolo  of  government  =  180  derhem  =±  1.2256 
U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois.  This  weight  is  also  used  in  Egypt 
for  trade  in  cotton  yarn.  Other  special  rotolo  of  the  weights 
of  105,  150,  324,  312,  and  140  derhem  respectively  are  in 
use. 

Kantar -weight. 


The  kantar  or  kuss  is  of  23  different  weights,  according 
to  the  commodities  for  which  it  is  employed  ;  varying  from 
364  to  110  common  oki.  The  common  kantar  of  Alexan¬ 
dria  —  44  oki.  The  common  kantar  of  Cairo  =  45  oki.  The 
common  large  kantar  of  Cairo  =  54  oki.  The  she  hi  of  110 
oki  is  used  for  building-wood  and  wood  for  fuel. 

Cotton,  flax,  hemp,  and  gums,  are  sold  in  Alexandria  by 
the  kantar  of  100  common  roto'.i ;  in  Cairo,  gum  arabic, 
gum  saffron,  frankincense,  Mocha-coffee,  elephants’  tusks, 
tamarinds,  and  senna  leaves  from  Sennaar,  by  kantari  of 
100  rotoli.  Other  senna  is  sold  by  the  common  oka;  wax 
by  the  125-rotoli  kantar ;  turtle-shell  by  the  maund  of  324 
drachmas. 

For  the  precious  metals  and  for  pharmacy,  the  above- 
mentioned  derhem  (or  drachme)  is  divided  into  24  kirat 
(carats)  each  of  4  komm’hah  (wheat  corn,  or  grains),  or  3 
habb’eh  (barley-corn). 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

6  kerat  .  .  1=  1  abdah,  or  rub. 

4  abdah  .  .  =  1  derail,  drah,  or  pik  (peek). 

There  are  the  following  different  kinds  of  derail  or  pik  in 
use  :  — 

(a)  The  Turkish  pik  (Istambuli ) 

derail)  for  cloth  and  European  )  =  28.5  U.  S.  inches, 
silk . ) 

(b)  Pik  endesah  or  hindaseh ,  for  (  oc  0  TT  0  .  , 
cotton  and  linen  ....  J  =  25  3  U.  S.  inches. 

(c)  Pik  beledi  or  baladi,  common  )  00  e  tt  a  •  1 

for  measure  of  land  .  .  .  .  f  =  22  6  U‘  S‘  inches- 

( d )  Pik  massari,  for  silk  and  Ori-  1  00  n  tt  a  •  u 

ental  fabrics . }  =  22  7  U-  S  lnches- 

(e)  Pik  meimari,  for  builders  |  —  29.5_U.  S.  inches. 

'  ’  (=  0.<o  meter. 

(/)  Pikmekias  orNili,  formeas- I  „  ..  a  .  , 

urement  of  the  Nile  .  .  .  .}  =21.6  U.  S.  inches. 


LAND  OR  SQUARE  MEASURE. 

1  official  feddan  or  fidan  of  24  kirat  f  —  frref; 

(  =  1.1018  U.  S.  acre. 

1  customary  feddan  or  fidan  of  24  (  =  59.290  ares. 
kir4t . (  —  1.4651  U.  S.  acre. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

For  Liquids. 

Liquids  are  commonly  measured  by  weight.  The  guir- 
beh,  a  measure  of  capacity  equal  to  two  thirds  of  a  hecto¬ 
liter,  or  66§  liters  =  17.611  U.  S.  gallons,  is  also  used  of  late 
to  some  extent. 

For  Grain. 

2  rub  or  rubba  .  .  .  =  1  quelch. 

2  quelch . =1  wehbih. 

6  wehbih . =  1  ardebb  or  ardeb. 

2  ardebb . =  1  daribba. 

The  ardebb  of  Alexandria  =  271  liters  1=  7.69  U.  S.  bush. 

The  ardebb  of  Cairo  .  .  =  179  liters  =  5.08  U.  S.  bush. 

The  ardebb  of  Rosette  .  r=  284  liters  =  8.06  U  S.  bush. 

In  Damietta  the  ardebb  of  rice  must  weigh  from  220  to 

225  oki. 

In  Cairo  the  ardebb  of  wheat  must  weigh  100  oki. 

In  Cairo  the  ardebb  of  barley  must  weigh  91  j  old- 

FRANCE. 

Money. 

In  France,  the  unit  of  money  is  the  franc. 

The  standard  is  double,  both  gold  and  silver.  The 
weight  of  pure  metal  in  the  gold  coins,  as  compared  with 
that  in  the  silver  legal  tender  coins,  of  the  same  denomina¬ 
tion  is  fixed,  by  law ,  at  1  to  154  !  making  the  legal  value 
of  the  gold  coins  154  t’mes  that  of  the  silver  coins  of  the 
same  weight  arid  fineness. 

When  the  market  value  of  gold  relatively  to  silver  is  less 
than  the  legal  ratio,  (which  has  been  the  case  for  the 
fourteen  years,  1853-66,  since  the  discovery  and  opening 
of  the  gold  fields  of  California  and  Australia,  the  market 
ratio  for  this  period  having  averaged  15f  to  1),  the  legal- 
tender  silver  coins  of  France  have  a  smaller  legal  value,  as 
against  gold  coins,  than  they  command  in  the  open  market ; 
and  are  therefore  either  hoarded,  remelted,  or  otherwise 
kept  from  circulation. 

When  the  market  value  of  gold  as  against  silver  is 
greater  than  154  to  1  the  legal  ratio,  the  gold  coinage  of 
France  must  be  driven  from  general  circulation,  except  at 
a  premium,  and  silver  become  the  prevailing  monetary 
medium.  This  was  the  case  in  France  for  a  series  of  years 
just  prior  to  1849 ;  the  value  of  gold  as  against  silver  in 
the  market  of  Europe  for  the  29  years  from  1820  to  1848 
having  averaged  about  15|  to  1. 

Should  the  market  value  of  gold  as  against  silver  again 
exceed  154  to  1,  which  in  the  light  of  late  statistics  does 
not  seem  improbable,  the  legal-tender  silver  coinage  of 


564  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


France  will  again  circulate  to  the  exclusion  of  gold  ;  unless 
by  new  legislation  a  limit  shall  be  fixed  to  the  amount  in 
payment  of  which  the  silver  coins  shall  be  received  in  pay¬ 
ment  of  debt,  now  legal  tender  in  ail  amounts. 

The  legal-tender  gold  and  silver  coinages  have  the  same 
degree  of  fineness ;  that  is,  nine-tenths  (or  ^9q°q°o  )  of  pure 
metal  to  one  tenth  of  alloy. 

In  addition  to  the  legal-tender  coins  of  gold  and  of  silver, 
there  was  established  in  1365,  by  the  monetary  convention 
of  that  year,  concluded  between  France,  Belgium,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland,  a  subsidiary  silver  coinage,  of  less  in¬ 
trinsic  value  than  the  legal-tender  silver  coinage  of  like 
denomination.  In  this  new  or  subsidiary  coinage  the 
weight  of  the  pieces  was  left  the  same  as  that  of  the  cor¬ 
responding  legal-tender  silver  coinage,  but  the  fineness  of 
the  metal  was  much  reduced ;  the  new  coins  containing 
only  .835  of  fine  metal  to  .165  of  alloy.  The  new  coins 
are  simply  tokens,  and  are  not  required  by  law  to  be  re¬ 
ceived  as  payment  of  dues  for  an  amount  greater  than  50 
francs  (nearly  $10)  in  any  one  payment.  The  legal  weight 
of  pure  metal  in  the  subsidiary  silver  coins  is  thus  fixed  at 
about  14§  times  the  weight  of  pure  metal  in  the  gold  coins 
of  like  denomination. 

The  object  of  issuing  these  subsidiary  coins,  thereby 
abandoning  in  part  the  futile  attempt  to  maintain  in  suc¬ 
cessful  operation  a  double  standard,  was  to  provide  a  silver 
coinage  which  could  circulate  side  by  side  with  the  estab¬ 
lished  gold  coinage  —  and  thus  remedy  to  some  extent  the 
error  originally  fallen  into  in  fixing  too  low  the  legal  weight 
of  gold  coins  as  compared  with  silver. 


The  silver  5-franc  piece  of  France  is  the  only  silver  coin 
which  is  legal-tender  in  all  amounts  ;  the  smaller  silver 
coinage  being  subsidiary,  and  legal- tender  only  in  payment 
of  sums  of  small  amount  as  has  already  been  stated. 

The  weight  of  the  silver  coinage  of  France  (unlike  that 
of  its  gold)  has  a  very  simple  relation  to  the  gramme,  the 
metric  unit  of  weight ;  the  silver  franc  (both  legal-tender 
and  subsidiary)  weighing  just  Jive  grammes,  and  other 
silver  coins  in  proportion. 

The  gold  franc  contains  1-Q.  0f  a  gramme  of  standard 

Q  3  1 

gold,  nine  tenths  fine ;  or  -j  j  of  a  gramme  of  pure  gold. 

100  centimes  .  =  1  franc. 

20  francs  .  .  .  =  1  Napoleon. 

(=  $19.29526 
100  gold  francs  .  <  =  £3.96486 

2.903226  Union  crowns,  German. 

The  value  of  other  gold  coins — of  5,  10,  20,  and  50 
francs  —  is  in  proportion. 

1  American  dollar  (gold)  .  .  .  =  fr.  5.1826 

1  pound  sterling . =  fr.  25.2216 

1  Union  crown,  German  .  .  =  fr.  344- 

The  legal-tender  silver  franc  (assuming  15.375  to  1  as  the 
relative  value  in  the  market  of  gold  as  compared  with  that 

of  silver) . =  $0.19452 

and  the  silver  franc,  subsidiary  coinage  .  =  $0.18047 

The  value  of  other  silver  subsidiary  coins,  namely  — 
coins  of  20  centimes,  50  centimes,  and  2  francs,  is  in  pro¬ 
portion. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

Metric  System. 


1  milligramme  .  . 

=  0k.000001  .  . 

— 

0.0154323 

U.  S.  grain. 

10  milligrammes  .  . 

=  1  centigramme  .  . 

=  OKOOOOl  .  . 

— 

0.1543235 

U.  S.  grain. 

10  centigrammes  .  . 

=  1  decigramme  .  . 

=  Gk.0001  .  . 

— 

1.5432349 

U.  S.  grain. 

10  decigrammes  .  . 

=  1  gramme  .... 

=  0k.001  .  . 

— 

15.4323488 

U.  S.  grains. 

10  grammes  .... 

=  1  decagramme  .  . 

=  0k-01  .  . 

— 

154.323488 

U.  S.  grains. 

10  decagrammes  .  . 

=  1  hectogramme  .  . 

=  0k.l  .  . 

— 

1543.23488 

U.  S.  grains. 

10  hectogrammes  .  . 

=  1  kilogramme  .  . 

=  w . 

{- 
1  = 

15432.3488 

2.204621 

U.  S.  grains. 

U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

10  kilogrammes .  .  . 

=:  1  myriagramme  .  . 

—  10k . 

~ 

22.04621 

U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

10  myriagrammes  .  . 

=  1  quintal  .... 

=  100k . 

1 

220.4621 

1.9684 

U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

U.  S.  cwt.  of  112  lbs. 

10  quintals  .... 

[  = 

2204.621 

U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

—  1  millier  or  tonne  . 

=  1000k.  .  .  .  . 

_ 

0.9842 

U.  S.  long  ton  of  2240  lbs. 

= 

1.102320 

U.  S.  short  ton  of  2000  lbs. 

64.798950  milligrammes 

=  1  U.  S.  grain  troy. 

vacuo  of  a  cubic  decimetre  of  distilled  water  at  the  tem- 

! 


=  1 


1016.04754  kilogrammes 
907-18530  kilogrammes  |  ^ 

The  kilogramme  is  designed 


U.  S.  pound  avoirdupois, 
U.  S.  long  ton,  or  2240  lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

U.  S.  short  ton,  or  2000 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

to  be  the  exact  weight  in 


perature  of  4°  of  the  centigrade  thermometer  (39°2 
Fahrenheit). 

A  Report  to  the  British  Parliament  in  1854,  by  the  Com¬ 
mittee  on  the  new  Exchequer  standards,  gives  by  direct 
comparison  of  standards  15432.3482  grains  in  a  kilogramme  ; 
by  indirect  comparison,  15432.3488  grains  in  a  kilogramme. 
The  latter  value  is  that  now  more  commonly  adopted. 


2  demi-grains . 

20  grains . 

4  grammes . 

8  gros  . 

125  grammes  (4  onces,  nearly) 
2  quarterons . 

2  demi-livres . 

2  livres . 


10  millimetres  .  .  . 
10  centimetres  .  .  . 


Apothecaries'1  Weight. 


=  1  grain  .  .  .  . 

—  1  gramme  .  .  . 

=  1  gros,  or  drachme 
=  1  once  .... 
=  1  quarteron  .  . 

=  1  demi-livre  .  . 

=  1  livre  .... 
=  1  double-livre  .  . 


=  0.05  gramme 

=  1  gramme 

—  4  grammes 

=  32  grammes 
=  125  grammes 
=  250  grammes 

=  500  grammes 
=1000  grammes  . 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


1  millimetre 
.  =  1  centimetre 
.  =  1  decimetre 


=  0”.001.  . 
=  0">.01  .  . 
=  0m.l  .  . 


0.7716  U.  S.  grain. 
15.432  U.  S.  grains. 
61.729  U.  S.  grains. 
493.835  U.  S.  grains. 
1929.04  U.  S.  grains. 
3S58.09  U.  S.  grains. 
7716.17  U.  S.  grains. 
1.10231  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 
15432.3  U.  S.  grains. 
2.20462  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp 


0.0393704  U.  S.  inch. 
0.393704  U.  8.  inch. 
3.937040  U.  8.  inches. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


565 


10  decimetres  .  .  .  .  = 

10  metres  ......= 

10  decametres  .  .  .  .  = 

10  hectometres  .  .  .  .  = 

10  kilometres  .  .  .  .  = 


1  rn^tre  .... 

=  lm  .  . 

1  decametre  .  . 

=  10”.  . 

1  hectometre  .  . 

=  100”.  . 

1  kilometre  .  .  . 

=  1000”.  . 

1  myriametre  .  . 

=  10000”. 

(  =  39.37040*  U.  S.  inches. 

]  =  9.84260  U.  S.  hands. 

(  =  3.280867  U.  S.  feet. 

=  32.80867  U.  S.  feet. 

=  328.0867  U.  S.  feet. 

f  =  3280.867  U.  S.  feet. 

=  1093.622  U.  S.  yards. 

=  49.7101  U.  S.  chains. 

=  0.621376  U.  S.  mile. 

=  6.21376  U.  S.  miles. 

1  U.  S.  inch. 

1  U.  S.  hand  (4  inches). 

1  U.  S.  foot  (3  hauds). 

1  U.  S.  yard  (9  hands). 

1  U  S.  half-chain  (99  hands) 
1  U.  S.  chain. 

1  U.  S.  mile  (80  chains) 


25.39979  millimetres 
1.0159917  decimetres 
3.0479751  “ 

9.1439254  “ 

100.58318 
20.116636  metres 
1.609331  kilometre 

The  metre  is  designed  to  be  the  ten  millionth  part  of  the  quadrant  of  the  Earth’s  meridian. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


10  ccntiares 
100  ares  .  . 


1  cubic  meter 


Ordinary  Measures.  —  The  squares  of  the  measures  of  length. 
Agrarian  Measures. 


=  1  are  .  . 

—  1  hectare 


(  =  100  square  meters. 

(  —  119.60  U.  S.  yards. 

=  2.471  U.  S.  acres. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Ordinary  Measures.  —  The  cube  of  the  measures  of  length. 


( =  61025.2  U.  S.  cubic  inches. 
{  =  35  3155  U.  S.  cubic  feet. 

( —  1.30798  U.  S.  cubic  yard. 


Measures  for  Wood. 


1  centistere  . =  0.01  stere 

1  decistere . =  0.1  stere 

1  stere . =  1  cubic  metre . =  35.3155  U.  S.  cubic  feet. 

1  decast5re . =10  steres  . =  13.0798  U.  S.  cubic  yards. 

Dry  and  Liquid  Measures. 

Each  of  the  measures  of  liquids  has  its  half  and  its  double  measure. 


10  millilitres  .  . 

10  centilitres  .  . 

10  decilitres  .  . 

10  litres  .  .  .  . 

10  decalitres  .  .  . 

10  hectolitres  .  . 


1  millilitre  . 
.  .  =  1  centilitre  . 

.  .  =  1  decilitre 

.  .  =  1  litre 

.  .  =  1  decalitre  . 

.  .  =  1  hectolitre 

.  .  =  1  kilolitre  . 


=  OkOOl 
=  0h01 
=  0M 

=  I*  . 


=  10i  . 

=  1001  . 
=  10001  . 


.  =  0.00106  U.  S.  quart,  liquid  measure. 
.  =  0.01057  U.  S.  quart,  liquid  measure. 
.  =  0.10567  U.  S.  quart,  liquid  measure. 
7=1  cubic  decimetre. 

<  =  1.0567  U.  S.  quart,  liquid  measure. 
(  =  0.908  U.  S.  quart,  dry  measure, 
j  =  2.6417  U.  S.  gallons. 

|  =  9.08  quarts,  dry  measure. 

.  =  2  U.  S.  bushels,  3.35  pecks. 

.  =  1  cubic  metre. 


GERMANY. 

(Zollverein  and  Miinzverein.) 

The  Zollverein  (Customs’  Union)  is  a  league  embracing 
almost  all  the  States  of  Germany.  It  was  formed  in  1833, 
and  went  into  operation  on  the  first  of  January,  1834.  Its 
object  was  to  assimilate,  unite,  and  simplify  the  fiscal  ar¬ 
rangements  of  these  States.  It  has  abolished  all  restric¬ 
tions  on  internal  communication,  and  has  established  a 
common  system  of  duties  on  exports  and  imports,  and  a 
common  system  of  money,  weights,  and  measures. 

The  unit  of  weight  which  has  been  adopted  by  the  Union 
for  the  purposes  of  revenue,  of  commerce  between  the 
States,  and  of  external  commerce,  and  for  postal  and  rail¬ 
way  purposes,  is  the  zollpfund  of  30  zollloth ,  and  equal  to 
the  half-kilogramme.  The  zollceniner  of  100  zollpfund  is 
equal  to  50  kilogrammes 

Until  within  a  few  years,  the  standard  of  weight  for  coin¬ 
age  in  all  the  States  of  the  German  Zollverein ,  was  the  Prus¬ 
sian  (or  Vereins)  mark  of  288  gran  =  3608.943  U.  S.  troy 


grains  =  233.8555  grammes  ;  but  since  1858,  in  accordance 
with  the  Monetary  Convention  of  1857,  between  most  of  the 
States  of  the  Zollverein  and  of  Austria,  a  munzpfund  of 
500  grammes  (the  same  as  the  zollpfund)  was  adopted  in 
place  of  the  Prussian  mark.  The  munzpfund  is  divided 
into  10,000  as. 

The  Miinzverein  of  1857  adopted  for  the  northern  states 
of  Germany  the  30-thaler  standard ;  for  Austria  and  Liech¬ 
tenstein,  a  45-florin  (or  gulden)  standard;  and  for  the 
southern  states  of  Germany,  a  52^  gulden  (or  florin)  stand¬ 
ard.  That  is,  for  the  Northern  States,  the  munzpfund  of 
500  grammes  of  fine  silver  was  to  be  coined  into  30  Vereins 


*”9.37040  is  the  number  of  inches  contained  in  the  meter, 
according  to  the  new  imperial  standard  yard  (Sheepshank’s), 
reported  in  1854.  The  number  of  inches  declared  to  be  con¬ 
tained.  in  the  meter,  according  to  the  old  imperial  stand  rd 
destroyed  by  the  burning  of  tbe  Houses  of  Parliament  in  1834, 
and  known  as  Bird’sJ  is  39.37079.  The  number  of  inches  pro¬ 
visionally  recognized  by  the  late  Act  of  Congress  (passed  in 
1866)  as  contained  in  the  meter,  is  39.370. 


566 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


thalers,  into  45  Austrian  florins  or  gulden) ;  and  into  52£ 
South  German  gulden  (or  florins).  The  30-thaler  standard, 
and  the  52j  gulden  standard,  each  based  on  the  zollpfund, 
superseded  respectively  the  previously  existing  14-thaler 
standard,  and  24£  gulden  standard,  which  last-mentioned 
standards  were  each  based  on  the  Prussian  ^or  Vereins) 
mark. 

The  gold  coinage ,  adopted  for  the  German  States  and 
Austria  by  the  Monetary  Convention  of  1857,  is  the  Union 
crown  and  Union  half-crown,  the  former  containing  .02  of 
a  miinzpfund,  or  10  grammes  of  fine  gold,  and  the  latter 
.01  of  a  miinzpfund,  or  five  grammes  of  fine  gold.  These 
pieces  weigh  respectively  1  £  and  y|j-  grammes ;  the  gold 
from  which  they  are  coined  consisting  of  .9  of  pure 
gold  to  .1  of  alloy. 

It  is,  perhaps,  worthy  of  remark,  that  this  gold  coinage 
of  the  German  Miinzverein,  is  the  only  gold  coinage  yet  is¬ 
sued  by  any  country  which  bears  a  simple  and  decimal 
relation  to  the  metrical  unit  of  weight,  the  gramme  * 

Carefully  prepared  and  extensive  tables,  giving  in  terms 
of  the  Union  crown,  and  of  its  decimal  submultiples,  the 
values  of  all  the  principal  gold  coins  of  the  world,  have 
lately  been  prepared  and  published  in  Germany. 

The  North  German  States,  with  the  rectification  of  ter¬ 
ritorial  changes  made  in  consequence  of  the  war  of  1866, 
consist  of  Prussia,  Saxony,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Olden¬ 
burg,  Brunswick,  Saxe-Weimar,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
Saxe-Meiningen,  Anhalt,  Saxe-Coburg  -  Gotha,  Saxe- 
Altenburg,  Waldeck,  Lippe-Detmold,  Schwarzburg-Rudol- 
stadt,  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  Reuss-Schleiz,  Schaum- 
burg-Lippe,  Hamburg,  Lubeck,  and  Bremen. 

The  South  German  States  consist  of  Bavaria,  Wurtem- 
burg,  Baden,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Reuss-Greiz,  and  Liechten¬ 
stein. 

The  Hanseatic  towns,  Hamburg,  Lubeck,  and  Bremen, 
although  members  of  the  North  German  Confederation, 
are  not  as  yet  parties  to  the  German  Zollverein  (or  Cus¬ 
toms’  Union). 

The  following  countries,  in  consequence  of  the  wars  of 
1864  and  1866,  have  been  newly  united  to,  and  now  con¬ 
stitute  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Prussia  ;  to  wit :  — 

The  former  kingdom  of  Hanover ;  the  former  electorate 
of  Hesse-Cassel ;  the  former  duchy  of  Nassau  ;  the  for¬ 
mer  landgraviate  (or  principality)  of  Hesse-Ilomburg ;  the 
former  republic  (or  free  city )  of  Frankfort  on  the  Main  ;  the 
former  duchies  of  Schleswig-Holstein  and  Lauenburg  ; 
and  detached  portions  of  Bavaria  and  Hesse-Darmstadt. 

NORTH  GERMANY. 

Money. 

Silver  Coins. 

12  pfennige . =  1  silver  (or  new)  groschen. 

i  zz  1  Union  thaler. 

30  silver  groschen . <  zz  £0.14804 

Silver  is  the  legal  standard. 

Gold  Coins. 

1  Frederic  d’or . zz  $4.0090 

The  double  and  half  Frederic-d'or  in  proportion. 

1  Union  crown,  of  10  grammes  pure  gold  .  zz  6.6461 
1  Union  half-crown,  of  5  grammes  pure  gold  —  3.3231 
1  pistole  of  Hanover,  Brunswick,  and  Denmark  zz  3.9595 
1  double  pistole . zz  7.9191 


$0.7204 


*  The  gold  coinage  of  the  United  States,  ns  has  already  been 
stated,  is  very  nearly  metrical;  one  dollar  containing  almost  ex¬ 
actly  1.5  grammes  of  pure  gold,  or  1  2-3  grammes  of  standard 
gold  9-10  fine. 

The  gold  franc  of  France  contains  9-31  of  a  gramme  of  pure 
gold,  or  10-31  of  a  gramme  of  standard  gold,  9-10  fine.  These  nu¬ 
merical  relations  are  obviously  not  of  a  very  simple  character. 


PRUSSIA. 

(THE  LEADING  STATE  OF  NORTH  GERMANY ) 

( Principal  Commercial  City  —  Berlin.) 

Weights  and.  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

Ordinary  or  Decimal  System  (New). 

10  corn  —  1  cent. 

10  cents  —  1  quent. 

10  quentchen  zz  1  loth  (£  oz.) 

<  zz  500  grammes. 

30  loth  zz  1  zollpfund  <  zz  7716.174  U.  S.  troy  grains. 

<  =  1.10231  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

100  zollpfund  zz  1  centner  zz  110.231  U.  S.  lbs. 

20  zollpfund  zz  1  stein. 

3  centner  —  1  schiffspfund. 

40  centner  zz  1  schiffslast.. 

Commercial  System  ( Old). 

4  pfennig  .  zz  1  quent. 

4  quentchen  zz  1  loth. 

32  loth  .  .  .  =  1  pfund  =  1.031127  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

110  pfund  .  .  —  1  centner  zz  113.424  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

Precious  Metals. 

zz  very  nearly  one  half  the  old 
Prussian  pfund. 

The  mark  of  288  gran-j  zz  233.8555  grammes. 

zz  3608.943  U.  S.  grains. 

[zz  1.62656  troy  pound. 

For  gold  the  mark  is  divided  into  24  carat  of  12  gran 
each  ;  for  silver,  into  16  loth  of  18  gran  each. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

12  linien  zz  1  zoll. 

12  “'l  {= 

2|  fuss  zz  1  elle 
6  fuss  zz  1  lachter 
12fuSS  =  1  ruthe  {= 

2000  ruthen=  1  meile  {  Z  D.s'miles. 

An  average  degree  of  meridian  zz  14  754  (or  14f)  Prus¬ 
sian  meilen. 

The  lachter  is  divided  into  8  achtel,  of  10  lachterzoll 
each,  of  10  lachterlinien  each. 

Surveyors'1  and  Engineers ’  Measure  (Decimal). 


(  zz  0.68694  meter  (or  very  near- 
(  ly  f  meter). 


10  decimal  linien  . 
10  decimal  zoll 
10  decimal  fuss  . 


.  zz  1  decimal  zoll. 

.  zz  1  decimal  fuss. 

.  zz  1  ruthe  zz  12.3566  U.  S.  feet 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 
Ordinary. 

Square  of  the  measures  of  length. 


Agrarian. 


180  sq.  ruthen  zz  1  morgen  (  —  S’ 

°  (  zz  2553  225  square  meters. 

30  morgen  zz  1  hufe  .  zz  18.9281  acres. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


567 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Solid. 

Cubes  of  the  measures  of  length. 

=  123.14  U.  S.  cubic  feet. 


The  klafter  for  wood 


•  •  •{; 


3.3389  cubic  meters. 


Grain  Measure. 
3  viertel  —  1  metze. 


=  3072  Prussian  cubic  zoll. 
’  =  1.55968  U.  S.  bushels. 
=  54.9615  liters. 


2  ossel  —  1  quart 


16  metzen  =  1  scheffel 

4  scheifeln  =  1  tonne. 
12  scheffeln  =  1  malter. 
24  scheffeln  —  1  wispel. 
60  scheffeln  =  1  last. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 

For  Wine  and  Distilled  Spirits. 

’  =  |  of  a  grain  metze. 

=  64  Prussian  cubic  zoll. 
*  *  1  =  1.14503  liter. 

{=  0.30248  U.  S.  gallon. 
30  quarts  .  .  .  =*1  anker. 

60  quarts  (2  anker)  =  1  eimer  j  =  qte|s  gall°DS' 

120  quarts  (2  eimer)  =  1  ohm. 

180  quarts  (3  eimer)  =  1  oxhoft. 

720  quarts  (6  ohm )  =  1  fueler. 

The  flasche  of  wine  is  reckoned  at  three  fourths  of  a 
quart. 

For  Beer. 

100  quarts  .  .  .  .  =  1  bier-tonne  =  30.248  U.  S.  gal. 
200  quarts  (2  tonnen)  =  1  fass. 

400  quarts  (2  fass)  .  =  1  kufen. 

1800  quarts  (9  fass)  .  =  1  gebraude. 

BREMEN. 

( Formerly  one  of  the  Free  Cities  of  Germany .) 


5  schwaren  =  1  grot. 

’  =  1  thaler. 


Money. 


72  groten 


=  1.1  Prussian  or  North  German  thaler. 
=  1.925  South  German  gulden. 

=  1.65  new  Austrian  florin  (or  gulden). 
=  $0.7925 
=  £0.1628 


Gold  is  the  legal  standard.  Accounts  are  kept  in  gro¬ 
ten  and  thalers.  The  gold  coins  are  Danish,  Hanoverian, 
and  other  pistoles  of  5  gold  thalers,  and  ducats,  at  2§  tha¬ 
lers,  at  a  variable  agio  or  premium. 

Since  1857,  — 

8.4  gold  thalers  (  =  *  new  German  crown 
°  |  =  10  grammes  of  fine  gold. 

J  =  84  pistoles  (of  5  thalers  each). 
=  50  German  crowns. 

=  1  m'unzpfund  of  fine  gold. 

The  gold  thaler  =  $0.7912 
and  the  pistole  =  3.9561 

Weights. 

The  system  of  weights  is  metrical. 

10  halbgrammen  =  1  quint. 

10  quint  .  .  =:1  neuloth. 

10  neuloth  .  .  =  1  pfund  =  500  grammes. 

HAMBURG. 

Money. 

Accounts  are  kept  in  marks  banco  ;  but  the  coinage  is  in 
marks  current.  Both  are  subdivided  as  follows  :  — 


12  pfennige . =  1  schilling. 

16  schillinge . =  1  mark. 

Bank  value  refers  to  credits  standing  in  the  books  of  the 
Hamburg  Bank,  and  which  are  represented  by  silver  de¬ 
posited  in  the  bank. 

Prior  to  1856  the  Cologne  mark,  Hamburg  standard 
(namely,  3608  grains  troy),  of  pure  silver  was  coined  into 
34  marks ;  since  that  date  into  35  marks.  The  bank  value 
of  the  same  weight  of  pure  silver  is  supposed  to  be  coined 
into  27f  marks. 

Assuming  the  current  value  of  gold  in  market  to  be 
15f  times  that  of  silver,  we  have  the  following  values  :  — 

The  mark  current ,  prior  to  1856  . =  $0.2972 

“  “  “  since  “ . =  0  2888 


2'j  marks  current 
The  mark  banco 


=  1  thaler  .  .  .  =  0.722 
(=  $0  3642 

.  .  .  \  =  17.96  pence  sterling. 
( =  1.89  franc. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

A  new  Hamburg  weight  was  adopted  in  1858,  based  on 
the  half  kilogramme. 

10  half-grammes  =  1  quint. 

10  quinten  .  =  1  unze. 

10  unzen  =  1  metric  pfund  {  =  avdp. 

100  pfund  =  1  centner  .  =  110.231  U.  S  pounds. 

60  centner  =  1  last  .  .  =  6613.86  U.  S.  pounds. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


2  fuss 


=  I 


8  theilen  =  1  zoll. 

4  zoll  .  =  1  palm  (for  circumference  of  masts,  etc.) 

12  zoll  .  =  1  fuss  .  .  f  =  2^1  U.  ^.  foot. 

(  =  0.2865/  meter. 

6  fuss  .  =  1  klafter,  or  faden  =  5.64126  U.  S.  feet. 

the  Hamburg  1  =  1.88042  U.  S.  foat. 
(or  short)  elle  )  —  0.62681  U.  S.yard. 

1  Hamburg-Brabant  (or  long)  (  =  0.75615  U.  S.  yard. 

elle . )  =  0.69141  meter. 

the  Hamburg-Bra¬ 
bant  elle. 

0.75  U.  S.  yard. 
The  Hamburg  meile  is  the  same  as  the  Prussian. 

7  elle  .  .  .  =  1  marschruthe  .  =  14  fuss. 

8  elle  .  .  .  =  1  geestruthe  .  .  =  6  fuss. 


In  practice,  1^  Hamburg  elle  j 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


1  square  geestruthe  =  56  square  fuss. 

1  square  marschruthe  =  198  square  fuss. 

600  square  marschruthe  {  117,600  square  fuss. 

H  (  =  1  morgen  =  2.39  U.  S.  acres. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 
Dry  Measure. 


kleine  (small)  maass  .  . 

grosse  maass . 

spint . 

himten  .  .  =1  fass  . 

20  fass  of  wheat,  rye,  and ) 
peas,  or  30  fass  of  barley  [ 

and  oats . ) 

60  fass  .  .  .  =  1  last  .  . 

90  fass  (1|  last)  =  1  stock  of  barley  =  134.4681  U.  S.bush. 


1  grosse  (large)  maass. 
1  spint. 

1  himten  or  himpten. 
1.49409  U.  S.  bushel. 

10  scheffeln. 

1  wispel. 

89.6454  U.  S.  bushels. 


2  oessel  . 

2  quartier 
2  kannen 
2  stiibchen 

4  viertel . 

5  viertel . 


Liquid  Measure. 

=  1  quartier  = 
=  1  kanne  = 
=  1  stiibchen  = 
=  1  viertel 
=  1  eimer 
=  1  anker 


0.23935  U.  S.  gal. 
0.4787  U.  8.  gal. 
0.9574  U.  S.  gal. 
1.9148  U.  S.  gal. 
7.6593  U.  S.  gals. 
9.5741  U.  S.  gals. 


568 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


20  viertel  (4  an-  ) 
ker,  or  5  eimer)  j 
30  viertel 
120  viertel  (5  ox- 1 
hoft,  or  6  ohin) ) 


=  1  ohm 
=  1  oxhoft 
=  1  fuder 


=  38.2965  U.  S.  gals. 
=  57.445  U.  S.  gals. 
=  229.779  U.  S.  gals. 


For  Whale.  Oil. 


If  quartier  .  . 

16  margel  .  . 

6  stechkannen 
If  tonne,  or  ) 
120  margel,  or  v 
160  quartier  ) 


1  margel. 

1  stechkanne. 

1  tonne. 

1  fass  =  38.2556  U.  S.  gallons. 


10  dekas  .  . 

10  centas 

10  zehntling 


20  gran  .  . 
3  scrupel  .  . 
8  drachmen  . 

2  udzen  .  . 


:  1  centas. 

=  1  zehntling. 

=  1  pfund  |  ~ 


500  grammes. 
10,000  as. 


Medicinal  Weight. 

.  .  =  1  scrupel. 

.  .  -  1  drachme. 

.  .  =  1  unze. 

( =  1  medicinal  pfund. 

.  .  ]  =  3-7  zollpfund. 

(  =  3306.93  U.  S.  troy  grains. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


SOUTH  GERMANY. 


Money. 


The  coinage  is  in  accordance  with  the  Monetary  Conven¬ 
tion  of  24th  January,  1857,  between  the  States  of  Southern 
Germany. 

4  pfennige . —  1  kreutzer. 

-  SO. 4117 


60  kreutzers  =  1  gulden  or  florin  j _ 


£0.08459 


Silver  is  the  legal  standard. 

The  principal  silver  coins  current  in  South  Germany,  are 
the  Union  thaler  (.150.7205),  equal  to  1  florin  45  kreutzers  ; 
the  double  thaler,  equal  to  3.5  florins ;  the  2-florin  piece, 
the  florin,  the  half-florin,  quarter  florin,  6-kreutzer  piece, 
3-kreutzer  piece,  and  the  kreutzer. 


The  gold  coins  in  use  are  the  Union  crown  of  10  grammes 


of  fine  gold . =  $6.6461 

Union  half-crown  of  5  grammes  fine  gold  .  —  3.3231 

English  sovereign . =  4.8665 

Prussian  Frederic-d’or . =  4.0090 

Pistole  of  Hanover,  Brunswick,  and  Denmark  =  3.9595 

Double  pistoles . =  7.9191 

Dutch  10-guilder  piece  * . =  4.0165 

Dutch  5-guilder  piece . =  2.0082 

French  Napoleon . —  3.8591 

Ducat . =  2.2871 


BADEN. 


=  0.30  meter. 


{  =  11.811  U.  S.  inches. 


10  punkt  =  1  linie. 

10  linien  =  1  zoll. 

10  zoll  =  1  fuss  . 

2  fuss  =  1  elle 

6  fuss  =  1  klafter. 

10  fuss  =  1  ruthe. 

=  1  wegstunde. 

0.6  German  (geographical)  meile. 


14,148.148  fuss  - 


=  4^-  kilometer. 


29,629.6296  fuss 


=  (about)  2.75 U.  S.  miles. 

—  1  meile. 

1.2  German  meile. 
kilometer. 

=  (about)  5.5  U.  S.  miles. 

A  degree  on  the  equator  is  divided  into  25  wegstunden*  or 
12j  meilen. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


—  8^- 
—  °9 


Common  Measures. 


The  square  of  the  measures  of  length. 

1.09  square  meter  =  1  square  fuss. 

Agrarian  Measure. 


400  square  ru then  (divided 
into  fourths) 


.  1  morgen. 

=  36  ares. 

=  0.88961  U.  S.  acre. 


Money. 

The  coinage  of  Baden  is  in  accordance  with  the  Mone¬ 
tary  Convention  of  the  24th  of  January,  1857,  between  the 
States  of  Southern  Germany. 

30  kreutzers  =  1  half-gulden 
2  half-gulden  =  1  gulden  (florixr)  =  $0.4117. 

If  gulden  =1  Vereins(or  Union)  thaler  =  $0.7204. 
Silver  is  the  legal  standard.  The  Union  crown  and  half- 
crown  (gold)  circulate  at  their  market  value. 


Weights  and.  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 


4  richttbeilen 

=  1  granchen  (small  gran). 

4  grancben 

=  1  gran. 

4  gran 

=  1  karat. 

4  karat 

=  1  pfennig. 

4  pfennig 

=  1  quentchen 

4  quentchen 

=  1  loth. 

2  loth 

=  1  unze. 

4  unzen 

=  1  vierling. 

2  vierling 

( 

=  1  mark. 

=  1  pfund  (zollpfund  =  500  grammes). 

2  mark  < 

=  1 10231  U.  S.  pound  avoirdupois. 

=  131.072  richttheilen. 

10  pfund  . 

=  1  stein. 

100  pfund  . 

=  1  centner. 

10  as  .  .  . 

=  1  dekas. 

*  Gold  coins  no  longer  issued  from  the  Dutch  mint,  but  have 
not  altogether  disappeared  from  circulation. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Solid. 

Cubes  of  the  measures  of  length. 

0.027  cubic  meter  —  1  cubic  fuss  =0.9535  U.  S.  cubic  foot 


For  Wood. 

1  klafter  =  3.888  steres  =  133.7  U.  S.  cubic  feet. 


10  becher  =  lmesslein 

10  messlein  =  1  sester 
10  sester  =  1  malter 

10  malter  =  1  zubel 


1.50  liter. 

0.39626  U.  S.  gallon. 
3.9626  U.  S.  gallons. 
39.626  U.S.  gallons. 

I  =396.26  U.  S.  gallons. 

(  =  42.57  U.  S.  bushels. 


Dry  Measure. 

{  = 


Liquid  Measure. 


10  glas 

10  mass 
10  stiitze 
10  ohm 


=  1  maass 

=  1  stiitze 
=  1  ohm 
=  1  fuder 


=  1.50  liter. 

=  0.39626  U.  S.  gallon 

=  3.9626  U.  S.  gallons. 

=  39  626  U.  S.  gallons. 
=  396.26  U.  S.  gallons. 


BAVARIA. 

( Principal  Commercial  City — AUGSBURG.) 

Weights  and  Measures. 
WEIGHTS. 

4  quentchen  ......  =  1  loth  (f  ounce.  > 

8  loth  .  .  ...'...=  1  vierling. 


569 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


4  rierling . =1  pfund. 

100  pfund . =1  centner. 

( —  500  grammes. 

The  zollpfund,  and  the  miintzpfund  J  =  1.10231  U.  S.  lb. 

(  avoirdupois. 

(  =  560  grammes. 

The  commercial  pfund . J  =  1.23458  U.  S.  lb. 

(  avoirdupois. 

20  commercial  pfund . =  1  stein. 


Pharmacy  (or  Medicinal  and  Apothecaries'  Weight). 


20  gran  .  . 

3  scrupel  . 

4  drachmen 
8  drachmen 


—  1  scrupel. 
=  1  drachme. 
=  1  loth. 

=  1  unze. 


f  =  360  grammes. 

[  =  5555.645  U.S.  grains. 
12  unzen  =  1  medicinal  pfund  -j  =  9-14  of  the  commer¬ 
cial  pfund. 

[  =  0.9645  lbs.  troy. 


Gold  and  Silver  Weight. 


The  unit  of  this  weight  is  the  Bavarian  Cologne  mark  = 
1.00040  Prussian  (or  Vereins)  mark. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


The  fuss  =  12  zoll,of  12  linien  each;  or,  for  engineers 
and  architects  =  19  zoll  of  10  linien  each  =  0.291859  meter 
=  0.95756  U.  S.  foot. 


The  klafter  .  .  .  =  6  fuss. 

The  geometrical  ruthe  =  10  fuss. 


The  elle  =  2  fuss  10{  zoll  . 


=  0.91101  U.  S.  yd. 
=  0.833015  meter. 


The  meile  is  the  German  of  which  15  =  1  equatorial  de¬ 
gree.  According  to  the  common  acceptance,  it  equals 
25421.6  Bavarian  feet  =  74195  meters. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

Ordinary  measures  of  surface  =  the  squares  respectively 
of  the  measures  of  length. 


Agrarian  Measures. 

The  tagewerk,  or  morgen ,  or  juchart  —  40,000  square  fuss, 
subdivided  decimally  =  34.0727  French  ares  =  0.84198  U. 
S.  acre. 

HESSE. 


Money. 

Coinage  according  to  the  Monetary  Convention  of  24th 
of  January,  1857,  concluded  between  the  States  of  South 
Germany. 

Weights. 

4  quentchen 
32  loth  .  . 

100  pfund 

.  Measures. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

10  linien  =  1  zoll. 

10  zoll  _  1  fuss  |  _  9  84260  u.  S.  inches. 

2.4  fuss  (24  zoll)  =  1  elle. 

10  fuss  .  .  .  .  =  1  klafter. 

2000  klafter  .  .  .  =  1  wegstunde. 

3000  klafter  .  .  .  =  1  meile. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

Squares  of  the  measures  of  length. 


=  1  loth  ({  ounce). 

'=  1  pfund  (of  the  Zollverein). 

=  500  grammes. 

=  7716.174  U.  S.  troy  grains. 

=  1 .10231  U.  S.  pound  avoirdupois. 

=  1  centner. 


The  square  fuss 


=  0.0625  square  meter. 

=  96.875  U.  S.  square  inches. 


Agrarian  Measure. 

400  square  klafter  =  1  morgen  j  ~  0^6178*  acre. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 
Solid. 


Cubes  of  the  measures  of  length. 

1  cubic  fuss  (  =0.015625  cubic  meter, 
i  cubic  luss  j  _0-5518  u.  s_  cubic  foot. 


(  =  100  cubic  fuss. 

For  wood ,  the  stecken  J  =  1.5625  cubic  meter. 

(  =  55.18  U.  S.  cubic  feet. 


Dry  Measure. 

1  maeschen  (small  measure)  —  \  liter. 

4  maeschen  =1  gescheid. 

4  gescheid  =  1  kiirnpf. 

4  kiirnpf  =  1  simmer  =  0.9081  U.  S.  bushel. 
4  simmer  =  1  malter. 

Liquid  Measure. 

1  schoppen  •  •  •  j  II  6.132085  U.  S.  gallon. 
4schoppen  =  l  maas  =  0.52884  U.  S.  gallon. 

4  maas  =  1  viertel  =  2.11336  U.  S.  gallons. 
20  viertel  =  1  ohm  =  42.2672  U.  S.  gallons. 


GREECE. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities,  Athens  Patros  ;  but 

ZANTE  and  Cerigo  are  growing  in  commercial  im¬ 
portance.) 

Money. 

Money  of  Account.  —  From  1829  to  February  Jh-^ 
1833,  accounts  were  kept  in  terms  of  phoeniken  of  100 
lepta  each  ;  the  standard  phoeniks  being  =  $0.1741. 

Since  February  ^L.,  1833,  accounts  in  the  kingdom  of 
Greece  have  been  kept  in  drachma  aud  lepta  : 

100  lepta . =1  drachma. 

Greece  has  a  double  monetary  standard  —  gold  and  sil¬ 
ver.  The  legal  relation  fixed  to  the  weights  of  gold  and 
silver  coins  of  the  same  denomination  is  (as  in  France) 

1  to  154. 

(  =  $0.1728. 

1  gold  drachme  (standard)  j  =  0.8954  franc. 

( =  8.52  pence  sterling. 

1  silver  drachme  (standard)  =  $0.1742;  taking,  as  hith¬ 
erto,  the  market  value  of  gold  to  be  15|  times  that  of 
silver  ($0.1728  is  the  value  of  the  standard  silver 
drachme  answering  to  the  legal  assumption  that  gold  is 
worth  154  times  silver). 

It  is  understood  that  Greece  has  of  late  adopted  the 
French  standard  of  coinage. 

Coins.  —  By  a  tariff  of  February  1833,  the  old  coin 
called  phoeniks  was  declared  =  93  new  or  royal  lepta  ;  by 
the  same  tariff  the  Mexican  piaster  and  the  Spanish  (pil¬ 
lared)  piaster,  called  colonato,  were  made  legally  receivable 
as  =  6  drachma. 

Copper.  —  The  copper  coins  are  of  pure  copper,  and  are 
pieces  of  1  lepton,  and  2,  5,  and  10  lepta.  They  are  legal 
tender  only  in  payment  of  sums  not  exceeding  l-50th  (or 

2  per  cent.)  of  the  amount  of  any  debt. 

Silver. —  The  silver  coins  are  the  5-drachma,  the  drachme, 
the  {-drachme,  and  the  {-drachme  pieces.  These  coins 
contain  .9  of  fine  silver  to  .1  of  alloy. 

Gold.  —  The  gold  coins  are  the  pieces  of  20  and  40 
drachma.  They  contain  .9  of  fine  gold  to  .1  of  alloy. 

In  local  transactions  copper  is  the  chief  medium  of  ex¬ 
change.  Comparatively  little  silver  is  coined,  and  coins  of 
gold  are  yet  more  scarce. 


570  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

By  a  royal  decree  of  28th  July,  1836,  the  French  met¬ 
rical  weights  and  measures  were  adopted  for  Greece  ;  but 
only  with  the  existing  national  nomenclature.  To  the 
names  of  the  new  weights  and  measures  the  term  Royal  is 
prefixed. 

The  new  unit  of  weight  is  one  and  a  half  kilogramme. 

General. 

1  royal  kokkos  (centigramme). 

10  royal  kokkoi  =  l  royal  obolos  (decigramme). 

10  royal  oboloi  =  1  royal  drachme  (gramme). 

1.171875  old  oki. 


1500  royal  drachma 


=  468|  old  drachma. 

1.5  kilogramme. 


100  royal  mnai 


1  mna  4  = 

=  3.30693  U.  S.  lbs.  av. 

=  23148. 5232  U.  S.  grains 
=  1  royal  talen- 
ton  (talent,  or 
^  quintal) 


=  330.693  U.  S.  lbs. 
avdp. 


,,  ,  ,  (=  1  royal  tonos  ( ton ,  or  14  tonneau). 

10  royal  talcnta  J  _  339  £93  y.  g.  \bs.  ’avdp. 

Former  and  Customary  Weight. 

Peso-grosso.  — The  peso  grosso  (heavy  Venetian  weight) 
is  used  for  the  sale  of  Corinthian  raisins. 

=  400  old  drachma. 

=  1280  new  (or  royal)  drachma. 

64' 


Oka-weiglit.  —  The 
oka  or  stad era  is  orig¬ 
inally  that  of  Con-" 
stantinople,  and 


=  0.8533  (or  -!^|)  royal  mnai. 

=  2.683  libre-grosse  (or  heavy  Ve¬ 
netian  pound),  very  nearly  2§. 
=  2.8219  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

9  oki  .  .  .  =lpinaki. 

....  1  ,  ( =  118.07  libre-grosse. 

44  oki  .  .  .  —  1  cantaro  ^  _  124.16  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

1  -n  riAAAvv.  (  =  8.47  (about  8A)  can tari. 

1  miliar  of  1000  libre-grosse  »  _  372>655'  (about  $5)  oki. 

A  miliar  of  Jigs  denotes  bunches,  weighing  about  13  or  14 
cantaro. 

Coin-weight  is  by  grammes,  the  same  as  the  French. 
Apothecary  weight  as  in  Bavaria. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 


1000  royal  pechfeon 


'  =  1  royal  stadion  (kilometer). 

=  3280.867  U.  S.  feet. 

=  1093.62  U.  S.  yards. 

=  0.621376  U.  S  mile. 

=  1  mvriameter. 


10  !  =  1  «*•*  |  =  6.21376  U.S.  mi.es 

Old  Measures  compared  with  Nevj. 

1  new  or  royal  pechus  (  =  1.5432  old  small  piki,  or  endash. 

(or  piki)  (=  1.4948  old  small  piki. 

1  old  small  piki,  or  j  =  0.648  royal  or  new  piki. 

endash  (for  silk)  )  =  25.5120  U.  S.  inches. 

1  old  large  piki  (for  )  =  0.669  royal  or  new  piki. 

linens  and  woolens)  |  =26.3094  U.  S.  inches. 

1  builders’  surveyors’  (  .  ,  or  new  pikL 

brick-layers’  and  u#  g.  inches. 

masons’  piki  .  .  ( 

1  old  stadion  =184.184  royal  or  newpecheon  (piki), or  meters. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


1000  royal  (or  new) 
square  peche5n 
or  square-piki " 
(decare) 

The  old  stremma  of 
Morea 


=  10  ares. 

=  1  royal  stremma. 

=  0.7873  of  the  old  stremma  of  Morea. 
=  0.2471  U.  S.  acre. 

=  3025  old  small  square-piki. 

=  1.270  new  stremma  or  decare. 

=  1270  new  square  piki  or  sq.  meters. 
=  0.3138  U.  S.  acre. 


ITALY  AND  THE  PAPAL  STATES. 

The  Kingdom  of  Italy  comprises  the  Sardinian 
States,  Lombardy,  Tuscany,  Parma,  and  Modena,  Ro¬ 
magna,  Umbria  and  the  Marches,  Naples  and  Sicily. 

The  Papal  States,  comprising  prior  to  1859  twenty 
“  legations”  and  “  delegations.”  now  (1868)  embrace  only 
five,  namely,  Rome  and  the  Comarca,  Viterbo,  Civita  Vec- 
chia,  Velletri,  and  Frosinone. 

KINGDOM  OF  ITALY. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities ,  Genoa,  Florence,  Leg¬ 
horn,  Naples,  Turin,  Messina,  Palermo,  and 
VENICE.  The  seat  of  government  was  transferred ,  in 
1865,  from  Turin  to  Florence.) 


Royal  or  New. 

1  kybos  (millimeter). 

10  kyboi  =  1  mystron  (centiliter). 

10  mystra  =  1  kotyle  (deciliter). 

10  kotyla  =1  litra  (liter). 

100  litra  {  =1  f  °  }  =26.417  U.  S.  gallons. 

For  grain  measure ,  they  have  the  royal  kilo  (100  liters  or 
1  hectoliter)  =  468f  old  drachma  =  1 .17187  old  oki. 

For  oil  measure ,  they  reckon  the  liter  =  f  of  the  old  oka- 
weight. 

Commodities  for  which  there  are  capacity  measures,  as 
wood  for  fuel,  butter,  oil,  wine,  etc.,  are  also  often  sold  by 
weight. 

Former  Measures  of  Volume. 

(  =  0.3316  (nearly  \)  new  kilo  (koilon). 

1  old  kilo  ]  =  33.160  royal  litra  (liter). 

(  =  8.660  U.  S.  gallons. 

The  volume-weight  of  an  old  kilo  of  wheat  =  22  oki. 

1  barile  =  24  bozze  (boccoli),  for  wine,  honey,  and  oil. 

In  Patras  the  oil-barile  =  19£  oil-oki  =  48  weight-oki ; 
and  the  oil-oka  =  2^  common  oki. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

New  Measures  adopted  in  1836. 

1  royal  gramma  (millimeter). 

10  royal  grammata=  1  royal  dactylos  (centimeter). 

10  roval  daktyloi  =  1  royal  palame  (decimeter). 

10  royal  palamai  =  1  royal  pechus,  or  piki  (meter). 


Money. 

Since  the  monetary  convention  of  23d  December,  1865, 
concluded  between  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  and  Switzer¬ 
land  (called  the  quadripartite  monetary  convention),  the 
weight,  fineness,  and  value  of  the  standard  coins  of  gold 
and  silver  of  these  several  countries  have  been  assimilated. 
(See  France.) 

ACCOUNTS. 


In  certain  provinces  of  the  present  kingdom  of  Italy,  the 
French  standard  for  accounts  and  coins  was  adopted  prior 
to  the  date  of  this  convention. 

In  Italy  the  franc  is  called  lira,  or  lira  italiana  nuova. 

100  centesimi  =  1  lira,  or  lira  italiana  nuova. 

The  standard  is  double,  both  gold  and  silver. 

A  forced  paper  currency  superseded  to  a  large  extent  the 
use  of  coin.  This  paper  currency  on  the  5th  of  June,  1868, 
was  at  a  discount  of  about  8  per  cent  against  gold. 

The  standard  gold  lira  contains  -T.fi  of  a  gramme  of 

standard  trold  9  fine  f  =  ^0T930  U.  S.  gold, 
standard  gold, .  J  line,  j  _  9  51567  British  pence  sterling. 

The  standard  silver  5-lire  piece  or  scvdo  contains  25 
grammes  of  standard  silver,  .9  fine  =  #0.973  —  assuming, 
as  hitherto,  the  market  value  of  gold  to  be  15§  times  that 
of  silver. 

Silver  coins  of  smaller  denomination  than  five  lire  are 
subsidiary  and  legal  tender  only  in  payment  of  sums  not 
exceeding  50  lire  in  any  one  payment.  These  subsidiary 
coins  contain  to  the  lira  5  grammes  of  silver  of  the  fineness  of 
_8  3  5_.  intrinsic  value  of  such  lira  =  0.1805. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASUEES.  571 


COINS. 

Coins  of  copper  are  of  1  centesimo  weighing  each  2 

r 'amines,  of  2  centesimi  weighing  each  6  grammes,  and  of 
centesimi  weighing  each  10  grammes. 

Coins  of  silver  are  pieces  of  ^  lira  (25  centesimi),  ^  lira 
(50  centesimi),  1  lira,  2  lire,  and  5  lire  (or  scudo). 

Coins  of  gold  are  pieces  of  10,  20,  50,  80,  and  100  lire  ; 
although  those  of  80  lire  are  no  longer  coined. 

Coins  of  billon  of  £  monta  (20  centesimi)  and  1  monta 
(40  centesimi)  are  still  extensively  circulated  in  Lombardy 
and  Piedmont. 


Weights  and.  Measures. 

NEW  OR  METRIC  SYSTEM. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  aud  measures,  the  only 
legal  one,  was  adopted  in  the  kingdom  of  Italy  by  the  law  of 
29th  June,  1861 ;  so  that  the  meter ,  are,  liter,  and  gramme, 
with  their  decimal  multiples  and  submultiples,  are  now 
the  standard  measures  respectively  of  length ,  surface ,  vol¬ 
ume,  and  weight.  (See  France.) 

This  system  had  been  in  force  prior  to  this  date  in  several 
of  the  countries  which  are  now  incorporated  in  that  king¬ 
dom.  Its  use,  however,  is  not  yet  universal,  the  old  sys¬ 
tems  being  employed  to  a  considerable  extent  both  for 
customs  and  trade. 

It  was  legally  established  in  the  Sardinian  States,  the  1st 
of  April,  1850;  in  Lombardy,  in  1803,  while  under  French 
rule,  and  again  from  the  1st  of  January,  1861,  by  virtue  of 
the  law  of  the  15th  of  September,  1859.  In  Modena  it  was 
decreed  in  1859,  but  its  use  never  became  general ;  in  Ro¬ 
magna,  the  8th  of  October,  1859;  in  Tuscany,  the  11th  of 
January,  1860,  by  decree  of  the  provisional  government ; 
in  Emilia,  the  15th  of  September,  1860 ;  in  the  Marches 
and  Umbria,  the  10th  and  24th  of  November,  1860. 

LENGTH. 

(  39.37040  U.  S.  inches,  or 
1  meter  ,...=<  3.28087  U.  S.  feet,  or 

(  1.09362  U.  S.  yard. 

1  kilometer  .  .  .  =  0.62137  U.  S.  mile. 

SURFACE. 

lcentare  =  1  square  meter  =  1.550  U.  S.  sq.  inch. 

1  are  .  =  100  square  meters  =  j  ul  1.  sq.  yards. 

1  hectare  =  100  ares  .  .  .  =  2.471  U.  S.  acres. 


VOLUME.  —  DRY  AND  LIQUID. 


1 

1 

1 


...  (  =1.0567  U.  S.  wine  quart. 

mer . \  =0.2642  U.  S.  wine  gallon. 

hectoliter  .  .  .  =  2.838  U.  S.  bushels, 

stere,  or  cubic  meter  =1.3079  U.  S.  cubic  yard. 


WEIGHT. 


1  gramme  .  .  . 

1  kilogramme  .  . 

1  quintal  .  .  .  . 

1  millier  or  tonneau 


=  15.432348  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

=  2.2046  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

=  220.46  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

(  =  2204.6  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

)  =  0.9S42  long  ton  of  2240  lbs.  avdp. 


SARDINIA  AND  PIEDMONT. 

(Principal Cities,  Genoa,  Turin,  and  Alessandria.) 

Former  Money. 

The  French  silver  standard  for  money  was  adopted  in 
Genoa  2d  October,  1826  ;  aud  the  French  gold  standard  8th 
June,  1832. 

Prior  to  1826  accounts  in  Genoa  were  kept  in  lire,  soldi, 
and  denari. 

12  denari  =1  soldo. 

20  soldi  =  1  lira  or  lira  sarde  {  =  ^.8295  francs. 

Such  lire  were  called  lire  fuori  di  banco,  moneta  buona , 
that  is,  lire  outside  of  the  bank  in  good  coin ,  of  which  coin 
63  lire  were  reckoned  to  the  Cologne  or  Vereins  mark  of 


fine  silver.  The  Cologne  mark  (3608.94  U.  S.  grains  troy) 
of  fine  silver  is  worth  —  reckoning  the  value  of  gold  at  154 
times  that  of  silver — $10.10886  U.  S.  gold. 

There  continue  in  use  various  other  former  moneys,  —  as 
the  valuta  di  banco,  of  which  4  lire  di  banco  =5  lire  fuori 
banco ;  also  moneta  abusiva,  or  coin  depreciated  from  4  to 
10  per  cent,  below  fuori  banco,  moneta  buona;  also  moneta 
di  permesso,  of  which  about  54.8  lire  are  coined  from  the 
Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver,  the  value  of  the  lira  being 
consequently  about  $0,185. 

There  were  also  several  other  moneys  of  account,  divided 
into  20  soldi  of  12  denari  each  ;  as,  the  scudo  d'oro ,  or  gold 
dollar,  the  old  Genoese  half  doppia  (pistole) ;  the  scudo  di 
marca,  a  gold  piece  worth  about  11  lire  12  soldi  6.72  denari 
of  moneta  buona;  the  scudo  d^argento,  or  silver  dollar ;  the 
old  silver  genovina  of  9^  lire  fuori  banco,  moneta  buona  ; 
the  pezza  or  the  local  piaster  of  5|  lire  fuori  banco,  moneta 
buona  ;  and  the  scudo  di  cambio  or  dollar  of  exchange  of 
4.6  lire  fuori  banco,  moneta  buona. 

On  the  continental  portion  of  the  late  kingdom  of  Sar¬ 
dinia  accounts  were  kept  in  denari,  quatrini,  soldi,  lire,  and 
scudi,  according  to  the  lira  of  Piedmont,  of  which  44.3077 
were  coined  from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver. 


3  denari  .  .  .  .  = 

4  quatrini  .  .  .  = 

20  soldi . = 

6  lire . = 

The  lira  of  Piedmont  = 


1  quatrino. 

1  soldo. 

1  lira. 

1  scudo. 

1.1849  lira  nuova  { 
(or  French  franc)  j 


$0.23. 


On  the  continent  100  lire  nuove  or  lire  italiane  (francs) 
were  reckoned  =  85  lire  piedmontesi  =  120  lire  fuori  banco 
of  Genoa  ;  and  87  lire  nuove  (francs)  were  reckoned  =  100 
Austrian  lire. 


Former  Measures  of  Fengtli. 

1  piede  liprando  =  12  on^e.  each  of  12  punti,  each  of  12 
atomi  =  1.5  piede  manuale  (or  common  foot)  =  0.513766 
meter  =  1.686  U.  S.  foot=  20.227  U.  S.  inches. 

1  raso  of  14  once  =  0.59939  meter  =  23.598  U.  S.  inches. 

5  piedi  liprandi  =  1  tesa  (fathom). 

6  piedi  liprandi  =  1  trabucco. 

12  piedi  liprandi  =1  pertica  (perch). 

qaa  i.  v  >•  i-i-  (  =  2.466  kilometers. 

800  trabucchi  .  =  1  miglio  .  .{_1>53U.S.  miies. 

In  Genoa. 

„  ,0  ,  .  .  ,(=  0.249095  meter. 

1  palmo  of  12  once  (for  silk  fabrics)  j  _  9  g70  v  g>  inches. 

01  ,  .  ,  ,  •  f  =  0.58122  meter. 

2}  Palnn  =  1  braccio  j  _  ^  gg  v  g  incheS- 

9  palmi  =  1  small  ( piccola )  canna,  for  wholesale  of  woolens. 
10  palmi  =  1  common  canna,  for  linen  and  cotton  goods. 
10  .  .  (  —  1  large  (grossol  canna,  for  foreign  goods  ex- 

palmi  \  ceptsilk. ' 

On  the  Island,  of  Sardinia. 

1  palmi  .  .  .  =0.2625  meter  =10.334  U.  S.  inches. 

1  canna  of  8  palmi  =  2.1000  meters  =  82.67  U.  S.  inches. 
12  palmi  .  .  .  =1  trabucco. 

In  S as  sari. 

10  palmi  =  1  canna  =  1J-  common  canna. 

Former  Measures  of  Surface. 

Continental  Sardinia. 

t 

1  giornata  (day’s  work)  =  100  tavole  or  quadrat-pertihe 
(square  perches)  =  0.30  hectare  =  0.74 U.  S.  acre. 

On  the  Island  of  Sardinia. 

1  restiera  or  rasiera  =  202j  quadrat-palmi  =  1.39535  hec¬ 
tares  =3.45  U.  S.  acres. 


572 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


Former  Measures  of  Volume. 

DRY  MEASURE. 

In  Sardinia,  on  the  Continent. 

24  cucchiari  ....  =1  coppo. 

8  coppi  ....  .  =  1  emina. 

5  emine . =1  sacco. 

1  sacco  =  1150278  liters  =  3.271  U.  S.  bushels: 
U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

In  Genoa. 


:  29.263 


4  quarte . =1  quartino. 

4  quartini  .  ,  .  ,  =  1  mina. 

8  mine  . =1  mondino. 

1  mina=  116. 5593  liters=3.294  U.  S.  bushels  =  30.777 
U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

1  mondino  =  26.351  U.  S.  bushels 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 

Continental  Sardinia. 

Wine.  —  1  brenta  =  36  pente  or  pinte,  each  of  2  boccali, 
each  of  2  quartini  =49.258  liters  =  13.013  U.  S.  wine  gal¬ 
lons.  —  1  carro  =  10  brente  =130.13  U.  S.  gallons. 

In  Genoa. 

lbarile=90  amole  =  79.0161  liters  =  20.876  II.  S.  gal¬ 
lons.  =  1  mezzaruola  of  100  piuti  =  2  barili  =41.752  U.  S. 
gallons. 

Distilled  spirits,  in  Genoa,  are  sold  by  weight  —  by  the 
can  taro. 

OIL.  —  The  barile  of  4  quarti,  each  of  32  quarteroni,  i3 
the  oil  barile  (or  oil  orua)  of  Trieste,  and  is  reckoned  to 
weigh  7|  rubbia,  or  187£  local  pounds.  Weight  is  the 
standard. 

Weight. 

In  Sardinia,  on  tiie  Continent. 

Commercial  Weight. 

3  denari  .  .  .  =  1  ottavo. 

8  ottavi  .  .  .  =  1  oncia. 

1  =1  libbra  (or  pound). 

12  once  .  .  <  =  363.8445  grammes. 

(  =  0.8132  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

25  libbre  .  .  .  =  1  rubbo. 

Customs'1  Weight , 

since  the  early  French  occupation,  is  that  of  the  French. 

Apothecaries’’  Weight. 

The  apothecaries  pound  (of  12  once,  each  of  8  dramme, 
each  of  3  scupoli,  each  of  20  grani)  =  5-6  of  a  commercial 
pound  (libbra)  =307.3704  grammes  =  0.6776  U.  S.  lb. 
avoirdupois  =4743  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

For  Gold  and  Silver. 

1  marco  (of  8  once,  each  of  8  ottavi,  each  of  3  denari, 
each  of  24  grani,  each  of  12  granotti)  =  §  of  the  commer¬ 
cial  pound  (libbra)  =  245.8963  grammes  =0.5421  U.  S.  lb. 
avoirdupois. 

For  Coins. 

The  unit  of  weight,  since  the  introduction  of  the  French 
standard,  has  been  the  gramme. 

In  Genoa. 

Commercial  Weight. 

1  cantaro  (centner)  =6  rubbia,  or  100  rotoli,  or  150 
libbre,  or  1800  once  =  475.168  grammes  =  104.76  U.  S.  lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

1  libbra  =316.7789  grammes  =  0.698 1  lb.  avoirdupois. 


For  Gold  and  Silver. 

1  marco  =  §  of  the  commercial  pound  (libbra)  =  0.4656 
U-  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

LOMBARDY  .AND  VENETIA. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities,  Milan  and  Venice). 

Western  Lombardy  became  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Sardinia  by  the  treaty  of  Villafranca,  11th  July,  1859,  and 
the  peace  of  Zurich.  10th  November,  1859. 

The  kingdom  of  Sardinia  was  merged  into  that  of  Italy, 
17th  March,  1861. 

The  remaining  districts  of  Lombardy  with  Venetia  were 
added  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  by  the  peace  of  Prague,  23d 
August,  1866. 

Money. 

Moneys  of  Account. 

The  legal  money  of  account  in  Lombardy  proper  since 
1861,  and  in  Venetia  since  1866,  is  the  Italian  lira  or  lira 
nuova  of  100  centesimi,  worth  $0.1930,  or  1  franc. 

From  1858  to  1861,  accounts  in  the  former  Lombardo- 
Venetian  kingdom  were  required  to  be  kept  in  gulden  or 
florins  (fiorini)  of  the  45-gulden  standard  ( \b-gulden  fuss ) ; 
45  new  gulden  being  coined  from  the  miinzpfuud  (500 
grammes)  of  fine  silver. 

100  Austrian  soldi  (or  new  (  =1  florin  (or  new  gulden). 

kreutzers)  (  =  $0.4803  =  2.4S9  francs. 

From  1824  to  1858,  they  reckoned  in  Austrian  lire  —  3 
Austrian  lire  being  equal  to  the  conventions-gulden,  or 
gulden  of  20 -gulden  fuss ;  so  that  60  Austrian  lire  were 
coined  from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver. 

5  centesimi  .  .  .  .  =  1  Austrian  soldo. 

(  =  1  Austrian  lira. 

100  centesimi,  or  20  soldi  l  =  $0.1685. 

(=  0.8732  franc. 

100  new  gulden  (or  florins)  =  very  nearly  105  conventions- 
gulden  or  florins. 

In  Milan  they  also  reckon  in  current  lire  —  lire  correnti 
(lire  milanesi,  lire  abusive)  —  each  of  20  soldi,  each  of  12 
denari. 

5  current  lire,  or  lire  of  Milan  =  4  Austrian  lire  conven¬ 
tion  standard. 

1  current  soldo,  or  soldo  of  Milan  =  4  Austrian  centesimi. 

Therefore  75  current  lire,  or  lire  of  Milan,  were  coined 
from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver. 

Hence  1  current  lira  (lira  corrente)  or  lira  of  Milan  = 
$0.1348=0.6986  franc  or  Italian  lira  =  0.8  Austrian  lira, 
convention  standard  or  of  20 -gulden  fuss. 

National  Coins  of  the  former  Lombardo -Venetian 

Kingdom. 

In  Gold.  —  Under  the  law  of  1st  November,  1823,  the 
new  sovereign  (sovrano)  of  13  florins  20  kreutzers  (conven¬ 
tion  money)  =  40  lire,  nominal  value  =  $6,778  ;  and  the 
half  sovereign  of  6  florins  40  kreutzers  =  20  lire,  nominal 
value  =  $3,389. 

In  Silver.  — Under  the  law  of  1st  November,  1823,  the 
new  scudo  of  6  Austrian  lire,  or  of  2  gulden,  convention 
money  =  $1.0109. 

The  half  scudo  of  3  Austrian  lire,  or  1  gulden,  conven¬ 
tion  currency  =  $0.5055. 

The  Austrian  lira  =  20  kreutzers,  convention  currency 
=  $0.1685. 

The  half  and  quarter  lire  are  in  proportion. 

IN  Copper.  — The  soldo  (Austrian)  of  1  kreutzer  or  5 
centesimi  ;  the  3-centesimi  piece  of  0.6  of  a  kreutzer;  and 
the  piece  of  1  centesimo  of  0  2  of  a  kreutzer ;  also  a  piece 
of  10  centesimi  or  2  kreutzer. 

Venetia. 

Of  the  earlier  moneys  of  account  in  Venice,  used  in  the 
purchase  and  sale  of  certain  kinds  of  merchandise,  were 
the  moneta  correnta  piccola  (small  currency)  or  moneta  di 
piazza  (market  money ).  Of  this  currency  were  the  ducato 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  573 


of  24  grossi,  each  of  12  denari-di-ducato,  or  grossetti ;  and 
the  lira  of  20  soldi  or  marchetti,  each  of  12  denari -di-lira. 

Therefore,  1  ducato  piccolo  =  6.2  lire  piccole  =  124  soldi 
piccole ;  and  1  denaro-di-ducato,  or  grossetto  =  5 1  denari- 
di-lire. 

A  silver  ducat  of  still  (  =  8  lire  correnti  piccole. 

earlier  coinage  (  =  19  ducato  corrente  piccolo. 

By  law,  in  force  up  to  the  time  that  Venetia  became  a 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  — 

1  ducato  corrente  piccolo  =  3.64875  Austrian  lire ; 
so  that, 

1  lira  corrente  niccola  I  =  0  588506  Austrian  lira, 
l  lira  corrente  piccola  j  _  58  8506  Austrian  centesimi. 

Under  the  former  French  dominion,  and  until  the  1st 
of  November,  1823,  they  commonly  reckoned  in  Italian  lire 
(francs)  of  100  centesimi ;  a  system  of  reckoning  to  which, 
in  1866,  they  return,  after  a  disuse  or  abandonment  of  43 
years. 

Earlier  Venetian  Coins. 

The  earlier  Venetian  coins  during  the  period  of  the  Re¬ 
public  were  — 

In  Gold.  —  Zecchini  (sequins),  ducati  d'oro,  .and  doppie , 
doubloons  or  pistoles ;  worth  formerly ,  22,  14,  and  38  lire 
piccole  respectively  ;  and  worth  very  lately ,  13.60,  8.56,  and 
23.80  Austrian  lire  respectively ;  equal  respectively  to 
23  lire  piccole  2  soldi  2  \  denari,  14  lire  piccole  10  soldi 
10 J  denari,  and  40  lire  piccole  8  soldi  9l|-  denari. 

In  Silver.  —  Scudi  della  croce  (dollar  of  the  cross)  for¬ 
merly  of  12  lire  8  soldi  piccole,  now  of  7.65  Austrian  lire ;  the 
half,  quarter,  and  eighth  of  the  same ;  duc.ati  d’argenti 
(silver  ducats,  formerly  of  8  lire  piccole,  now  of  4.88  Aus¬ 
trian  lire  =  8  lire  piccole  5  soldi  10|  denari)  ;  the  half  and 
fourth  of  the  same  :  talleri  (dollars,  formerly  of  10  lire 
piccole,  lately  of  6.10  Austrian  lire) ;  and  the  half  and 
quarter  of  the  same.  These  talleri  (dollars)  were  coined 
for  commerce  with  the  Levant. 

IN  Copper.  —  Soldi  or  biggattini ;  half  soldi  or  bessini ; 
quarter  soldi  or  bessoni. 

Coins  for  the  Levant. 

Austria  has  coined  gold  zecchini  (sequins)  in  Venice  up 
to  the  year  1823,  especially  for  the  Levant  trade.  For  the 
same  purpose  Austria  has  coined,  and  to  a  late  period  has 
continued  to  coin  in  Venice,  the  Maria-Theres6  dollar,  that 
is  the  convention-species-tha'er  (of  2  gulden  of  the  20- 
gulden  standard)  with  the  old  stamp  and  the  year  number 
1780. 

Measures  of  Length. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  was  intro¬ 
duced,  under  the  French  dominion,  as  early  as  1803,  but  in 
trade  and  daily  work  the  old  locat  measures  continued  to 
be  used. 

METRIC  MEASURES  OF  LENGTH.  —  PROVINCIAL 
NOMENCLATURE. 

10  atomi  (millimeters)  =  1  dito  (centimeter). 

10  diti  ....  =  1  palmo  (decimeter). 

(  =  2.2979  old  Milan  foot. 

10  palmi  =  l  metro  <  =  1.68085  Milan  braccia. 

(  =  39.37040  U.  S.  inches. 

24  metri  .  .  .  =1  trabucco. 

f  =  1  miglio  (mile). 

innn  mpo-i  J  =0.56028  old  Lombard  miglio. 

IUUU  metn  .  .  .  i  —i  kilometer. 

[  =0.6214  U.  8.  mile, 
f  =1  lega  metrica  (metric  league). 

10  miglio  .  .  .  <  =1  myriameter. 

(  =6. 214  U.  S.  miles. 

LOCAL  MEASURES  OF  LENGTH,  STILL  IN  FREQUENT 

USE. 

In  Milan. 

1  piede  or  fuss  of  12  diti  (inches)  =  1264  atomi  des 
braccio  =0.435185  meter  =  1.4278  U.  8.  foot. 


1  braccio  =  12  once,  each  of  12  punti,  each  of  12  atomi  = 
0.594936  meter  =  0.65004  U.  S.  yard. 

1  miglio  lombardo,  or  old  Lombard  mile,  of  3000  braccia 
=  1784.8  metri  =  1.7848  new  miglia  (kilometers)  =  1.109 
U.  S.  mile. 

About  62|  such  miglia  =  1  average  degree  of  meridian. 

In  Venice. 

1  piede  (foot)  =  12  once  (inches),  each  of  12  linee,  each 
of  10  decimi  =  0.347735  meter  =  1.1409  U.  S.  foot. 

5  piedi  =  1  passo. 

6  piedi  =  1  pertica  grande  (large  perch), or  cavezzo. 

4\  piedi  =  1  pertica  piccola  (small  perch),  or  chebbo. 

The  braccio  (ell)  is  of  two  kinds,  each  divided  into  12 
once  (inches) :  (1)  the  braccio  da  lana  (woolen  ell),  also 
called  braccio  da  panno  (cloth  ell)  =  0.683396  meter  = 
0  747384  U.  S.  yard  ;  also  (2)  the  braccio  da  seta  (silk  ell  = 
0.638721  meter  =  0.6985  U.  S.  yard. 

100  passi  =  l  miglio  veneto,  or  Venetian  mile  =  1738.67 
meters  =1.0803  U.  S.  mile. 

63.906  miglia  =  l  average  degree  of  meridian. 

The  miglio  marino  is  the  common  sea-mile  of  the  United 
States  and  other  countries. 

Measures  of  Surface. 

1  tornatura  (hectare)  =  100  tavole  (ares),  each  of  100 
quadrat-metri  (square  meters)  =  15.2784  old  quadrat-per- 
tice  (square  perches)  =  2.471  U.  S.  acres. 

The  quadrat-pertica  (square  perch)  of  Milan  =  24  tavole, 
each  of  4  square  trabucci  of  Milan  =  6.54518  French  ares 
or  new  tavole  =  7.828  U.  S.  square  yards. 

The  migliajo  of  Venice  =  1000  quadrat-passi  =  30.2299 
French  ares  =  0.747  U.  S.  acre. 

Measures  of  Volume. 

DRY  MEASURE. 

1  soma  (hectoliter),  for  both  Dry  and  Liquid  measure  = 
10  mine  (decaliters),  each  of  10  pinte  (liters),  each  of  10 
coppi  (deciliters)  =0.68383  moggia  of  Milan,  for  grain  = 
1.20023  staja  of  Venice  and  Trieste  =  1.32355  wine  brente 
of  Milan  =  1.5531  wine  barile  of  Venice  =  2.838  U.  S.  bush¬ 
els  =  26.417  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

In  Milan. 

1  mina,  for  dry  measure  =  28  moggia,  each  of  8  staja, 
each  of  4  quatari  =  116.2  U.  S.  bushels  =  1081.7  U.  S. 
wine  gallons. 

1  moggio  =  1200  cubic  once  =  146.2343  liters  or  new  pinte 
=  4.150  U.  S.  bushels  =  38.631  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

Grain,  in  general,  must  be  struck,  but  oats  are  heaped. 

The  carja  of  oats  =  9  staja.  The  soma  of  rice  =  12  staja, 
and  weighs  230  libbre  grosse. 

In  Venice. 

1  stajo  or  staro  (star)  =2  mezzeni,  each  of  2  quarte,  each 
of  4  quartaroli  =  83.3172  liters  =  2.364  U.  8.  bushels  = 
22.010  U.  8.  wine  gallons.  The  stajo  of  wheat  averages,  in 
weight,  132  libbre  or  pfund. 

1£  staja  =  1  sacco  =  3.546  U.  S.  bushels. 

4  staja  =  1  moggio  =  9.457  U.  S.  bushels. 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 

Liquid  measure  same  as  dry  measure. 

In  Milan ,  local. 

WINE. — 1  brenta  =  6  mine,  each  of  8  pinte,  each  of  2 
boccali  =  620  cubic  once  =  75.5544  liters  or  new  pinte  = 
19.959  U.  8.  gallons. 

Oil  is  sold  according  to  peculiar  oil -weights 

In  Venice ,  local. 

WINE. — 1  barilla  =  64  boccali,  or  6  secchi,  each  of  4 
bozze,  each  of  4  quartucci  =  64.3859  liters  =  17.009  U.  S 
gallons. 


574 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


1  mastello  =  7  secchi  =  19.844  U.  S.  gallons. 

1  anfora  =  4  biconcie  (bigonzie,  bieonzi,  bicongi)  each  of 
2  mastelli  or  concie  =  56  secchi  =  158.75  U.  S.  gallons. 

1  botte  =  10  mastelli  =  70  secchi  =  198.44  U.  S.  gallons. 

1  burchio  =  60  botte  =  75  anfore  =  700  barille  =  11906.2 
U.  S.  gallons. 

Oil.  —  1  migliajo  =  40  miri,  each  of  25  so-called  oil 
pounds  libbre  da  olio.  —  1  botte  =  2  migliaja. 

1  miro,  capacity  =  15.79  liters  =  4.1713  U.  S.  gallons; 
and  1  miglia.jo  =  631.6  liters  =  166.85  U.  S.  gallons. 

1  miro,  weight  =  30|  libbre  grosse  (heavy  pounds)  = 
31.811  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp.  ;  and  1  migliajo  =  1210  libbre  grosse 
=  1272.44  U.  8.  lbs.  avdp. 


Weights. 

Commercial  Weight,  for  Gold,  Silver,  and  Coins. 

10  grani  (decigrammes)  =1  denaro  (gramme). 

10  denari  ....  =1  grosso  (decagramme). 

10  grossi  ....  =1  oncia  (hectogramme). 

10  once  =  1  libbra  metrica,  or  metric  pound  (also  libbra 
nuova  or  new  pound). 

=  1  kilogramme. 

=  3.08004  libbre  piccole  of  Milan. 

=  1.31145  libbre  grosse  of  Milan. 

=  4.25537  marchi  (marks)  of  Milan. 

=  2.09644  libbre  grosso  of  Venice. 

=  3.31973  libbre  sottili  of  Venice. 

=  4.19288  marchi  (marks)  of  Venice. 

(  =  2.2046  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

10  libbre  metriche  (metric  pounds)  =1  rubo. 

10  rubi . =1  quintale  (centner) 

10  quintali . =1  tonnellato,  or  migliajo. 


1  libbra  metrica  -j 


Customs'  Weight 

is  the  same  as  that  of  Austria  ;  the  zollpfund  or  half-kilo- 
gramme  being  the  unit. 


Apothecaries’’  Weight. 

The  same  as  in  Vienna. 

In  Milan,  local. 

Commercial  Weight. 

Three  kinds  of  weight :  — 

(1.)  Peso  piccolo  or  sottile  (light  weight)  for  goods  in 
general. 

(2).  Peso  grosso  (heavy  weight)  for  silk  and  coccoons, 
also  for  provisions  (butter,  etc.). 

(3.)  Libbra  da  olio  (oil  pound),  and  the  rubbio  of  25 
libbre. 


28  once  \  _ 


32  once 


24  grani  =  1  denaro. 

24  denari  =  1  oncia. 

(  =  1  libbra  piccola  (light  pound). 

12  once  <  =  326.793  grammes  or  new  denari. 

(  =  0.72046  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

(  =  1  libbra  grossa  (heavy  pound). 

2j  libbre  piccole  or  sottili. 

762.517  grammes. 

[=  1.6811  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois, 
j  =  1  libbra  da  olio  ;oil  pound). 

J  =  2§  libbre  sottili. 

1  =  871  448  grammes. 

[  =  1.9212  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Gold  and  Silver  Weight- 

The  same  as  the  former  coin  weight. 

24  grani  =  1  denaro. 

24  denari  =  1  oncia. 

=  1  marco  (mark). 

=  234.9973  grammes,  or  new  denari. 
=  0.6296  troy  pound. 

=  3625.9  U.  S.  grains  troy, 
i  =64  libbre  piccole  (light  pounds). 


8  once 


89  marchi  (marks 


Silk  Weight. 

Silk,  commonly,  in  Italy  is  sold  according  to  fineness, 
the  finer  commanding  the  higher  price.  The  fineness  is 
ascertained  in  the  following  manner :  On  a  spindle  or 
reel,  of  which  the  circumference  is  equal  to  the  old  Paris¬ 
ian  anne,  the  silk  is  wound  400  times.  This  skein  consti¬ 
tutes  a  sample,  the  fineness  of  which  is  inversely  a.s  the 
weight. 

In  Venice,  local. 

Commercial  Weight. 

12  once  .  .  .  =  1  libbra  (pound). 

100  libbre  .  .  .  =  1  centinajo  (centner). 

1000  libbre  .  .  .  =  1  migliajo. 

Three  kinds  of  commercial  weight :  — 

(1.)  Peso  grosso  (heavy  weight),  for  the  wholesale  of 
most  metals,  oil,  resin,  wool,  etc. 

(2.)  Peso  sottile  (light  weight),  for  most  drugs,  groceries, 
dye-stuffs,  soap,  cotton,  coffee,  tea,  sugar,  rice,  butter,  etc. 

(3.)  Silk  weight. 

4  grani . =1  carato. 

192  carati . =1  oncia. 

12  once  =  l  libbra  grossa  (heavy  pound)  =  476.9987 
grammes  =  1.0516  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

25  libbre  grosse  =  1  miro. 

1  centinajo  grosso  (100  libbre  grosse)  =  105.16  U.  S.  lbs. 
avoirdupois  =  85.1765  Vienna  pfund. 

In  practice,  20  libbre  grosse  are  taken  =  17  Vienna 
pfund. 

12  once  =  1  libbra  sottile  (light  pound)  =  1455  carati  of 
peso  grosso  =301.2297  grammes  =0.6641  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

400  libbre  or  4  centinaja  =  1  carica. 

1  centinajo  sottile  =  66.41  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois  = 
53.7899  Vienna  pfund. 

13  libbre  sottili,  in  practice  =  7  Vienna  pfund. 

In  Corinth,  the  stajo  denotes  260  libbre  sottili. 

12  libbre  grosse  =  19  libbre  sottili. 

The  commercial  weights  of  Vienna  have  of  late  years 
been  much  used  in  Veuice. 

Silk  Weight. 

6  sazzi . =1  oncia. 

12  once  =  1  libbra  =  1485  carati  of  heavy  weight  (peso 
grosso)  =  307.4406  grammes  =  0.6778  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois 
=  0.54899  Vienna  pfund. 

v  Gold,  Silver,  and  Jewelry. 

4  grani  .  .  .  .  =  1  carato. 

6  carati  .  .  .  .  =  1  denaro. 

6  denari  .  .  .  =  1  quarto. 

4  quarti  .  .  .  =  1  oncia. 

f  =  1  marca  (mark), 
j  =  j  libbra  grossa. 

8  once  .  .  .  .  -(  =  ’  1.019858  Prussian  mark. 

=  238.49936  grammes. 

(  =  3880.56  U.  S.  troy  grains. 

The  new  metric  weight  also  used  for  gold  and  silver,  as 
well  as  for  coins. 

Apothecaries ’  Weight. 

The  libbra  sottile  divided  in  12  once,  each  of  8  dramme, 
each  of  3  scrupoli,  each  of  20  grani. 

Special  Usages. 

Sardines  and  herrings  are  sold  by  the  1000. 

Lemons  and  oranges  by  the  box. 

Whale  oil  by  the  original  cask  or  barrel. 

Officinal  squills  by  the  100. 

Goat,  buck,  and  sheep  skins  by  pairs. 

Lamb  skins  by  the  100. 

Hare  skins  by  the  110. 

Cloth  brushes  by  the  100. 

German  sheet  tin  by  the  100  sheets. 

English  sheet  tiu  by  boxes. 

Window  glass  by  boxes. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  575 


TUSCANY. 

(Principal  Commercial  Cities,  Leghorn  and  Florence.) 

Former  Money. 

Since  its  incorporation  into  the  Italian  kingdom,  Tus¬ 
cany  has  adopted  the  Italian  lira  (or  lira  nuova)  =  L  franc 
=  $0.1930.  Former  systems  have,  however,  not  entirely 
disappeared. 

From  the  commencement  of  the  year  1837,  and  prior  to 
the  adoption  of  the  new  currency,  accounts  were  required 
by  law  to  be  kept  in  Tuscan  or  Florentine  lire  ( lire  toscane 
or  lire  Florentine).  It  was  permitted  to  subdivide  the  lira 
either  into  100  centesimi  or  into  20  soldi  of  12  denari 
each. 

Accounts  were  also  sometimes  kept  in  pezze  da  otto  reali 
(piasters  of  eight  reals),  each  pezza  being  divided  into  20 
soldi,  each  of  12  denari  di  pezza ;  and  also  in  ducati 
(ducats)  each  of  20  soldi,  each  of  12  denari  di  ducato. 

1  pezza  da  otto  reali  (piaster  of  8  reals)  =  5f  lire. 

1  ducato  or  scudo  corrente  .  .  .  .  =  7  lire. 

It  should  be  remarked  that  gold  is  considered  invariably 
at  a  premium  of  7  per  cent. ;  so  that  the  pezza  da  otto  reali 
d'oro  (piaster  of  8  reals  in  gold)  =  6.1525  lire  toscane,  or 
123.05  soldi  toscane. 

Prior  to  the  year  1837  accounts  in  Leghorn  were  fre¬ 
quently  kept  in  such  gold  pezze  (or  piasters),  but  in  1836 
a  law  was  enacted  requiring,  from  and  after  the  close  of 
that  year,  accounts  should  be  kept  in  Tuscan  lire.  In 
consequence  of  this  enactment  contracts  made  in  pezze  of 
gold  were  reduced  to  Tu  can  lire  upon  the  basis  of  123.05 
Tuscan  soldi  for  1  pezza  ;  a  value  which  accords  with  the 
premium  of  7  per  cent,  above  mentioned.  Payments  con¬ 
tinued  to  be  made  in  rusponi  and  franceschini  (gold)  al¬ 
though  stipulated  in  Tuscan  lire  (silver). 

According  to  the  legislation  of  the  year  1826,  the  Cologne 
mark  of  fine  silver  was  divided  into  62  Tuscan  lire,  thereby 
making  the  Tuscan  lira=  $0.1830  =fr.  0.845. 

The  following  table  shows  the  mutual  relations  of  the 
former  moneys  of  account  of  Tuscany  :  — 

4  denari  or  piccioli  =1  quattrino.  . 

3  quattrini  (12  denari)  =  1  soldo. 

1|  soldo  (20  denari)  =lcrazia. 

8  crazie . =1  paolo. 

14  paoli  (20  soldi)  .  =  1  lira  toscana. 

if  lira  (20  crazie)  .  =  1  fiorino  (florin). 

fiorini  (5|  lire)  .  =  1  pezza,  or  pezza  di  otto  reali. 

q_5F  pezze  (or  7  lire)  =  {  1  scudo^r^"J°ocii  corrente, 

Formerly,  in  Leghorn,  money  was  of  two  kinds,  moneta 
buona  (good  money)  and  moneta  lunga  (debased  money); 
the  value  of  the  former  to  that  of  the  latter  being  as  24 
to  23,  a  difference  of  about  4  per  cent.  The  latter  was  an 
imaginary  money  adopted  probably  to  simplify  computa¬ 
tions.  For  example,  a  pezza  of  5f  lire  moneta  buona  =  6 
Are  moneta  lunga. 

Gold  Coins  in  Circulation. 

Zecchino  (sequin),  or  ruspo,  or  zecchino  gigliato  (lily 
sequin),  standard,  an  old  coin  =  $2.32. 

Ruspone,  or  piece  of  three  zecchini  (triple  sequin)  of  40 
lire,  or  24  fiorini,  or  60  paoli,  standard,  old  and  new  = 
$6.93. 

Piece  of  80  fiorini  (1331  lire),  standard,  new  or  since 
1826  =  $21.68. 

Silver  Coins  in  Circulation. 

Dena,  or  piece  of  10  lire . =  $1,630. 

Mezza  dena  (or  half-dena) . =$0,815. 

Francescone  =  6|  lire  =  10  paoli  =  4  fiorini  =  $1,086. 

Franceschino  =  31  lire  =  5  paoli  .  .  .  =$0,543. 

Since  1826 :  — 

Fiorino  =  If  lire  =2f  paoli  =  100  quattrini  =  $0,271. 

Half  aud  quarter  fiorini  in  proportion. 


Other  silver  coins  in  circulation  are  the  paolo  (=  fj  )  1086), 
the  half  and  the  double  paolo ;  the  lira,  half-lira  and  quar¬ 
ter-lira. 

Copper.  —  Formerly  there  were  coined  pieces  of  1  soldo 
and  of  2  and  3  soldi,  also  of  one  piccolo  or  denaro  ;  later , 
pieces  of  1  quattrino,  and  of  2,  3,  and  5  quattrini. 

Former  Measures  of  Fengtli. 

1  braccio  or  ell  (for  cloth)  =  20  soldi,  each  of  3  quattrini 
or  12  denari  =0.58365  meter  =  1.9149  U.  S.  foot  =  0.6383 
U.  S.  yard. 

The  braccio  is  also  divided  into  12  crazie. 

2  braccia  =1  passeto,  or  double  ell. 

4  braccia  =  1  canna,  for  certain  fabrics. 

5  braccia  =  1  canna,  for  field  measure. 

( =  1  miglio,  or  Tuscan  mile. 

2833j  braccia  <  =  1653.67  meters. 

(=  1.0275  U.  S.  mile. 


Measures  of  Surface. 

100  tavole,  each  of  100  quadrat-braccia  (square  br  accia 
=  1  quadrato  =0.340346  hectare  =  0.8418  U.  S.  acre. 


Measures  of  Volume. 

DRY  MEASURE. 

2  quartucci  .  .  .  .  =  1  quarto. 

2  quarti . =1  mina- 

2  mine  .  .  .  .  .  =  1  stajo. 

3  staja  . =1  saccho. 

8  sacchi  ...  .  =  1  moggio. 

1  stajo  =  24.36286  liters  =  0.6911  U.  S.  bushel  =  6.4359 
U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

1  moggio  =  16.59  U.  S.  bushels  =  154.46  U.  S.  wine  gal¬ 
lons. 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 

Wine  Measure. 

2  quartucci  =  1  mezzetta. 

2  mezzette  =  1  boccaLe. 

2  boccali  =1  fiasco. 

10  fiaschi  =  1  mezzo  barile  (half  barrel). 

2  mezzi  barili  .  .  =1  barile  da  vino  (wine -barrel). 

9§  barili  da  vino  .  =  1  pipa. 

1  barile  da  vino  =45.5840  liters  =  12.042  U.  S.  wine  gal¬ 
lons  =  1  pipa  =  116.41  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

A  barile  of  wine  is  reckoned  as  having  a  net- weight  of 
133 V  Tuscan  pounds  ;  one  of  brandy,  rum,  and  other  dis¬ 
tilled  spirits,  120  Tuscan  pounds.  Necessarily,  the  weight 
of  each  kind  of  liquor  diminishes  with  an  increase  of  the 
proportion  of  alcohol  contained. 

Oil  Measure. 


8  fiaschi . =1  mezzo  barile. 

2  mezzi  barili  .  .  .  .  =  1  barile  da  olio. 

2  bariii  da  olio  .  .  .  .  =  1  somo. 

1  barile  da  olio  (oil-barrel)  =  33.4289  liters  =  8.8309  U.  S. 
gallons  —  1  somo  =  17.662  U.  S.  gallons. 

The  fiasco,  for  oil,  has  the  same  nominal  subdivisions  as 
for  wine. 

The  oil  barile  i3  reckoned  as  having  a  net  weight  of  88 
Tuscan  pounds. 


Weight. 


Commercial 


24  grani  , 
24  denari 
12  once 
100  libbre 
1,000  libbre 
5,600  libbre 


Weight. 


denaro. 

oncia. 

libbra  (pound), 
cantaro  or  centinajo. 
migliajo. 
tonnellata. 

0.7486  U.  S 


1  libbra  (commercial)  =  339.542  grammes: 
lb.  avoirdupois. 

The  libbra  (pound)  for  gold,  silver ,  and  coins,  and  like¬ 
wise  for  pharmacy ,  is  the  same  as  for  commerce  generally- 


576  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


For  gold,  it  is  divided  into  24  carati,  each  of  8  ottavi ;  for 
silver,  into  12  once,  each  of  12  denari ;  and  for  pharmacy, 
into  12  once,  each  of  8  dramme,  each  of  3  scrupoii,  each 
of  24  grani.  The  scrupolo  =  1  commercial  denaro. 

NAPLES  AND  SICILY;  OR,  THE  TWO  SICILIES. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities,  Naples,  Palermo,  and 

Messina.) 

Money. 

The  standard  coins  and  moneys  of  account  of  the  two 
Sicilies,  since  1861,  are  the  same  as  those  of  Italy,  namely, 
the  Italian  lira  (lira  nuova,  or  franc),  of  100  centesimi,  and 
=  $0.1930. 

Before  the  incorporation  with  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  ac¬ 
counts  were  kept  in  ducati,  or  ducati  di  regno,  subdi¬ 
vided —  iu  Naples,  into  100  grani,  or  10  carlini  each  of  10 
cavalli  (instead  of  12  cavalli  as  prior  to  the  year  1818)  —  and 
in  Sicily  into  100  vaiocchi  (instead  of  grani),  each  of  10 
piccioli  (instead  of  cavalli). 

In  Sicily,  accounts  were  also  frequently  kept  in  oncie, 
each  of  30  tari,  each  of  20  Sicilian  grani;  the  oncia  con¬ 
taining  600  Sicilian  grani. 

Payments  were  usually  made  in  Neapolitan  scudi  (dol¬ 
lars  or  piasters),  each  worth  12  carlini,  each  of  10  grani. 

The  Sicilian  tari,  carlini,  grani,  and  piccioli,  are  in  value 
only  one  half  the  Neapolitan  moueys  of  the  same  name;  or 
2  Sicilian  tari,  carlini,  grani,  and  piccioli  =  1  Neapolitan 
taro,  carlino,  grano,  and  picciola,  respectively. 

In  Naples,  1  ducato,  or  ducato  del  regno  =  2  patacas 
(pataccas)  =  5  tari  (or  10  Sicilian  tari)  =  10  carlini  (or  20 
Sicilian  carlini)  =  4  cinquini  =  66§  publicas  =  100  grani 
(Sicilian  baiocchi )  —  200  tornesi  (Sicilian  grani)  =  300 
quattrini  =  600  piccioli  (or  1200  Sicilian  piccioli)  =  1200 
cavalli  (or  2400  Sicilian  cavalli  or  calli). 

In  Sicily,  1  oncia  =  2J  scudi  =  3  ducati  =  5  fiorini  (flor- 
ens)  =  6  pataccas  =  30  tari  =  60  carlini  =  300  baiocchi  = 
450  ponti  =  600  grani  =  3600  piccioli  =  7200  cavalli  or 
calli. 

The  pataccas  and  cavalli  or  calli  of  Sicily  have  been  but 
little  used.  In  quotations  of  foreign  exchange,  the  Sicilian 
grano  was  divided  into  centesimi.  (hundredths)  di  grano; 
but  the  quotations  are  now  in  Italian  lire  and  centesimi. 

It  will  be  seen  that  1  grano  of  Sicily  =  1  tornese  of  Na¬ 
ples,  and  that  1  grano  of  Naples  (or  2  grani  of  Sicily)  =  1 
Sicilian  baiocco. 

The  silver  ducat  (ducato,  or  ducato  del  regno)  of  stan¬ 
dard  weight  and  fineness  (assuming  as  hitherto  the  value 
of  gold  to  silver  as  15£  to  1)  =  $0.82647  =  fr.  4.3351  ;  but 
the  average  value  of  such  ducats  is  $0.81763,  or  fr.  4.2375. 
The  silver  ducat  is  now  commonly  valued  at  4.25  Italian  lire 
(lire  nuove,  or  francs).  The  standard  value  of  the  silver 
oncia  (Sicilian)  =  $2.4794  =  fr.  13.005;  but  the  coins  in 
circulation  are  commonly  reckoned  =  12.75  Italian  lire  or 
francs.  The  standard  silver  scudo  (dollar  or  piaster)  = 
$0,992 

Gold  Coins- 

There  were  no  gold  coins  in  circulation  when  the 
kingdom  became  a  part  of  that  of  Italy,  gold  having 
been  demonetized  in  1854,  and  since  circulating  only  as 
merchandise;  but  gold  coins  of  1  oncia  (or  3  ducati,  or 
ducati  di  regno),  2  oncia  (6  ducati),  5  oncie  (15  ducati),  and 
10  oncie  (30  ducati),  had  been  issued  under  the  law  of  20 
April,  1818,  and  are  still  in  circulation. 

The  value  of  the  oncia  of  standard  weight  (3.7867 
grammes)  and  fineness  (0.996)  is  $2.5067. 

Silver  Coins. 

Under  the  law  of  1818  were  coined  the  standard  ducato 
—  weight  515  acini,  and  fineness  ;  pieces  of  12  and  6 
carlini,  or  of  120  and  60  grani;  scudo  (dollar  or  piaster) 
and  half  scudo;  pieces  of  2  carlini  (20  grani)  and  1  car- 


lino  (10  grani);  all  of  proportionate  weight  and  of  the 
same  degree  of  fineness.  —  Since  the  year  1845,  carlini  or 
Sicilian  tari ;  due  carlini  (piece  of  2  carlini),  or  piece  of  2  tari 
of  the  Island  of  Sicily  ;  sei  (6)  carlini,  or  Sicilian  piece  of  six 
tari;  dodoci  (12)  carlini,  or  Sicilian  piece  of  12  tari.  Also 
of  billon  of  silver,  a  piece  of  5  grani  of  debased  silver  (cinque 
grani,  piccola  moneta  d’argeuto). 

Copper  Coins. 

From  1818  to  1845.  —  Mezzo  grano  (,j  grano)  com¬ 
monly  called  “  tornese,”  and  known  on  the  Island  of 
Sicily  as  “  grano  Siciliano,”  or  “mezzo  baiocco”;  grano 
or  2  tornesi,  on  the  Island  of  Sicily  “  baiocco,”  or 
“  due  (2)  grani  Siciliani  ”  ;  due  grani  e  mezzo  (2£  grani 
piece),  or  5-tornesi,  or  cinquina,  called  on  the  Island  of 
Sicily  cinque  (5)  grani  Siciliani,  or  due  baiocchi  e  mezzo 
(piece  of  2|  baiocchi);  cinque  (5)  grani  (or  10  tornesi), 
known  on  the  Island  of  Sicily  as  dieci  (10)  grani  Siciliani, 
or  dieci  (10)  tornesi,  or  cinque  (5)  baiocchi. 

Measures  of  Length. 

In  Naples. 

1  palmo  =  10  decime.  each  of  10  centesimi;  or,  1  palmo 
=  12  once,  each  of  5  minuti  =  l^  Sicilian  palmi  =  0-26455 
meter  =  0.86796  U.  S.  foot  =  10.415  U.  S.  inches. 

Thecanna  (ell)  of  10  palmi  =  2.6455  meters  =  2.89321  U. 

S.  yards  =  1.28125  Sicilian  caune. 

In  commerce  the  old  canna  of  3  braccia  or  8  palmi  is  yet 
sometimes  used  =  0.8  of  the  new  canna  =  2.1164  meter  = 
2.3146  U.  S.  yards. 

7  palmi .  .  .  =  1  passo. 

5  passi  .  .  .  =  1  catena  (chain). 

1000  passi,  or  200  catene  =  1  miglio  (mile)  =  of  a  de-  . 
gree  of  meridian  =  1851.852  meters  =  1.151  U.  S.  mile. 

On  the  Island  of  Sicily. 

1  palmo  — 12  once,  each  of  12  linee,  each  of  12  punti  = 
■4-0-  Neapolitan  palmo  =  0.25810  meter  =  10.161  U.  S. 
inches. 

2  palmi  .  .  .  .  =  1  passeto. 

32  palmi  .  .  .  .  =  1  catena  (chain). 

128  palmi,  or  4  catene  =  1  corda. 

8palmi  =  l  canna  (ell)  =  -||  Neapolitan  canna  =  2.258 
U.  S.  yards  =  2.0648  meters. 

45  corde,  or  5730  palmi  =  1  miglio  =  0.2  German  mile  = 
0.8028  Neapolitan  mile  =  1.4866  kilometer  =  0.9237  U.  S. 
mile. 

74.74  Sicilian  miglia  =  l  average  degree  of  meridian. 

Measures  of  Surface. 

In  Naples. 

1  moggio  =  100  square  canne,  or  10  decime,  each  of  10 
centesime  =  6.9987  ares  =  0.1729  U.  S.  acre. 

On  the  Island  of  Sicily. 

1  salma  =  4506  square  canne,  or  4  bisacce.  each  of  4 
tomoli,  each  of  4  mondelli,  each  of  4  carozzi,  each  of  4 
quarti,  each  of  4  quartigli  or  square  canne  (quadrat-canne) 
=  262144  square  palmi  (quadrat-palmi)  =  174.626  ares  = 
24.951  Neapolitan  moggia  =  4.315  U.  S.  acres.  There  are 
various  old  local  measures  other  than  these. 

Former  Measures  of  Volume. 

DRY  MEASURE. 

In  Naples. 

1  tomolo  =  2  mezzette  or  half  (mezzi)  tomoli,  each  of  2 
quarte,  each  of  6  misure  (measures),  each  of  4  quartarole 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


577 


nr 3  cubic  palmier 55.5451  liters rrr  3.23067  Sicilian  tomoli 
=  1.576  U.  S.  bushel  —  14.673  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

1  carro  of  36  tomoli  =  56.75  U.  S.  bushels. 

On  the  Island  of  Sicily. 

1  salma  =  4 bisacce,  each  of  4  tomoli,  each  of  4  mondelli 
each  of  4  carozzi,  each  of  4  quarti,  each  of  4  quartigli. 

The  strictly  legal  tomolo  =  1  cubic  palmo  =  17.193  liters 
=  0.4879  U.  S.  bushel  =  4.4517  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

The  salma  of  16  le^al  tomoli  =2.7509  hectoliters  =  7.806 
U.  S.  bushels. 

In  actual  practice,  however,  the  standard  tomolo  is  a 
measure  which  contains  by  weight  20  Sicilian  rotoii  of 
olive  oil  at  the  temperature  of  54  degrees  of  the  Fahren¬ 
heit  or  12-|-  degrees  of  the  centigrade  thermometers.  Upon 
this  basis,  1  Sicilian  salma  of  16  Sicilian  tomoli  is  reckoned 
as  equal  to  about  5  Neapolitan  tomoli.  In  commercial 
usage,  1  Sicilian  tomolo  =  17.358  liters  =  0.4923  U.  S. 
bushel  =  4.5913  U.  S.  wdne  gallons  ;  and  1  Sicilian  salma 
=  2.7773  hectoliters  =  7-881  U.  S.  bushels. 

Other  Salme  used :  In  Palermo,  for  wheat  =  252  rotoii. 
In  Messina,  for  hazel  nuts  — 200  rotoii ;  for  flax  seed  =  320 
rotoii ;  for  chestnuts,  Indian  corn  (maize),  barley,  almonds, 
and  other  nuts  =314  tomoli.  —  In  Trapani,  the  salmi  for 
salt  =  700  kilogrammes,  and  in  Agosto,  712^-  kilogrammes. 

LIQUID  MEASURE. 

In  Naples. 


Wine. — 60  caraffe . =1  barile. 

12  barili . =1  botte. 


2  botti  ....  .  .  .  =  1  carro. 

1  barile  =1.26869  Sicilian  barili  =  43.625  liters  =  11.524 
gallons. 

1  carro  =  276.59  U.  S.  gallons. 

Oil.  — 16  staja  =1  salma. 

The  stajo,  as  weight  =  10}  rotoii  =  20.25  U.  S.  lbs.  avoir¬ 
dupois  ;  as  capacity  =  10.0984  liters  =  2.9016  U.  S.  gallons. 

The  salma  =  165  j  rotoii  =  147.31  kilogrammes  =  324.76 
U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

At  wholesale,  with  foreigners,  oil  is  sold  by  the  salma 
now  established  as  a  weight. 

At  retail,  oil  is  sold  b}r  measure,  the  contents  of  the 
standards  corresponding  to  certain  weights  of  oil  at  the 
temperature  of  20  centigrade  or  68  Fahrenheit. 

On  the  Island  of  Sicily ,  local. 

Wine.  —  1  bot.te  =  4  salme,  each  of  8  barili,  each  of  2 
quartari,  each  of  20  quartucci,  each  of  2  caraffe,  each  of  2 
bicchieri. 

The  strictly  legal  quartaro  (like  the  tomolo  of  dry  meas¬ 
ure)  =  1  cubic  palmo  =  17.193  liters  =4.542  U.  S.  gallons  ; 
so  that  — 

the  barile  .  =  34.386  liters  .  .  —  9.084  U.  S.  gals, 

the  salma  .  =275.09  liters  .  .  =  72.671  U.  S.  gals, 

and  the  botte  =  11.0036  hectoliters  =  290.69  U.  S.  gals. 

Practically,  however,  the  Sicilian  barile  =  0.8  of  the 
Neapolitan  barile  =  34.900  liters  =  9.219  U.  S.  gallons  ;  the 
quataro  =  24  Neapolitan  caraffe  =  17.450  liters  =  4.610  U. 
S.  gallons  ;  the  salma  =  279.20  liters  =  73.75  U.  S.  gallons ; 
and  the  botte  =  11.168  hectoliters  =  295.0  U.  S.  gallons. 

The  salma  of  lemon  juice,  is  reckoned  at  101  rotoii. 

Oil,  in  Sicily  as  in  Naples  proper,  is  sold  by  weight. 

Weight. 

Naples,  proper. 

Commercial  Weight. 

I  =  320.759  grammes. 

12  once  =  l  libbra  ]  =  0.7071  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

(  =  1.010685  Sicilian  libbre. 

37 


C  =10  decime  =  100  trappesi. 
2^-  libbre. 


33|  once  =  1  rotolo  j 

j  =890.997  grammes. 

1=  1  9643  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

100  libbre  {  =  L0??^0^®®010  (W  centner)‘ 

(  =  rfO.rfl  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

100  rotoii  =  1  cantajo,  cantaro  'centner),  or  cantajo 
grosso  (heavy  centner)  =  196.43  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

36  roteli  =  l()0  libbre. 


1  tonnellata 
(for  shipping) 


I 


=  1140  rotoii  of  goods  weighed. 
=  5|  salme  of  oil. 

=  25  tomoli  of  grain. 

=  2239.3  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 


Gold ,  Silver,  Coins,  and  Pharmacy. 

10  grani  or  acini  .  =  1  obolo. 

2  oboli  .  ...  =1  trappeso  or  scrupolo. 

3  trappesi  or  scrupoli  =  1  dramma. 

10  dramme  ...  =1  oncia. 

( =  1  libbra,  commercial. 

12  once  ....  <  =0.7071  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

(  =  1.37161  Prussian  mark. 

The  medicinal  aureo  =  9  oboli  or  lj  dramme. 


Island  of  Sicily  (Palermo),  local. 
Commercial  Weight. 


30  once  =  1  rotolo 


100  rotoii 
118  rotoii 


j  =  <y3.4zu  grammes. 

(  =  1.7492  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

(  =  1  cantaio  (cantajo)  or  cantaro  (centner). 
(  =  174.92  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

I  =1  carico  (of  sulphur). 

(  =  206.4  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 


The  cantaio,  for  almonds  =  102  rotoii. 

The  libbra,  for  volatile  oils,  raw  silk,  cochineal,  and  va¬ 
nilla  (and  in  Messina  also  for  manna)  is  the  same  as  that 
for  gold,  silver,  and  pharmacy.  —  2^  libbre  =  1  rotolo. — 
1  libbra  =  12  of  the  above  once,  each  of  4  quarte,  each  of 
4  dramme,  each  of  3  scrupoli  or  denari,  each  of  20  grani  or 
cocci,  each  of  8  ottavi  =  317.368  grammes  =  0.69967  U.  S. 
lb.  avoirdupois  =4897.7  U.  S.  grains  troy. 


Local  Customs  of  Trade. 

Rum  by  the  U.  S.  or  old  English  gallon.  • 

Lemons  by  boxes,  containing  from  36  to  42. 

Oranges  by  boxes,  containing  from  30  to  36. 

Lemon-juice  (raw),  by  the  salma. 

Soft-shell  almonds,  by  the  tomolo. 

Shelled  almonds,  by  the  cantaro  =  102  rotoii. 

Cocoons,  in  Palermo,  by  the  rotolo  ;  in  Messina,  by  the 
tomolo. 


PAPAL  STATES. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities  Rome  and  ClVITA  Vec- 

CHIA.) 

Money. 

The  Pontifical  lire  (of  100  centesimi)  on  the  1st  of  January 
1868,  superseded  the  scudo  (of  100  baiocchi)  as  the  legal 
unit  of  money. 

The  legal  and  invariable  proportion  between  the  new  and 
old  units,  was  declared  to  be  1  scudo  =  5$  lire. 

The  monetary  standard  is  double— -gold  and  silver. 

The  gold  lira  is  the  exact  equivalent  of  the  French  gold 
franc  ;  being  fine,  and  weighing  of  a  gramme.  The 
silver  lira  is  the  exact  equivalent  of  the  original  or  legal 
tender  silver  franc  of  France ;  being  fine  and  weighing 
5  grammes. 

There  are  issued  no  coins  corresponding  in  fineness  and 
value  to  the  subsidiary  or  debased  silver  coins  of  France. 


578 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


The  following  are  the  moneys  of  account  hitherto  in  gen¬ 
eral  use  in  Rome  and  the  entire  Papal  States. 

5  quattrini . =1  baiocco  (or  bajocco). 

100  baiocchi,  or  1  = :  1  scudo  Romano  (Roman 

10  paoli,each  of  10  baiocchi )  scudo,  dollar,  or  piaster). 
In  general  the  following  relations  obtain  in  local  ac¬ 
counts  :  — 


5  quattrini 
5  baiocchi 
2  grossi  .  . 

2  paoli  .  .  . 

1£  papeti,  or  ) 

3  paoli  ( 
3j  testoni,  or  i 

10  paoli  } 


=  1  baiocco. 

=  1  grosso. 

=  1  paolo. 

=  1  papeto. 

=  1  testono. 

=  1  scudo  romano  (-2). 


The  scudo  romano  is  indicated  in  books  and  accounts  by 
the  symbol  Z. 

From  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver  may  be  coined  9.66 
scudi  of  the  legal  weight  and  fineness,  or  about  9|  average 
scudi  as  ascertained  by  trials.  The  value  of  the  standard 
(or  legal)  scudo  consequently  is  $1,046,  and  of  the  average 
scudo  $1,037. 

The  value  of  the  Roman  scudo  is  about  the  same  of  that 
of  the  Spanish  piaster  of  1848. 

COINS. 

Gold.  —  Under  the  coinage  law  of  11th  January,  1835 :  — 

2£  scudi,  or  half  sequin . =  $2.59 

5"  scudi  or  sequin . —  5-19 

10  scudi,  or  pistole,  or  gold  doppice  .  =  10.37 

The  gold  coins  are  fine.  The  standard  piece  of  10 
scudi  weighs  17-336  grammes,  and  other  gold  coins  in  pro¬ 
portion. 

Silver.  —  Under  the  coinage  law  of  1835 :  — 

1  scudo  romano,  legal . =  $1,046 

£  scudo  romano  of  50  baiocchi  .  .  .  .  =  0.523 

1  testone  of  30  baiocchi . =  0.314  ; 

and  pieces  of  -^L,  and  ^q-  scudo,  or  of  20,  10,  and 
5  baiocchi  in  proportion. 

Billon.  — Coins  of  base  silver,  of  2,  4,  7|,  and  15  baioc¬ 
chi,  are  occasionally'  met  with. 

Copper .  —  Under  the  law  of  183  ;  baiocco  (or  quat- 
trino),  £  and  1  baiocco. 

BANK-NOTES  (CEDOLE) 

For  5,  10,  20,  25,  and  100  scudi  are  used  in  payments 
above  5  scudi. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

1  piede  (foot)  =  0.297587  meter  =  0.9763  U.  S.  foot. 

5  piedi  .  .  =  1  passo  .  .  =  4.8817  U.  S.  feet. 

The  cannn  is  of  three  different  sorts  :  — 

(1.)  1  canna  mercantile  of  8  palmi  mercantile,  each  of 
3  parti  (parts)  =  1.99263  meters  =  2.179  U.  S.  yards  — 
78.45  U.  S.  inches. 

(2.)  1  canna  architettonica  (builders-canna)  of  10  palmi 
architettonice,  each  of  12  once  (inches),  each  of  5  minuti, 
each  of  2  decimi  —  7i  piedi  =  2.23190  meters  =  2.441  U. 
S.  yards  =  87.866  U.  S.  inches. 

(3. )  1  canna  d’ai-a  (altar-canna)of  9  palmi  d’ara  or  palmi 
sacri  (holy-palmi)  =  14  meters  =  1.2303  U.  S.  yards  = 
44.292  TJ.  S.  inches. 

1  braccio  da  mercante  (commercial  ell)  =  0.670  meter  = 
26  4  U.  S.  inches. 

1  braccio  per  le  tele  (ell  for  linen)  —  0.635  meter  =  25.00 
U.  S.  inches. 

1  braccio  d’ara  (altar  ell)  =  6  palmi  sacri  —  4  canna 
d’ara  =  }  meter  =  29.528  U.  S.  inches. 


1  catena  (measuring  chain)  of  10  stajole  =  5|  builders’ 
canna  =  14.036  U.  S.  yards  =  505-2  U.  S.  inches. 

1  miglio  of  1000  passi  =  1487  934  meters  =  about  of  a 
German  geographical  mile  =  0-9245  U.  S.  miles.  2  miglia 
=  1  post. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

1  rubbio  =  4quarte,each  of  4  scorzi,  each  of  2  quartucci, 
each  of  7  quadrat-catene  (or  square  catene)  =  184.46 
French  ares  =  4.558  U.  S.  acres.  It  is  also  divided  into  7 
pezzi. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Grain. 

4  decine . —  1  stajo. 

saSta"} . = 1 

1  rubbio  =  2  rubbiatelle,  each  of  2  quarte,  each  of  2 
quarturelle  ;  the  rubbio,  also  =  22  scorzi,  each  of  4  quar¬ 
tucci  -  294.46  liters  =  8.356  U.  S.  bushels  —  77-787  U.  S. 
wine  gallons. 

Salt. 

The  same  rubbio  divided  into  2  quarte,  each  of  6  scorzi, 
each  of  4  quartucci. 

Lime. 

Is  sold  by  the  decina  of  grain  measure. 

Wine  and  Distilled  Spirits. 

1  barile  of  32  boccali,  each  of  4  fogliette,  each  of  4  quar¬ 
tucci  =  58.3416  liters  =  15.412  U.  S.  gallons. 

Oil. 

1  barile  of  28  boccali,  each  of  4  fogliette,  each  of  4  quar¬ 
tucci  =  57.48U6  liters  =  15.185  U.  S.  gallons. 

At  wholesale,  the  soma  (for  oil)  of  8U  cil-boccali,  or  of  2 
pelli  or  mastelli,  each  of  10  cugnatelle,  each  of  4  boccali 
=  2^-  oil  barili  —  164.23  liters  =  43.38  U.  S.  gallons. 

WEIGHT. 

Commercial ,  Gold ,  and  Silver  Weight- 

24  grani  .  =  1  denaro. 

24  denari  .  =  1  oncia. 

12  once  .  =  1  libbra  (pound). 

10  libbre  .  =  1  decina. 

inn  run  _  f  1  centinajo  (centner)  or  cantaro  piccolo 

1UU  Home  _  |  (small  cantar0). 

1000  libbre  =  j  1  uliKliaj°>  or  cantaro  grosso  (large 

1  cantaro). 

There  are  also  two  special  cantari,  of  160  and  of  250 
libbre. 

1  libbra  r=  339.073  grammes  =  0.74753  U.  S.  pound 
avoirdupois  =:  0.90845  U.  S.  pound  troy. 

1  centinajo  of  100  libbre  =  33.9073  kilogrammes  =  74.753 
U.  S.  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Coin  Weight. 

Formerly,  the  same  as  for  gold  and  silver;  since  1835, 
the  gramme. 

For  working,  gold  is  divided  into  24  carati  (carats);  and 
silver  into  12  once,  each  of  24  denari. 

Apothecaries'1  Weight. 

For  pharmacy,  the  unit  of  weight  is  the  commercial 
libbra  divided  into  12  once,  each  of  8  dramme,  each  of  3 
scrupoli,  each  of  24  grani,  each  of  24  parti  (parts).  The 
grano  (grain)  is  the  same  as  the  commercial  or  gold  grano. 

Shipping  Weight. 

For  ship’s  freight  the  rubbio  is  the  unit;  which  for  grain 
is  reckoned  as  a  weight  of  640  libbre  (pounds),  for  salt  at 
600,  and  for  peas,  beaus,  &c  ,  at  720  libbre. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  579 


JAPAN. 


(Principal  Commercial  Cities ,  NAGASAKI,  Yeddo  (or 
Tokei),  Osaka,  and  Hakodadi.) 

Money. 


10  mon  .  .  .  .  =  1  rin  ....  —  $0,001 

10  rin  .  .  .  .  zz  1  pun  .  .  .  zz  0.007 

10  pun  .  .  .  .  zz  1  monme  .  .  zz  0.0675 


By  the  Portuguese  the  monme  is  called  mas  (Dutch 
maas,  English  mace),  and  the  pun  candarin  (Dutch  con- 
di’ijen).  They  also  reckon 

(  zz  1  rice  or  tael 

10  mas,  mace,  or  monme  .  .  j _ <gQ  Q752 


Monme  is  likewise  the  name  of  the  Japanese  unit  of 
weight,  and  as  such  zz  If  grammes. 

As  a  coin,  the  quantity  of  silver  contained  of  the  fine¬ 
ness  of  S92-|-  thousandths,  is  such  that  149.744  (about 
149 lj)  monme  may  be  coined  from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine 
silver  ;  — consequently  the  tael  of  10  monme  zz  $0.6752. 

At  Osaka,  1  kobang  or  rio  zz  4  boos  zz  84  tempos  zz  128 
monme. 

According  to  the  statements  of  the  Portuguese  and  Dutch, 
until  about  the  year  1780,  the  local  taels  had  the  legal 
value  of  3j-  Dutch  guldens,  hence,  taking  the  value  of  the 
gulden  of  that  period,  7g1-g-  or  7.05714  taels  were  coined 
from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver.  The  value  of  such 
tael  was  therefore  $1,432. 


Gold  Coins. 


Cobang,  old,  assay  U.  S.  mint . 

Cobang,  new,  assay  U.  S.  mint . 

Cobang,  new,  average,  by  Dutch  assay  in  1834  . 

Cobang,  new,  average,  by  Dutch  assay  in  1833  . 

Cobang,  new,  average,  by  French  and  English  ) 

assay . ) 

Cobang,  new,  average,  by  earlier  Dutch  assay  . 

Cobang,  old  (uncurrent),  French  and  English  ) 

assay . j 

The  obo-ban  is  a  large  gold  coin  or  medallion,  designed 
for  show,  and  worth  from  20  (or,  with  premium,  24)  to  26 
kobang. 

There  are  also  of  gold  moneys,  the  itagone,  or  money 
slip,  and  the  kodama  (or  little  pearls)  of  various  weights 
stamped  in  proof  of  purity. 


=  $4.44 
=  3.558 
zz  4.446 
zz  4.863 

=  5.793 

=  5.632 

zz  10.044 


Silver  Coins. 


foot  measure  or  kano  sasi  (Chinese  kjok’  sjak’)  zz  0.308 
meter  =  0.994  U.  S.  foot. 

The  ken  (Chinese,  kian)  as  a  unit :  ikken  (that  is,  1  ken, 
Dutch  ikje)  zz  6j3q  sasi. 

60  ken . =1  tsjoo  (Chinese  ting)  or  masti. 

36  tsjoo  .  .  .  zz  1  ri  (Chinese  li),  the  Japanese 

mile  —  4123|-  meters  zz  2.5620  U.  S.  miles  zz  13527.6  U.  S. 
feet. 

The  ell  measure  is  the  tsune  sasi  (Chinese  zjoo  sjak’)  or 
kupira  sasi  zz  0.379  meter  zz  14. 9  U  S.  inches. 

A  great  ell  measure  is  the.  zjoo  (Chinese  jang)  which 
zz  2  ken  zz  3  818  meters  zz  125.26  U.  S.  feet. 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

The  pu,  or  square  ken  zz  3.6439  square  meters  zz  4.358 
U.  S.  square  -yards.  The  tsjoo  zz  10  tan,  each  of  10  sen. 
each  of  30  pu  zz  3000  pu  —  109.3  French  ares  zz  2.701  U. 
S.  acres. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Dry  and  Fluid  Measure. 

10  sasi  (Chinese  sjak’)  zz  1  goo. 

10  goo  zz  1  sjoo  (Chinese,  shing)  or  masu  (Dutch,  gan- 
tang)  =  16  cubic  kane  sasi  zz  1.7386  liter  zz  0.4593  U.  S. 
wine  gallon  zz  1.837  wine  quart. 

10  sjoo  zz  1  to  (ibto  zz  1  to ;  as  a  vessel,  tomasu ).  — 10  to, 
or  100  sjoo  zz:  1  kok’  or  koku  zzz  4.933  U.  S.  bushels. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial.  Gold  and  Silver. 

10  moo  (Dutch,  fokje)  zz  1  rin  (Dutch,  mokje). 

10  rin . =1  pun  (Dutch,  condrijen). 

( zz  1  monme  (Dutch,  maas). 

10  pun  ....  <  zz  If  grammes. 

(  zz  27  01  U.  S.  grains. 

160  monme  zz  1  kin  or  pound  zz  0-617  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

Payments  in  silver  and  copper  are  made  in  decimal  mul¬ 
tiples  of  the  monme  ;  as,  sju  monme  zz:  10  monme,  kjak’- 
me  zz  100  monme. 

Apothecaries'1  Weight. 

The  unit  is  the  weight  of  the  silver  coin  rjoo  (rjoo  gin, 
Dutch  schuit)  zz  4 ^  monme  zz  7.525  grammes  zz  116|  U. 
S.  grains  troy. 

10  rjoo  or  43  monme  zz  1  ma'i  zz  75}  grammes  zz  1161| 
U.  S.  grains. 


The  silver  pieces  in  most  general  circulation  are  the  it- 
zebu  (itsi-boo,  or  ichibu).  its  half  (ni-shiu),  and  its  quarter 
(is-shiu) — coins  of  rectangular  shape.  Some  of  the  coins 
are  below  the  standard  fineness. 

The  itzebu  (of  1600  sen,  zeni,  or  cash),  according  to  trials 
at  the  U.  S.  mint  zz  the  old,  $0.3763  ;  the  new,  $0.3380. 

The  value  of  the  itakane,  itaganne,  rjoo,  or  rjoo-gin 
(called  by  the  Dutch,  schuit),  according  to  Siebold  zz 
$2,928. 

Japan  has  also  mixed  gold  and  silver  coinage  in  circu¬ 
lation. 

Copper  a.nd  Iron  Coins. 

The  coins  of  copper  and  of  iron  are  the  sen  or  zheni 
(Chinese  tsien,  Dutch  pitjes,  English  cash).  Sometimes  96 
and  sometimes  100  cash  or  sen  are  reckoned  to  the  silver 
monme,  more  generally  100 ;  so  that  from  960  to  1000  cash 
are  contained  in  the  Japanese  tael.  The  copper  cash  are 
in  more  extensive  use  than  those  of  iron. 

Weights  and  Measures.  • 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

10  rin  .  .  .  .  zz  1  bun. 

10  bun  .  .  .  zz  1  sun. 

10  sun  .  .  .  .  zz  1  sasi  Chinese,  sjak’). 

Sasi  are  of  different  kinds,  but  the  one  most  used  is  the 


THE  NETHERLANDS  AND  COLONIES. 

( Chief  Commercial  City  of  the  Netherlands,  AMSTER¬ 
DAM.) 

Money. 

Moneys  of  Account, 

Since  1816.  5  cents  zz  1  stuiver.  100  cents  zz  1  Nether- 
land  or  Holland  guilder,  gulden,  or  florin. 

Prior  to  1816,  the  Holland  gulden  was  divided  into  20 
stuiver,  each  of  16  pennige. 

Since  March  22, 1839,  24§  gulden  are  coined  from  the 
Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver;  therefore  (assuming,  as 
hitherto,  the  value  of  gold  to  be  15§-  times  that  of  silver), 

(  zz  $0.4084  U.  S. 

1  Netherlands  or  Holland  gulden  !  zz  £0.0839 sterling 

(  zz  frs.  2  117 

Since  June  23,  1850,  silver  is  the  only  legal  tender. 

Gold  Coins. 


Double  Willem  d’or . zz  $8,050 

Willem  d'or  (gouden  or  golden  Willem)  .  .  zz  4.025 

Half  Willem  d’or . zz  2  0125 

Disappearing  (  double  ducat . zz  4.565 

from  use,  j  ducat . zz  2.283 


580  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


Silver  Coins. 


WEIGHTS. 


Ryksdaaler  of  2|  gulden . =  $1.0210 

Gulden  (or  florin) . =  0.4084 

^  gulden  .  . —  0.2042 


Billon. 

Pieces  of  25, 10,  and  5  cents  each. 

Pure  Copper  Coins. 

Pieces  of  1  cent  and  ^  cent,  being  of  the  legal  weight, 
respectively,  of  3.845  and  1.922  grammes  or  wigtjes. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

Since  1816,  the  weights  and  measures  in  use  are  those  of 
the  metric  system,  with  old  Dutch  names. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

In  force  since  1821 :  — 

1  streep  (millimeter). 

.  .  nr  1  duim  (centimeter). 


10  streepen 
10  duimen 


10  palmen 


10  ellen  . 
10  roeden 


{= 


1  palm  (decimeter). 

1  el  (meter). 

1.453^9  old  Amsterdam  ell. 
3.53191  old  Amsterdam  foot. 
39.37040  U.  S.  inches. 

1  roede  (decameter). 

1  mijl  (kilometer). 

0.62137  U.  S.  mile. 


Commercial :  Since'  1821 :  — 


10  hundertel-korrels 
10  zebntel-korrels  . 
10  wigtjes  .... 
10  lood . 


10  ons 


3  pond  .  .  .  . 
1  wigtje  .  .  .  . 


1  hundertel-korrel  (milligramme.! 
.  rn  1  zehntel-korrel  (centigramme). 
.  rn  1  wigtje  (gramme). 

.  nr  1  lood  (decagramme). 

.  rn  1  ons  (hectogramme). 

'nr  1  pond  (kilogramme), 
rz  2.2046  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

=  2.6792  U.  S.  lbs.  troy. 

—  2.03183  Holland  troy-ponds. 

—  2.02392  old  Amsterdam  com¬ 

mercial  ponds, 
zr  1  steen  (stone), 
nr  20.8059  llolland-as  troy  weight. 


Golf] ,  silver,  precious  stones ,  and  pearls,  are  sold  by  the 
wigje  (gramme),  or  by  the  old  jewel-karat  of  4  greinen  nr 
20.5894  centigrammes  or  new  zebntel-korrels  nr  3.177  U.  S- 
grains  troy. 

Apothecaries'1  Weight. 


Since  1821.  The  medicinal  pond  of  12  ons,  each  of  8 
drachmas,  each  of  3  scruples,  each  of  20  greinen  nr  5760 
greinen  nr  f  of  the  new  commercial  pond  nr  375  wigtjes 
(grammes)  1.01591  old  Amsterdam  medicinal  pond  zz 
5787.13  U.  S.  grains  troy. 


COLONIES  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

Since  1821 :  — 

100  square  ellen  .  rn  1  vierkaute  (square  are)  roede. 

1  nr  1  bunder  (hectare). 

100  square  roeden  \  —  1.2302  old  Amsterdam  morgen. 
(  —  2.471  U.  S.  acres. 


IN  THE  EAST  INDIES,  WEST  INDIES,  AND  WEST 
COAST  OF  AFRICA. 

JAVA. 

( Chief  City  of  the  Netherland  East  Indies ,  BATAVIA.) 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Cubic  Measure. 

( nr  1  cubic  meter. 

1  kubicke  el  ....  1  zz  1.308  U.  S.  cubic  yard. 

( rrr  35.31  U.  S.  cubic  feet. 


Money. 

Moneys  of  Account. 

The  same  as  in  the  Netherlands. 

100  cents,  or  100  duiten,  formerly  20  stuiver  rn  1  gulden 
or  silver  rupee  m  $0,408. 


1  wisse  (st5re) 


Wood  for  Fuel. 

. —  1  cubic  meter. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


Grain  Measure. 


Since  1823,  used  for  all  dry  products,  lime,  coal,  etc. 

10  maatjes  .  .  .  zz  1  kop  (liter). 

10  kop . rn  1  schepel  (decaliter). 

1  mud  or  zak  (hectoliter). 

2.838  U.  S.  bushels. 

0.898828  old  Amsterdam  mud. 
1.198437  old  Amsterdam  zak. 
3.595311  old  Amsterdam  schepels. 
m  1  ton. 

J  nr  5.676  U.  S.  bushels. 

,  nr  7.062  U.  S.  cubic  feet. 

30  mud  .  .  nr  1  last  .  .  nr  85.14  U.  S.  bushels. 


10  schepels 


2  mud  or  zak  (sack) 


Sometimes  they  divide  the  last,  like  the  old,  into  27  mud 
or  36  zak. 

A  last  of  wheat  is  reckoned  as  a  weight  of  2310  new  pond 
(kilogrammes),  and  of  barley,  2075  new  pond. 

Salt  is  sold  by  weight. 


Since  1830 :  — 
10  vingerhoeden 
10  maatjes  .  . 


100  kannen  . 


Liquid  Measure. 

m  1  maat  (deciliter), 
rr  1  kan  (liter). 

nr  0.824615  old  Amsterdam  mengelen. 
nr  1  vat.  (hectoliter), 
nr  2.6417  U.  S.  gallons, 
nr  0.64423  old  Amsterdam  aamen. 


The  old  Amsterdam-Rhenish  voet  (foot)  j _  10.300  IJ  ^feet 

The  old  Amsterdam  ell  nr  0.68781  meter  nr  2.2566  U.  S.  feet. 

f  nr  12  Rhenish  voet  (feet.) 

The  old  Rhenish  roede  <  nr  3  76735  meters. 

(  nr  12.360  U.  S.  feet. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

1  nr  2000  Rhenish  square  roeden. 
1  djong  of  4  vahn  .  .  .  ]  nr  2.84  hectares. 

(  nr  7.01  U.  S.  acres. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Dry  Measure. 

Bice,  Grain,  and  Salt.  —  The  koyang  as  a  weight  rn  27 
pikols  rn  3662.04  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois  nr  1661.07  kilo¬ 
grammes. 

Ii^Samarang  the  koyang  .  .  .  rn  28  Batavia  pikols. 

In  Surabaya  the  koyang  .  .  .  rn  30  Batavia  pikols. 

In  Bantam,  the  koyang  .  .  .  nr  64  Batavia  pikols. 

In  Cheribon,  the  tiayang,  used  ) _ on  niculs 

as  a  measure  for  rice  .  .  )  w  ** 

1  timbang  of  10  sack  weighs  5  piculs. 

1  amat  weighs  2  piculs. 

1  kulack  weighs  7|  catjes. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  581 


Liquid  Measure. 

1  kan  =  91  U.  S  cubic  inches  =  1.49  liter  or  New 
Netherland  kan  =  0.394  U.  S.  gallon. 

33  kans  .  .  .  .  £=  13  U.  S.  gallons. 

388  kans . —  1  legger  (for  arrack,  etc.) 

Liquids  are  often  sold  by  weight. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial  Weight. 

16  taels  .  .  .  .  =  1  catje  or  catty. 

(  =  1  picul  (originally  Chinese). 

100  catjes  .  .  .  •  }  =  135.63  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

(  =  61.52  kilogramme. 

3  piculs  .  .  .  .  =  1  small  bahar. 

4£  piculs  .  =  1  large  bahar  .  =  1^  small  bahar. 

10  catjes  .  =z  1  gan tang  (for  coffee,  etc.) 

In  practice  a  picul  (round)  is  reckoned  equal  to  136  U.  S. 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

The  old  Holland  troy  pound  is  also  used  =  1.3186  U.  S. 
troy  pound  1.075  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

Gold  and  Silver. 

9  reals  =  1  mark,  old  Holland  troy  weight  =:  246.0839 
grammes  —  3797-6  U.  S.  grains  troy. 


WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

The  systems  of  weights  in  use  are  the  old  Amsterdam  ot 
Dutch  weights  (generally  preferred),  the  Chinese,  and  the 
English. 

In  Amboina  (for  spices),  the  baar  or  bahar  of  50  barotti 
—  270.692  kilogrammes  rr  506|  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

In  Banda,  the  baar  or  picul  of  100  catjes  or  catties  = 
276.8  kilogrammes  =  610^  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois;  and  the 
sockel  (for  mace)  of  28  catjes  =  170.86  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdu¬ 
pois. 

In  Ternate  is  used  the  picul  of  Batavia  of  100  catjes,  and 
the  barotti  of  Amboina. 

Rice  and  salt  by  weight,  as  follows :  — 

In  Amboina,  the  rice-koyang  of  25  piculs  each  of  100 
catjes  of  silver  weight  =  3000  Holland  troy  pounds  =1476^ 
kilogrammes  3255  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

In  Banda,  the  same  koyang  (for  rice  and  salt)  is  divided 
iuto  40  maaten. 

In  Ternate,  the  bamboe  (for  rice  and  salt)  =:  1^  Holland 
troy  pound  =  733^  grammes  =  1627-5  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdu¬ 
pois. 

Gold  and  Silver. 


THE  MOLUCCAS  OR  SPICE  ISLANDS. 
(POSSESSIONS  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS  IN  FARTHER 

INDIA.) 

In  three  groups :  — 

1.  The  Tornata  or  Molucca  proper,  embracing  the  largest 
of  these  islands  ;  Gilolo,  the  more  distant ;  Ternate  Tidor, 
etc. 

2.  The  Amboina,  and  among  them  the  chief  island  of 
the  whole  Archipelago,  Amboina  (on  which  is  the  princi¬ 
pal  city  of  the  same  name). 

3.  The  Banda  Islands. 

Money. 

Moneys  of  Account  (since  1839). 


In  Amboina,  the  catje  of  20  taels,  each  of  16  maas  (or 
mace),  each  of  4  coubang  =  590.60  grammes  —  9114.3  U.  S. 
grains  troy. 

In  Ternate  there  are  used  all  the  measures  and  weights 
of  Batavia. 

SUMATRA. 

(ONE  of  the  four  large  islands  of  sunda.) 

The  Netherland  possessions  here  embrace  the  Palem- 
bang,  with  the  commercial  city  of  that  name ;  Benkulen, 
with  the  city  of  the  same  name ;  and  Pedang,  with  Pe- 
dang  the  chief  city  of  the  Netherland  possessions  and 
chief  commercial  mart  on  the  island  ;  Natal,  etc.  Acheen, 
with  a  fortified  city  of  that  name,  in  the  northwest,  is 
under  a  native  Principality. 


20  stuivers,  v>r  now  more  properly  100  cents  =  1  Nether¬ 
land  gulden  or  florin  (of  which  by  law  24f  are  coined  from 
the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver) ;  and  therefore  =  (§0.408. 


Foreign  Coins 


By  the  tariff  of  1826  are  worth  :  — 


Onzas  or  doubloons  .  .  . 

Spanish  silver  piasters  (or  1 

dollars) . 1 

Indian  sicca-rupees  .  .  . 

Holland  ducats  .... 

Holland  shillings  or  resthalfs 

Holland  diibbeltjes  .  .  . 


30  florins  or  gulden,  each. 
=  2Uy  florins,  each. 

1 florins,  each. 

3^  florins,  each. 

5  Netherland  stuivers, 
each. 

2  Netherland  stuivers, 
each. 


=  1 


Formerly,  and  until  a  very  late  period,  they  reckoned  in 
most  of  the  Netherland  East  Indian  Dependencies  in  ryks- 
daalers  of  48  Indian  stuivers  ;  12.85  Indian  ryksdaalers 
being  coined  from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver.  There¬ 
fore  1  Indian  ryksdaaler  =  .$0,787. 


Weights  and  Measures. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

1  covid  .  =  18- U.  S.  inches  .  =  0.46058  meter. 


Money. 

In  Padang  and  Palembang  they  reckon  in  rijksdaalers 
of  48  Indian  stuivers ;  lj-  rijksdaalers  exchanging  for  1 
Spanish  silver  piaster  or  dollar.  The  prices  of  merchan¬ 
dise  are  now  commonly  fixed  in  dollars  or  Spanish  piasters. 

In  Benkulen  (called  by  the  English  Fort  Marlborough) 
until  1824,  they  reckoned  in  dollars,  sometimes  called 
rials,  each  of  4  sookoos,  each  of  2  satallies,  the  dollar  or 
real  being  reckoned  at  5  shillings  sterling  (=  $1.21|) ; 
since  1824,  and  especially  since  1827,  the  same  as  Batavia. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

In  Bencoolen. 

Measures  of  Length. 

1  esto,  cubit,  or  covid . =  |U.S.  yard. 

2  estos  or  cubits  . .  1  hehloh  .  =  1  U.  S.  yard. 

4  estos  or  cubits  .  =  1  dipoh  .  .  =1  U.  S.  fathom 

Grain  Measure. 

4  chupahs . =1  koolah. 

f  =  1  coy  an. 

800  koolahs  ...  <  =  201600  U.  S.  cubic  inches. 

(  =  93.73  U.  S.  bushels. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 


Liquids. 


The  kan  of  Batavia. 
33  kans  .  .  .  • 


=  13  U.  S.  gallons. 


Sold  partly  by  weight,  partly  by  measure.  Chinese 
measures  also  used. 


582  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


Commercial  Weight 

Is  the  Chinese,  but  for  pepper  the  English. 

Gold  and  Silver  Weight. 

The  catty  of  16  taels  each  of  14  ringits,  or  12  kepings  = 
10208  U.  S.  troy  grains. 

In  Natal. 

Dry  and  Fluid  Measure. 

80  tubs  =  1  coyan  =  149.9  U.  S.  bushels.  — 1  tub  = 
17.44  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 

Gold  Weight. 

That  of  the  Chinese. 

Commercial  Weight. 

That  of  the  Chinese.  1  catty  uhtan  (for  camphor)  —  3 
Chinese  catties.  —  1  tompong  (for  benzoin)  =  60  Chinese 
catties. 

In  Paban». 

Rice  Measure. 

The  bambu  as  weight  =  74  Holland  troy  pond  =  3.691 
kilogrammes  8.11  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Salt  Measure. 

The  coyang  of  50  maaten  or  maass  =  3750  Holland  troy 
pounds  =  1845.63  kilogrammes  =  4068.9  U.  S.  lbs.  avoir¬ 
dupois. 

Commercial  Weight. 

100  catties . =  1  picul. 

( =  11  Holland  troy  pound. 

The  Malay  cattjr . <  =  0.92281  killogramme 

(  =  2.034  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
The  Batavia  or  so-called  Chi-  (  =  1.3563  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

nese  catty . |  r=  §  of  a  Malay  catty. 

The  bahar  =  220  Malay  or  330  Batavia  catties. 

Gold  Weight. 

The  tael  of  16  maass,  or  108  candareens,  or  700  racheems 
=  14  Batavia  rials  =  jr  Holland  troy  mark  =  41.014 
grammes  =  632.88  U.  S.  troy  grains. 

InPalembans. 

Weight  the  same  as  the  Chinese.  The  gulack  of  pepper 
r=  1|  catty. 

Gold  and  Silver  Weight. 

The  catty  of  10  taels  each  2  4  rials  or  Spanish  piasters  (or 
dollars) ;  the  same  as  in  Batavia. 

In  Acheen. 

Long  Measure. 

1  cubit . =  18  U.  S.  inches. 

Grain  and  Liquid  Measure. 

1  bambu  —  about  If  liter  =  about  0.440  U.  S.  gallon. 

8  bambus . =1  nelli. 

10  nellies . =1  guncha. 

10  gunchas . =  1  coyang. 

25  bambus  or  punies . =1  parah,  for  salt. 

Commercial  Weight. 


200  of  these  Malay  catties  z=  1  bahar  —  423  4  U  S.  lbs 
avoirdupois. 

In  practice,  1  local  or  Malay  catty  =  If  Chinese  catties. 
21  bambu  =  1  rice  mauud  =  75  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp.  =  34.02 
kilogrammes. 

Gold  Weight. 

The  above-mentioned  catty  divided  into  20  buncals,  each 
of  5  taels,  each  of  16  maass,  each  of  4  copangs.  5  maass 
_  1  may  am. 

CURASAO  or  CURASSAO.' 

THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  OF  THE  NETHERLAND  WEST 
INDIAN  POSSESSIONS. 

(  Chief  town ,  Willemstadt.) 

Money. 

Since  1827,  as  in  the  Netherlands. 

100  cents  =  1  gulden  of  the  standard,  24f  from  the 
Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver  —  {$0,408. 

The  price  prescribed  by  official  tariff  for  the  Spanish  and 
Mexican  onza  or  doubloon  is  40,  and  for  the  silver  piaster 
or  dollar,  2f  Netherland  gulden. 

Prior  to  1827,  accounts  were  kept  in  current  piasters, 
each  divided  into  48  stuivers,  or  8  reals  each  of  6  stuivers  ; 
(also  in  large  transactions  into  100  cents) ;  13.40625  current 
piasters  may  be  coined  from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine 
silver.  Therefore 

1  current  piaster  .  .  .  .  =  $0,754. 

11  such  reals . =1  Spanish  piaster. 

In  the  Island  of  St.  Martin  they  often  reckon  6  stuivers 
or  16  Netherland  cents  =  1  real  or  bit. 

12  reals  or  bits  =  1  daaler  =  $0,783. 

Weights  and  Meastires  of  the  Netherland 
West  Indies. 

Chiefly  the  old  Amsterdam,  but  frequently  the  old  Eng¬ 
lish,  or  United  States. 

In  Curasao  they  sell  also  by  the  Spanish  vara  =  33f  U. 
S.  inches  —  0.8477  meter  =  1.015  true  Castilian  vara. 
Here  they  reckon,  81  varas  =  100  Amsterdam  ells. 

In  Curasao,  1  pound  =  571.280  grammes  =  1.171  U.  S- 
lb.  avoirdupois. 

SURINAM. 

(Chief  town,  PARAMARIBO.) 

Guiana,  on  the  northern  coast  of  South  America,  is  di¬ 
vided  into  three  districts  :  the  British  colony  of  Demarara, 
the  French  colony  of  Cayenne,  and  the  Netherlands  colony 
of  Surinam. 

Money. 

Money  of  account  in  Surinam,  since  1827  :  — 

1  gulden  =  100  cents  (Netherlands)  =  $0,408. 

Frequently  also,  1  gulden  =  20  stuiver,  each  of  8  duiten, 
each  of  2  pennige. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

The  same  as  the  old  Amsterdam. 


NIGRITIA  or  SOODAN  (Africa). 

(  Chief  Commercial  Marts  —  TlMBUCTOO,  MAJO,  Bal- 
leo,  and  Cabara.) 


(  —  1  so-called  Malay  catty. 

20  buncals . \  —  0  9603  kilogramme. 

(  =  14820  U.  S.  grains  troy. 


Commerce  is  mostly  exchange  of  products  and  foreign 
coins,  as  Spanish  dollars,  Maria  Theresa  thalers,  Egyptian 
and  Turkish  piasters,  etc. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  583 


PERSIA  (Iran). 


; Commercial  Cities  —  Ispahan,  Tauris,  Teheran, 
Meshed,  Reshd,  and  Shiraz.) 

Money. 

Moneys  of  Account. 

50  dinars  =  1  shahi . =  $0.001jj 

10  shahi  =  1  panabat,  or  papabat  .  .  .  =  O.Oljj 
( 1  sahib  keran, or  saab-kran,  ) 

20  shahi  =  j  or  sometimes  keran  or  |  =  0.22| 

(  kran.  ) 

10  saabkrans  =  1  toman . =  2.278 

According  to  the  new  valuation,  1  toman  =  ^  of  a  Rus¬ 
sian  half-imperial  =  $2,278. 

Gold  Coins. 

According  to  trials  in  Philadelphia :  — 

Toman  under  Mohammed  Shah,  1839 

(1255  Hegira) . 

Half-toman,  under  the  same,  1837 

(1253  Hegira) . 

Toman,  under  Feth  Ali  Shah,  1814- 
1824  (1230-1240  Hegira)  .  .  . 

Toman,  under  the  same,  1799  (1214 
Hegira) . 

According  to  trials  in  Bombay  in  1826  :  — 

Toman,  date  uncertain,  perhaps  1812  =  $3,077 
New  Persian  toman,  probably  1825  .  =  2.885 
Persian  ducat,  average . =  2.053 


j  =  $2,244 

j  =  1.122 

[—  3.C34 
\=  4.001 


Silver  Coins. 

According  to  trials  in  Philadelphia :  — 

Saabkran  or  sahibkeran,  under  Mo-  )  _ 
hammed  Shah,  1839  (1255)  .  .  .  j  ~ 
Panabat,  under  the  same,  1835  I  _ 

(1250) . J" 

Saabkran,  under  Feth  Ali  Shah,  1808  I  _ 

(1223) . f~ 

Saabkran,  under  the  same,  1807  )  _ 

(1222) . )- 

Iluzar-dinar  under  the  same,  1807  1  _ 

(122a) . )- 

According  to  trials  in  Bombay  in  1826 :  — 

Persian  rupee  (very  nearly  the  saab-  )  _ 

kran  of  1807) . j  “ 

New  Persian  rupee  (very  nearly  the  I  _ 
saabkran  of  1808) . J  “ 


$0.2238 

0.1118 

0.3783 

0.4206 

0.2825 

$0.4209 
:  0.3756 


The  Teheran  guz,  called  the  zer  of  Teheran  =  42  U.  S. 
inches  =  1.0668  meters. 

6000  guz  or  arshine  .  .  •  {  f  ^TTiniles. 

v  6 

Field  Measure. 

The  karwar  =  100  batman,  each  of  125  square  arshine 
=  168055^  U.  S.  square  feet  =  156.123  French  ares. 

Grain  Measure. 

4  sextarios . =1  cheuica. 

2  chenicas . =1  capicha  or  hemina. 

(=  1  artaba. 

25  capichas  or  8  collothun  \  =  65.238  liters. 

( =  1.851  U.  S.  bushel. 

15  capichas . =1  legana. 

22  sextarios . =  sabbitha. 

Besides,  grain  and  all  dry  merchandise  are  sold  by 
weight. 

Liquids 

Are  sold  by  weight. 

WEIGHTS. 

Weights  differ  greatly  in  different  places  ;  only  the  small 
weight  miscal  (miskal)  is  everywhere  the  same.  Among 
the  larger  weights  is  the  maund  or  batman. 

(1.)  In  Tauris  or  Tabrez,  Meshed,  Herat ,  etc.,  the 
maund  of  40  seers  or  640  miscals  r=  3  098  kilogrammes  m 
6.83  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp.  This  Tauris  maund  is  the  one  in 
most  common  use,  and  is  always  understood  to  be  meant 
when  not  otherwise  specified. 

(2.)  In  Ispahan  the  so-called  maund  shah  (or  royal 
maund)  =  1280  miscals  =  6  196  kilogrammes  =  13.66  U. 
S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

(3.)  In  Reshd  the  maund  =  2560  miscals  =  12.392  kilo¬ 
grammes  —  27-32  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

(4.)  In  Shiraz  or  Chiraz,  Bushire,  and  Gamroon  =  720 
miscals  =  3.485  kilogrammes  =  7.682  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

In  Teheran,  the  rih  =  1600 miscals  =  7-745  kilogrammes 
=  17.0746  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp.  This  is  call  d,  in  Ispahan,  the 
larger  rih,  and  is  used  for  silk  ;  its  half  is  called  the 
smaller  rih,  and  is  used  for  indigo. —  The  silk  maund  has 
6  oki.  The  ferdeh  or  kuleh  (sack),  by  which  in  Reshd  raw 
silk  is  sold,  has  from  26  to  30  oki. 

The  tchanak  or  tesherek  has  160  miscals ;  sometimes 
150.  — The  ratel  has  100  miscals. 

The  karwar,  halwar  or  last  =  100  Tauris  maunds  =r  5 
Ispahan  (or  royal)  maunds  =  25  Reshd  maunds. 


Gold  and  Silver  Weight. 


Coppe-,  Coins. 

Shahi;  half-shahi  ;  pool,  or  pool-Teheran  :=  §  shahi; 
and  kasbegi  =  Jg-  shahi. 


4  carats  . 
6  dongs  . 
2  miscals 

The  miscal 


.  =  1  dong. 

.  =  1  miscal. 

.  =  1  derhem  (or  drachme). 

f  =r  4  840  grammes. 

'  |  =  74.7  U.  S.  grains. 


Weights  ami  Measures. 


Pearl  Weight. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 
7  barley-corns  .  .  .  .  =  1  finger. 


24  fingers . =  1  foot. 

2  feet . —  1  guz,  gers,  or  arshine. 


1  abas 


=  0.1158  gramme. 
==  2;J  U.  S.  grains. 


PORTUGAL. 


The  guz  shah  (or  royal  guz)  —  for  woolen  fabrics  — 
=  4U.  S.  inches  —  1.0160  meter. 

The  guz  Mokasar  (especially  for  Persian  manufacture 
and  for  retail  trade)  =r  39.8  U.  S.  inches  =  0.9347  meter. 

The  guz  Tauris  40. 4  U.  S.  inches  1.0262  meter. 

There  is  also  a  larger  guz  or  arshine  of  44  U.  S.  inches  ~ 

1 1176  meter  which  is  the  base  of  itinerary  and  field 
measure. 


( Chief  Commercial  Cities  —  LISBON  (Lisboa)  and 
Oporto.) 

Money. 

The  re i  is  the  unit  of  account. 

.  ( =  1$000  reis. 

1000  reis  .  =:  1  nnlreis  .  .  j  _  $1<08047  U.  13.  gold. 


584  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


1000  milreis  =  j  1  j““‘  }  =  1:000$000  reis. 

1000  contos  =  j  1  de  J  —  1.000:0008000  reis. 

The  symbol  ($)  is  one  of  several  different  symbols  used 
to  indicate  the  place  of  thousands  ;  a  colon  (  : )  indicates 
the  place  of  millions ;  and  a  full  point  (  .  )  the  place  of 
thousands  of  millions.  For  example,  44,372, 536, 74S  reis  is 
commonly  written  in  accounts  44  372:536$748. 

Milhao  (denoting  million),  standing  by  itself  or  unquali¬ 
fied,  denotes  a  million  of  reis.  —  Milhaode  cruzados  denotes 
a  million  of  cruzados,  etc. 

Uuder  the  new  law  of  1st  August,  1854,  the  milreis  (gold) 
=  $1.08047  U.  S.  gold  =  0.1625708  new  German  crown. 

Gold  is  the  standard,  being  legal  tender  as  payment  in 
all  amounts;  silver  is  subsidiary,  and  is  not  required  to  be 
received  in  payment  for  any  greater  amount  than  5000 
reis,  about  $5  U.  S.  gold. 

The  new  gold  coins  have  a  fineness,  as  hitherto,  of  916§ 
thousandths,  or  22  carats  (il) ;  the  fineness  of  the  new 
silver  coins  is  also  916§  thousandths. 

The  new  gold  coins  are  the  crown  (coroa)  of  10,000  reis, 
the  £-crown  of  5000  reis,  the  1-crown  of  2000  reis,  and  the 
-crown  of  1000  reis.  The  crown  weighs  17.735  grammes, 
and  is  worth  $10.8047  U.  S.  gold.  The  weight  and  value 
of  other  gold  coins  are  in  proportion. 

The  new  silver  coins  are  pieces  of  5  tostoes  or  500  reis,  of 
2  tostoes  or  200  reis,  of  1  tostao  or  100  reis,  and  of  4  tostao 
or  50  reis ;  the  piece  of  5  tostoes  weighing  12£  grammes, 
and  the  weight  of  the  other  silver  coins  in  proportion.  The 
5-tostao  piece  (intrinsic  value)  =$0.4953. 

In  the  new  coinage,  copper  money  has  undergone  no 
change. 

The  former  golden  pepas  and  half  pepas  are  to  be  taken 
as  legal  coius  of  the  value  of  8000  and  4000  reis  respectively, 
and  of  English  sovereigns  and  half  sovereigns  of  full 
weight,  as  of  the  legal  value  of  4500  and  2250  reis  re¬ 
spectively. 

Former  Money  6f  Account  and  Coins. 

6  ceitis  .  .  .  .  =  1  rei. 

20  reis . =1  vintem. 

2  vintems  .  .  .  =  1  real* 

2^  reals  .  .  .  .  =  1  testao  or  tostao. 

4  testoes  or  tostoes  =  1  old  crusado. 

1.2  old  crusados  .  =  1  new  crusado. 

24  old  crusados,  or  i  _  . 

o  i  ,  >  =  1  milreis. 

2^~  new  crusados  J 

9000  reis  or  9  mil-reis  can  be  coined  from  the  Cologne 
mark  of  fine  silver.  Such  silver  mil-reis  is  therefore  — 
assuming,  as  hitherto,  the  value  of  gold  to  be  15f  times 
that  of  silver — equal  to  $1,123  U.  S  gold. 

The  earlier  coinage-systems  of  Portugal  are  very  com¬ 
plicated. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

NEW  OR  METRIC  SYSTEM. 

The  metric  system  of  weights  and  measures  exists  le¬ 
gally  in  Portugal,  having  been  established  by  the  law  of 
20  July,  1864. 

FORMER  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

12  pontos  .  =  1  linha. 

12  linhas  .  =  1  pollegada. 

S  =  1  pal  mo  de  Craveiro  (standard  palmo). 
=  0.22  meters. 

=  8.661  U.  S.  inches. 

The  palmo  de  Craveiro  avantejado  or  good  measure  = 
8|  pollegadas. 

The  palmo  da  Junta  is  divided  into  10  pollegadas,  and 


is  smaller  by  9  per  cent,  than  the  palmo  de  Craveiro,  91  of 
the  latter  being  equal  to  100  of  the  former. 


! 


=  0.33  meter. 

=  1.0827  U.  S.  f./Ot. 


)  ,,  i  =  1.1  meters. 

J  =  1  vara  ore11  {  =  1.203  U.  8. 


yard. 


12  pollegadas  =  1  pe  (foot) 

5  palmos  de 
Craveiro 

1  varo  Covado  =  3  palmos 

In  retail  trade,  1  large 
Covado  . 


=  0.66  meter. 

=  25.984  U.  S.  inches. 
=  3  palmos  avantejados. 
=  0.680625  meter. 

=  26.7968  U.  S.  inches. 


English  manufactures  are  sold  by  the  English  yard ;  6 
yards  in  practice  commonly  being  reckoned  =  5  varas,  20 
yards  =  27  covados. 


2  varas  .  .  .  =  1  brapa. 

14  varas  or  5  pes  =  1  passo  geometrico  (for  land  measure). 
11711  brapas  =  1  estadio  =  0.1604  U.  S.  mile. 

f  =  1  milha  (small  mile). 

8  estadios  .  .  {  =  2065.653  meters. 

(  =  1.2835  U.  S.  mile. 


3  milhas 


j  =  1  legoa  (large  mile). 
{  =  3.8504  U.  S.  miles. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


1  square  vara  .  .  =1.21  square  meter. 

4  square  varas  .  =  1  square  brapa. 

f  =  1  geira. 

4840  square  varas  <  =  58.564  French  ares. 

(=  1.447  U.  S.  acre. 


GRAIN  MEASURE. 

Also  for  salt  and  most  other  dry  measures. 

2  salamins  or  meio  (half)  oitava  =  1  oitava. 

2  oitavas . =1  quarta. 

2  quartas . =1  meio  alqueire. 

2  meios  alqueires . =1  alqueire. 

4  alqueires . =1  fanga. 

15  fangas . =1  moio. 

Grain  measures  are  very  different  in  different  localities. 
In  Lisbon ,  the  alqueire  =  13. 841  liters  =  0.39277  U.  S. 
bushel  ;  the  fanga  =  55  363  liters  =  1  5711  U.  S.  bushel 
and  the  moio  =  830  45  liters  =  23.565  U.  S.  bushels. 

100  of  these  Lisbon  measures  =  79^  like  measures  of 
Oporto. 

The  alqueire  for  shell-almonds  =  14  Lisbon  pounds- 
LIQUID  MEASURES. 

2  meios  quartilhos  =  1  quartilho. 

2  quartilhos  .  .  =  1  meia  (half )  Canada. 

2  meias  canadas  =  1  Canada. 

6  canadas  .  .  .  =  1  pote. 

2  potes  .  .  .  =  1  almude. 

These  measures  vary  in  different  places. 

In  Lisbon  the  almude  =  16.74  liters  =  4  422  U.  S. 
gallons. 

The  wine  tonelada  contains  2  Lisbon  wine  pipes,  each  of 
30  almudes  ;  and  occasionally  32  almudes. 

18  almudes  .  .  .  =  1  barril. 

100  almudes  of  Lisbon  =  66  almudes  of  Porto. 

100  almudes  of  Faro  =  474  almudes  of  Lisbon. 

The  Lisbon  oel-pipa  contains  30  almudes,  each  contain¬ 
ing  by  weight  from  33  to  34  Portuguese  arrateis  (pounds). 
In  practice  generally  it  is  reckoned  at  34  arrateis,  but  for 
Balsam  of  Copaiva  334- 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

24  groes  (singular  grao)  =  1  escrupulo. 

3  escrupulos  .  .  .  =  1  oitava  (eighth). 

8  oitavas . =1  onpas. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  585 


4  onpas  .  .  . 
2  quartos  .  . 

2  meios  arrateis 

128  arrateis  .  . 
54  arrobas  .  .  . 


.  =  1  quarto. 

.  =  1  meio  (half )  arratel. 

'=  1  arratel  or  libra  (a  pound). 
=  459  grammes. 

']  =  7083  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

=  1.012  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

=  1  quintal  or  4  arrobas. 

.  =  58. 752  kilogrammes. 

,i=  129  525  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 
j  =  1  tonelada  or  ship  load. 

•  )  =  874.S  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 


Since  1853,  the  unit  of  weight  for  customs  is  100  arrateis 
|1  custom  house  arroba). 


Gold  and  Silver. 


The  marco  —  i  commercial  arratel  =  229}  grammes  = 
0.61489  U.  S.  troy  pound. 

Apothecaries ’  Weight. 

The  apothecaries’  arratel  =  f  commercial  arratel  =  1| 
gold-marco  —  12  on  pas  each  of  8  oitavas,  each  of  3  escru- 
pulos,  each  of  24  groes  (grains)  =  344^  grammes  =  0.759 
U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

RUSSIA. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities — St.  PETERSBURG,  MOS¬ 
COW,  Riga,  and  Odessa.) 

Money. 

The  money  of  account  is  the  rouble  (rubel  or  rubl)  of 
100  copecks  (kopieyki). 


COINS. 

Coins  are  of  copper,  silver,  platinum,  and  gold. 

The  copper  coins  in  general  circulation  are  of  5  and  2 
copecs,  of  1  copeck,  and  of  £  and  j  of  a  copeck.  —  Silver 
coins  are  the  one-rouble  piece,  and  pieces  of  50,  25,  20,  15, 
10  and  5  copecks  each.  —  The  platinum  coins  are  pieces  of 
the  legal  value  of  3,  6,  and  12  silver  roubles,  and  were 
issued  under  Nicholas  I.  The  coinage  of  these  pieces,  since 
February,  1846,  has  been  wholly  discontinued,  their  value 
being  found  to  fluctuate  greatly.  These  coins  were  never 
received  with  favor  by  the  people.  By  a  ukase  of  February, 
1845,  their  export  and  import  was  forbidden. — The  gold 
coins  at  present  issued  are  the  half-imperial  (pol-imperial) 
or  pistole,  and  the  imperial  ducat ;  the  former  legally  of 
the  value  of  5  gold  roubles,  or  5^5g-  silver  roubles;  the 
latter,  by  law,  equaling  3  silver  roubles. 

Intrinsic  values. 

The  standard  silver-coin  rouble  . 

The  half-imperial  (pol-imperial)  or 
pistole  (gold)  of  standard  weight 
and  fineness,  according  to  the 
ukase  of  February  14,  1817  .  . 

The  new  half-imperial  (gold)  or 
pistole,  since  1836,  according  to 
trials  . 

The  standard  imperial  ducat  (gold) 

=  20  Polish  florins . 


Weights  and  Measures. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


( —  $0.77792. 

{  —  £0.15985. 

(  =  fr.  4  03167. 

=  0. 59987  German 
crown. 

(  =  $3.98682. 

=  £0.81922. 

.=  fr.  20.6621. 

I  =  0.59853  German 
<  crown. 

(=  $3.9114. 

(  -  0.35992  German 
{  crown. 

( =  $2.39200. 


1  dienga. 

1  copeck  (kopieyka). 

1  pietak  (or  piece  of  five). 

1  gryvnik  (or  greevnik). 

1  sorokovka  (40  diengas). 

1  poltinnik,  or  poltiua  (half¬ 
rouble). 

1  rouble  (rubel,  or  rubl). 

The  legal  standard  for  money  is  double  —  both  gold  and 
silver.  There  is  also  a  forced  paper  currency  consisting  of 
government  notes  (Imperial -credit-notes). 

Prior  to  January  Jg-,  1840,  all  accounts  were  kept  in 
bank-assignats  (government  bank  notes).  In  August, 
1839,  an  Imperial  ukase  fixed  the  relative  legal  values  of 
the  paper,  silver,  and  gold  money,  by  declaring  350  as¬ 
signat  roubles  equal  to  100  silver  roubles  ;  and  103  silver 
roubles  equal  to  100  gold  roubles.  The  same  ukase  also 
decreed  that  from  the  commencement  of  the  year  1840,  all 
accounts  should  be  kept  in  silver  roubles. 

By  an  Imperial  ukase  of  July  Aj,  1843,  the  assignat 
roubles  (or  bank-assignats)  were  to  be  withdrawn  from  cir¬ 
culation,  and  other  paper  money,  to  wit,  silver-rouble 
Imperial-credit-notes,  issued  in  their  place,  in  denomina¬ 
tions  of  50,  25, 5,  3  and  1  silver  roubles,  and  the  circulation 
of  these  notes  as  the  equivalent  of  coin,  was  made  com¬ 
pulsory.  These  notes  now  constitute  the  current  money 
of  the  empire,  and  are  the  moneys  referred  to  as  “silver 
roubles  ”  in  market  and  exchange  quotations.  In  commer¬ 
cial  transactions,  however,  these  silver-rouble  credit-notes 
are  at  discount  as  against  silver  coin.  In  April,  1854,  they 
were  at  12  per  cent,  discount  against  silver  coin  ;  in  Feb¬ 
ruary,  1855,  they  were  at  21  per  cent,  discount  against 
silver  coin,  and  24  per  cent,  against  gold  coin.  In  June, 
1868,  these  notes  were  at  from  15  to  16  per  cent,  discount 
against  silver  coin.  The  re-importation  of  these  silver- 
rouble  Imperial-credit-notes  is  forbidden. 


2  dienuska  (or  die-' 

niushecka,  small  _ 

money,  diminu-  ' 
tive  of  dienga 
2  diengas  (diengi)  .  zz 
5  copecks  (kopieyki)  zz 
10  copecks  .  .  .  .  zz 

20  copecks  .  .  .  .  zz 

50  copecks  .  .  .  .  j 

100  copecks  .  .  .  .  zz 


12 

21 

8 


2 


3 


linie  or  If  duim  zz  1  vershok  zz  If  U.  S.  inch. 


vershki 

shoks 


or  ver- 


|=1  stopa 


1  U.  S. inch. 

1|  U.  S. inch, 

14  U.  S  inches. 


stopi  (stopee)  or  )  _  1  arsheen 
stopas  .  .  .  j  1  arhUeea 

arshini  or  ar-  \  zz  1  sazhen 
sheens  .  .  . j  (saazhen) 


(  zz  28  U.  S.  inches. 
|  =  1  U.  S  military 
(  pace. 

}  =  7  U.  S.  feet. 


f  zz  1  versta  or  verst. 

500  sazhni  (saazhnee)  or  J  zz  3500  U.  S.  feet. 

sazhens . ]  zz  0.66288  (f  nearly)  U.  S.  mile. 

[  zz  1066.8  meters. 


100  U.  S.  miles  zz  150^-  versti  or  versts. 


LAND  MEASURE. 

(  =  2400  square  sazhni  (saazhnee)  or  sazhens. 
1  dessiatina  <  zz  109  26  ares. 

(=  2.85  U.  S.  acres. 

The  dessiatina  (originally  denoting  tithe)  is  usually  of 
the  form  of  a  parallelogram  60  sazhens  long  by  40  wide. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

For  Wood  for  Fuel. 

The  legal  cubic  sazhen  I  c.l^’c  ^ret' 

6  )  =  9. 1 1215  cubic  meters. 

In  Petersburg  the  3-brand  sazhen  zz  f  of  a  cubic  sazhen, 
and  the  1-brand  sazhen  z:  i  ofa  cubic  sazhen ;  in  Moscow, 
the  3-brand  sazhen  zz  of  a  cubic  sazhen,  and  the  1-brand 
sazhen  zz  -JL-  of  a  cubic  sazhen. 

1  O 


Grain  Measure. 


30  chasts . =1  g5rnietz. 

2  gmfiL  (g5r°l?e  .°r!  }  = 1  chet™'ka  '  =  J  <*<*"*«• 


586 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


2 


2 


chetverki  (chetverkee) 
or  chetverkas  .  .  . 


=  1  pol  (half)  chetverik. 


pol-chetveriki  or  pol- 
chetveriks  .... 


=  1  chetverik  (chetvereek). 

=  ^  chetviert. 

=  1601.21185  Russ,  or  U.  S.  cu- 
■  bic  inches. 

=  26.2377  liters. 

=  0.7445  U.  S.  bushel. 

=  6.9312  U.  S.  gallon  (wine). 


2  chetverilci  (chetveree- 
kee)  or  chetveriks 
2  paiki  (paikee)  or  paioks 

2  osmini  (osmeenee)  or 
osminas . 


=  1  paiok  (soldiers’  ration). 

=  1  osmina. 

=  1  chetviert. 

=  12809.6948  Russ,  or  U.  S.  cu¬ 
bic  inches. 

=  2-0990  hectoliters. 

=  5.9560  U.  S.  bushels. 


A  chetverik  is  the  volume  occupied  by  64  funts  (foonts) 
of  distilled  water  at  16°§  centigrade  (or  62°  Fahr.)  weighed 
in  vacuo. 


A  kul  (cool)  or  sack,  which  properly  will  hold  a  chetviert, 
is  by  law  accepted  as  a  weight ;  the  kul  of  barley  weighing 
260  funts,  and  the  kul  of  oats,  220  funts. 

The  last,  of  grain  and  seeds  contains  20  chetvierts  ;  the 
last  of  oats  contains  20  kuls  (or  kuli)  or  440  funts. 


Liquid  Measure. 


1  charka  (gill)  .  .  .  . 

10  charki  or  charkas  .  . 

10  kruzki  or  kruzkas,or  [ 
8  stoff  .... 

3  vedra  or  vedras  .  . 

6  ankri  or  ankers  .  . 

2g-  oxhofti  or  oxhofts  - 


.  =  0.2599  U.  S.  pint. 

.  =  1  kruzka  (kroojka,  a  jug). 

( =  750.568  Russ,  or  U. 

,  .  !  S.  cubic  inches. 

=  1  vedro  -j  _  12-2989  ]iters. 

{  =  3.2490  U.  S.  gals. 
=  1  ankerok  or  anker. 

=  1  oxhoft. 

=  1  botchka. 

=  40  vedra  or  vedros. 

=  129.96  U.  S.  gallons. 

=  491.956  liters. 


A  vedro  is  the  volume  of  30  pounds  Russ,  (funts)  of  dis¬ 
tilled  water  weighed  in  vacuo,  at  the  temperature  of  16°f 
centigrade  or  62°  Fahrenheit. 


WEIGHTS. 


Commercial  Weight. 


96  doli . 

3  zolotniki  or  zolotuiks 

96  zolotniki  or  zolotniks 


40  funti,or  pounds 
Russ.  .  .  . 

10  pudi  or  puds  .  . 


=  1  zolotnik. 

=  1  lott  (for  postal  use). 

=  1  funt  (foont)  or  pound  Russ. 
=  409.51156  grammes. 

=  0.90282  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

=  1.09718  U.  S.  lb.  troy. 

=  1  pud  (pood). 

=  16.3805  kilogrammes. 
='36.113  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

=  1  berkovetz. 


The  funt  or  pound  Russ,  is  a  weight  equal  to  that  of 
25  019  cubic  inches  of  distilled  water  in  vacuo  at  the  tem¬ 
perature  of  16§  degrees  of  the  centigrade  or  62  of  the  Fah¬ 
renheit  thermometers. 


Gold,  Silver,  and  Coin. 

The  unit  of  weight  is  the  commercial  pound  (funt)  or 
pound  Russ,  of  96  zolotniki,  each  of  96  doli  =  1.751131 
Prussian  Cologne  Mark.  —  Gold  for  manufacture  or 
wrought  gold  has  in  Russia  a  fineness  of  72  zolotniki  or  18 
carats. 

Apothecaries'  Weight. 

The  medicinal  pound  (of  12  ounces,  each  of  8  drams,  each 
of  3  scruples,  each  of  20  grains)  contains  8064  doli  or  £  of 
the  commercial  pound  =  358.3226  grammes  =  5529.76  U. 
S  grains  troy. 


ODESSA. 


( Principal  commercial  city  upon  the  Black  Sea.) 


In  Odessa  the  weights  used  are,  in  general,  those  of  the 
Russian  Empire,  but  in  trade  with  neighboring  countries, 
especially  with  Bessarabia  and  the  Levant,  grain  is  meas¬ 
ured  by  kila. 


1  kilo 


)  =  554.54  liters. 

)  =  15-708  U.  S.  bushels. 


In  Bessarabia  21  Russian  chetviert  =  1  kilo  =  524|  liter 
=  14.891  U.  S.  bushels. 

In  Odessa  wool  is  sold  by  the  last  (or  ton)  of  21  pud  (pood). 

RIGA. 


( Capitol  of  Livonia,  and  the  second  commercial  port  of 
European  Russia  ) 

In  Riga  (a  city  of  large  commercial  importance,  and  the 
chief  town  of  the  Russian  province  of  Livonia  on  the  Bal¬ 
tic),  although  the  Russian  standards  are  legally  required, 
yet  the  following  local  measures  are  still  extensively  in  use. 
The  language  spoken  in  Riga  is  chiefly  the  German. 


Money. 


For  wholesale  trade,  the  Albertus  or  Alberts  thaler,  or 
Holland  thaler,  or  Mushtini  of  90  groschen  =  $1,053  ;  for 
retail  trade  the  kurant-thaler  of  90  groschen  =  £0.790. 


1  Alberts  thaler « 


=  1  j  thaler-kurant. 

=  3  gulden  Alberts. 

=  4  ort  Alberts  (Albertine). 

=  15  mark  rigaisch  (or  mark  of  Riga). 
=  40  mark  ferding. 

=  80  ferding. 

=  90  groschen  Alberts. 

=  120  groschen-kurant. 


^Livonian  'Weiglits  and  Measures. 

Legally  the  Russian,  but  sometimes  the  old  are  used. 


MEASURES  OF  EENGTH. 


The  Rhenish  fuss  =  0  31385  meter  =  1.0297  U.  S.  foot. 
The  old  Holland  palm,  here  =  3.717  Russ,  or  U.  S.  inches 
=  0.09441  meter. 


The  die  of  Riga  of 
4  quartier  .  . 


I  =  21.166  Russ,  or  U.  S.  inches. 
<  =0.75593  Russ,  arsheen. 

( =  0.53761  meter. 


The  land-measure  elle  =  2  Russ,  or  U.  S.  feet=  0.60959 
meter. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


The  tonnstelle  of  35  happen,  each  of  400  square  ellen  for 
land-measure  =  56000  Russ,  or  U.  S.  square  feet  =  0-47620 
Russ,  dessiatini  =52.024  French  ares. 

The  loofstelle  of  25  kappen  =  5.  tonnstellen. 

MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 

Grain  Measure. 


The  tonne  of  Riga  of  2  loof  (15f),  each  of  6  kiilmet,  each 
of  9  (fluid)  stoof=8405  Russ,  or  U.  S.  cubic  inches  = 
0.65614  Russ,  chetvierts  =  137.726  liters  =  3.908  U.  S. 
bushel. 

Salt  Measure. 

18  tonnen  =  1  last. — The  salztonne  (salt  ton)=106g 
stoof  =  8254  2  Russ,  or  U.  S.  cubic  inches  =  135.255  liters 
=  3.838  U.  S.  bushels. 


Fluid  Measure. 

The  new  stoof  of  Riga  (nene  rigaer  stoof)  =  77-824  Russ, 
or  U.  S.  cubic  inches  =  1.0369  Russ,  kruzki  =  1.2752  liters 
=  0.33687  U.  S.  gallon. 

The  new  pegelstoof=  1^  new  rigaer  stoof  (or  stoof  of 
Riga.) 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


The  oxhoft  =  ohm,  each  of  4  ankern,  each  of  5  velten, 
each  of  6  new  stoof  of  Riga  (neue  rigaer  stoof ),  each  of  4 
quartier. 

2  neue  rigaer  stoof  =  1  kanne. 

120  neue  rigaer  stoof  =  1  fass  brann twine  (cask  of  brandy ). 
105  neue  rigaer  stoof  =  1  brautonue  (brewers’  ton). 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial  Weight. 

4  quenten  or  quentchen  =  1  loth. 

=  1  pfund. 

=  9425.743  Russ.  doli. 

32  loth .  =  1.02276  Russ,  pound. 

=  0.92336  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

=  418.8315  grammes. 

20  pfund  .  =  1  liespfund. 

20  liespfund  =  l  schiffpfund,  also  called  bierkovietz  when 
applied  to  flax  or  hemp  from  Lithuania  and  White  Russia. 

There  is  in  use  in  Riga  a  large  variety  of  commercial-lasts , 
and  shipping-lasts  —  different  for  different  commodities. 

POLAND. 

(  Chief  commercial  city  —  Warsaw.) 

Money. 

Since  1841,  the  legal  money  of  account  in  the  Kingdom 
of  Poland  consists  of  silver  roubles,  each  of  100  copecks, 
according  to  the  Russian  standard  already  described. 

In  trade,  however,  prices  are  yet  frequently  fixed  in 
Polish  zl5te  (or  gulden)  and  groshe. 

( =  1  zloty  (florin). 

30  groshe . J  =  15  copecks. 

( =  $0.11661. 

By  a  ukase  issued  in  1834,  the  standard  value  of  the 
Russian-Polish  imperial-ducat  of  3  silver  roubles  =  20 
Polish  zlote.  This  ducat  is  sometimes  known  as  the  clier- 
vony-zloty,  and  its  intrinsic  value,  when  of  standard 
weight  and  fineness,  is  $2,392. 

The  legal  proportion  of  silver  to  gold  in  Russian  (includ¬ 
ing  Polish)  coins  of  like  denomination,  is  fixed  at  15  to  1. 

Former  Weights  and  Measures. 

The  former  measures  of  length,  volume,  and  weight,  of 
Poland  are  metrical ,  based  upon  the  meter,  the  liter,  and 
the  gramme  ;  but  their  multiples  and  sub-multiples  do  not, 
in  general,  bear  to  each  other  decimal  relations.  The  land 
measure  is  not  metrical. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


0.002  meter. 
0.024  meter. 
0.288  meter. 
0.576  meter 


3  lokci 


2  millimetrov  (millimeters)  =  1  linia 
12  linii  .....  =  1  calow  inch)  .  . 

12  cali  (tzals)  .  .  =  1  stopa  (foot)  .  . 

2  stopi  .  .  .  =1  lokiec  (ell)  .  .  . 

f  =  1  sonzen  or  sazhen  (fathom) ] 

=  5.669  U.  S  feet  .  .  .  .  [  _  ,  m  . 

=  68. "3  Russ,  or  U.  S.  inches  J-  —  l.<28  meter 

=  2.4297  Russ,  arsheen  .  .  J 
7i  lokci,  or  1  .  , 

l6  precikdv,  j  =  ^nt . 

10  Dretov  i  =1  sznur  (chain) )  .  . 

IU  pretov  .  |  —425.2  jj.  S.  feet  j 

8  Russ,  versts  =  1  mila. 

LAND  MEASURE. 


12.960  meter. 
129.60  meter. 


3  square  sznur  .  .  . 

30  morgov  =  1  wloka  . 


:  1  morg6v 
:  55.9872  French  ares. 

0.51247  Russ,  dessiatini. 
:  1.38  U.  S.  acre. 

:  41  U.  S.  acres. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 
Grain  Measure. 

4  kwaterek  .  .  .  =  1  kwarta  .  .  .  . 

4  kwarti  (or  quartas  =  1  garniec  (pot)  .  .  : 

8  garnci  .  .  .  .  =1  cwierp  .  .  .  .  : 

2  cwierci  ...  =1  pol-korcov  .  .  .  : 

o  ,  ,  .  ( =  1  korzeo  ...  1 

2  pol-korcov  .  •  J  _  3.632  u.  S.  bushels  }  : 

30  korcy  .  .  .  .  =  1  laszt  (last)  .  .  . 


4  kwaterek 


Liquid  Measure. 

( =  1  kwarta  .  .  .  ( 

'  )  =  0.26417  U.  S.  gallon  j 

4  kwarti  (or  kwartas)  =  1  garniec  (garnietz)  . 

5  garnci  (or  garnietzs)=  1  konew  (kan)  .  . 

(  =  1  beczka  (bech  ka)  ) 
25  “  “  <  or  barrel  .  .  J 

(  =  26.417  U.  S.  gallons  ) 
50  “  “  =  1  stangiev  .  .  . 

60  “  “  =1  oxhoft  .... 

100  garnci  (or  garnietzs) ) 
or,  4  beczki  (or  bech-  \  =  1  kufa 


kas) 


587 


1  liter. 
4  liters. 
32  liters. 
64  liters. 

128  liters. 

:  3840  litera 


=  1  liter. 

=  4  liters. 

=  20  liters. 

=  100  liters. 

=  200  liters. 
=  240  liters. 

=  400  liters 


COMMERCIAL  WEIGHT. 


8  milligramov  (milli- 1 
grammes) 

5^  granikov  . 

24  granov  .  . 

3  skrupuldv 

4  drachma 

2  lutov  .  . 


16  uncyi 


*|  =  1  granikov  = 

=  1  granov  = 

=  1  skrupulov  = 

.  =  1  drachma  = 

.  =  1  lutov  .  = 

.  =  1  uncia  =  u 

=  1  funt  ( pound)  =  405-504  grammes 
=  0.990214  Russian  pound  or  funt. 
=  0.89397  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

SPAIN. 


0.008  grammes 

0.044  grammes 
1.056  grammes 
3.168  grammes 
12.672  grammes 
25.344  grammes 


( Chief  Commercial  Cities ,  Madrid,  Cadiz,  and  Va¬ 
lencia.) 


10  centimos 
10  decimos  . 

10  reals  (2J  peseta)  =  1  escudo 


Money. 

=  1  decimo 
=  1  real .  . 


2  escudos  - 


10 


=  1  duro  (peso  duro,  pe- 


=  $0,005  U.  S.  gold. 
=  $0,050  U.  S.  gold. 
=  $0,500  U.  S.  gold. 


so  fuerte  —  hard  sil¬ 
ver  piaster  or  Span-  }-=  $0,997  TJ.  S.  gold, 
ish  dollar  of  8  reales 
plata  Mexicana)  . 

orC5  duros  }  =  1  doblon  de  Isabel  =  ®4‘9!6  U‘  S-  g°ld- 

The  centimois  not  coined,  but  is  used  merely  as  a  money 
of  account.  Accounts  are  legally  kept  in  escudos,  reals, 
and  centimos.  By  a  late  decree,  the  escudo  is  made  the 
highest  unit  of  account  ;  formerly  only  reals  and  centimos 
were  used  in  accounts.  —  In  practice,  however,  the  real  is 
also  sometimes  divided  into  34  maravedis,  or  into  8£  cuar- 
tas,  each  of  4  maravedis,  each  of  10  dinaros  castilanos. 

COINS. 

Of  Copper. 

Medio  real  (£  real),  cuartillo  (|  real),  double  decima  (-^ 
real),  decima  (yL  real),  and  media  decima  real). 

Of  Silver. 

Duro  (20  reals),  escudo  (10  reals),  peseta  de  columnas  (5 
reals),  peseta  (4  reals),  2j  real  piece,  2  real  piece,  and  1  real 
piece. 


588  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


Of  Gold. 

Doblon  of  10  escudos  (or  crowns),  of  4  escudos  and  of  2 
escudos. 

By  the  law  of  June  26,  1864  (later  than  the  above), 
the  doblon  of  10  escudos  contains  8.387  grammes  of  stand¬ 
ard  gold  JL.  fine  ;  and  the  escudo  of  silver  contains  12.980 
grammes  of  standard  silver,  — fine  ;  the  value  of  the 

former  consequently  being  $5.0165  U.  S.  gold,  and  that  of 
the  latter  (assuming  as  hitherto  the  value  of  gold  to  silver 
to  be  as  15|  to  1)  $0,505  U.  S.  gold.  The  standard  is 
double ,  gold  and  silver,  the  ratio  of  value  of  gold  to  silver 
adopted  being  15.476  to  1. 

FORMER  AND  LOCAL  MONEY  OF  ACCOUNT. 

The  various  standards  for  reckoning  and  accounts  in  the 
Provinces  of  Spain  from  a  very  early  period  to  the  year 
1848,  and  continued  in  part  to  the  present  time,  may  be 
reduced  to  nine  ;  to  wit :  — 

The  first  and  most  important,  that  of  Castile  —  Madrid. 
Second,  That  of  Aragon  —  Zaragoza.  Third,  That  of 
Catalonia  —  Barcelona.  Fourth,  That  of  Valencia  —  Ali- 
cant.  Fifth,  That  of  Navarre  —  Pamplona.  Sixth,  That 
of  Majorca  and  Minorca.  Seventh,  That  of  the  Balearic 
Islands.  Eighth,  That  of  the  Canary  Islands.  Ninth, 
That  of  Mexico  and  Cuba. 

The  following  relations  exist  between  the  principal  units 
of  the  systems  of  money  of  accounts  above  mentioned  :  — 

7  Catalonian  libras  =  4  libras  of  Aragon. 

7  Catalonian  libras  =  5  libras  of  Valencia. 

21  Catalonian  libras  =  17  libras  of  Majorca. 

7  Catalonian  libras  =  24  libras  of  Navarre. 

7  Catalonian  libras  rr  100  libras  of  Iviza. 

7  Catalonian  libras  =:  40  reales  de  plata  ) 

antiguos  .  1  Castilian. 

119  Catalonian  libras  =  1280  reales  de  vellon  ) 

119  Catalonian  libras  =  512  reals  of  Mexico. 

119  Catalonian  libras  =  64  pesos  duros,  or  silver  piasters. 

In  Madrid  ( Castile). 

1  real  de  plata  antiguo  of  16  cuartos,  or  32  ochavos  =  34 
maravedis  de  plata  antiguos  =  64  maravedis  de  vellon 
1.922  new  real  =  $0.0958. 

1  real  de  vellon  of  8|  cuartos,  each  of  34  maravedis  de  vel¬ 
lon  1.021  new  real  rz:  $0.0509  U.  S. 

1  doolon  de  or  (ideal)  —  lj  doblon  de  cambio,  or  doblon 
de  plata  antiguo,  or  old  pistole  of  exchange  z=  5  pesos  de 
cambio,  or  pesos  de  plata  antiguos,  or  old  piasters  of  ex¬ 
change  zz  40  reales  de  plata  antiguos,  or  old  silver  reals  zz 
75  Jy  reales  de  vellon  =  640  cuartos  zr  1360  maravedis  de 
plata  antiguos  zz  2560  maravedis  de  vellon  zz  76.88  new 
reals  zz  $3,833  U.  S. 

1  doblon  de  cambio ,  or  doblon  de  plata  antiguo,  or  old 
pistole  of  exchange  zz  A  doblon  de  oro  zz  61.50  new  reals 
=  $3  266  U.  S. 

The  new  duro,  or  Spanish  piaster  of  20  reals,  is  of  less 
value  by  about  2^  per  cent,  than  the  old. 

The  duro  (peso  duro,  peso  fuerte  —  hard  silver  piaster 
—  of  8  reales  plata  Mexicana  or  4  “peseta  Mexicana  ’  ), 
especially  the  duro  or  piaster  stamped  with  the  Pillars  of 
Hercules  (columnati)  or  with  two  globes  —  called  in  Eng¬ 
land,  North  America,  and  the  East  and  West  Indies,  the 
Spanish  “dollar”  —  is,  up  to  the  present  time,  the  actual 
world-coin. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

The  metric  standard  was  adopted  19th  July,  1849. 

The  names  receive  Spanish  inflections,  as  follows:  — 

Metro;  &rea;  litro  ;  kilogramo,  gramo. 

Dec&metro,  hectometro,  kilometro,  miriametro ;  hectirea ; 
decalitro,  hectolitro;  decagramo,  hectogramo. 


Decimetro,  centimetro,  milimetro  ;  centiarea;  decilitro, 
centilitro  ;  decigramo,  centigramo,  miligramo. 

The  United  States  equivalents  of  the  metric  measures 
and  weights,  have  already  been  given. 

FORMER  AND  LOCAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

The  measures  and  weights  hitherto  employed  in  all  the 
Spanish  provinces  are  more  or  less  irregular  and  compli¬ 
cated.  The  most  important  are  those  of  Castile.  These 
are  used  in  Cuba,  and,  in  general,  in  those  parts  of  America 
which  were  under  the  dominion  of  Spain,  with,  in  somo 
places,  small  differences ;  even  in  Madrid  some  peculiar 
measures  are  used,  and  in  different  parts  of  Castile  are 
found  different  field  measures. 

CASTILE. 

LEGAL  CASTILIAN  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES- 
Measures  of  Length. 

1  pie  (foot)  of  12  pulgadas  (inches)  (  zz  0.2786  meter. 

or  16  dedos  (fingers)  .  .  (  zz  0.91417  U.  S.  foot. 

1  vara  (vara  da  Burgos)  of  4  (  zz  0.8359  meter. 

palmos  or  3  pies  .  .  .  (  zz  0.91417  U.  S.  yard. 

1  braza  de  estado  (fathom)  .  .  zz  2  varas. 

Field  Measure. 

1  fanega  or  fanegada  zz  576  square  estadales  or  9216 
square  varas  zz  64.3956  French  ares  zz  1.5913  U.  S.  acre. 

Grain  Measure. 

12  fanegas  of  12  celemineszzl  cahiz  j  II  ^1575  U^sTbush 

Wine  and  Spirits. 

8  cuartillos  zz  1  cuartilla. 

4  cuartillas  =  1  cantara,  or  arroba  major  (larger  arroba), 
or  arroba  de  vino  zr  16.133  liters  zz  4.2618  U.  S.  gallons. 

16  cantaras  zz  1  rnoyo. 

Oil  Measure. 

.  .  zz  1  panilla  or  c.uarterone. 

.  .=  1  libra  (pound). 

'=1  arroba  menor  (smaller  arroba),  or 
arroba  de  aceite  (oil  arroba). 

•  1  zr  12.563  liters. 

zz  3.319  U.  S.  gallons. 

.  .  zz  27^  wine  arrobas  (c&ntaras). 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial  Weight. 

1  xmza. 

1  cuarterone. 

1  libra  (pound). 

7100  32  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

1  arroba. 

11.5023  kilogrammes. 

1  quintal  or  centner. 

101.433  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

1  quintal  macho  (large  centner). 
150  libras. 

1  tonelada  (ship-load). 

2028.66  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Gold,  Silver,  and  Coin  Weight. 

zz  1  tomine. 

—  1  adarme. 
zz  1  ochava. 
zz  1  onza. 

zz  1  marco  of  4608  granos. 
zz  £  commercial  libra- 


4  onzas  .  . 
4  panillas  . 

25  libras 

35  oil  arrobas 


8  ochavas  .  .  zz 

4  onzas  .  .  .  zz 

4  cuarterones  j  ~ 
25  libras  .  .  .  j 
4  arrobas  .  .  j  ~ 

6  arrobas  .  .  j  I 

20  quintals  .  .  j  ~ 


12  granos 
3  tomines 
2  ardames 
8  ochavas 

8  onzas 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


589 


Earlier,  the  marco  for  gold  was  divided  into  4800  granos, 
or  50  Castellanos,  each  of  8  toniines,  each  of  12  granos , 
a  division  still  in  use  in  parts  of  the  former  Spanish* 
America. 

For  assay  of  gold,  the  marco  is  divided  into  24  quilates 
(carats)  each  of  4  granos,  each  of  8  parts ;  for  silver,  into 
12  dineros,  each  of  24  granos. 

Wrought  gold  is  legally  20  quilates  fine,  but  for  small 
articles  18  quilates.  Gold  in  Spain  is  seldom  wrought  22 
quilates  fine.  Wrought  silver  for  use,  as  furniture,  is 
legally  11  dineros,  and  for  ornament,  9  dineros  fine. 

The  onza  of  jewel  weight  contains  140  quilates,  each  of  4 
granos  silver  weight  =  27.9570  grammes ;  —  the  jewel- 
quilat  =  0.199693  gramme  =  3.0817  U.  S,  grains  troy. 


Medicinal  and  Apothecary. 


4  granos  .  . 
3  siliquas 

2  obolos  .  . 

3  escrupulos 
8  dracmas  . 


12  onzas,  or  1|  silver-marco  • 


=  1  siliqua  or  caractere. 

=  1  obolo. 

—  1  escrupulo. 

=  1  dracma. 

=  1  onza. 

r  :  1  libra  .  =  6912  granos. 
=  |  commercial  libra, 
rr  345.06975  gramme. 

=  5325-24  U.  S.  troy  grains. 


ARAGON  —  SARAGOSSA. 

Since  1856,  the  metric  measures  are  legal  and  used  for 
customs,  but  for  trade  the  following  measures  are  still 
used. 

Length. 

Vara  =  0.772  meter  =  0.92355  Castilian  vara  =  30.3937 
U.  S.  inches. 

Field  Measure. 

1  cuartel  of  4  almudes  =  400  Aragon im  square  varas  = 
2.3839  French  ares  =  0.05890  acre  =  0.0370  Castilian 
fanega. 

Grain  Measure. 


4  celemines  or  almudes 
3  cuartales  .... 


=  1  cuartales. 

=  1  fanega. 

=  22.42  liters. 

’  =  0.404  Castilian  fanega. 
=  0.6362  U.  S.  bushel. 


8 


fanegas . j _ g 


=  1  cahiz. 

0897  U.  S.  bushels. 


1  c&ntaro 
16  c&ntaras 

36  libra  . 


Wine  Measure. 

=  9.91  liters. 

=  2.65  U.  S.  gallons. 

=  0  6143  Castilian  cantaro. 
.  =  1  nietro  or  carga. 


Distilled  Spirits. 


13.33  liters. 


=  1  arroba .  .  .  = 

=  3.522  U.  S.  gallons. 

=  0.82626  Castilian  wine  cantaro. 

Oil  Measure. 

1  arroba  of  1|  arrobeta  or  36  libras  =  13.93  liters 
1.1088  Castilian  oil  arroba  =  3.680  U.  S.  gallons. 

The  Aragon  oil  arroba  as  weight  —  36  Aragon  libras 
27  386  Castilian  libras  =  12.60  kilogrammes  =  27.78. 

WEIGHTS. 

Gold ,  Silver,  and  Medicinal. 

8  onzas  .  ,  .  .  =  1  marco. 


1^  marcos 


36  libras  . 
4  arrobas 
3  quintals 


.{ 


=  1  libra  (pound). 

=  350  grammes. 

=  0.7716  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 
=  0.7607  Castilian  libra. 

=  1  arroba. 

=  1  quintal  =  144  libras. 

=  1  carga. 


CATALONIA  —  BARCELONA. 

The  new  Spanish  (or  metric)  standards  are  rapidly  super¬ 
seding  the  old  weights  and  measures. 

OLD  CATALONIAN  MEASURES. 


Length. 


4  cuartos  =  1  palmo. 

8  palmos  =  1  cana  (ell) 


1.85868  Castilian  varas. 
1.552  meter. 

1.6973  U.  S.  yard. 


Land  Measure. 

3464  Castilian  square  varas  =  1  cuartera. 

o  .  -  .  ,  ( =  48.3  French  ares. 

2  cuarteras  =  1  majada  L19  u.  S.  acre. 

In  Lerida,  6552  Castilian  square-varas  =  1  jornal  (day’s 
work)  of  12  porcas.  —  In  Tarragona,  3346  Castilian  square^- 
varas  =  1  jornal. 

Grain  Measure. 

4  picotins  .  .  .  .  =  1  cortane  or  cuartan. 

12  cortanes  or  cuartans  =  1  cuartera. 

4  cuarteras  .  .  .  .  =  1  salma  or  tonelada. 

2^  cuarteras  .  .  .  =  1  carga. 

The  cuartera  =  71  liters  =  1.2956  Castilian  fanega 
=  2.015  U.  S.  bushels. 


Wine  and  Distilled  Spirits. 

liters 


33.04  U.  S- 


The  carga  of  4  barilons  =  120. 56 
gallons  =  7.4710  Castilian  cantaras. 

The  tonnelada  =  2  pipes,  or  6  bariles,  or  8  cargas. 

In  some  Catalonian  markets  spirits  are  sold  by  weight. 

Oil. 

A.  —  1  pnarf 

4  cuarts  =  1  cortan  =  4.12  liters  =  1.088  U.  S.  gallon. 
—  As  weight  the  cortan  =  from  9  to  9^  Catalonian  libras. 
71  cortanes  .  .  .  =  1  barralon. 

2  barralons  .  .  .  =  1  barral. 

2  barrals  ....=:  1  carga. 


Commercial  Weight. 


576  granos 
8  onzas  . 


=  1  onza. 

=  1  marco. 

=  0.87148  Castilian  libra. 

=  401.00  grammes. 

=  0.8841  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

The  sack  of  cocoa  contains  100,  the  sack  of  meal  200,  and 
the  box  of  sugar  from  16  to  18  libras. 


1J  marcos  =  1  libra  . 


NAYARRE  —  PAMPLONA. 

Besides  the  legal  metric  standard,  the  following  weights 
and  measures  are  in  use  :  — 

Length. 

The  vara  =  0.785  meter  =  0.939  Castilian  vara  =:  30.9 
U.  S. inches. 

Square  Measure. 

1  robada  =  1458  local  square  varas  =  8.98  ares  =  0.1395 
Castilian  fanegada  =  0.222  U.  S.  acre. 


590  MONEY,  WEIGHTS, 

Grain. 

1  robo  =  16  almudas  =  0.5068  Castilian  fanega  =  28.13 
liters  =  0.7983  U.  S.  bushel. 

Liquids. 

1  c An  taro  =  16  pintas  each  of  4  cuartillos  =  0.72956 
Castilian  cantara  =  11.77  liters  =  3.109  U,  S.  gallons. 

Oil. 

1  libra  de  aceite  (oil  pound)  =  4  cuarterones  =  0  41  litre 
—  0.816  Castilian  libra  =  0.108  U.  S.  gallon. 

Weight. 

Divided  like  the  Castilian.  The  libra  (pound)  =  372 
grammes  =  0.8201  U.  S.  lb.  avdp.  =  0.8085  Castil.  libra. 

VALENCIA  —  VALENCIA  AND  ALICANT. 

MEASURES. 

Length. 

1  vara  (or  ell)  =  3  pies  (feet)  or  4  palmos  =  0.906  meter 
=  1.0838  Castilian  vara  =  0.9008  U.  S.  yard. 

The  pie  of  4  palmos  menores  (small  palmos)  =  0.302  me¬ 
ter  =  0.9008  U.  S.  foot. 

9  (large)  palmos  or  2\  varas  =  1  braza,  or  braza  real. 

20  brazas  =  1  cuerda. 

1  legua  municipal  =  7000  varas  =  6342  meter  =  3.9407 
U.  S.  miles. 

Land  Measure. 

36450  local  square  varas,  or  200  square  brazas  =  1  (field) 
fanega  or  fanegada. 

6  (field)  fanegas  or  fanegadas  =  1  cahizada. 

6  cahizadas  =  1  yagada  =  2.992  hectares  —  7.393  U.  S. 
acres. 

The  fanegada  =  0.12905  Castilian  field-fanega. 

Grain  Measure. 

1  cAhiz  of  12  barchillas  =  201  liters  =  5.70  U.  S.  bushels 
=  3.6216  Castilian  fanegas. 

In  practice,  they  reckon  20  cahices  of  Valencia  =  75 
cuarteras  of  Barcelona. 

Wine ,  and  Spirits,  and  Vinegar. 

1  cAntaro  of  16  mitjetas  =  10.77  liters  =0.66758  Castilian 
cAntaro  =  2  845  U.  S.  gallons.  —  7  cAntaros  =  1  Indian  bar- 
ril.  —  42  cantaros  =  1  pipe. 

Oil  Measure. 

Oil  is  sold  by  weight — by  the  light  arroba  of  30  libras. 
As  volume,  this  arroba  j  “  gjgl  gallons. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial  Weight. 

12  onzas  =  1  marco. 

li  marco  =  1  libreta  (libra  sutil,  libra  menor,  or  small 
pound)  =  355 grammes  =  0.78264  U.  S.  lb.  avdp.  =  0.771583 
Castilian  libra  (pound). 

In  practice  31  Valencia  libras  =  24  Castilian  libras. 

The  arroba  and  quintal  differ  according  to  the  wares  sold  : 
but  4  arrobas  always  =  1  quintal. 

Commonly,  the  heavy  arroba  (arroba  grossa)  =  36  li- 
brctas  ;  the  light  arroba  (arroba  or  arroba  sutil)  =  30  li- 
bretas :  and  the  arroba  of  meal  =  32  libretas. 


AND  MEASURES. 

360  libretas,  or  10  heavy  arrobas  ...  =1  carga. 

The  libra,  for  small  fresh  fish  ...  =  1  j  libreta. 

The  heavy  libra,  for  leather,  skins,  and  I _ U).,  , 

salt  fish . }  —  a2  Imreta. 

The  libra  for  meat .  =3  libretas. 

Gold  and  Silver 

Are  sold  by  the  above-mentioned  marco  of  236§  grammes 
=  1.02878  Castilian  marco.  =  In  practice  31  Valencian 
marcos  =  32  Castilian  marcos. 

Apothecaries'  Weight. 

As  in  Madrid. 

BALEARIC  ISLANDS. 

Belonging  to  Spain  —  Majorca,  Minorca, 
IVICA  (IviZA),  AND  FORMENTERA. 

MAJORCA  —  PALMA. 

Measures  of  Length. 

1  cana  =  8  palmos  =  32  cuartillos  =  1.871  Castilian  vara 
=  1.564  meter  =  61.57  U.  S.  inches. 

1  cana  destre  Mallorquin  (Majorca)  =  15-124  Castilian  pies 
=  4.214  meter  =  4.608  U.  S.  yards. 

1  legua  (mile)  =  8.282  Castilian  varas. 

Field  Measure. 

1  destre  superficial  =  25. 411  Castilian  square  varas. 

1  cuarterada  =  400  square  destres  =  1.10304  Castilian 
fanegada  =  71.0312  ares  =  1.755  U.  S.  acre. 

Grain  Measure. 

1  cuartera  =  6  barcellas  =  36  almudes  =  70.34  liters  = 
1.2674  Castilian  fanega  =  1.996  U.  S.  bushel. 

Salt. 

In  this  province  sold  by  — 

The  modin  =  1  mondino  of  Genoa  =  9.3248  hectoliters 
=  26.461  U.  S.  bushels. 

1£  modin  =  1  last  of  salt. 

Liquid  Measure. 

1  cuartin  or  cortin  =  6^  cuartes  or  cuarteras  =  27 
cuartas  =  20.28  liters  =  5.357  U.  S.  gallons. 

1  cuarta  =  0.04835  Castilian  cuartara  =  0.78  liter- 

1  carga  =  4  cuartines. 

Brandy  and  other  distilled  Spirits. 

By  weight :  — 

1  libra  =  0  41  litre  =  0.0254  Castilian  cantara  =  0.108 
U.  S.  gallon. 

Oil. 

4  cuartanes  or  cortanes  =  16.58  liters  =  1.319756  Castilian 
oil  arroba  =  4.380  U.  S.  gallons. 

1  odre  =  12  cuartanes  =  3  mesuras. 

1  pipa  =  108  cuartanes  or  972  libras  of  Majorca. 

Weight. 

1  libra  (or  pound  of  Palma)  of  12  onzas  =  0.8846  Castilian 
libras  =  407  grammes  =  6280.9  U.  S.  troy  grains. 

25  libras . =1  arroba. 

4  arrobas . =1  quintal- 

MINORCA  —  MAHON. 

Measures  of  Length. 

The  canna  (ell)  of  Mahon  (of  8  palmaseach  of  4  cuartil¬ 
los)  =  1  604  meter  =  1.919  Castilian  vara  =  63.15  U.  S 
inches. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


Grain  Measure. 

The  cuartera  of  6  barcellas,  each  of  6  almudes  =  74.406 
liters  =  1.3406  Castilian  fanega  —  2.111  U.  S.  bushels. 

Liquid  Measure. 

The  gerra  or  jarra  (pitcher)  of  2  cuarteras  =  12.063  liters 
=  0.7477  Castilian  cantara  =  3.187  IJ.  S  gallons. 

Commercial  Weight , 

The  same  as  in  Barcelona ;  but  in  Minorca  they  also  have 
a  larger  pound,  the  libra  major  which  =  3  common  libras. 

IVigA  (IVIZA)  AND  FORMENTERA. 

Weights  and  Measures  the  same  as  in  Majorca. 

CANARY  ISLANDS. 

( Principal  Commercial  City  —  SANTA  CRUZ  DE 
Teneriffe). 

The  weights  and  measures,  originally  the  same  as  the 
Spanish -Castilian,  have  in  progress  of  time  in  the  Canary 
Islands  deviated  somewhat  from  these  standards. 

Measures  of  Length. 

1  vara  of  3  pies  (feet)  =  0.812  meter  =  33.15  TJ.  S.  inches 
=  1.00729  true  Castilian  vara.  In  practice  11  local 
varas  =  10  U.  S.  yards. 

Measures  of  Surface. 

1600  brazas  =  1  fanegado  =  75111-  Castilian  square-varas 
=  0.8150  Castilian  field-fanega  —  52.4829  French  ares 
=  1.297  D.  S.  acre. 

Grain  Measure. 

4  quartillos . =1  almude. 

12  almudes . =1  fanega. 

The  fanega  of  Santa  Cruz  de  Teneriffe  =  62.66  liters 
=  1.129  Castilian  fanega  =  1.777  U.  S.  bushel. 

Wheat  is  sold  by  stricken  measure;  all  other  grains  and 
salt  by  heaped.  In  practice  44  striken  fanegas  (fanegas 
rayas)  of  Santa  Cruz  =  8  II.  S.  bushels  —  that  is,  1  striken 
fanega  =  1^-  U.  S.  bushel — also  1  heaped  fanega  =  24  U. 
S.  bushels  =  88  liters. 

The  fanega  of  Ciudad  Real  de  las  Palmas  =  66  liters 
=  18J  U.  S.  bushels. 

The  fanega  for  customs  =  4.975  liters  =  1.412  U.  S. 
bushel. 

Weight 

Is  the  Spanish-Castilian.  —  Some  commodities  are  sold 
by  the  libra  doble  (double  pound)  of  32  onzas. 

CUBA. 

( Principal  Commercial  City  —  HAVANA.) 

Measures  of  Length. 

The  measures  of  length  here  —  as  also  in  Mexico,  Peru, 
Chili,  Montevideo,  Curafoa  —  are  about  14  per  cent,  greater 
than  the  Spanish-Castilian ;  the  divisions  are  the  same  as 
the  Castilian.  Accordingly  — 

1  vara  Cubana  (of  3  pies)  =  33§  U.  S.  inches  =  0.8477 
meter. 

In  practice,  108  varas  =  100  U.  S.  yards  =  160  Hamburg 
ells  ;  and  81  varas  =  100  Brabant  ells. 

24  varas  (ells)  or  72  pies  (feet)  =  1  cordel. 


591 

Measures  of  Surface. 

In  Cuba,  as  also  in  the  former  Spanish-American  Colo¬ 
nies,  the  Spanish-Castilian  measures,  based  on  the  greater 
units  of  length,  are  used. 

1  cavalleria  of  324  square  cordeles  (18  cordeles  long  and 
18  broad)  =  186624  square  varas  —  20|  land-fanegas  = 
13.41  hectares  =  33.13  U.  S.  acres. 

Grain  Measure. 

I  fanega  =  2  fanegas  of  Cadiz  =  110.66  liters  r=  3  110 
U.  S.  bushels.  As  weight ,  the  fanega  is  taken  =  200  old 
Spanish  libras. 

Liquid  Measure. 

Same  as  the  Castilian  ;  but  1  c&ntara  or  arroba  =  about 
4.01  U.  8.  gallons. 

For  wholesale  in  original  packages,  12  arrobas  (weight) 
=  1  bocoya. 

Weight. 

Same  as  the  Castilian  ;  but  in  practice,  1  quintal  (of  4 
arrobas  or  100  libras)  =  101 J  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp.  46  kilo¬ 
grammes.  (The  same  in  Mexico  ) 

Sugar  is  commonly  sold  by  the  English  (or  U.  S.)  hun¬ 
dredweight  (of  112  pounds  avoirdupois),  free  on  board; 
stone-coal  by  the  English  (U.  S.)  ton. 

PHILIPPINE  or  MANILA  ISLANDS. 

( Principal  Commercial  City — MANILA.) 

Weights  and  measures  legally  the  same  as  the  Spanish- 
Castilian  ;  but  in  use  are,  the  U.  S.  yard,  the  U.  S.  wine 
gallon,  and  for  weight  the  (originally  Chinese)  pico  or  pecul 
of  100  catties  each  of  16  taels.  This  pecul  =  54  Spanish 
arrobas  or  1374  Spanish  libras  =  63.2685  kilogrammes  = 
139.48  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

The  quintal  for  wax  (the  U.  S.  hundredweight  of  112 
lbs.  avdp.)  =  110  Spanish  libras. 

The  tonnelada  is  the  U.  S.  ton  of  2240  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

For  small  weights  they  use  the  Mexican  piaster  of  0.9395 
Spanish  onza,  but  which  is  considered  =  1  Spanish  onza  ; 
so  that  16  piasters  =  1  Spanish  libra  (pound). 

8  such  piasters  or  onzas  =  1  marco. 

_  .  .  ,  ( =  1  pun  to  (gold  and  silver 

9  such  piasters  or  onzas  j  thread) 

10  such  piasters  or  onzas  =  1  gold-weight  tael. 

II  such  piasters  or  onzas  =  1  silk  tael. 

22  such  piasters  or  onzas  {  =  1  commercial-weight  cat- 

Rice  and  Grain.  —  25  gantas  =  caban  or  cavan  =  5998 
U.S.  cubic  inches  =  98.28  liters  =  1.7935  Castilian  fanega. 

The  caban  of  rice  weighs  from  96  to  135  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

A  caban  of  common  cargo-rice  for  China  weighs  from  12? 
to  128  Castilian  libra  (pounds). 

The  corge  (for  manufactures)  =  20  pieces. 

SWEDEN  and  NORWAY. 

1.  SWEDEN. 

( Chief  Commercial  City  —  STOCKHOLM.) 

Money. 

=  1  riks-daler  riks-mynt  (royal  coin). 

=  $0.2756  U.  S.  gold. 

Since  January  1,  1856,  the  riks-daler  riks-mynt  (cus¬ 
tomary  abbreviation  R  dr.  R  mt.)  is  the  legal  unit  of  ac¬ 
count,  and  since  January  1, 1858,  it  is  also  the  standard 
of  exchange.  From  1845  to  1855  this  unit  was  legally 


592 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


known  simply  as  riks-daler,  and  from  1830  to  1845,  as  riks- 
daler  riks-gdld  (royal-debt).  Prior  to  1830,  it  was  paper- 
money,  riks-daler  riks-gald-sedlar  (royal-debt-notes),  cur¬ 
rent  at  one  fourth  of  the  value  of  the  riks-daler  silfver. 

The  chief  money  in  circulation  in  Sweden  prior  to  1858 
was  a  state-paper-money  known  as  banco-sedlar  (bank¬ 
notes)  or  banco ,  being  notes  of  the  Royal  Bank  of  Stock¬ 
holm. 

1  riks-daler  silfver  —  1£  riks-daler  banco  =  4  riks-daler 
riks-gdld,  or  (the  existing  standard)  riks-daler  riks-mynt 
—  $1.1023  U.  S.  gold. 

Since  the  1st  of  January,  1856,  the  riks-daler  riks-mynt 
is  divided  into  100  ore  ;  prior  to  this  date,  the  riks-daler  of 
every  kind  was  divided  into  48  skillingar  (shillings).  By 
the  law  of  1845  the  skilling  was  divided  into  4  styfver ; 
prior  to  that  time  into  12  runstycken  (round  pieces). 

Coins. 

Gold,  according  to  the  law  of  9th  May,  1835:  — 

Ducat  of  standard  weight  and  fineness  =  $2.2601 

Double  ducat  of  standard  weight  and  1 _  ^  5202 

fineness . j 

Quadruple  ducat  of  standard  weight  ( _  q^q- 

and  fineness . j  ^ 

Ducat  of  the  years  1838  and  1839,  ac-  l  —  $2  2564 
cording  to  trials  —  average  .  .  .  .  j 

Silver,  according  to  the  law  of  3d  February,  1855  :  — 

Pieces  of  0.1,  I,  1, 1,  2,  and  4  riks-daler  riks-mynt,  of  10, 
25,  50,  100,  200,  and  400  ore  respectively. 

Copper,  according  to  the  law  of  3d  February,  1855 :  — 

Pieces  of  1,  2,  and  5  ore. 

Weights  and.  Measures. 

By  the  law  of  31st  January,  1855,  a  new  and  decimal 
system  of  weights  and  measures  was  adopted,  based  on  the 
standard  units  of  the  hitherto  established  system.  The 
new  system  was  to  be  compulsory  from  and  after  the  1st 
of  January,  1863  —  permissive  until  that  date  (a  period  of 
8  years).  In  this  system  the  former  Swedish  nomenclature 
was  preserved,  so  far  as  possible.  For  land  measure  and 
for  the  collection  of  taxes,  the  new  square  and  grain  meas¬ 
ures  have  been  in  force  from  January  1,  1859. 

MEASURES  OR  LENGTH. 

New  System. 


10  linie 

10  turn 

10  fot  .  . 

10  stanger 
360  ref,  or 
36000  fot 


1= 


1  turn  (inch )  : 

1  fot  (foot)  | ; 

1  st&ng  (rod)  : 
1  ref  (chain)  : 

1  mil  (mile)  j ; 


1.169  U.  S.  inch. 
0.9741  U.  8.  foot. 
0.29690  meter. 
9.741  U.  S.  feet. 
97.41  U.  S.  feet. 
10.6884  kilometers. 
6.642  U.  S.  miles. 


The  fot  and  mil  under  the  new  system  are  the  same 
as  under  the  old. 

'Former  System. 

12  verktum  (working  incl  es)  —  1  fot. 

2  fot . =  1  aln  (ell). 

6  fot,  or  3  alnar  .  .  .  .  =  1  famn  (fathom). 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

New. 

The  new  measures  of  surface  are  the  squares  of  the  new 
measures  of  length. 

100  square  linie  .  =  1  square  turn. 

100  square  turn  .  =  1  square  fot. 


100  square  fot  .  .  =1  square  stang. 

=  1  square  ref  (quadratref),  or 
square  chain. 

=  8.81502  French  ares. 

=  0.2178  U.  S.  acre. 

=  55  former  kappland. 

7 


100  square  stanger  - 


1000  square  fot 
28  kannland,  or 
16  kappland  .  . 

2  spannland,  or 
56000  square  fot  . 


Former. 

.  —  1  kannland. 

|=1  spannland. 

=  1  geometrical  tunnland. 
=  49.3641  French  ares. 

=  1.2405  U.  S.  acre. 


MEASURES  OF  VOLUME. 


Neiv  System:  Dry  and  Liquid. 
The  cubes  of  the  new  measures  of  length. 
1000  cubic  linie  . 


1000  cubic  turn,  or 
10  kannor  .  . 


=  1  cubic  turn. 

=  1  cubic  fot. 

=  26.17188  liters. 

=  0.74268  U.  S.  bushel. 
=  6.9139  U.  S.  gallons- 
=  64  former  kappar. 

.  =  1  former  liquid  am. 


The  new  kanna  of  0.1  cubic  fot  is  the  same  as  the 
former. 

Former  System. 

For  Grain,  Malt,  Salt,  Stone,  Coal ,  and  Lime. 

If  kannor  (of  liquid  \  _  ,  . 

measure  .  .  .  j  1  KaPPa- 

4  kappar  .  .  .  .  =  1  fjerdingar. 

4  fjerdingar  .  .  .  =  1  spann. 

( =  1  tonna  =  5.03  cubic  tot 
2  spann  ..  .  .  .  { =  146.5625  liters. 

(  =  4.1592  U.  S.  bushels. 

Some  commodities  are  sold  by  struck  measure,  others  by 
heaped.  The  former  measure  is  called  I'dst  mal(  loose  meas¬ 
ure),  the  latter  fast  mal  (firm  measure).  —  In  trade,  by 
tonna  is  understood  a  tonna  fast-mitt. 

A  tonna  fast-mal  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  peas,  or 
coal  =  36  kappar  ;  of  malt  =  38  kappar  ;  and  of  salt  and 
burned  lime  =  34  kappar. 

The  grain  tonna  fast-mal  of  36  kappar  =  6.3  cubic  fot 
=  1.6488  hectoliter  =  4.6785  U.  S.  bushels. 

The  last  of  stone-coal  holds  12  tonnar  fast-mal  or  432 
kappar. 

For  Flour ,  Meal,  Edible  Roots,  Salt-Meat,  Fish  (except 

fresh  herrings),  Fish  Oil,  Tar,  Pitch ,  Rosin,  Ochre,  etc. 


48  kannor . 


=  1  tonna. 

=  4.8  cubic  feet. 

=  125- 625  liters. 

=  3.5646  U.  S.  bushels. 


For  Tar  and  Pitch. 

The  tonna  is  1  stop  or  £  kanna  less  than  the  above. 
For  Fresh  Herring. 

80  kannor . =1  tonna. 

For  Charcoal. 

12grain-tonna  heaped  measure  (fast-m&l),  1 _ ,  .  , 

or  756  kannor . j  ~  1  KorD 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  593 


For  Wood  for  Fuel. 


III.  Medicinal  Weight. 


The  famn  is  4  alnar  (ells)  high  and  3  alnar  broad  j  and 
the  length  of  the  wood  1^  or  1^  alnar. 

For  Liquids. 


4  jungfrur  (young  woman) 
4  quarter  .... 

2  stop . 

15  kannor  .... 

4  ankare  or  60  kannor 

6  am . 


=  1  quart. 

=  1  stop. 

(  =  1  kanna  =  0.1  cubic  fot. 
]  =  2.617188  liters. 

{  =  0.69139  U.  S.  gallon. 

=  1  ankare. 

=  1  am  or  fot. 

=  157.0313  liters. 

=  41.483  U.  S.  gallons. 

=  1  foder. 


WEIGHTS. 
New  System. 


Divided  as  in  Germany :  — 


The  libra  or  skalpund 


=  7416  Swedish  ass. 

=  0.887545  skalpund  victualie-vigt. 
=  0.954407  U.  S.  lb.  troy. 

=  356.2245  grammes. 


2.  NORWAY. 

( Chief  Commercial  Cities  —  Christiania  and 
Deammen.) 

Money. 

24  skillinger  .  .  .  .  =  1  ort  or  mark. 

5  ort  or  120  linger  {  =  Jjjg  £  f***" 

The  standard  is  silver,  and  9|  specie-daler  may  be  coined 
from  the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver. 


100  korn  (grains) 


100  ort 


100  pund  . 
100  centner 


1 

1 


A  = 


ort. 
pund. 

0.42501  kilogramme. 

6558.8  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

0.93697  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

1.1387  U.  S.  lb.  troy. 

1  centner. 

1  nylast. 

4.183  U.  S.  long  tons  of  2240  lbs. 
avdp. each. 

The  pund  is  the  former  skalpund  (balance-pound)  of  the 
Swedish  victualie-vigt  (produce-weight) ;  and  is  equal  to 
Ifl-ViTE  t*le  of  a  cubic  foot  of  distilled  water  at 

the  temperature  of  50  degrees  centigrade  or  591-  Fahrenheit. 


COINS. 

Copper :  £,  1,  and  2  skilling  pieces. 

Silver :  4,  12,  24,  60,  and  120  skilling-pieces,  or  ,  -Jg, 
}j,  and  1  specie-daler  pieces. 

No  gold  coined. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

The  weights  and  measures  are  those  of  the  system  for¬ 
merly  in  force  in  Denmark.  The  late  modifications 
adopted  by  Denmark  have  not  been  followed  by  Norway. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


Medicinal  Weight, 

(Only  for  prescriptions),  remains  for  the  present  un¬ 
changed. 

FORMER  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS. 

I.  Produce  Weight  (  Victualie-vigt). 

For  commerce  generally,  and  likewise  for  gold,  silver,  and 
coins. 

The  skalpund  or  mark  (victualie-vigt)  of  32  lod,  each  of  4 
qvintin,  or  8848  Swedish  ass  =  425.010  grammes  =  6558.8 
U.  S.  grains  troy  =  0.93697  U.  S.  lb.  avoirdupois. 

The  skeppund  =  20  lispund,  each  of  20  skalpund,  or  400 
skalpund. 

The  centner  =  100  skalpund,  but  for  wool  120. 

II.  Coarse-Metal  Weight. 


12  limer  . 

12  tommer 

2  fodder  (feet) 

3  alen  .  . 

6  alen 

18000  alen,  or 
36000  fodder 
15000  alen ,  or 
30000  fodder 


=  1  tomme  or  tom  (inch). 
=  1  fod  (foot). 

=  0.31376  meter. 

=  12.353  U.  S.  inches. 


}'  = 
1  = 


1  aln  (ell),  the  unit  of  the  system. 
1  favn  (fathom). 

1  rode  (perch). 

1  mul  (mile). 

1  grenmul  (boundary  mile). 


GRAIN  MEASURE. 

The  tonde  of  4  fierding  (fourths)  each  of  2  skiepper,  each 
of  4  fierdingkar,  each  of  2  ottingkar  =  144  potter  (of 
liquid  measure)  =  139  liters  =  4£  cubic  fodder  (feet)  = 
3.94  U.  S.  bushels. 


1.  Stapelstads  vigt  (staple  or  market-town  weight) :  — 

1  mark  .  .  .  .  =  4  skalpund  victualie-vigt. 

1  skeppund  .  .  .  =  320  skalpund  victualie-vigt. 

1  skepplast  .  .  .  =  18  skeppund. 

2.  Uppstacls-vigt  (provincial- town  weight) :  — 

1  mark  .  .  .  .  =  0.842  skalpund  victualie-vigt. 

1  skeppund  .  .  =  421  marks  stapelstads  vigt. 

3.  Bergs-vigt  (miner’s-weight) :  — 

1  mark  .  .  .  =  0.884  sk&lpund  victualie-vigt. 

1  skeppund  .  ,  =  442  marks  staple-stads-vigt. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 


4  poegel  ■ 

2  potter  . 
40  potter  . 

4  anker  . 


=  1  pot,  or  potte  =  of  a  cubic  fod  ( foot). 
=  54  cubic  tommer  (inches). 

=  0.2550  U.  S.  gallon. 

=  0.96529  liter. 

=  1  kande  .  .  .  =  0.5100  U.  S.  gallon. 

=  1  anker  .  .  .  =  10.200  U.  S.  gallons. 

=  1  am  .  .  .  .  =  40.800  U.  S.  gallons. 


3  anker  .  =1  j  orfl£Sd|e  }  =  30.600  U.  S.  gallon. 
2  fisk-tbnde=  1  oxhoved  .  .  =  61.200  U.  S.  gallons. 


4. 

6. 


Tackjerns-vigt  (iron-ore  weight) :  — 

1  mark  ...  —  0.8955  skalpund  victualie-vigt. 

1  skeppund  .  .  =  620  marks  bergs-vigt. 

Rdkoppars-vigt  (copper-ore  weight). 

1  mark  =  7853  Swedish  ass  =  0.887545  skalpund 
victualie-vigt. 

38 


WEIGHTS. 


16  gran  (grains)  .  .  .  =  1  es. 

16  es . =1  ort. 

4  ort . =1  qvintin. 

4  qvintin . =1  lod. 

16  lod . =1  mark. 


594  MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


2  mark 


'  rr  1  pund. 

—  498.110  grammes. 

=  7680.9  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

=  1.08813  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

=  1  bismerpund  (steelyard 
pund). 


12  pund . 

16  pund . =1  lispund  (stone) 

36  pund  or  3  bismerpund  =  1  vog. 

320  pund  or  20  lispund  .  =  1  skippund. 


The  pund  of  commerce  is  the  weight  in  vacuo  of  -gL  of  a 
Norwegian  cubic  foot  (fod)  of  distilled  water,  at  4°  centi¬ 
grade  or  394-°  Fahrenheit. 

O 


Apothecaries'  Weight. 


The  pund  of  12  unzer,  each  of  8  drachmes,  each  of  3 
scrupels,  each  of  20  gran  357.85  grammes  5522.5  U. 
S.  grains  troy.  The  law  of  the  12th  of  May,  1866,  pre¬ 
scribes  the  adoption  in  medical  regulations  of  the  French 
metrical  decimal. 


MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 

(  ==  1  arpent  or  juchart 

40000  square  pieds  or  fuss  .  .  {  =  36  French  ares. 

(  =  0.8896  U.  S.  acre. 


GRAIN  MEASURE. 


4  vierling  (each  of  4  masslein  =  1  emine  or  immi. 


10  ’emines  or  immi 


■  =  1  quateron  (or  boisseau)  or  viertel 
(or  sester). 

=:  1  sester  of  Baden. 

cubic  pied  or  fuss. 

=  15  liters. 

I  =  0.4257  U.  S.  bushel. 


The  quarteron  or  viertel  equals  the  volume  of  30  livres  or 
pfund  of  distilled  water  weighed  in  vacuo  at  4°  centi¬ 
grade  (39°. 2  Fahrenheit). 

10  quarterons  (vierteln)  =  1  sack  or  malter. 


SWITZERLAND. 

( Principal  Commercial  Cities — GENEVA,  BERNE,  AND 

Zurich.) 

Money. 

100  rappen  or  centimes  1  franc  =  $0,193  U.  S.  gold. 

Geneva  adopted  the  French  silver  standard  for  money  in 
1839,  and  the  same  standard  was  in  full  force  throughout 
Switzerland  from  the  1st  September,  1852,  until  the  quadri¬ 
partite  monetary  convention  of  the  23d  of  December, 
1865. 

Since  the  commencement  of  the  year  1866,  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  the  terms  of  this  convention,  the  entire  double 
standard  system  of  the  French  has  been  legally  in  force. 

Switzerland  has  not  yet  established  a  gold  coinage  of 
her  own,  but,  by  virtue  of  the  Monetary  Convention  of 
1865,  the  gold  coins  of  France,  Belgium,  and  Italy  are  in 
general  circulation  at  their  full  standard  values. 

Prior  to  the  introduction,  in  1850-52,  of  the  French 
silver  standard,  the  old  Swiss  francs  (schweizer  franken,  or 
livres  de  Suisse)  of  100  rappen  each  (or  10  batzen  each  of 
10  rappen),  had  been  the  chief  money  of  circulation  and 
account  in  Switzerland. 

147.00  of  the  French  silver  francs  were  equivalent  in  in¬ 
trinsic  value  to  100  of  the  old  Swiss  franc  or  livre.  By  the 
monetary  law  of  the  13th  of  December.  1850,  the  latter 
were  made  redeemable  in  the  former,  at  the  rate  of  145.97 
of  the  new  for  100  of  the  old. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

Since  the  31st  of  December.  1856.  and  in  accordance  with 
the  law  of  the  23d  of  March,  1851,  the  following  system  of 
weights  and  measures  is  in  force  in  all  the  Cantons  of 
Switzerland,  superseding  the  former  multiplicity  of  systems. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 


4  schoppen  .  .  .  .  -{ 

25  pots  or  maass  . 

100  pots  or  maass  . 
or 

4  setiers  or  eimer  . 


1  pot  or  maass. 

1  maass  of  Baden. 

-Aj  cubic  pied  or  fuss. 

21  liter. 

0.39626  U.  S.  wine  gallon. 
1  setier,  brente  or  eimer. 
1  muid,  saum,  or  ohm. 

1  ohm  of  Baden. 

150  liters. 

39.626  U.  S.  wine  gallons. 


WEIGHTS. 


2  loth 


=  1  once  or  unze. 


16  onces  or  unzen 


f  =  1  livre  or  pfund. 

J  =  5  kilogramme, 
j  =  1.10231  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

[  =  7716.174  U.  S.  grains  troy. 


100  livres  or  pfunds  .  .  =1  quintal  or  centner. 

For  scientific  purposes,  and  for  the  weighing  of  gold, 
silver,  and  coins,  the  livre  or  pund  is  divided  into  500 
grammes. 


Medicinal  Weight. 


The  former  medicinal  livre  or  pfund  is  used  solely  for  the 
prescription  and  sale  of  medicines. 


The  new  medicinal 
livre  or  pfund  . 


(  =  |  of  the  new  commercial  livre  or 

pfund. 

-j  ~  375  grammes. 

|  1  Netherlands  medicinal  pond. 

(  5787.131  U.  S.  grains  troy. 


Like  the  former  medicinal  livre  or  pfund,  it  is  divided  into 
12  onces  or  unzen,  each  of  8  drachmes  or  drachmen,  each 
of  3  scrupules  or  scrupel,  each  of  20  grains  or  gran,  or  into 
5760  gran. 


TURKEY’. 


New  System. 

10  traits  or  striche  .  =  1  ligne  or  linie. 

10  lignes  or  linien  .  =  1  ponce  or  zoll. 

(—  1  pied  or  fuss. 

10  ponces  or  zoll  .  {  =  0  3  meter. 

(  =  11.8112  U.  S.  inches. 

2  pieds  or  fuss  .  .  =  1  brache,  demi-aune,  or  elle. 

2  braches  or  ellen  .  =  1  aune  or  stab. 

6  pieds  or  fuss  .  .  —  1  toise  or  klafter. 

10  pieds  or  fuss  .  .  =  1  perche  or  ruthe. 

(  —  1  lieueitineraireor  wegstunde. 
16000  pieds  or  fuss  .  <  =  48(10  meters. 

(  —  2  9826  U.  S.  miles. 

23.148148  lieue  or  wegstunden  =  1  average  degree  of  the 
earth’s  meridian. 


( Chief  Commercial  Cities  —  CONSTANTINOPLE  AND 
Smyrna.) 

Money. 

3  aspers  ....  =  {  1  « 

120  Sera  r!  •  •  •  =  1  Turkish  piaster  (Pr.). 

100  piasters  .  .  .  =:  1  medjidie,  or  lira  Turca  (T). 

In  accounts,  the  piaster  is  sometimes  divided  into  100 
parts,  also  called  aspers  or  minas. 

The  Turkish  piaster  is  called  in  Arabic,  gersh  (pl.grushy 
the  silver  piece  of  one  piaster,  bir-grush  ;  the  ten-piaster 
piece,  onlik ;  and  the  five-piaster  piece,  beshlik. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


595 


The  value  of  the  piaster  of  gold  of  the  Turkish  legal 
standard  is  $0.04393  U.  S.  gold.  The  value  of  the  silver 
piaster,  legal  standard,  assuming  as  hitherto  the  ratio  of 
value  of  gold  to  silver,  to  be  15§  to  1,  is  $0.04312.  There¬ 
fore  $1  U.  S.  gold  =  22;76  legal  Turkish  piasters  of  gold 
coin  =  23.19  Turkish  silver  piasters  of  the  legal  standard. 

The  following  are  sometimes  used :  — 

A  purse  of  silver  (kis  or  keser)  denotes  500  piasters. 

A  purse  of  gold  (ldtze  or  chise)  —  only  for  awards  or 
presents  made  by  the  Sultan  himself — is  reckoned  as 
30,'l00  Turkish  piasters. 

By  a  juk,  juik,  or  jux,  is  commonly  understood  100,000 
aspers,  or  833|  piasters  ;  although  sometime^  denoting  the 
sum  of  12  purses  of  silver,  or  6000  piasters. 

Coins  (since  1844  and  1845). 


Weights  and  Measures. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

There  are  three  ell-measures  :  — 

1.  Pile  (picco  or  draa)  for  foreign  trade  in  general,  and  for 

domestic  trade  in  woolen  fabrics  =  27  U.  S.  inches  (or 
f  yard)  =  0.6858  meter.  In  practice,  they  reckon  the 
pik  =  1  Brabant  ell. 

2.  Endase  (for  other  tissues)  —  25.7  U.  S.  inches  =  0.6928 

meter. 

3.  Halebi  or  arsheen  =  29.8  U.  S.  inches  —  0.7577  meter. 

The  English  or  U.  S.  yard  is  also  used  for  cotton 
goods.  Many  fabrics  are  also  sold  by  the  piece  (as, 
for  instance,  American  linen  by  the  piece  of  20  or  22 
yards). 

Itinerary. 


In  Gold. 

(1.)  Juslik  (piece  of  100)  or  lira  Turca  (£) ;  also  called  sarre- 
jiislik  ( //e/Zo  m-piece  of  100)  to  distinguish  it  from 
uc/as-jiislik  (m/ute-piece  of  100,  a  silver  coin  of  100 
paras  or  2j  piasters);  .also  called  medjidie  =  100 
piasters  =$4,393  U.  S.  gold. 

(2.)  Ellilik  (piece  of  50)  =  50  piasters  =  $2,196  U.  S.  gold. 
(3.)  Jirmibeclilik  (piece  of  25)  =  25  piasters  =  $1,098 
U.  S.  gold. 

In  Silver. 

(4.)  Jirmilik  (piece  of  20)  also  called  ve/us-jirmilik  ( white 
piece  of  20),  also  guimuh  —  20  piasters  =  $0.8624 
U.  S.  gold. 

(5.)  Onlik  (pieceof  10),  also  called vejas-onlto.  =  10  piasters 
=  $00.4312. 

(6.)  Beshiik  (piece  of  5),  also  called  rc/as-beshlik  =  5 
piasters  =  $0.2156. 

(7  ).  Ikilik  (piece  of  2),  =  2  piasters  =  $0.08624. 

(8.)  Hirk-parl  (40-para),  or  bir-gersh  (1-piaster  )=  $0.04312. 
(9.)  Jirmilik  (piece  of  20) :  the  same  name  as  under  No. 
(4),  here  denoting  a  20-para  piece,  there  a  20-piaster 
piece;  also  called  jirmi-para  (20  pari) ;  alsojarimlik 
(half-piece)  =  |  piaster  =  $0.02156. 

In  Copper  or  Bronze. 

Pieces  of  1  pari,  and  5, 10,  20,  and  40  paris.  The  piece 
of  40  paris  (1  piaster)  is  not  received  by  the  government, 
and  by  business  men  only  at  a  discount  of  from  20  to  25 
per  cent. 

These  new  coins  were  all  called,  by  their  originator, 
“  medjidie ;  ”  but  this  name  is  now  given  only  to  the  gold 
piece  of  100  piasters. 


PAPER  MONEY. 

In  European  Turkey,  paper  money,  called  Icaimeh 
(caimes),  and  consisting  of  notes  of  the  “Ottoman  Bank,” 
an  institution  endowed  by  the  government,  is  in  general 
use.  This  paper-money  was,  in  July,  1868,  at  a  discount 
against  silver  of  about  16  per  cent. 

SMYRNA 

The  chief  seaport  on  the  Levant,  has  the  right  to  coin 
money.  In  November,  1852,  it  was  here  ordered  that 
sales  of  merchandise  should  be  concluded  only  in  Turkish 
“  beshiik  ”  coins.  Since  1850,  bills  of  exchange  are  made 
payable  only  in  beshiik  coins,  or  in  Imperial- Royal-thalers, 
that  is,  in  the  convention-specie-thalers  of  Austria,  accord¬ 
ing  to  the  daily  prices-current.  Payment  in  beshliks 
(5-piaster  pieces)  is  said  to  be  in  “  good  money,”  while  if 
made  in  species-thaler  according  to  the  course  of  exchange, 
as  well  as  in  any  other  coins  than  beshiik,  it  is  said  to  be 
in  “  inferior  (abusive)  money.” 


The  agash  or  farsang  (parasang)  of  3  berri  =  5000  meters 
=  3.107  U.  S.  mile. 

22—  agash  =  1  average  degree  of  the  earth’s  meridian. 
84|  Turkish  sea-mile,  or  25  Armenian  farsang  =  1  equa¬ 
torial  degree. 

GRAIN  MEASURE. 


( =  36.103  liters. 

The  legal  kilo  or  fallow  J  _  Lo245  u.  s.  bushel. 


This  kilo,  known  as- the  kilo  of  Constantinople,  has  been 
since  the  17th  of  November,  1841,  the  legal  unit  for  the 
measurement  of  grain,  throughout  the  entire  Turkish  do¬ 
minions. 

The  legal  kilo  of  rye  weighs  from  21  to  22  old. 

The  legal  kilo  of  wheat  weighs  24  old. 

The  legal  kilo  of  barley  weighs  16  old. 

The  legal  kilo  of  sesame  weighs  17  old. 

The  legal  kilo  of  flax  and  hemp  seed  weighs  20  old. 


This  standard  kilo  has  the  following  relations  to  the 
different  provincial  units  :  — 


11  kilo  (legal)  j 

2  kilo  (legal)  = 
3|  kilo  (legal)  = 
4  kilo  (legal)  = 
6  kilo  (legal)  = 

8  kilo 


ilo  (legal)  | 


—  1  kilo  of  Smyrna  (chief  seaport  of 
the  Levant).,. 

1  kilo  of  Burgos. 

1  kilo  of  Salouica. 

1  kilo  of  Varna. 

1  kilo  of  Rushchuk. 

1  kilo  of  Shumla,  Silistria,  and 
Tultcha. 


Some  authorities  give  4  of  these  kilo  =  1  kilo  of  Salonica. 
The  kilo  of  Salonica  (Macedonia)  contains  of  wheat  and 
maize  from  85  to  90  oki-weight. 

In  Varna  they  also  sell  by  the  new  kilo ;  in  Cavala 
(Macedonia)  by  the  new  kilo;  in  Serres  (Macedonia)  both 
by  the  new  and  by  a  kilo  equal  to  2  of  the  new  kilo. 

In  Albania  grain  is  sold  by  the  tagaripi  20  oki-weight. 
Grain  is  also  here  sold  by  the  kiasse ;  which  — 


In  Duresso . —  25  oki-weight. 

In  Berat . =35  oki-weight. 

In  Avlona . =44  oki-weight. 


In  Prevesa  (Albania)  they  use  the  reaj  of  31  new  kil6, 
reckoned  =  lj  staja  of  Venice  or  Trieste. 

In  Kiistendil  (Macedonia),  the  kutti  of  wheat  contains 
by  weight  from  24  to  25  oki,  and  of  oats  from  17  to  L8  oki 
weight. 

In  Sofia  (Bulgaria)  the  tchenac ,  which  for  wheat  con¬ 
tains  by  weight  from  14  to  18  oki  (according  to  quality ), 
and  for  maize  an  average  of  15  oki  =  of  the  kilo  of 
Salonica.  For  oats,  the  banita  of  20  oki  is  used. 

In  Thessaly  for  grain  they  use  the  lugek  of  20  oki- 
weight  ;  but  flax-seed  is  sold  by  the  oka  of  Constantinople 
or  new  oka. —  In  the  Thessalian  harbor  of  Volo,  grain  is 
also  commonly  sold  by  the  new  kilo. 


i 


596 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 

Liquids  are  commonly  sold  by  weight,  and  especially  by 
the  oka.  In  retail  they  use  a  measure  corresponding  to 
the  weight  oka. 

In  Constantinople,  rum  and  other  distilled  spirits  are 
disposed  of  at  wholesale  by  the  old  English  (or  U.  S.)  wine 
gallon. 

As  a  measure  of  volume  the  oka  contains  1.2817  liter  — 
0.3386  U.  S.  gallon. 

In  Prevesa  (in  Albania),  wine  is  sold  by  the  Venetian 
barila ;  in  Smyrna  rum  is  sold  by  the  old  English  (or  U. 
S.)  wine  gallon,  reckoned  to  contain  2^  oki. 

Oils. 

The  alma,  almud,  or  meter  .  .  =  j  S^gailon 

The  alma  will  contain  8  oki-weight  of  oil  or  12  oki 
weight  of  wine.  The  alma  is  also  used  for  certain  other 
liquids. 

At  wholesale,  in  Albania  (/'.  e.  in  Prevesa  and  Janina),  oil 
is  sold  by  the  1000  heavy  Venetian  pounds ;  also  by  the 
Canada  of  10  litre  each  of  2£  oki ;  also  in  Prevesa,  by  the 
zaccale,  reckoned  to  contain  6  heavy  pounds  of  Venice; 
and  in  Avlona,  by  the  stajo  or  star  of  Gallipoli,  reckoned  to 
contain  by  weight  13£  oki. 

The  zaccale  above  mentioned,  is  the  old  oil  measure  of 
the  Ionian  Island  Santa  Maura  =  °f  the  barile  of 
Santa  Maura,  Corfu,  and  Paxo  =  old  English  (or  U.  S.) 
wine  gallon  —  3.2445  liters. 

The  stajo  of  Gallipoli  (above  mentioned)  =  -jL-  of  the 
old  Neapolitan  salma  =  16.157  liters  =  14.731  kilo¬ 
grammes  of  oil  by  weight  or  32.475  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

In  Macedonia  they  sometimes  also  use  the  barile ,  which 
commonly  passes  for  50  oki  by  weight. 

WEIGHTS. 

64  grains  .  .  =1  drachma  or  dram. 

=  1  oka,  or  occa. 

—  1280.9  grammes. 

—  2.8239  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

—  4  cheki  of  gold  and  silver  weight. 

—  1  cantar  or  kintal. 

=  56.360  kilogrammes. 

—  124.25  U.  S.  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

For  cotton  and  cotton  yarn  the  cantar  is  reckoned  =  45 
oki. 

The  metrical  (for  costly  wares)  =  lj  drachmas. 

There  are  many  different  cheki,  pertaining  to  different 
kinds  of  merchandise. 

The  cheki,  for  opium  .  . 


The  cheki,  for  camels’-hair 

The  teffe  of  silk  from 
Brusa,  etc . 

Silk  is  also  sold  by  the  oka. 

The  batman  (or  maund)  for  Persian  silk  .  =  6  oki. 
136  batman . =1  tonne. 


(  —  250  drachmas, 
j  =  21  gold  cheki. 

(  =  1.766  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 

I  —  800  drachmas. 

<  =  2  oki,  or  8  gold  cheki. 

(  =  5.6478  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 

(  =  600  drachmas.  -- 
t  =  1^  oki,  or  6  gold  cheki. 

(  =  1.059  U.  S.  lb.  avdp. 


400  drachmas 

44  oki,  or 
100  rottoli 


4  kara . =1  denke. 

4  denke  ..  ..  .  =  1  drachma,  derhem,  or  dram. 


=  1  cheki,  or  gold-cheki. 
100  drachmas  or  I  =  320.2  grammes. 

derhems  ...  1  =  4941.8  U.  S.  grains  troy. 

=  J-  of  the  commercial  oka. 


BRAZIL. 

( Principal  Commercial  City  —  Rio  DE  JANEIRO.) 


Money. 


Gold 


Silver  - 


ID, 000  reis  (10  milreis) 
5000  reis  (5  milreis) 
2000  reis  (2  milreis) 
1000  reis  (1  milreis) 
500  reis  .... 
200  reis  .... 
1,000,000  reis,  or  1000  milreis  I 
(written  1:000$000)  j 

1  milreis,  specie  standard 


=  $5.4565 
=  2.7282 
=  1.0086 
=  0.5043 
=  0  2521 
=  0.1009 

=  1  conto. 

=$0.5456 

=  26.91  pence  sterling. 
=  2.83  francs. 


OLDER  COIN. 

Moeda  d’  ouro,  or  gold  piece  of  16,000  reis,  from 


1838  to  1846  . =  $8.97 

Meias  dobra  of  6,400  reis,  from  1822  to  1831,  .  =  8.74 
Meias  dobra  of  6,400  reis,  from  1833  to  1838,  .  =  8.72 
Moeda  d’ouro  of  4,000  reis,  of  1823  .  .  .  .  =  4.88 
Joao  of  6.400  reis,  of  1823  . =  8.69 


Old  Issue  of  the  former  Portuguese- Brazilian  Standard 

of  Coin. 


Dobra  of  12,800  reis . =  $17.47 

Meia  dobra,  or  Johannes  (Joao)  of  6400  reis  =  8.73 

Moeda  d’ouro  of  4000  reis . =  4.91 

A  compulsory  paper  currency  is  in  circulation,  of  varia¬ 
ble  value.  It  is  now  (1868)  depreciated  about  33  per  cent, 
below  the  specie  standard.  Gold  is  no  longer  coined. 

Weights  and  Measures. 

The  use  of  the  Weights  and  Measures  of  the  Metric  System 
has  been  rendered  obligatory  by  a  law  which  will  be  put  in 
execution  from  the  first  of  January,  1873.  The  old  system  is 
still  in  force,  and  is  essentially  the  same  as  that  of  Portugal. 
The  following  as  to  Brazil  may  be  specially  noted. 

MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 

10  pontos  (points)  =  1  linha  (line). 

For  products  of  manufacture  there  are  used  the  covado 
avantejado  (good  measure),  and  the  vara  (or  1.1  meter)of 
Portugal ;  as  also  the  U.  S.  yard,  the  French  meter,  and 
the  Parisian  ell. 

Practically ,  they  reckon  — 

100  Parisian  ells  =  128  yards  =  106  varas  =  172  covados  = 
53  bra^a. 

Or  8  covados  =  5  varas  =  6  yards. 

Or  20  yards  =27  covados. 

For  the  purposes  of  revenue,  they  reckon  — 

100  ells  =  106  varas;  or,  110  meters  =  100  varas;  or,  40 
yards  =  33|  varas. 


Leeches 

Are  sold  by  the  mastello  (or  Venetian  barile  of  liquid 
measure)  taken  as  containing  by  weight  3  oki. 

Gold ,  Silver ,  and  Precious  Stones. 

4  quarts  .....=  1  grain. 

4  grains  .  .  .  .  .  =1  kara  (carat)  or  killo. 


GRAIN  (AND  SALT)  MEASURE. 

4  alqueires  =  1  fanga  =  about,  41  U.  S.  bushels. 

15  fangas  =  1  moio  =  about  67^  U.  8.  bushels. 

Thealqueire  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  {  =  ™ .sSel, 

In  practice,  1  alqueire  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  is  reckoned 
equal  to  3  alqueires  of  Lisbon. 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES.  597 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 

a  ....  ,  .. ,  ( =  0.733  U.  S.  gallon 

4  quartilhos  =  1  medida  j  _  2  7.9  liters 

1QA  ...  A  .  ( =  132  U.  S.  gallons. 

180  medidas  =  1  pipa  {  _  500  liters.B 


WEI&HTS. 

Commercial. 

1  grao  (grain). 

24  groes  =1  scrap ule. 

3  scrupulos  =  1  outava. 

8  outavas  =  1  onca. 

4  onpas  —  quarto. 

(  =  1  arratel  (or  pound)  =  9216  grdes. 

4  quartos  <  =459  grammes. 

(  =  70.83  U.  S.  troy  grains  =  1.0192  XJ.S.pound. 
32  arratels  =1  arroba. 

4  arrobas  =  1  quintal. 

54  arrobas  =  1  tonelada. 

Mineral  coal  is  sold  by  the  tonelada  of  70  arrobas  (equiv¬ 
alent  nearly  to  the  United  States  ton  of  2240  pounds  avoir¬ 
dupois). 

Medicinal. 

The  medicinal  arratel  =  §  of  the  commercial  arratel. 


Precious  Stones. 


Diamonds,  emeralds,  rubies,  sapphires,  and  pearls  are 
sold  by  the  quilate  (carat) ;  topazes,  by  the  outava. 

1  onpa  =  8  outavas  =  24  scrupulos  =  72  quilates  =  328  groes 


8  onpas  =  1  marco 


=  4  commercial  arratel. 

=  3541]  U.  S.  troy  grains. 

=  0.61489  U.  S.  troy  pound. 
=  229]-  grammes. 


MEXICO. 

( Chief  Commercial  Cities  —  Mexico,  Vera  Cruz,  and 

Tampico.) 

Money. 

According  to  a  decree  of  the  27th  of  November,  1867,  the 
weight,  diameter,  and  fineness  of  the  coins  was  fixed  ac¬ 
cording  to  a  metrico-decimal  system,  the  intrinsic  value  of 
the  former  legal  standards  not  being  appreciably  changed. 

The  monetary  unit  of  the  Mexican  Republic  is  as  here¬ 
tofore  the  silver  dollar ,  peso ,  or  piaster. 

. 

On  the  assumption,  as  hitherto,  that  the  value  of  gold  is 
15f  times  that  of  silver. 

The  peso  or  dollar  was  formerly  divided  into  8  reales, 
each  of  4  cuartillos  or  12  granos. 

The  new  silver  coins  are  pieces  of  1  dollar,  of  50  cents, 
of  25  cents,  of  10  cents,  and  of  5  cents.  The  new  gold 
coins  are  pieces  of  20,  10,  5,  and  2]  pesos  or  dollars,  and  of 
1  peso  or  dollar. 

The  legal  fineness  of  the  silver  coins  is  902-7-  thousandths 
(or  10  dineros,  20  granos)  of  pure  silver  to  97-|  thousandths 
(or  1  dinero,  4  granos)  of  alloy.  The  legal  fineness  of  the 
gold  coins  is  875  thousandths  (or  21  quilates  or  carats)  of 
pure  gold  to  125  thousandths  (or  3  quilates  or  carats)  of 
alloy. 

The  weight  of  the  silver  peso  or  dollar  is  27.073  grammes, 
and  that  of  the  other  silver  coins  is  in  proportion  ;  the 
value  of  the  peso  or  dollar  in  standard  silver  coins  conse¬ 
quently  being  $1,056  in  U.  S.  standard  gold  coins. 

The  legal  weight  of  the  gold  coin  of  20  pesos  or  dollars  is 
33.841  grammes,  and  that  of  other  gold  coins  is  in  propor¬ 
tion,  the  value  of  the  srold  coin  of  20  pesos  or  dollars  con¬ 
sequently  being  $19  680  U.  S.  gold. 

The  diameter  of  the  dollar  of  silver  is  fixed  at  37  milli¬ 
meters,  that  of  the  piece  of  5  cents  at  14  millimeters.  The 


diameters  of  the  gold  pieces  of  20  dollars,  10  dollars,  5  dol¬ 
lars,  and  2]  dollars,  are  respectively  34  ,  27  ,  22,  and  18 
millimeters.  The  diameter  of  the  cent,  if  of  copper,  is  25 
millimeters,  if  of  a  special  alloy,  18  millimeters. 

The  terms  “dineros,”  “  quilates,”  and  “granos,”  here¬ 
tofore  used  to  designate  the  purity  of  the  coins,  are 
abolished,  and  the  fineness  is  expressed  in  thousandths  or 
tenths  of  thousandths. 

The  fineness  of  each  piece  of  money,  when  of  silver  or 
gold,  is  to  be  clearly  stamped  upon  it. 

Former  Coins. 

Gold.  — The  ounce  of  gold  (onza  de  oro)  or  doubloon 
(doublon)  of  8  escudos  (crowns)  of  gold  or  16  pesos  ;  and 
its  half,  quarter,  eighth,  and  sixteenth.  The  doubloon 
when  of  the  legal  standard  =  $15.74  U.  S.  gold ;  accord¬ 
ing  to  trials  at  the  U.  S.  mint  at  Philadelphia  it  =  $15-53 
U.  S.  gold. 

Silver.  —  The  silver  coins  are  the  peso  or  dollar,  the  ] 
peso,  the  ]  peso  or  peseta  de  columnas,  the  |  peso  or  real 
of  Mexican  plate,  and  the  ]  real.  The  peso  when  of 
standard  weight  and  fineness  =  $1,056  U.  S.  gold  (assum¬ 
ing  the  value  of  gold  to  be  15§-  times  that  of  silver) ;  and 
the  other  silver  coins  are  in  proportion. 

The  average  value  of  the  peso  or  dollar  from  the  year 
1843  to  1851,  according  to  trials  at  the  mint  at  Philadelphia, 
=  $1.0488. 

Copper.  —  The  coins  of  copper  are  the  cuartillo  (or  \  real) 
and  the  ochave  or  clayo  (or  ]  real). 

By  the  decree  of  the  28th  of  November,  1867,  the  circu¬ 
lation  of  the  above-mentioned  “  former  coins  ”  are  pro¬ 
hibited  from  and  after  the  15th  day  of  September,  1868- 

Weights  and  Measures. 

The  weights  and  measures  are  the  same  as  the  Spanish- 
Castilian  prior  to  the  adoption  of  the  metric  system  in 
1859,  with  the  following  modifications. 


MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. 


The  vara  is  ]  of  one  per  cent,  greater  than  the  true 
Spanish-Castilian  vara,  and  =  0.83695  meter  =  0.9153  U. 
S.  yard.  In  practice  100  U.  S.  yards  =  109|  Mexican 
varas.  The  road  measure  is  the  Spanish  legua  juridica  of 
3  millas  or  5000  varas. 

FIELD  MEASURE. 

50  square  varas  .  .  .  =  1  estajo  or  almud. 

1=1  morgen. 

5000  square  varas  .  •  .  }  =  35.025  French  ares. 

(  =  0.8654  U.  S.  acre. 

The  cavalleria  is  1104  varas  long,  and  552  varas  broad, 
and  =  609.408  square  varas  =  42.688  French  hectares  = 
105.48  acres. 

The  labor  is  1000  varas  long  and  as  many  broad,  and  = 
1000000  square  varas  =  70.0487  hectares. 

The  silio  (silio  de  Ganado-mayor)  =  1  square  league  = 
25000000  square  varas  =  25  labores  =  1751  22  hectares 
=  6.762  U.  S.  square  miles. 

GRAIN  MEASURE. 


3  almueres,  or  almuerzas,  or  almudes  =  1  cuartilla. 


4  cuartillas 
12  fanegas  . 


=  fanega. 

=  1  carga. 

=  18.900  U.  S.  bushels. 


The  United  States  (or  old  Winchester)  bushel  is  also 
used. 

Flour  is  sold  by  the  baril  of  196  pounds,  net  weight- 


598 


MONEY,  WEIGHTS,  AND  MEASURES. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 


Wine  and  spirits  are  sold  in  general  by  the  baril(or  cask) 
of  19  or  20  U.  S.  (or  old  wine)  gallons. 

The  fasco  =  5  U.  S.  pints. 

Weight. 

Commercial  weight  the  same  as  in  Cuba. 

25  libras  (pounds)  .  .  .  .  =  1  arroba. 


4  arrobas  or  100  libras 


(  =  1  quintal. 

\  =  46  kilogrammes. 

(  —  101|  U.  S.  lbs.  avdp. 


The  tercio  (for  indigo  and  tobacco)  =z  150  libras. 

The  carga  for  tobacco  is  commonly  300  libras ;  for  freight, 
from  300  to  425  libras. 

The  monton  of  ore,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Mexico 
=  3200  libras  ;  in  Zacatecas,  Fresnillo,  etc.,  only  2000 
libras. 


TABLE 

SHOWING,  IN  TERMS  OF  THE  STANDARD  GOLD  COINAGE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(1) ,  THE  INTRINSIC  VALUES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  GOLD  AND  SILVER  COINS  OF  DIF¬ 
FERENT  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES  DUE  TO  THEIR  LEGAL  WEIGHT  AND  FINENESS  ; 

(2) ,  THE  INTRINSIC  VALUES  DUE  TO  THEIR  ACTUAL  AVERAGE  WEIGHT  AND  FINE¬ 
NESS  AS  ASCERTAINED  BY  TRIAL  AT  MINTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  OF 
OTHER  COUNTRIES  ;  AND 

(3) ,  THE  RATES  FIXED  BY  UNITED  STATES  LAW  AT  WHICH  CERTAIN  FOREIGN  COINS 
OR  CURRENCY  SHALL  BE  RECEIVED  IN  PAYMENT  OF  CUSTOMS  DUES. 


PREPARED  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES  TREASURY  DEPARTMENT  BY 

E.  B.  ELLIOTT. 


In  reducing  the  value  of  silver  coins  to  the  gold  standard 
of  the  United  States,  the  value  of  gold  has  been  considered 
to  be  15f  times  that  of  silver  of  the  same  weight  and  fine¬ 
ness  —  this  rate  being  the  average  of  those  obtaining  in  the 
London  market  for  the  fourteen  years,  1853-1866. 

The  values  of  silver  coins  derived  from  trials  at  the  U. 
S.  mint,  as  here  given,  are  less  by  aoout  1.220  per  cent, 
than  the  corresponding  values  published  in  the  Official 
Tables ;  the  latter  values  having  been  reduced  to  a  gold 
basis  on  the  assumption  that  the  market  price  ox"  gold  is 
15.1875  times  that  of  silver,  instead  of  15f  times,  as  here 
employed. 

AUSTRIA. 

Gold. — New  union  crown  (vereins -krone)  .  =$6.6462 


Half  union  crown . =  3. 3231 

Former  4  ducat  piece  (until  1865)  .  .  .  .  =  9.1502 

Former  ducat  (until  1865) . =  2.2871 

Former  ducat  by  trial  at  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  =  2.2828 

Hungarian  or  Kremnitz  ducat  .  .  .  .  =  2.2946 

Former  sovereign  (sovrano)  used  in  Lom¬ 
bardy  and  Venice . =  6-7783 

The  same,  by  trial  at  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  .  =  6.7525 

Former  zecchino  (sequin).  See  VENICE, 

Italy. 


SILVER.  —  New  union  (or  vereins)  thaler  =  1} 

Austrian  florin  (containing  -Ay  of  a  miinz- 
pfund  of  fine  silver),  since  1857  .  .  .  .  —  0.7204 

New  florin  or  gulden  of  100  new  kreutzen(and 
containing  of  a  munz-pfund  of  fine 
silver)  =  about  57  of  the  old  kreutzer, 

since  1857  . .  0.4803 

Former  conventions-florin  or  gulden  =  60 
conventions  kreutzer  (and  containing  A_ 
of  a  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver)  prior  to 

1857  .  .  =  0.5054 

Former  conventions  florin,  by  U.  S.  law  22d 

May,  1846  . =  0.4S50 

Former  conventions  or  species  thaler  =  2 
Conventions-florin,  pfior  to  1857  .  .  .  =  1.0109 

Levantine,  or  Maria-Theresia,  or  Regina 
thaler  (date  1780),  still  coined  with  the 
old  date  for  the  Levant  trade . =  1.0109 


ALGIERS  (belonging  to  France).  See  France. 


Former  silver  rial-boudjou,  dated  Hegira 
1230  (A.  d.  1820) . =  $0.3617 

AZORES  or  WESTERN  ISLANDS.  See  PORTUGAL. 

Milreis  of  these  Islands,  as  fixed  by  U.  S.  law 
of  March  3d,  1843,  for  U.  S.  customs  .  .  =  0.835 

ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION.  See  South  AxMERICA. 

BADEN. 

For  new  coins,  see  Germany  (South). 


Former  Gold.  —  Ludwigd’or,  legal  .  .  =  3.4388 

Former  Silver.  —  Doppelthaler  =  3} 
gulden  (of  the  24}  gulden  standard)  prior 

to  1857,  legal . =  1.4409 

Former  silver,  2  gulden  piece  (prior  to  1857), 

legal . =  0.8252 

Former  silver,  1  gulden  of  the  24}  gulden 
standard  =  60  ki'eutzer  (prior  to  1857), 

legal . =  0.4126 

Former  silver,  the  same  fixed  by  U.  S.  law  of 
22d  March,  1846  . =  0.40 

BAVARIA.  See  Germany  (South). 

Former  Gold.  — Ducat,  legal . =  2.2876 

Caroline,  legal . =  4.9920 

Max  d’or,  legal . =  3.3414 

Former  Silver. — Like  Baden. 

Gulden  (of  the  24}  gulden  standard),  prior  to 


BELGIUM.  See  FRANCE. 

BRAZIL. 

Gold. — 20  milreis,  legal . =  10.9235 

Milreis,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  10.9057 

Former  Joao,  legal . =  8.7195 

Silver. — 2  milreis.  legal . =  1.0104 

Former,  patafao  (920  reis),  legal  .  .  .  .  =  1.0657 

BRUNSWICK.  See  Germany  (North). 

Former  Gold.  — Pistole,  of  5  gold  thalers, 

legal . ==  3959? 

(599) 


600  VALUE  OF  FOREIGN  COINS. 


Former  Silver. —  Thaler  (24 gute  groschen) 


legal) . =  $0.7254 

Thaler  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  .  =  0.69 


BREMEN.  See  Germany  (North). 

GOLD. — Bremen  has  no  gold  coinage  of  its 
own,  but  the  unit  of  account  still  remains 
the  gold  thaler,  of  which  there  are  8 yq  to 
the  union  crown,  or  5  to  the  pistole,  and 


which  consequently . —  0.7912 

Silver. — Rixthaler,  legal . =  0.7911 

Rixthaler,  by  U.  S.  law  of  1843  . =  0.7875 

Thaler  (of  72  gro ten),  legal  .......  =r  0-7476 

Thaler,  by  U.  S.  law  of  1843  . =  0.71 

CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

GOLD.  — Onza,  or  doubloon,  of  1833,  trial  by 

U.  S.  mint . =  14.9658 

Pezo,  or  Jg  onza  (of  1825  to  1849)  trial  by 

U.  S.  mint . =  0.8295 

2  escudo  (|  onza),  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  =  3.6875 

4  reals,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  0.488 

Silver.  —  Pezo  (1840-1842),  average  trial  by 

U.  S.  mint . =  1.0311 

Pezo  (of  1855),  average  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  =  1.0137 
Pezo,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  0.9997 


CHILI.  See  SOUTH  AMERICA. 
CHINA.  See  preceding  table. 
COSTA  RICA. 


Gold.  —  a  onza  (of  1850),  trial  at  U.  S.  mint  =  7.6232 
DENMARK. 

Gold.  —  Pistole  (Christiand’or  Fredericd’or), 

legal . =  3.9547 

Double  Fredericd’or,  of  1827  to  1839,  by 
trials  at  Berlin . =  7-8992 

Silver.  —  Species  thaler,  or  doppelt  rigsdaler, 

legal . =  1.0926 

Former  double  rigsbankdaler,  since  1787, 

legal . =  1.0780 

Former  double  rigsbankdaler,  by  U.  S.  law 

of  May  22d,  1846  . =  1.05 

Former  rigsbankdaler  (£  speciedaler),  legal  .  =  0.5463 

Rigsbankdaler,  U.  S.  Custom-house  valu¬ 
ation  . =0.53 

ECUADOR.  See  South  America. 

Gold. — 4  escudos,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  =  7-5169 

Silver. —Peso,  legal . =  1.8886 

Piaster  (8  rials)  about . =  0.69 

EGYPT. 

Gold.  — 100  piaster,  legal . =  4.969 

50  piaster,  legal . zz:  2.495 

.20  piaster,  legal . —  0.9976 

SHLVER.  — Piaster  or  gersh  (plural,  gurush), 

legal  (=  20  para  or  fadda) . =  0.0495 

Pieces  of  5,  10,  and  20  piasters  in  proportion. 

ENGLAND. 

Gold. — Pound  sterling  (£),  or  Sovereign, 

legal .  ..-...  =  4.8666 

Pound  sterling,  U.  S.  Custom-house  valu¬ 
ation  . —  4.84 

Silver  —  Shilling,  legal . —  0.2261 


Crown  (5  shilling),  legal . =  SI  .2706 

New  shilling,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  .  =  0.2268 

Average  shilling,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  =  0.2214 

FRANCE. 

Gold.  —  Piece  of  100  francs,  legal  .  .  .  .  =  19.2953 

Piece  of  50  francs,  legal . =  9.6476 

Piece  of  20  francs,  legal . =  3.8591 

(Pieces  of  5  and  10  francs  in  proportion.) 

Piece  of  20  francs,  new,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  =  3.8560 

Piece  of  20  francs,  average,  trial  by  U.  S. 

mint .  =  3.8469 

Former  Louis  d’or  (1810  to  1840),  by  trial  .  =  3  8258 

Former  Louis  d’or  (1785),  legal . =  4.6603 

Silver. — Piece  of  5  francs,  legal  .  .  .  .  =  0.9726 

Piece  of  1  franc,  prior  to  1865,  legal  .  .  •  =  0.1945 

Piece  of  1  franc,  prior  to  1865,  by  U.  S.  law 

of  22d  May,  1846  . =  0.1869 

Piece  of  1  franc,  since  1865,  subsidiary  coin, 

legal . =  0.1805 

Former  livre  tournois,  received  by  U.  S.  Cus¬ 
tom-house  at  .  . . =  0.185 


FRANKFORT  ON  THE  MAIN. 

( Formerly  a  free  city ,  since  1866  belonging  to  Prussia.) 


Gold. — Union  crown  and  half  crown  (see 
Germany ) 

Former  ducat,  legal . =  2.2876 

Silver. —  Vereins  doppelthaler  =  3^  South 
German  gulden  (52^  gulden  to  1  thung- 

pfund  of  fine  silver),  legal . =  1  4409 

Vereinsthaler  (1|  gulden) . =  0.7205 

Gulden  of  South  Germany,  52^  to  1  miinz- 
pfund  of  fine  silver,  Convention  of  1857 

(not  yet  coined),  legal . =  0.4117 

Former  gulden  (24^  to  Cologne  mark  of  fine 

silver,  Convention  of  1837),  legal  .  .  .  =  0  4126 

The  same,  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  =  0.40 

GERMANY. 

Gold. —  Union  crown  (vereins  krone),  -AL. 
fine,  and  containing  10  grammes  of  pure 

gold . =  6.6462 

Union  half  crown . =  3.3231 

SILVER.  —  Union  (or  vereins)  thaler  (of  the 
30-thaler  fuss,  or  standard  30  thalers 
being  coined  from  the  miinzpfund  of  500 

grammes  of  fine  silver . =  0-7204 

Union  double-thaler  =  3  Austrian  florins  or 
gulden  =  3^  South  German  gulden  or 
florins . =  1.4409 


NORTH  GERMAN  UNION.  (  Principal  State,  PRUSSIA. ) 

Gold.  —  Union  crown  and  half  crown.  (See 
Germany.) 

Silver.  —  Union  (or  vereins)  thaler,  of  30 

silver  groscheu . =  0.7204 

Prior  to  the  year  1857,  the  thaler  of  the 
greater  part  of  the  States  now  constituting 
the  North  German  Union,  was  of  the  14- 
thaler  standard,  14  being  coined  from  the. 

Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver . =  0.7220 

South  Germany.  (Bavaria,  Baden,  etc.) 

Gold. — Union  crown  and  half-crown.  (See 
Germany.) 


Silver.  —  Union  (or  vereins)  double  thaler 

=  3^  South  German  gulden,  legal  .  .  .  =  1.4409 

Union  (or  vereins)  thaler  =  If  South  Ger¬ 
man  gulden  ....  . =  0.7205 

Gulden  or  florin  of  South  Germany  of  60 


♦  • 


VALUE  OF  FOREIGN  COINS 


601 


kreutzer,  52£  to  1  miinzpfund  of  fine  sil¬ 
ver,  Convention  of  1857.  This  gulden  is 
the  unit  of  account,  but  is  not  yet  coined, 

legal . —  $0.4117 

Former  gulden  of  South  Germany  (244  to 
the  Cologne  mark  of  fine  silver,  prior  to 
1857),  legal . =  0.4126 

GREECE. 

French  system  of  weights  and  measures  with  Greek  nomen¬ 
clature. 

Gold. — 20  drachma  or  gold  drachma  (very 


rare),  legal . =  3  4554 

20  drachma,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  .  =  3.4419 

Silver.  —  1  drachme,  legal . =  0.1761 

5  drachma,  legal . =  0.8808 

1  phoenix,  legal . =  0.1742 


GUATEMALA.  See  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 
GUIANA. 

British,  French,  and  the  Netherlands’  currency. 


The  silver  guilder  (of  1809)  of  the  Nether-  • 
lands  prevailing,  legal . =  0.2708 

HAMBURG  (North  Germany). 

Gold.  —  Ducat,  legal . =  2.2715 

Silver.  —  Marco  courant,  legal . —  0.2972 

Marco  courant,  U.  S.  Custom-house  valu¬ 
ation  . =  0  28 

Marco  banco  (unit  of  account  not  coined)  .  =  0.3342 
By  U.  S.  law  of  3d  March,  1843  . =  0.35 

HANOVER.  Now  part  of  Prussia.  (See  Germany.) 

Former  Gold.  — Louis  d’or  or  Wilhelm  d’or, 

or  pistole,  legal . =  3  9593 

Former  Silver.  —  (Before  1854.)  Zwei 

thaler  (double  thaler  piece),  legal  .  .  .  =  1.4409 

Courant  thaler  (=  24  gute  groschen,  1834), 
legal . =  0.722 

HESSE  DARMSTADT  (South  Germany). 

Former  Gold.  —  10-gulden  piece,  legal  .  .  =  4.0371 
Karolin . =  4.9920 

Former  Silver.  —  As  in  Baden. 

2-gulden  piece  of  24^  gulden  standard  (prior 

to  1857),  legal  . —  0.8225 

HESSE  CASSEL.  Now  part  of  Prussia. 

Former  Gold.  —  Pistole,  or  Wilhelm  d’or 

=  5  thaler,  legal . =  3.9822 

New  pistole,  or  Friedrich  Wilhelm  d’or,  legal  =  4.009 


Former  Silver.  — .  As  in  Hesse  Darmstadt. 

INDIA,  EAST. 


Gold. — Mohur  (law  of  1835),  legal  .  .  .  .  =  7.1059 

Mohur,  of  Madras,  legal .  .  =  7-0696 

Mohur,  of  Bombay,  legal . —  7-1061 

Mohur  of  Netherlands’  Possession  (gold 

rupee),  legal . =  7-8327 

Star-pagoda,  of  Madras,  legal . —  1.9102 

Moon-pagoda  of  Pondichery  (French),  legal  =  1.6015 

Silver.  —  Company  rupee,  legal  .  .  .  .  =  0.46217 
Star  pagoda,  of  Madras  (by  U.  S.  law  of  2d 

March,  1801) . —  1.84 

Rupee  of  Company  (by  U.  S.  law  of  3d 
March,  1843) . —  0.445 


ITALY. 

French  monetary  system  adopted  1865. 

Gold.  —  New  20  lire  (francs),  legal  ....  =$3.8591 
New  20  lire,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  3-8428 

Silver. — Lira,  by  U.  S.  law  of  1846  .  .  .  =  0.186 

Former  Gold. — More  or  less  met  with,  in 
circulation,  especially  on  the  Mediterra¬ 
nean  sea-coasts  and  in  the  Levant. 


In  Genoa.  —  Zecchino  (or  sequin)  for  Levan¬ 
tine  trade,  legal . =  2.2906 

Dopia  or  Genovine  (old),  legal . =  23.5913 

Dopia  or  Genovine  (new),  legal . =  14.9082 

In  Lombardy;  Venice ,  Milan,  and  Mantua. 

Sovrano,  legal . =  6.778 

Sovrano,  trial  by  foreign  mint . =  6.7102 

Zecchino  (sequin),  trial  by  French  mint  .  .  =  2.2704 

In  Modena.  —  20  lire  (20  francs),  legal  .  .  .  =  3.8591 

In  Naples  and  Sicily.  —  Oncette  =  3  ducati 

di'  regno,  legal . =  2.5067 

1  oncie  (and  multiples  for  Sicily),  legal  .  .  =  2.5599 

1  oncie,  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  .  =  2.40 

In  Parma.  —  20  lire . =  3.8591 

1  pistole  (also  pieces  of  2,  4,  and  8  pistoles, 

in  proportion),  legal . =  4.2676 

1  ducato  or  zecchino . =  2.2691 

In  Sardinia.  —  Doppie  =  20  lire  nuove  .  .  .  =  3.8591 

Carlini  (Piedmont,  1786) . =  27.4542 

Carlini  (Sardinia,  1773) . =  9.4856 

Former  Silver.  —  In  Genoa.  —  Livre  (U. 

S.  Custom-house  valuation) . =  0.21 

Lombardy  and  Mantua.  —  Scudo  nuove,  legal  =  1.0109 

Scudo  Cisalpine,  legal . .  .  =  0.8971 

Filippi  (Milan,  1786)  =  7^  lire  correnti  = 

22^  lire  de  Mantua,  legal . =  1.1408 

Croisat,  or  scudo  della  croce  (of  the  Venetian 

Republic),  legal . =  1.2839 

Lira,  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  .  .  =  0.16 

Lucca. — 5  lire  nuove  Lucchesi  (of  1840),  legal  =  0.7221 

Modena. —  Scudo  (Modenese)  =  15  lire  Mo- 

denesi,  legal . =  0.8055 

Naples  and  Sicily.  —  Ducato  del  regno  =  10 

Carlini  (1818),  legal . =  0.8265 

Ducato  del  regno,  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May, 

1846  =  0.80 

Scudo  or  piaster  =  12  carlini  (since  1818), 

legal . =  0.992 

Scudo  or  piaster,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  =  0.9437 

Scudo  =  12  Sicilian  tari  (Sicily,  1785),  legal  =  0.9833 

Parma. — Ducato  (till  1815),  legal  .  .  .  .  =  0.9933 

Sardinia.  —  Scudo  =  6  lire  Piedmontese  (until 

1800),  legal . =  1.3689 

Scudo  =  2^  lire  of  Sardinia  (scutcheon  dol¬ 
lar,  1773),  legal . =  0.9091 

Tuscany.  —  Deni  =  10  lire  (until  1844),  legal  .  =  1.6341 

Francescone  =  6^  lire  =  4  fiorini  =  10  paoli 

(prior  to  1839),  legal . =  1.0904 

Tuscan  livra,  by  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  .  =  0  16 

Fiorino  or  florin  (until  1850)  =  1§  lire,  legal  =  0.2728 


JAPAN. 

Gold.  —  Kobang,  new,  average  from  $4,446  to  5.793 

Silver. — Itakane  (according  to  Siebold),  .  =  2.928 
Itzabu . .  .  .  .  =  0.365 


VALUE  OF  FOREIGN  COINS 


G02 

KRAKOW. 

Formerly  a  free  city ;  since  1846  occupied  by  Austria. 
Still  in  use  :  silver  zloty  (florin),  legal  .  .  =$0.1146 

LUBECK.  (North  Germany.) 

Former  Gold.  —  Species  ducat,  legal  .  .  =  2  2710 

Former  Silver.  — Thaler  =  2^  mark  cour- 

ant,  legal . =  0.7220 

MALTA. 

Former  coins  (prior  to  1800) :  — 

Gold.  — Doppia  or  pistole  (=  10  scudi)  trial 


by  English  mint . =  4.6512 

Silver.  —  Oncie  =  2£  scudi  =  30  tari  .  .  .  =  1.6955 

MAURITIUS  ISLAND  (formerly  Isle  de  France). 

SILVER.  —  (Coined  in  London)  dollar  or  Span¬ 
ish  piaster,  legal . =  1.0451 


MEXICO. 

By  law  of  27th  November,  1867,  a  system  of  decimal 
coinage  was  adopted. 


Gold. — Doubloon,  legal . =  15.7471 

Doubloon,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint,  average  .  .  =  15.5298 

Doubloon,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint,  new  .  .  .  =  15,6105 

20  pesos . =  19.680 

20  pesos,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  19,64 

Silver.  —  Dollar,  or  peso  (standard)  .  .  .  =  1.0567 

Dollar,  new,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  .  =  1.0532 

Dollar,  average,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  =  1.0491 

Peso  of  Maximilian,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  =  1.0421 

MOROCCO. 

Gold.  —  Boutki  or  Bendoki,  legal  .  ...  =z  1.9952 


Silver. — Rial  or  real  (of  1776,  very  rare)  .  =  1.0449 
NETHERLANDS  or  HOLLAND. 


Gold.  —  Gouden  Willem  (golden  William), 

legal . =  4.0257 

10  guilders,  legal . =  4.0145 

10  guilders,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  3.9757 

Ducat . =  2.2834 

Silver.  —  Rijksdaalder  =  2^  guilders  (1847), 

legal . =  1.0212 

Guilder  or  florin,  legal . =  0.4084 

Guilder  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  .  =  0.40 

Ryder  (for  colonial  trade),  legal  .  .  .  .  =  1.3189 

NORWAY. 

Silver.  —  Species  (rigs)  daler  =  6  marks  = 

120  shilling,  legal . —  1.0929 

The  same,  by  law  of  U.  S.  1846  . =  1.06 

The  same,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  1.0930 

OLDENBURG.  (North  Germany.) 

Former  Gold.  —  Pistole,  legal . =  3.9593 


PAPAL  STATES. 

Adopted  the  French  standard  from  January  1st,  1868 ; 
the  monetary  units  of  scudi  and  baiocchi  being  then 
changed  to  lire  (francs)  and  centesimi.  The  French  sub¬ 
sidiary  silver  coins  not  adopted. 

Former  Gold.  — 10  scudi  =  10  scudi  Ro¬ 


mani  of  1853,  legal . =  10.470 

Zecchino  (until  1835  of  Rome  and  Bologna), 
legal . =  2.2769 


Former  Silver.  —  Scudo  Romano  =  ICO 

baiocchi  (1835),  legal . 

Madonna  scudo  (of  Bologna),  legal  .  .  . 

PERSIA. 

Gold.  —  Toman  (also  £  toman),  legal  .  .  . 

SILVER.  —  Sahibkiran  or  sabkran  (of  Moham¬ 
med  Shah),  legal . 

(Of  various  value  and  weight  under  different 
rulers). 

PERU. 

The  French  monetary  system  was  adopted  January  31, 
1863. 


Gold. — 20  sols  =  100  francs,  legal  .  .  .  =  19.2953 

20  sols,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  19.218 

Old  doubloon,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  .  =  15.5567 

Silver.  — 1  sol,  legal . =  0  9726 

1  sol,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =:  0  9724 

Old  peso  or  dollar,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  =  1.0497 

Peso  or  dollar  of  1858,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  =  0.9389 

•  POLAND. 

(Divided  between  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia.) 

Former  Gold.  —  Ducat  =  25  zloty,  legal  .  =  2.9887 

Former  Silver.  —  Zloty  (pieces  of  10,  5, 

and  2  zloty,  or  gulden),  legal . —  0.116 

PORTUGAL. 

Gold.  —  Coroa  (crown  =  10,000  reis),  legal  .  =  5.8257 
Coroa,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  5.8066 

Silver. —Milreis,  legal . =  1.0815 

Milreis,  by  U.  S.  law  of  3d  March,  1843  .  .  =  1.12 
Milreis  (of  Azores),  by  U.  S.  law  of  3d  March, 

1843  =  0.835 

Milreis  (of  Madeira),  by  U.  S.  law  of  3d 

March,  1843  . =  1.00 

The  bulk  of  currency  is  in  British  sovereigns 
legalized  at  the  rate  of  4000  reis  .  .  .  .  =  4.8666 

PRUSSIA.  (North  Germany.) 

Gold,  —  New  crown  (vereinskrone),  legal  .  .  =  6.64615 

Former  Friedrich  d'or  =  5  thalers,  legal  .  .  =  4.0096 
Former  ducat,  legal  .  =  2.0048 

Silver.  —  Thaler  (before  1857),  trial  by  U.  S. 

mint .  =  0  7214 

Thaler,  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  .  =  0  69 

New  thaler,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  0.7214 

New  thaler,  legal . =  0.7204 

ROME. 

Gold.  — New  piece  of  2^  scudi,  trial  by  U.  S. 

mint . =  2.6047 

Silver.  —  New  scudo,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  =  1.0455 


RUSSIA. 

Gold.  —  Half  imperial,  of  5  roubles,  legal  .  =  3.9869 
Half  imperial,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  .  =  3.9764 

SILVER. —Rouble  =  100  copecks  (kopieyk), 


legal . —  0.7779 

Rouble,  by  U.  S.  law  of  22d  May,  1846  .  .  =  0.75 


(Roubles  before  the  year  1800  were  usually  of 
greater  value). 

SAXONY.  (North  Germany.) 


Former  Gold.  —  Double  August  d’or,  legal  =  8.0179 
August  d’or,  legal . =  4.0098 


=  $1  0465 
=  1.0445 

=  2.2437 
=  0.2243 


L 


VALUE  OF  FOREIGN  COINS.  603 


Former  Silver.  —  Species  thaler  =  24  gute 

groschen  =  1|  thaler,  legal . =  $1,091 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Argentine  Confederation. 

Gold.  —  Ouza  (1813  to  1832),  trial  by  U.  S. 

mint . =  15.5146 

Onza  (182S  to  1832)  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  =  14.6579 

Bolivia. 

Gold.  —  Onza  or  doubloon  (1827  to  1836),  legal  =  15.6018 
Ouza,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  15.5924 

Silver.  —  Peso  (dollar),  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  =  0.7826 
Half  peso,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  0.3874 

Chili. 

Gold. — Condor,  legal  . =  9.1225 

Venezuela. 

Silver.  —  Pezo  (mone  da  macuquina),  legal  .  =  0.7836 

Chili. 

Silver. — Pezo  =  5  francs,  legal .  .  •  .  .  =  0.9648 

SPAIN. 

Gold.  —  Doubloon  of  10  escudos  or  crowns, 


y  legal . =  5.1678 

The  same  by  trial  at  U.  S.  mint  .  .  .  .  =  4.9639 

Doubloon  of  4  escudos,  legal  .....=  2.0I'38 

Doubloon  of  2  escudos,  legal . =  1.0019 

Doubloon  de  Isabel,  legal . =  4.9861 

Former  quadruple  (4  pistoles,  onza  de  oro), 
legal . =  16.1154 

Silver.  —  Duro,  or  peso,  legal . =  1.0100 

Escudo  (10  reals),  legal . =  0.504975 

Peseta,  legal . =  0.2525 

Media,  legal . =  0.1262 

Real,  legal . =  0.0631 

Real  de  plata  (Mexicana),  legal . =  0.1260 

Real  de  plata,  by  U.  S.  law  of  2d  March, 

1799  . =  0.10 

Real  de  vellon,  legal . =  0.0614 

Real  de  vellon,  by  U.  S.  law  of  2d  March, 

1799  . =  0.05 

SWEDEN. 

Gold.  —  1  ducat  (also  double  and  quadruple 

ducat),  legal . =  2.2605 

Ducat,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  2. 2564 

Silver.  —  1  riksdaler  ryks  mint  =  100  ore, 

legal . =  0.2756 

1  riksdaler  silfver,  legal . =  1.1023 


4  riksdaler  ryks  mint  =  1  ryksdaler  silfver. 

(Also  coins  of  1,  2,  and  4  ryksdaler  silfver). 

SWITZERLAND. 

Gold  and  silver  as  in  France. 


1  franc  =  100  rappen,  legal . =  $0,193 

1  franc,  by  U.  S.  law . =  0.186 

TRIPOLIS. 

Silver.  —  Gersh  or  gurush  (pi.)  r=  100  para, 

legal . —  0.1046 

Gersh  (under  Mahmud  II.  1808),  legal  .  .  =  0.1865 

TUNIS. 

Gold.  — New  25  piasters,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  =  2.9954 
Mahbub  (zecchino)  from  $1.2534  to  ...  =  1.5003 

Silver.  — 5  piaster,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  =  0.6185 
Piaster,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  0.125 

TURKEY. 

Gold.  —  Piece  of  100  piaster  (juslik),  legal  .  =  4.393 

Piaster,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  4.3693 

Piece  of  50  piaster  in  proportion. 


Silver.  —  Piaster  (also  in  pieces  of  2,  5, 10, 

and  20  piasters)  =  100  aspers,  legal  .  .  =  0.04325 
The  same  at  custom-house  valuation  .  .  =  0.05 
20  piasters  (gersh),  trial  by  U.  S.  mint  .  .  =  0.8609 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

GOLD. — Dollar,  legal  tender  in  all  amounts  =  1.0000 
Pieces  of  20  (double  eagle),  10  (eagle),  5  (half 
eagle),  and  3  dollar  pieces  in  proportion. 

Silver.  —  Dollar,  legal  tender  in  all  amounts  =  1.000 
The  legal  tender  paper  money  of  the  U.  S.  is 
explained  in  the  previous  table. 

The  intrinsic  value  in  U.  S.  gold,  of  the  sil¬ 
ver  dollar,  assuming  gold  to  be  worth  15| 

times  silver,  is .  1.03988 

The  half  dollar,  subsidiary  and  legal  tender 
in  payment  of  sums  not  exceeding  $5.00 
in  any  one  payment,  has  an  intrinsic  gold 

value  of .  0.4840 

Quarter  dollar,  dime,  half  dime,  and  3  cent 
piece  in  proportion. 


UNITED  STATES  OF  COLOMBIA.  (NEW  GRANADA.)' 


Gold.  —  Condor  =  10  pesos,  legal  .  .  .  .  =  9.6476 

Condor,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  9. 6751 

Old  doubloon  (Bogota),  legal . =  15.6106 

Old  doubloon  (Popayan),  legal . =  15.3775 

Silver.  —  Pesos  (25  grammes),  legal  .  .  .  =  0.9726 
Pesos,  trial  by  U.  S.  mint . =  0.9692 


(The  condor  and  pesos  are  the  same  respectively  as  the 
French  50-franc  gold  and  5-franc  silver  piece). 

wtjRTEMBERG.  (South  Germany). 


Former  Gold.  —  Frederic  d’or  =  11  gulden  =  4.5410 

Former  Silver.  —  2  gulden  piece  of  the  24| 

gulden  standard . =  0.8252 


TABLES 

OF  THE  CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 

OF  DIFFERENT  COUNTRIES, 


REDUCED  TO  TIIE  LEGAL  STANDARDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  BOTH  COMMON  AND  METRIC. 


ABYSSINIA. 

Rottel  (rotolo,  or  liter)  of  12  wakihs,  each  of  10  derimes  = 
4800  (tro.v)  grains  =  311.03  grammes. 

Mocha  of  12  derimes  =  480  grains  =  31.10  grammes. 

Pik  (Turkish)  =  27  inches  =  0.686  meter. 

Ardeb  (in  Gondar)  of  10  madegas  =  0.125  bushel  =  4.40 
liters. 

Ardeb  (in  Massuah)  of  24  madegas  =  about  0.300  bushel 
=  10.57  liters. 

Kuba  •  •  •  •  { II  02276gallon }  *  ’  =  1-016  llter‘ 

ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION. 

Quintal  of  100  libra  =  101.27  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  45.9367 
kilogrammes. 

Arroba  of  25  libra  =  25-32  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  11.4842 
kilogrammes. 

Libra  —  1.0127  lb.  avoirdupois  =  459.367  grammes. 

Marco  (for  gold  and  silver)  =  3544.4  grains  =  229.684 
grammes. 

Vara  of  3  pies  =  0.9478  yard  =  0.8667  meter. 

»Pie  =  0.9478  foot  =  0.2889  meter. 

Lastre  (last)  of  2  tonneladas  (tons)  or  15  fanegas  =  58.404 
bushels  =  205.80  liters. 

Fanega  =  3.8936  bushels  =  137.20  liters. 

Frasco  =  0.6274  gallon  —  2.375  liters. 

BarH  of  32  frascos  =  20.0787  gallons  =  76  Hters. 


Malter  .  .  . 

=  4.25752  bushels 

.  .  =  150  liters 

Fuder  .  .  . 

=  39.6262  gallons 

.  .  =  1500  liters. 

St'utze  . 

=  3.9626  gallons 

.  .  =  15  liters. 

BAVARIA. 

Centner  .  . 

=  123.459  lbs.  avdp. 

=  56  kilogrammes. 

Pfund  .  .  . 

=  1.23459  lb.  avdp. 

=  560  grammes. 

Zoll-pfund  and  1 
miinzpfund  ) 

=  1.0123  lb.  avdp. 

=  500  grammes. 

Mark  .  .  = 

0.6268  lb.  troy  =  233.950  grammes. 

Fuss  .  .  =  0.95757  foot  .  =  0.291859  meter. 

Elle  .  .  =  0.9110  yard  .  =  0.833015  meter. 

Schaffel .  =  6.3103  bushels  =  222.357  liters. 

Maass  .  .  =  0.2824  gallon  .  =1.06903  liter. 

Scheukeimer  =  16.944  gallon  .  =  64.1416  liters. 

BELGIUM. 

French  system. 

BRAZIL.  (Like  Portugal.) 

Metric  system  obligatory  from  1st  January,  1873. 
Tonelada  (ton  for  shipping)  =  2240  lbs.  avdp.  =  1016.1 
kilogrammes. 

Medida  =  0.73306  gallon  =  2.7748  liters. 

Arratel  =  1.0192  lb.  avoirdupois  =  459  grammes. 

BREMEN. 


AUSTRIA. 

Pfund  =  8642.209  grains  =  560.012  grammes. 

Zoll-pfund  (customs-pound)  =  7716.174  grains  =  500 
grammes. 

Miinzpfund  (coin-pound)  =  7716  174  grains  =  500  grammes. 
Centner  =  123.4615  lbs.  avdp.  =  56.0012  kilogrammes. 
Saum  =  275  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  154.003  kilogrammes. 
Metze  =  1.7454  bushel  =  61.5045  liters. 

Eimer  of  40  maass  =  14.95  gallon  =  56.605  liter. 

Maass  =  0.373  gallon  =  1.415  liter. 

Fuss  of  12  zoll  =  1.03713  foot  =  0  31611  meter. 

Elle  (imperial)  =  0.85217  yard  =  0.77921  meter. 

AZORES  or  WESTERN  ISLANDS.  (See  PORTUGAL.) 

Alqueire  of  2  meios  .  =  0.334  bushel  .  =  11.95  liters. 
Fanga  of  4  alqueires  =  1.336  bushel  ,  =  47.80  liters. 

BADEN. 


Pfund  . 
Fuss  . 
Elle  . 
Scheffel 
Stubchen 


Pfund  .  * 
Fuss  .  . 
Elle  .  . 

Wispel 
Stubchen  . 


Ell  .  .  . 
Minot  .  . 


Pfund  . 

Fuss  . 
Elle  . 
Zuber  . 


(=  1.0123  lb.  avdp.  ) 
*  ‘  t  =  1  3396  lb.  troy.  ) 
.  ,  .  =r  0.98428  foot  .  . 
.  .  .  =  0.65618  yard 
.  .  .  =  42  5732  bushels  . 
'604) 


=  500  grammes. 

=  0.3  meter. 

=  6  decimeters. 

=  1500  Hters. 


Libra  .  . 
Fanega 
Quartillo  . 
Vara  .  . 


=  1.99  lb.  avdp. 

=  0.9493  foot  .  . 
=  0.6329  yard  .  . 
=  2.103  bushels 
=  0.85103  gallon  . 

BRUNSWICK. 

=  1.02958  lb.  avdp. 
=  0.93625  foot  .  . 
=  0.6242  yard  .  . 
=  35.3544  bushel  . 
=r  0.85103  gallon  . 


=  498.5  grammes. 
=  0.28935  meter. 

=  0.5787  meter. 

=  74.10387  liters. 

=  33.21318  liters. 


=  467.11  grammes. 
=  0.28536  meter. 
=  0.570725  meters. 
=  1245.7904  liters. 
=  32.21318  liters. 


CANADA.  (Like  England.) 

.  .  =1.25vard  .  .  =  1.14296  meter. 

.  .  =  1.10749  bushel  .  =  39.025  liters. 


CHILI. 

.  =  1.01412  lb.  avdp.  .  .  r=  460  grammes. 

.  =  2.838  bushels  .  .  .  =  100  liters. 

.  r=  0.2906  gallon  .  .  .  =1.1  liter. 

.  =  2.7493  feet  .  .  .  .  =  0.836  meter. 


COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


605 


Peaul  . 

CHINA. 

f  133.333  lbs.  avdp.  1 
~  \  162.0363  lbs.  troy  j 

=  60.4787  kilogrammes. 

Catty 

=  1.3333  lb.  avdp.  . 

=  604.7896  grammes. 

Chih  (custom-  )  14>1  inch  # 

=  0.35813  meter. 

nouse; 
Sei  .  . 

=  3.4716  bushels  . 

=  122.43  liter. 

COCHIN-CHINA.  (Like  China.) 

Tael 

.  =  590.75  grains  troy 

.  .  =  38.28  grammes. 

Covid  . 

.  =  0.4166  yard  .  . 

.  .  =  0.381  meter. 

CEYLON  or  SELAN.  (English  measure.) 

Candy  .  .  =  545  lbs.  avdp.  .  =247.2  kilogrammes. 
Amomam  .  =  5.7757  bushels  .  =  203.52  liters. 

CURASAO.  (Like  Netherlands. ) 

Vara  (yard)  •  .  .  =  33  375  inches  .  .  =  0.8477  meter. 

CYPRUS. 


Pik  .  . 
Medinno 
Cass 
Kan  tar 

Oka  .  . 

Rotolo  . 


=  0.7347  yard  .  . 

=  2.1312  bushels  . 

=  1.25  gallon  .  . 

=  524.20  lb.  avdp. 

19570  grains  1 
2.7957  lbs.  avdp.  j 
=  If  oka. 


0.6718  meter. 
75.097  liters. 

4.73  liters. 

237-77  kilogrammes. 

1.2681  kilogramme. 


DENMARK. 


Pund  .  .  =  1.1025  lb.  avdp.  .  =  500  grammes. 

Mark  .  .  =  0.630404  lb.  troy  .  =  235.2941  grammes. 

Fod  .  .  .  =1.01  foot  .  .  .  .  =  0.31385  meter. 

Alen  .  .  =  0.68648  yard  .  .  =  0.62771  meter. 

Tonde  (ton)  =  3.94783  bushels  .  =  139.1213  liters. 
Pott  .  .  =  0.2552  gallon  .  .  =  0.96612  liter. 


ECUADOR.  (Like  SPAIN.) 


EGYPT. 

Derhem  (drachm)  =  47.6512  grains  troy  =  3.0884 grammes. 
Oka  =  2-7235  lbs.  avdp.  =  1.23536  kilogramme. 

Rotolo  =  0.9804173  lb.  avdp.  =  444.73  grammes. 
Government  rotolo  =  1.2256  lb.  avdp.  =  551.91  grammes. 
Pik  (Istambuli)  =  0.2654  inch  =  0.677  meter. 

Ardeb  (Alexandria)  =  7.6907  bushels  =  271.0  liters. 

ENGLAND. 

Pound  avdp.  =  1.215278  lb.  troy  =  453.5922  grammes. 
Pound  troy  =  0.822857  lb.  avdp.  =  373.2416  grammes. 
Imperial  quarter  =  8.25212  U.  S.  bush.  =  290.7813  liters. 
Imperial  bushel  =  1.03152  Winch,  bush.  =  36.34766  liters. 
Imperial  gallon  =  1.20032  gallon  =  4.543458  liters. 

Ale  and  beer  gallon  =  1.2204  gallon  =  4.6209  liters. 

Yard  =  3  feet  =  0.9143835  meters. 


FRANCE. 


M^trc  ~~~ 

39.37040  inches,  or  . 
9.84260  hands,  or  . 
3.280867  feet,  or  .  . 
1.093622  yard,  or  . 
0.0994202  half-chain 


1  meter,  or 

. _ .  10  decimeters,  or 

”  ]  100  centimeters,  or 

1000  millimeters. 


Kilometre  = 

1093.622  yards,  or  .  . 
99.4202  half-chains,  or 
49.7101  chains,  or 
0.621376  mile  .  . 


yL-  myriameter,  or 
1  kilometer,  or 
10  hectometers,  or 
100  dekameters,  or 
1000  meters. 


Litre  = 

0.26417  gallon . 

1.02567  quart,  liquid  measure 


=  1  cubic  decimeter. 


Hectolitre  = 

2.8378  bushels  .  .  . 
90  8  quarts,  dry  measure 


=  100  liters. 


Each  of  the  French  measures  of  volume  has  its  half  and 
its  double  measure. 


110  decigrammes,  or 
100  centigrammes,  or 
1000  milligrammes. 


Kilogramme  = 

15.4323488  grains,  or . ' 

2.204621  lbs.  avdp.  (of  7000  grains), or 
2.679227  lbs.  troy  (of  5760  grains),  or 
0.0787365  avdp.  quarter  (of  28  lbs)  or  j 
0.0196841  hundred  wt.  (of  112  lbs.)  or 
0.0110231  cental  (of  100  lbs.)  .  .  J 


’  10  hecto¬ 
grammes. 
100  dek  a  gram¬ 


mes. 

1000  grammes. 


Metric  quintal  = 

7.873647  avdp.  qrs.  (of  28  lbs.)  or 
1.968412  hundred  wt.  (of  112  lbs.  ),or 
2.204621  centals  (of  100  lbs.) 


10  myriagrammes. 
100  kilogrammes. 


Millier,  or  metric  tonne  = 

22.046212 centals  (of  100 lbs.)  .  .  1 

19.684118  hundred  wt.fof  112  lbs.),  or 
0.9842059  long  ton  (of  2240  lbs.),  or 
1.10231062  short  ton  (of  2000  lbs.)  . 


10  quintals,  or 
1000  kilogram¬ 
mes. 


GERMANY. 

Zollverein  (Customs’  Union),  an  important  Commercial 
Union  originating  in  1828 ;  embracing  in  1833  all  the  Ger¬ 
man  States,  except  Austria,  Liechtenstein,  Holstein,  the 
two  Duchies  of  Mecklenburg,  and  the  three  free  cities  of 
Hamburg,  Liibeck,  and  Bremen;  dissolved  with  the  close 
of  the  year  1865,  and  held  together  only  by  temporary 
agreements  until  Nov.  1st,  1867,  when  a  new  Commercial 
Treaty  was  concluded  between  the  North  German  Confed¬ 
eration  and  the  South  German  States. 

The  unit  of  weight  is  the  zollpfund  (customs’  pound)  of 
500  grammes. 

Zollpfund  of  30  zoll-loth  =  7716.1744  U.  S.  grains  =  £ 
kilogramme. 

Zollcentner  of  100  zoll-pfund  =  110.23106  lbs.  avoirdu¬ 
pois  =  50  kilogrammes. 

Zollstein  of  20  zoll-pfund  =  22.03621  lbs.  avoirdupois  = 
100  kilogrammes. 

Munzpfund  of  10000  ass  =  7716.1744  U.  S.  grains  =  500 
grammes. 


North  German  Confederation. 

(Established  since  the  war  with  Austria,  in  1866.) 

(New  System.) 

By  a  decree  of  the  17th  of  August,  1868,  the  metrical 
(French)  system  of  weights  and  measures  has  been  adopted, 
commencing  with  the  1st  of  January,  1870,  and  will  be 
compulsory  from  the  1st  of  January,  1872. 

The  base  of  the  new  system  is  the  meter  or  stab ;  the 
same  as  the  French  metre. 

The  unit  of  length  is  also  the  meter  or  stab. 

0  01  meter  .  .  .  .  =  1  zentimeter  or  neu-zoll. 

0.001  meter  .  .  .  .  =  1  millimeter  or  strich. 

The  unit  of  surface  is  the  quadrat-meter  (square  meter), 
or  quadrat-stab. 

0.01  of  a  quadrat-meter . .  1  ar. 

0.001  of  a  quadrat-meter . =1  hektar. 

The  unit  of  volume  is  the  0.001  of  a  kubik-meter  or 
kubik-stab,  and  is  called  a  liter  or  kanne. 
i  liter  =  1  schoppen. 

100  liter  =  0.1  kubik-meter  =  1  hectoliter  or  fass. 

50  liter  =  1  scheffel. 


606 


COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


The  unit  of  weight  is  the  kilogramme  (equal  to  2  pfund). 


10  grammes 
0.1  gramme 
0.01  gramme 
0.001  gramme 


i  kilogramme  {  _  go  *neu.loth 

60  kilogramme,  or  100  pfund  —  1  zentner. 

1000  kilogramme,  or  2000  pfund  =1  tonne. 

The  unit  of  money-weight  continues  to  be  the  m'unz- 
pfund  (of  500  grammes)  divided  into  10000  ass. 

The  unit  of  weight  for  purposes  of  assay,  or  for  trying 
gold  and  silver,  is  the  0.001  part  of  the  munzpfund(=£ 
gramme  or  500  milligrammes) ;  which  unit  is  again  divided 
into  1000  parts. 

GREECE. 

French  svstem  since  1836. 


1  dekagramme  or  neu-loth. 
1  dezigramme. 

1  zentigramme. 

1  milligramme. 

1  pfund 


}  =  1.1023106  lb.  avdp. 


Former. 

Mina  (kilogr.)  =  2.20462  lbs.  avdp. 

Royal  mina  =  3.30693  lbs.  avdp. 

Talanton  .  =330.697  lbs.  avdp. 

Piki  .  .  .  =  1.09363  yard 

Litra  .  .  =  1.0567  quart 

Kailon  .  .  =  2.83782  bushels 


Metric. 

1.00  kilogr. 
1.5  kilogr. 

:  150.0  kilogr. 

1.0  meter. 

1.0  liter. 

:  1.0  hectoliter. 


GUIANA. 

British  Guiana.  See  London. 

French  Guiana. 

Livre  .  =  {  }.3in961bb'tra0VydP’  }  =489.5058  grammes. 


Pied  de  roi  =  1.065765  foot 

Aune  .  =  1.29972  yard  . 

Muid  .  =  70.85525  gallons 

Boisseau  =  0.36915  bushel 


=  0.3248394  meter. 
=  1.188446  meter. 

=  268.2195  liters. 

=  13.0083  liters. 


Dutch  Guiana.  See  Netherlands. 
HAMBURG. 


Pfund 


(1.0683  lb.  avdp.  ) _ .0,  er,0/tK 

—  ’ -  r  1  =481.60945  grammes. 


{  1.2984  lb.  troy 
Mark  .  .  =  0.626554  lb.  troy  =  233  85489  grammes. 

Fuss  .  .  =  0.94021  foot  .  =  0.28657  meter. 

Elle  .  .  =  0.62681  yard  .  =  0.57314  meter. 

Brabantine  elle  =  0.75615  yard  =  0.69141  meter. 

Fass  .  .  .  .  =  1.5597  bushel  =  54.9615  liters. 

Ohm  (=4  ankers)  =  38.2782  gallons  =144.8906  liters. 

HANOVER.  (Like  Prussia.) 

HAVANA.  (Island  of  Cuba.) 

Castilian  weight.  (See  Spain.) 

Varra  (Cubana)  =  33.375  inches  =  0.8477  meter. 

Fanega  ...  =  3.12367  bushels  =  110.66  liters. 

Arroba  (former  1 _ 

Castilian  can  tara)  J 


4.10  gallons 


15.44  liters. 


HUNGARY.  (Like  Austria.) 


Oka  .  .  .  =  3.0817  lbs.  avdp.  = 

Arsin  .  .  .  =  0.63919  yard  = 

Stab  .  .  .  =  5.18565  feet  = 

Metzen  .  .  =  1.77354  bushel  = 

Urna  or  eimer  =  14.305339  gallons  = 
Fass  .  .  .  =52.545  gallons  = 


1.400  kilogramme. 
0.43440  meter. 

1  5805  meter. 
62.4984  liters. 
54.1527  liters. 
198.89348  liters. 


INDIA  (EAST).  (English  Measures.) 
Bengal. 

Tola  .  .  .  =  180  grains  troy  =11.66375  grammes 
Man  or  maund  =  82.2855  lbs.  avdp.  =37.324  kilogr. 
Factory  maund  =  74.667  lbs.  avdp.  =  33.869  kilogr. 


Guz 


-  .  .  .  =  1.00  yard  .  .  =  0. 91438  meter. 

Kahoon  (grain)  =  j  }  =  1364.72  kilogr. 


Bombay. 

=  560.00  lbs.  avdp. 
=  1.50  foot  .  . 

=  358.4  lbs.  avdp. 


Candy  .  .  . 

Covid  (haut)  . 

Candy  (grain)  . 

fneCarC25  bush.)  }  =  215’9375  lbs‘  avdP‘  =  97‘947  kiloKr 
Maund  .  .  .  =  28.00  lbs.  avdp.  =  12.70  kilogr. 


=  254.00  kilogr. 

=  0.4572  meter. 

=  162.567  kilogr. 


Candy  . 
Maund 
Garce  . 
Parah 


Madras. 

=  500  lbs.  avdp.  . 

=  25.00  lbs.  avdp. 
=  139.512  bushels 
1.7439  bushel 


C9vid  (cubit)  =  0.50  yard 


=  226.8  kilogrammes. 

=  11.3498  kilogrammes. 
=  4.916  kiloliters. 

=  61  45  liters. 

=  0  45719  meter. 


IONIAN  ISLANDS.  (Like  England.) 


Libra  sotille  Ionia : 
Libra  grossa  .  : 
Jarda  Ionia  . 


Gallone  .  .  . 

Chilo  .  .  .  . 

Barilla  (16  impe¬ 
rial  gallons) 


lib.  troy  .  =  373  2466  grammes. 
1  lb.  avdp.  .  =  453  5922  grammes. 
1  yard  .  .  =  0.91438  meter. 

0.12894  bushel  (  —  .  543458  liters 
1.20032  gallon  J  —  )lters- 

=  1.03152  bushel  =  36.34766  liters. 

}  =  19.21307  gallons  =  72.72537  liters. 


=  1 


ITALY. 

(Metrical  and  decimal  system  of  France.)  —  Formerly  :  — 


Libbra  .  .  .  =  0. 81463  lb.  avdp. 

Piede  (Liprando)  =  1.685!'l  foot 
Sacco  .  .  .  =  3.27179  bushels 

Brenta  .  .  .  =12.99317  gallons 


=  369.508  grammes. 
=  0.513757  meter. 

=  115.0278  liters. 

=  49.285  liters. 


JAMAICA.  (Like  England.) 


JAPAN. 


Monme 
Rjoo 
Sals  . 


.  =  27.0067  grains  troy : 
.  =  116.1238  grains  troy : 
.  =  11.9291  inches  .  : 
Sjoo,  or  masa  =  0.459128  gallon  : 


:  1  75  gramme. 

:  7.525  grammes. 
:  0.303  meter. 

:  1.738  liter. 


Pfund  .  . 
Mark  .  .  . 

Fuss  .  .  . 
Elle  .  .  . 

Scheffel  (rye,  ) 
barley)  j 
Scheffel  I 
(oats,  fruit)  j 
Ohm  .  .  . 
Quartico  .  . 


LUBECK. 

1.07249  lb.  avdp. 
1.2522  lb.  troy 
0.94365  foot  .  . 
0.6291  yard  .  . 

0.98349  bushel 


=  486.474  grammes. 
=  467.3642  grammes. 
=  0.2876  meter. 

=  0.5752  meter. 

=  34.694  liters. 


=  1.12128  bushel  =  39.514  liters. 


=  38.4394  gallons 
=  0.24023  gallon 


;  145.501  liters. 
0.90938  liter. 


MADEIRA.  (See  Portugal.) 


Arratel 


Alqueire 

Almude 


(libra)  =  j 


1.01085  lbs.  avdp 
1.2285  lb.  troy 
03999  bushel 
4.68057  gallons 

MALTA. 


•}= 


485.547  grammes. 


=  14.095  liters. 
=  17.718  liters. 


Foot  =  11.1666  inches  =  0.28363  meter. 
Canna  =  2.2855  yards  =  2.0980  meters. 

Salma  =  8.1973  bushels  =  288.51  liters. 

Barile  =  11.2468  gallons  =  42.57  liters. 

Libbra  —  j  J^toy  }  =317.5  gramms*. 


COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES, 


607 


MARTINIQUE. 

(French  metric  system.) 

L1™  =  { IS*  ib.  troy3  }  =  489-5058  S“m“es- 

Aune  =  1.30148  yard  .  .  =  1.191  meters. 
Barique  =  50  gallons  .  .  .  =  186.26  liters. 

MAURITIUS.  (Isle  de  France.) 


French  metric  system.  —  Still  used  :  — 

Quintal  .  .  =  108  lbs.  avdp.  =  48.989  kilogrammes. 
Ton  (shipping)  =  2160  lbs.  avdp.  =  979.876  kilogrammes. 
Aune  .  .  .  =  1.30148  yard  =  1.191  meter. 

Veit  .  .  .  .  =  2.00  gallons  .  =  7.57  liters. 

Cask  .  .  .  =60.00  gallons  .  =  227.13  liters. 


MEXICO. 

Weight  like  Havana. 

Tercio  (of  tobacco)  =  160  lbs.  avdp.  . 
Baril  .  .  .  .  =  20  gallons  .  . 

Vara  .  .  .  .  =  0.9139  yard  .  . 

Fanega  .  .  .  =  1.54728  bushel 

Frasco  .  .  .  .  =  2.5  quarts  .  . 


=  72.576  kilogr. 
=  75  71  liters. 

=  0.83395  meter 
=  55.501  liters. 
=  2.8389  liters. 


MOLDAVIA.  (DANUBIAN  PRINCIPALITIES.) 


Oka  (Jassay) 
Palma  .  .  . 

Khalebi  (woolen 
goods) 

Kot  (silk  and 
linen  goods) 
Kilo  .  .  .  . 


=  2.8505  lbs.  avdp.  =  1.29298  gramme . 
=  0.9074  foot  .  .  =  0.27659  meter. 


|  =  0.7344  yard  . 

|  =  0.6905  yard  . 
=  19.25  bushels 


.  =  0.6713  meter. 

.  =  0.6314  meter. 

.  =4.351  hektoliters. 


MOROCCO. 

Artal  .  .  =1.12  lb.  avdp.  .  .  =  508  grammes. 
Codo  (dhra’a)  =  0.62448  yard  .  .  =  0.571  meter. 
Muhd  .  .  =  about  0.497  bushel  =  about  14.00  litres. 


NETHERLANDS. 

Former  Weights  and  Measures. 

Trovish  pond  =1.3183  lb.  troy  .  =  492.1677  grammes. 

Old  pond  .  .  =  1.0893  lb.  avdp.  .  =494.0904  grammes. 

Voet  .  .  .  =0.9289  foot  .  .  =  0.283133  meter. 

°dammelter’ }  =0.7522  yard  .  .  =  0.68781  meter. 

(The  Netherlands  adopted  the  French  metric  system  in 
1816.) 

Last  .  =  30  mud  .  =  8513  bushels  =  30  hektoliters. 

Ell . =  1.099  yard  .  =  1  meter. 

Vah  .  =  100  kannen  .  =  28.41  gallons  =  100  liters. 

(  10  onsen,  or  )  (  2.20462  lb.  avdp.,  or 

Pond  .  •  —  )  100  looden,  or  |  =  <  2  69923  lb.  troy,  or 
(  1000  wigtjes  )  ( 1  kilogramme. 

Apothecary’s  pond  .  =  375  wigtjes  (grammes). 

In  the  Netherlands’  Colonies  (Batavia,  etc.),  the  former 
weights  and  measures  are  still  in  use  ;  also  — 

Koyang  (rice)  =  3662.042  lbs.  troy  =  1661.066  kilogrammes. 
Old  kan  .  =  0  3962  gallon  .  =  1.49  liter. 

1  pikol  =  100  catties  =  10  gantang  (coffee)  =  135-6312 
lbs.  avdp.  =  61.5210  kilogramme. 

Ou  the  Molucca  Islands  the  New  Netherlands  measures 
have  been  introduced  since  1839. 

NEW  GRANADA,  OR  UNITED.  STATES  OF  COLOMBIA. 
(Recently  adopted  French  measures  and  weights.) 

PAPAL  STATES. 

The  French  metric  system,  although  adopted  in  1848,  to 
commence  with  1st  of  January ,  1850,  has  not  been  en¬ 
forced. 


Hitherto,  — 

Pied  .  .  .  =  0.9766  U.  S.  foot  =0.2976  meter. 

ClcTti(i"er' }  =  2-179  y •  =  I"28  a-**- 
Rubblio  .  =  0.8356  bushel  =  294.46  liters. 

Barile  (wine)  =  15-412  gallons  .  =  58.3416  liters. 

Barile  (oil)  .  =  15.185  gallons  .  =  57.4806  liters. 

Libbra  .  {  =  Q.mll  lb.  Uoy '  }  =  339‘073  kilogrammes. 

PERSIA. 

Guz  shah  (gers  or  arkin)  =  3.333  feet  =  1.0160  meter. 

1  artaha  =  8  collothun  =  25  capichas  =  50  chenicas  = 
200  sextarios  =  1.8514  bushel  =  65.238  liters. 

The  only  weight  common  to  all  provinces  is  the  miskal 
174.7025  troy  grains  =  4.8406  grammes. 

In  Tauris ,  Meshid,  Herat :  — 

40  seers  =  640  miskal  =  5.830047  lbs.  avdp.  =  3.098  kilo¬ 
grammes. 

In  Ispahan :  — 

1  mahnd  shah  =  1280  miskal  =  13.6601  lbs.  avdp.  = 
6.196  kilogrammes. 

In  Resht :  — • 

2  royal  mahnd  =  2560  miskal  =  27.3202  lbs.  avdp.  = 
12.392  kilogrammes. 

In  S/iiras,  Bushir,  and  Gamri:  — 

Mahnd  (or  maund)  =  2560  miskal. 

In  Teheran :  — 

1  rik  =  1600  miskal. 

PERU. 

Spanish  (Castilian)  weights. 

Vara  .  =  33.367  inches  .  .  =  0.8475  meter. 

Fanega  =  140  Castilian  pounds  =  64.41302  kilogrammes 

PORTUGAL. 

Arratel  or  libra  .  =  1.01192  lb.  avdp.  =  459  grammes. 
Palemo  de  craveiro  =  8.661  inches  .  =  0.22  meter. 


Vara  .  .  .  .  =  1.2030  yard  .  =  1.1  meter. 

Pe . =  1.0827  foot  .  .  =0.33  meter. 

Alqueire  .  .  .  =  0.3928  bushel  .  =  13.841  liters. 

Almude  .  .  .  =  4.4224  gallons  .  =  16.74  liters. 


PRUSSIA. 


(For  metric  weights  and  measures,  see  Germany.) 


Former  pfund  =  1.03114  lb.  avdp.  =  467.72  grammes. 
Former  fuss  .  =  1.0297  foot  .  .  =  0.31385  meter. 

Former  elle  .  =  0.7294  yard  .  .  =  0.68694  meter. 

Former  scheffel  =  1.5597  bushel  .  =  54.9615  liters. 

Former  eimer  =  18.149  gallons  .  =  68.702  liters. 

RUSSIA. 


Funt  (pound)  .  =  j 

ud  of  40  funti  = 
grammes. 


I.U972  lb.  troy  I 
0.9028  lb.  avdp.  ) 
36113  lbs.  avdp. 


=  ^uy.Oiio  gram¬ 
mes. 

=  16.3805  kilo- 


Berkovetz  of  10  pudi  =  361.13  lbs.  avdp.  =  163.805  kilo¬ 
grammes. 

Stopa  =  14  inches  =  0. 35559  meter. 

Arsheen  =  28  inches  =  0.71119  meter. 

Sashen  of  3  arsheens  =  7  feet  =  2.13357  meter. 

Chotviert  =  5.9560  bushels  =  2.0990  hectoliters. 

Vedro  =  3.2490  gallons  =  12  2989  liters. 


SANDWICH  ISLANDS. 

Weights,  etc.,  as  in  United  States. 

Barrel  of  whale  oil  .  =31.5  gallons  .  =  119.2427  liters 


608  COMMERCIAL  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


SAXONY.  (See  North  Germany.) 

Fornierjjfund  j  _  j .03093  lb.  avdp.  =  467.6246  grammes. 

Fuss  ^  S.  .  =  0.9291  foot  .  .  =  0.28319  meter. 

Elle  ...  =  1.8582  foot  .  .  =  0.56638  meters. 

Sheffel  .  .  =  2.9510  bushels  =  103.983  liters. 

Eimer  .  .  =  17.79519  gallons  =  97-3626  liters. 

SPAIN. 

French  metrical  system.  In  the  Spanish  Colonies  the 
old  weights  and  measures  are  still  in  use,  principally  Cas¬ 
tilian. 

Castilian :  — 

Libra  .  =  7100.21  grains  troy  —  460.093  grammes. 

Pie  .  .  =  0.91407  foot  .  .  ==  0.278635  meter. 

Vara  .  =  0.914117  yard  .  =  0.835905  meter. 

Fanega  =  1.57527  bushel  .  =  55.501  liters. 

Cantara  (arroba  mayor,  for  wine)  =  4.2618  gals.  =  16.133 
liters . 

Cuartillo  =  0.13322  gallon  =  0.5043  liter. 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

United  States  of  Colombia  (or  New  Granada.) 

French  kilogrammes  in  custom-house  practice  ;  other 
measures  as  in  Venezuela. 

Venezuela. 

Castilian  weights  and  measures.  (See  Spain.) 
Bolivia. 

Kilogrammes  at  custom-house. 

SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 

SWPUM  .  ={  }  =  «5.010_. 

Fot  .  .  .  =  0.974102  foot  .  .  =  0.296901  meter. 
Kanna  .  .  —  0.69156  gallon .  .  =  2.617188  liters. 
Am.  .  .  41.4834  gallons  .=  157.0313  liters. 


SWITZERLAND. 

French  system  since  1851. 

Pfund  .  .  =  1.10236  lb.  avdp.  .  .  =  500  grammes. 

Centner  =  100  pfund  =  110.236  lbs.  avdp.  =r  50  kilogr. 

Fuss . =  11  81  inches  .  =  0.3  meters. 

Quarter  .  .  .  .  =  0  4257  bushel  =  15  liters. 

Pot . =  1.585  J4  quart  =  1.5  liter. 

Muid . =  39. 626  gallons  .  =  150  liters. 


TRIPOLI. 

Kantar  =  40  oke  (lb.)  =  107.666  lb.  avdp.  =  48.832  kil®- 
grammes. 

Oka  =  40  uckie  =  2.6916  lbs.  avdp.  =  1.2208  kilogramme. 
Pik  =  26.42  inches  =  0.671  meter. 

Pik  or  dra  arabic  =  19  03  inches  =  0.483  meter. 

Ilueba  =  16  orbah  =  3.0452  bushels  =  107-3  liters. 

TUNIS. 

Uckia  =  488.90  grains  troy  =  31.680  grammes. 

Rotoli  (pound)  (rug)  1.1175  lb.  avdp.  =  506.88  grammes. 
Rotoli  sucky  (meat,  etc.)  1.2532  lb.  avdp.  =  568.445 
grammes. 

Rotoli  ghredari  (vegetables)  1.4098  lb.  avdp.  =  6c9.453 
grammes. 

Drad  bendaseh  (woolen  goods)  =  0.6728  meter. 

Tui-kish  pik  =  0.6370  meter. 

Arabian  pik  =  0.4883  meter. 

Caflz  =  14.0753  bushels  =  4.96  hektoliters. 

Metter  =  2  6417  gallons  =  10  liters. 

TURKEY. 

Cantar  =  44  oke  =  100  rotoli  r=  124.7036  lbs.  avdp.  = 
56.565  kilogrammes. 

Oka  =r  2.83418  lbs.  avdp.  =  1285.56  grammes. 

Chequi  (for  gold,  etc.)  =  0.86108  lb.  troy  =  321.39 
grammes. 

Pik  =  27.9  inches  =  0.6858  meter. 

Endaseh  =  25  7  inches  =  0.6528  meter. 

Kilo  =  1.00075  bushel  =  35.266  liters. 


A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

FOR 

WEBSTER’S  COUNTING-HOUSE  DICTIONARY, 


609 


ANTIQUITIES.  —  DRESS,  UTENSILS,  &c. 


F abled  Colossus  of  Rhodes. 


Fasces. 


Obelisk. 


Trident. 


610  A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  FOR 


ART,  OBJECTS  OF;  ORNAMENTS,  INSTRUMENTS,  &c. 


Arabesque. 


Arcograph. 


Parquetry. 


Mosaic. 


Portland  Vase. 


Vase. 


Silhouette. 


Line  of  Beauty. 


Silhouette  Instrument. 


a  b,  6lender  rod;  c,  gimbals;  cf, 
small  frame;  e,  foot-board. 


Palette. 


WEBSTER’S  COUNTING-HOUSE  DICTIONARY. 

CARPENTRY,  JOINERY,  AND  MASONRY. 


611 


Chamfered 

Blocks. 


Cleat. 


Dowels. 


Rabbet. 


a  b,  uprights  or  posts;  e  d,  Herringbone  Masonry. 
e  d,  struts,  ties,  or  braces. 


K,  Keystone. 


Mortise  Joint. 
a  a.  Mortise;  b  b.  Tenon. 


Joggles. 


Putlog. 

a,  putlog;  b  b  b,  putlog  holes; 
c,  ledger. 


Timbers  in  a  Roof. 

a  a,  wall  plates  ;  b  b,  tie-beams;  c, king-post;  d  d,  struts;  e  e, 
principal  rafters://,  pole-plate  ;  g  g,  purlin  ;  h  h ,  ridge- 
piece;  t,  t,  common  rafters. 


Timbers  used  in  Flooring.  Viaduct. 


a  a,  girder ;  b  b,  binding-joists  ;  c  c,  ceiling-joists  5  d  d,  wall  • 
plates;  e  e,  bridging-joists. 


Scarfing,  various  inodes  of. 


* 


612 


A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  FOR 


DRESS,  ORNAMENTS,  INSIGNIA,  &c. 


Mitt. 


Sandals. 


Snow-shoe. 


Visite. 


Peruke. 


Star  of  Garter. 


Truelove-knots. 


LAKE 


Rivulets 


WALLCY 


BASE  ^ 
MOUNT  A  INS 


OASIS 


COUNTRY 


KINGDOM 


LAKE 


'UILLACl 


s_ouN9^y 


«57iPi 


nssjt J 

i\FOKEST  i' 


/SLANt 


'LAKE 


MARSH 


ISLAND 


WEBSTER’S  COUNTING-HOUSE  DICTIONARY.  613 

GEOGRAPHY. 

TERMS  EMPLOYED  IN,  PICTORIALLY  ILLUSTRATED  OR  EXEMPLIFIED. 


CRATER 


VOLCANO 


TOWN  OR  cm 


HEADLAND  OR 

PROMONTORY 


•  ^  m  \v,  TO 

%  %  3S  e» 

§J§  39  $120 

mif^s 

40 


GROUP  OF  ISLAM 

on  ^ 

ARCHIPELAGO 


A  PARALLEL  OF  LATITUDE 


NORTH 


WEST 


EAST 


<?n//T/j  -  Hr 


SOUTH 


614  A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  FOR 

LOCOMOTIVE  ENGINE,  AND  RAILROAD  MACHINERY. 


m 


Brake. 

A ,  spindle  ;  P,  platform  of  the  car  ;  F,  chain  ; 
B ,  lever  ;  K ,  D,  brake-blocks  ;  W,  X,  wheels;  O , 
rod;  E ,  rod.  connecting  with  another  truck. 


Car-wheel. 

a,  tread  ;  c,  flange  ; 
e,  disk ;  n,  hub. 


71 


i n 


Draw-head. 

a,  buffer-spring;  c,  draw-spring;  e, 
buffer;  in,  coupling;  n,  coupling  pin. 


Railway  Frog. 


Head-light. 


A  A,  boiler  ;  G,  cylinder  ;  N  M,  frame  ; 
L  L,  springs;  X  X,  wheels;  K,  equalizing 


Cross  Sections  of  Rails. 


beam;  H  H,  trailing  driver;  J  J,  leading  American  or  H  rail;  b,  double-headed  or  I  rail  ;  c,  bridge  orU  rail;  cl,  Seaton’a 

driver;  B,  smoke-box;  C,  chimney;  W,  rail;  e,  T  rail; /,  strap  rail;  g,  street  rail;  h,  locomotive  street  rail;  i,  contractor’s  rail, 
ash-pan;  E,  sand-box;  F,  cab;  V  G,  pis¬ 
ton-rod;  U  V,  connecting-rod;  U  TJ,  par¬ 
allel  rod;  T,  steam  chest;  T  S,  valve-rod; 

T  R,  rocker;  P,  pumps;  O  P,  feed-pipe  ; 

O,  check-valve. 


Sandwiched  Way. 


Locomotive  Steam-engine. 


Railway  Truck. 

A,  truck-frame;  B,  axle-guard;  C,  swing-beam;  D, 
axle-box;  E,  india-rubber  springs. 


Spark-arrester. 


Turn-table. 


WEBSTER’S  COUNTING-HOUSE  DICTIONARY. 

MECHANICS,  MACHINERY,  &c. 


615 


m  its 


Air  Chamber. 


Axis  in  Peritrochio. 

I 


Eccentric  of  S  tea  in -en  trine. 


Axle-box. 


Balance,  or  Scales. 


illlllj 


Angle-bar  or  iron. 


Epicycloidal  Wheel. 


Fan-wheel. 


Gallows  bitts. 


A,  bolt;  B,  head;  C,  nut; 
D,  check-nut. 

Bolt  and  Nut. 


Governor. 

A  B,  centrifugal  balls ; 
DE,  DG,  connecting  rods 
and  joints;  F,  fulcrum;  FA, 
FB,'ball  rods  •,  NO,  lever; 
M,  slide. 


Escapements. 


61(3 


A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  FOR 

MECHANICS,  MACHINERY,  &c.  —  Continued. 


Mandrel. 


Friction  Tube. 


Madrier. 

21,  madrier;  P,  petard. 


Rack  and  Pinion. 


Pallet. 

Anchor  cscanemeut. 
p,  p,  pallet. 


Oil-cup. 


Pendulums. 

a,  common  pendulum  ; 
b,  gridiron  pendulum. 


Piston. 


Post-mill. 


Indicator. 


Pedometer.  Perpetual  Screw.  Pillow-block. 


b 

uiruirir 

h 

zinnr 

i 

fp 

Pinions. 

a,  spur-wheel  and 
pinions  ;  b,  right- 
angular  pinion. 


Pivot. 


Ilindiey’s  Screw. 


WEBSTER’S  COUNTING-HOUSE  DICTIONARY.  61y 

MIDDLE  AGES  — DAYS  OE  CHIVALRY,  &c.  —  ARMOR,  DRESS,  &c. 


Anlace. 


Martel-de-fer. 


Battle -ax. 


T  r 


Amice. 


Arquebuse. 


' 


Lochaber  Ax 


Barbacan. 


Buskin 


Coat  of  Mail. 


618  A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  FOR 

MIDDLE  AGES  —  ARMOR,  DRESS,  &c.  —  Continued. 


Castle. 


1,  moat;  2,  drawbridge;  3,  wicket;  4,  sally-port;  5,  portcullis; 
6,  outer  walls;  7,  parapet;  8,  rampart;  9,  loop-holes;  10,  es¬ 
cutcheon;  11,  bulwark;  12,  sentinel;  13,  magazine;  14,  a  cell; 
15,  donjon  or  keep;  16,  barracks;  17,  barbacan:  18,  watchman; 
19,  turret;  20,  chapel;  21,  belfry;  22,  state  court;  23,  merlons; 
24,  embrasures. 


Coat  of  Mail. 


Donjon. 


Head-piece. 


Drawbridge. 


Hauberk. 


Tabard. 


Quiver. 


WEBSTER’S  COUNTING-HOUSE  DICTIONARY. 

MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS. 


619 


Trombone- 


Kettle-drum. 


Organ. 


Tambourine. 


620 


A  CLASSIFIED  SELECTION  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

MYTHOLOGY,  IDOLS,  &c. 


Diana. 


Dagon. 


Erato. 


Niobe  and  her  Children. 


Cupid. 


;  , 


« 


V 


■ 


« 


1 


w 


fl* 

-  > 


* 


» 


t. 

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•  # 


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